EVALUACION

Y AUDITORIA AMBIENTAL
Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental
Facultad de Ingeniería

Clase 18 – Asbestos en ambientes

ocupacionales



1er SEMESTRE, 2018

1
 Asbestos
Asbestos – Amianto Anfíbolos (Estructuras en cadena)
Serpentinas (Estructuras
tubulares)

http://www.ila.org.pe/especiales/
asbesto/imagenes/
Amianto0023.jpg

http://www.groupecarso.com/ressources/images/amiante.jpg

Ross et al. (2008). Tremolite using TEM

2
 Asbestos
Nombre de los estándares
Grupo del Cristal
de asbestos •  6 minerales que se
Actinolita (Asbesto
Actinolita)
encuentran en la corteza
Amosita (Asbesto terrestre, en varias partes
Grunerita, Asbesto Gris,
Asbesto Café) del mundo.
Anfíbolo
Antofilita (Asbesto
Antofilita) •  Fibras no se disuelven en el
Crocidolita (Asbesto
Riebeckita, Asbesto Azul)
agua
Tremolita (Asbesto
•  Se encuentran regulados
Tremolita)
por autoridades
ambientales en diferentes
Serpentino Crisotilo (Asbesto Blanco) países, por sus efectos en la
salud.
3
Asbesto Azul (Crocidolita) de una Asbesto Azul (Crocidolita)
mina en Australia Occidental https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos#/media/
File:Blue_asbestos.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_asbestos_%28teased%29.jpg

Asbesto Tremolita Asbesto Crisotilo (Asbesto Blanco)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos#/media/ http://resourcescommittee.house.gov/subcommittees/emr/usgsweb/ 4
File:Asbestos_with_muscovite.jpg photogallery/
Asbesto “Friable”
http://www.asbestoswise.com.au/information-
and-resources/

Asbesto “Suelto” (Blanco, café, azul) 5

http://www.asbestoswise.com.au/information-and-resources/
Jeffrey Mine, Asbestos, Quebec, Canadá 6
Autor: Cjp24 , https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mine_d'Asbestos.jpg
 Asbestos
Productos que usan amianto:
Tejas para techos, canales de agua, ropa
aislante de calor y fuego, rellenos para
plásZcos, productos de uso médico,
MFCG,
componentes de embragues, frenos, culatas, 2010

barcos, calderas y fibrocemento (en el pasado

en todo el mundo, hoy especialmente en Asbestos “no friable” o
países en desarrollo). encapsulado.
CaracterísZcas que los hacen ideales para la
industria:
•  Fibra larga
•  Alta fuerza de tensión y flexibilidad
•  Baja conducZvidad térmica y eléctrica
•  Alta absorbancia
•  Alta estabilidad térmica y mecánica
•  Resistencia a ácidos y bases. MFCG,
2010
7
 Asbestos

Tejas Tanques de agua

MFCG,
2010

Harald Weber, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Jacopo Werther

File:Wellasbestdach-233-3354_IMG.JPG http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
File:Eternit_Water_Tank_-
_September_2010.jpg

MFCG,
Asbestos “no friable”2010
o
8
encapsulado.
 Un poco de historia - legislación
•  1931: primera regulación británica para asbestos que requería el
monitoreo y control de la concentración de asbestos en el aire.
•  1940: Guía Ocupacional para asbesto
•  1960: se permiea una concentración de 5mppcf
•  1971: OSHA
•  1980: legislación más restricZva que generó la prohibición de su
uso en bandas y pasZllas de frenos, disminuyendo las personas
expuestas en ambientes ocupacionales.
•  En 1994 :
Agente NIOSH (REL) OSHA (PEL) ACGIH (TLV)
Asbestos, todas las fibras 0.1f/cc 0.1f/cc 0.1f/cc
(TWA de 8 horas)
•  El concentración máxima permiZda por 30 minutos: 1f/cc.
•  Es prohibido rotar a los empleados para cumplir los límites
permiZdos de la exposición.
9
 Monograias IARC de Asbestos 1973-1987
•  Vol 2, 1973: Evidencia suficiente en humanos,
evidencia suficiente en animales
•  Vol 14, 1977: Evidencia suficiente en humanos,
evidencia suficiente en animales
•  Suppl 7,1987: Evidencia suficiente en humanos,
evidencia suficiente en animales
•  Aplica de igual manera a todas las formas:
acZnolita, amosita, antofilita, crisoZlo,
crocidolita, tremolita

10
Dana Loomis, IARC, AAI-6, Manila, Filipinas, Noviembre 14-15 2013.
 Monograias IARC Vol 100C*
Evaluado 2009, Publicado 2012
•  Existe evidencia suficiente en humanos para la
cancerigenocidad de todas las formas de asbesto
(crisoZlo, crocidolita, amosita, tremolita, acZnolita
y antofilita). Asbestos causa mesotelioma y cáncer
de pulmón, laringe y ovario.
•  Existe evidencia suficiente en experimentos
animales para la cancerigenocidad de todas las
formas de asbesto
•  Todas las formas de asbesto son cancerígenas en
humanos (Grupo 1)
11
Dana Loomis, IARC, AAI-6, Manila, Filipinas, Noviembre 14-15 2013.
 Estudio en Colombia
Talleres de Mecánica Automotriz
•  Desde el 2010 conjuntamente con la estudiante de
maestría (ahora doctoral) María Fernanda Cely
hemos venido desarrollando un proyecto de estudio
de exposición a asbestos por parte de mecánicos que
manipulan partes y repuestos de los sistemas de
frenos de los vehículos.
–  Natalia Salazar, Juliana Uribe, Margarita Giraldo, Lorena
Méndez, Manuela Valenzuela, Laura Santos, Juliana
Pineda, Sonia Gallo.
–  Más de 40 estudiantes de pregrado han apoyado este
proyecto por medio de proyectos de grado.
12
 Estudios en Colombia
•  Iniciados en el año 2010
•  Colaboraciones a nivel nacional e internacional
•  Dra. Olga Lucía Sarmiento – Facultad de Medicina -Universidad de los Andes
•  Dr. Mauricio Sánchez - Facultad de Ingeniería - Universidad de los Andes
•  Dr. Carlos Torres – Fundación Neumológica Colombiana
•  Dr. Mauricio Durán – Fundación Neumológica Colombiana
•  Dr. Mauricio González-García
•  Dr. Patrick Breysse – Division of Environmental Health Engineering - Johns Hopkins
University
•  Dr. Frank Curriero – Division of Epidemiolgy - Johns Hopkins University
•  Dr. Pietro Comba – InsZtuto Nacional de Salud Pública – Italia
•  Dr. Bendeoo Terracini – ReZrado Italia
•  Daniela Marsili – InsZtuto Nacional de Salud Pública – Italia
•  Roberto Paseoo – InsZtuto Nacional de Salud Pública – Italia
•  Dra. Valeria Ascoli – Universidad la Sapienza - Italia
•  Dr. Benjamin Lysaniuk – CNRS – Francia
•  Dra. Agata Mazzeo – Universidad de Bologna - Italia
•  Dr. Luis Jorge Hernández – Universidad de los Andes
•  Dra. Rocío López – Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá
•  Dra. Margarita Baldión - Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá
 Qué pasa en Colombia?
•  Regulaciones en el país son escasas.
•  Resolución 2400 de 1974: si no hay regulación, se
debe seguir lo que la ACGIH determine.
•  Ley 436 de 1998: RaZficación del Convenio 162 de la
OIT sobre uso de asbestos en condiciones de
seguridad
•  Resolución 1458 de 2008: Creación de la Comisión
Nacional de Salud Ocupacional del Asbesto CrisoZlo
y otras Fibras.
•  Resolución 007 de 2011: Estándar de Colombia

