g.

gogoli

mecxoveleobis produqtebis
warmoebis da gadamuSavebis
teqnologia

`teqnikuri universiteti”
 saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

g. gogoli

mecxoveleobis produqtebis
warmoebis da gadamuSavebis
teqnologia

damtkicebulia stu-s
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo
sabWos mier

Tbilisi
2009
 saxelmZRvaneloSi sakmaod detalurad aris ganxiluli sasoflo-
sameurneo cxovelebisa da frinvelebis moSenebis, kvebis da movla-Senaxvis,
agreTve mecxoveleobis produqtebis warmoebis da gadamuSavebis teqno-
logiis sakiTxebi. mniSvnelovani adgili aqvs daTmobili mecxoveleobis
sxvadasxva dargSi, agreTve gadamamuSavebel sawarmoebSi ekologiurad
usafrTxo sasursaTo produqtebis warmoebis teqnikur-teqnologiuri
uzrunvelyofis sakiTxebis aRweras ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi.
gankuTvnilia umaRlesi profesiuli ganaTlebis agraruli biznes-
administratoris specialobis studentebisaTvis. misi gacnobiT saWiro in-
formacias miiReben mewarmeebi, praqtikosi specialistebi da saxalxo meur-
neobis am dargebiT dainteresebuli sxva pirebi.

redaqtori koba nacvalaZe

soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa doqtori, s.s.i.p. mixeil
rCeuliSvilis mecxoveleobis biologiuri safuZvlebis
institutis direqtoris moadgile.

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-14-765-4
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi
formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis
werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe.

saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

 Sinaarsi

Sesavali- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5

T a v i 1. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis normaluri anatomiisa

da fiziologiis safuZvlebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7
(qsovilebi da maTi funqciebi-7; organoebi da sistemebi-8)

Tavi 2. sanaSene saqme mecxoveleobaSi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15

(bunebrivi da xelovnuri gadarCeva-15; gadasarCevi niSan-Tvisebebi-16;
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis konstitucia, eqsterieri da interieri-17;
SerCeva-18; moSenebis meTodebi-19; organizmis individualuri ganviTareba
(ontogenezi)-23; moSenebis teqnika-25; naxiris aRwarmoebis zooteqnikuri
safuZvlebi-25)

Tavi 3. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisa da frinvelebis jiSebi - - 30

(Zroxis jiSebi-31; kameCis jiSebi-40; Roris jiSebi-42; cxvris jiSebi-44;
Txis jiSebi-47; sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelTa saxeobebi da jiSebi-48;
cxenis jiSebi-55; bocvris jiSebi-56)

T a v i 4. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisa da frinvelebis sakvebi

da normirebuli kvebis safuZvlebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 58
(sakvebis saxeebi-59; ulufaSi proteinis da aminmJavebis deficitis Sesav-
sebi danamatebi-62; sakvebis yuaTianoba-62; sakvebis monelebadoba-68; cxo-
velTa normirebuli kveba-70; saZovrebis organizacia-72)

T a v i 5. meZroxeoba; rZisa da Zroxis xorcis warmoebis

teqnologia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 75
(Zroxis biologiuri da sameurneo Taviseburebebi, konstitucia, eqsteri-
eri da interieri-75; sarZeo produqtiuloba da masze momqmedi faqto-
rebi-79; furis kveba-81; furis wvela-82; sanaSene xbos gamozrda-83; Senaxvis
sistemebi-86; Zroxis saZovarze Senaxvis teqnika-87; saxorce produqtiulo-
baze momqmedi faqtorebi-88; sasuqi mozardis gamozrda-suqeba-90; specialize-
buli saxorce meZroxeoba-92)

Tavi 6. meRoreoba; Roris xorcis warmoebis teqnologia - - - - - - - 94

(Roris biologiuri da sameurneo Taviseburebebi-95; Roris warmoSoba-95;
konstitucia da eqsterieri-95; Roris moSeneba-96; sanaSene muSaoba-97; nez-
vis ganayofiereba-99; make da mawovari nezvis movla-Senaxva da kveba-99;
sakvebis kvebiswina Semzadeba-100; sasuqi mozardis kveba da movla-Senaxva-
101; momTabare meRoreobis teqnologia-103; fermispira sazafxulo bana-
kebSi Roris Senaxva-104)

Tavi 7. mecxvareoba; matylis, cxvris/Txis rZisa da xorcis

warmoebis teqnologia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 106
(mecxvareobis mniSvneloba-106; cxvris warmoSoba-107; cxvris biologiuri
Taviseburebebi-107; konstitucia, eqsterieri, interieri-108; cxvris moSe-
neba-109; gadarCeva da SerCeva-109; cxvris nerbva, doli da mozardis gamoz-
rda-110; cxvris parsva-114; cxvris wvela-115; meTxeoba-115)

Tavi 8. mefrinveleoba; frinvelis xorcisa da kvercxis warmo-

ebis teqnologia- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 118
(sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebis moSinaureba-118; sasoflo-sameurneo
frinvelebis bilogiuri Taviseburebebi-119; frinvelis konstitucia da
eqsterieri-120; frinvelis moSeneba-122; kvercxis inkubacia-123; qaTmis
kvercxis warmoebis teqnologia-125; qaTmis xorcis warmoebis teqnolo-
gia-127; indauris xorcis warmoeba-129; ixvisa da batis xorcis warmoeba-
130; cicris xorcis warmoeba-131; mwyris kvercxis da xorcis warmoeba-131)

3
Tavi 9. mecxeneoba - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 133
(konstitucia-eqsterieri-133; cxenis svla (aluri)-134; cxenis moSeneba-135;
cxenis kveba da movla-patronoba-136; cxenis xorcis da rZis gamoyeneba-138;
sacxenosno sporti-139)

Tavi 10. mebocvreoba - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 140

(bocvris warmoSoba da biologiuri Taviseburebebi-140; bocvris sak-
vebi da kveba-141; bocvris mozardis suqeba-142; bocvris aRwarmoeba-142;
sxvadasxva sqesis bocveris garCeva-143; bocvris movla-Senaxva-143).

Tavi 11. zoohigienis safuZvlebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 144

(haeris Sedgeniloba-144; klimati da mikroklimati-146; niadagi-148; wya-
li-149; sakvebi-150; cxovelTa sadgomebis mowyobis higienuri moTxovne-
bi-150).

T a v i 12. rZis gadamuSavebis teqnologia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 152

rZis qimiuri Sedgeniloba da fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebi-152; rZis higi-
ena-1545 rZis pirveladi damuSaveba-156; rZis separireba-158; sasmeli rZis
da rZemJava produqtebis warmoeba-159; rZemJava produqtebis damzadebis
zogadi teqnologia-160; karaqis damzadebis zogadi teqnologia-162; yve-
lis damzadebis zogadi teqnologia-164;

T a v i 13. xorcis gadamuSavebis teqnologia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 168

saxorce cxovelis/frinvelis nakveboba-168; dasaklavi pirutyvis/frin-
velis transportireba-169; pirutyvis/frinvelis dakvla-171; dakvlis
Tanamdevi produqtebi-176; tanxorcis dabal temperaturaze Senaxva-177;
SaSxisa da loris warmoeba-178; Zexveulis warmoeba-179; naxevarfab-
rikatebis da dafasoebuli xorcis warmoeba-182; xorcis konservebis
warmoeba-183).

T a v i 14. kvercxis, matylis da tyavbewveulis daxarisxeba da

pirveladi gadamuSaveba - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 186
(kvercxis daxarisxeba-185; matylis saxeebi da klasireba-189; bocvris
tyavbewvis damuSaveba-191).

4
 Sesavali
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis sursaTisa da agrarul sakiT-
xTa komisiis (FAO) 2007 wlis moxsenebaSi xazgasmulia, rom XXI sauku-
neSi kacobriobis winaSe mdgari globaluri problemebidan erT-erTi
yvelaze aqtualuria mosaxleobis sursaTiT dakmayofilebis sakiTxis
gadawyveta. Tavisi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, dasmulia sakiTxi adami-
anis uflebebis nusxaSi erT-erT punqtad sakvebi produqtebiT uzrun-
velyofis uflebis Setanis Taobaze.
sasoflo-sameurneo mecxoveleobas erT-erTi wamyvani adgili ukavia
adamianis yoveldRiur yofaSi. is gvaZlevs biologiurad srulfasovan
sakveb produqtebs da msubuqi mrewvelobisaTvis nedleuls, xels uwyobs
miwis nayofierebis SenarCunebis saqmes da, imavdroulad, zogierTi saxe-
obis cxoveli, jer kidev sakmaod farTod gamoiyeneba rogorc cocxali
gamwevi Zala sasoflo-sameurneo da satransporto samuSaoebis Sesas-
ruleblad, agreTve turizmSi da sportSi.
mniSvnelovania, rom yvela am sargebels cxoveli gvaZlevs iseTi
sakvebis gadamuSavebiT (saZovris balaxi, Tiva, bze, namja, silosi, senaJi,
Zirxvenebi, agreTve rZis, xorcis, Tevzis, marcvlis da Saqris Warxlis
gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebisa da zeTsaxdeli qarxnebis anarCenebi),
romelTac adamiani sxvagvarad ver gamoiyenebda.
mecxoveleobis produqtebs wamyvani adgili ukavia sasursaTo kala-
TaSi. dadgenili fiziologiuri normebiT saSualod 1 kacma weliwadSi
unda moixmaros 380 kg rZe da rZis produqtebi (naturalur rZeze gadaan-
gariSebiT), 64 kg xorci da 250 cali kvercxi.
arsebuli monacemebiT, dReisaTvis msoflioSi saSualod erT kacze
iwarmoeba 98,5 kg naturaluri rZe, 40,4 kg xorci da 176 cali kvercxi, rac,
Sesabamisad, fiziologiuri normis mxolod 25.9, 63,1 da 70,4%-s Seadgens.
ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv saqarTveloSi? statistikuri departamen-
tis monacemebiT 2007 wels CvenSi saSualod 1 kacze moxmarebulia 186
kg rZe, 29,5 kg xorci da 80 cali kvercxi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom
am produqtebis garkveuli nawili (6-dan 27%-mde) importirebulia, naTe-
li gaxdeba soflis meurneobis am dargSi arsebuli realuri viTareba.
mosaxleobis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gardauvlad gaumjobesebis
pararelulad mosalodnelia am produqtebze moTxovnilebis mkveTrad
zrda, rac dakmayofilebis wyaroebis amoqmedebas Seuwyobs xels.
saqarTvelos geopolitikuri mdebareoba, agreTve msoflio sasur-
saTo bazarze arsebuli mwvave deficiti da sxvadasxva sakveb produq-
tebze fasebis araprognozirebadi meryeoba gvafiqrebinebs, rom aucilebe-
lia ZiriTadi sasursaTo produqtebze, maT Soris marcvleulze, rZeze,
xorcze da kvercxze moTxovnilebis qveynis Sida resursebiT maqsimaluri
doniT dakmayofilebis uzrunvelyofa.
swori agraruli politika, agreTve Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da
qveynis bunebrivi resursebis gegmazomierad Sexameba, uaxloes wlebSi
aamaRlebs Cveni sasoflo-sameurneo mecxoveleobis konkurentunarianobas
da uzrunvelyofs Sida moTxovnilebas adgilobrivi warmoebis produq-
tebiT.
ekologiurad sufTa, srulfasovani da uvnebeli sakvebi produq-
tebiT samomxmareblo bazris momaragebis saqmeSi gadamwyveti sityva gada-
mamuSavebel sawarmoebs ekuTvnis. maTi amocanaa, agreTve, anarCenebis

5
gadamuSavebis efeqturi teqnologiebis danergva da garemos dabinZurebis
Tavidan acileba. bolo 50 welia biologiuri da teqnikuri mecnierebebis,
agreTve teqnologiebis miRwevebis wyalobiT es sfero sakmaod momgebian
samewarmeo saqmed gadaiqca.
amasTan, mecxoveleobis produqtebiT samomxmareblo bazris dakma-
yofileba mniSvnelovan riskebTan aris dakavSirebuli. saqme is aris, rom
am produqtebis Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, “warmoeba-gadamuSaveba-miwode-
bis” yvela rgolma bazris garkveuli segmentis SevsebasTan erTad unda
uzrunvelyos momxmareblis janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba,
misi usafrTxoeba.
dRes gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi ara marto ubralod awvdian
bazars tradiciuli asortimentis mecxoveleobis produqtebs. maT saqmi-
anobaSi wina planze wamoiwia axali saxis, momxmarebelTa yvela sqesob-
rivi da asakobrivi jgufebisaTvis fiziologiuri mdgomareobis Sesat-
yvisi dieturi da kombinirebuli sakvebi produqtebis warmoebis gafarTo-
ebis aucileblobam, romlebzec moTxovnileba bolo wlebSi gaizarda.
Tavisi adgili ukavia warmoebuli produqtebis SefuTvis, markirebis da
miwodebis formebis srulyofas, rac bazris garkveuli segmentis
dakavebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani winapirobaa.
CvenSi dRes ukve funqcionirebs Tanamedrove teqnikuri saSuale-
bebiT aRWurvili rZis da xorcis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi. maTi saq-
mianobis gafarToeba da efeqturobis amaRleba, agreTve am sferoSi kon-
kurentunarianobis zrda, axali maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis da, maT
Soris, profesionali agrarikos biznes-administratorebis momzadebasTan
aris dakavSirebuli.
am profilis studentebisaTvis saxelmZRvanelo mecxoveleobis pro-
duqtebis warmoebisa da gadamuSavebis disciplinaSi qarTul enaze gamo-
dis pirvelad. masSi, avtoris mier Sedgenili saswavlo programidan
gamomdinare, SeZlebisdagvarad, Tanamedrove midgomebis gaTvaliswinebiT
gaSuqebulia yvela is sakiTxebi, romlebTanac, eWvi ar aris, TavianTi
moRvaweobis procesSi mouwevT Sexeba momaval profesional specialis-
tebs.
studentebis mier disciplinis kursis srulyofilad aTvisebis miz-
niT, yvela Tavi mTavrdeba Temis irgvliv sakontrolo kiTxvebiT. maT-
Tvis, vinc dainteresdeba konkretuli sakiTxze ufro detaluri infor-
maciis miRebiT, aqve motanilia literaturis nusxa.
Zvirfasi kolegebisgan _ umaRlesi skolis profesor-maswavleble-
bisadan, agreTve praqtikosi specialistebisagan yvela saqmian SeniSvnas,
mosazrebas da winadadebas udidesi gulisyuriT, madlierebis grZnobiT
da axalgazrda kadrebis aRzrdis saqmeSi Tanadgomis survilad miiRebs
avtori.
g.gogoli@posta.ge

6
 Tavi I. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis normaluri
anatomiisa da fiziologiis safuZvlebi
sasoflo-sameurneo mecxoveleobis da produqtebis gadamuSavebis
safuZvlebis disciplinis kursis Seswavlisas aucilebelia warmodgena
gvqondes cxovelebisa da frinvelebis sxeulis agebulebasa da cocxal
organizmSi mimdinare procesebze. sxeulis agebulebis Semswavlel mecni-
erebas ewodeba anatomia, xolo calkeul organoebSi da mTlianad orga-
nizmSi mimdinare sasicocxlo procesebs swavlobs fiziologia.
qsovilebi da maTi funqciebi
cxovelis organizmi agebulia ujredebisagan, romlebic zomiT,
formiT da Sesasrulebeli funqciebiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan.
ujredebis erToblioba hqmnian qsovilebs.
qsovili oTxgvaria- kunTovani, SemaerTebeli, epiTeluri da nervuli.
kunTovani qsovili. Sedgeba sxvadasxva sigrZis boWkoebisagan, romel-
Tac aqvT SekumSvis da modunebis unari. Tavis mxriv, kunTis boWkoebi
orgvaria, ganivzoliani, anu ConCxis da gluvi, anu Sinagani organoebis.
kunTis boWko garedan dafarulia metad Txeli SemaerTebeli qsovilis
afskiT. boWkoebi hqmnian pirvelad, meorad da a.S. konebs, romelTa
SeerTebiT iqmneba kunTi (muskuli). cxovelis organizmSi 200- mde kunTia.
yvela saxeobis cxovelisa da frinvelis ConCxis kunTebi daqselilia
SemaerTebeli qsoviliT da myesebiT dakavSirebulia ZvalTan. kunTebSi
mravladaa sisxlZarRvebi da nervebi. nervuli sistemis gavleniT kunTebi
SeikumSebian an modundebian da uzrunvelyofen cxovelis moZraobas an
sxva aqtiuri funqciis Sesrulebas.
funqciidan gamomdinare kunTebs yofen sam jgufad- statikur, dina-
mikur da statodinamikur kunTebad. statikuri kunTebi asruleben fiqsa-
ciis, dinamikuri ki aqtiuri moZraobis funqcias.
SemaerTebeli qsovili. pirobiTad SeiZleba davyoT sam jgufad:
magari (Zvlebi), naxevrad rbili (xrtilebi, myesebi, iogebi, sisxlZar-
Rvebi) da rbili (cximi sisxli, limfa da sxv.). es qsovili monawileobs
organizmSi mimdinare yvela sasicocxlo procesSi da asrulebs sayrden,
gamtar, damcvelobiT da mkvebav funqciebs.
epiTeluri qsovili, anu epiTeliumi sxeulis zedapirs faravs gare-
dan da gvxvdeba Sinagan organoebSic. garegani epiTeluri qsovili icavs
organizms garemos zemoqmedebisagan, xolo Sinagani asrulebs sxvadasxva
funqciebs (magaliTad, nivTierebebis sinTezi da/an gamoyofa, sayuaTo
nivTierebebis Sewova da sxv.).
nervuli qsovili. Sedgeba grZeli morCebis mqone sxvadasxva for-
misa da zomis ujredebisagan. morCebi erTdebian konebad da hqmnian nerve-
bs, romlebic gvxvdeba yvela organosa da qsovilSi. nervuli ujredebi
didi raodenobiT gvxvdeba Tavisa da zurgis tvinSi. nervuli qsovilis
daniSnulebaa aRiqvas gaRizianeba, gaanalizos is, gadasces impulsebi
nervul centrs da uzrunvelyos sapasuxo reaqcia.
sisxli. Txevadi SemaerTebeli qsovilia. misi saerTo moculobis 55-
60% plazma anu ufero Txevadi nawilia, xolo 35-40% masSi Sewonili
formiani elementebi- eriTrocitebi, leikocitebi da Trombocitebi.
plazmis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis: 90-91% wyali, 6-8% cilebi, 0,1-0,2% cxi-
mebi, 40-160 mg% Saqrebi da 0,8-0,9% mineraluri marilebi, agreTve
fermentebi, hormonebi da sxva mravali nivTiereba. sxvadasxva saxeobis

7
cxovelisa da frinvelis 1 mm3 sisxli Seicavs 5-17 mln eriTrocits, 5-10
aTas leiokocits da 300-500 aTas Trombocits.
eriTrocitebi Seicaven rTul cilas hemoglobins, romelic wiTeli
ferisaa da aqvs Jangbadis SeboWvis unari. hemoglobins filtvebidan
organoebsa da qsovilebSi gadaaqvs Jangbadi da iqidan gamoaqvs naxSiror-
Jangi.
leikocitebis ZiriTadi funqciaa infeqciuri daavadebis gamomwvevi
mikroorganizmebis ganadgureba, xolo Trombocitebi monawileoben
sisxlis SededebaSi, rac uzrunvelyofs sisxldenis SeCerebas.
organoebi da sistemebi
qsovilebi organizmSi gaerTianebulia ufro rTul erTeulebSi-
Sesabamisi daniSnulebisa da funqciis Semsrulebel organoebSi (mag.
Tvali, guli, filtvi da sxv.). Tavis mxriv, saerTo funqciis SesrulebaSi
monawile organoebi hqmnian organoTa sistemebs. aseT sistemebs miekuT-
vneba: sayrden-mamoZravebeli, saWmlis momnelebeli, sunTqvis, sisxlis
mimoqcevis, Sard-sasqeso, Sinagani sekreciis, nervuli, kani da Tmovani
safarveli.
sayrden-mamoZravebeli sistema. Sedgeba ConCxisa da ConCxis kunTebi-
sagan. ConCxi sxeuls unarCunebs formas, moZraobisas asrulebs berketis
rols da icavs Tavisa da zurgis tvins, agreTve Sinagan organoebs
meqanikuri dazianebisagan
cxovelis ConCxi (sur. 1) iyofa RerZul da periferiul nawilebad.
RerZul ConCxSi gaerTianebulia Tavis qala (1), xerxemlis malebi (2),
neknebi (3) da mkerdis Zvali (4). periferiul ConCxs miekuTvneba wina (5)
da ukana (6) kidurebi, agreTve RerZul ConCxTan maTi damakavSirebeli
sartyelebi- beWisa (7) da gavis Zvlebi, (8).
ConCxis RerZuli nawi-
li Sedgeba brtyli, xolo sur. 1. Txis ConCxis sqema.
periferiuli nawili lulo- 1  2 
vani Zvlebisagan. calkeuli
Zvlebi, maTi funqciidan    8 
gamomdinare, erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli arian uZravad
an moZravad. Zvlebis moZrav 7 3
SeerTebas saxsari ewodeba
frinvelis ConCxi (sur. 6 
2) ZuZumwovrebis ConCxisagan 5 
mkveTrad gansxvavdeba. cxove- 4 
lebTan SedarebiT frinvelis
Zvlebi gacilebiT msubuqi da
magaria; formasTan erTad
Secvlilia Zvlis agebulebac:
cxovelTa Zvlebi amovsebulia e.w. Zvlis tviniT, maSin rodesac zrdasruli
frinvelis umetes ZvlebSi aris haeri, romelic iq xvdeba e.w. haermata-
rebeli CanTebidan.
frinvelis ConCxi iyofa Tavis, sxeulis da kidurebis Zvlebad. amas-
Tan, wina kidurebi warmoadgenen frTebs, xolo ukana kidurebi miwaze ga-
daadgilebis saSualebaa.
saWmlis momnelebeli sistema: Sedgeba piris Rrus organoebisagan,
saylapavi milisagan, kuWisagan, wvrili, msxvili da swori nawlavisagan, ag-

8
reTve RviZlisa da, kuWqveSa jirkvlisagan. sakvebis gadamuSaveba cxove-
lis organizmis mier iwyeba piris RruSi, sadac is gamoyofili nerwyviT
lbeba, kbilebiT ki qucmacdeba, ris Semdeg is saylapavi miliT gadadis
kuWSi.
cxenis da Roris kuWi
sur. 2. qaTmis ConCxis sqema erTkameriania, xolo mcoxnav
Tavis cxovelebs- Zroxas, cxvars da
idayvis
qala Txas aqvT oTxkameriani kuWi.
Zvali
erTkameriani kuWi mdi-
xerxemali
daria sekreciis jirkvlebiT,
sxivis romlebSic sinTezirdeba da
Zvali gamoiyofa kuWis wveni. kuWis
neknebi
mxris wvens Seicavs marilmJavas da
laviwis Zvali sxvadasxva fermentebs (mag.
Zvali pepsins, qimozins, lipazas) da
mkerdis barZayis aqvs mJave reaqcia. daqucma-
Zvali Zvali cebuli sakvebis monelebas
uzrunvelyofs kuWis wvenTan
Sereva, rasac xels uwyobs
mkerdis Zvlis terfis kuWis kunTovani qsovilis
qimi Zvali periodulad SekumSva da
moduneba. kuWis SekumSva, ase-
ve uzrunvelyofs sakvebis Tormetgoja nawlavisaken gadaadgildebas,
sadac is damatebiT ganicdis naRvelas da kuWqveSa jirkvlis wvenis
moqmedebas.
nawlavebis talRiseburi SekumSva, Tavis mxriv, uzrunvelyofs sakve-
bis wvrili nawlavisaken gadaadgilebas, sadac mTavrdeba misi moneleba
da sayuaTo nivTierebebi Seiwoveba lorwovani garsis xaoiani zedapiris
mier.
saWmlis moneleba mTavrdeba msxvil nawlavSi, sadac mounelebeli
narCenebi sqeldeba, yalibdeba ganavlad da swori nawlavis spinqteris
gavliT periodulad gamoiyofa gareT.
mcoxnavi cxovelebis oTx-
sur. 3. Zroxis kuWi. kameriani kuWidan (sur. 3) pirveli
1  sams- faSvs (1), baduras (3) da
6
wignaras (4) uwodeben winakuWebs,
2 meoTxes ki- maWiks, anu sakuTriv
3 kuWs (5). winakuWebi saWmlis mom-
nelebeli wvenis gamomyof jirk-
vlebs praqtikulad ar Seicaven,
xolo maWiks aseTi jirkvlebi
aqvs.
4 mcoxnavi cxoveli sakvebs
saTanado daReWvis gareSe ylapavs.
sakvebi saylapavi miliT (2, sur. 3
5 da 4) gadadis faSvSi, sadac is
1. faSvi; 2. saylapavi mili; 3.badu- iJRinTeba da rbildeba. faSvSi
ra; 4.wignara; 5.maWiki; 6. Tormet- arsebuli mikroorganizmebis cxo-
goja nawlavi  velmoqmedebis wyalobiT sakvebSi
Semavali ujredana iSleba, ra
drosac xdeba cilebisa da vitaminebis sinTezi.

9
 faSvSi (10, sur.
sur. 4 Zroxis Sinagani organoebis 4) darbilebuli sakve-
topografia (marcxnidan) bi, saylapavi milis
11 gavliT amoicoxneba
5     6   7 8     9
piris RruSi, sadac
12 mas pirutyvi ReWavs
13 da saTanadod daquc-
14 macebis Semdeg kvlav
Caylapavs. Caylapuli
1   2  15 sakvebi xvdeba badu-
raSi (4, sur. 4), aqedan
3 
ki wignaraSi, sadac is
damatebiT gadamuSav-
4  10
deba, kargad aireva da
mxolod amis Semdeg
gadadis maWikSi, aqe-
1.traqea; 2.saylapavi mili; 3.guli; 4.badura; 5.fil-
dan ki Tormetgoja
nawlavSi (6, sur. 3).
tvi; 6.diafragmis konturi; 7.elenTa; 8.sakvercxe;
mcoxnavi cxovele-
9.swori nawlavi; 10.faSvi; 11.saskore; 12.saSo; 13.saS-
bis maWikSi da Sem-
vilosnos rqa; 14. Sardis buSti; 15. wvrili nawlavi
dgom nawlavebSi sak-
vebis gadamuSaveba da sayuaTo nivTierebebis aTviseba xdeba imave sqemiT,
rogorc erTkameriani kuWis mqone cxovelebSi.
frinvelebis kuWi (sur. 5)
gansxvavdeba ZuZumwovari sasof- sur. 5. frinvelis kuWi
lo-sameurneo cxovelebis kuWi- (A‐garedan, B-Wrili)
sagan. is Sedgeba ori nawilisa-
gan- jirkvlovani (I) da kunTo-
vani (II). kuWisagan. Tavis mxriv
kunTovani kuWis kedeli agebulia
ganivzoliani kunTebisagan (2),
romelic Signidan amofenilia
kutikuliT (3). jirkvlovani kuWi
erTi mxridan dakavSirebulia
saylapav milTan, meore mxridan
ki kunTovan kuWTan. kunTovani
kuWi, Tavis mxriv dakavSirebulia
Tormetgoja nawlavTan (III).
sasunTqi sistema: sasicocxlo procesebis uzrunvelsayofad saWiro
energiis misaRebad cxovelis organizmSi uwyvetad mimdinareobs nawlave-
bidan Sewovili sayuaTo nivTierebebis daJangvis procesi. amisaTvis ki
aucilebelia maTi JangbadiT momarageba da warmoqmnili naxSiorJangis
gamotana. sasunTq organoebs miekuTvneba cxviri, traqea, bronqebi da
filtvebi.
cxviris RruSi SesunTquli haeri Tbeba, mtvrisagan iwmindeba,
teniandeba da gadadis traqeaSi (1, sur. 4). traqea gulmkerdis RruSi iyofa
or bronqad, romlebic dakavSirebuli arian marjvena da marcxena
filtvTan (5, sur. 4). filtvSi bronqebi TandaTanobiT iyofa ufro wvril
milakebad- bronqiodebad da mTavrdeba alveolTa milakebiT romlebic
yurZnis mtevniseburad dakavSirebuli arian buStukebis msgavs warmo-
naqmnebTan- alveolebTan.

