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Ingles 5 Año (LNTD BIBLIOTECA VIRTUAL) PDF
Ingles 5 Año (LNTD BIBLIOTECA VIRTUAL) PDF
My
fth victory
Inglés
Quinto Año
Nivel de Educación Media del Subsistema de Educación Básica
Estás a un paso de tus estudios universitarios, dentro de poco cursarás una carrera
humanística, técnica o cientí8ca de tu preferencia, por esta razón hemos pensado que la
lectura tenga mayor preponderancia que en años anteriores, como ejercicio y preparación
a tu nueva etapa donde tendrás que consultar libros, revistas, sitios electrónicos y otros
documentos especializados, escritos en inglés. En cada unidad dedicamos una lección
con temas de tu interés y del interés general, escogidos de forma minuciosa para que
desarrolles tus destrezas de lectura, abriendo así puertas maravillosas a tu futuro.
Esperamos de todo corazón, que este texto, hecho con amor y responsabilidad, te
convierta en un individuo con las competencias adecuadas para el manejo de la lengua
extranjera en el idioma inglés y situarte en el mundo que hoy te toca vivir como ciudadano
venezolano, latinoamericano y del mundo.
¡Es el momento propicio para que te apropies de este recurso que fue creado pensando en ti!
Palabras de bienvenida a los estudiantes venezolanos
Esta etapa que vives en la actualidad, te sitúa a un paso hacia tus estudios
universitarios. Dentro de muy poco tiempo estarás cursando la carrera humanística, técnica
o cientí8ca de tu preferencia. Por esa razón hemos pensado que en este libro la lectura
tenga mayor preponderancia que en los textos de los años anteriores porque cuando
curses tu carrera universitaria, tendrás que consultar libros, revistas, sitios electrónicos y
otros documentos especializados escritos en el idioma inglés. En cada unidad dedicamos
una lección a esta destreza. Sin duda esta vía te abrirá puertas maravillosas porque hemos
escogido temas de tu interés y del interés en general.
Esperamos de todo corazón que este texto hecho con amor y responsabilidad te
abra las puertas necesarias para que te conviertas en un individuo en condiciones de usar
el inglés como lengua extranjera para situarte en el mundo que hoy te toca vivir como
ciudadano venezolano, latinoamericano y del mundo. Ahora es el momento propicio para
que te apropies de este recurso que fue creado pensando en ti.
y though
Leccion 3: Getting to know my dictionary 24
Octavio Paz
A. Let’s explore
Pedro Estévez
23 Sucre Avenue
Santa Elena, Bolívar State
Dear Mr Thompson:
I am writing to you to wish you the best on this special day! After
all that extra work in Boston, you are getting your degree today. Al
of us know that it took a lot of eXort and dedication on your part.
I am sure it was worth it all, knowing that your achievement will
make such a great diXerence in your career path. Congratulations!
I hope we can meet and celebrate here in Venezuela next month
when you come to visit your parents in Santa Elena.
Sincerely yours
Pedro
Read the letter again and answer the following questions in your notebook.
1.- all - it - dedication - that - a - We - eXort - took - and - know - lot - of.
2.- was - of - are - it - us - worth - sure - All - it - all -.
3.- parents - seeing - Your - looking - you - are - to - soon - forward.
4.- students - wish - Your - you - this - the - best - on - day - want to
-special - new - !
D. Grammar emphasis
These are some expressions to congratulate people, to express politeness and good
wishes. Phrases for greetings and farewells are also present. Some of them are:
Congratulations! All the best! I wish you well with your training!
Enjoy your meal! Enjoy yourself! Have a nice day!
Have a nice trip! Have fun! Good luck!
My best wishes Season’s greetings I’ll miss you!
As you can see, there’s no speci8c grammar to explain in these expressions. They consist
of words arranged in the verb tenses that we already studied in other lessons. Now, we
are going to practice them!
Examples
Read the letter again and answer the following questions in your notebook.
There are many expressions we can use in diXerent situations. For instance, in
writing letters we have some particular ones according to the type of letter it is.
There are formal and informal letters. Let’s start with the parts of a letter:
Formal Informal
I am writing very fast because General Sandes is leaving for Magdalena in a few
minutes. I was told that you are already settled there.
How are you doing without me? I am here dying because I want to see you. I adore
you a lot but you do not answer my letters. Are you very busy? I am too but I always
think of you. Do you think of me?
Your Manuela
A long time ago a letter was the only reliable means of communication between two people in remote
locations. Then, the telegraph shortened the time taken to send a letter by transferring a message as
electrical signals between distant points. Later, the facsimile (fax) machine made it possible to transfer the
letter electrically from the sender's house to the receiver's house by means of the telephone network as an
image to be printed.
Today, the internet and cell phones allow people to exchange messages in a few seconds.
A B
J. All ears
Passive voice:
Fill in the blanks with the past participle of the verb given in parentheses to complete the following
dialogue. Then write a similar dialogue in your notebook and practice it with a partner.
L. Ask me
1. ___________________________________________________________?
Yes, I did. I did it last night.
2. ___________________________________________________________?
No, it wasn't. It was assigned last month.
3. ___________________________________________________________?
Yes, I did. I sent them the information by e-mail last night.
4. ___________________________________________________________ ?
Yes, I do. I always send text messages to my friends on their birthday.
There are many kinds of cards: love, birthday, greetings, farewell, and thank you cards, among others.
a.-How about a card for a friend? Give him / her a card with a nice message!
1.-Hope your burdens are feeling lighter, 2.- With warm wishes
And each day is a little bit brighter This just comes to say,
That I hope you’re feeling better
with each and every day.
Simón Bolívar
A. Let’s explore
D. Grammar emphasis
Examples
Length:
Capacity:
Weight:
Kilogram(kg) Gram(g)
The units for measure are diXerent in some countries. For instance, while in Venezuela
we use kilograms, kilometers, and liters, in other countries they use pounds, miles and
gallons. There are math operations to make the conversion from one unit to another.
For example: 1 kilometer is 0,6214 mile or 1 mile is equal to 1.61 km.
G. Let’s apply
Student A: _________________________________
Student B: _________________________________
Student A: _________________________________
Student B: _________________________________
Student A: _________________________________
Student B: _________________________________
Read the following paragraph and discuss it. Later write a paragraph related to your own state. Be sure you
include information about measures.
Dictation. Listen to your teacher carefully. Then write the sentences in your notebook.
Adjectives:
Long Wide High Deep
Nouns:
Length Width Height Depth
K. Let's create
Look at the examples. Then ask questions and answers according to the situation given.
A. Prereading activities
You might not believe it, but there are human clones among us
right now. They weren’t made in a lab, though: they’re identical
twins, created naturally. Below, we’ll see how natural identical
twins relate to modern cloning technologies.
You may have 8rst heard of cloning when Dolly the Sheep
showed up on the scene in 1997. Cloning technologies have
been around for much longer than Dolly, though.
The possibility of human cloning has long 8red the popular imagination,
including in the world of popular entertainment. For example, a thriller novel, The
Boys from Brazil, subsequently made into a 1978 Hollywood 8lm, depicted a Nazi
war criminal who raises a colony of young Hitler “clones”. For many others, cloning
implied overtones of human immortality or of assembly-line eugenics. Hoaxes, wild
claims and media speculation have inevitably intruded into the cloning discussion,
sometimes originating more in pure science 8ction than actual scienti8c experiments.
Dolly gave added impetus to talk — and concern — about human cloning.
Imagen de clonación.
The cloning debate involves scientists, legislators, religious leaders, philosophers
and international organizations, but not always harmoniously. General agreement, if
not absolute unanimity, evolved that human “reproductive” cloning − for the purposes
of producing a human genetic-copy baby —is unethical. Sir Ian Wilmut explained to the
United States Congress that cloning a mammal involved a high failure rate, since of his
277 “reconstructed” embryos, only 29 were implanted in ewes and only one developed
successfully. “Similar experiments with humans would be totally unacceptable”, Wilmut
concluded.
The high failure rates (more than 90 per cent) and high morbidity of animal
cloning strongly suggests its inapplicability to humans. Furthermore, cloned animals
seem to suXer high deformity and disability rates. Dolly herself was 8nally put down
in 2003, at the age of just six and a half years, even though many sheep live more than
10 years. She had developed a progressive lung disease, which is usually found in
older sheep, as well as premature arthritis. Some cloning experts have consequently
hypothesized that cloned humans might need hip replacement surgery while still
adolescents and might suXer from senility by the age of 20.