14
 ACV del asbesto
Mina Asbesto importado

Brian Harrington Spier, http://flickr.com/

photo/69237022@N00/3103700604
Transporte http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Chargement_dune_caisse_sur_u
n_bateau,_marin_
User:OgreBot/Watercraft/2014 June 26-30
%285415884466%29.jpg

Sólo hay estudios de

Tepo, Creative Commons
productos de fricción:
Asbesto Exportado Producción Frenos y transmisión

http://
commons.wikimedi User:OgreBot/
Tepo, Creative
a.org/wiki/ Watercraft/2014 June
http://www.kinomuzeum.pl/pala.html
Intermediario
Commons
File:Chargement_d 26-30
une_caisse_sur_un
_bateau,_marin_
%285415884466%
29.jpg

Sociedad Disposición final

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:System-Mechanic-California.jpg?
uselang=es

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Remotest_land_fill_site_in_Britain
%5E%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-
http://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/ _850627.jpg?uselang=es
obf_images/
14/74/3acc37d0285a557cfd2a34714176.jpg
 Qué pasa en Colombia?
•  Las exposiciones encontradas en mecánicos
de frenos de otros países (desarrollados) no
son aplicables a países como Colombia.

•  Mecánicos de frenos vs Remachadores

•  Situación similar en mecánicos de

transmisión?
16
Talleres muestreados

9 talleres de freno de
vehiculos de pasajeros
(12 trabajadores).

9 talleres de freno de
vehiculos de flota pesada
(15 trabajadores).

2 talleres de transmisión
(4 trabajadores).

Más de 600 muestras de

aire

Ramos-Bonilla, J.P, Cely-García, M.F., Salazar, N., Breysse, P.N.

Cely-García, M.F., Ramos-Bonilla, J.P.
Comparison of asbestos exposures and manipulaZon processes between heavy duty and light vehicle BRS.
Methodological approaches for asbestos sampling campaigns and data analysis.
Retos en el muestreo

•  Ambientes
altamente
contaminados
•  Turnos de trabajo
largos y variables
•  Actividades sin
planificación a lo
largo del turno de
trabajo
Ramos-Bonilla, J.P, Cely-García, M.F., Salazar, N., Breysse, P.N.
Methodological approaches for asbestos sampling campaigns and data analysis.
 Recolección de las muestras
10 horas

•  Ambientes
altamente
1
• 
contaminados
Turnos de
Peores 8 horas ????
trabajo largos y
variables ✔ 2
•  Actividades sin t1 t2 t3 t4 t5
planificación a lo
largo del turno Use las peores Σti = 8 horas
de trabajo

✔ 3 Corrija el estándar

Ramos-Bonilla, J.P, Cely-García, M.F., Salazar, N., Breysse, P.N.

Methodological approaches for asbestos sampling campaigns and data analysis.
 Recolección de las muestras

10 horas

COSTOS $ ê 1
Peores 8 horas

COSTOS éééé 2
$$$$$$$$$$$$$ t1 t2 t3 t4 t5

Peores Σti = 8 horas

Ramos-Bonilla, J.P, Cely-García, M.F., Salazar, N., Breysse, P.N.
Methodological approaches for asbestos sampling campaigns and data analysis.
 Análisis de los Datos
•  Muestras por debajo del LDD
•  Usar ½LDD, usar 0
•  Muestras colmatadas
•  Usar 0, usar promedio muestras del
turno
•  Muestras con turnos por debajo de 8
horas
•  Usar 0, casos específicos
Ver: Cely-García MF, et al., “Personal exposure to asbestos and respiratory health of heavy vehicle
brake mechanics”, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 2014 Feb 5, DOI:
10.1038/jes.2014.8
 Ann. Occup. Hyg., Vol. 56, No. 9, pp. 985–999, 2012
© The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press
on behalf of the British Occupational Hygiene Society
doi:10.1093/anhyg/mes030

Personal Exposures to Asbestos Fibers During Brake

Maintenance of Passenger Vehicles
MARÍA FERNANDA CELY-GARCÍA1, MAURICIO SÁNCHEZ1,
PATRICK N. BREYSSE2 and JUAN P. RAMOS-BONILLA1*

Downloaded from http://annhyg.oxfordjournals.org/ at UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES on July 22, 2013

1
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia;
2
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins
University, Baltimore, MD, USA