10
 alveolebis SigniTa sur. 6. qaTmis Sinagani organoebis
kedeli amofenilia epiTe- topografia
luri ujredebiT da daqse-
lilia uwvrilesi sisxlZar-
RvebiT- kapilarebiT. alve- 4
olis kedlebSi xdeba sisx-
lidan naxSirorJangis gamo-
yofa da misi JangbadiT gam-
didreba. gamdidrebuli sisx-
li isev ubrundeba ujredebsa
da organoebs, utovebs maT
Jangbads, arTmevs naxSiror-
Jangs, brundeba kvlav alve-
olebSi da a.S.
sisxlis mimoqcevis anu
gulsisxlZarRvTa sistema: am
sistemaSi Sedis guli (3, sur.
4 da 18, sur. 6), sisxlZarRvebi,
limfuri sadinarebi, sisxli
da limfa. 1.mTavari bronqebi; 2.filtvebi; 3.brma naw-
guli asrulebs tumbos lavi; 4.sakvercxe; 5.Tirkmeli; 6.kvercxsa-
funqcias, romlis daxmarebiT vali; 7.kloaka; 8.swori nawlavi; 9.jor-
sxeulis yvela ujreds Tu jali; 10.msxvili nawlavi; 11.Tormetgoja
organos miewodeba JangbadiT nawlavi; 12.kuWqveSa jirkvali; 13.kunTovani
gamdidrebuli sisxli, xolo kuWi; 14.RviZli; 15.elenTa; 16.naRvlis buS-
iqidan gamodis nivTierebaTa
ti; 17.jirkvlovani kuWi; 18.guli; 19. CiCa-
cvlis produqtebi. es sistema,
xvi; 20.traqea; 21.saylapavi mili; 22. xorxi;
aseve, uzrunvelyofs organo-
ebisa da qsovilebisaTvis sayuaTo nivTierebis miwodebas da siTbos mare-
gulirebeli da damcvelobiT funqciebis Sesrulebas.
gulis kedlebi, sxva Sinagani organoebisagan gansxvavebiT, agebulia
ganivzoliani kunTebisagan. yru ZgidiT is gayofilia marjvena da marc-
xena naxevrad, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, iyofa or-or nawilad- winagulad
da parkuWad. maT Soris aris sisxlsadeni xvrelebi, romlebic periodu-
lad ixsneba da iketeba sarqvelebiT ise, rom sisxli gaataron mxolod
erTi mimarTulebiT. sisxlis mimoqcevas uzrunvelyofen gulidan gamomo-
mavali da gulSi Semavali msxvili sisxlZarRvebi.
gulis muSaoba gamoixateba mis periodulad SekumSvasa da modu-
nebaSi. jer erTdroulad ikumSeba orive winaguli, ris Sedegad ixsneba
parkuWTan damakavSirebeli sadinarebis sarqvelebi da sisxli gadadis
parkuWSi. Semdeg ikumSeba orive parkuWi, ris Sedegad ixsneba sisxlZar-
RvebTan damakavSirebeli sarqvelebi da sisxli gadaitumbeba sisxlis
mimoqcevis sistemaSi. Semdeg orive winaguli da parkuWi dundebian, rasac
pauza ewodeba.
ZuZumwovar cxovelebs aqvT sisxlis mimoqcevis ori wre, didi da
mcire. didi wre iwyeba marcxena parkuWidan, saidanac sisxli gadadis
aortaSi (msxvil arteriaSi), grZeldeba arteriebiT da kapilarebiT,
saidanac gadadis venur sisxlZarRvebSi da Caedineba marjvena wina-
gulSi. am gziT xdeba yvela qsovilisa da organos momarageba JangbadiT
mdidari arteriuli sisxliT da maTgan naxSirorJangiT gajerebuli
sisxlis gulisken gadatana. sisxlis mimoqcevis mcire wre iwyeba marj-

11
vena parkuWidan, saidanac venuri sisxli gadaedineba filtvSi, mdidrdeba
iq JangbadiT da arteriuli sisxlis saxiT ubrundeba marcxena winaguls.
nervuli sistema: awesrigebs cocxali organizmis yvela organosa
da sistemis funqcionirebas. mas yofen centralur da periferiul nawi-
lebad. centralur organoebs miekuTvneba Tavisa da zurgis tvini, xolo
periferiuls- tvinidan gamomavali nervebi.
Tavis tvini Tavis qalaSi aris ganTavsebuli da Sedgeba ramodenime
nawilisagan. mis ukana mxareze, e.w. mogrZo tvinSi Tavmoyrilia sunTqvis,
gulis moqmedebis, ofldenis da zogierTi sxva funqciebis maregulirebe-
li centrebi.
mogrZo tvinis zemoT mdebareobs naTxemi, romelic uzrunvelyofs
cxovelis koordinirebul moZraobas, Sua tvini ki awesrigebs Sinagani
organoebis moqmedebas.
zurgis tvini mdebareobs xerxemlis malebis centralur arxSi.
misgan gamodian mgrZnobiare da mamoZravebeli nervebi, romlebic ganito-
tebian kunTebSi, kanSi da Sinagan organoebSi. periferiuli nervuli
sistema Sedgeba zurgis tvinidan gamomavali 40 wyvilze meti nervisa da
12 wyvili Tavis tvinidan gamomavali nervisagan.
nervuli sistemis moqmedeba efuZneba gareSe gamRizianebelze
pasuxs, refleqsebs: zemoqmedebisas neironi aRiqvams gaRizianebas (mag.
kidurze Cxvletas) da Sesabamis signals gadascems centrs. aqedan
mamoZravebeli neironi agzavnis Sesabamis signals da iwvevs sapasuxo
reaqcias (kiduris mkveTrad gawevas).
grZnobis organoebi uzrunvelyofen organizmis garemosTan kav-
Sirs. es organoebia Tvalebi, yurebi, cxviri, ena da kani. am organoebidan
gadacemuli signali Tavs iyris Tavis tvinis qerqSi, romelic aRZravs
sapasuxo reaqcias.
Sard-sasqeso sistema. Sedgeba Sardis gamomyofi da gamravlebis
organoebisagan.
Sardis gamomyofi organoebi Sedgeba Tirkmlebisagan, Sardsade-
nisagan, Sardis buStisa (6, sur. 7) da saSarde milisagan. am organoebis
saSualebiT organizmidan gamoiyofa cilebis cvlis produqtebi- Sar-
dovana, amiaki, SardmJava da maTSi gaxsnili mineraluri marilebi. gamo-
yofis funqcias garkveulwilad asrulebs cxovelis kanSi arsebuli
saofle jirkvlebic.
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis gamravlebas uzrunvelyofs sasqeso
organoebSi momwifebuli ujredebi, spermatozoidebi da kvercxujredi.
mamri cxovelis gamravlebis organoebia kan-kunTovan parkSi moTav-
sebuli wyvili saTesle jirkvali, Teslgamtari, da Sardsasqeso mili.
saTesleebis klaknil milakebSi momwifebuli Teslujredebi
(spermatozoidebi) gadadis saTeslis danamatSi, sadac isini sabolood
mwifdebian da Teslgamtaris gavliT gadainacvleben Sardsasqeso milSi.
sqesobrivi aqtis dros TeslgamtarTan da Sardsasqeso gzebTan dakav-
Sirebuli damatebiTi sasqeso jirkvlebidan gamoyofili sekreti azavebs
Teslujredebs da aaqtiurebs maT.
mdedris gamravlebis organoebia sakvercxeebi, kvercxsavali, saSvi-
losno da saSo.
sakvercxe (1, sur. 7) cxovelebSi cercvis formis wyvili organoa.
ZroxaSi is alublis nayofis an qaTmis patara kvercxis zomisaa da
mdebareobs welis areSi. frinvelSi sakvercxe, aseve, welis midamoSi
mdebareobs da yurZnis mtevnis forma aqvs (4, sur. 6).

12
 saSvilosno (2) Rru orga-
sur. 7. furis Sard-sasqeso sistema noa. erTi mxridan is bolov-
deba kvercxsavalTan dakavSire-
2  buli parkis formis wyvili
"rqebiT" (3), meore mxares ki
yeliT, romelic Tavis mxriv
ukavSirdeba saSos (4). sakver-
cxeSi warmoSobili kvercxuj-
1 redi mwifdeba sakvercxis garss
qvemodan amozneqil, siTxiT sav-
se burTulaSi. ovulaciis daw-
6  yebisas burTula skdeba da
5 
momwifebuli kvercxujredi
gadadis kvercxsavalSi (5), am
4  ukanasknelidan ki is gadaina-
3  cvlebs saSvilosnos rqaSi.
mamrobiTi sasqeso ujre-
debi saSvilosnos yelisa da sxeulis gavliT aRweven kvercxsavalSi,
sadac xdeba kvercxujredTan maTi Sexvedra da Serwyma. ganayofierebuli
kvercxujredi anu zigota gadadis saSvilosnos rqaSi, aq is miekvreba
lorwovan garss da ikvebeba dedis organizmidan. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
ganayofiereba ar moxdeba, xuraoba garkveuli periodis Semdeg kvlav
ganmeordeba.
Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebia hipifizi, farisebri jirkvali,
farzeda jirkvali, Tirkmelzeda jirkvali da sxv. zogi maTganis mier
gamomuSavebuli hormonebi pirdapir sisxlSi gamoiyofa da amitom maT
endokrinul jirkvlebs uwodeben, zogi ki hormons gamohyofs rogorc
garegani sekreciis jirkvali (mag. sasqeso jirkvlebi).
sarZeo jirkvali. sxvadaxva saxeobis pirutyvSi sarZeo jirkvali
formis, zomis da mdebareobis mixeviT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.
magaliTad, Zroxis curi Sedgeba
sur. 8. Zroxis curi oTxi meoTxedisagan da yoveli
meoTxedi bolovdeba TiTo
kertiT (sur. 8). Roris ZuZu
ganlagebulia muclis mTel peri-
metrze da Sedgeba erTmaneTisagan
damoukidebeli 10-12 nawilisagan,
  romlebic bolovdeba TiTo
kertiT. cxvrisa da Txis curi
1  ZgidiT gayofilia or Tanabar
nawilad da yovel naxevarze aqvT
2  TiTo kerti. ori kerti aqvs
5 cxensac.
curis jirkvlovani qsovili
(1) Sedgeba alveolebisagan, romel-
4  3  Ta ujredebSi sinTezirdeba rZe.
alveolebis kunTovani boWkoebis
SekumSviT rZe gadmoedineba sarZeo milakebSi, romlebic erTiandebian
rZis sadinarebad. aqedan rZe Caedineba curis cisternaSi (2), Semdeg ki
kertis cisternaSi (3). kertis sadinari bolovdeba beWdismagvari kunTiT-
spinqteriT, (4), romelic xels uSlis kertis cisternidan rZis Tavi-

13
suflad gadmodinebas. curi daqselilia arteriuli da venuri sisxl-
ZarRvebiT (5).
rZis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali cilebis, cximebis da laqtozis
sinTezi xdeba uSualod curSi arteriuli sisxlis mier motanili nivTi-
erebebidan. amasTan, rZeSi da sisxlSi am nivTierebebis koncentracia
gansxvavebulia, xolo zogierTi maTgani (mag. rZis Saqari, anu laqtoza)
sisxlSi saerTod ar gvxvdeba.
dadgenilia, rom 1 kg rZis warmosaqmnelad curSi unda gaiaros
daaxloebiT 400-500 litramde sisxlma.
kani da balnis saburveli: kani (tyavi) cxovelis organizms faravs
garedan. is Sedgeba sami Srisagan - epidermisis, sakuTriv kanisa da
kanqveSa SemaerTebeli qsovilisagan.
epidermisi yvelaze Txeli Srea, Sedgeba epiTeliaruli ujredebis
ramodenime Srisagan da mas ekisreba erTgvari barieruli funqcia. epi-
dermisis Rrma fenebSi gvxvdeba pigmenturi ujredebi, romelic icavs
kans sxivuri zemoqmedebisagan.
sakuTriv kani Sedgeba dvrilovani da badebrivi Sreebisagan. dvri-
lovani Sre uxvadaa daqselili nervuli kvanZebiTa da kapilaruli
sisxlZarRvebiT. aqve ganlagebulia saofle da cximovani jirkvlebi,
agreTve balnis saburvelis folikulebi da kunTebi. saofle da cxi-
movani jirkvlebis sadinarebi gamodian kanis zedapirze. saofle jirk-
vlebidan, oflTan erTad gamoiyofa organizmSi mimdinare nivTierebaTa
cvlis produqtebi.
siTbos regulaciaSi kans mniSvnelovani roli ekisreba. sxeulis
zedapirul qsovilebs is ukavSirdeba kanqveSa SriT, romelic agebulia
faSari SemaerTebeli qsovilisagan. masSi grovdeba e.w. kanqveSa qoni,
romelic siciveSi asrulebs Tboizolatoris rols.
balnis saburveli sxvadasxva saxeobis sasoflo-sameurneo cxo-
velSi iwodeba sxvadasxvagvarad: ZroxeulSi mas eZaxian balans, RorSi
jagars, cxvarSi matyls, frinvelSi bumbuls, bocverSi ki bewvs. es war-
monaqmnebi kans faraven zemodan da icaven mas meqanikuri zemoqme-
debisagan, agreTve tenis da siTbos dakargvisagan.
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis kanidan, saTanado damuSavebis
Semdeg, gamohyavTMfexsacmelebis saZire da sapire tyavi, maJdaki, yara-
yuli, kraveli da sxva, romlebic metad mniSvnelovani needleulia
msubuqi mrewvelobis sawarmoebisaTvis. tyavidan mzaddeba agreTve sxvada-
sxva nakeTobebi (labada, qurqi, CanTa, Rvedebi, qamrebi da misT.).

sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
• ramdengvari qsovilisagan Sedgeba cxovelis organizmi?
• rogori kunTebis boWkoebidanaa agebuli ConCxis da Sinagani
organoebis kunTovani qsovili?
• ramdeni nawilisagan Sedgeba cxovelis/frinvelis ConCxi?
• romeli organoebisagan Sedgeba saWmlis momnelebeli sistema?
• ramdeni kamera aqvs Zroxis/Roris kuWs?
• romeli nawilebisagan Sedgeba frinvelis kuWi?
• riT aris Sevsebuli cxovelis da frinvelis Zvlebi?
• ra funqcia akisria sunTqvis organoebs?
• romeli organoebi Sedis sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemaSi?

14
 • romeli organoebisagan Sedgeba da ra funqciebs asrulebs
nervuli sistema?
• ra gansxvavebaa Zroxis, Roris da cxvris/Txis sarZeve
jirkvlebs Soris?
• romel ujredebSi da ra nivTierebebidan sinTezirdeba rZe?
• rogoria kanis agebuleba da ra funqcias asrulebs is?
• romeli organoebi Sedis Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebSi?
• romeli ujredebisagan Sedgeba sisxli da ra funqciebs
asruleben isini?

literatura:
1. v. qvaWreliSvili, n. milaSvili- zogierTi Sinauri cxovelis,
frinvelis da Tevzis normaluri anatomia. Tbilisi, 2009.
2. g. ramiSvili, d. ramiSvili- cxovelTa normaluri anatomia.
Tbilisi, 1996;
3. n.gociriZe, g.dalaqiSvili, l.TorTlaZe- mecxoveleobis safuZ-
vlebi. Tbilisi, 2002;
4. Технология производства и переработки животноводческой продукции. Под
общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005

Tavi 2. sanaSene saqme mecxoveleobaSi

sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis moSenebisas adamiani cdilobs Sro-
mis da sxva materialuri saxsrebis minimaluri danaxarjebiT miiRos meti
raodenobisa da ukeTesi xarisxis produqcia. amis miRweva SesaZlebelia
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac cxovelTa sanaSene da produqtiuli Tvisebebis
gaumjobesebisaken mimarTul saqmianoba uwyvetad da gegmazomierad mimdi-
nareobs. saqme is aris, rom mravalsaukunovanma gamocdilebam da biolo-
giuri mecnierebebis miRwevebma SesaZlebeli gaxada seleqciis iseTi
meTodebisa da xerxebis SemuSaveba, romlebic SesaZleblobas gvaZleven
maqsimalurad mokle droSi niSan-Tvisebebi SevcvaloT winaswar gansaz-
Rvruli mimarTulebiT.
mecxoveleobaSi sanaSene muSaoba aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli
RonisZiebaTa kompleqsi, romelic sasurveli niSan-Tvisebebis mixedviT
cxovelTa gadarCevasa da SerCevasTan erTad iTvaliswinebs maTTvis
normirebuli kvebisa da gaumjobesebuli movla-Senaxvis pirobebis
Seqmnas. unda gvaxsovdes, rom sanaSene muSaobis efeqti miT ufro maRali
iqneba, rac ufro xelsayrel pirobebs SevuqmniT cxovels im Tvisebebis
gansaviTareblad, romelTa gaZlierebisaken miviswrafviT. dadgenilia,
rom amis gareSe sworad dagegmili da uaRresad gulmodgined warmar-
Tuli sanaSene muSaoba dadebiT Sedegs ar gvaZlevs.
bunebrivi da xelovnuri gadarCeva
cocxali samyaros ganviTarebis evoluciuri Teoriis fuZemdebelma
Carlz darvinma yuradReba miaqcia konkretuli garemo pirobebisadmi
mcenareebisa da cxovelebis Semgueblobis maRal xarisxs. imavdroulad
man naxa, rom is organizmebi, romlebic axal garemoSi moxvedrisas
ganicdidnen Sesabamis cvalebadobas gadarCebodnen, xolo amis gareSe
iRupebodnen. am process darvinma bunebrivi gadarCeva uwoda.

15
 bunebrivi gadarCevisagan gansxvavebiT, xelovnuri gadarCeva xorci-
eldeba uSualod adamianis mier da gulisxmobs sasoflo-sameurneo
cxovelTa jiSebis gasaumjobeseblad da/an axalis gamosayvanad ganxor-
cielebul mizanmimarTul saqmianobas.
amdenad, bunebriv gadarCevas, ZiriTadad, adgili aqvs gareul cxo-
velTa samyaroSi, maSin rodesac xelovnur gadarCevas eqvemdebarebian
mxolod Sinauri cxovelebi.
gadarCevis es ori forma erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba agreTve imi-
Tac, rom bunebrivi gadarCeva mimdinareobs uwyvetad da exeba cocxali
organizmis TiTqmis yvela niSan-Tvisebas, maSin rodesac xelovnur
gadarCeva dakavSirebulia adamianis saqmianobasTan da exeba mxolod
misTvis saintereso ramodenime niSan-Tvisebas.
sagulisxmoa, rom cxovelTa Sinauri formebis seleqciisas unda
gaviTvaliswinoT maTze bunebrivi gadarCevis uwyveti procesis moqmedeba,
romlis minimumamde Semcirebis mniSvnelovani berketia kvebisa da movla-
Senaxvis pirobebis, anu garemos gaumjobeseba.
gadasarCevi niSan-Tvisebebi
sasoflo-sameurneo mecxoveleobaSi xelovnuri gadarCevis warmateba
damokidebulia mraval faqtorze, maT Soris mTavaria gadasarCevi sula-
dobis ricxovnoba, maTi nayofiereba, agreTve gadasarCevi niSan-Tvisebebis
raodenoba da cvalebadobis xarisxi.
mniSvnelovania, rom gadarCeva erTdroulad mimdinareobdes ramo-
denime ZiriTadi niSan-Tvisebis (mag. ZroxeulSi- monawvelis, rZeSi cxi-
misa da cilis Semcvelobis, RorebSi- mravalnayofierebis, merZeulobisa
da kanqveSa qonis sisqis da sxv.) mixedviT. amasTan, aucilebelia gaTva-
liswinebuli iqnas cxovelis organizmis konstituciuri simagre, gare-
mosadmi Seguebis unari da sxvadasxva daavadebisadmi rezistentobis
xarisxi.
bonitireba. gadarCevis organizaciuli formaa bonitireba. boniti-
reba (“bonitas”) laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs daxarisxebas, dajgufebas,
raime maCveneblis mixedviT cxovelis identifikacias.
rogorc wesi, bonitirebisas cxovelebs afaseben ramodenime, e.w.
“saseleqcio” niSan-TvisebiT, Tavad Sefasebisa da gadarCevis procesi ki,
pirobiTad, SeiZleba davyoT or etapad, pirveli- konkretul garemoSi
realizebuli memkvidrulobis anu fenotipis mixedviT Sefaseba da meore,
memkvidrulobis potenciurobis anu genotipis mixedviT Sefaseba.
mecxoveleobis fermebSi bonitirebisaTvis monacemebis Segroveba
mimdinareobs mTeli wlis manZilze, xolo saboloo Sedegis dadgena
(Sefaseba) sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebSi xdeba sawarmoo ciklis gark-
veul etapze: magaliTad, sarZeo jiSis furebSi laqtaciis damTavrebis
Semdeg, nazmatylian da naxevrad nazmatylian cxvrebSi gazafxulze
parsvis, xolo uxeSmatylian cxvrebSi Semodgomis parsvis Semdeg da sxv.
fenotipis mixedviT gadarCevisas cxovelebs afaseben im niSan-
TvisebebiT, romelTa gazomva-Seswavla SesaZlebelia maTi garegnulad
daTvalierebiT, agreTve produqtiulobis raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi
maCveneblebis dadgenis gziT. es niSan-Tvisebebia:
1. konstitucia da eqsterieri;
2. saerTo ganviTareba da cocxali masa;

16
 3. produqtiuloba (magaliTad, furis monawveli da rZeSi cximis
%, nezvis budis wona, cxvris matylis naparsi, matylis xarisxi
da sxv).
4. nayofiereba da msxvilnayofiereba;
5. teqnologiuroba (magaliTad, sarZeo furebis manqanuri wveli-
saTvis vargisianoba).
unda aRiniSnos, rom konkretul pirobebSi cxovelis xarisxis dad-
genis TvalsazrisiT fenotipis mixedviT Sefasebis monacemebi metad mniS-
vnelovania, magram ar iZleva imis informacias Tu ramdenad iqna reali-
zebuli misi potenciuri SesaZleblobebi. amis gaTvaliswinebiT bonitire-
bisas cxovelis sanaSene Rirsebis dadgenis mniSvnelovani Semadgenelia
misi genotipis, anu winaprebis da/an STamomavlobis xarisxiT Sefaseba.
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis konstitucia,
eqsterieri da interieri
konstitucia. am terminis qveS igulisxmeba cocxali organizmis
morfologiuri da fiziologiuri Tvisebebis erToblioba, rac dakav-
Sirebulia mis produqtiulobis donesTan da mimarTulebasTan, agreTve
garemos moqmedebisadmi reagirebis unarTan.
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebs yofen oTx konstituciur tipad-
nazi, uxeSi, mkvrivi da faSari.
nazi konstituciis cxovelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia wvrili
Zvleuli, momcro da msubuqi Tavi, Txeli da elastikuri tyavi, rbili da
tyavze mWidrod gadakruli bzinvare balani.
uxeSi konstituciis cxovelebs aqvT masiuri sxeuli, didi da uxeSi
Tavi, agreTve sqeli tyavi, romelic dafarulia uxeSi bewviT.
mkvrivi konstituciuri tipis cxovelebi gamoirCevian magari Zvle-
uliT, kargad ganviTarebuli kunTovani qsoviliT da mkvrivi kaniT;
faSari konstituciuri tipi xasiaTdeba faSari tyaviT, fumfula
kunTovani da Zlier ganviTarebuli kanqveSa SemaerTebeli qsovilebiT.
Cveulebriv, cxovelebSi gvxvdeba am konstituciuri tipebis 4 kombi-
nacia: nazi-mkvrivi, nazi-faSari, uxeSi-mkvrivi da uxeSi-faSari.
nazi-mkvrivi konstitucia damaxasiaTebelia sarZeo Zroxis, sajdomi
tipis cxenis, nazmatyliani cxvris da sabekone Roris jiSebisaTvis;
nazi-faSari konstituciuri tipisani arian saxorce mimarTulebis
Zroxis, saqone mimarTulebis Roris da mZime tvirTmzidi cxenis jiSebi.
uxeSi-mkvrivi konstitucia ufro xSirad gvxvdeba Zroxis sarZeo-
saxorce, cxvris saxorce-samatylo da Sesabmeli cxenis jiSebis calke-
ul individebSi;
uxeSi-faSari konstituciuri arc erTi produqtiuli mimarTulebis
cxovelisaTvis ar aris sasurveli. aseTi tipis cxovelebi upiratesad
gvxvdebian Zroxis muSa da cxenis tvirTmzid jiSebSi, agreTve uxeS-
matylian cxvrebSi.
garda aRniSnulisa, zooteqniaSi SemoRebulia magari konstituciuri
tipis cneba, rac gulisxmobs cxovelebis karg amtanobas da janmrTelo-
bas. magari konstituciuri tipi sasurvelia yvela jiSisaTvis.
eqsterieri. sxeulis garegnuli formebiT cxovelebis Sefaseba
uZvelesi droidan iyo xelovnuri gadarCevis ZiriTadi meTodi da mas
dResac ar daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba. saqme is aris, rom zogadad
sxeulis da misi calkeuli nakvTebis ganviTareba dakavSirebulia orga-

17
nizmis fiziologiur funqciebTan da iZleva cxovelis produqtiuli
Rirsebebis sakmaod zustad dadgenis saSualebas.
amis gaTvaliswinebiT eqsterieris mixedviT cxovelis Sefasebisas
sxeulis saerTo proporciulobasTan erTad iTvaliswineben misi calke-
uli nawilebis (Tavi, kiseri, mindao, mkerdi, beWi, zurgi, weli, muceli,
curi da kidurebi) ganviTarebas, maT Sesabamisobas jiSis tipTan.
cxovelis eqsteriers afaseben TvalzomiT, ganazomebis aRebiT da
fotografirebiT;
eqsterieris TvalzomiT Sefasebisas gamoiyeneba ori xerxi, aRweri-
lobiTi da balobrivi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi sxeulis calkeul nakvTebis
mdgomareobas aRweren sityvierad (magaliTad Tavi- didi, saSualo, pata-
ra, an kiseri mokle, saSualo, grZeli da sxv.), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi
ama Tu im nakvTis ganviTarebas afaseben cifrebiT (e.w. balobrivi
meTodiT). TvalzomiT Sefaseba gvaZlevs saSualebas SedarebiT swrafad
ganvsazRvroT cxovelis konstituciuri Taviseburebebi, aRvweroT
Rirsebebi da naklovanebebi. amasTan, es meTodi, SeiZleba iTqvas, sakmaod
subieqturia da dakavSirebulia Semfaseblis kvalifikaciasTan.
ganazomis aRebiT eqsterieris Sefaseba iTvleba yvelaze obieq-
turad, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi gasazomi xelsawyoebis daxmarebiT vad-
genT sxeulis calkeuli nakvTebis ganviTarebis raodenobriv maCvenebels.
miuxedavad amisa, ganazomebis cal-calke ganxilva ar gvaZlevs saSu-
alebas vimsjeloT sxeulis saerTo proporciulobaze, mis harmoniul
ganviTarebaze. amis dasadgenad zooteqniaSi mimarTaven ganazomebis mona-
cemTa safuZvelze agebulebis indeqsebis gaangariSebas. aseTi midgoma
SesaZlebels xdis gakeTdes obieqturi daskvna cxovelis organizmis,
rogorc erTiani mTlianis, eqsterierze, mis individualur da jiSobrivi
Taviseburebebze.
sxeulis calkeuli nawilebis ganviTarebaze, cxovelis garegnul
formebze garkveuli msjelobis saSualebas gvaZlevs misi fotogra-
fireba.
interieri. am terminiT zooteqnikaSi aRniSnaven cocxali organiz-
mis anatomiur-histologiuri, fiziologiuri, bioqomiuri, nervuli, pro-
duqtiuli da sxva Taviseburebebis erTobliobas.
interiersa da cxovelis produqtiulobis maCveneblebs Soris urTi-
erT kavSiris dasadgenad swavloben sisxlis morfologiur da bioqimiur
Sedgenilobas, gulsisxlZarRvTa sistemas, saWmlis momnelebeli organo-
ebis funqciur moqmedebas da sxva maCveneblebs.
interieri ar warmoadgens raRac dasrulebuls, ucvlels. is coc-
xali organizmis filogenezisa da ontogenezis procesSi ganicdis sxva-
dasxva faqtorTa zemoqmedebas, ris Sedegad aRiniSneba garkveuli cvli-
lebebi, es cvlilebebi ki Tavis asaxvas pouloben produqtiulobaSi.