Information taken from: United Nations Educational, Scienti8c and Cultural Organization (2005). Human
cloning. Ethical issues (p. 11). France: Author
uncountable
pronunciation
part of speech denition
entry
Genetics /
/ noun [u] the scienti8c study of
the ways in which diXerent characteristics are passed
from each generation of living thing to the next.
verb 1 to produce an exact copy of an animal or a plant from its cells. 2 to illegally
denition
denition make an electronic copy of a stored information from a person's credit card or
mobile phone/ cell phone so that you can make payment or phone calls but the
owner of the card or phone receives the bill.
Now, in groups, check for a word in the reading. Let’s analyze it according to the examples above.
E. Let’s practice
1. Fill in the chart with the parts of the speech using the words from the reading.
F. Closing activity
After you listen to it, discuss in class the ethical implications of cloning and compare it with the two readings
you already read in this lesson.
“Without a real, organized, strong, and conscious popular power, there wouldn’t be socialism”
A. Let’s explore
Preventive medicine
T F
1. Preventive medicine and curative medicine share the same objectives.
2. Curative medicine implies an eXort to stop sickness happening.
3. Preventive medicine is an attempt to cure sickness.
4. Owners of clinics, pharmaceutical laboratories and private doctors take
curative medicine.
D. Grammar emphasis
Either…or
Either + possibility 1+ or + possibility 2
I go to either a hospital or a popular clinic
Either + possibility 1+or + possibility 2
Either hospitals or popular clinics are available to people.
Either + possibility 1 + possibility 2 or possibility 3
You can choose among either preventive medicine, curative medicine or nothing.
Examples
Preventive Medicine prevents either coronary heart disease in a healthy person, a heart attack in a
person with heart disease or disability and death after a heart attack.
In Venezuela, people have the right to be seen by a doctor either in clinics or hospitals.
Complete the chart, deciding whether the service is either public or private or both.
Read the following sentences and choose the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
Now create two sentences saying what you know about Plan Canaima. Use either…or
1.- __________________________________________________________________
2.- __________________________________________________________________
Listen, read and practice this dialogue. Then discuss its content with a partner.
Read the following paragraph and ask one (1) yes/no question and two (2) wh-questions about it.
Recycling implies treating products that have already been used, so that they can be used again. The main
reason for recycling is the need to reduce our dependency on raw materials that are 8nite. Recycling also
reduces pollution and saves money.
J. All ears
litter/ground/drain/soaps/insecticides/ streams.
Write your own conversation. Ramón and Sonia are discussing the Electricity Service in Venezuela. Ramón
thinks that it is necessary to use this service with care in order to save electricity and pay less money for it.
Sonia uses it carelessly. Write Ramón and Sonia's conversation.
Ramón: _______________________________________________
Sonia: _______________________________________________
Ramón: _______________________________________________
Sonia: _______________________________________________
Ramón: _______________________________________________
Sonia: _______________________________________________
L. Ask me
Read the f
transla
Mario Benedetti
A. Let’s explore
Children's games are not mere pastimes. They play a very important role in the kid's world. When children
play, they show their personality and this allows adults either to encourage or mend their behavior.
Besides, children develop social skills and physical abilities. Unfortunately, this fact is neither understood
nor acknowledged by many members of our communities, who seem to ignore this right of the child: the
child has the right to have full opportunity for sports, games and recreation. Finally, we would suggest
traditional games as a good choice to ful8ll this right and also to help us maintain our cultural inheritance
and richness.
1) Win ( ) a) Inside.
2) Personality ( ) b) Activity or sport.
3) Pastime ( ) c) Be successful.
4) Indoor ( ) d) Outside.
5) Game ( ) e) Aspects of a person's character.
6) Outdoor ( ) f) Something you enjoy.
Circle the best option in the following dialogue and practice it in groups of three.
Beatriz: What (was/were) your favorite games when you (was/ were) a child?
Granddad: Oh, it was a long time ago but I still remember when I used to play marbles.
Beatriz: Children prefer video games these days.
Grandmom: I remember I (play/ played) with rag dolls and (had-have) a great time
Beatriz: Where did your parents (got-get) them?
Grandmom: They didn't (bought-buy) them. My mother herself (makes/made) beautiful dolls for me.
Beatriz: Fantastic! They were special dolls. (Her phone rings) Excuse me (she answers the phone)
Granddad: When we were children we had (either- neither) video games (or/nor) cell phones but we
were very happy indeed!
D. Grammar emphasis
Neither… nor
This structure is used in a sentence in the negative sense when you want to say that
two or more things are not true.
neither + possibility 1+ or + possibility 2
Neither my grandmother nor my grandfather used to play video games.
Examples
Nowdays, children play neither with little wooden horses nor with spinning tops.
Our grand parents had neither online nor cell phone games, but they were happy anyway.
jump rope
Simoncito's childhood
Doña Concepción had health problems so she couldn't breastfeed Simoncito. To solve this problem, he
was breastfed by a Cuban friend of hers. Later, Negra Matea breastfed him. As a consequence, Simoncito
treated both of them with love all his life.
G. Let’s apply
After reading the previous text, create three sentences about it.
1.- _________________________________________________________
2.- _________________________________________________________
3.- _________________________________________________________
J. All ears.
a) Ship b) Sheep
c) Leak d) Lick
e) Chicks f) Cheeks
g) Leave h) Live
i) Peel j) Pill
L. Let's create
Look at the picture and write three sentences about it. Use neither…or
Proverb
“Childhood shows the man, as morning shows the day” John Milton
Simón Rodríguez
A. Prereading activities
I believe in Pablo Picasso, all powerful , creator of the heavens and the earth; I believe in Charlie Chaplin;
son of the violets and the mice, who was cruci8ed, died and buried by time, but who comes to life every
day in the hearts of mankind; I believe in love and the arts as a way to enjoy a lasting life; I believe in the
crickets that 8ll the night with magical crystals; I believe in the grinder who lives to make golden stars on
his marvelous wheel, I believe in the aerial quality of the human being, represented by the memory of
Isadora Duncan beating her wings like a wounded dove under the skies of the Mediterranean; I believe in
Unit 2: Today and yesterday
46
Orpheus, I believe in the magic of music, I who in the hours of my anxiety saw the magic of Faure's Pavane,
who saw the sweet Euridice appear free and radiant from the infernal depths of my soul; I believe in Rainer
Maria Rilke, hero of man's struggle towards beauty, who sacri8ced his life in the act of cutting a rose for
a woman; I believe in the Powers which bloomed over the adolescent cadaver of Ophelia; I believe in
Achilles’ silent tears while facing the ocean, I believe in the far oX thin ship which left a century ago to keep
an appointment with the dawn, its captain, Lord Byron, bearing the sword of the archangels, and the dog,
in the stars surrounding his forehead; I believe in Ulysses' dog, in the smiling cat of Alice in Wonderland,
in Robinson Crusoe's parrot, in Beral8ro, Roland's horse, and the bees who built their hive in the heart of
Martin Tinajero; I believe in friendship as the greatest invention of mankind, I believe in the creative powers
of the people, I believe in poetry and-8nally- I believe in myself, since I know that there is someone who
loves me.
a) Heart
b) Invention
c) Friendship
d) Love
e) Ship
Mice
Grinder Crickets
Night
2. Mankind
3. Magical crystals
4. The Heaven
5. The Earth
9. Answer the following questions about the text “My creed” by Aquiles Nazoa:
10. Underline the sentence you like the most and translate it.
11. Read again the sentence taken from “My creed”: ” I believe in the chocolate coins which I secretly
treasure under the pillow of my childhood…” and answer the following questions.
a) I believe in _____________________________________________________.
b) I believe in _____________________________________________________.
c) I believe in _____________________________________________________.
Unit 2: Today and yesterday 51
Poetry: Haikus
What is a Haiku?
It's a very short Japanese poem. It is a mix of images and ideas.
Generally, it`s about nature.
Bitter wind
The smell of honey
In the empty hive (Ernest Wit in http:withaiku.blogspot.com)
D. Additional activities
Leopoldo Zea
A. Let’s explore
Cost – The 8rst advantage of using Linux is the fact that it is free, while Microsoft products are available for
a hefty and sometimes recurring fee.
Security – The security aspect of Linux is much stronger than that of Windows. The Linux operating system
has been around since the early nineties and has managed to stay secure in the realm of widespread
viruses, spyware and adware for all these years.
Freedom– The power of choice is a great Linux advantage. With Linux, you have the power to control just
about every aspect of the operating system. Two major features you have control of are your desktop's look
and feel by way of numerous Window Managers, and the kernel. In Windows, you're either stuck using the
boring default desktop theme, or risking corruption or failure by installing a third-party shell.
Software - There are so many software choices when it comes to doing any speci8c task. You could search for
a text editor on Freshmeat and yield hundreds, if not thousands of results. My article on 5 Linux text editors
you should know about explains how there are so many options just for editing text on the command-
line due to the open source nature of Linux. Regular users and programmers contribute applications
all the time. Sometimes it's a simple modi8cation or feature enhancement of an already existing piece
of software, sometimes it's a brand new application. In addition, software on Linux tends to be packed
with more features and greater usability than software on Windows. Best of all, the vast majority of Linux
software is free and open source. Not only are you getting the software for no charge, but you have the
option to modify the source code and add more features if you understand the programming language.