Introduction: Brake linings and brake pads are among the asbestos-containing products that
are readily available in Colombia. When sold separated from their support, brake linings
require extensive manipulation involving several steps that include drilling, countersinking,
riveting, bonding, cutting, beveling, and grinding. Without this manipulation, brake linings
cannot be installed in a vehicle. The manipulation process may release asbestos fibers, which
may expose brake mechanics to the fibers.
Methods: Three brake repair shops located in Bogotá (Colombia) were sampled for 3 or
4 consecutive days using US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
methods 7400 and 7402. Standard procedures for quality control were followed during the
sampling process, and asbestos samples were analyzed by an American Industrial Hygiene
Association accredited laboratory. Personal samples were collected to assess full-shift and
short-term exposures. Area samples were also collected close to the brake-lining manipulation
equipment and within office facilities. Activities were documented during the sampling process.
Results: Using Phase Contrast Microscopy Equivalent counts to estimate air asbestos con-
centrations, all personal samples [i.e. 8-h time-weighted averages (TWAs) and 30-min personal
samples] were in compliance with the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration
standards. Personal asbestos concentrations based on transmission electron microscopy counts
were extremely high, ranging from 0.006 to 3.493 f cm−3 for 8-h TWA and from 0.015 to 8.835
f cm−3 for 30-min samples. All asbestos fibers detected were chrysotile. Cleaning facilities and
grinding linings resulted in the highest asbestos exposures based on transmission electron
microscopy counts. There were also some samples that did not comply with the NIOSH’s rec-
ommended exposure limits.
Conclusion: The results indicate that the brake mechanics sampled are exposed to extremely
high asbestos concentrations (i.e. based on transmission electron microscopy counts), sug-
gesting that this occupational group could be at excess risk of asbestos-related diseases.
Keywords: asbestos; brake linings; brake mechanics; chrysotile; Colombia; exposure assessment
22
Por que?

JPRB, 2010

JPRB, 2010

23
RepresentaZvidad de la
muestra
67 Talleres contactados
telefónicamente

21 Talleres se mostraron
interesados

Se concretaron visitas en
16

Se llegó a un acuerdo para

realizar el muestreo en 4

Muestreo se realizó en 3
talleres
24
 Estudio en Colombia
Talleres de Mecánica Automotriz
•  Muestreo de tres talleres de Bogotá
–  Entre 3 y 4 días por taller
•  Muestreos realizados entre Mayo y Julio del
2010
•  Metodos NIOSH 7400 y 7402

25
Localización y caracterísZcas de los
talleres muestreados

26
 PPE EQUIPO

http://solutions.3m.com.co/wps/portal/3M/es_CO/
Health/Safety/Products/Catalog/

27
 METODOS
Equipos & materiales

•  MCE filters (25 mm, 45 μm)

•  Bombas
–  AirCheck XR5000, SKC-Inc.
–  Libra Plus, A.P. Buck Inc
–  Air sampling pump SP280, Air DiagnosZcs and Eng. Inc
•  Calibrador
–  Defender 510 High, BIOS InternaZonal

28
 Métodos de muestreo

•  Muestreo de asbestos: 3-4 días

consecuZvos durante las horas
laborales.
•  Tipo de muestras:
–  Muestras personales
–  Muestras personales cortas
–  Muestras de área (1.5m)
–  Muestras blanco
–  Muestras de fondo
•  Métodos NIOSH 7400 yNIOSH 7402
•  RJ Lee Group Lab
•  Aprobado por el Comité de ÉZca de la
Universidad de Los Andes.
•  Diario de acZvidades
29
TALLER 1

30
 TALLER 1

Room where manipulation was conducted

Sample at office facilities 31

TALLER 1

32
TALLER 2

33
TALLER 2

34
TALLER 3

35
TALLER 3

36
POR QUE MANIPULAN?

37
 Estudio en Colombia
Talleres de Mecánica Automotriz
que contienen asbestos
Manipulacion de bandas de frenos

Banda de frenos con asbestos Taladrando huecos en la banda Huecos en la banda que hay que
hacerles el contorno

Pulido de la banda Banda remachada Remachando la banda en la

zapata

38
 Resultados
•  67 muestras
–  19 muestras personales
–  15 muestras personales cortas
–  10 muestras de área
–  10 muestras de oficina
–  3 muestras de fondo
–  10 blanco
•  Todas las muestras tenían crisoZlo
•  Todas estaban por encima del límite de
cuanZficación excepto por 6 muestras en el
taller 3 y la muestra de fondo del taller 1. 39
 Resultados Taller 1

Table 3. Summary of asbestos concentrations measured at brake repair shop 1 (BRS1).

Type of sample Sample ID Sampling Total Number of Sensitivity f(chrysotile Number of Limit of
a
time (min) volume chrysotile concentration (f cm ) concentration
(L) Lower Upper (f cm ) (f cm )
Personal samples Day1 W2 P1b 265 713 21.0 13.0 32.1 0.231 0.005 0.933 OL NC NC
Day1 W2 P2 77 207 8.5 3.8 16.4 0.040 0.002 0.378 44.0 0.013 0.037
Day2 W1 P3c 483 1008 38.5 27.3 52.7 0.594 0.008 0.906 OL NC NC
Day3 W1 P4 192 402 87.0 69.7 107.3 0.249 0.001 0.897 100.0 0.007 0.126 f

Asbestos exposures during brake maintenance

Day4 W1 P5 202 424 125.5 196.6 256.4 0.290 0.001 0.875 101.5 0.006 0.163 f
Short-term personal Day4 W1 30 1 35 73 99.0 80.5 120.5 1.514 0.008 0.980 83.0 0.037 0.532
samples Day4 W1 30 2 30 64 1.0 <0.04 0.0 0.015 0.008 0.500 12.0 0.042 0.031
Area samples close Day1 A1 208 455 105.5 85.9 127.1 0.505 0.002 1.000 101.5 0.006 0.187f
to manipulation Day1 A2 234 493 15.0 8.4 24.7 0.030 0.001 0.750 17.5 0.005 0.012
equipment c
Day2 A3 489 1320 16.0 9.1 26.0 0.188 0.006 0.889 OL NC NC
Day3 A4d 441 1197 98.5 80.0 120.0 0.230 0.001 1.015 100.0 0.002 0.043
Day4 A5 483 1294 39.0 27.7 53.3 0.030 0.001 0.830 40.0 0.002 0.012
Area samples in Day2 O1 480 995 20.5 12.6 31.5 0.020 0.001 0.953 9.0 0.003 0.003
Day3 O2 481 1023 51.5 38.4 67.6 0.049 0.001 1.062 35.5 0.003 0.018
Day4 O3 460 979 29.5 19.8 42.2 0.030 0.001 0.694 39.0 0.003 0.013
e
Background B 655 1396 0.0 <0.003 0.0 <0.001 0.001 0.000 8.5 0.002 0.000

W1: Worker 1, W2: Worker 2 (Table 2).