SerCeva
sanaSene muSaobaSi SerCevas uwodeben gadarCeuli mamri da mdedri
cxovelebis winaswar gansazRvruli sqemiT iseT Sewyvilebas, romelic,
savaraudod, SesaZleblobas iZleva miRebul STamomavlobaSi ganvaviTa-
roT CvenTvis saintereso niSan-Tvisebebi.
konkretuli mamrisaTvis Tavisi msgavsi niSan-Tvisebebis mqone mded-
ris SerCevisas ufro metad aris mosalodneli STamomavlobaSi gamo-
savali formebis niSan-Tvisebebis SenarCuneba. amasTan wyvilebis sworad
SerCevisas SesaZlebelia im naklovanebebis aRmofxvra, romelic damaxa-

18
siaTebelia, vTqvaT, jiSisaTvis, an naxirisaTvis. saerTod ki, mizanmi-
marTuli SerCeva uzrunvelyofs cxovelTa produqtiuli da sanaSene
Rirebulebis ganviTareba-gaumjobesebas.
Sesawyvilebel cxovelebs SearCeven imave niSan-TvisebebiT, romlis
mixedviT ganxorcielda gadarCeva. gamomdinare gamosavali formebis
jiSobrivi kuTvnilebidan, SeiZleba ganvaxorcieloT xalasjiSiani
moSeneba, Sejvareba da e.w. “TavisSi” moSeneba (anu rodesac najvar
mdedrebs vawyvilebT imave kombinaciis najvar mamrebTan).
ganasxvaveben SerCevis or formas, erTgvarovani (anu homogenuri) da
araerTgvarovani (anu heterogenuri).
erTgvarovani SerCevisas awyvileben iseT cxovelebs, romlebic
xasiaTdebian msgavsi memkvidrulobiT. amis Sedegad, is niSan-Tvisebebi,
romlis mixedviT moxda gadarCeva, SenarCunebuli da gaumjobesebuli
iqneba miRebul STamomavlobaSi.
araerTgvarovani SerCevisas awyvileben iseT individebs, romlebic
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian erTi an ramodenime niSan-TvisebiT, anu
aqvT gansxvavebuli memkvidruloba. gamosavali formebis memkvidrulobis
SerwymiT miiReba orive mSobeli formisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-
Tvisebebis matarebeli Taoba.
cnobilia, rom yovel naxiri (kolti, fara, rema) Sedgeba gansxva-
vebuli produqtiulobisa da sxva niSan-Tvisebebis mqone cxovelebisagan.
amis gaTvaliswinebiT, unda ganxorcieldes iseTi SerCeva, ra drosac
ukeTesi mdedri Seuwyvildeba ukeTes mamrs, xolo uaresi mdedri masze
ukeTes mamrs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs proncipi “kargis kargTan
Sewyvileba gvaZlevs ukeTess”, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi “ukeTesTan Sewy-
vilebiT uaresi ukeTesdeba”.
am principebzea agebuli dabalproduqtiuli jiSebis da naxirebis
gaumjobeseba maRalproduqtiuli mwarmoeblebiT, romlis ufro efeqtu-
rad ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebi warmoCinda sawarmoo praqtikaSi
xelovnuri ganayofierebis meTodis SemoRebis Semdeg.
ganasxvaveben individualur da jgufur SerCevas. individualuri
SerCevisas konkretuli mdedrisaTvis SearCeven konkretul mamrs. Ser-
Cevis es meTodi upiratesad gamoiyeneba momavali mwarmoeblis gamoyva-
nisas, rodesac maRalproduqtiul mdedrs ujvareben specialurad SerCe-
ul, gansakuTrebiT maRalproduqtiul mwarmoebels.
jgufuri SerCevisas msgavsi niSan-Tvisebebis mqone da erTnairi
xarisxis sadede suladobisaTvis SearCeven ufro maRali klasis mamrs
(mwarmoebels). magaliTad, SedarebiT meCxeri da mokle bewvis mqone
nazmatyliani cxvrebis nerbebTan Sesawyvileblad SearCeven iseT verZs,
romelsac ufro xSiri da grZeli bewvi aqvs, an kidev dabalcximiani rZis
momcem furebs awyvileben maRalcximiani xazis kurosTan da sxv.
SerCevisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT cxovelis produqtiulobis tipi
da done, agreTve is pirobebi, romelSic viTardeba da gamoiyeneba
STamomavloba.
moSenebis meTodebi
ganasxvaveben sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis moSenebis sam meTods:
1. xalasad moSeneba; 2. Sejvareba da 3. hibridizacia.
xalasad moSenebisas erTmaneTTan awyvileben erTi da imave jiSis
(mag. Zroxis holStinuri jiSis) individebs, Sejvarebisas-sxvadasxva jiSis

19
(mag. Roris landrasisa da msxvil TeTr jiSebs), xolo hibridizacias
sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebs (mag. Zroxas-iakTan).
xalasi moSeneba. aris sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelTa jiSebis Senar-
Cunebisa da xarisxobrivi gaumjobesebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi meTodi. misi
Tavisebureba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom erTgvarovani warmoSobis xalas-
jiSiani cxovelebis mravalwliani Sewyvileba, erTis mxriv, ganapirobebs
niSan-Tvisebebis ganmtkicebas da, meores mxriv, sicocxlisunarianobis
ramdenadme daqveiTebas. aqedan gamomdinare, xalasjiSiani cxovelebi
Tavisi produqtiulobis potenciis gamosamJRavneblad movla-Senaxvisa da
kvebis pirobebisadmi ufro momTxovnebi arian. maTi mniSvnelovani Rir-
seba ki is aris, rom memkvidrulad stabilurebi arian da, amdenad, arian
dabalproduqtiuli pirutyvis ubadlo gamaumjobeseblebi.
xalasi moSenebiT gamoyvanilia sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelTa msof-
lioSi aRiarebuli iseTi jiSebi, rogorebicaa merinosis da yarayulis
cxvari, jersiuli da holandiuri Zroxa, arabuli cxeni da sxv.
xalasi moSenebisas erTi jiSis farglebSi gamoiyeneba cxovelTa
Sewyvilebis ori tipi, aranaTesauri (autbredingi) da naTesauri (inbre-
dingi).
naTesauri Sewyvileba, Tavis mxriv iyofa sam jgufad: uaxloesi,
axlo da Soreuli. naTesauri SewyvilebiT miRebuli STamomavloba Tavis
winaprebs ufro imis gamo emsgavseba, rom misi memkvidreoba mSobeli
formebis msgavsi genotipebis gamo ufro SezRudulia. amave mizeziT
inbredul cxovelebSi aRiniSneba daavadebebisadmi midrekileba, SezRu-
duli nayofiereba, sicocxlis xangrZlivobis Semcireba da arc Tu
iSviaTad letali Sedegi.
Sejvareba. mecxoveleobis praqtikaSi sakmaod xSirad mimarTaven
sxvadasxva jiSis cxovelebis Sejvarebas. saqme is aris rom, najvari
cxovelebi xasiaTdebian rigi biologiuri TaviseburebebiT, ris gamo,
calkeul SemTxvevaSi, praqtikosi mecxoveleebisaTvis ufro mimzidvelebi
arian.
es Taviseburebebia: gadidebuli sicocxlisunarianoba, cvalebadi
garemosadmi Seguebis ukeTesi unari, zrdis maRali potencia, mSobel
formebTan SedarebiT ufro maRali produqtiuloba da sxva.
hibridul organizmebis aseTi Taviseburebebi 1860 wels pirvelad
aRwera i.kerleiterma da mas uwoda “hibriduli Zala”. ramdenadac am
movlenis aucilebeli winapiroba aris najvari organizmis genotipis
heterozigotulobis maRali xarisxi, j.Seelis mier 1914 wels SemoTava-
zebuli iqna termini heterozisi, ramac samecniero literaturaSi swra-
fad daimkvidra adgili.
mkvlevarTa mravali Taobis mcdeloba aexsnaT heterozisis gene-
tikuri buneba uSedegod damTavrda. dReisaTvis arsebuli hipotezebi
xsnian movlenis mxolod calkeul mxareebs, zogadad ki miRebulia aseTi
ganmarteba: najvarTa ukeTesi sicocxlisunarianoba, produqtiuloba da
sxva Tvisebebi aixsneba ufro mdidari memkvidreobiT, ramdenadac isini
warmoadgenen ori gansxvavebuli memkvidruli sawyisis SeerTebis
produqts.
Sesajvarebeli jiSebisa da najvari cxovelebis gamoyenebis
mimarTulebis gaTvaliswinebiT ganasxvaveben xuTi saxis Sejvarebas: 1.
STanTqmiTi, 2. darTviTi (“sisxlis darTva”), 3. cvladi (rotaciuli), 4
samrewvelo da 5. saaxaljiSo.

20
 SejvarebaSi Tu monawileobs ori jiSi, is iwodeba martiv, xolo
orze meti jiSis gamoyenebisas rTul Sejvarebad.
STanTqmiTi Sejvareba. gamoiyeneba adgilobrivi, dabalproduqtiuli,
upiratesad lokaluri mniSvnelobis jiSebis maRalproduqtiulad gardaq-
mnis mizniT.
amisaTvis, SejvarebaSi monawile adgilob-
rivi- gasaumjobesebeli jiSis sadede suladobas
anayofiereben maRalproduqtiuli, e.w. gamaumjo-
besebeli jiSis mwarmoeblebiT, miRebul Taobas -
kvlav imave jiSis mwarmoeblebiT da a.S. (nax. 1)
vidre meoTxe-mexuTe Taobis miRebamde, ris
Semdeg gamaumjobesebeli jiSis 15/16 da/an 31/32
sisxlian Taobas aSeneben “TavisSi”.
Sejvarebis da mizanmimarTuli gadarCeva-
SerCevis gavleniT SesaZlebelia gamaumjobe-
sebeli jiSis tipis srulad kopireba, magram es
ar aris sasurveli. miuTiTeben, rom ukeTesia
gardaqmnil cxovelebSi SenarCunebuli iqnas gasa-
umjobesebeli jiSis zogierTi Tviseba, magali-
Tad konstituciuri simagre, amtanoba da garemo
pirobebisadmi Seguebis unari.
muSaobis procesSi warmatebis miRwevis gamaumjobesebeli
erT-erTi ZiriTadi winapirobaa kvebisa da movla- jiSi.
Senaxvis pirobebis sistematiurad gaumjobeseba,
romelTa gareSe gaweuli Sromis tolfasi Sede- gasaumjobesebeli
jiSi.
gis miRweva gaZneldeba.
darTviTi Sejvareba anu “sisxlis darTva”.
niSnavs fermaSi arsebuli ZiriTadi jiSis
maRali Rirsebis jiSTan erTjerad Sejvarebas.
misi mizania ZiriTadi sadgami jiSis axali,
sasurveli TvisebebiT gamdidreba da/an misi
garkveuli naklovanebebis aRmofxvra.
Sejvareba tardeba sam etapad: pirvel
etapze ZiriTadi jiSis saukeTeso furebs
anayofiereben meore maRalproduqtiuli jiSis
mwarmoeblebiT, meore etapze miRebuli I Taobis
najvari sadede suladobidan saukeTesoebs
anayofiereben ZiriTadi jiSis mwarmoeblebiT,
xolo saxareebs gamoiwuneben, mesame etapze
miRebul sadede suladobas anayofiereben Ziri-
Tadi jiSiT, romelTagan miRebul saukeTeso
saxareebs gamozrdian momaval sanaSene mwar-
moeblebad da iyeneben naxiris aRwarmoebisaTvis
gamaumjobesebeli (nax. 2).
jiSi. cvladi (rotaciuli) Sejvareba SeiZleba
adgilobrivi jiSi. iyos martivi da rTuli. pirvel SemTxvevaSi
SejvarebaSi monawileobs ori, meore SemTxve-
vaSi ki sami da ufro meti jiSi. aseTi Sejva-
rebis mizania heterozisis efeqtis mqone maRalproduqtiuli
samosargeblo daniSnulebis najvari cxovelebis miReba da, rogorc wesi,
mimarTaven sasaqonlo meurneobebSi.

21
 martivi cvladi Sejvarebisas jer iReben I Taobis najvarebs,
romelTagan mamrebs asuqeben, xolo mdedrebs
anayofiereben dedis jiSis mwarmoeblebiT.
aseTi SejvarebiT miRebul mamrebs asuqeben,
xolo mdedrebs anayofiereben meore jiSis
mwarmoeblebiT da a.S. morigeobiT, ramodenime
Taobis manZilze (nax. 3).
rTuli cvladi Sejvarebisas I Taobis
najvar sadede suladobas anayofiereben mesame
jiSis mwarmoebliT, da a.S. Taobidan TaobaSi
grZeldeba Sesajvarebelad gamoyenebuli mwar-
moeblis jiSTa morigeoba.
Sejvarebis es meTodi upiratesad gamoiye-
neba meRoreobasa da mefrinveleobaSi.
samrewvelo Sejvareba. mizania zrdis gadi-
debuli potenciis mqone sasuqi mozardis miReba.
saqme is aris, rom specialurad SerCeuli jiSe-
bis SejvarebiT miRebul TaobaSi vlindeba
heterozisi, rac ganapirobebs maTi zrdis gadi- sasurveli jiSi.
debul potencias (maRal wonamats), konstitu-
ZiriTadi sadgami
ciuri simagres, amtanobas da maRal saxorce jiSi.
produqtiulobas.
moSenebis am saxes upiratesad miimarTaven saxorce meZroxeobaSi,
meRoreobasa da mefrinveleobaSi, SedarebiT iSviaTad ki sarZeo meZroxe-
obaSi. praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba ori, sami da oTxjiSiani samrewvelo
Sejvareba.
saaxaljiSo Sejvareba Zireulad gansxvavdeba mecxoveleobis praq-
tikaSi gamoyenebuli Sejvarebis zemoT aRwerili meTodebisagan.
rogorc vnaxeT cvladi da samrewvelo Sejvarebis mizania
heterozisis maRali efeqtis mqone cxovelebis miReba, STanTqmiTi Sejva-
rebisas- erTi jiSis meored gardaqmna, darTviTi Sejvarebisas- meur-
neobaSi moSenebuli cxovelebisaTvis erTi an ori axali Tvisebis SeZena,
xolo saaxaljiSo Sejvarebis mizania sruliad axali jiSis cxovelebis
miReba.
amocanidan gamomdinare, aseTi Sejvarebisas gamaumjobesebeli jiSis
mixedviT ½, ¾ da 7/8 sisxlian cxovelebs “TavisSi” aSeneben. seleqciis
procesSi mimarTaven mizanmimarTul gadarCevasa da SerCevas, xolo sana-
Sene suladobas inaxaven gaumjobesebuli kvebisa da movla-Senaxvis
pirobebSi.
saaxaljiSe SejvarebiT CvenSi profesor n. gociriZis mier gamoyva-
nilia Zroxis kavkasiuri wabla jiSis qarTuli populacia, zooteqnikos
i. baZoSvilis mier cxvris nazmatylovani-cximkudiani jiSi, xolo profe-
sor a. natroSvilis mier cxvris naxevradnazmatylovani-cximkudiani jiSi.
hibridizacia: moSenebis es meTodi uZvelesi droidanaa cnobili.
cxenisa da viris hibridi- jori cnobili iyo 2000 wlis winaT da kons-
tituciuri simagris, amtanobis, Senaxvis pirobebisadmi naklebi momTxov-
nelobisa da kargi samuSao Tvisebebis gamo adamianebi xSirad mimarTav-
dnen aseT Sejvarebas.
dadgenilia, rom sicocxlis xangrZlivobiT jori aRemateba orive
mSobel formas, magram is unayofoa. Sezruduli nayofierebiT xasiaT-
debian Zroxisa da bizonis, Zroxisa da iakis hibridebi.

22
 nayofier STamomavlobas iZleva arxaris najvarebi cxvarTan, magram
arxari bunebrivad ar uwyvildeba cxvars, xolo misgan spermis aReba
SeuZlebelia. am da rigi sxva garemoebebis gamo saxeobaTaSorisi hibri-
dizacia praqtikaSi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba.
miuxedavad amisa, am gziT gamoyvanilia sasoflo-sameurneo cxovel-
Ta axali jiSebi, romelTa TvalsaCino magaliTia cxvris jiSi arxa-
romerinosi, agreTve amerikuli bizonis Zroxis evropul jiSebTan
hibridizaciiT gamoyvanili axali saxorce produqtiuli mimarTulebis
jiSebi amerikani da ketalo.
organizmis individualuri ganviTareba (ontogenezi)
cocxali organizmis individualuri ganviTareba anu ontogenezi
aris raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi cvlilebebis erToblioba, romelic
mimdinareobs kvercxujredis ganayofierebis momentidan da grZeldeba
mTeli sicocxlis manZilze memkvidreobiT miRebuli genotipiT gansaz-
Rvruli mimarTulebiT.
cxovelis ontogenezs axasiaTeben zrdisa da ganviTarebis fenoti-
puri maCveneblebis analizis safuZvelze.
zrda aris cxovelis organizmis mier sasicocxlo procesebis
gamovlena, romelsac safuZvlad udevs sami gansxvavebuli movlena:
ujredebis gayofa, maTi masaSi mateba da ujredsSorisi warmonaq-
mnebis zrda.
ganviTareba aris zrdis procesSi calkeuli ujredebis, qsovi-
lebisa da organoebis xarisxobrivi cvalebadoba, maTi diferenci-
acia.
mkvlevarebis mier zrdisa da ganviTarebis sakiTxebi sakmaod deta-
lurad aris Seswavlili. dadgenilia, rom orive es procesi Seuqcevadia
da cocxali organizmis individualuri ganviTarebis sxvadasxva peri-
odSi mimdinareobs gansxvavebuli mimarTulebiTa da intensivobiT.
embrionul periodSi sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis umetesobaSi
intensiurad izrdeba lulovani (periferiuli) da SedarebiT nela brtye-
li (RerZuli) Zvlebi. Sebrunebuli suraTi aRiniSneba postembrionul
periodSi, rodesac ufro intensiurad izrdeba RerZuli da SedarebiT
nela periferiuli Zvlebi.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas Zvlovani da kunTovani qsovilebis SedarebiT
ganviTarebaze. saqme is aris, rom embrionul periodSi ufro intensiurad
izrdeba magari qsovilebi (Zvlovani sistema), xolo postembrionul
periodSi rbili (kunTovani da cximovani). Tavis mxriv, postembrionuli
ganviTarebis sawyis etapze metad maRalia kunTovani sistebis zrdis
tempi, maSin, rodesac, asakis matebis kvalobaze es tempi neldeba da
iwyeba cximovani qsovilis ufro swrafad ganviTareba.
msgavs procesebs aqvs adgili sxva qsovilebis, organoebisa da
sistemebis ganviTarebaSi, ris gamo axalSobili cxovelebis sxeulis
proporciebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba zrdasrulisagan (sur. 9).
ase, magaliTad, axalSobili kvici/xbo/goWi/batkani ibadeba maRal
fexebze, maTi sxeuli SedarebiT mokle, brtyeli da naklebad Rrmaa,
ukana mesamedi viwro, gava aweuli da SedarebiT mokle, Tavi grZeli da
farTo, kiseri ki mokle. maTgan gansxvavebiT, normalurad ganviTarebuli
zrdasruli cxenis/Zroxis/ Roris/ cxvris sxeuli grZeli, Rrma da gani-
eria, zurgis-welis da gavas xazi swori, kiseri ramdenadme grZeli da
sxva, ris gamo maT ufro harmoniuli Sesaxedaoba aqvs.

23
 imisaTvis, rom sworad SevafasoT cxovelis eqsterieri da gamovav-
linoT mis ganviTarebisas SesaZlo Seferxebebis periodebi, unda vico-
deT agebulebis proporciebis saxeobrivi da asakobrivi cvalebadobis
Taviseburebebi. saqme is aris, rom cudi kvebisa da Seusabamo movla-
Senaxvis pirobebSi aRiniSneba mTeli organizmis ganviTarebis Seferxeba,
magram ufro metad ziandebian sxeulis is nawilebi, organoebi da
qsovilebi, romlebic am periodSi unda ganviTarebuliyvnen maRali
intensivobiT.
sur. 9. axalSobili da 5 wlis magaliTad, im SemTxvevaSi,
asakis cxenis, Zroxis da Roris rodesac make mdedrs vkvebavT nor-
sxeulis proporciebi maze naklebi yuaTianobis ulufebiT,
nayofSi ufro metad aRiniSneba
periferiuli Zvlebis da naklebad
RerZuli Zvlebis ganviTarebis
Seferxeba da piriqiT Tu kvebis
Seusabamoba iyo mozardis ganvi-
Tarebis postembrionul periodSi,
naklebad ferxdeba feriferiuli
Zvlebis da ufro metad RerZuli
Zvlebis zrda.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom
postembrionul periodSi ufro swra-
fad izrdeba rbili qsovilebi,
kvebis Seferxeba, upirvelesad Seexe-
ba am qsovilebis ganviTarebas, anu
raodenobriv cvlilebebs. Sesabami-
sad, gavlena miT ufro Zlieri
iqneba da naklebad gamosworebadi,
rac ufro xangrZlivi iqneba ukmari
kvebis periodi.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, ukmari
kvebis pirobebi Tu Seicvleba inten-
siuri kvebiT, mTeli organizmi,
agreTve misi calkeuli organoebi
da qsovilebi iwyeben intensiur
ganviTarebas, magram danakargis anazRaureba, anu sruli kompensacia ar
aRiniSneba. amis Sesabamisad, ganuviTarebeli organizmi ver SesZlebs
Tavisi mimkvidrulobis srulad realizacias e.i. produqtiulobis poten-
ciuri SesaZleblobebis gamovlenas.
ganasxvaveben ganuviTareblobis or formas, embrionalizms da
infantilizms.
embrionalizmi- es aris ganuviTareblobis iseTi forma, romelic
gamowveulia mucladyofnis periodSi nayofze uaryofiTi faqtorebis
moqmedebiT. axalSobil ganuviTarebel xbos/kvics/goWs upirvelesad
yovlisa eqnebaT dabali kidurebi, ris gamo tani gamoCndeba grZeli,
farTo da Rrma, gava ki swori, e.i. agebulebis proporciebiT isini
daemsgavsebian zrdasrul cxovels.
infantilizmi- es aris ganuviTareblobis forma, romelic gamow-
veulia mozard organizmze arasasurveli garemo faqtorebis moqmedebiT.
amasTan, zrasrul cxovelebSi SesamCnevi iqneba axalSobilisaTvis dama-

24
xasiaTebeli sxeulis agebuleba: grZeli fexebi, aweuli da viwro gava,
mokle, brtyeli da araRrma tani, ramdenadme mokle da farTo Tavi.
im ganuviTarebel cxovels, romelic arasasurvel garemoSi imyofe-
boda rogorc embrionul, aseve postembrionul periodSi uwodeben embri-
onal-neoteniks.
cxovelis ontogenezis procesi Seiswavleba zrdisa da diferenci-
aciis kvlevis sxvadasxva meTodebiT. amasTan, zrdis procesis Seswavlisa
da monacemTa aRricxvis meTodologiuri sakiTxebi ufro detalurad
aris damuSavebuli. kerZod, zrdis danamikas swavloben drois garkveul
periodebSi cxovelebis awonviT da sxeulis ganazomebis aRebiT. cocxa-
li masis monacemebis safuZvelze sazRvraven saerTo da saSualo dReRa-
mur, agreTve absolitur da SefardebiT namats. ganazomebis monacemebiT
angariSoben sxeulis calkeuli nawilebis absolituri da SefardebiTi
ganviTarebis maCveneblebs, xolo agebulebis indeqsebis gaangariSebiT
adgenen sxeulis proporciebis cvalebadobis dinamikas.
cxovelis sicocxleSive diferenciaciis Seswavla da aRricxva
xdeba organizmis calkeuli funqciebis gamokvlevebiT. aseTebs miekuT-
vneba mdedri individebis sarZeo, cxvrebis samatylo, frinvelebis ki
mekvercxuli produqtiulobis Seswavla. am maCveneblebis gansazRvris
meTodebi da xerxebi iZleva saSualebas davadginoT mTlianad organiz-
mis, agreTve im calkeuli organoebisa da sistemebis mdgomareobisa da
diferenciaciis xarisxi, romlebic uSualod uzrunvelyofen ama Tu im
produqtiulobis maCvenebels.
moSenebis teqnika
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebs/frinvelebs adamiani iyenebs sasursaTo
produqtebis (rZe, xorci, kvercxi) da/an teqnikuri daniSnulebis needle-
ulis (matyli, maJdaki, kraveli da sxv.) misaRebad. am saqmianobidan meti
sargeblis misaRebad aucilebelia maTi momravlebisas garkveuli piro-
bebis gaTvaliswineba, romelic gamomdinareobs saxeobrivi Taviseburebe-
bidan.
naxiris aRwarmoebis zooteqnikuri safuZvlebi
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis efeqturad moSenebisaTvis gansakuT-
rebuli mniSvneloba aqvs naxiris aRwarmoebis sworad organizacias.
aRwarmoebis qveS igulisxmeba naxiridan (koltidan, faridan, remidan, gun-
didan) asakovani, dabalproduqtiuli an sxva mizeziT gamowunebuli
cxovelebis Canacvlebas ufro produqtiuli suladobiT. imavdroulad, is
iTvaliswinebs sanaSene daniSnulebis cxovelTa mizanmimarTulad gamoz-
rdis aucileblobas, sadede suladobis pirveli dagrilebis optimaluri
asakis gansazRvras, maTi ganayofierebis xerxis gamoyenebas, cxovelTa
saxeobebis mixedviT wlis manZilze mogebis regulirebas, moSenebis meTo-
debis SerCevas, berwianobasTan da unayofobasTan brZolas da naxiris
optimaluri struqturis gansazRvras.
ganasxvaveben martiv da gafarToebul aRwarmoebas. amaTgan pirveli
gulisxmobs momdevno wlis imave periodisaTvis fermaSi cxovelTa saer-
To suladobis da sxvadasxva sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufebis urTierT
Sefardebis (struqturis) ucvlelad datovebas, xolo meore- cxovelTa
suladobis zrdas da/an struqturis Secvlas.
aRwarmoebis xasiaTi da tempebi damokidebulia:

25
 1. konkretuli saxeobis cxovelTa biologiur Taviseburebebze,
romelSic Sedis maTi nayofiereba, sqesobrivi da sameurneo simwi-
fis miRwevis asaki da nayofis mucladyofnis (an kvercxis inkuba-
ciis) periodis xangrZlivoba;
2. warmoebis zooteqnikur da ekonomikur faqtorebze. aq igulisxmeba
cxovelis sameurneo gamoyenebis xangrZlivoba, mozardis gamoz-
rdis intensivoba da realizaciis asaki.
sqesobrivi da sameurneo simwifis asaki. cxoveli sqesobrivad gaci-
lebiT ufro adre mwifdeba, vidre misi organizmi srulad ganviTardeba.
magaliTad, normalur pirobebSi gamozrdili safure xbo sqesobrivad
mwifdeba 6-8 Tvis, Rori 5-6 Tvis, cxvari 6-8 Tvis, xolo cxeni 1,5 wlis
asakSi. miuxedavad amisa, am asakSi maTi ganayofiereba dauSvebelia, vina-
idan organizms zrda da ganviTareba damTavrebuli ara aqvs. imavdroulad
pirveli ganayofierebis Zlier dagvianebam mdedr organizmSi SeiZleba
gamoiwvios nayofierebis daqveiTeba da ekonomikuradac ar aris xelsay-
reli.
amis gaTvaliswinebiT rekomendebulia sxvadasxva saxeobis sasoflo-
sameurneo cxovelebi pirvel dagrilebaze gaSvebuli iqnan Semdeg asakob-
riv periodSi:
Zroxeuli: - mozveri – 14-16 Tvis;
- dekeuli – 16-18 Tvis;
Rori: - sakerate – 10-12 Tvis;
- sanezve – 8-10 Tvis;
cxvari: - saverZe – 1,5 wlis;
- dedali SiSaqi – 1-1,5 wlis;
cxeni: - ulayi _ 3-4 wlis;
- Waki _ 3-4 wlis;
es vadebi saorientacioa da maTi Secvla konkretuli jiSis malmwi-
fadobidan, agreTve sanaSene mozardis gamozrdis pirobebidan gamomdinare
SesaZlebelia Seicvalos.
magaliTad, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac dekeuls vkvebavT normirebulad,
misi ganviTareba mimdinareobs ufro intensiurad da, Sesabamisad I dagri-
lebis asaki SeiZleba Semcirdes 16-18 Tvemde. es niSnavs, rom dekeuli
ufro adre aRwevs fiziologiur simwifes da mzadaa mogvces srulfaso-
vani namati ise, rom ar daziandes misi janmrTeloba da ar Semcirdes
produqtiuloba.
I dagrilebis optimaluri periodis, anu fiziologiuri simwifis
miRwevis asakis dadgenisas iTvaliswineben mozardis cocxal masas,
romelic imave saxeobisa da jiSis srulasakovani cxovelis cocxali
masis 65-70% unda iyos.
mdedris droze adre damakebis Tavidan asacileblad sqesobrivi sim-
wifis miRwevis asakamde sxvadasxva sqesis mozardi unda SevinaxoT
erTmaneTisagan izolorebulad. praqtikaSi Zroxis sxvadasxva sqesis
mozards cal-calke inaxaven 5-6 Tvis, Roris- 4-5 Tvis, cxvris- 5-6 Tvis,
xolo cxenis- 20-24 Tvis asakidan.
xuraoba (axureba): sakvercxeebSi kvercxujredis momwifebis periodu-
loba da, amdenad, mdedris xuraoba sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelSi gansxva-
vebulia. magaliTad, ZroxeulSi xuraoba meordeba yoveli 18-24 dRis
periodulobiT, cxenSi 15-20, RorSi 21-42, xolo cxvarSi xuraoba sezo-
nuria da Cveulebriv iwyeba Semodgomaze. am mxriv gamonaklisia imeruli
jiSis cxvari, romlis xuraobaSi sezonuroba ar aRiniSneba.