What more could you ask for?
Hardware - Linux is perfect for those old computers with barely any processing power or memory you
have sitting in your garage or basement collecting dust. Install Linux and use it as a 8rewall, a 8le server, or
a backup server. There are endless possibilities. Old 386 or 486 computers with barely any RAM run Linux
without any issue. Good luck running Windows on these machines and actually 8nding a use for them.
Find out among relatives and friends if the governmental sector is using Linux nowdays in Venezuela. If so,
name some of these institutions.
D. Grammar emphasis
E. Vocabulary
New cable cars are transporting This train is helping people Our subway is helping us to
thousands of people per hour who live far from work to reach anywhere in our city
arrive early. quickly
Technology is usually helpful but it may also have some disadvantages : many companies are using automatic
machines to improve their production with accuracy. As a result many people are losing their jobs.
Technology creates dependency in people. The internet, cell phones, television and computers can become
a vice and make individuals forget important things.
What's your opinion about this? Can you think of another disadvantage of technology?
G. Let’s apply
What is happening right now? Use the verbs below to describe what is happening or not happening right
now in your classroom. Write at least 8ve sentences using the present continuous tense.
Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in the present continuous tense.
He (swim) ____ ____ in the pool now We (plan) _____ _____ vacations now
Anna and I (study) ____ _______ hard for the Eduardo (eat) _____ ______ breakfast with his
next exam parents now
Rebeca (do) _____ _____ her homework to be They (play) ____ _____ with her friends now
free on Sunday
Today is Ligia's birthday party. Natty (take) ______ _____ pictures. All of the children (dance) __________
and they (smile) _____ ________. They (get) _____ _____ hungry, so we (eat) ______ _________ pizza
and (drink) lemonade. Really we (have) ______ _____ a very good time.
Dictation.
Listen to your teacher and write.
K. Let's create
Write a dialogue using the present continuous and the following topics:
Find the music to these lyrics on the internet and let's sing this song.
A. Let’s explore
Read and listen to your teacher's reading. Think about your own perspective toward cell phone usage and
video games.
Alejandro was telling his parents that he needed a cell phone with video games, but each of his parents
took a diXerent position toward this need.
What was Alejandro asking his parents for? Why did Alejandro's father say no?
___________________________________ ___________________________________
Why did Alejandro's mother disagree with his father's Would they get to any agreement?
opinion ? ___________________________________
___________________________________
Read ad repeat this dialogue. Then 8nd a partner and practice it.
D. Grammar emphasis
E. Vocabulary
Write sentences in the past continuous tense using each of the following words.
E.g.: I was playing computer games when the CPU got damaged.
Read and indicate if you agree or disagree with the statements below, then write your own reasons.
Agree Disagree
Computer technology makes life faster and easier.
Having the latest technology is important to succeed in life.
Technological advances make life better for everyone.
A person who plays with computers thinks that life is like a game.
Children should be given more freedom to use the internet.
Due to the internet people don’t usually read books.
G. Let’s apply
Write the correct form of the verbs and continue this story. Use your imagination.
Gregorio was an informatics engineer from Caracas who________ __________(live) in Mérida city some
years ago. He loved to walk through the beautiful forest that surrounded the small town of Mucubají. One
evening, he _______ _______ (walk) near the garlic plantations, when he met a nice girl named Petra. They
decided to walk and get to know each other. One day, Petra_____ __________(wait) for Gregorio and she
asked him if he wanted to become part of the agricultural community of Mucubají…
Read and discuss if you are against or in favor. Then, write your own reasons.
Computers are allowing new forms of social interaction, innovating activities, and organizing other ways to
interact. Today, computers are becoming part of our daily lives. Many people consider the Internet as well
as mobile phones anti-social. They think they are generating a communication gap due to a reduction of
face to face relationships, especially among young people.
Read and answer the following questions. Select one of them to write a paragraph about it.
J. All ears
Copy this paragraph in your notebook, listen and write the missing words
Computers allow new forms of _______ interaction, innovating activities, and organizing other ways
to interact. Today, __________ are becoming part of our daily lives. In this century, people are
__________ technology in their everyday _______. Due to the Internet, SMS _________, e-mail,
chat and cell _______ calls family members are keeping regular contact today; more than ever be-
fore. Also, the Internet is offering rich sources of __________ which _____ people to learn almost
everything very fast. However, ____________ communication is becoming rare among youngsters,
so people must keep personal_____to prevent us from losing our humanity.
Write your own conversation but you must use at least four words of the ones given and select one of
the topics.
Example Words
Jorge: Hi, Kate. What were you doing yesterday? I called you. Morning Hurt
Ángeles: Hello, Jorge. I was playing with my computer. Class Learn
Jorge: I never learned to play with a computer. Computer Play
Ángeles: I tried to teach you sometime ago.
Jorge: Unfortunately, I never practice. Would you teach me again? Topics
Susana: Hi, what were you both doing there? Going to the dentist.
Jorge: We were having fun. Angeles was teaching me how to play. Studying English.
Ángeles: I was teaching Jorge to play with computers and he kept winning ! Playing games
U I N T E R N E T S
S M O N I T O R M C
B K L C H A T A O A
R Y R P T H N I U N
A X V U B M V L S N
C U R S O R S O E E
M O U S E P A D P R
H A R D W A R E Q I
S O F T W A R E U O
E M A I L E M I A L
Unit 3: Then and there, here and now
68
Either we invent or we err
-Organize a program with a time schedule for teaching elderly people from your community to use
the internet.
Yes No
Teachers
Elderly people
Young people
Parents
Friends
Your sister(s) or brother(s)
A. Prereading activities
The Simon Bolivar satellite was put in orbit on 29 October 2008 to democratize access to telecommunications,
technology, education and science, especially in far-Pung places of the country where reception is impossible.
This spatial device, operated by talented Venezuelans, arose from the agreement between the Bolivarian
Republic of Venezuela and the People's Republic of China through the VENESAT-1 project.
Venezuela's Minister of Science and Technology Jorge Arreaza informed a few days ago that Venezuela
has to date 5,927 satellite dishes, 1,985 of which are in educational centers, 826 in Bolivarian Centers of
Informatics and Telematics as well as in centers of communal management.
There are other 617 satellite dishes working in public Internet centers named Infocenters, 485 in health
facilities, 181 in border controls, 131 in food markets (Mercal), 60 in the state oil company Petroleos de
Venezuela (PDVSA), 52 in the Venezuelan food producer and distributor (PDVAL) and 32 in stations of
FUNVISIS (Venezuelan Foundation for Seismic Research).
The Simón Bolívar spacecraft is run and controlled in the national territory
by a team of Venezuelan experts belonging to the Bolivarian Agency
for Space Activities (ABAE). The main control earth station is located in
the Aerospace Base Capitán Manuel Ríos (Bamari), in the central state
of Guárico whereas the backup earth station is located in Luepa, Bolívar
State.
This 100 per cent ekcient satellite uses more than 5 thousand dishes
to cover seven major areas: 3,500 dishes for education; 160 for
security and defense, among other radars helping safeguard domestic
airspace, 131 for border protection, 127 for energy and oil, 1,143 for
food, 200 for communications and 350 for health, Vice Minister of
Telecommunications said.
2. Write the list of verbs, adjectives and nouns you can 8nd in the reading.
E.g.:
4. In groups of three, report the information given in your paragraph pretending to be part of a TV inter
view/ show.
5. Translate into Spanish the following extracts from the above reading.
English Spanish
Reaching isolated areas of national territory gave
rise to the idea of launching into space the 8rst
Venezuelan satellite, a 4-year device into orbit
whose major achievement has been the transfer
of technology to people in places where making
a telephone call or sur8ng the Internet was never
believed possible
Another great contribution is the training of
human talent, with a total of 90 experts trained to
operate this spatial device
This spatial device, operated by talented Venezuelans,
arose from the agreement between the Bolivarian
Republic of Venezuela and the People’s Republic of
China through the VENESAT-1 project
The Simón Bolívar satellite platform is integrated
into the National Telephone Company’s network
of terrestrial telecommunications and contributes
to the development of social programs such as
tele-education, telephony, Internet as well as
FUNVISIS research projects.
a). “I was reading an article about the Simón Bolívar Satellite in my English class and it was really
interesting / nice/ informative/ important, because …
c). Finally, what did you learn about the Simón Bolívar Satellite?
Additional information
Cognates are words in English that look like words in Spanish, and have the same meaning, for example:
television and computer.