NC: not calculated because of overloading. OL: overloaded sample.
a
b
Overloaded samples corrected with dilution factor of 0.125.
c
Overloaded samples corrected with dilution factor of 0.063.
d
e
Concentration below the analytical sensitivity limit.
f
Concentration above NIOSH REL

40
 Resultados Taller 2
Table 4. Summary of asbestos concentrations measured at brake repair shop 2 (BRS2).

992
Type of Sample ID Sampling Total Number of Sensitivity f(chrysotile Number of Limit of
a
sample time (min) volume chrysotile concentration (f cm ) concentration
(L) Lower Upper (f cm ) (f cm )
Personal Day1 W3P1b 474 999 91.0 73.3 111.7 0.730 0.004 1.000 NA NC NC
samples Day2 W3P2c 122 256 5.0 1.6 11.7 0.311 0.031 0.714 25.5 0.068 0.035
Day2 W4P3d 126 311 7.0 2.8 14.4 0.721 0.051 0.700 18.0 0.040 0.020
Day2 W3P4b 132 277 38.0 26.9 52.2 1.100 0.014 0.938 NA NC NC
Day2 W3P5 122 259 104.0 85.9 127.1 0.503 0.002 1.000 81.5 0.211 0.154
Day2 W3P6c 123 257 82.0 65.2 101.8 5.077 0.031 1.000 NA NC NC
Day3 W3P7b 135 284 41.5 29.8 56.2 1.172 0.014 0.912 19.0 0.046 0.030
Day3 W3P8e 161 338 44.5 32.4 59.6 0.527 0.006 1.000 NA NC NC
Day3 W3P9b 152 321 107.0 85.9 127.1 7.630 0.036 1.000 NA NC NC
Short-term Day1 W4 30 1b 33 90 32.0 21.9 45.2 2.861 0.044 1.000 20.0 0.153 0.109
personal Day1 W3 30 2b 30 82 26.5 17.4 38.7 2.592 0.048 0.914 36.5 0.300 0.200
samples
Day1 W430 3b 33 89 12.0 6.2 21.0 1.077 0.045 0.381 2.5 <0.035 0.005
Day1 W3 30 4e 30 65 62.0 47.5 79.5 3.842 0.031 0.961 43.5 0.458 0.317
Day2 W4 30 5 35 86 104.5 85.9 127.1 1.619 0.008 1.000 37.0 0.291 0.210
Day2 W4 30 6 36 85 94.5 76.4 115.6 1.928 0.010 0.945 57.0 0.449 0.309
Day3 W5 30 7b 31 69 25.0 16.2 36.9 6.088 0.121 0.240 54.0 0.522 0.092
Day3 W3 30 8b

et al.
33 73 36.5 25.6 50.4 4.030 0.055 0.973 69.0 0.634 0.454
Day3 W3 30 9b 31 65 72.0 56.3 90.7 8.835 0.062 1.000 42.5 0.442 0.319
Area samples Day2 A1 127 314 91.5 73.7 112.3 0.468 0.003 0.901 54.0 0.116 0.076
close to Day3 A2b 243 541 29.5 19.8 42.2 0.437 0.007 0.937 9.0 0.012 0.008
manipulation
equipment
Area samples Day1 O1b 482 985 95.5 77.3 116.7 0.778 0.004 0.985 49.5 0.034 0.024
Day2 O2 499 1048 49.0 36.3 64.8 0.047 0.001 0.772 35.5 0.022 0.013
Day3 O3 567 1151 40.5 29.0 55.0 0.035 0.001 0.764 39.5 0.023 0.013
Background Bb 801 1657 3 <0.006 0.0 0.015 0.002 0.857 14.5 0.006 0.004

W3: Worker 3, W4: Worker 4, W5: Worker 5 (Table 2).

NA: not analyzed, too heavy; NC: not calculated because of overloading.
a
b
Overloaded samples corrected with dilution factor of 0.125.
c
Overloaded samples corrected with dilution factor of 0.063.
d
Overloaded samples corrected with dilution factor of 0.0313.
e
Overloaded samples corrected with dilution factor of 0.250.
41
Resultados Taller 3

42
Resumen estadísZco de las muestras
personales, usando concentraciones
TEM

43
994
Concentraciones TWA et al.

BRS Sample ID Number of Sampling Time assumed

sampling time (min) with 0 f cm concentration concentration concentration concentration
windows to complete the for original for original (TWA 8-h) (TWA 8-h)
8-h sampling sampling sampling (f cm ) (f cm )
time (min) time (f cm ) time (f cm )
BRS 1 Day2 W1P3 1 483 0 0.60 NCa 0.60 NCa
Day3 W1P4 1 192 288 0.25 0.13 0.10 0.05
Day4 W1P5 1 202 278 0.30 0.16 0.12 0.07
Day1 W2PTWA 2 342 138 0.20 NCab 0.13 NCab
BRS2 Day1 W3P1 1 474 6 0.73 NCa 0.72 NCa
Day2 W3PTWAa 4 499 0 1.74 NCac 1.81 NCac
Day3 W3PTWAb 4 479 1 3.50 NCad 3.49 NCad
Day2 W4P3 1 126 354 0.72 0.02 0.19 0.01
BRS3 Day1 W6P1 1 482 0 0.19 0.01 0.19 0.01
Day2 W6P2 1 382 98 0.01 0.002 0.01 0.002
Day3 W6PTWA 3 355 125 0.06 0.01e 0.04 0.01e
W1: Worker 1, W2: Worker 2, W3: Worker 3, W6: Worker 6 (Table 2).
Sample ID according to Tables 3–5.
a
Not calculated because of overloading.
b
Partial period TWA estimated with samples Day1W2P1 and Day1W2P2 (Table 3). Sample Day1W2P1 was overloaded.

calculated for a TWA of 8 h for sample Day1W2P2 assuming 0 f cm in the time remaining to complete 8 h was 0.006 f44
cm .
c
 Concentraciones TWA eliminando
muestras colmatadas
Time Assumed
with 0f/cm3 to
# of Complete the TEM PCME TEM PCME
Sampling Sampling Time 8hr Sampling Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration
BRS Sample ID Windows (min) Time (min) (f/cm3) (f/cm3) (TWA 8-hr) (f/cm3) (TWA 8-hr) (f/cm3)
Day2 W1P3 1 483 0 0.60 NCa 0.60 NCa
Day3 W1P4 1 192 288 0.25 0.13 0.10 0.05
BRS 1 Day4 W1P5 1 202 278 0.30 0.16 0.12 0.07