26
 erTi axurebidan meore axurebamde periods sqesobrivi cikli ewo-
deba. xuraoba dakavSirebulia mdedris nervuli moqmedebis gaZliere-
basTan da garegnulad vlindeba Semdegi niSnebiT: saerTo mousvenroba,
sasircxo bageebis SeSupeba da misgan gaWvirvale lorwos dena, sxva cxo-
velze da/an sxva cxoveli axteba masze Sextoma, xSiri Sardva, rZis sekre-
ciis Semcireba da sxva.
furebSi xuraoba saSualod grZeldeba 24-34 saaTi, nezvebSi- 36-48,
nerbebSi- 24-36 sT, WakebSi ki 5-7 dRe. amasTan, zogierTi mdedris xuraobis
periodi 6-12 saaTs ar aRemateba, rac gasaTvaliswinebelia xelovnuri
ganayofierebis praqtikisaTvis.
xuraobisas sakvercxedan kvercxsavalSi gadadis momwifebuli kver-
cxujredi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas aq Sexvdeba mamrobiTi sasqeso ujredi-
spermatozoidi, moxdeba ganayofiereba.
sayuradReboa, rom kvercxujredi ganayofierebis unars inarCunebs 4-
8 saaTis manZilze, ris gamo, aucilebelia cxoveli davagriloT dro-
ulad. amasTan, mdedris sasqeso organoebis funqciuri Taviseburebebidan
gamomdinare, xelze dagrilebisas da xelovnurad ganayofierebisas rekomen-
debulia:
• furi pirvelad davagriloT xuraobis gamovlenidan 12 saaTis,
ganmeorebiT ki, aseve, 12 saaTis gasvlis Semdeg;
• nerbi pirvelad davagriloT xuraobis niSnebis gamovlenidan 20-
24 saaTis da ganmeorebiT ki kvlav 24 saaTis Semdeg;
• nezvi pirvelad davagriloT axurebis dawyebidan 18-24 sT-is,
ganmeorebiT ki 16-18 sT-is Semdeg;
• Waki pirvelad davagriloT xuraobis gamovlenidan 24 saaTis Sem-
deg, ganmeorebiT ki yoveldRe, sasircxo bageebidan lorwos denis
damTavrebamde.
mdedris ganayofierebis wesebi. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis gana-
yofierebis sami wesia cnobili, Tavisufali dagrileba, xelze dagrileba
da xelovnuri daTesvla.
Tavisufali dagrilebisas mwarmoebels sadede pirutyvTan erTad
inaxaven da, imisda mixedviT, Tu rodis mova mdedri axurebaSi, xdeba misi
ganayofiereba.
xelze dagrilebisas mwarmoeblebs inaxaven calke sadgomSi, xura-
obaSi mosuli mdedri ki mihyavT masTan, sadac xdeba ganayofiereba.
xelovnuri daTesvlisas axurebul mdedrs aseve gamoiyvanen naxiri-
dan, mihyavT xelovnuri ganayofierebis centrSi (punqtSi) sadac speci-
aluri xelsawyo-iaraRebis gamoyenebiT xdeba spermis Seyvana mdedris saS-
vilosnos yelSi da ganayofiereba. calkeul SemTxvevaSi mdedris ganayo-
fiereba SeiZleba moxdes uSualod sadgomSi, an kidev savele pirobebSi.
dagrilebis wesis mixedviT sanaSene mwarmoeblis datvirTvis nor-
mebi metad gansxva-
cxrili 1. mwarmoeblis wliuri datvirTvis normebi vebulia. Tavisuf-
mwarmo- Tavisuflad xelze xelovnuri lad dagrilebisas
ebeli dagrilebisas dagrilebisas daTesvlisas is gacilebiT nak-
kuro 30-40 60-80 20000-mde lebia (cxrili 1),
verZi 30-40 80-100 18000-mde xelze dagrilebi-
kerati _ 20-30 550-600 sas ramdenadme
ulayi 20-25 50-60 _ meti, xolo xelov-
nuri daTesvlisas
gacilebiT meti, vidre Tavisuflad dagrilebisas.

27
 garda amisa, xelovnuri daTesvlisas Cven gveZleva SesaZlebloba
gamoviyenoT saukeTeso produqtiulobis, rogorc wesi, monaSenis xaris-
xze Sefasebuli mwarmoeblebi da, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,
Tavidan aviciloT daavadebebis gavrcelebis saSiSroeba.
nayofiereba. sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebi da frinvelebi gansxva-
vebuli nayofierebiT xasiaTdebian. furi weliwadSi gvaZlevs 1, iSviaTad
or xbos, nezvi- saSualod 18-20 goWs (is 2 weliwadSi aswrebs 4-5- jer
mogebas da TiTo mogebaze gvaZlevs 10-12 goWs), cxvris umetesi jiSis
nerbi 1-2 batkans, dedali Txa- 1-2, iSviaTad 3 Tikans, qaTami- 230-250 cal
kvercxs, ixvi-120-180, indauri 100-150, bati- 50-80 cal kvercxs. nayofiereba
cxovelebis gamoyenebis intensivobis erT-erTi maCvenebelia.
unayofoba, berwianoba. zogjer cxovelebi mTlianad an nawilob-
riv kargaven gamravlebis unars, rac unayofobis/berwianobis mizeziT
xdeba. “unayofoba” biologiuri cnebaa da niSnavs cxovelis mier, ganur-
Cevlad misi sqesisa STamomavlobis mocemis unaris droebiT an samuda-
mod dakargvas. termini “berwianoba” ekonomikur-statistikuri cnebaa da
niSnavs mdedris fiziologiurad da zooteqnikurad aucilebel vadebSi
gaunayofiereblobas an nayofis ar mocemas.
unayofoba rTuli biologiuri movlenaa da yalibdeba Sinagani
(upiratesad genetikuri) da garegani faqtorebis moqmedebiT. mecxovele-
obis praqtikaSi miRebulia, rom unayofod iTvleba mdedri, romelic
miaRwevs fiziologiur simwifes (an wina mogebidan zooteqnikurad
sasurvel vadaSi), ar axurdeba da ar ganayofierdeba. aseve unayofod
iTvleba mamri, romelic spermis mankis an sxva mizeziT ver anayofierebs
mdedrs.
droebiTi an sruli unayofoba SeiZleba gamoiwvios: genotipma (Tan-
dayolili unayofoba), cxovelis asakma (asakobrivi unayofoba), ukmarma
kvebam (alimentaruli unayofoba), Seusabamo klimatma (klimaturi unayo-
foba), arasworma movla-Senaxvam (eqsploataciuri unayofoba), kastraciam
an axurebis SemTxvevaSi ganayofierebis Segnebulad gamotovebam (xelov-
nuri unayofoba) da daavadebebma (simptomaturi unayofoba).
cxovelTa unayofobasTan da berwianobasTan brZola. sasoflo-
sameurneo cxovelebSi unayofoba, an kidev nayofierebis daqveiTeba SeiZ-
leba gamoiwvios gamravlebis organoebis funqciuri moqmedebis moSli-
lobam, rac, sakmaod xSirad, gamowveulia kvebisa da movla-Senaxvis piro-
bebis SeusabamobiT.
normaluri nayofierebis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebelia cxovelebi
vkveboT misi organizmis fiziologiuri moTxovnis Sesatyvisi dabalan-
sebuli ulufebiT. didi mniSvneloba aqvs boselSi mikroklimatis norma-
tivebis farglebSi dacvas, zamTarSi yoveldRiur mocions, agreTve zaf-
xulobiT saZovarze Senaxvisas papanaqeba sicxisa da Warbi insoolaci-
isagan maT dacvas. dadgenilia, rom es faqtorebi ganmsazRvrel gavlenas
axdenen sareproduqcio organoebis normalur funqcionirebaze.
mdedris unayofobis mizezi xSirad xdeba mamris spermis cudi
xarisxi. amitom Tavisuflad da xelze dagrilebisas aucilebelia yvela
mwarmoebeli Semowmdes spermis sixSireze, agreTve spermatozoidebis
aqtiurobasa da maT sworxazobrivad moZraobaze.
xelovnurad ganayofierebisas es problema ar dgas, vinaidan mwar-
moeblebs winaswar amowmeben spermis xarisxze. miuxedavad amisa, aucile-
belia periodulad, daTesvlis win spermis Semowmeba, vinaidan SesaZle-
belia spermiebi daixocon Senaxvis reJimis darRvevis gamo.

28
 nayofis mucladyofnis periodi. Zroxis makeobis xangrZlivoba 280-
285 dRea, kameCis- 305-340, Roris- 114-116, cxvrisa da Txis- 150 dRe, cxenis-
340, bocvris ki 30 dRe; zogierT jiSebSi makeobis periodi SeiZleba ufro
xanmokle an xangrZlivi iyos.
aqve mniSvnelovania gavarkvioT frinvelis kvercxis inkubaciisaTvis
saWiro periodis xangrZlivoba: qaTmis kvercxis inkubaciis periodi saSu-
alod grZeldeba 21, batis-30, indauris- 27, ixvis- 28, cicris- 26, xolo
mwyris- 17 dRe.
cxovelis sameurneo gamoyenebis xangrZlivoba: aRwarmoebis unari,
nayofiereba da produqtiuloba garkveuli periodis Semdeg asakis
matebasTan erTad mcirdeba. magaliTad: furebSi monawveli klebas iwyebs
VI laqtaciis Semdeg, RorebSi nayofiereba da merZeuloba ki 3-5 wlis
asakidan; qaTmebsa da batebSi kvercxmdebloba iklebs 1,5-2 da 3 wlis
asakidan, Sesabamisad.
amis gaTvaliswinebiT, yoveli konkretuli sameurneo pirobebisaTvis
da saxeobis cxovelisaTvis unda ganisazRvros gamoyenebis optimaluri
vada. furebi meurneobaSi hyavT 6-8 (ganviTarebuli mecxoveleobis
qveynebSi- 4,5-5,5), nezvi- 4-6, nerbi-6-8, cxeni ki 14-15 wlis asakamde, ris
Semdeg maT cvlian ufro produqtiulebiT. Sesabamisad gansazRvrulia
yovelwliuri wundebis maCvenebeli, romelic ZroxeulSi Seadgens 15-25%-
s, RorSi- 20-30%-s, cxvarSi ki 10-20%-s. qaTmis dedals sanaSene fermebSi
aCereben 2-3, xolo samrewvelo fermaSi 1 wlis asakamde.
gamozrdisa da realizaciis asaki dakavSirebulia ara marto cxove-
lis saxeobasTan, aramed mecxoveleobis mimarTulebasTan. ase, magaliTad,
meZroxeobaSi mozardis saxorced realizaciis optimalur asakad iTvleba
14-18 Tve, meRoreobaSi- 7-8 Tve (80-110 kg cocxali masa), mecxvareobaSi- 6-8
Tve (yarayulis warmoebisas dabadebidan 1-3 dRe).
sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebis fermaSi unda iyos naxiris Sesaba-
misi struqtura. magaliTad, sarZeo meZroxeobaSi, naxiris yovel 100 sul
cxovelze unda modiodes 40-60 furi.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
• ra gansxvavebaa bunebriv da xelovnur gadarCevas Soris?
• SerCevis romeli formebi iciT?
• moSenebis ra meTodebi iciT?
• ra aris hibridizacia?
• heterozisis movlenisas ra TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba najvari
(hibridi) cxoveli?
• ra cocxal masas unda miaRwios sanaSene mozardma (dekeulma,
sanezvem, dedalma SiSaqma) I dagrilebisas?
• ra faqtorebi moqmedeben naxiris aRwarmoebaze?
• ra aris unayofoba/berwianoba?
• ramdeni dRe makeobs furi, kameCi, nezvi, cxvari, Txa?
• ramdeni dRe sWirdeba qaTmis, indauris, ixvis, batis, cicris da
mwyris kvercxis inkubacias?
• ramdenia mwarmoeblis (kuros, verZis, ulayis) datvirTvis norma
Tavisufali da xelze dagrilebisas, agreTve xelovnuri ganayofi-
erebisas?
• ra aris zrda/ganviTareba?

29
 • romeli qsovilebi izrdeba embrionul/postembrionul periodSi
ufro intensiurad?

literatura:
1. r. mitiCaSvili- cxovelTa momSenebloba. Tbilisi, 2009;
2. g.jorjikia- sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelTa gadarCeva, SerCeva da
moSenebis meTodebi. Tbilisi, 1988;
3. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под
общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;
4. В.Ф.Красота, Т.Г.Джапаридэе, Н.М.Костомахин- разведеине селскохозяйствен-
ных животных. «КолосС», 2005;

Tavi 3. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisa

da frinvelebis jiSebi
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis da frinvelebis umetesoba adamanma
jer SemoiCvia, Semdeg ki moiSinaura Cv.w.aR.-mde 5-7 aTasi wlis winaT.
maTi warmoSobis istoriis Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovan masalas iZleva
uZvelesi adamianis sacxovrisis arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas mopovebuli
Zvlebi da gamoqvabulebis kedlebze aRmoCenili freskebi, romlebzec
warmodgenilia gareuli cxovelebze nadirobisa da SemoCveva-moSina-
urebis scenebi. amaze metyveleben, agreTve, eTnografiuli gamokvle-
vebisas mopovebuli masalebi- cxovelebis gamosaxulebiani sakulto da
yoveldRiuri WurWeli, aveji da misT.
msoflio mecnierebis mier aRiarebul sasoflo-sameurneo cxovel-
Ta moSinaurebis 6 keras Soris erT-erTi samxreT kavkasiis teritoriaze
mdebareobs, romelSic Sedis saqarTvelo. amis gaTvaliswinebiT advili
gasagebi unda iyos CvenSi Camoyalibebuli sasoflo-sameurneo cxovele-
bisa da frinvelebis jiSebis aseTi simravle da nairferovneba, romel-
Tagan zogierTi aborigenuli an endemuria.
adamianis mier gareuli cxovelis SemoCvevis, Semdeg ki moSinaure-
bis ZiriTadi mizani iyo garkveuli saSualebis (cocxali gamwevi Zalis,
produqciis wyaros) sacxovrebelTan axlos yola. Tavis mxriv, sasoflo-
sameurneo cxovelTa jiSebis warmoqmnis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli faq-
tori iyo adamianis survili da swrafva Tavisi ama Tu im saWiroebebis
dasakmayofileblad garkveuli sargeblianobis momcemi cxovelis miReba.
amasTan, sawarmoo Zalebisa da warmoebis urTierTobaTa ganviTarebam
misi miswrafebaTa areali kidev ufro gaafarTova da dRes cxoveli
warmoadgens samewarmeo saqmianobis mniSvnelovan asparezs.
dReisaTvis msoflioSi aRricxulia Zroxis 1000-mde jiSi, Roris-
100- mde, cxvris- 600-mde, Txis 60-mde cxenis 150-mde, bocveris 60-mde da
Sinauri frinvelebis ramodenime aseuli jiSi.
moSinaurebis gavleniT cxovelebma ganicades mniSvnelovani cvli-
lebebi, Seicvala maTi sxeulis zomebi da forma, zogierT saxeobaSi
daikarga gamravlebis sezonuroba, isini ufro malmwifadebi gaxdnen,
gaizarda sarZeo produqtiuloba da sxva.
magaliTad, Zroxa gadaiqca ufro patara tanis cxovelad, vidre
misi gareuli winapari turi iyo, magram calkeul SemTxvevaSi 5-8 jer
gaizarda misi monawveli. Sinauri cxenebis umravlesoba gacilebiT tana-

30
dia, vidre gareuli forma. cxvarSi moSinaurebiT daikarga gareuli
winaprisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gazafxulze gaRvervis anu balnis cvenis
Tviseba, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda matylis sigrZe, zogierTi maTgani ki
gvaZlevs metad naz, e. w. merinosul matyls.
amdenad, saukuneebis manZlze adamianis mizanmimarTuli saqmianobiT
mniSvnelovnad Seicvala moSinaurebul cxovelTa saxeobebis biologiuri
buneba, ris Sedegad warmoiSva ufro wvrili taqsonomiuri erTeulebi-
jiSebi.
jiSi aris adamianis SromiT Camoyalibebuli erTi saxe-
obis, erTiani warmoSobis, konkretuli pirobebisadmi Seguebu-
li sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis sakmaod mravalricxovani
jgufi, romlebic xasiaTdebian msgavsi eqsterierul-konsti-
tuciuri da sameurneo TvisebebiT da am Tvisebebs gadascemen
STamomavlobas.
mniSvnelovania, rom jiSi ar aris raime mudmivi, ucvleli. is siste-
matiurad ganicdis cvlilebas da am cvlilebebis mimarTulebebi damo-
kidebulia adamianis saqmianobaze, an aseTis ar arsebobaze.
jiSSi Semavali cxovelebi iyofian naTesaur jgufebad da hqmnian
jiSis struqturas- jilagebs, ekotipebs, xazebs, ojaxebs. jiSebis aseTi
agebuleba misi Semdgom srulyofas aadvilebs, magram, amisaTvis, ada-
mianis mxridan saWiroa sistematiuri da mizanmimarTuli saqmianoba,
romlis gareSe jiSis xarisxi ara Tu SenarCunebuli iqneba, aramed
gauaresdeba.
Zroxis jiSebi
sanaSene muSaobis donis mixedviT ganasxvaveben Zroxis primitiul,
gardamaval da kulturul jiSebs. produqtiuli mimarTulebis mixedviT
ki Zroxis jiSebi iyofa sarZeo, saxorce da kombinirebul (sarZeo-saxor-
ce da saxorce-sarZeo, agreTve sarZeo-saxorce-muSa) jiSebad. speciali-
zirebuli sarZeo da saxorce produqtiuli mimarTulebis jiSebi,
ZiriTadad, miekuTvnebian kulturul jiSebs, xolo kombinirebuli pro-
duqtiulobis jiSebSi gvxvdeba rogorc kulturuli, aseve gardamavali
da primitiuli jiSebi.
sarZeo jiSebi. ZiriTadad iyofa sam monaTesave jgufad- 1. SavWrel,
2. wiTel da 3. wiTelWrel jiSebad. sarZeo jiSebs aseve miekuTvneba jer-
siuli da gernsiuli jiSebi, romlebic ar enaTesavebian sxva arc erT
jiSs.
SavWreli jiSebi saTaves iRebs holandiis dasavleTis zRvis sana-
piro zolSi odiTganve cnobili SavWreli Zroxidan. am jgufSi Sedis
erTmaneTis monaTesave ramodenime aTeuli SavWreli Seferilobis jiSi,
romlebic, ZiriTadad, iwodebian moSenebis qveynebis saxelebiT: magali-
Tad germanuli SavWreli, estonuri SavWreli, rusuli SavWreli da sxv.
holStinuri jiSi. erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli da maRalpro-
duqtiulia msoflioSi. gamoyvanilia aSS da kanadaSi holandiuri Zroxis
xalasjiSiani moSenebiT gaumjobesebis gziT. jiSi ferad Sav-Wrelia,
magram gvxvdeba wiTelWreli holStinebic. sakmaod didtaniani cxovelia,
furebis simaRle mindaoSi 142-145 sm, kuroebis 155-160 sm; zrdasruli
furebis cocxali masa 600-700 kg, kuroebis 950-1100 kg, axalSobili xbos
ki 30-35 kg- a;
eqsterieriT tipiuri sarZeo produqtiuli mimarTulebis cxovelia-
Tavi msubuqi, kiseri saSualo sigrZis da SedarebiT wvrili, mkerdi saSu-

31
 alo siRrmisa da ganieri; sxeulis
sur. 10. holStinuri jiSis furi ukana mesamedi grZeli da farTo,
Zvleuli wvrili, kani Txeli da
dafarulia xSiri, mokle da bzin-
vare balaniT; kiserze kani dana-
oWebulia, kidurebi da Cliqebi
magari, curi moculobiani, upira-
tesad jamisebri formis, kertebi
umetesad cilindruli formis.
furebis saSualo monawveli 8000–
10000 kg. amasTan, rZeSi cximis da
cilis Semcveloba, ZiriTadad, ar
aris didi da, Sesabamisad, 3,6 da
3,1%-s Seadgens.
sarZeo produqtiulobis mixedviT dRes arsebuli yvela msoflio
rekordi, garda rZeSi cximisa da cilis Semcvelobisa, ekuTvnis am jiSis
furebs. mas aSeneben dasavleT evropaSi, avstraliaSi da aziis kon-
tinentze; Semoyvanilia saqarTveloSic, senakis raionis sof. TeklaTSi,
(kooperativi “tyiri”), saidanac gavrcelda sxva raionebSic.
stepis wiTeli jiSi. Camoyalibda XIX-XX saukuneebSi ukrainis ste-
pis samxreT raionebis mkacri klimatis da SedarebiT mwiri kvebis piro-
bebSi. jiSis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia holandiel-germaneli meno-
nistebis ukrainaSi CamosaxlebasTan, romlebmac Tan Camoiyvanes wiTel-
Wreli ostfrizuli da wiTeli feris angelnuri jiSis Zroxa.
Semoyvanili cxovelebi ver
Seeguen adgilobriv klimatur sur. 11. stepis wiTeli jiSis furi
pirobebs, ris gamo daiwyes maTi
Sejvareba nacara ukrainuli ji-
Sis, agreTve velikorusul Zro-
xasTan. Semdgom etapze, sxvadasxva
generaciis najvarebis “TavisSi”
moSenebiT moxda am jiSis for-
mireba.
Tavidan mas kolonisturs,
mogvianebiT ki germanul wiTel
jiSs eZaxdnen, 1941 wels ki jiSs
Seucvales saxeli da uwodes
stepis wiTeli.
mSrali da cxeli klimatisadmi Segueba da amtanoba oraswlovani
seleqciis nayofia da miCneulia jiSis ZiriTad Rirsebad, xolo naklad
iTvleba SedarebiT sustad ganviTarebuli kunTovani qsovili, agreTve
sxva kulturul sarZeo jiSebTan SedarebiT naklebi cocxali masa da
monawveli. jiSi gavrcelebulia ukrainis da ruseTis samxreT raionebSi,
agreTve centraluri aziis qveynebSi. Semoyvanili iyo saqarTveloSi.
eqsterieriT jiSi mkveTrad gamoxatuli merZeuli tipisaa: odnav
wagrZelebuli xmeli Tavi, grZeli kiseri SesamCnevad danaoWebuli kaniT;
mindao viwro da odnav maRali; zurgisa da welis xazi swori; gul-
mkerdi saSualo siRrmis da SedarebiT viwro; Rababi sustad ganviTare-
buli; gava SedarebiT mokle da daqanebuli, calkeul SemTxvevaSi ki
saxuravisebri. cxovelebis umetesobas kidurebis dgoma sworia, Cliqebi
ki magari. tyavi Txeli da elastiuria, dafarulia SedarebiT mokle da

32
xSiri balniT; curi saSualo an didi zomis da jirkvlovani, umetesad
abazanisebri an momrgvalebuli, kertebi grZeli an saSualo sigrZis da
umetesad cilindruli formis; sarZeo Wa da sarZeo venebi kargad aris
gamoxatuli.
zrdasruli furebis simaRle mindaoSi 128-130 sm, xolo kuroebis
138-141 sm-a. maTi cocxali masa, Sesabamisad, 450-520 da 750-800 kg-s
Seadgens, axalSobili xbos ki 25-30 kg-s.
sarZeo produqtiulobis mixedviT jiSis standarti I, II da III laq-
taciaze, Sesabamisad 2900, 3300 da 3700 kg rZea, 3,7 % cximiTa da 3,3% ciliT.
jersiuli jiSi. gamoyvanilia kunZul jersize (brit.) normandiuli
Zroxis xalasad moSenebis gziT; 1789 wlidan am kunZulze aikrZala
cxovelebis importi, ris gamo gamoyvanis saseleqcio samuSaoebi xor-
cieldeobda sxva jiSebisagan izolirebulad, 10-12 aTas suladobaze.
kulturul sarZeo jiSebs Soris erT-erTi yvelaze patara taniania,
furebis cocxali masa 450-500, kuro-
sur. 12. jersiuli jiSis furi ebis 750-850, axalSobili xboebis ki
20-25 kg-a. cxovelebi xasiaTdebian
malmwifadobiT: I dagrilebaze deke-
ulebs uSveben 12-14 Tvis asakSi;
amasTan, rZe gamoirCeva cximisa (5,5-
5,8%) da cilis (3,6-3,9%) maRali
SemcvelobiT.
samSobloSi furebis monawve-
li 4500-5000 kg, aSS-Si ki 4700 kg
rZea 4,95% cximiT. calkeul fer-
mebSi wvelian 7-9 aTas kg, rekordis-
ti furebidan ki 11-12 aTas kg rZes;
laqtaciur monawvelSi rZis saSu-
alo cximianobis rekordi Seadgens 8,89%-s.
gavrcelebulia dasavleT evropis qveynebSi, aSS, avstraliaSi da
sxvagan. CvenSi gamoyenebuli iyo qarTuli mTis ZroxasTan Sesajvareblad;
I Taobis najvarebi cocxali masiT, monawveliT da rZeRalianobiT
aRematebodnen adgilobriv jiSs;
kombinirebuli mimarTulebis jiSebi: Svicuri jiSi erT-erTi uZve-
lesia msoflioSi. gamoyvanilia SveicariaSi. cxovelebisaTvis damaxasiTe-
belia proporciuli agebulebis sxeuli, patara Tavi, ramdenadme wagr-
Zelebuli formis tani, Rrma da ganieri gulmkerdi, swori zurgisa da
welis xazi, odnav aweuli gava, zomi-
sur. 13. Svicuri jiSis furi erad ganviTarebuli kunTovani qso-
vili, magari Zvlovani sistema, mocu-
lobiani da upiratesad jamisebri an
abazanisebri formis curi, gamokve-
Tili sarZeo venebi da sarZeo Wa.
cxovelebi wabla feris arian
(Riadan muq wabliferamde), amasTan,
sxeulis sxva nawilebTan SedarebiT,
zurgis xazi, cxviris sarkisa da
Tvalis irgvliv midamo, agreTve
yuris niJarebisa da kidurebis Sig-
niTa mxare ufro Ria feris balniTaa
dafaruli. zrdasruli furebis saSu-