False cognates are words in English that look like in Spanish but don't have the same meaning, for exam-
ple: Terri
c and Terrible.
Final activity
Scan the previous text about Simón Bolívar Satellite and 8nd as many cognates and false cognates as pos-
sible. Use your dictionary, if necessary.
D. Grammar emphasis
think hope
think expect guess
hope believe expect
I expect so I don’t imagine so I believe not
am afraid reckon am afraid
suppose suppose
suspect
Examples
1. Have you got a street map of Barcelona?
– No, I’m afraid not.
I. All ears
D. Grammar emphasis
%&!"
#
Examples
1. What are you going to study when I’m going to study a technical career.
you graduate from high school?
Look at these predictions about the future. Match the sentences in the 8rst column with the correct
reaction in the second column.
Read the dialogue. Do you know what and where you are going to study?
You and your friend are going to OPSU to look for some information. Neither of you have a car. You checked th
weather report in the newspaper. "It will be 8ne at 8rst, but rain will spread all over the city"
by late morning. Write your own conversation.
Student A: ________________________________________________________
Student B: ________________________________________________________
Student A: ________________________________________________________
Student B: ________________________________________________________
Student A: ________________________________________________________
Student B: ________________________________________________________
L. Ask me
1. ____________________________________________________________.
I’m going to be a welder.
2.____________________________________________________________.
Fundayacucho grants scholarships.
3.____________________________________________________________.
Our country needs more technicians.
4.____________________________________________________________.
Yes, I’m going to go to the medical school.
As a country rich in ecological diversity – more than 150,000 plant and animal species can be found in the
country – Venezuela is particularly concerned with the long-lasting and irreversible impacts of climate
change. A historic drought in 2009 dramatically aXected Venezuela’s hydro-electric capacity – the country
relies on water for over 70 percent of its generation of electricity – and highlighted how climate change, if
not stopped, can have severe eXects throughout the world. Venezuela recognizes the global scienti8c con-
sensus that climate change is occurring and that more than 70 percent of it is caused by the concentrations
of CO2 in the atmosphere, 56.6 percent pertaining to the use of fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) in the pro-
duction of energy (25.9 percent), industry (19.4 percent) and transport (13.1 percent). However, Venezuela
also believes that the increased concentration of greenhouse gases is a consequence of a resource-heavy
development model, and not just the cause of climate change. For Venezuela, the cause of the world’s
changing climate is closely linked to the current development model that favors the interests of big capital
and unchecked growth at the expense of equitable development and ecological balance.
Caused by nature
Caused by man
These are some common questions about climate change published by the United Nations Environment
Programme. Which ones did President Chávez refer to in the extract of the conference? What did he say?
These are some words related to climate change. Which ones are mentioned in the text? Find
and underline them.
Climate change
'
greenhouse heat / energy / carbon dioxide / burn / climate / thicker / fossil fuels
/ thickening / gases / power stations / back
Carbon dioxide, one of the ......................... gases, not only exists naturally in the atmosphere but is also
burnt when human fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas). Cars, ...................... and factories all burn................... for
...................... (to make a car move or generate electricity). This adds more.................... .................... to the
atmosphere, ................ the blanket of greenhouse gases surrounding the earth. This means that fewer
rays of ..................... from the sun are able to get ............ out into space. So, much like a ............... blanket
keeps you warmer at night, the thicker blanket of......................... is warming the earth up and changing
our............................
Retrieved: http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/coolit_resources/general/teachres02aws4.pdf
Unit 4: Your opinion should go hand in hand with your preference 97
Unit 4: Your opinion should go hand in hand with your preference 99
C. Now let s practice
D. Grammar emphasis
Examples
Match the vocabulary with its de8nition. Write the appropriate number on the blank
Read the following passage and express your opinion about it.
According to the United Nations, there are several areas of concern related with the Millennium Development
Goals progress, such as: a) About 850 million people are estimated to be undernourished. b) Projections
indicate that in 2015 almost one billion people will still be living on less than $1.25 per day. c) In 2010, there
were 71 million young adolescents (typically aged 12-15 years) out of school around the world. d) Gender
inequality persists and women continue to face discrimination in access to education, work and economic
assets, and participation in government. e) An estimated 287,000 maternal deaths occurred in 2010 worldwide.
f) Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission remains low among young people, along with condom use.
g) 783 million people remain without access to an improved source of drinking water.
G. Let’s apply
Check the suggested web page and review what has been taking place with at least one of the millenium de-
velopment goals. Write a paragraph <http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/MDG%20Report%202012.pdf>
‘Sport within the Suburb’ (Barrio Adentro Deportivo) is a social program in which medical services,
recreational and sport practices and education are combined. It started from the need to provide health
service, physical activities and recreation to the population from depressed areas. This program is based
on the universal right of people to participate in physical activity and recreation to bene8t their quality of
life. The activities are aimed at people from diXerent age groups.
http://venezuela-us.org/2012/02/24/un-recognizes-
venezuela%E2%80%99s-progress-on-millennium-development-
goals/
J. All ears
T F
1
2
3
4
L. Ask me
1. __________________________________________________?
2. ___________________________________________________?
3. __________________________________________________?
4. __________________________________________________?
Let's play
More fun
Imagine that you are interviewing a government leader about the goals of the millenium that have been
met in Venezuela. Write 8ve questions that you would like to make.
1. __________________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________________________
1. Why did you think community radio has become a global phenomenon?
2. What does the paragraph indicate about community radio?
D. Grammar emphasis
Examples
They had been broadcasting the news before you arrived
Had they been broadcasting the news before?
Yes, they had been broadcasting the news before you arrived
He had been working with the community radio for 1 year before he moved here.
How long had he been working with the community radio before he moved here?
We also drew inspiration from the rich history of community broadcasting in Latin America, that dates back
to the Bolivian miner’s radios of the late 1940s, and today has a presence in almost every Latin American
country – not only worker’s radios like those of the Bolivian miners, but educational radios, indigenous
people’s radios, women’s radios, radios in almost every major urban centre and in some of the remotest
rural communities. Over the years, the Latin American experience has profoundly inPuenced the growth of
the international community radio movement particularly as we have come to better understand the role
of media in development.
http://www.unesco.org/new/leadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CI/WPFD2009/pdf/wpfd2008_
steve+buckley+community+media+-+maputo+wpfd.pdf
G. Let’s apply
In your notebook, complete the following sentences using the past perfect continuous. You can use the
following verbs: listen, create, produce, and read.
1. In Bolivia they ______ ________ ________ miner’s radios for many years.
2. They ____ ______ ________ several types of radio program.
3. They ______ ________ _________ educational program for two years when they changed coordinator
4. I _____ ________ ___________ a book before you arrived
Read the following paragraph and discuss about this community radio project.
Community communication for the eradication of violence against indigenous women of Mexico,
Nicaragua and Guatemala is a project that focuses on equipping them with increased knowledge and
tools to help end violence against women in communities, particularly against indigenous women. It is
based on common characteristics that aXect the lives of indigenous women in their communities. The
project has been devised by representatives of the Women’s Networking Association of Community Radio
Broadcasters in all three of the above countries.
http://www.unesco-ci.org/ipdcprojects/content/community-communication-eradication-violence-against-
indigenous-women-mexico-nicaragua-and
Based on the previous information, prepare a dialogue in which you will use the past perfect continuous
form. Please write it in your notebook. Then you will practice it in class
J. All ears
Listen to the passage and mark either True or False in the following statements
T F
1. Community radio stations aren't oXering a variety of contents
2. Community radio is 90 percent radio and 10 percent community
3. Community radio should focus on getting the community talking
“For 8ve minutes” and “for two weeks” are both durations which can
be used with the Past Perfect Continuous. The duration does not
continue until now, it stops before something else in the past, e.g.
She had been studying here for more than 3 years before she moved.
K. Let's create
Read the following information. Then, write your own conversation based on an existing community
radio in Venezuela
Translate the following statements about the purpose of the community radio. Then write the
appropriate question to each statement
Community radio, rural, cooperative, participatory, free radio, alternative, popular, educational, environmental,
human rights, social conditions, voluntary, social bene8t, diversity, communication, opinion, inclusive,
chance, dynamic.
O P N O I N I P O O P F O P L E E C
P C H A N C E L A R U R A L P R V O
I L A N O I T A C U D E K Y Y S I O
N B S I N C L U S I V E L Z T P T P
E C C O M M U N I T Y R A D I O A E
E N V I R O N M E N T A L Y S P N R
E V O L U N T A R Y F D R N R U L A
S T H G I R N A M U H I E A E L E T
N O I T A C I N U M M O C M V A T I
T I F E N E B L A I C O S I I R L V
Y R O T A P I C I T R A P C D T A E
S O C I A L C O N D I T I O N S U V
It is widely known that income distribution in the countries of Latin America is among the most unequal in
the world. Moreover, during the 1990s and early 2000s, inequality in the region was marked by stubborn
downward rigidity or a slight upward trend. There was a turning point in 2002 and 2003 when inequality
began to trend down in many countries. While this decrease was slight and not enough to change Latin
America’s ranking as the most unequal region, it was noteworthy in view of the prolonged absence of
overall distributive improvements.