Day1 W2PTWA1 2 342 138 0.20 NCab 0.13 0.006

Day1 W3P1 1 474 6 0.73 NCa 0.72 NCa
Day2
W3PTWAa2 4 499 0 1.74 0.095 1.81 0.048
BRS2
Day3
W3PTWAb3 4 479 1 3.50 0.084 3.49 o.029
Day2 W4P3 1 126 354 0.72 0.02 0.19 0.01
Day1 W6P1 1 482 0 0.19 0.01 0.19 0.01
Day2 W6P2 1 382 98 0.01 0.002 0.01 0.002
BRS3

Day3 W6PTWA4 3 355 125 0.06 0.01 0.04 0.01

45
 Filtros colmatados, un gran
problema
•  Las muestras se tomaron en ventanas de
muestreo cortas para reducir la posibilidad de
colmatación, especialmente en taller 2.
•  Muchas de las muestras PCM se colmataron y
por lo tanto al calcular las muestras PCME, se
perdieron muchos datos.
•  Aumenta la incerZdumbre

46
 Table 8. Summary of personal short-term concentrations and activities.
Sample Sampling Activities
(f cm ) (f cm ) time (min)
Day4 W1 30 2 0.015 0.031 30

RESULTADOS
surrounding a stack of old asbestos containing brake
parts that were going to be moved.
Day3 W6 30 4 0.279 0.071 32 –Unriveting used brake linings from shoes.–Drilling,
countersinking, and riveting a new set of four
non-asbestos brake linings.

AcZvidades
Day2 W6 30 3 0.399 0.113 32 –Drilling, countersinking, and riveting two standard
asbestos containing brake linings (Table 1).–Vehicle
brake system maintenance.
Day1 W430 3a 1.077 0.005 33 –Using a metal bristle brush to eliminate excess glue
from brake shoe.–Removing four old brake linings.–
Another worker (W3) grinding brake linings close to
sampled worker (W4).
Day4 W1 30 1 1.514 0.532 35
brake lining manipulation equipment.
Day2 W4 30 5 1.619 0.210 35 –Cutting brake linings from rolls.–Removing old brake
linings were removed.
Day2 W4 30 6 1.928 0.309 36 Drilling, countersinking, and riveting a set of four
asbestos containing brake linings. After that, W4 cut
linings into the appropriate sizes.
Day1 W6 30 1 2.551 0.363 31 –Removing rivets attaching used brake linings to shoes.–
Complete manipulationb of two X asbestos containing
brake linings (Table 1).
Day1 W3 30 2a 2.592 0.200 30 –Using metal bristle brush to eliminate excess glue from
brake shoe.–Cutting, grinding, and beveling bonded
brake linings.–Cutting and grinding asbestos brake lin-
ings to the appropriate size for a motorcycle.
Day1 W4 30 1a 2.861 0.109 33 –Using metal bristle brush to eliminate excess glue and
grinding bonded brake linings.–Another worker (W3),
close to sampled mechanic (W4), removed old brake lin-
ings from a different set of used brake shoes and ground
used shoes for reuse.–Cutting a roll of asbestos brake
linings.
Day2 W6 30 2c 3.631 0.511 30
reuse.–Complete manipulationb to prepare two X asbestos
containing brake linings (Table 1).
Day1 W3 30 4d 3.842 0.317 30 -
ation area.–Dusting brake lining manipulation equipment
with a brush.
Day3 W3 30 8a 4.030 0.454 33 –Complete manipulationb plus cutting to prepare two
X asbestos containing brake linings (Table 1).–Worker
(W3) blew dust off the surface of manipulation equip-
ment.–Unriveting old brake linings and grinding used
shoe from a different set of brake shoes.
Day3 W5 30 7a 6.088 0.092 31 –Cutting and grinding to prepare XX asbestos containing
brake linings.–Unriveting old brake linings and grinding
used shoes from a different set of used brake shoes.
Day3 W3 30 9a 8.835 0.319 31
content of a trash can into a garbage bag close to W3.–

and the garbage bag.–Preparation of brake pads.–Cutting

an asbestos sheet to bond brake pad to a brake pad sup-
port.–Shaking work clothes while wearing them. 47
W1: Worker 1, W3: Worker 3, W4: Worker 4, W5: Worker 5, W6: Worker 6 (Table 2).
a
 CONCLUSIONES
•  Estudios previos recientes han concluido que este grupo
ocupacional está expuesto a concentraciones de asbestos
que cumplen con las regulaciones OSHA
•  En este estudio encontramos que los mecanicos de frenos
están expuestos a concentraciones personales y de area
muy elevadas de acuerdo con conteos TEM
•  La manipulación de las bandas libera las fibras de asbestos
•  La forma física en la que se vende el producto es la que
hace necesaria la manipulación
•  Otras personas en el taller pueden estar también
expuestas

48
ALTERNATIVAS? – SI!!

49
Estudios en Bogotá – Vehículos de flota pesada Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology (2014), 1–11
& 2014 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved 1559-0631/14
www.nature.com/jes

ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Personal exposure to asbestos and respiratory health of heavy
vehicle brake mechanics
Marı́a Fernanda Cely-Garcı́a1, Carlos A. Torres-Duque2,3, Mauricio Durán3, Patricia Parada2, Olga Lucı́a Sarmiento4,
Patrick N. Breysse5 and Juan P. Ramos-Bonilla1

Asbestos brake linings and blocks are currently used in heavy vehicle brake repair shops (BRSs) in Bogotá, Colombia. Some brake
products are sold detached from their supports and without holes, requiring manipulation before installation. The aim of this study
was to assess asbestos exposures and conduct a preliminary evaluation of respiratory health in workers of heavy vehicles in BRSs.
To estimate asbestos exposures, personal and area samples were collected in two heavy vehicle BRSs. Each shop was sampled
during six consecutive days for the entire work shift. Personal samples were collected on 10 workers including riveters, brake
mechanics, and administrative staff. Among workers sampled, riveters had the highest phase contrast microscopy equivalent
(PCME) asbestos concentrations, with 8-h time-weighted average (TWA) personal exposures ranging between 0.003 and
0.157 f/cm3. Respiratory health evaluations were performed on the 10 workers sampled. Three workers (30%) had circumscribed
pleural thickening (pleural plaques), with calcifications in two of them. This finding is strongly suggestive of asbestos exposure.
The results of this study provide preliminary evidence that workers in heavy vehicle BRSs could be at excessive risk of developing
asbestos-related diseases.

Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology advance online publication, 5 February 2014; doi:10.1038/jes.2014.8
Keywords: brake mechanics; riveters; chrysotile; Colombia; pleural plaques; pleural thickening

INTRODUCTION common practice in passenger vehicle BRSs.13 This study

Asbestos-containing products are still used in low- and middle-
income countries, where occupational regulations tend to be
scarce.1,2 Chrysotile is the type of asbestos with the most
extended use worldwide.3,4 All types of asbestos, including
chrysotile, are classified as carcinogenic to humans.5
Brake mechanics have been identified as an occupational group
potentially exposed to asbestos fibers and there is an ongoing
debate about whether brake mechanics are at excessive risk of
developing asbestos-related diseases. Lemen6 concluded that the
manipulation processes of asbestos-containing brake products can
release asbestos fibers, and that short chrysotile fibers found in
brake products increase the risk of disease.6 Other studies have
concluded that heavy vehicles brake mechanics are exposed to
asbestos concentrations in compliance with the US Occupational
Safety and Health Administration personal exposure limit (US OSHA
PEL) of 0.1 f/cm3, and that they are not at excessive risk of
developing asbestos-related diseases.7–11 All these studies were
conducted in high-income countries, especially in the United States.
The working conditions and potential asbestos exposures of
brake mechanics working in heavy vehicle brake repair shops
(BRSs) located in low- and middle-income countries may be
different from those reported in studies conducted in high-income
countries. In a study conducted with brake mechanics in Iran, it
was found that mechanics were exposed to extremely high fiber
concentrations12 determined using phase contrast microscopy
(PCM). In a previous study conducted in Colombia, we found that
the manipulation of asbestos-containing brake linings is a very
1
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; 2Research Department, Fundación Neumológica Colombiana, Bogotá,
Colombia; 3Medical Department, Fundación Neumológica Colombiana, Bogotá, Colombia; 4School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia and 5Bloomberg
School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Correspondence to: Dr. Juan P. Ramos-Bonilla, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Universidad de Los Andes. Cra 1 Este No 19 A-40, Office ML 328, Bogotá, Colombia.
Tel.: +57 1 339 4949 extension 3693. Fax: +57 1 332 4313.
E-mail: jramos@uniandes.edu.co
Received 22 October 2013; accepted 7 January 2014
identified that riveters are the workers in charge of attaching
the brake linings to the supports, and perform a lengthy
manipulation process during this task.13 The study concluded
that although riveters were exposed to asbestos concentrations in
compliance with the US OSHA PEL based on phase contrast
microscopy equivalent (PCME) concentrations, these workers were
exposed to extremely high asbestos concentrations based on
assessment using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).13
The relationship between asbestos exposure and respiratory
disease has been studied for many years.14 Because of
confounding factors, understanding the pathogenesis of lung
carcinomas, mesothelioma, and asbestosis is complex.15 Although
some studies have suggested that chrysotile is less harmful
compared with amphiboles,14 there is robust evidence showing an
excess mortality risk because of lung cancer, all cancers, and non-
malignant respiratory diseases in chrysotile-exposed workers,
even for those exposed to low concentrations.16
Asbestos-containing brake pads, brake linings, and brake blocks
are still commercialized in Colombia. Brake linings are used for
both passenger and heavy vehicles (i.e., with important differ-
ences in size and thickness), whereas brake blocks are exclusively
used for heavy vehicles. Many brake blocks and linings are
commercialized detached from their supports and without holes.
For this reason, they are subject to manipulation processes in
order to attach them to the supports.
Colombia is a unique setting to assess occupational exposures
to asbestos because asbestos regulations are recent. In November
Estudios en Bogotá – Vehículos de flota pesada
Concentración TWA de muestras personales de remachadores (PCME) – Taller 1

STANDARD U.S. OSHA STANDAR COLOMBIANO

Tiempo de PCME TWA
Ventanas de (0.1 f/cm para un 8-hr TWA)
3 (0.083 f/cm3 para un TWA 9-hr)
muestreo actual Usando Jempo
Trabajador - muestreo usadas en
(Tiempo total de de muestreo Tiempo asumido Concentración Tiempo asumido Concentración
día los cálculos (# Total
muestreo) actual con 0 f/cm3 para PCME para un con 0 f/cm3 para PCME para un
de muestras)
(min) (f/cm ) 3
completar un TWA TWA 8-hr completar un TWA TWA 9-hr
8-hr (min) (f/cm ) 3 9-hr (min) (f/cm3)
R1-Day 1 5 (5) 540 (540) 0.107 0 0.1183 0 0.107
R1-Day 2 7 (8) 283 (497) 0.1801 197 0.1064 257 0.0944
R1-Day 32 8 (10) 365 (537) 0.2061 115 0.1574 175 0.1394
R1-Day 45 8 (8) 561 (561) 0.139 0 0.1573 0 0.1436
R1-Day 5 5 (6) 325 (440) 0.1731 155 0.1174 215 0.1044
R1-Day 6 4 (4) 447 (447) 0.030 33 0.028 93 0.025
R2–Day 2 2 (2) 61 (61) 0.093 419 0.012 479 0.010
R2-Day 4
2 0 (3) 0 (453) --- --- --- --- ---
R2-Day 5 2 (2) 550 (550) 0.005 0 0.005 3 0 0.0056
R2-Day 62 1 (2) 169 (430) 0.011 311 0.004 371 0.003
Estudios en Bogotá – Vehículos de flota pesada
Concentración TWA de muestras personales de remachadores (PCME) – Taller 2