33
alo cocxali masa 500-600 kg-a, kuro-mwarmoeblebis- 800-1100 kg, xolo
axalSobili xbos 30-35 kg. intensiurad gamozrda-suqebisas mozvrebis
sadReRamiso wonamati 900-1050 g-s aRwevs, saklavi gamosavali ki 55-58%-a.
SveicariaSi furebis saSualo monawveli 4500-5000 kg rZea 3,8-4,5%
cximis SemcvelobiT. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1906 wlidan Secvales
am jiSis seleqciis mimarTuleba da cxovelebis gadarCeva daiwyes merZe-
ulobis niSnebisa da monawvelis upiratesad gadidebis moTxovnebidan
gamomdinare. dReisaTvis aq Camoyalibebulia tipiuri sarZeo produqti-
ulobis eqsterieris mqone jiSi, romelsac uwodeben Brown Swiss (wabla
Svicuri). aSS-Si is sarZeo produqtiulobiT Camouvardeba mxolod holS-
tinur jiSs.
Svicuri jiSis pirutyvi biologiurad yvela jiSze ufro labilu-
ria, riTac xsnian mis gavrcelebas rogorc civi da tropikuli klimatis
qveynebSi, aseve barisa da maRalmTian raionebSic. dReisaTvis mas aSeneben
msoflios xuTi kontinentis 100-mde qveyanaSi. saqarTveloSi es jiSi
pirvelad SemouyvaniaT 1864 wels.
kavkasiuri wabla jiSi. gamoyvanilia samxreT kavkasiis qveynebsa da
daRestanSi adgilobrivi Zroxis SvicurTan da mis monaTesave jiSebTan
Sejvarebis gziT.
saqarTveloSi, Svicuri jiSis SejvarebaSi gamoyenebis pirveli cde-
bi dakavSirebulia germaneli memamulis a. kuCenbaxis saqmianobasTan,
romelsac dRevandeli dmanisis raionis teritoriaze ruseTis mefisagan
aRebuli sesxiT SeuZenia 20 aTasi desetina miwa da mouwyvia sarZeo
ferma. vinaidan adgilobrivi Zroxa iwvelida cotas, 1964 wels mas Sve-
icariaSi SeuZenia da Camouyvania
sur. 14. kavkasiuri wabla Svicuri jiSis 13 dekeuli da 3
jiSis furi kuro.
imdroindeli cnobebis Tanax-
mad Semoyvanili cxovelebi Znelad
eguebodnen adgilobriv ekologiur
pirobebs da masobrivad avaddebod-
nen, ris gamo kuCenbaxma daiwyo maTi
Sejvareba adgilobriv pirutyvTan
da najvarebis moSeneba.
jiSis gamosayvanad intensiuri
saseleqcio muSaoba dauwyiaT XX
saukunis 40-an wlebSi. jiSad dam-
tkicda 1960 wels. masSi optimalu-
radaa Serwymuli gamosavali jiSe-
bis niSan-Tvisebebi: Svicuridan man memkvidreobiT miiRo didi cocxali
masa da maRali merZeuloba, xolo qarTuli mTis Zroxidan rZis Seda-
rebiT maRali cximianoba da garemo pirobebisadmi Semguebloba.
qarTuli populaciis cxovelebi eqsterieriT ufro kompaqturi age-
bulebisani arian, vidre Svicuri jiSi. Tavi saSualo zomis da msubuqi,
zurgisa da welis xazi swori, gava farTo da odnav aweuli; muceli
moculobiani, curi upiratesad abazanisebri an momrgvalebuli formis,
kertebi cilindruli formis kidurebi saSualo simaRlis, Cliqebi magari.
furebisaTvis standartuli cocxali masa Seadgens 370-430 kg-s,
kuroebisaTvis-570-680 kg. furebis monawvelis standarti I, II, III da met
laqtaciaze Sesabamisad aris 2000, 2500 da 2800 kg rZea, 3,7% cximiT.

34
 mozardi xasiaTdeba zrdis sakmaod maRali unariTa da saxorce
produqtiulobiT. intensiurad kvebisas 15 Tvis mozvrebis cocxali masa
aRwevs 455 kg, xolo naklavis gamosavali 59%- s Seadgens.
1990 wlisaTvis CvenSi funqcionirebda am jiSis 1 samomSeneblo da
43 sanaSene meurneoba da ferma, romelSic hyavdaT 36000 sulze meti
pirutyvi, sul saqarTveloSi ki aRricxuli iyo 100 aTas sulze meti.
dReisaTvis gavrcelebulia dmanisis, axalcixis, axalqalaqis da ninow-
mindis raionebSi, agreTve kaxeTSi, upiratesad dedofliswyarosa da
siRnaRis raionebSi.
saxorce jiSebi. ZiriTadad iyofa 3 jgufad- britanuli malmwi-
fadi, frangul-italiuri didtaniani da axali samyaros zebusnairi
jiSebi. britanuli jiSebia hereforduli, aberdin-angusuri, galovei,
SorThorni da sxva. frangul-italiur jiSebs miekuTvneba Sarole,
kianuri, limuzinuri, men-anJu, Ria aqvitanuri, romanuli da markijanuli.
axali samyaros zebusnairi jiSebia santa-gertruda, brafordi, bifmas-
teri, brangusi, Sarbrei, bramuzini, simbrazini da sxva.
hereforduli jiSi: arealiT da suladobiT am jiSs, saxorce
produqtiuli mimarTulebis jiSebs Soris, pirveli adgili ukavia
msoflioSi. is gamoyvanilia herefordis sagrafoSi, inglisis samxreT-da-
savleT nawilSi adgilobrivi muSa tipis Zroxis gaumjobesebiT.
jiSis gamoyvanis samuSaoebi
sur. 15. hereforduli jiSis
daiwyes XVIII saukunis Sua wlebSi.
kuro-mwarmoebeli
rbili klimatis gamo cxovelebs
mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi Ria cis
qveS, saZovarze inaxavdnen, ramac
ganapiroba misi konstituciuri
simagre, agreTve saZovris balaxis
kargad gamoyenebis unarisa da mov-
la-Senaxvis pirobebisadmi naklebi
momTxovnelobis Tvisebebis Camoya-
libeba.
jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
kompaqturi agebuleba, Tavi saSu-
alo sididis, saxis nawili mokle,
sxeuli kasrisebri formis da har-
moniulad ganviTarebuli, fexebi dabali, Cliqebi ki magari. ZiriTadi
feria Sindisferi wiTeli, xolo Tavi, zurgis xazi, Rababi, gugubo,
muceli da kudis funji, agreTve kidurebi majisa da saxtom saxsramdis
TeTrad aris Seferili. amasTan, TeTri da wiTeli Seferilobis zonebi
mkveTrad gamijnulia erTmaneTisagan.
jiSi malmwifadia, 1 wlis asakSi zogierTi individi 350-400 kg- s
iwonis. zrdasruli furebis cocxali masa 500-600 kg, kuro-mwarmoeb-
lebis- 850-1000 kg, xolo axalSobili xbos 30-35 kg-a. furebis merZe-
uloba 1300-1800 kg-s aRwevs, magram maT ar wvelian, vinaidan xbos zrdian
Tavisufali wovebis, e.w. “furi-xbo”-s (“cow-calf”) meTodiT.
intensiurad kvebisas mozardis sadReRamiso namati 850-1000 g-s aRe-
mateba, xolo saklavi gamosavali 58 – 63%-is farglebSia.
1846 wels dafuZnda sanaSene wigni, romelic 1883 wlidan gamoc-
xadda daxurulad. hereforduli jiSis mwarmoeblebis sperma farTod
gamoiyeneba msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sarZeo jiSebTan samrewvelo
SejvarebisaTvis. amave mizniT hereforduli jiSis mwarmoeblebi Semoy-

35
vanili iyo saqarTveloSi, siRnaRis raionis wnoris saxorce meZroxeobis
sacdel-specializebul kompleqsSi.
aberdin-angusuri jiSi: gamoyvanilia Sotlandiis Crdilo-aRmo-
savleT nawilSi, aberdinisa da angusis sagrafoSi. es zona xasiaTdeba
SedarebiT grili da nestiani klimatiT, reliefi ki gorak-borcviania.
cxovelebi xasiaTdebian coc-
sur. 16. aberdin-angusuri xali temperamentiT, harmoniuli age-
jiSis furi bulebiT da kargad gamoxatuli
saxorce formebiT: Tavi patara, kise-
ri mokle, zurgisa da welis xazi
swori da ganieri, sxeuli siRrmeSi
da siganeSi kargad ganviTarebulia
da dafarulia fumfula kunTovani
qsoviliT, barklebi aseve kunTebiT
kargadaa Sevsebuli, Zvleuli wvri-
li, fexebi dabali, Cliqebi ki magari
aqvT. ferad cxovelebi Savia. damaxa-
siaTebelia genetikuri urqooba, rac
dominanturi niSan-Tvisebaa.
jiSi malmwifadia. ukve 14-16 Tvis asakSi amTavrebs intensiur zrdas
da cocxali masa aRwevs zrdasruli individebis 80-85%-s. gasuqebuli
pirutyvis xorci didi raodenobiT Seicavs kunTebsSoris da kunTebsSig-
niTa qons, ros gamo marmarilosebri Sesaxedaoba aqvs.
am jiSis cxovelebi advilad eguebian sxvadasxva klimaturi zonis
pirobebs, ris gamo importirebulia aSS-Si, kanadaSi, avstraliaSi, brazi-
liaSi, axal zelandiaSi, samxreT afrikasa da sxvagan. Semoyvanili iyo
saqarTveloSi (siRnaRis raionis wnoris kompleqsi).
tanadobiT isini Camouvardebian sxva britanul saxorce jiSebs.
furis da kuros cocxali masa, Sesabamisad Seadgens 450-500 da 750-850 kg-
s, xolo axalSobili xbos masa 25-30 kg-a.
furis merZeuloba sakmarisia mawovari xbos normaluri zrda-
ganviTarebisaTvis; 6-8 Tvis asakSi dedidan asxletili mozardi 170-190 kg-
s iwonis, intensiurad suqebisas dReRamuri namati 800-950 grami, xolo 18
Tvis asakSi dakluli mozardis naklavis gamosavali 60-65% -a. xorcis
xarisxiT mas badali ara hyavs. zrdis potenciisa da xorcis xarisxis
gasaumjobeseblad es jiSi gamoiyeneba samrewvelo SejvarebaSi.
Sarole. gamoyvanilia safrangeTis centralur raionebSi, Saroles
provinciaSi. didtanianobasTan erTad gamoirCeva zrdis maRali energiiT,
magram gvianmwifadia. kargad iyenebs
bunebriv saZovrebs. sur. 17. Saroles jiSis kuro-
Tavis samSobloSi furebis mwarmoebeli
cocxali masa 700-800, kuroebis 1000-
1400 kg-s aRwevs. axalSobili xbos
masa 40-45 kg-a.
zrdis potenciiT aRemateba
britanul saxorce jiSebs, magram
naklavis gamosavliTa da xorcis
xarisxiT Camouvardeba maT. 8 Tvis
asakSi asxletili mozardis coc-
xali masa Seadgens 200-220 kg-s.
mozvrebis saSaulo dReRamuri wona-

36
mati intensiurad suqebisas 1200 g- a, saklavi gamosavali ki 55-56%.
naklovani mxareebidan aRniSnaven garTulebuli mSobiarobis maRal
sixSires, rac dakavSirebulia axalSobili xbos farToSublianobasTan
da didi masasTan. garda amisa SeimCneva uxeSi Zvlovani sistema da
msxvilboWkovani kunTovani qsovili.
cxovelebSi sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba “dopelendarizmi”, anu sxe-
ulis ukana mesamedis kunTebis hipertrofia (gaormageba). Saroles jiSs
aSeneben msoflios 5 kontinentze. farTod gamoiyeneba sarZeo jiSebTan
samrewvelo SejvarebaSi.
zebusnairi saxorce jiSebi: Zroxisnairebis qveojaxis (bovinae) xaris
(bos) gvarSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia zebus, anu indur Zroxas (Bos
taurus indicus), romelic aris Cveulebrivi Zroxis nairsaxeoba. is ZroxasTan
Sewyvilebisas iZleva nayofier STamomavlobas, miRebul cxovelebs ki
eZaxian zebusnairebs.
arsebuli monacemebiT msoflioSi Zroxeulis yvelaze gavrcelebul
299 jiSs Soris 121 aris zebu an zebusnairi. sul ki cnobilia zebusa da
zebusnairi Zroxis 380-mde jiSi. maTi suladoba 450 mln-s aRemateba, anu
Zroxeulis saerTo suladobis 1/3- s Seadgens.
zebu xasiaTdeba papanaqeba sicxisadmi tolerantobiT, ZroxasTan
SedarebiT uxeSi sakvebis sayuaTo nivTierebebis ukeTesi monelebadobiT,
agreTve zogierTi infeqciuri da invaziuri daavadebisadmi gadidebuli
rezistentobiT da/an imunurobiT. es Tvisebebi memkvidreobiT aris gan-
sazRvruli da Sejvarebisas maRali ganmeorebadobiT vlindeba STamo-
mavlobaSi. amdenad es cxovelebi Seucvlelni arian tropikuli da
subtropikuli klimatis qveynebis bunebrivi sakveb-savargulebis aTvise-
bis TvalsazrisiT, xolo zebusnairi axali jiSebi sakmaod efeqturebi
arian intensiuri mecxoveleobis pirobebSic.
zebus jiSebidan gansakuTrebulad sayuradReboa bramanis da misi
monaTesave jiSebi- indubrazili da kuburi zebu.
bramani. gamoyvanilia aSS-Si zebus induri jiSebis- ongoles,
kankrejisa da giris monawileobiT. is saxorce-sarZeo produqtiuli
mimarTulebisaa. misi eqsterierisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia kiser-mindaos
midamoSi arsebuli xorcovan-qonovani kuzi, agreTve metad didi zomis
yurebi da kanis naoWebi Rababze, gugubosa da mucelze. ferad cxovelebi
Ria nacrisferia, gvxvdeba wiTeli feris bramanis jiSis naxirebic.
furebis cocxali masa 450-550 kg, kuro- mwarmoeblebis 850-1000 kg,
axalSobili xbos ki 25-30 kg-a.
sur. 18. bramanis jiSis zebus
ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba saxorce
kuro-mwarmoebeli mimarTulebis teqnologiiT, ra
drosac xbos zrdian dedis Tavisu-
flad wovebis pirobebSi. amitom
furebis sarZeo produqtiulobaze
SeiZleba vimsjeloT xbos cocxa-
li masiT 6,5-8 Tvis asakSi asxle-
tisas, rac 185-200 kg-s Seadgens.
bramanis jiSi gamoirCeva
papanaqeba sicxisadmi mdgradobiT,
praqtikulad ar avaddeba piro-
plazmidozebis iseTi formebiT,
rogoricaa piroplazmozi, anaplaz-
mozi da fransealozi, xolo

37
TeilerioziT davadeba vlindeba suladobis 15-20%-Si da rogorc wesi,
letali Sedegis gareSe. garda amisa, es jiSi rezistentulia iseTi daava-
debisadmi, rogorebicaa brucelozi, tuberkulozi, Turquli, tripono-
somozi.
gamoiyeneba Cveulebrivi Zroxis jiSebTan samrewvelo SejvarebaSi,
ra drosac heterozisis maRali efeqtis wyalobiT miRebuli Taoba
gamoirCeva orive mSoblebTan SedarebiT zrdis ufro maRali energiiT,
sicocxlisunarianobiT da saukeTeso saklavi produqtiulobiT.
bramanis tipis zebus monaTesave kuburi zebu gamoicada saqarTve-
los baris raionebSi. adgilobriv jiSebTan hibridizaciisas gaizarda
sarZeo da saxorce produqtiuloba, agreTve gaumjobesebis furebis
nayofiereba, namatis gamosavlianoba da sicocxlisunarianoba.
induri zebus monawileobis, gamoyvanilia sarZeo produqtiuli
mimarTulebis iseTi jiSebi, rogorebicaa iamaikis imedi (Jamaika Hope),
avstraliuri merZeuli zebu (AMZ) da zebu-frizi (FS).
bifmasteri. gamoyvanilia aSS samxreT da samxreT-dasavleTis Sta-
tebSi, bramanis jiSis zebus SejvarebiT saxorce produqtiuli mimar-
Tulebis SorThornis da herefordul jiSebTan. mis genotipSi ½ sisxli
bramanis, danarCeni ki daaxloebiT Tanabrad SorThornisa da herefor-
duli jiSebisaa.
am jiSis cxovelebSi gaerTi- sur. 19. bifmasteris jiSis kuro-
anebulia samive gamosavali formis mwarmoebeli
saukeTeso Tvisebebi: zebusgan man
miiRo papanaqeba sicxisadmi gamZ-
leoba da daavadebebisadmi maRali
rezistentoba, xolo SorThornisa
da herefordulisagan malmwifado-
ba, zrdis potencia, maRali sak-
lavi produqtiuloba da xorcis
saukeTeso sagemovno Tvisebebi.
cxovelebi ferad wiTelia,
calkeul individebSi aRiniSneba
umniSvnelo TeTri niSnebi Tavze
da mkerdze, agreTve curis da sasinjis midamoebSi. furebis cocxali
masa 500-600 kg, kuroebis 850-1000 kg, axalSobili xbos 25-35 kg, xolo
mozardis dedidan 6,5-8 Tvis asakSi asxletisas- 190-220 kg.
jiSs aSeneben xalasad. karg Sedegs iZleva samrewvelo SejvarebaSi,
ra drosac miiReba heterozisis maRali efeqtis mqone sasuqi mozardi.
Zroxis qarTuli endemuri/aborigenuli jiSebi. qarTuli mTis
Zroxa. kavkasiis endemia. is berZeni filosofosis aristoteles mier Cv.w.
aR-mde IV saukuneSi aRwerili Zroxis uSualo STamomavalia, romelic
miuxedavad „patara tanis“-a „bevr rZes“ iZleoda.
am ZroxaSi ganasxvaveben fSav-xevsurul, osur, raWul, svanur, afxa-
zur da aWarul jilagebs. maT Soris erT-erTi yvelaze merZeulia fSav-
xevsuruli jilagi.
msoflioSi cnobili 17 juja tanis Zroxis jiSebidan qarTuli mTis
Zroxas me-15 adgili ukavia. zrdasruli furis simaRle mindaoSi 98-102 sm-
a, cocxali masa ki 180-230 kg. kuro-mwarmoeblis cocxali masa 280-300 kg,
xolo axalSobili xbos- 11-15 kg-a.
feriT araerTgvarovania: 51% Savia, 24% wiTeli an Calisferi, 15%
SavWreli, 8% wiTelWreli da 2% veJani. eqsterieriT cxovelebi uaxlov-

38
debian merZeul tips: Tavi patara da msubuqi; tani zomierad grZeli, zurgisa
da welis xazi swori, gulmkerdi saSualo siRrmisa da siganis, muceli
moculobiani; kani Txeli da elastiuri, kidurebi mokle, Cliqebi magari,
curi upiratesad jirkvlovani da momrgvalebuli formis. gamoirCeva magari
konstituciiT da amtanobiT. mas SeuZlia mTis cicabo, 350- mde daqanebul
saZovarze sakvebis mopoveba.
mwiri kvebisas furis saSualo monawveli 800-900 kg rZea, 4,2% cximiT.
normirebuli kvebis da gaumjobesebuli movla-Senaxvis pirobebSi 7 suli
sxvebze ufro produqtiuli furebis saSualo 305-dRiuri monawveli iyo 2530
kg rZe 4,67% cximiT, xolo yvelaze didi monawveliT gamoirCeoda furi
„guta“ # 236, romelmac IV laqtaciaze moiwvela 4111 kg rZe 4,96% cximiT.
aseTi maRali produqtiuloba ar aris erTeuli SemTxveva: magaliTad, furma
„lela“ # 494-ma V laqtaciaze
moiwvela 3126 kg rZe 5,61% cximiT. sur. 20. qarTuli mTis Zroxis
jiSi gamoirCeva suqebis kargi kuro-mwarmoebeli
unariT da xorcis maRali sagemovno
TvisebebiT. naialaRari mozvrebis
suqebisas cocxali masis saSualo
dReRamurma namatma 671 g, xolo
saklavma gamosavalma 51,2% Seadgina.
xorci Seicavs 64% wyals, 19,8% ci-
lebs, 15,3% cximebs da 0,9% minera-
lur marilebs.
aman ganapiroba fermerebSi am
jiSis popularoba da ganixileba
rogorc maRalmTiani regionebis
kurortebisa da dasasvenebeli sax-
lebis ekologiurad sufTa, e.w.
„naturaluri“ rZiT da xorciT moma-
ragebis erTaderT wyarod.
megruli wiTeli jiSi. gamoyvanilia megreli mejogeebis mier XIX-
XX saukuneebis mijnaze adgilobrivi patarataniani Zroxis xalasad moSe-
nebiT da mkacri gadarCevisa da SerCevis pirobebSi. sxvebTan SedarebiT
ukeTes Sedegs miaRwies Zmebma kvaracxeliebma, romelTa gvariT sakmaod
xSirad moixsenieba es jiSi.
sur. 21. megruli wiTeli mTeli wlis manZilze ubi-
jiSis furi naod Senaxvam da mizanmimarTulma
saseleqcio muSaobam xeli Seuwyo
magari konstituciis cxovelebis
Camoyalibebas, agreTve maTi adap-
taciis diapazonis gafarToebas da
janmrTelobis gakaJebas.
cxovelebi Tanabrad kargad
eguebian mTis alpur da kolxeTis
daWaobebul saZovarze Senaxvas da
advilad itanen Sor manZilebze
gadarekvas. zamTarSi isini madi-
anad Seeqcevian kolxeTis daWaobe-
buli saZovrebis uxeS balaxnars, maT Soris ”xaias” (Cares elata bellardi),
romelsac Zroxis kulturuli jiSebi ar Wamen.

39
 cxovelebis sxeuli proporciuli agebulebisaa; Zvleuli wvrili
da magari, kunTovani sistema ki zomierad ganviTarebuli aqvT. srulasa-
kovani furebis simaRle mindaoSi 112,4 sm, tanis iribi sigrZe (joxiT)
133,5 sm, gulmkerdis siRrme ki 61,6 sm-a. jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
sxvadasxva intensivobis wiTeli Seferiloba, rqebi da Cliqebi ki Taf-
lisferi aqvs.
konstituciurad cxovelebi ufro sarZeo tipisaken ixrebian. amas-
Tan, maT axasiaTebs kargi samuSao Tvisebebi, gamZleoba, Rone, Cqari moZ-
raoba da gawevis unari. cdebSi damtkicebulia, rom megruli wiTeli
jiSis xarebis gawevis unarma cocxali masis 57%, maSin rodesac Svicur
jiSSi mxolod 46% Seadgina.
furebis saSualo cocxali masa 270-280 kg (maqsimaluri 358), kuro-
ebis 350-420 kg, axalSobili xbos ki 15-17 kg-a. saZovruli kvebisas
furebis monawveli 1400-1900 kg rZea 4,3-4,4% cximis SemcvelobiT.
lanCxuTis raionis sofel akeTis sanaSene fermaSi I da III laqta-
ciis furebi iwvelidnen 1800 da 2440 kg rZes, Sesabamisad. mTaSi ialaRo-
bisas saZovrul sakvebze damatebiT 1 kg kombinirebuli sakvebis micemisas
laqtaciis 305 dRiuri monawveli gaizarda da Seadgina 3017 kg rZe, 4,33%
cximiT. jiSis rekordi monawvelis mixedviT ekuTvnis fur ”Toria” #
0861- s, romlisaganac miRebulia 4315 kg rZe, 4,28% cximiT.
jiSi xasiaTdeba damakmayofilebeli zrdis unariT da kargi sak-
lavi produqtiulobiT. dabadebidan zomierad intensiuri kvebisas 18
Tvis asakis mozvrebi iwonidnen 289,2 kg-s, maTi dakvliT miRebulia 144,4
kg masis tanxorci, xolo naklavis gamosavalma 53% Seadgina.
1996-1999 wlebSi samegrelo-guriis raionebis eqspediciuri Seswav-
lisas fermerul (glexur) meurneobebSi xalasjiSiani cxovelebis sula-
dobam Seadgina 10,6 aTasi suli.
kameCis jiSebi
kameCi miekuTvneba xarisnairTa qveojaxis kameCis (Bubalus) gvars. is
Zroxis monaTesave saxeobaa magram mas ar ujvardeba. ganasxvaveben kameCis
or saxeobas, aziurs (Bubalus bubalus) da afrikuls (Bubalus sincerus); aziuri
kameCis rogorc gareuli aseve Sinauri formaa cnobili, xolo afrikuli
kameCi mxolod gareuli formiTaa warmodgenili.
aziuri kameCis moSinaurebis adgilad iTvleba indoeTisa da indo-
CineTis naxevarkunZulebi. masSi ganasxvaveben or tips grZelrqian anu
Waobis da moklerqian anu mdinaris kameCs. miuxedavad imisa, rom am or
tips qromosomebis raodenoba gansxva-
sur. 22. moklerqiani kameCi vebuli aqvT (Sesabamisad, 2n = 48 da 50-
s), isini ujvardebian erTmaneTs da
gvaZleven nayofier STamomavlobas.
am saxeobis bunebrivi arealia
aziis kontinenti, evropis samxreTi da
afrikis CrdiloeT nawili. amasTan
gvxvdeba rogorc barSi, aseve mTian
qveynebSic (mag. nepalSi). importire-
bulia CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikaSi,
avstraliaSi, israelSi, germaniaSi da
sxva qveynebSi. gamoiyeneba rZis da xor-
cis sawarmoeblad, agreTve rogorc muSa pirutyvi sasoflo-sameurneo da
satransporto samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad. samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis da