The trend towards distributive improvement in the region did not change in the wake of the economic
crisis. Before 2008, which basically rePects pre-crisis levels, the Gini coekcient was falling by 1% or more
per year in 10 countries, with Guatemala posting the only appreciable increase (data to 2006). The 8gures
for 2010, which rePect, approximately, the immediate post-crisis scenario, show that inequality did not
increase signi8cantly in any of the 11 countries for which there is information. Quite the opposite: in three
countries (the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Mexico and Uruguay) the Gini coekcient fell by more than
2% per year, and in two other countries (El Salvador and Peru) it fell by at least 1% per year (see 8gure 2).
The decline in inequality in the region over a period of several years provides a good opportunity to
examine the factors behind it. Studies of this issue have tended to agree on at least two points. First, that
most of the decline in inequality can be traced to the labour market, due above all to a more equitable
distribution of labour income per person employed. Second, public cash transfers have been a source of
income that has helped to deconcentrate per capita income distribution.
This issue of Social Panorama assesses these factors in the light of available evidence for the countries of
Latin America for the 2000s. The periods under review are those in which income distribution improved
most signi8cantly in 15 countries of the region. The examination focuses on comparing the gaps between
the 8rst and 8fth quintiles for a group of variables, particularly the diXerent income streams and labour
market indicators. To do so, income was broken down by pairs of factors in order to simulate what would
have happened with inequality if one of the factors had not changed during the period under review.
The 8rst breakdown, where per capita household income is the number of adults in the household
multiplied by the income received by each adult, gauges the proportion in which changes in per capita
income distribution are due to distributive changes in the amount of income received or to changes in
household demographic structure. The results indicate that while the demographic factor did help narrow
the gaps between quintiles, especially in countries with the most distributive improvements, its impact
was slight.
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. (2011). Social Panorama of
Latin America (pp. p. 17–18). Chile: autor
o Try to anticipate how the answer will appear and what clues you
might use to help you locate the answer
o Use headings and any other aids that will help you identify which
sections might contain the information needed.
The Gini coekcient (also known as the Gini index or Gini ratio) is
a measure of statistical dispersion developed by the Italian sta-
tistician and sociologist Corrado Gini and published in his 1912
paper "Variability and Mutability"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coeOcient
1. Skimming
Read only the main ideas in the text to get an overall impression of
the content on a reading. Do it by following these steps:
1. Let’s look at the reading “Progress in reducing distributive inequality” and 8nd:
2. Skim the reading in this lesson, and write a paragraph in your notebook.
“The State of Cities in Latin America and the Caribbean (2012), uses
the Gini coekcient to measure inequality, and 8nds that Venezuela
has the region's lowest 8gure of 0.41, followed by Uruguay. Its rate
of inequality has fallen signi8cantly since 1990.
http://venezuela-us.org/2012/08/22/un-says-venezuela-has-the-
lowest-inequality-in-the-region/
Watch one of the suggested videos below. They are organized by level of complexity. You have to choose
only one and after you watch it, discuss it in groups and write a paragraph with your own rePections on this
topic. How do you relate this with your science research project?
D. Grammar emphasis
Conditional sentences
Examples
If we plan our future today, we will have better opportunities tomorrow.
If we don’t plan our future today, we won’t have better opportunities tomorrow.
If we planned our future, we would have better opportunities tomorrow.
Would you go the theatre with me, if I invited you?
Read the following text and rePect about the implications of your decisions.
Start planning your future now. First, you have to be aware of the impact your present decisions will make
on your life. Next, you will think about diXerent topics, such as: sex and pregnancy, drugs and alcohol,
studies and physical exercise, family and relationships, and your participation in the community. If you
seriously think now about what you want, you will secure your goals and objectives. Don’t forget, you are
valuable for your family and country. Think!
Unit 6: If you want, you can
124
G. Let s apply
J. All ears
A group of teenagers are planning their future life in the university, each one thinking about his/her pro-
fession.
L. Ask me
Teenage daughter: That’s sad. But you are still young, and you can______
your university degree.
D. Grammar emphasis
Examples
If she had had a map, she would have lent it to me. (She didn't have the map)
She would have understood the math exercise, if she had paid attention to the class. (She didn't
pay attention)
1. Sin los procesos de cambio social en Venezuela no se habrían logrado las Metas del Milenio en educación
e igualdad de género.
2. Si los seres humanos hubiésemos deseado una paz real, la discriminación hubiese sido erradicada hace
muchos años.
3. Si el analfabetismo no hubiese sido erradicado, en Venezuela habría más de cuatro millones de
analfabetas.
4. Si en Venezuela la educación no fuera gratuita, el acceso a las universidades sería limitado.
J. All ears
A person is talking to a friend about what authorities should have done in the past to avoid violence in our
world.
L. Ask me
Regina Belle - If I could lyrics. Visit this site and listen to it:
http://www.lyrics007.com/Regina%20Belle%20Lyrics/If%20I%20Could%20Lyrics.html
“History is very sexist, women are concealed, but they rode on horseback too, like Manuela Sáenz. She was
described as Bolívar's lover. She was not (only) Bolívar's lover. First, she was Knightess of the Sun, Captain of
San Martin's armies and Colonel in Ayacucho. Antonio José de Sucre promoted her in the battle8eld together
with a large group of other men and women; because the Colonel (Manuela Sáenz) went on horseback, gun
in hand, sword in hand to force Spanish troops to surrender there in the Ayacucho battle8eld."
"She was a woman of battle. She went out, sword in hand, the night that they almost killed Bolivar in
Bogotá. She practically forced him to jump out of the window. Surely because of dignity he did not want to
jump. But as an English saying reads: If your woman tells you to jump out of the window, you better move
to the 8rst Poor. That night Bolívar’s enemies almost killed him. They killed Ferguson, his aide-de-camp, and
injured Diego Ibarra. They were on their way to his room, but Manuela distracted them and told them: “He
is downstairs in the meeting room.” She lied, he was getting dressed and taking his pistol to come out. She
forced him to jump out of the window ...” After that Bolívar called Manuela: The Liberator of the Liberator.
Venezuelan people, as act of gratitude and recognition towards her contribution to Independence, brought
her symbolic ashes to the Panteón Nacional in 2010."
Scan the text and 8ll the chart with all the information.
D. General questions
E. Derived words
Find derived words in the text, underline the pre8x or sukx, classify and translate them. Look at the
example.
G. Reference
Analyze the text and say what the underlined words refer to:
H. Descriptions
Look at the following pictures and describe Simón Bolívar and Manuela Sáenz
a. Madam, if all my soldiers had your aim, we would have already won the war with Spain.
b. She saved his life twice and fought tirelessly for his ideals, even after his death.
c. History is very sexist, women are concealed, but they rode on horseback too, like Manuela Sáenz.
d. If your woman tells you to jump out of the window, you better start moving to the 8rst Poor.
J. Supporting ideas
Find in the text the facts that support the following statements
K. Drawing
In the following spaces draw a cartoon describing how Manuela Sáenz saved Simón Bolívar’s life.
Read the sentences about the interview with Sir Mark Walport and write True (T) or False (F) in the blanks.
Rubel: Hi. _______ you _______ (read) the interview to Sir Mark Walport?
Leo: No, I _______. Why?
Rubel: Mr. Pantoja said that _______ (be) the exercise for next class.
Leo: Oh, really? When ______ he ______ (say) that? I didn’t ______ (hear) him!
Rubel: He said it at the end of the class. Oh, I remember. You ______ (leave) early that day.
Leo: But I asked Lucía to take notes for me. She _______ ______ (tell) me anything about it.
Rubel: Well, we have some time. You can read it now.
D. Grammar emphasis
E. Vocabulary
Published: 02/23/2011
Over the last 12 years, advances in technological infrastructure and access to it have produced
considerable increases in the satisfaction of the social needs of the Venezuelan people, according to a
presentation made by Venezuela’s Minister of Science, Technology and Intermediate Industries to the
National Assembly. He presented the state of his portfolio alongside the ministers of Basic Industries and
Mining, Agriculture and Lands, Tourism, and Commerce.
The minister said that the Venezuelan government has democratized access to new technologies and that
access to indispensable services; including land- and mobile-lines and the Internet, have been extended
to far-away areas.
Retrieved. http://venezuela-us.org/2011/02/23/science-and-technology-used-to-satisfy-social-needs-in-venezuela/
G. Let’s apply
Scienti8c fact?