STANDARD U.S. OSHA STANDAR COLOMBIANO

Tiempo de PCME TWA
Ventanas de (0.1 f/cm para un 8-hr TWA)
3 (0.083 f/cm3 para un TWA 9-hr)
muestreo actual Usando Jempo
Trabajador - muestreo usadas en
(Tiempo total de de muestreo Tiempo asumido Concentración Tiempo asumido Concentración
día los cálculos (# Total
muestreo) actual con 0 f/cm3 para PCME para un con 0 f/cm3 para PCME para un
de muestras)
(min) (f/cm ) 3
completar un TWA TWA 8-hr completar un TWA TWA 9-hr
8-hr (min) (f/cm ) 3 9-hr (min) (f/cm3)
R3-Day 12 2 (4) 152 (340) 0.0461 328 0.0154 388 0.0134
R3-Day 22 3 (7) 258 (533) 0.076 222 0.041 282 0.036
R3-Day 3
2 0 (2) 0 (480) --- --- --- --- ---
R3-Day 4
2 1 (6) 30 (408) 0.209 450 0.013 510 0.012
R3-Day 5
2 1 (5) 29 (491) 0.056 451 0.003 511 0.003
R3-Day 6 2 1 (4) 32 (388) 0.182 448 0.012 508 0.011
R4-Day 12 5 (7) 242 (444) 0.139 238 0.070 298 0.062
R4-Day 2 8 (8) 512 (512) 0.080 0 0.084 3 28 0.076
R4-Day 3 2 2 (3) 72 (435) 0.140 408 0.021 468 0.019
R4-Day 4 2 8 (10) 344 (460) 0.088 136 0.063 196 0.056
R4-Day 5 2 3 (6) 169 (489) 0.059 311 0.021 371 0.018
R4-Day 62 0 (1) 0 (85) --- --- --- --- ---
 Estudios en Bogotá – Vehículos de flota pesada
Concentración TWA de muestras personales de remachadores (PCME) usando dos aproximaciones metodológicas
para los filtros colmatados
 Estudios en Bogotá – Vehículos de flota pesada
Análisis de Sensibilidad para muestras por debajo del LOD
Difference
PCME 8-hr TWA PCME 8-hr TWA Difference between
Worker - Day Sampling windows used assuming 0 f/cm3 using half LOD PCME 8-hr TWA's between PCME
(Total sampling windows) 3 1 3 2
assumptions (f/cm3) 8-hr TWA's
(f/cm ) (f/cm ) assumptions (%)
5 5
R1-Day1 540 (540) 0.118 0.118 0.000 0.0
3
R1-Day2 283 (497) 0.106 0.106 0.000 0.0
3
R1-Day3 365 (537) 0.157 0.158 0.001 0.8
4 5 5
R1-Day4 561 (561) 0.157 0.157 0.000 0.0
3
R1-Day5 325 (440) 0.117 0.117 0.000 0.0
R1-Day6 447 (447) 0.028 0.028 0.000 0.0
R2-Day2 61 (61) 0.012 0.012 0.000 0.0
R2-Day4 0 (453) --- 0.004
5 5
R2-Day5 550 (550) 0.005 0.005 0.000 0.0
R2-Day6 169 (430) 0.004 0.005 0.001 35.1
W1-Day1 253 (459) 0.003 0.004 0.001 48.9
W1Day2 0 (471) --- 0.003
W1-Day3 198 (470) 0.000 0.003 0.003
5
W2-Day1 0 (525) --- 0.002
5 5
W2-Day2 535 (535) 0.013 0.013 0.000 0.0
W2-Day3 0 (264) --- 0.001
W2-Day4 283 (443) 0.000 0.001 0.001
5
W2-Day5 0 (566) --- 0.002
W2-Day6 159 (159) 0.003 0.003 0.000 0.0
5 5
W3-Day1 522 (522) 0.004 0.004 0.000 0.0
W3-Day2 195 (195) 0.005 0.005 0.000 0.0
5
W3-Day3 0 (495) --- 0.003
5 5
W3-Day4 516 (516) 0.009 0.009 0.000 0.0
W3-Day5 230 (332) 0.003 0.004 0.001 44.3
W3-Day6 306 (386) 0.003 0.004 0.001 39.2
4
W4-Day1 134 (134) 0.008 0.008 0.000 0.0
W4-Day5 418 (418) 0.017 0.017 0.000 0.0
W4-Day6 205 (278) 0.005 0.006 0.001 25.9
3
R3-Day1 152 (340) 0.015 0.016 0.001 9.4
5
R3-Day2 258 (533) 0.041 0.045 0.004 10.7
R3-Day3 0 (480) --- 0.003
R3-Day4 30 (408) 0.013 0.020 0.007 50.2
5
R3-Day5 29 (491) 0.003 0.008 0.005 149.8
R3-Day6 32 (388) 0.012 0.016 0.004 30.9
R4-Day1 242 (444) 0.070 0.073 0.003 3.7
5 5
R4-Day2 512 (512) 0.084 0.084 0.000 0.0
R4-Day3 72 (435) 0.021 0.022 0.001 5.4
R4-Day4 344 (460) 0.063 0.066 0.003 4.2
5
R4-Day5 169 (489) 0.021 0.025 0.004 18.1
R4-Day6 0 (85) --- 0.001
W5-Day1 427 (427) 0.007 0.007 0.000 0.0
5
W5-Day2 214 (498) 0.000 0.001 0.001
W5-Day3 138 (424) 0.000 0.001 0.001
W5-Day4 194 (469) 0.000 0.001 0.001
W5-Day5 188 (474) 0.004 0.005 0.001 38.0
W5-Day6 299 (381) 0.004 0.006 0.002 29.4
W6-Day6 0 (43) --- 0.001

!
 Estudios en Bogotá – Vehículos de flota pesada
Ejemplo cálculo PCME = PCM * f/F

ker – Day – 5 TEM PCME

Total PCM fibers PCM Chrysotile Poisson 95% CI TEM Asbestos Asbestos
Sample Sampling time volume concentration LOD fibers Fibers ratio concentration Analytical type (s) asbestos
Personal (min) 3 3 Lower Upper (f/F) 3 Sensitivity concentration
Short-term (L) (f/cm ) (f/cm ) counted (f/cm ) (f/cm3) detected (f/cm3)