40
malaiziis arqipelagis qveynebSi kameCis monawileobiT awyoben sxvadasxva
sanaxaobebs da Sejibrebebs.
msoflioSi kameCis suladobam 2005 wlisaTvis 167 mln-s miaRwia.
aqedan 98 mln sulamde hyavT indoeTSi, 31 mln egvipteSi, 23 mln CineTSi,
22 mln ki pakistanSi. 1960 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi kameCis suladoba 60
aTas sulze meti iyo, 2005 wlis monacemebiT ki 27 aTass Seadgens.
aziuri kameCis 40- mde jiSia cnobili. yvelaze meti jiSi- 15 hyavT
indoeTSi. am qveyanaze modis msoflioSi warmoebuli kameCis rZis 50%.
sxvadasxxva jiSebSi laqtaciuri monawveli cvalebadobs 700-dan 2500 kg-
mde. amasTan, calkeuli individebi iwvelian 4000-4500 kg rZes. laqtacia,
grZeldeba 300-305 dRe, Tumca xSiria Semoklebuli laqtaciis SemTxvevebi.
cxrili 2. kameCis zogierTi jiSis sarZeo produqtiuloba
da cocxali masa
jiSi qveyana laqtaciuri rZeSi furkameCis
monawveli, kg cximis % wona, kg
murahi indoeTi 1800-2500 7,3-7,8 430-460
nili-ravi “ – “ 1800-2000 6,5 -7,3 530-550
surti “ – “ 1500-1750 7,5-8,0 380-440
mehsana “ – “ 1800-2000 7,0-7,3 390-420
jafarabadi “ – “ 2000-2200 7,2-8,0 500-600
“ – “ brazilia 1800-2200 7,5-8,0 500-700
anatoliis TurqeTi 700-1000 6,6-8,1 300-350
bulgaruli bulgareTi 1600-1800 7,0-7,5 500-600
egvi pturi egvi pte 1200-2100 6,5-7,0 450-500
kavkasiuri azerbaijani 1200-1300 6,6-7,0 380-420
“ – “ saqarTvelo 1100-1500 7,3-7,7 370-450

kameCis rZe Seicavs TiTqmis 2-jer met cxims da 30-40%-iT met cilas,
vidre Zroxis rZe. amasTan, maT rZeSi qolesterinis raodenoba naklebia,
tokoferolis ki meti, vidre sxva saxeobis cxovelebis rZeSi. Tu gaviT-
valiswinebT imas, rom tokoferoli aris bunebrivi antioqsidanti, gasa-
gebi gaxdeba am produqtis maRali biologiuri Rirebuleba;
garda amisa, kameCis rZe mdidaria kalciumiTa da fosforiT, xolo
peroqsidazis aqtivoba masSi 2-4- jer ufro maRalia, vidre Zroxis rZeSi;
am saxeobis cxovelis rZidan amzadeben sayovelTaod cnobil
italiur yvels mocarelas. CvenSi didad fasobs kameCis rZidan damza-
debuli mawoni, suluguni da naduRi.
kameCi gvianmwifadi cxovelia. rogorc wesi, pirvelad igebs 3,5-4
wlis asakSi. makeobis xangrZlivoba 305-340 dRea. jiSebis umravlesoba
Savi ferisaa. amasTan gvxvdeba TeTri, wiTeli da SavWreli jiSebi. maT
sxeuli kuTxovani formis da tlanqi aqvT, Tavi mZime, mindao odnav
SemaRlebuli, gulmkerdi saSualo siRrmisa da sifarTis, zurgisa da
welis xazi odnav Cazneqili, gava mokle da daqanebuli, muceli
moculobiani, arc Tu iSviaTad CamoSvebuli, kidurebis dadgma swori,

41
kunTebi sustad ganviTarebuli, Zvlovani sistema msxvili, Cliqebi magari,
tyavi sqeli, romelic dafarulia iSviaTi balniT.
am saxeobis cxovelebis moSenebis aucilebeli winapirobaa wylis
arseboba. saqme is aris, rom maT saofle jirkvlebi sustad aqvT ganvi-
Tarebuli, ris gamo sicxisas is wyalSi CawoliT cdilobs SeinarCunos
organizmis normaluri fiziologiuri mdgomareoba.
kameCi 12-15%-iT ufro ukeT inelebs uxeSi sakvebis sayuaTo nivTi-
erebebs, vidre Zroxa. is madianad Seeqceva uxeSi saZovris iseT balax-
nars, romelsac, rogorc wesi, Cveulebrivi Zroxa ar Wams. misi moSeneba
ufro efeqturia mwiri kvebisas, magram swrafad reagirebs kvebisa da
movla-Senaxvis pirobebis gaumjobesebaze.
zrdis intensivobiT kameCi CamorCeba Zroxis kulturul jiSebs,
magram sjobs primitiul (mag. qarTul) jiSebs. intensiurad kvebisas 16
Tvis asakisaTvis kavkasiuri kameCis qarTuli populaciis xarzaqis coc-
xali masa 360-390 kg-s aRwevs. zrdasruli kameCis saklavi gamosavali 48-
51%-a, intensiurad gamozrdili zaqis ki 54-55%.
kameCis xorci Seicavs 64-69 % wyals, 19-20 % cilebs, 10-15% cximebs
da 0,8-0,9% mineralur marilebs. amasTan, Cveulebriv ZroxasTan Sedare-
biT, kameCis tanxorcSi naklebia rbilobis (Wamadi nawilis) raodenoba,
simagriT da gemovnebiT ki 2-2,5 wlis asakamde zaqis xorci praqtikulad
ar gansxvavdeba imave asakis Zroxis mozardis xorcisagan; aris cnobebi,
rom zaqis xorci warsulSi anemiis (sisxlnaklulobis) da leikozis
samkurnalod gamoiyeneboda.
Roris jiSebi
inglisuri msxvili TeTri jiSi. universaluri produqtiuli mimar-
Tulebisaa. gamoyvanilia me-19
saukuneSi inglisSi, rTuli sa- sur. 23. msxvili TeTri
axaljiSo SejvarebiT, adgilob- jiSis nezvi
rivi gvianmwifadi Roris mal-
mwifad CinurTan da mravalna-
yofier neapolitanur da portu-
galiur jiSebTan SejvarebiT.
cxovelebs sxeuli harmo-
niulad ganviTarebuli aqvT, kon-
stitucia ki magari. isini kargad
eguebian gansxvavebul klimatur
pirobebs da malmwifadebi arian.
zrdasruli keratebis masa 300-
350 kg-s, nezvebis ki 200-250 kg-s
Seadgens. nezvebis nayofiereba 10-12 goWi, xolo merZeuloba 70-80 kg-a.
kombinirebuli produqtiuli mimarTulebisaa. gamoiyeneba sabekone,
saxorce da saqone suqebisaTvis. intensiuri kvebisas 6 Tvis mozardis masa
100 kg-s aRwevs, xolo 1 kg namatze xarjavs 4 kg sakveb erTeuls.
jiSma udidesi gavlena moaxdina msoflios meRoreobaze, vinaidan
misi monawileobiT gamoyvanilia ramodenime aTeuli jiSi. mas aSeneben
evropis qveynebSi, CineTSi, koreaSi, iaponiaSi, kanadaSi da axal zelandi-
aSi. Semoyvanili iyo saqarTveloSi.
landrasi. sabekone Roris pirveli specializirebuli jiSia. gamoy-
vanilia daniaSi adgilobrivi Roris msxvil TeTr jiSTan SejvarebiT
da cxoveluri cilebis didi raodenobiT Semcveli ulufebiT kvebis

42
pirobebSi. amasTan, xangrZlivi periodis manZilze mimdinareobda cxove-
lebis gadarCeva da SerCeva malmwifadobis, saxorce Tvisebebisa da
wonamatiT sakvebis anazRaurebis gasaumjobeseblad.
sur. 24. landrasis jiSis nezvi reproduqciuli Tvisebebi ise-
Tive maRali aqvs, rogorc msxvil
TeTr jiSs, xolo masTan SedarebiT
am jiSis Roris tanxorci Seicavs 2-
5%- iT met kunTovan qsovils. misi
tanxorci garedan dafarulia Seda-
rebiT Txeli kanqveSa qoniT.
damaxasiaTebelia wagrZelebu-
li, farTo da brtyeli sxeuli,
grZeli, Tvalze gadafarebuli yu-
rebi, TeTri da Txeli tyavi, aseve
TeTri da iSviaTi jagari. keratis
cocxali masa 300 kg-s, nezvebis ki 250 kg-s aRwevs, nayofiereba ki 11 goWia.
farTod gamoiyeneba msxvil TeTr da sxva jiSebTan samrewvelo
SejvarebaSi, ra drosac nayofiereba matulobs 5-10%-iT, namatis malmwi-
fadoba 5-12 %-iT, xolo cocxali masis yovel 1 kg namatze sakvebis dana-
xarji mcirdeba 2-7%-iT.
kaxuri Rori. Camoyalibebulia xalxuri seleqciiT gareuli Roris
kavkasiuri formis moSinaurebis safuZvelze. am saxeobis evropuli jiSe-
bis msgavsad miekuTvneba mokleyura Roris qvejgufs.
garegnulad is Zalian Camo-
sur. 25. kaxuri Rori gavs gareuli Rors, Seguebulia
mTabarobis pirobebs da kargad
iTvisebs bunebriv sakveb savar-
gulebs. gamomdinare movla-Senaxvis
upiratesad eqstensiuri pirobebi-
dan, xSir SemTxvevaSi, misi pro-
duqtiuloba mWidrodaa dakavSi-
rebuli foTlovani tyis nayofebis
mosavlianobasTan.
kaxuri RorisaTvis damaxasi-
aTebelia uxeSi konstitucia, sxe-
uli dafarulia moSao-wablisferi
grZeli, xSiri jagriT da mokle
TivTikiT. ZiriTadad Savi ferisaa,
gvxvdeba muqi nacrisferi an Ria wiTeli feris erTeuli individebi.
damaxasiaTebelia mokle, samkuTxediseburi nafota sxeuli ukeT
ganviTarebuli wina nawiliT. Tavi didi, profili swori, yurebi mokle
da dacqvetili, mindao maxvilisebri, zurgi da weli odnav amozneqili,
gava sustad ganviTarebuli da daxrili, muceli patara da akruli. nez-
vebs umetes SemTxvevaSi aqvs 10 ZuZu. keratebis masa 115-120 kg-a, nezvebis 95-
100 kg, sxeulis sigrZe ki, Sesabamisad, 105-110 da 95-100 sm-s Seadgens.
nezvi erT mogebaze igebs 6-7 goWs, romlebic gareuli Roris
goWebisEmsgavsad dabadebisas zolianebi arian. nezvis merZeuloba 30-35
kg-iT ganisazRvreba. mTabarobis pirobebSi mozardis saSualo dReRamuri
namati 260 grams aRwevs, xolo 1 kg wonamatze xarjavs 8 kg sakveb erTeuls.
kaxeTis mxaris fermerebis da soflad mcxovreblebis mier kaxuri
Roris moSenebas ganapirobebs jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Zvirfasi

43
niSan-Tvisebebi, agreTve qveyanaSi safuraJe marcvlis mwvave deficiti da
kombinirebuli sakvebis siZvire.
2000 welTan SedarebiT 2008 wlisaTvis kaxeTis mxareSi Roris
suladoba 11- jer Semcirda da Seadgina 7,4 aTasi suli. amasTan kaxuri
Roris ricxovnobaze da maTSi xalasjiSianebis xvedriT wilze ramde-
nadme sarwmuno monacemebi ar aris. aseTi mdgomareoba, metad damafiqre-
belia, rameTu arsebobs am jiSis mTlianad dakargvis saSiSroeba.
cxvris jiSebi
cxvris sameurneo klasifikacia efuZneba im ZiriTadi produqciis
saxes, xarisxsa da raodenobas, risTvisac aSeneben ama Tu im jiSis
cxvrebs. amis gaTvaliswinebiT cxvrebi iyofa Semdeg jgufebad: nazmat-
ylovani, naxevrad nazmatylovani, naxevrad uxeSmatylovani da uxeS-
matylovani jiSebi. es ukanaskneli Tavis mxriv iyofa- samaJdake, saqurqe-
sakravelo, saxorce-samatylo da saxorce-samatylo-sarZeve jiSebad.
1997 wels msoflioSi cxvris suladobam Seadgina 1,05 mlrd. suli,
aqedan CineTSi hyavdaT 132,7 mln, avstraliaSi 123,3 mln, indoeTSi 56,5
mln, iranSi 52 mln da axal zelandiaSi 47,4 mln suli.
saqarTveloSi 2007 wlisaTvis aRricxulia 624.0 aTasi suli cxvari,
xolo yvelaze didi raodenoba- 2-mln- mde hyavdaT iyo 1953-1954 wlebSi.
rambulie – gamoyvanilia XIX saukuneSi safrangeTSi, espaneTidan
Seyvanili merinosuli cxvris sxvadasxva jiSebis SejvarebiT. gamosavali
formebisagan isini gansxvavdebian ufro didi zomebiT, malmwifadobiT,
xSiri da grZeli bewviT. verZebis cocxali masa Seadgens 80-90 kg-s,
nerbebis- 50-60 kg-s. verZebis wliuri naparsi- 8-10, nerbebis ki 5-7 kg-a.
matyli 6-7sm sigrZis da 64-70 xarisxisaa. misi monawileobiT gamoyvanilia
ramodenime jiSi, maT Soris avstraliuri merinosi, askaniuri da kavka-
siuri nazmatylovani jiSebi.
avstraliuri merinosi – gamoyvanilia XVII saukuneSi espaneTidan,
germaniidan da inglisidan Seyvanili merinosuli cxvrebis SejvarebiT,
mogvianebiT ki SejvarebaSi gamoyenebuli iyo franguli rambulies jiSi.
gxvdeba ramodenime tipis: tipi “fain”- aqvs 70 da ufro maRali xarisxis
matyli, verZebis masa 65-70, nerbebis 35-40 kg; tipi “mediumi”- matyli 64-66
xarisxis, verZebis masa 75-85, nerbebis 40-44 kg; tipi “strongi”- matyli 58-
60 xarisxis, verZebis masa 80-95 kg,
nerbebis-42-48 kg. sur. 26. askaniuri nazmatylo-
avstraliuri merinosis verZe- vani jiSis verZi-mwarmoebeli
bis saSualo naparsi 9-10 kg (maqsi-
maluri 20 kg) nerbebis ki 4-5 kg
(maqsimaluri 10 kg), matylis sigrZe
7,5-10 sm-s Seadgens.
askaniuri nazmatylovani jiSi
gamoyvanilia 1925-34 w.w. ukrainis
stepis raionebis mecxoveleobis
samecniero-kvleviT institutSi,
adgilobrivi nazmatylovani cxvre-
bis amerikul rambuliesTan Sejva-
rebiT da miRebuli Taobis mizan-
mimarTuli gadarCeva-SerCeviT.
kargad egueba mSral kli-
mats. verZebis cocxali masa 110-140 kg, nerbebis 60-70 kg, saSualo naparsi

44
verZebis- 10-12 kg, nerbebis 5,5-6 kg. am jiSs ekuTvnis msoflio rekordi
naparsis mixedviT, romelic Seadgens 30,6 kg-s. matyli 64 xarisxis,
sigrZiT ki 7-8 sm- s aRwevs. saukeTeso suladoba hyavT samomSeneblo
“askania-nova”-Si (xersonis olqi).
TuSuri cxvari. gamoyvanilia mTabarobis eqstremalur pirobebSi,
qarTveli mecxvareebis, usaxelo seleqcionerebis mier saukuneebis man-
Zilze ganxorcielebuli mizanmimarTuli gadarCevisa da SerCevis safuZ-
velze. jiSis sawyisi forma iyo mWlekudiani Zveli qarTuli cxvari,
romelsac saseleqcio muSaobis sxvadasxva etapze ujvarebdnen uxeSmat-
ylovan, cximkudian da dumian cxvrebs. dRes arsebuli saxiT TuSuri
cxvris gamoyvana daTariRebulia XIII-XIV saukuneebiT.
mTeli wlis manZilze saZovrulma Senaxvam da yovelwliurad sazam-
Trodan sazafxulo saZovrebamde da ukan 200-500 km manZilze gadarekvis
mZime pirobebma xeli Seuwyo TuSuri cxvris konstituciis gamagrebas da
garemo pirobebisadmi tolerantobis gamomuSavebas.
cxovelebs sxeuli harmoniulad aqvT ganviTarebuli, Tavi saSualo
zomis, nazi, msubuqi da balniT sakmaod kargad Sebusuli; profili
nerbebSi swori, verZebSi odnav kexiani; yurebi saSualo sididis, rqebi
verZebSi kargad ganviTarebuli da dagrexili, nerbebSi ki, ZiriTadad,
rkalisebri formisaa, sxeuli saSualo sigrZis, zurgisa da welis xazi
swori, mkerdi Rrma da sakmaod ganieri, fexebi grZeli da SedarebiT
msxvili, Cliqebi magari, gava odnav daqanebuli, romelic mTavrdeba
kargad ganviTarebuli cximkudiT. miekuTvneba uxeSmatylovani cxvrebis ji-
Sebs. gavrcelebulia aRmosavleT
sur. 27. TuSuri jiSis saqarTveloSi.
verZi-mwarmoebeli zrdasruli verZebis cocxa-
li masa 60-70 kg-a. nerbebis ki 35-45
kg. axalSobili batknis masa 2,5-3
kg- is, 3,5-4 Tvis asakSi asxletile-
bis ki 12-19 kg-is farglebSi cvale-
badobs. Semodgomaze, mTidan gadmo-
rekvis win naialaRari batknis coc-
xali masa masa 25-35 kg- s aRwevs;
sxva uxeSmatylovani cxvrebis
msgavsad, verZebsa da nerbebs par-
saven weliwadSi orjer- gazafxul-
ze da Semodgomaze, xolo mozards
(batkans) Semodgomaze. verZebis
wliuri naparsi 4-5 kg-s, nerbebis
2,5-3,5 kg-s, xolo batknis Semodgomis naparsi 0,8-1,2 kg-s aRwevs.
uxeSmatylovan jiSebs Soris TuSuri cxvris matyli xarisxiT erT-
erTi saukeTesoa da fraqciuli SedgenilobiTa da sinaziT naxevrad uxeS
matyls uaxlovdeba. is ferad TeTria da gamoirCeva simagriT, dreka-
dobiT, elastiurobiT da bzinvarebiT (lustrovnobiT). kululis saSu-
alo sigrZea 11-16 sm, calkeul SemTxvevaSi ki aRwevs 30 sm-s. TivTikis-
sigrZe 6,5-9 sm, gardamavali boWkoebis ki 7,5-10,5 sm-a. saukeTeso teqnolo-
giuri Tvisebebis gamo TuSuri cxvris matyli gamoiyeneba rogorc
xaliCebis, aseve sxvadasxva qsovilebis dasamzadeblad.
1,5 wlis Wedilebis naklavis gamosavali, maTi nakvebobidan da
dakvliswina cocxali masidan gamomdinare, 43-48%-is, zrdasruli cxvre-
bis ki 40-47%-is farglebSi cvalebadobs. nerbebis laqtaciis xangr-

45
Zlivoba 150-170 dRea, sarZeo produqtiuloba ki 45-75 kg-a (rekorduli
maCvenebelia 165 kg). rZis umetesi nawili ixarjeba batknis gamosazr-
delad, xolo sasaqonlo rZis raodenoba 15-20 kg-a. rZisgan amzadeben
gudis yvels.
imeruli cxvari. Zveli kolxuri cxvaris STamomavalia. gavrcelebu-
lia imereTSi, agreTve raWa-leCxumsa da zemo svaneTSi.
xasiaTdeba magari konstituciiT da mkvircxli temperamentiT. Tavi
saSualo zomis da xmeli, zurgisa da welis xazi swori, kidurebi mokle,
dgoma swori, muceli moculobiani da CamoSvebuli, gvxvdeba rogorc
rqiani, aseve urqo formebi. suladobis umetesobas kudi mWle aqvs, cal-
keul individebSi gvxvdeba cximkudianobis niSnebic, rac TuSur, volo-
Sur da yaraCaul cxvrebTan usistemo Sejvarebebis Sedegia.
Tanabrad kargad egueba
sur. 28. imeruli cxvris nestian da mSral havas,
nerbi 5 batkniT agreTve klimaturi pirobebis
mkveTr cvalebadobas.
sxva jiSebTan Sedare-
biT patara tanisaa. zrdasru-
li nerbebis masa 28-32 kg,
verZebis ki 35-37 kg-a; calad
mogebuli axalSobili batk-
nis masa- 1,7-1,9 kg, tyupad an
samcalad dabadebulebis ki
0,8-1,4 kg-a.
gamoirCeva malmwifado-
biT. eqvsi Tvis asakis deda-
li batkanis masa zrdasruli
imeruli cxvris 75%-s aRwevs, e.i. fiziologiurad mowifebulia da SeiZ-
leba dagrildes.
saburveli Txeli da nairbewviania. matyli, ZiriTadad TeTri feris
da bzinvarea. uxeSi bewvi diametriT gardamavals uaxlovdeba. verZebis
wliuri naparsi 2,0 kg, nerbebis- 1,4-1,7 kg, batknis -0,7 kg-a.
cxvris umetesi jiSebisagan gansxvavebiT mas gamravlebis “mkvdari
sezoni” ara aqvs. rogorc wesi, weliwadSi doldeba orjer da nerbebis
94% erT mogebaze gvaZlevs or da met batkans.
mravalnayofierebisa da batknebis zrdis maRali potenciis wyalo-
biT erTi nerbidan weliwadSi SeiZleba vawarmooT 51 kg-mde xorci (maT
Soris 40 kg batknis) da 3,5 kg matyli.
qarTuli nazmatylovani cximkudiani jiSi. gamoyvanilia 1939-1959 w.w.
dedofliswyaros raionis meurneoba ”eldarSi” soflis meurneobis mecni-
erebaTa kandidatis i. baZoSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT, TuSuri jiSis nerbe-
bis kavkasiuri nazmatylovani jiSis cxvris verZebTan SejvarebiT da
sasurveli tipis najvarebis ”TavisSi” moSenebiT.
jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia nazi matylisa da cximkudis Sexameba.
jiSis gamoyvanamde zooteqnikur literaturaSi msgavsi faqti ar iyo
cnobili, ris gamo es niSan-Tvisebebi erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebelad iTvle-
boda.
kargad egueba mTabarobis eqstremalur pirobebs. verZebis cocxali
masa 75-85 kg, nerbebis- 48-50 kg. matylis naparsi 3,3-3,5 kg. matylis sigrZe
7-8 sm, xolo sinaze 60-64 xarisxis.

46
 dReisaTvis am jiSis 2 aTas sulamde cxvari hyavT sagarejos
raionis ”udabno”-s meurneobaSi.
qarTuli naxevrad nazmatylovani cximkudiani jiSi. gamoyvanilia
martivi saaxaljiSo SejvarebiT sagarejos raionis ”udabnos” meurne-
obaSi, profesor a.natroSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT (1936-1948 w.w.): amisaTvis
TuSuri cxvris nerbebi Seujvares saxorce-samatylo mimarTulebis preko-
sis jiSis verZebs, miRebuli II-III Taobis najvarebi ki moaSenes ”TavisSi”
da maT Seuqmnes gaumjobesebuli kvebis da movla-Senaxvis pirobebi. axal
jiSad damtkicda 1948 wels da ewoda qarTuli cxvari.
jiSis standartuli parametrebia:L verZebis cocxali masa 80-85 kg,
nerbebis ki 45-50 kg-a, matylis naparsi, Sesabamisad, 4,5-5,0 da 3,5-4,0 kg.
matylis sigrZe- 9-12 sm- a, xarisxi- 56 da 50. matyli kargadaa gamoTana-
brebuli rogorc kanZis topografiul wertilebze, aseve StapelSi.
nerbebis nayofiereba 107-110% merZeuloba ki 90-110 kg- s Seadgens.
sakmaod popularuli iyo. gasuli saukunis 50-an wlebSi gaiyvanes
CineTSi, monRoleTSi da sxva qveynebSi. dReisaTvis am jiSis tipiuri
sauladoba hyavT sagarejos raionis ”udabnos” meurneobaSi.

Txis jiSebi
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebs Soris Txa adamianma erT-erTi pirve-
li moaSinaura. Txis jiSebi produqtiulobis mixedviT iyofa sarZeo,
saTivTike-samatylo da saxorce jiSebad.
zaanenuri anu zaanentaluri jiSi.
sur. 29. zaanenuri jiSis gamoyvanilia SveicariaSi. sarZeo mimar-
dedali Txa Tulebisaa. maRali produqtiulobisa
da adaptaciis kargi unaris gamo
msoflioSi moipova popularoba da
iyeneben rogorc xalasad moSenebis
gziT, aseve SejvarebaSi, sxva jiSebis
gasaumjobeseblad..
malmwifadia, 1 wlis asakSi mozar-
di aRwevs srul ganviTarebas. pirvel
axurebaSi modis 6-8 Tvis asakSi.
ferad TeTria, rqebi ara aqvs; Tavi
mokle; Subli da saxe farTo; yurebi
Txeli; mkerdi farTo da moculobiani;
sxeuli grZeli; welisa da zurgis xazi
swori; gava ganviTarebuli, odnav daqane- sur. 30. togenburguli
buli; dgoma swori; Cliqebi magari; curi jiSis dedali Txa
moculobiani, kertebi ganviTarebuli;
balani mokle da upiratesad Sedgeba
uxeSi boWkoebisagan.
Txis jiSebs Soris erT-erTi yvela-
ze didtaniania. vacebis masa 65-70, dedali
Txis ki 50-55 kg-s aRwevs. laqtacia
grZeldeba 210-300 dRe, monawveli 600-700
kg, kargad kvebisas ki 1000-1200 kg rZea
(rekordi- 2235 kg). namatSi tyupianoba
aRwevs 80%-s, axalSobili Tikanis masa
3,0-4,5 kg-a.
togenburguli jiSi. sarZeo mimar-

47
Tulebisaa. gamoyvanilia Sveicariis dasavleTis maRalmTan zonaSi. zaane-
nurTan SedarebiT patara tanisaa, simaRle mindaoSi 70-75 sm, vacis
cocxali masa 60-65, dedali Txis ki 45-50- kg-a. laqtaciuri monawveli
aRwevs 500-640 kg- s.
angoras Txa. saTivTike mimarTule-
bisaa. Txis jiSebs Soris erT-erTi yve- sur. 31. angoras jiSis
laze patara taniania. vacis cocxali masa Txis verZi-mwarmoebeli
58-65 kg, dedali Txis ki 35-42 kg-a. orive
sqesis cxoveli rqiania, aqvs grZeli,
dakiduli yurebi, mokle kudi da Taflis-
feri Cliqebi. sxeuli mTlianad dafa-
rulia 20-25 sm-is sigrZis, nazi, TeTri
feris da abreSumis msgavsi lustrovani
(bzinvare) bewviT- moheriT. vacebis naparsi
Seadgens 5-7, dedali Txis ki- 2,2-4,0 kg-s.
megruli Txa. sarZeo mimarTulebisaa.
ferad TeTri, an monacrisfroa. xasiaT-
deba magari konstituciiT, wagrZelebuli
sxeuliT, farTo mkerdiT da sworad mdgomi kidurebiT. ferad araerTgva-
rovania, upitaresad gvxvdeba TeTri feris individebi. cxovelebs rqebi
dagrexili aqvT laTinuri aso “S”-is msgavsad.
vacebis cocxali masa 50-55, xolo dedali Txis- 38-45 kg-a, calke-
uli egzempliarebis masa aRwevs 60 (♀) - 90 (♂) kg-s. damatebiTi sakvebis
gareSe Senaxvisas, laqtaciis 180-240 dReSi iwvelis 300-350 kg rZes. yove-
li xuTi dedali Txidan tyups igebs ori.
gavrcelebulia samegreloSi, svaneTSi da afxazeTSi. aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi, cxvris farebSi, ZiriTadad, gvxvdeba najvari Txa.
sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelTa saxeobebi da jiSebi
sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebi warmodgenilia Semdegi saxeobebiT:
qaTami, indauri, bati, ixvi, cicari da mwyeri.
seleqciis donis gaTvaliswinebiT frinvelis jiSebi iyofa kultu-
rul, gardamaval da primitiul, produqtiuli mimarTulebis mixedviT
ki mekvercxul, saxorce, kombinirebul,
sur. 32. lehornis jiSis
dekoratiul da ZiZgila (sabrZolo)
jiSebad. amaTgan, mefrinveleobis pro- qaTmebi
duqtebis warmoebis TvalsazrisiT
didi mniSvneloba aqvT pirveli sams.
mekvercxuli qaTmis jiSebi da
krosebi: leghorni. am jiSma Tavisi
saxeli miiRo warmoSobis adgilidan,
italiis qalaq livornodan, saidanac
1837 wlidan is Seiyvanes aSS-Si.
espanur, ZiZgila, dekoratiul da TeTr
minorkasTan misi SejvarebiT da mizan-
mimarTuli saseleqcio muSaobiT Camo-
yalibda mekvercxuli mimarTulebis
maRalproduqtiul jiSad.
ZiriTadi feria TeTri. gvxvdeba
wiTeli, Calisferi da sxva feris leg-
hornis jiSis qaTmebi.