The misconception that people were ignorant of the shape
of the earth comes from the partially 8ctional text ‘The
Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus’ (1828), which
incorrectly stated that Columbus set out to prove the earth
was round.
Retrieved: http://listverse.com/2011/05/27/10-things-you-
ought-to-know/
Rewrite the sentences in direct speech. Change pronouns and time expressions where necessary.
1. They said
2. She said
3. He said
4. You said
5. She said
6. They said
7. They said
8. He said
9. He said
10. She said
K. Let's create
Task: Use at least two of the quotes below in a dialog. Then role play it.
3. Sports Minister said, “I will assume that challenge with the same
commitment as an athlete who defends his homeland at all
costs.”
Read the joke below. Then write one of your own in indirect speech.
The doctor said to the patient that he was very sick. The
patient asked the doctor if he could get a second opinion.
The doctor replied again saying that he was very ugly too.
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_____________________
Phones are not working properly and people cannot understand clearly what others say. Fill in with the
corresponding form of the verb and complete the exchanges.
D. Grammar emphasis
Reported Questions
Information Questions
“What did you order?” She asked me what I had ordered.
“When does he go grocery shopping?” Tania asked when he went grocery shopping.
“Where will you eat your salad?” He asked where I would eat my salad.
“Who are you calling?” Antonio asked who you were calling.
“Why do you want to eat healthy food?” Ramón asked why I wanted to eat healthy food.
Yes-No Questions
“Do you drink a lot of water?” The doctor asked me if I drank a lot of water.
“Did you tell the doctor about it?” She asked me if I had told the doctor about it.
“Will you stop smoking?” He asked me if I would stop smoking
“Are you eating junk food?” The nurse asked me if I was eating junk food.
“Is Anita jogging tonight?” My brother asked me if Anita was jogging tonight.
Melinda’s mom is a doctor. Melinda asked her what she should do to stay healthy. She recommended
that she should…
Read and report orally to your classmates what the World Health Organization (WHO) said about poverty
and health.
Poverty is associated with the undermining of a range of key human attributes, including health. The poor
are exposed to greater personal and environmental health risks, are less well nourished, have less informa-
tion and are less able to access health care; they thus have a higher risk of illness and disability. Conversely,
illness can reduce household savings, lower learning ability, reduce productivity, and lead to a diminished
quality of life, thereby perpetuating or even increasing poverty.
Taken from http://www.who.int/topics/poverty/en/
G. Let’s apply
Gather in pairs and read the questions from a cardiologist to her patient. Report the questions to each
other.
1. How often do you call your relatives? 3. Is there any new project in your life?
2. Do you usually get depressed? 4. Which was the last funny movie that you saw?
Read the following and discuss about the appropriate kind of exercise considering the age or health
conditions.
J. All ears
K. Let's create
Melinda’s mom works at the Hospital Cardiológico de Maracay. Look at these reports and write the questions
that she asked her patients.
She asked …
Translate these words into English and then write them on the criss – cross.
Across Down
5. Vegetales 1. Coronaria
7. Ejer ón
4. S arse
9. F úsculos
8. O
Linguistic Diversity
Multilingualism can be the result of diXerent factors. Some of them are the following:
– Historical or political movements such as imperialism or colonialism. In the case of the spread of some
languages, such as Spanish to Latin America, it results in the coexistence of diXerent languages.
– Economic movements in the case of migration. The weak economics of some areas and countries results in
movement of the population to other countries and to the development of multilingual and multicultural
communities in the host countries.
– Increasing communications among diXerent parts of the world and the need to be competent in
languages of wider communication. This is the case with the development of new technologies and also
with science. English is the main language of wider communication but it is used by millions of people
who use other languages as well.
– Social and cultural identity and the interest for maintenance and revival of minority languages. This interest
creates situations in which two or more languages co-exist and are necessary in everyday communication.
– Education. Second and foreign languages are part of the curriculum in many countries.
English is the most important language of wider communication in the world as the result of British
colonial power in the nineteenth century and the 8rst decades of the twentieth century and the leadership
of the USA in the twentieth century.
English is also the main language of science and technology in the world and its spread is advancing
in many countries and regions where English has not been traditionally spoken. English is also the main
language of popular culture and globalization as can be seen in advertising. Nowadays multilingualism
usually implies English and other languages. English has also been considered a threat for linguistic
diversity (Philipson, 1992).
The spread of English has been visualized in terms of three circles representing the historical and
sociolinguistic pro8le of English in diXerent parts of the world (Kachru,1985). The inner circle includes the
countries that are traditionally considered the bases of English, where English is the 8rst language for the
majority of the populations: UK, USA, Ireland, Canada, New Zealand, Australia. Nevertheless, English is not
the only language spoken in these countries because it is in contact with heritage languages or languages
that are spoken as the result of immigration.
The outer circle includes those countries where English is not the 8rst language of the majority
of the population but English is a second language that is used at the institutional level as the result of
colonization. The expanding circle includes those countries where English has no okcial status and is
taught as a foreign language.
D. Reference
Read the text again and write what the underlined words refer to.
E. Grammar
o Fill out the chart below with vocabulary from the reading in part B above. Use your dictionary if
necessary.
F. Filling in
Reread the parts suggested and say what is being done: comparing and contrasting, classifying, de8ning
or argumenting.
1. “Multilingualism can be the result… result in people moving to a new country.” ______________
__________________.
2. “English is the most important language … considered a threat for linguistic diversity.” ________
__________________________.
3. “The spread of English has been visualized… English has no okcial status and is taught as a
foreign language. _______________________________.
Country:_______________ Country:_______________
Country:______________ Country:________________
Country:_________ Country:_________________
H. Translation
1. At the sociolinguistic level, the spread of English has important implications regarding the ownership of
English and the varieties of English.
1- ______________________.
2- ______________________.
3- ______________________.
4- ______________________.
5- ______________________.
6- ______________________.
J. Finding out
Mention some other countries diXerent from the ones mentioned in the text where…
Read the following article from The Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and 8ll in the
blanks with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
Article 17
Federal dependencies are the maritime islands which _____(be) not_______ (incorporate) into the territory
of a State, as well as any island that may form or appear in the territorial sea or that covering the continental
sheaf. Their regime and administration shall be _______ (provide) by law.
The envelope has been Has the envelope been kept No, it hasn’t been kept by
kept by the man. by the man? the man.
The envelopes have been Have the envelopes been No, they haven’t been kept
kept by her. kept by her? by her
E. Vocabulary
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
Article 9:
Spanish is the okcial language. The use of native languages also has okcial status for native peoples, and
must______ (be)___________ (respect) throughout the territory of the Republic, as constituting part of
the cultural heritage of the Nation and humanity.
Answer this question: Is there only one okcial language in Venezuela? Explain.
G. Let’s apply
A B
1. My classmates have discussed several articles of the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic
of Venezuela.
2. Has the teacher read the Preamble of our constitution aloud?
3. The government has assigned 10 million bolivars to the project.
You'll get
red if you take any more time oX.
J. All ears
Listen to your teacher and write the following extracts from the CBRV:
1.
2.
3.
L. Ask me
1. Everyone shall freely transit by any means throughout the national territory (WH-question)
__________________________________________________________________________
2. The State is obligated to facilitate the exercise of this right. (WH- question)
__________________________________________________________________________
3. Everyone has the right to express freely his or her thoughts, ideas or opinions orally, in writing or
by any other form of expression. (Yes/No question)
__________________________________________________________________________
4. The use of weapons is not permitted.(Yes/No question)
__________________________________________________________________________
Fill in the spaces with the letters of words de8ned by the clues below.
What kind of document is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights? Use your own words.
Who participated in its elaboration?
Where did these participants come from?
When was the document proclaimed?
Who proclaimed the document?
What does this document establish?
What was the number of its resolution?
D. Grammar emphasis
Passive voice
Had they read the Universal Declaration Had the Universal Declaration of Human
of Human Rights? Rights been read by them?
E. Vocabulary
Look at the pictures shown and connect them with the underlined rights established in the article 25 of
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: "Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the
health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care …"
One of the rights established in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is housing. In the Constitution
of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, this right is also established: “ Every person has the right to
adequate, safe and comfortable, hygienic housing, with appropriate essential basic services, including a
habitat such as to humanize family, neighborhood and community relations. The progressive meeting of
this requirement is the shared responsibility of citizens and the State in all areas" (Article 82).
In your opinion: What was La Gran Misión Vivienda de Venezuela created for?
G. Let’s apply
2. Is adequate housing for all the shared responsibility of citizens and the State?
3. Hadn’t you read the Universal Declaration of Human Rights before this lesson?
1. “Ekcient Energy Campaign” has been designed to give a new cultural focus to the use of electricity.