Day1 a - P 148 299.626 0.039 0.009 19 11.440 29.671 1 0.074 0.004 CH 0.039
Day1 b - P 298 602.884 0.019 0.004 51 37.973 67.056 0.96 0.163 0.003 CH 0.018
13
Day2 a - P 214 455.627 0.011 0.006 OV
- Day2b - P 119 253.071 0.070 0.011 25 16.178 36.905 1 0.115 0.005 CH 0.070
Day3 a - P 75 165.859 0.158 0.016 54 40.567 70.459 1 0.378 0.007 CH 0.158
Day3 b - P 59 130.656 0.116 0.021 25 16.178 36.905 1 0.222 0.009 CH 0.116
3
Day3 c - P 114 247.163 < 0.011 0.011 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Day3 d - P 46 101.908 0.448 0.026 53 39.701 69.326 1 0.965 0.018 CH 0.448
13
Day3 e - P 58 129.468 0.061 0.021 OV
- Day3 f - P 56 119.927 0.084 0.022 16 9.146 25.983 1 0.155 0.010 CH 0.084
2
Day4 a - P 106 226.856 0.058 0.012 54 40.567 70.459 1 0.276 0.005 CH 0.058
Day4 b - P 70 149.692 0.082 0.018 36 25.213 49.840 1 0.279 0.008 CH 0.082
Day4 c - P 192 409.766 0.029 0.007 56 42.301 72.721 0.98 0.211 0.004 CH 0.028
Day4 d - P 80 168.824 0.078 0.016 12 6.201 20.962 1 0.082 0.007 CH 0.078
Day5 a - P 147 309.031 0.102 0.009 38 26.890 52.158 1 0.143 0.004 CH 0.102
1
Day5 b - P 115 258.871 0.030 0.010 OV
Day5 c - P 56 125.348 0.233 0.022 45 32.823 60.214 1 0.416 0.009 CH 0.233
Day5 d - P 62 128.963 0.049 0.021 21 13.000 32.101 0.96 0.189 0.009 CH 0.047
Day6 a - P 56 123.704 0.065 0.022 22 13.788 33.309 1 0.206 0.009 CH 0.065
Day6 b - P 111 240.382 0.042 0.011 11 5.491 19.683 1 0.053 0.005 CH 0.042
Day6 c - P 247 533.767 0.019 0.005 19 11.440 29.671 1 0.041 0.002 CH 0.019
Day4 a - P 298 672.318 < 0.004 0.004 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Day4 b - P 39 87.764 < 0.031 0.031 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
!
Estudios en Bogotá – Vehículos de flota pesada
Evaluación de salud respiratoria en los trabajadores muestreados

Engrosamiento/calcificacion/nódulos
Trabajador Historia de tabaquismo
pleurales
R1 Actual fumador ---
R2 Actual fumador +1
W1 Antes fumaba ---
W2 No fumador ---
W3 Actual fumador +2
W4 Antes fumaba +3
R3 No fumador ---
R4 Actual fumador ---
W5 No fumador +4
W6 No fumador ---
57
Estudio en progreso – Mecánicos de Frenos

28 Remachadores, 18 talleres (9 vehículos pasajeros, 9 flota pesada)

62
 Exposición Mecánicos
Table 5. Statistical summary of the estimated asbestos exposures obtained using Equation 1 for the
simulation without dry cleaning activities of the manipulation area and a total of 16 sets of asbestos
containing products that a worker can manipulate daily during an 8-hr work-shift.

63
 Exposición Mecánicos
Table 6. Statistical summary of the estimated asbestos exposures obtained using Equation 1 for the
simulation including dry cleaning activities of the manipulation area and a total of 16 sets of asbestos
containing products that a worker can manipulate daily during an 8-hr work-shift.

64
MECANICOS DE TRANSMISION

65
 MECANICOS DE TRANSMISION
•  Al igual que para mecánicos de frenos, estudios previos recientes han
concluido que este grupo ocupacional está expuesto a concentraciones
de asbestos que cumplen con las regulaciones OSHA
•  En este estudio encontramos que los mecánicos de transmisión están
expuestos a concentraciones personales por encima de los estandares
de OSHA
•  La manipulacion de los discos de clutch libera las fibras de asbestos
•  Este grupo está en riesgo elevado de desarrollar enfermedades
asociadas con los asbestos
•  La forma fisica en la que se vende el producto es la que hace
necesaria la manipulacion
•  Otras personas en el taller pueden estar también expuestas

66
MECANICOS DE TRANSMISION

67
 Grind the clutch facings to adjust size the bu
e MECANICOS DE TRANSMISION
Install the clutch disc can b
cs conce
8h-TWA personal asbestos concentrations of riveters ventil
in transmission repair shops (PCME)
0.2

size To all w
0.15

with th
3
fibers/cm

OSHA PEL
nc). To the
0.1

financi
w To Fore
0.05

).
0

W1 (TRS1) W2 (TRS1) OcultoW3 (TRS1) W4 (TRS2)

Workers
402 [1] Nat
ty
68 and
PCM area concentrations ranged
 MECANICOS DE TRANSMISION
Andes, Bogotá, Colombia ABSTRACT ID:
4684

re 30min TWA personal asbestos concentrations of

2
riveters in transmission repair shops (PCME)

es
ation
3
1.5
fibers/cm

OSHA STEL
1
0.5

es,
0

W1 (TRS1) W2 (TRS1)oculto W3 (TRS1) W4 (TRS2)

Workers

Manipulation activities are

69
 Cómo se puede controlar la exposición
PREVENIR – PRIMERA OPCIÓN A CONSIDERAR:
Eliminar el uso del asbesto – SUSTITUTOS AL
MATERIAL
•  SusZtución de materiales (OIT, 1986).
DONDE TODAVÍA SE USA EL ASBESTO:
Controles para reducir la exposición:
•  Aislamiento de áreas
•  VenZlación (controles de ingeniería)
MFCG,
–  VenZlación local 2010

–  VenZlación general
•  Protección personal (úlZmo control en las
jerarquías a nivel ocupacional)
70
(Wagner & Lemen, 2008)
 Cómo se puede controlar la exposición
DONDE TODAVÍA SE USA EL ASBESTO:
PrácZcas de trabajo, adecuaciones y capacitación:
•  Métodos húmedos de limpieza
•  Monitoreo ambiental conZnuo para verificar controles
•  Monitoreo médico
•  Higiene agresiva en lugares de trabajo – Superficies lisas
•  Cambiadores – vesZers
•  Zona apropiada para disponer y lavar la ropa
contaminada con fibras
•  Disposición adecuada de productos que conZenen
asbestos.
Con respecto al material:
Encapsulamiento de materiales friables (si se manipulan los
materiales no friables se pueden volaZlizar) 71
(Wagner & Lemen, 2008)
Estudios Adicionales

72
 Uso seguro?
Se puede lograr un uso seguro/controlado

73
Uso seguro?

74