48
 dedlebis cocxali masa 1,7-2,0 kg-a, mamlebis- 2,3-2,6 kg. sqesobriv
simwifes aRweven 150-165 dRis asakSi, kvercxmdebloba 220-250 cali, kver-
cxis masa 60 g. lehornis jiSis monawileobiT gamoyvanilia TiTqmis yve-
la maRalproduqtiuli mekvercxuli mimarTulebis krosi.
Tanamedrove etapze mekvercxul mefrinveleobaSi, ZiriTadad, aSene-
ben ori tipis kross. maTgan erTi miRebulia legornis jiSidan da deben
TeTrnaWuWian kvercxs. kvercxmdebloba Seadgens 320-330- s, kvercxis masa,
60-65 g-a, gamoCekvis unari 87%, wiwilis SenarCuneba ki 95%-s aRwevs.
meore krosi miRebulia rod-ailandisa da niu-hempSiris jiSebis
monawileobiT. isini deben yavisfernaWuWian kvercxs. amasTan, maTi mekver-
cxuloba 8-12 caliT naklebia TeTrnaWuWian krosebTan SedarebiT, magram
cocxali masiT da kvercxis masiT sjobnian lehornis jiSis monawi-
leobiT miRebul krosebs 0,6 kg-iT da 2-5 g- iT, Sesabamisad.
produqtiulobiT aseve gamoirCevian mekvercxuli krosebi „ross“,
„arbor eikris“, „loman indian river“, „loman brauni“ da sxva, romelTa
kvercxmdebloba weliwadSi 300 calze metia.
mexorculi jiSebi da krosebi:
korniSi. gamoyvanilia inglisSi, kornu- sur. 33. korniSis jiSis
elis sagrafoSi, inglisuri Zveli tipis qaTmebi
ZiZgila malais da ZiZgila azilis jiSe-
bis SejvarebiT. ZiriTadad gavrcele-
bulia TeTri feris korniSi.
zrdasruli dedlebis masa 3,0-3,5
kg, mamlebis ki 4,5-5,0 kg-a. kvercxis debas
iwyeben 180-185 dRis asakSi, weliwadSi
iZlevian 110-130 cal feradnaWuWian kver-
cxs, romlis saSualo masa 58-60 g-a.
wiwila xasiaTdeba zrdis maRali
unariT. 1, 2, 3 da 5 Tvis asakSi maTi
saSualo cocxali masa, Sesabamisad,
aRwevs 0,5-0,6; 1,3-1,4; 2,0-2,8 da 3,0-3,1 kg-s.
plimutroki. gamoyvanilia gasuli
saukunis 80-an wlebSi qalaq plimutSi
(aSS), espanuri mamlebis SejvarebiT
koxinxinis, dorkingis da iavis qaTmebTan.
dedlebis masa 2,8 kg, mamlebis ki 3,9 kg-a.
iZleva Ria yavisfer naWuWian kvercxs, saSualo kvercxmdebloba 160-170
calia, kvercxis masa ki 56-60 g-s Seadgens. feris mixedviT ansxvaveben
ramodenime tips, romelTa Soris
sur. 34. plimutrokis jiSis yvelaze gavrcelebulia TeTri
qaTmebi feris plimutroki.
korniSisa da plimutrokis
jiSebs samrewvelo miznebisaTvis
xalasad ar iyeneben. broilerebis
warmoebaSi dediseul formad far-
Tod gamoiyeneba plimutrokis jiSi.
sayovelTaod cnobilia saxorce hib-
ridebi (broileri), kob-500, kob-700,
ABCD da sxv. am ukanasknelis coc-
xali masa 40-45 dRis asakSi 1,8-2,0
kg-s aRwevs, xolo 1 kg namatze

49
xarjavs 1,6-1,7 kg sakveb erTeuls.
qaTmis kombinirebuli jiSebi. rod-ailendi. gamoyvanilia XIX s-is
Sua wlebSi, aSS-is rodailendis StatSi, adgilobrivi qaTmebis Sanxais
Calisferi, malais muqi wiTeli feris sur, 35. rod-ailendis jiSis
da nacrisfer legornis jiSTan
qaTmebi
SejvarebiT. ferad wiTelia. kudis,
frTisa da fafris bolo Savi bum-
buliT aris dafaruli. zrdasruli
dedlis masa 2,7-3,0 kg-a, mamlis- 3,5-4,8
kg. kvercxis debas iwyebs 170-180 dRi-
dan, weliwadSi gvaZlevs 160 cal
kvercxs, romlis saSualo masa 60 g-a.
niu-hempSiri. gamoyvanilia aSS-is
niu-hempSiris StatSi rod-ailendis
jiSis bazaze. dedlebis masa 2,3 kg,
mamlebis ki 3,2 kg-s Seadgens. kvercx-
mdebloba 180-200 calia, kvercxis masa
ki 58-60 g.
avstralopi. gamoyvanilia
avstraliaSi. ferad Savia, dedlebis
masa 2,5-2,7 kg-s, mamlebis ki 3,0 kg-s
Seadgens. weliwadSi debs 170-180 kvercxs, sur. 36. suseqsis
romlis saSualo masa 58-62 g-a. Tavis jiSis qaTmebi
samSobloSi es jiSi, ZiriTadad, gamoiyeneba
sakvercxe mimarTulebis hibridebis misaRebad.
suseqsi. gamoyvanilia inglisSi, susek-
sis sagrafoSi adgilobrivi qaTmebTan dor-
kingis, korniSis, TeTri koxinxinis, orping-
tonis da Ria feris bramas jiSebis monawi-
leobiT. bumbuli moTeTro-movercxlisfroa,
fafarze aqvs TeTri da Savi zolebi, kudis
bumbuli, agreTve safreni bumbulis SigniTa
mxare Savi ferisaa.
dedlebis cocxali masa 2,5-2,7 kg-a, mam-
lebis ki- 3,3-3,6 kg. kvercxmdebloba 160-170
cali, kvercxis masa ki 56-58 g-s Seadgens.
ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba saxorce mimarTulebis hibridebis misaRebad.
qaTmis adgilobrivi jiSebi. warmodgenilia 5 nairsaxeobiT: Calis-
feri, megrula (winwklebiani), Savi, nacara da yeltitvela. yvela isini
kombinirebuli mimarTulebisani arian. kvercxdebas iwyeben 160_170 dRis
asakidan, xolo piki aRiniSnebaT 8_9 Tvis asakSi. amasTan, kvercxdebis
SedarebiT gamoTanabreba SeimCneva zafxulis TveebSi, rac adasturebs
maT tolerantobas sicxisadmi. yvelaze maRali kvercxmdebloba axasiaTebs
megrula qaTams (150_160 cali). kvebis da movlis pirobebis gaumjobe-
sebisas ki adgilobrivi qaTmebi kvercxmdeblobas 170-175 calamde zrdian.
Calisferi, megrula, Savi da nacara qaTmebis zrdasruli dedlebis
masa 2,0-2,3 kg, mamlebis ki 3,0-3,3 kg-a. kvercxis saSualo masa kvercxdebis
dasawyisSi 49,5 g, 10 Tvis asakSi- 54 g, 13 Tvis asakidan ki- 58,4 g-a.
yeltitvela qaTmebi ramdenadme ufro didi cocxali masiT
gamoirCevian (♀=2,3-2,7 kg, ♂=3,3-3,7 kg). kvercxdebis dasawyisSi maTi kver-
cxis saSualo masa 50,7 g, 10 Tvis asakSi 55,5 g, 14 Tvis asakidan ki 59,7 g-

50
a. sainkubacio kvercxis gamosavlianoba aRwevs 89,5%-s, gamoCekvis procen-
ti ki saSualod 86,8%-ia.
Calisferi, megrula, Savi da nacara qaTmebis zrdasruli dedlebis
masa 2,0-2,3 kg, mamlebis ki 3,0-3,3 kg-a. kvercxis saSualo masa kvercxdebis
dasawyisSi 49,5 g, 10 Tvis asakSi 54 g, 13 Tvis asakidan ki 58,4 gramia.

sur. 37. yeltitvela qaTami sur. 38. Savi qaTami

mekvercxuli mimarTulebis kulturul jiSebTan SedarebiT, adgi-

lobrivi qaTmebi ukeTesi mexorculobiT xasiaTdebian.. maTi mTavari Rir-
seba ki is aris, rom xasiaTdebian maRali cxovelmyofelobiT, rac vlin-
deba maT rezistentobaSi iseTi infeqciuri daavadebebisadmi, rogorebicaa
Wiri, leikozi, mareki.
dadgenilia, rom 12 Tviani eqspluataciisas (5_dan 17 Tvis asakamde)
adgilobrivi qaTmebis wundebis da sikvdilianobis done saSualod 16,5 %
iyo, maSin, rodesac es maCveneblebi leghornis jiSis “krosi 288”- Si 25
%, “xaiseqs braunSi” 27 %, “loman braunSi” ki 26-27 %- s miaRwia.
adgilobrivi qaTmebis es Rirebuli Tviseba ufro metad warmoaCens
fermerul (glexur) meurneobaSi maTi gamoyenebis efeqturobas.
indauris jiSebi. indauri moSinaurebulia CrdiloeT amerikaSi.
sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro metad gavrcelebulia TeTri farTomkerda da
brinjaosferi farTomkerda jiSebi.
TeTeri farTomkerda jiSi gamoyvanilia indauris holandiuri da
inglisuri jiSebis SejvarebiT.
sur. 39. TeTri farTomkerda
dedlebis cocxali masa 7,5-8,0 kg,
indauri
mamlebis 13,0-14,0 kg-a. kvercxmdebloba 80-
90 cali, gamoCekis xvedriTi wili ki
Cawyobili kvercxis 60-75%-s Seadgens.
xasiaTdeba kargi saxorce Tvisebe-
biT. naklavis gamosavlianoba Seadgens
84%- s.
bolo periodSi farTod gavrcel-
da indauris sami da oTxxaziani krosebi.
magaliTad inglisurma firmam “river-
reit”-ma gamoiyvana msubuqi- 639, saSu-
alo-630 da mZime-350 krosebi.
amaTgan: 1. msubuqi krosi gaTvalis-
winebulia 12 kviris asakamde saxorced
gamosazrdelad, ra drosac misi cocxali masa aRwevs 2,5 kg-s. 2. saSu-

51
alo krosis gamozrdas esaWiroeba 13-18 kvira, xolo periodis bolosaT-
vis dedlebis masa aRwevs 3,6-4,5 kg-s, mamlebis ki 4,5-6,4 kg-s; 3. mZime
krosidan dasaklavad vargisi indauris misaRebad saWiroa 18-25 kviramde
periodi, ra drosac isini aRweven 7 (♀)-10 (♂) kg-s.
adgilobrivi indauri. saqarTveloSi indauri SemouyvaniaT XVIII
saukunis dasawyisSi. arsebuli monacemebiT dRes CvenSi gavrcelebulia
sxvadasxva feris indauri- Savi, ruxi, Wreli, Calisferi, nacrisferi,
yavisferi da brinjaos elferis. yvela es nairsaxeobebi, SedarebiT
dabalproduqtiulia, magram advilad egueba adgilobriv pirobebs, amta-
nia, kargad iyenebs bunebriv sakveb saSualebebsa da xasiaTdeba gasuqebis
kargi unariT. dedali adgilobrivi indauris cocxali masa 2,8-3,5 kg-a,
xolo mamalis- 5,0-6,5 kg. kvercxmdebloba 60-100 calamdea, kvercxis masa
ki 75-80 g-s Seadgens.
batis jiSebi. batis yvela jiSi saxorce tipisaa. mZime jiSebs ekuT-
vnis msxvili nacara, emdenis, tuluzuri da xolmogoruli, msubuq tips
ki Cinuri, romenuli da sxvadasxva lokaluri mniSvnelobis jiSebi.
nacara msxvili bati gamoyvanilia tuluzuri batis romenulTan
Sejvarebis gziT. mamlebis cocxali masa 6-7
sur. 40. nacara msxvili
kg, dedlebis- 5,8-6,5 kg-a. kvercxmdebloba
bati Seadgens 35-40 cals, xolo kvercxis saSu-
alo masa 175 g-a. mozardi xasiaTdeba suqe-
bis kargi unariT da 60ºdRis asakSi aRwevs
4,0-4,5 kg-s.
emdenis jiSi gamoyvanilia germaniaSi,
q. emdenis gareubanSi. ferad TeTria, mamle-
bis masa 10 kg, dedlebis 8 kg, saSualo
kvercxmdebloba ki 25-35 calia. mozardi 60
dRis asakSi aRwevs 3,8 kg cocxal masas.
tuluzuri bati. gamoyvanilia safran-
geTSi (q. tuluza) nacara batis moSina-
urebiT da maTi movla-Senaxvisa da kvebis karg pirobebSi moSenebiT.
ferad muqi nacrisferia, mamlebis masa 7-10 kg-s, dedlebis- 6-8 kg-s
Seadgens. saSualo kvercxmdebloba 30-40 calia, kvercxis masa 170-200 g,
gamoCekvis % 60- a, SenarCunebis ki- 92%.
Tavis samSobloSi es jiSi farTod gamoiyeneba msxvili RviZlis
misaRebad.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli bati, ZiriTadad sami ferisaa- TeTri,
nacrisferi da Wreli. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli batis
dedlebis masa 3.8-4.1 kg, dasavleTSi ki-3,3-3,7 kg-a. kvercxis debas iwyeben
10-12 Tvis asakSi, deben 16-25 cal kvercxs, romlis saSualo masa 160-170 g-
a. sakmaod adreulia, 5-6 Tvis asakis WuWulis cocxali masa zrdasrulis
batis masas utoldeba.
ixvis jiSebi. ixvis ramodenime aTeuli jiSia cnobili. maTi saxe-
lebi, ZiriTadad gamoyvanis qveynis/adgilis saxelidan gamomdinareoben.
sameurneo Tvisebebis mixedviT isini iyofa saxorce, saxorce-mekvercxuli
da mekvercxul jiSebad. gamoyvanilia ixvis dekoratiuli jiSebi- nagala,
xuWuWa bumbliani da sxv.
pekinuri ixvi. erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli da popularuli
jiSia. gamoyvanilia CineTSi, saidanac XIX saukuneSi gaiyvanes aSS-Si,
aqedan ki, mogvianebiT, evropaSi.

52
 frinveli TeTri ferisaa, niskarti ki moyviTalo-narinjisferia.
zrdasruli mamali ixvis cocxali masa 3,5-4,0 kg, dedalis ki- 3,0-3,6 kg-a.
erT ciklze saSualod debs 100-140, rekordistebi ki 200 cal kvercxs.
kvercxis saSualo masa 85 g-a. WuWuli xasiaTdeba zrdis sakmaod maRali
intensivobiT: 50-55 dRis asakSi is aRwevs 3-3,5 kg-s.
pekinuri ixvs, upiratesoba eni-
sur. 41. pekinuri ixvi Weba xorcis samrewvelo warmoebisas.
amJamad am jiSis ixvis bazaze gamoy-
vanilia krosebi, romlebic xasiaTde-
bian maRali kvercxmdeblobiT, suqe-
bis unariTa da kargi saxorce pro-
duqtiulobiT. am mxriv, sayovelTaod
aris cnobili inglisuri firmis
“Cerri-velli”-s krosi X-II.
TeTri moskovuri jiSi. gamoy-
vanilia pekinuri ixvis SejvarebiT
xaki-kembelis jiSTan. garegnulad is
waagavs pekinur ixvs. zrdasruli
mamlebis cocxali masa 4,0-4,2 kg, dedlebis ki- 3,0-3,4 kg-a. wliuri
kvercxmdebloba Seadgens 110-130 cals.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli adgilobrivi ixvi SedarebiT dabal-
produqtiulia. dedlebis cocxali masa 1,5-1,8 kg-a. isini saSualod deben
50-60 kvercxs.
muSkiani ixvi. miekuTvneba gareuli ixvis nairsaxeobas. warmoSobis
adgilad miCneulia samxreT-amerika. evropaSi Semoyvanilia XVI saukunis
Sua wlebSi espaneli mezRvaurebis mier. garegnulad gansxvavdeba Cve-
ulebrivi ixvisagan: sxeulis gansxvavebul formebTan erTad niskartisa
da Tvalis irgvliv maT wiTeli Seferilobis
sur. 42. muSkiani wanazardi aqvT.
ixvi ZiriTadad gvxvdeba Savi, TeTri, Savi-
TeTri frTebiT, cisferi-TeTri frTebiT da
mocisfro-moTeTro Seferilobis. amasTan, iSvi-
aTia erTgvarovani feris bumbulis mqone indi-
videbi.
mamlebis cocxali masa 4,3-6,2 kg, ded-
lebis- 2,5-3,5 kg-a. kvercxis debas iwyebs 6-8 Tvis
asakSi. kvercxdebis pirveli cikli grZeldeba 5-
6 Tve, Semdeg ki iwyeba ganguri. meore cikli
grZeldeba sami Tve. weliwadSi debs 140
calamde, 70-100 g masis kvercxs. inkubaciis
xangrZlivoba 34-37 dRe.
adre mas aSeneben rogorc dekoratiul-
egzotikuri frinvels. amasTan, muSkian ixvs aqvs
garkveuli sameurneo mniSvneloba. misi xorci
nazi, naklebad cximiani da dieturia, qimiuri
SedgenilobiT ar Camouvardeba wiwila-broileris xorcs, xolo RviZli
sagemovno TvisebebiT utoldeba batis RviZls.
naklovani mxareebidan miuTiTeben dabali aRwarmoebis unars- xelov-
nurad inkubaciisas WuWulis gamosavali 55-60%- is tolia. amis gamo muS-
kian ixvs ajvareben pekinuri da xaki-kempbelis jiSebTan. hibridebs uwo-
deben mulardebs.

53
 muSkiani ixvis upiratesoba gamoixateba gamZleobaSi, rigi daavade-
bisadmi rezistentobaSi, gansxvavebuli klimatisadmi Semgueblobasa da
malmwifadobaSi; amasTan maTi moSeneba SeiZleba iq, sadac wyalsacavi,
mdinare an wylis sxva wyaro ar aris.
cicris jiSebi. cicris samSobloa afrika. is siTbos moyvarulia
da upiratesad aSeneben rogorc dekoratiul frinvels. kvercxi dafaru-
lia metad magari naWuWiT da +4...+6°С
temperaturaze inaxeba 90 dRis ganmav- sur. 43. nacara-moyavisfro
lobaSi. amasTan, cicris kvercxi cicari
Seicavs 1,5-3- jer met vitamins, vidre
qaTmis kvercxi.
nacara-moyavisfro cicari yvela-
ze gavrcelebuli jiSia. zrdasrul
asakSi mamali cicris cocxali masa 1,8-
1,85 kg, xolo dedlis- 1,65-1,70 kg-a. wli-
uri kvercxmdebloba 80-100 calia, kver-
cxis saSualo masa ki Seadgens 45-46 g-s.
cicris kvercxis inkubacia grZel-
deba 26 dRe, gamoCekvis maCvenebli ki
sakmaod dabalia (50-60%). Wukis masa 12
kviris asakSi aRwevs 1,0-1,1 kg-s.
jiSis uaryofiTi Tviseba is aris,
rom kani nacrisfrad aris pigmentirebuli, rac naklavs aZlevs arasasi-
amovno Sesaxedaobas.
TeTri cicari. bumbuli TeTri ferisaa, terfi da niskarti ki
vardisferia. zrdasruli mamlebis cocxali masa 1,9-2,0 kg, dedlebis ki-
1,6-1,7 kg-a. erTi ciklis manZilze deben 120-130 cal kvercxs, romlis
saSualo masa 43-44 g-s Seadgens. gamoCekvis da SenarCunebis procenti
sakmaod maRali aqvs (Sesabamisad, 79-86 da 91-93%).
mwyris jiSebi. mwyeri zoologiuri klasifikaciiT ekuTvnis
qaTmisebrTa rigs. moSinaurebulia CineTSi IX da iaponiaSi XI-XII sauku-
neebSi. amJamad Sinauri mwyris ramodenime aTeuli nairsaxeobaa cnobili.
amerikuli katalogis mixedviT ganasxvaveben 44 nairsaxeobas. saqarT-
velosa da evropis qveynebSi gavrcelebulia ramodenime jiSuri jgufi,
romlebic miRebulia iaponuri mwyrisagan. maT Sorisaa: iaponuri, marma-
rilosebri, inglisuri Savi da TeTri, “faraoni”, estonuri da sxv.
am frinveliT daintereseba gamowveulia misi kvercxisa da xorcis
gansakuTrebuli TvisebebiT. aRmosavleTis medicinaSi, agreTve Zvel
egvipteSi am produqtebs iyenebdnen samkurnalod. dReisaTvis iaponiaSi
asTmis samkurnalod yvelaze efeqtur saSualebad iTvleba mwyris umi
kvercxisa da forToxlis wvenis narevi. zogierTi monacemiT mwyris
kvercxs axasiaTebs antibaqteriuli, imunomamodulirebeli da antisim-
sivnuri Tviseba (www.goodsmatrix.ru).
mamlebis cocxali masa 115-200 g, dedlebis ki- 140-210 g-a. kvercxde-
bas iwyebs 40-60 dRis asakSi. weliwadSi iZleva 220-300 cal kvercxs. 1
cali kvercxi saSualod iwonis 9-18 g-s. masSi cilisa da yviTris,
agreTve kalciumis, kaliumis, A, B1 da B6 vitaminebis Semcveloba metia,
vidre qaTmis kvercxSi. kvercxis sainkubacio periodi Seadgens 17 dRes.

54
 cxenis jiSebi
arabuli cxeni. sajdomi jiSis cxenia. gamoyvanilia beduinebis mier
arabeTis naxevarkunZulis oazisebSi cxeli klimatisa da zRvis donidan
500-1000 m-is simaRleze mdebare qviani udabnos zegnebze Senaxvis
pirobebSi.
damaxasiaTebelia patara da mSrali Tavi, farTo SubliT, Cazneqili
profiliT da metyveli TvalebiT; kiseri moZravi; fafari xSiri; mindao
grZeli; weli mokle; gava daqa-
sur. 44. arabuli cxeni nebuli; kidurebi grZeli; myesebi
gamoxatuli; saxsrebi sakmarisad
sqeli; Cliqebi magari. kani muqad
pigmentirebulia. ZiriTadi fere-
bia lurja, qurana da wabla.
ulayebisa da faSatebSi min-
daoSi simaRle, Sesabamisad, aRwevs
150-155 da 148-153 sm-s, gulmkerdis
irgvliva 175-180 da 170-175 sm-s,
xolo nebis irgvliva 19-21 da 17,5-
18,5 sm-s.
cxeni damyolia, advilad
ixedneba, marTvadi da uSiSaria.
Seguebulia cxel klimats.
arabuli cxeni, CamorCeba ra
siswrafeSi zogierT jiSebs, grZel manZilze rbolisas inarCunebs
Zalebs da finiSze sxvebze mxned gamoiyureba. misi sisxli dRes arsebul
TiTqmis yvela jiSSi aris Sereuli.
wmindasisxliani sajdomi cxeni. gamoyvanilia inglisSi XVII-XVIII
saukuneebSi, adgilobriv faSatebTan aRmosavluri warmoSobis (arabuli,
berberuli, da Turquli) ulayebis
sur. 45. wmindasisxliani SejvarebiT. yvela jiSze ufro
inglisuri jiSi swrafi da Zlieria. sxeulis age-
buleba proporciuli, Wakebis
simaRle mindaoSi 160 sm, gul-
mkerdis irgvliva 184 sm, nebis irg-
vliva ki 19,5 sm-a.
maT Tavi SedarebiT patara,
Tvalebi didi, yurebiT ki moZravi
aqvT. kiseri grZeli, mkerdi Rrma,
sxeulis sigrZe, rogorc wesi,
mindaoSi simaRlis tolia; kidure-
bi mSrali, mkveTrad gamoxatuli
myesebiT; ZiriTadi feria qurana,
wabla, yorana da Tafla.
wmindasisxlian jiSs axasi-
aTebs mkvircxli da energiuli,
zogjer Warbad aRgznebuli tempe-
ramenti. es cxeni 1 km manZils erT wuTze ufro nakleb droSi faravs.
gamoyenebuli iyo amerikuli da rusuli CorTmavali cxenis jiSebis
gamoyvanisas. sanaSene wigni daarsda 1793 wels.
TuSuri cxeni. gavrcelebulia aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. mimarTu-
leba sajdom-sasapalnea. xasiaTdeba kompaqturi agebulebiT, konstitucia

55
mSrali; Tavi msubuqi da mSrali; profili swori; Subli farTo; yurebi
saSualo zomis da moZravi; kiseri saSualo sigrZis; gulmkerdi Rrma da
saSualo siganis; gava odnav daqanebuli; kidurebi xmeli, kargad gamok-
veTili myesebiT; qoCoris, fafris da kudis Semosileba saSualo; ZiriTa-
di feria qurana (45%), gvxvdeba Tafla (20%) da lurja (14%). cxenebis
umetesoba uniSnoa.
sxeulis ganazomebi aseTia: simaRle mindaoSi 135-140 sm, tanis iribi
sigrZe 140-148 sm, gulmkerdis irgvliva 158-165 sm-mde, nebis irgvliva ki
17-18 sm-a. keTilzniania da axasiaTebT mSvidi temperamenti, amtania da
aqvs mTaSi orientaciis kargi unari.
megruli cxeni. Zveli kolxuri cxenis STamomavalia. mimarTuleba
sajdom-sasapalnea, iSviaTad gamoiyeneba sasoflo-sameurneo da satrans-
porto samuSaoebSic. kavkasiaSi gavrcelebuli cxenis jiSebs Soris erT-
erTi yvelaze patara taniania: simaRle mindaoSi 129-135 sm, tanis iribi
sigrZe 128-138 sm, gulmkerdis irgvliva 149-152 sm, nebis irgvliva 16,5-17 sm.
eqsterieri ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli niSnebia: Tavi sajdomi cxene-
bisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tipis, saSualo zomis da swori yurebiT; qoCo-
ri, kudi da fafari saSualod Semosili; kiseri saSualo sigrZis, arc
Tu iSviaTad mokle; zurgi saSualo sigrZis, swori da farTo; gava iSvi-
aTad daqanebuli; wina kidurebis dadgma swori; zogierT individSi aRi-
niSneba ukana kidurebis xmlisebri dgoma; kunTebi kargad ganviTarebuli,
ZiriTadi feria wabla an qurana (70%). xasiaTdeba mSvidi temperamentiT.
javaxuri Sesabmeli cxeni. najvari warmoSobisaa. misi formireba
dakavSirebulia XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi ruseTidan javaxeTis zeganze
seqtant-duxaburebis gadmosaxlebasTan. maT Tan Camoiyvanes Sesabmeli
cxeni, romlis gasaumjobeseblad iyenebdnen ardenis, brabansonis da per-
Seronis jiSis ulayebs.
ganasxvaveben mZime, saSualo da msubuq Sesabmel tips. simaRle min-
daoSi 140-150 sm, tanis iribi sigrZe 150-155 sm, gulmkerdis irgvliva 168-
180 sm, nebis irgvliva 20-22 sm.
mas aqvs msubuqi nabiji da kargi CorTiT svla. xasiaTdeba energi-
uli temperamentiT. amasTan, Tvinieri da muSaobaSi gamZlea. ZiriTadad
gvxvdeba yorana da lurja Seferilobis.