3. According to okcial data, 1.2 million patients have been attended by Miracle Mission.
4. Advances have been seen in areas such as dental care and child cardiology in recent years.
J. All ears
K. Let's create
Write a brief paragraph in which you compare The Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
and The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Write some sentences in passive voice: had been + past
participle of verb/ would have been+ past participle of verb. (See Grammar Emphasis on page 2)
1. Poverty, disease, war and discrimination are among the many causes of human rights violations.
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. Because of his 8ght for equal rights for his people, Nelson Mandela was held in prison for 27 years.
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. A World Bank survey estimated that 2.7 billion people (almost half the world population) live on
less than $2 a day.
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. The Millennium Development Goals have been promoted to implement the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights.
_______________________________________________________________________________
Match the two phrases to complete a human right and draw an image for each one.
3. We Are All Born Free & Equal. I am a person just like you!
5. You Have Rights No Matter Where You Go. We are all born free.
“Me they bring in sacks, by burro, and then they throw me in a corner on the bare ground”, complained
Little Apple tearfully, stewing in her own bitterness.
And Little Apple laughed; she laughed and danced on one foot.
Meanwhile, the poor fruit seller was tossing his spoiled apples in a basket, and putting the still usable ones
in the refrigerator, so as not to lose them too in the heat.
“Here they can't survive except in refrigerators, and I bet in their own land they're nobodies", she said, dis-
dainfully
So now Little Apple felt better, and deep in the core of her being she forgave the others for their beauty.
Her indignation subsided unexpectedly, she had already accepted, deep in her heart, the attractiveness
and successes of her rivals.
… Through the refrigerator window, Little Apple and the northerners smiled at each other. The stout
Mamey gave her a kiss on the forehead. The ripe Tomato gave her arm a squeeze. And even the wasps and
the bees that buzzed around in search of sweetness danced frenetically.
1. What's the point of view of the narrator of this short story? : Who is telling the story?
2. Where does the story happen?
3. How many characters does this short story have?
4. Who's the main character?
5. Why is Little Apple unhappy?
6. Does she have any rivals? Why?
7. What are the characteristics of the apples from the North?
8. Do clients prefer apples from the North? Why?
9. Why is Little Apple happy at the end of the story?
10. Is there any problem with the apples from the North?
1. Read through the extracts below from Little Apple and choose the alternatives. Select the one you con-
sider most suitable in each case.
a) The Mamey's words (asked/produced/gave) a momentary silence. The other fruits exchanged nervous
glances. The 8rst to recover his composure was the eminent Señor coconut.
b) Some boys on their way home from school -(occurred/ drew/entered) the fruit shop noisily and asked
for some apples-Northern apples, of course.
Unit 8: We have been given a wonderful gift: life
184
c) This (be/was/is) interrupted by Banana from one of the stalks that hung from the ceiling, which fell right
on top of a Guanabana. But the Guánabana didn't get mad or protest...
d) It never (occurred /occurres /occurring) to the Pineapple that this was because of the scales and prickly
ridges that adorned her on all sides...
E. Vocabulary
F. Acting out
1. Write a conversation between you and Little Apple and act it out.
You:
Little Apple:
You:
Little Apple:
You:
Little Apple:
You:
Little Apple:
H. Reading
1. You are about to read an adaptation of an excerpt of the play The Cherry Pickers by Kevin Gilbert.
The Cherry Pickers was written in 1968 and act drammatization perfomed publicly by a black
is historically the most signi8cant play in cast. Kevin Gilbert (10 July 1933 - 1 April 1993)
Aboriginal/Autralian literature for it is the 8rst was a 20th century Indigenous Australian activist,
drama to be written in English by an Aboriginal artist, poet, playwright and printmaker. He is also
person and it became the 8rst dramatic a past winner of the National Book Council prize
production of modern theatre, creating a three for writers.
An adapted excerpt from act three, scene one. Characters: Tommlo and Zeena.
Tommlo: (complaining) What the hell is wrong with Bubba? (…) It's no good. It's no good this
year. They're right –but we gotta 8ght it somehow. It's all 8nished.
Zeena: (pulling her handkerchief from her bag and blowing) Bubba and the gang have probably
gone down to look at the cherry trees to see if the orchard is coming OK.
Tommlo: A lot of good that will do'em. The whole thing is 8nished. When we can't give a living
any longer from seasonal work, then we're 8nished too!
Zeena: There'll always be season work, Tommlo. People will always have to eat and there's
always factories.
Tommlo: Factories? For Bubba and Subina, Emma? We aren't people in this land yet. They don't
give "social welfare" pensions to Blacks! We aren't humans. We aren't Citizens. The whites
don’t count us on the census as humans-as citizens. Know where they count us Zeena?
With their bloody bullocks and their pigs! We aren’t fucking Human-We don't count –we
aren’t nothing!
Zeena: We're seasonal workers but we manage to eat. We get the dole when we 8nd a good
police station.
Zeena: Time itself will change their minds. Tommlo. Time and understanding. They will come to
understand us and we will learn to understand them. People together in our own right.
Tommlo: And where is God Zeena? Why doesn't He stop the 8lthy sell-out of humans? Who is God?
Why doesn't He teach them a lesson that life and love is for all of us? That this land is for
all of us? That us blacks want our place, our rightful place in this land that the whiteman
stole orf us? I tell you. God is not to be found amongst the whitemen. We are nished. We
are far from home and completely rooted fucked-8nished!!!!
Zeena: Perhaps we're just beginning Tommlo. This may be the start of our real beginning and not
just our death as you claim.
Tommlo: We'll nd our beginning then. We'll make our beginning! We'll 8nd our own God! Come on
Zeena. Come on! If there's nothing better left to live for - if we can't 8nd it - let's have the
guts to die for something better then!
(He grabs Zeena's arm and pulls her frantically to exit, with his wine bottle clutched in one hand. Zeena and
Tommlo exit).
Silence.
Stole my country
killed the kangaroo
now I live on bit o' land
like Jacky in the zoo...
J. Writing
1.Write a short story out of this play: write Zeena and Tommlo's story.
K. Acting out
Look at the following images and write a brief story about each one.
Challenge (n) something that needs a lot of skill, energy, and determination to deal with or achieve, especially
something you have never done before and will enjoy doing.
Citizen (noun) a person who has the legal right to belong to a particular country.
Cloud (n) a grey or white mass made of very small drops of water, that Poats in the sky.
Committed (adj) willing to work hard and give your time and energy to something.
Complimentary close (n) term prior to your signature in an email message or letter.
Creole (n) a person of mixed European and African race, especially one who lives in the West Indies.
Cut down (v) to cut through the trunk of a tree in order to make it fall to the ground.
Data (n) information, especially when examined and used to 8nd out things or to make decisions.
Deep (adj) having a large distance from the top or surface to the bottom.
Defeat (v) to win against somebody in a war, competition, sports game, etc.
Devise (v) to form in the mind by new combinations or applications of ideas or principles.
Disability (n) a physical or mental condition that means you cannot use a part of your body completely or easily, or
that you cannot learn easily.
Distract (v) to take somebody's attention away from what they are trying to do.
Diving (n) the sport of diving into water with your head and arms 8rst.
Draft (v) to write the 8rst rough version of something as a letter, speech or book.
Edge (n) the outside limit of an object, a surface or an area, the part furthest from the centre.
Endow (v) to give a large sum of money to a school, a college or another institution to provide it with an income.
Enrollment (n) the act of okcially joining a course, school, etc. The number of people who do this.
Evolve (v) to develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more complicated form.
Excerpt (n) a short piece of writing, music, 8lm, etc. Taken from a longer whole.
Forehead (n) the part of the face above the eyes and below the hair.
Ful8ll (v) to reach a particular standard or have the qualities that are necessary for something.
Funding (n) money that a government or organization provides for a speci8c purpose.
Gap (n) a space between two things or in the middle of something, especially because there is a part missing.
Gauge (n) an instrument for measuring the amount or level of something, a measurement of the width or thickness
of something.
God (n) the being or spirit that is worshipped and is believed to have created the universe.
Goods (n) possessions and personal properties, articles of commerce, merchandise.
Guarantee (n) a 8rm promise that you will do something or that something will happen.
Habitat (n) the place where a particular type of animal or plant is normally found.
Handicap (n) a permanent physical or mental condition that makes it dikcult or impossible to use a particular part
of your body or mind.
Hang (v) suspend or be suspended from above with the lower part dangling.
Headings (n) the words written at the top of each part of a piece of writing.
Healthy (adj) having good health and not likely to become ill or sick.
Heat (n) the quality of being hot.
Heritage (n) the history, traditions and qualities that a country or society has had for many years and that are consi-
dered an important part of its character.
Hiking (n) the activity of going for long walks in the country for pleasure.
Honeyed (adj) soft and intended to please, but often not sincere.
Household (n) a social unit composed of those living together in the same dwelling.
Income (n) money which one receives regularly for one’s daily expending.
Lag (n) comparative slowness, an interval of time between two related phenomena (as a cause and its eXect).
Launch (v) to send a missile, space vehicle, satellite, or other object into the air or into space.
Leak (v) to allow liquid or gas to get in or out through a small hole or crack.
Length (n) the measurement from one end to the other or of the longest side of something.
Lesser (adj) not great in size, amount or importance as something or somebody else.
Lick (v) to move your tongue over the surface of something in order to eat it, make it wet or clean it.
Loss (n) the state of no longer having something or as much of something, the process that leads to this.
Lie (v) to be or put yourself in a Pat or horizontal position so that you are not standing or sitting.
Mad (adj) having a mind that does not work normally.
Mark (v) to write or draw a symbol, line, etc. on something in order to give information about it.
Mold (n) a container that you pour a liquid or soft substance into, which then becomes solid in the same shape as
the container, for example when it is cooled or cooked.
Murmur (v) to say something in a soft quiet voice that is dikcult to hear or understand.
Neuroscience (n) the science that deals with the structure and function of the brain and the nervous system.
Oceangoing (adj) of, relating to, or designed for travel on the ocean.
Overtones (n) things that are suggested but not shown or stated clearly.
Pastime (n) something that you enjoy doing when you are not working.
Path (n) a way from one place to another that people can walk along.
Playwright (n) a person who writes plays for the theater, televisión or radio.
Plumber (n) someone whose job is to 8t and repair tubes through which liquids and gases can Pow.
Prickle (n) a small sharp part on the stem or leaf of a plant or on the skin of some animals.
Pride (n) a feeling of pleasure or satisfaction that you get when you or people who are connected with you have
done something well or own something that other people admire.
Print (v) to produce letters, pictures, etc. on paper using a machine that puts ink on.
Prophet (n) a person sent by God to teach the people and give them messages from God.
Proudly (adv) to show pride or satisfaction for what you have done.
Pull (v) to hold something 8rmly and use force in order to move it or try to move it towards yourself.
Quintile (n) any of the four values that divide the items of a frequency distribution into 8ve classes with each contai-
ning one 8fth of the total population.
Radar (n) a system that uses radio waves to 8nd the position and movement of objects, for example planes and
ships, when they cannot be seen.
Record (n) written account of something that is kept so that it can be looked at and used in the future.
Relevant (adj) closely connected with the subject you are discussing or the situation you are thinking about.
Resource (n) a supply of something that a country, an organization or a person has and can use, especially to increase
their wealth.
Ridge (v) to make narrow raised lines or areas on the surface of something.
Risk (n) the possibility of something bad happening at some time in the future, a situation that could be dangerous
or have a bad result.
Roll along (v) to turn over and over and move in a particular direction. To make a round object do this.
Rubbish (n) things that you throw away because you no longer want or need them.
Save (v) to keep somebody or something from death, harm, loss, etc. / To keep money instead of spending it.
Scarcity (n) shortage, a situation when there is not enough, of things that are needed.
Scholarship (n) an amount of money that an organization gives to someone so that they can study at a particular
school or university.
Seasonal (adj) happening or needed during a particular season, varying with the seasons.
Share (v) to have or use something at the same time as somebody else.
Sheep (n) an animal with thick coat, kept on farms for its meat.
Short story (n) a story, usually about imaginary characters and events, that is short enough to be read from begin-
ning to end without stopping.
Slave (n) a person who is owned by another person and is forced to work for them.
Soil (n) the top layer of the earth in which plants, trees, etc. grow.
Square kilometer (n) it’s a surface that measures 1 kilometer on every side, giving the shape of a square.
Stage (n) a period or state that something or somebody passes through while developing or making progress/ part
of a process/ in theater, a raised area, usually in a theater, where actors, dancers, etc. perform.
Stalk (n) a thin stem that supports a leaf, Power or fruit and joins it to another part of the plant or tree, the main stem
of a plant.
Step (n) the acts of lifting your foot and putting it down in order to walk or move somewhere.
Struggle (v) to try very hard to do something when it is dikcult or when there are a lot of problems.
Surgery (n) a branch of medicine concerned with diseases and conditions requiring or amenable to operative or
manual procedures.
Swallow (v) to make food, drink, etc. go down your throat into your stomach.
Tear (n) a drop or liquid that comes out from your eye when you cry.
Thriller (n) a book, play or 8lm that tells a very exciting story.
Through (prep) from one end or side of something or somebody to the other.
Throw (v) to send something from your hand through the air by moving your hand or arm quickly.
Toss (v) to throw something carelessly/ to move your head suddenly upwards, especially to show that you are anno-
yed or impatient.
Trick (n) something that you do to make somebody believe something which is not true, or to annoy somebody as
a joke.
Turning point (n) a point in time in which a very important change takes place.
Twin (n) two children born of the same mother at the same time.
Undernourished (adj) supplied with less than the minimum amount of the foods essential for sound health and
growth.
Valuable (adj) things that are worth a lot of money, especially small personal things such as jewellery, cameras, etc.
Van (n) a covered vehicle with no side windows in its back half, usually smaller than a lorry/truck, used for carrying
goods or people.
Wasp (n) a black and yellow Pying insect that can sting.
Waterfall (n) water falling straight down over rocks, sometimes from a great height.
Welder (n) someone whose job is to join pieces of metal together by heating.
Welfare (n) the general health, happiness and safety of a person, an animal or a group.
Wind (n) a natural current of air that moves fast enough for you to feel it.
Wise (adj) able to make sensible decisions and give good advice because of the experience and knowledge that you
have.
Yard (n) a measure of length that is a little less than a meter (90 centimeters).
Expressions
Enjoy your meal!: An expression used by food servers after they serve the food.
Have a nice day! : It’s a parting phrase uttered by service employees to customers at the end of a transaction.
I’ll miss you! To feel sorry or unhappy at the absence or loss of something or someone.
Lesson10
Do you agree with me?
Baseball is the most popular competitive sport in Venezuela. There is no city or town, however small that
does not have a baseball team. From these small teams originate many of the Venezuelan ballplayers
that go to the Major Leagues in the USA and in countries like Italy, France, Mexico and Japan. Venezuela
has more players in the USA major leagues than any other country besides the Dominican Republic.
In Venezuela, the professional baseball season starts in the middle of October and ends in the last
week of February. Because it is a “winter league,” some Venezuelan players who play on USA teams
return home to participate.
Lesson 11
We're going to speak about our future
Administrator
System Manager
Security Professional
Construction Worker
Plumber
Salesman
Therapist
Virtual Assistant
Unit 5
F
1. The UN report indicates that there is no famine in the world anymore. X
2. One of the MDGs advocates for pregnant women X
3. Famine means that there is plenty of food X
4. Women continue to face discrimination X
Passage:
Community radio stations are oXering their listeners a variety of contents that is not necessarily
provided by the larger commercial radio stations. Community radio is carrying news and information
programming oriented toward the local area. Community radio should be 10 percent radio and
90 percent community. This means that community radio stations should focus on getting the
community talking.
Unit 6
Unit 7 What did they say?
Lesson 19
The teacher said that we had to
nish exercise 10
1. They said, “This is our project.”
They said___________________________________________.
2. She said, “I went to the cinema yesterday.”
She said___________________________________________.
3. He said, “I am writing the report.”
He said___________________________________________.
4. You said, “I will do this for him.”
You said___________________________________________.
5. She said, “I am not hungry now.”
She said___________________________________________.
6. They said, “We have never been here before.”
They said___________________________________________.
7. They said, “We were in Trinidad last week.”
They said___________________________________________.
8. He said, “I will have 8nished this paper by tomorrow.”
He said___________________________________________.
9. He said, “They won’t sleep.”
He said___________________________________________.
10. She said, “It is very quiet here.”
She said___________________________________________.
Lesson 20
He asked me if I remembered those instructions
You may be eating plenty of food, but your body may not be getting the nutrients it needs to be
healthy. Nutrient-rich foods have vitamins, minerals, 8ber and other nutrients but are lower in calories.
To get the nutrients you need, choose foods like vegetables, fruits, whole-grain products and fat-free
or low-fat dairy products most often.
Eating a variety of fruits and vegetables may help you control your weight and your blood
pressure.
you feel full, which may help you manage your weight.
! "
#
fatty acids (for example, salmon, trout, and herring) may help lower your risk of death from
coronary artery disease.
Unit 8 We have been given a wonderful gift: life
Lesson 22
Rights must be known
1. Have-been-made
2. Has- been
3. Can –be- made
4. Must- be- promoted
Lesson 23
A good solution was found
1. Societies
2. Thought
3. Resource
4. Teach
5. Bright
6. Ours