bocvris jiSebi
bocvris jiSebs yofen sxeulis
sur. 46 kaliforniuli jiSis zomis, balnis sigrZis da produq-
bocveri tiuli mimarTulebis mixedviT. Ziri-
Tadi produqtiulobis anu moSenebis
miznidan gamomdinare ganasxvaveben:
satyavbewve, saxorce, saxorce-satyav-
bewve da dekoratiul jiSebs. Tavis
mxriv, satyavbewve jiSebs yofen
mokle da grZelbewvian jgufebad.
kaliforniuli jiSi. saxorce-
satyavbewve produqtiuli mimarTule-
bisaa. gamoyvanilia aSS-Si, axalze-
landiuri TeTri, rusuli yaryumis
da msxvili SinSilas rTuli saaxal-
jiSe SejvarebiT. balani sxeulze
TeTria, yuris niJarebi, drunCi da

56
kidurebis boloebi ki muqadaa pigmentirebuli. agebuleba kompaqturi,
sxeuli ki cilindruli formis aqvT. mkerdi Rrma da ganieria, kidurebi
msxvili, balani ki xSiri da drekadia.
zrdasrulebis cocxali masa 3,5-4,5 kg (5 kg-mde), adreul asakSi
xasiaTdeba zrdis didi siswrafiT da kargi saxorce TvisebebiT. maRali
intensiobiT kvebisas 3 Tvis asakisaTvis baWiebi aRweven 2,7 kg-s.
dedali kurdReli erT dayraze gvaZlevs 6-8 baWias, romelTa
saSualo cocxali masa dabadebisas 45 g-a.
specialistebis gvTavazoben es jiSi gamoviyenoT broileri-mozar-
dis misaRebad da 60-65 dRis asakamde maTi wovebiT gamozrdas.
TeTri goliaTi. saxorce-satyavbewve jiSia. gamoyvanilia fland-
ruli jiSidan. xasiaTdeba nazi da magari konstituciiT. sxeuli mogrZoa,
mkerdi Rrma, zurgi swori da ramdenadme mokle, kidurebi grZeli, dgoma
farTo. ferad TeTria, Tvalebi ki sisxlisferi wiTeli aqvs. zrdasruli
dedlis cocxali masa 5,0-5,5 kg-a, romelic erT dayraze gvaZlevs 6-7
baWias. maTi saSualo cocxali masa dabadebisas 90 g- a, ori Tvis asa-
kisaTvis ki aRweven 1,5 kg-s. dakvlisas gvaZlevs sakmaod farTo da maRa-
li xarisxis saqurqe tyavs.
angoras saTivTike. erT-erTi uZvelesi jiSia. farTod aris gavrce-
lebuli dasavleT evropis qveynebSi. gvxvdeba sxvadasxva feris- cisferi,
TeTri, Savi da nacrisferi.
zrdasruli dedali bocveris cocxali masa 2,5-4 kg, 4 Tvis asakis
mozardis 1,7 kg, 6 Tvis asakisas ki 2,0 kg-a. sxeuli dafarulia nazi,
fafuki da 15-22 sm sigrZis sqeli safariT, romelSic boWkoebis 90-92%
TivTikia. 1 suli zrdasruli bocvridan TivTikis saSualo wliuri gamo-
savali Seadgens 150-500 g-s, maqsimaluri ki 1,5 kg-s.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
1. ra aris jiSi?
2. rogoria jiSis struqtura?
3. romeli monaTesave jgufebisagan Sedgeba Zroxis sarZeo produqti-
ulobis jiSebi?
4. ra jgufebad iyofa saxorce produqtiuli mimarTulebis jiSebi?
5. ra ZiriTadi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdebian Zroxis adgilobrivi
jiSebi?
6. sad aris moSinaurebuli kameCi da ra biologiuri Taviseburebe-
biT xasiaTdeba is?
7. sad Camoyalibda da ra sameurneo-biologiuri TaviseburebebiT
xasiaTdeba Roris msxvili TeTri jiSi?
8. Roris kulturul jiSebTan SedarebiT ra upiratesoba aqvs kaxur
Rors momTabare pirobebSi Senaxvisas?
9. sameurneo klasifikaciis mixedviT ramden jgufad iyofa cxvris
jiSebi?
10. ra sameurneo-biologiuri maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba imeruli cxvari?
11. seleqciis donisa da produqtiuli mimarTulebis mixedviT romel
jgufebad iyofa frinvelis jiSebi?
12. qaTmis adgilobrivi jiSebi romeli nairsaxeobebisagan Sedgebian da
ra produqtiulobiT xasiaTdebian isini?
13. romeli saxeobebis Sedian sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebis jgufSi?
14. sad da ra pirobebSi aris gamoyvanili arabuli cxeni da ra maCveneb-
lebiT xasiaTdeba is?

57
literatura:
1. n. gociriZe. rZisa da Zroxis xorcis warmoebis teqnologia. Tbili-
si, 1997;
2. n. gociriZe, g. dalaqiSvili, l. TorTlaZe- mecxoveleobis safuZv-
lebi. Tbilisi, 2002;
3. j. guguSvili. mebocvreoba, Tbilisi, 2003;
4. g. dalaqiSvili. rogor movaSenoT kameCi. Tbilisi, 2001;
5. T. paikiZe, mecxvareoba. Tbilisi, 2006;
6. k.nacvalaZe, r.nozaZe- egzotikuri frinvelebis moSeneba. Tbilisi,
“universali”, 2009;
7. r. nozaZe, m. xuciSvili, v. zavraSvili mefrinveleobis produqtebis
warmoebisa da gadamuSavebis teqnologia. Tbilisi, 2007;
8. v. RliRvaSvili- saqarTvelos meTxeoba. 1997;
9. v. RliRvaSvili- meTxeobis dargis ganviTareba da produqciis war-
moeba fermerul meurneobaSi. Tbilisi, 1999;
10. i.SubiTiZe- rZisa da xorcis warmoebis teqnologia (praqtikuli
rCevebi). Tbilisi, 2008.
11. Breeds of Livestock - Oklahoma State University. Encyclopedia of individual breeds of
cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine, and other species. http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds;
12. List of cattle breeds - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. www.en.wikipedia.org;
13. (www.fermer.ru) (www.zooclub.ru) (www.agro-eco.ru) (www.allgoats.com)
(www.thecattlesite.com/breeds) (www.krolikoman.ru) (www.ru.wikipedia.org)
(www.media-2.web.britannica.com);

Tavi 4. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisa da frinvelebis

sakvebi da normirebuli kvebis safuZvlebi
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisa da frinvelebis margi mwarmoeb-
luroba uSualod dakavSirebulia maT mier miRebuli sakvebis saxesTan,
raodenobasa da xarisxTan. saqme is aris, rom sakvebi Seicavs cilebs,
cximebs, naxSirwylebs, mineralur nivTierebebs, vitaminebs da sxva
biologiurad aqtiur naerTebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen cocxal orga-
nizmSi sasicocxlo procesebis normalurad warmarTvas da gamravlebis
funqciis Sesrulebas. sakvebi, aseve, warmoadgens rZis, xorcis, kvercxis
da matylis warmosaqmnelad aucilebeli substratebis wyaros.
sakvebsa da kvebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs cxovelTa janmrTe-
lobis SenarCunebis saqmeSic: veterinati eqimebis monacemebiT mecxove-
leobis fermebSi aRricxuli daavadebebis 50% aris alimentaruli xasi-
aTis, xolo aragadamdebi daavadebebis 92% dakavSirebulia sakvebis
xarisxTan da kvebasTan. esec rom ar iyos, ukmarisi kvebis pirobebSi, an
kidev ulufaSi romelime sayuaTo nivTierebis deficitisas, cxovelis
sustdeba, rac iwvevs sxvadasxva daavadebebisadmi maTi organizmis rezis-
tentobis unaris daqveiTebas.
mniSvnelovania kvebis roli sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis ekono-
mikurobis TvalsazrisiTac, vinaidan mecxoveleobis produqtebis TviTRi-
rebulebis 60-75% modis sakvebze.
kvebis intensifikaciis mniSvneloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom cxo-
velis produqtiulobis gadidebas mosdevs erTeul produqciaze sakvebis
danaxarjis Semcireba. ase, magaliTad:

58
 1. 2000 kg wveladobis furi 1 kg rZis warmoebaze xarjavs 1,3-1,4 sakveb
erTeuls, maSin, rodesac imave jiSisa da cocxali masis, magram
4000 kg mewveli furi- 1 sakveb erTeuls.
2. wliurad 100 cali kvercxis momcemi dedali yoveli 10 cali kver-
cxis sawarmoeblad xarjavs 4,1 sakveb erTeuls, maSin rodesac 180
cali produqtiulobis mxolod 2,9 sakveb erTeuls.
mniSvnelovania vicodeT, rom normirebuli da yvela sayuaTo nivTi-
erebiT dabalansebuli ulufebiT kvebisas produqciis misaRebad ixarje-
ba gacilebiT naklebi raodenobiT sakvebi, vidre, vTqvaT, proteinis, mine-
raluri an sxva nivTierebis deficitisas.

sakvebis saxeebi
cxovelTa sakvebi saSualebebi gansxvavdebian fizikuri TvisebebiT,
qimiuri SedgenilobiT, monelebadobiT da saerTo yuaTianobiT/energeti-
kuli RirebulebiT. warmoSobis mixedviT isini iyofa mcenareuli da
cxoveluri warmoSobis sakvebad.
mcenareuli sakvebi. es jgufi cxovelebis ZiriTadi sakvebia da sak-
maod mravalferovania. masSi Sedis wvniani, mwvane, uxeSi da koncentrire-
buli sakvebi, agreTve mcenareuli nedleulis gadamuSavebis anarCenebi.
wvniani da mwvane sakvebi. aq Sedis saZovris balaxi, gaTibuli mwva-
ne masa, silosi, Zirxvenebi, tuberebi, baRCeulis da Zirxvena-tuberianebis
miwiszeda Rero-foTlebi. yvela es sakvebi 60%-ze meti raodenobiT
Seicavs wyals.
wvniani sakvebi aris saWmlis momnelebeli jirkvlebis aqtiuri
aRgmznebi, kargad moqmedebs cxovelis madaze da advilad moineleba misi
kuW-nawlavis sistemaSi. amasTan wvniani sakvebi xels uwyobs sxva sakvebis
monelebasac.
uxeSi sakvebi. aq Sedis Tiva, senaJi, namja, Cala da bze. isini 19-dan
45%-mde Seicaven ujredanas da SedarebiT Znelad moineleba cxovelis
organizmis mier. amasTan erTad, maTSi sakvebi proteinis, Saqrebis,
karotinisa da mikroelementebis Semcveloba sakmaod gansxvavebulia.
yvelaze yuaTiania Tiva, ris gamo ulufaSi mxolod mis nawils Caanac-
vleben namjiT, CaliT an bzeTi. saerTod ki namja, Cala da bze umjobesia
cxovels mivceT silosTan erTad.
senaJi aris SemWknari balaxisagan uhaero pirobebSi damzadebuli
sakvebi, romelSic tenis Semcveloba ar aRemateba 50-55%-s. misi xarisxi
damokidebulia aRebisas balaxis vegetaciis periodze, mwvane masis
botanikur Sedgenilobaze da damzadebis teqnologiuri parametrebis
zustad dacvaze. senaJis damzadebisas, Tivad aRebasTan SedarebiT, kve-
biTi Rirebulebis gamosavali izrdeba 800-1000 kg sakvebi erTeuliT,
xolo dasilosebasTan SedarebiT 300-400 kg sakvebi erTeuliT.
koncentrirebuli sakvebi. aq gaerTianebulia marcvlovani da parko-
sani mcenareebidan miRebuli marcvleuli, an maTi narevi; marcvleuli
mdidaria advilad monelebadi sazrdo nivTierebebiT da xasiaTdeba maRa-
li energetikuli RirebulebiT. qimiuri Sedgenilobidan gamomdinare
marcvleul sakvebs yofen or jgufad: 1. naxSirwylebiT mdidar marc-
vlovan mcenareTa marcvlis sakvebad (simindi, qeri, xorbali, Wvavi,
Svria) da 2. proteiniT mdidar parkosanTa marcvlis sakvebad (soio,
muxudo, barda, cercvi, cercvela).
marcvlovanTa marcvlis proteini Raribia zogierTi Seucvladi
aminmJaviT da kalciumiT. amasTan, maTSi bevria fosfori da kaliumi.

59
saerTod ki koncentrirebuli sakvebi sakmao raodenobiT Seicavs B jgu-
fis vitaminebs, aris maTSi “K” da “E” vitaminebi, magram Raribia karoti-
niT da ar Seicavs “D” vitamins.
mcenareuli nedleulis gadamuSavebis anarCenebi. miekuTvneba wisq-
vilkombinatis, zeTsaxdeli qarxnis, Saqris, ludis da saxameblis warmo-
ebis anarCenebi (koptoni, Sroti, qato, wisqvilis mtveri, JenJo, buyi, xoti,
badagi da dRlabi); isini erTmaneTisagan sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebian
qimiuri SedgenilobiT, yuaTianobiT da energetikuli RirebulebiT.
maTi yuaTianobidan gamomdinare anarCenebis erTi nawili SeiZleba
mivakuTvnoT koncentrirebul sakvebs. meore nawili yuaTianobiT Camor-
Ceba sawyis nedleuls (mag. marcvals, Warxals, kartofils), zogierTi maT-
gani didi raodenobiT Seicavs wyals da swrafad fuWdeba; amis gamo am
ukanasknels aSroben an akonserveben da aseTi saxiT iyeneben sakvebad.
cxoveluri sakvebi. miekuTvneba rZe da rZis gadamuSavebis anarCe-
nebi, cxovelebis dakvlisa da xorcis gadamuSavebis anarCenebi, agreTve
Tevzis gadamuSavebis anarCenebi.
rZes da rZis gadamuSavebis anarCenebs miekuTvneba naturaluri rZe,
moxdili rZe, Srati da do.
cxovelebis dakvlisa da xorcis ganamuSavebis anarCenebia Zvlis,
Zvalxorcis da xorcis, agreTve frTa-bumbulis fqvili,
Tvzis gadamuSavebis anarCens miekuTvneba Tevzis fqvili.
rogorc wesi, cxoveluri sakvebi mdidaria advilad monelebadi pro-
teiniT da mineraluri nivTierebebiT, agreTve sakmao raodenobiT Seicavs
vitaminebis kompleqss.
kombinirebuli sakvebi. bunebaSi ar gvxvdeba iseT sakvebi, romelic
optimaluri raodenobiTa da formiT Seicavs cxovelis organizmisaTvis
saWiro yvela sayuaTo nivTierebas. magaliTad, marcvlovani mcenareebis
marcvali didi raodenobiT Seicavs saxamebels, magram maTSi naklebadaa
cilebi da piriqiT, parkosnebi mdidaria cilebiT magram maTSi saxame-
beli naklebi raodenobiTaa warmodgnili.
Tu marcvleuls SevurevT ciliT mdidar parkosanTa marcvals,
aseTi nareviT cxovelis kveba ufro efeqturi iqneba, vinaidan saxamebeli
da cilebis urTierTSefardeba ufro optimaluri iqneba misi organizmi-
saTvis.
viciT ra yvela saxis sakvebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba, SeiZleba davamza-
doT iseTi narevi, romelSic sasurveli TanafardobiT iqneba warmodge-
nili sayuaTo nivTierebebi, vitaminebi, makro- da mikroelementebi da sxv.
aseT sakvebs uwodeben kombinirebul sakvebs.
srulfasovani kombinirebuli sakvebnarevi sxvadasxva marcvalTan
erTad Seicavs vitaminebs, mineralur danamatebs, memcenareobis needle-
ulis gadamuSavebis anarCenebs, balaxis fqvils, proteinisa da energiis
wyaros (nax. 4).
amasTan, receptura sxvadasxva saxeobis, sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufis
da sameurneo daniSnulebis cxovelisaTvis sakmaod gansxvavebulia.
rogorc wesi, Zroxeulis kombinirebuli sakvebi mzaddeba martivi
receptiT, xolo frinvelisaTvis ufro rTuliT (mravalkomponentiania).
kombinirebuli sakvebi, ZiriTadad, ori saxisaa, srululufiani da
koncentrirebuli.
srululufiani kombinirebuli sakvebi warmoadgens koncentrirebuli
da uxeSi sakvebis saTanado recepturiT Sezavebul narevs. is mTlianad
scvlis cxovelis dRiur ulufas da uzrunvelyofs saWmlis mom-

60
nelebeli traqtis balasturi nivTierebebiT normalurad Sevsebas, rac,
Tavis mxriv, kuW-nawlavis sistemis normalurad funqcionirebisaTvisaa
aucilebeli.
amasTan, masSi cxovelis organizmis moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare,
zedmiwevniT aris da-
nax. 4. kombinirebuli sakvebis Sedgeniloba balansebuli yvela
sayuaTo nivTiereba,
mikro da makroele-
vitaminebi mentebi da vitaminebi.
marcvleulis
mineraluri
narevi rogorc wesi, srul-
danamatebi
ulufiani kombinire-
buli sakvebi gamo-
qato balaxis iyeneba frinvelebis
fqvili sakvebad.
kombinirebuli
koncentrati-kom-
sakvebi
melasa
binirebuli sakvebi
(badagi) biologiurad Sedgeba sxvadasxva
aqtiuri koncentrirebuli sak-
nivTierebebi vebis narevisagan.
energiis sxva sakvebTan (uxeSi,
wyaro mwvane, wvniani) erTad
proteinis Saqris am saxis koncentra-
wyaro Warxlis badagi
tis micemisas cxove-
li maqsimalurad
iTvisebs ulufis sayuaTo nivTierebebs.
kombinirebuli sakvebi gamodis dafquli narevis saxiT, agreTve
daroSili, granulirebuli da briketebis fizikuri formiT. yvelaze
ukeTesia 1-dan 2,5 mm zomis cilindris an kubis formis granulebi. aseTi
formisas ukeTesad inaxeba sayuaTo nivTierebebi da vitaminebi, gamoric-
xulia Semadgenlebis fraqcionireba, ar itkepneba, gaadvilebulia trans-
portireba da sakveburebSi darigeba.
premiqsebi. cxovelTa kvebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia minera-
lur-vitaminovan danamatebs, anu premiqsebs. isini, upiratesad, warmoad-
genen qimiuri da mikrobuli sinTezis nivTierebebiT gamdidrebul narevs
da gamoiyeneba kombinirebuli sakvebis kvebiTi Rirebulebis da biolo-
giuri srulfasovnebis asamaRleblad.
ganasxvaveben vitaminovan, mineralur, vitaminovan-Terapevtul da
sxva saxis premiqsebs. maT SemadgenlobaSi Sedis Semavsebeli (produqti,
romelsac aqvs unari Seakavos aqtiuri nivTiereba), Svriis fqvili, qato,
balaxis fqvili, koptoni, safuari, agreTve biologiurad aqtiuri nivTi-
erebebi- vitaminebi, mikroelementebi, aminmJavebi, sxva qimiuri da Terapev-
tuli preparatebi.
premiqsebs awarmoeben specializebul sawarmoebSi an kombinirebuli
sakvebis qarxnebis specialur xazebze. is gaTvaliswinebulia konkretuli
saxeobis da produqtiuli mimarTulebis sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelisa
da frinvelisaTvis (magaliTad, mewveli furisaTvis, mekvercxuli qaTmi-
saTvis, Roris sabekone suqebisaTvis da sxv.).
mineraluri danamatebi. gamoiyeneba ulufaSi ama Tu im mineraluri
nivTierebis deficitis Sesavsebad. magaliTad, kalciumis deficitisas
gamoiyeneba carci, Camqrali kiri, niJaris fqvili, xolo fosforis
naklebobisas fosforini, monokalcium- da/an trikalciumfosfati. makro

61
da mikroelementebiT ulufis gasamdidreblad iyeneben, agreTve, sapro-
pels (tbis lams) da nacars.
vitaminovani preparatebi. ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba Rorisa da frinve-
lis kombinirebuli sakvebis vitaminebiT gasamdidreblad. “A” da “D”
vitaminebis wyaroa Tevzis qoni, “D” vitamins Seicavs, agreTve, safuari.
garda amisa mrewveloba uSvebs sxvadasxva vitaminovan preparatebs.
antibiotikebi. gasuli saukunis 60-ani wlebidan kombinirebuli sak-
vebis SemadgenlobaSi daiwyes antibiotikebis damateba. biologiurad
aqtiuri Tvisebis wyalobiT isini dadebiTad moqmedeben organizmis
nivTierebaTa cvlaze, zrdian produqtiulobas da cxovelebis mier sakve-
bis gamoyenebis efeqturobas.
dReisaTvis msoflios umetesi qveynebis kanonmdeblobiT antibioti-
kebis gamoyeneba cxovelTa sakvebad akrZalulia. saqme is aris, rom aseTi
cxovelidan miRebuli rZe, xorci da kvercxi Seicaven narCen antibioti-
kebs, rac uaryofiTad moqmedebs adamianis janmrTelobaze, iwvevs ra
alergiul reaqcias da disbaqteriozs. arsebobs, agreTve, toqsikuri,
teratogenuri da mutagenuri moqmedebis ganviTarebis saSiSroeba.
ulufaSi proteinis da aminmJavebis deficitis
Sesavsebi danamatebi.
azotSemcveli nivTierebebi. Zroxeulisa da cxvris ulufaSi pro-
teinis ukmarisobisas, deficitis Sesavsebad danamatis saxiT iyeneben
sinTetikur azotovan nivTierebebs- karbamids (Sardovanas), bikarbonats,
amoniumis sulfats, amiaks. es nivTierebebi Seicaven aracilovan
azotovan SenaerTebs. dadgenilia, rom am nivTierebebis ulufaSi CarTviT
SesaZlebelia mcoxnav cxovelTa proteinze moTxovnileba dakmayofildes
25%- iT. yvela maTganis sakveb danamatad gamoyenebaze SemuSavebulia teq-
nikuri pirobebi.
sinTetikuri aminmJavebi. rogorc aRiniSna, mcenareuli sakvebi,
romelic aris cxovelebis ulufis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli, rogorc wesi,
ver uzrunvelyofs maRalproduqtiuli organizmis moTxovnilebas
biologiurad srulfasovan cilebze, anu Seucvlad aminmJavebze.
mcenareul sakvebSi, Cveulebriv, aRiniSneba lizinis, ufro iSviaTad
meTionisis da triptofanis deficiti. amasTan dakavSirebiT daiwyes
sinTetikuri aminmJavebis warmoeba, romlebic danamatis saxiT gamoiyeneba
kombinirebul sakvebSi, an Cveulebriv ureven yoveldRiur ulufaSi.
lizinis sakveb koncentrats iReben mikrobuli sinTeziT da gamo-
dis rogorc mSrali aseve Txevadi saxiT. am preparatis, agreTve meTi-
oninisa da triptofanis koncentratebis kombinirebul sakvebSi dasama-
tebeli raodenoba ganisazRvreba am aminmJavebis deficitis xarisxiT,
agreTve sxvadasxva saxeobisa da fiziologiuri mdgomareobis cxovele-
bis moTxovnilebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
bolo monacemebiT, sinTetikuri aminmJavebis damatebiT dabalanse-
buli ulufebiT kvebisas cxovelebis produqtiuloba izrdeba 15-20%- iT.
sakvebis yuaTianoba
sakvebis yuaTianobas anu sargeblianobas gansazRvravs masSi Sema-
vali organuli, araorganuli da biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebi
(sazrdo nivTierebebi). maTi raodenoba da urTierT Sefardeba sxvadasxva
saxis sakvebSi metad gansxvavebulia.

62
 cxovelis organizmis nivTierebaTa cvlis procesSi calkeuli
sayuaTo nivTierebis rolis Seswavlam mkvlevarebi miiyvana daskvnamdis,
rom SeuZlebelia erTi romelime sazomis gamonaxva da saWiroa sakvebi
Sefasdes yovelmxriv, kompleqsurad. aseTi Sefaseba, rodesac gaTvalis-
winebulia ara marto, vTqvaT, energetikuli Rirebuleba, aramed prote-
inis, cximebis, Saqrebis, mineraluri nivTierebebis, vitaminebis da a.S.
Semcveloba daedo safuZvlad kvebis normebs.
saqme is aris, rom sakvebSi Semavali nivTierebebis raodenoba da
xarisxi, agreTve maTi urTierT Sefardeba gansazRvravs sakvebis margi
moqmedebis efeqturobas. aqedan gamomdinare, cxovelis kvebisas aucile-
belia maqsimalurad gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas yvela is organuli da
araorganuli nivTiereba, romelsac saWiroebs misi organizmi sasicoc-
xlo procesebis Sesasruleblad da produqciis warmosaqmnelad.
amis gaTvaliswinebiT, CvenSi sxvadasxva saxeobis sasoflo-sameur-
neo cxovelebisa da frinvelebis ulufebis dabalanseba xdeba 24-35
maCvenebliT, maT Sorisaa sakvebi erTeuli, mimocvliTi energia, monele-
badi proteini, mikro da makroelementebi, zogierTi Seucvladi aminmJa-
vebi da vitaminebi.
yvela ama nivTierebaze sxvadasxva saxeobis, sqesis, asakis da fizi-
ologiuri mdgomareobis cxovelebis moTxovnileba metad gansxvavebulia,
rac gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas ulufebis Sedgenisas. saqme is aris,
rom romelime maTganis, miT ufro ramodenimes danaklisi cocxal orga-
nizmSi iwvevs produqtiulobis Semcirebas, nayofierebis daqveiTebas,
erTeul produqciaze sakvebis danaxarjis gadidebas, sicocxlisunari-
anobis Sesustebas da sxv., saboloo Sedegi ki damokidebulia danaklisis
odenobasTan da aseTi ulufiT kvebis periodis xangrZlivobasTan.
amasTan erTad, calkeuli sayuaTo nivTierebebis da mTlianad
sakvebis efeqturad gamoyeneba damokidebulia calkeuli Semadgenelis
(mag. Saqrebisa da proteinis, kalciumisa da fosforis da a.S.) urTierT
Sefardebaze
sakvebi erTeuli. axlo warsulSi cxovelis sakvebze moTxovnile-
bis anu kvebis normis ZiriTadi maCvenebeli iyo sakvebi erTeuli. is aris
sakvebis kvebiTi Rirebulebis, anu yuaTianobis saerTo sazomi. 1 sakvebi
erTeuli, 1 kg saSualo xarisxis Svriis marcvlis kvebiT Rirebulebis
tolia, rac uzrunvelyofs Zroxisa da cxvris organizmSi 149 g, xolo
RorebSi 170-180 g cximis dagrovebas.
yvela sxva saxis sakvebis yuaTianobas adarebdnen 1 kg Svriis yuaTi-
anobas. magaliTad, 1 kg mTis saZovris balaxis yuaTianoba 0,26 sakvebi
erTeulia, ionjis Tivis- 0,44 sakvebi erTeuli, TeTri simindis marcvlis-
1,33 sakvebi erTeuli da a.S. (cxrili 3) amdenad, 1 kg Svriis marcvali
Tavisi yuaTianobiT 4 kg mTis saZovris balaxis, 2,3 kg ionjis Tivis da
0,75 kg TeTri simindis marcvlis tolfasad unda CaiTvalos.
energetikuli sakvebi erTeuli. kvebiTi Rirebulebis sakvebi erTe-
uliT Sefasebis sistemas aqvs naklovani mxareebi. magaliTad, sakvebis
produqtiuli moqmedeba ar aris mudmivi da damokidebulia cxovelis
organizmis sxvadasxva sayuaTo nivTierebebiT dakmayofilebis doneze.
amitom sakvebis yuaTianoba ar SeiZleba gamoisaxos produqtiuli ener-
giis ubralo jamiT.
Svriis (sakvebi) erTeulis nakli mdgomareobs amaSi, rom ar
iTvaliswinebs sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis saxeobriv gansxvavebebs.
Tavis droze, cximis dagrovebis konstantebi gansazRvruli iqna

63
zrdasruli xarebis suqebisas, xolo Sedegebi gadatanili iqna sxva
saxeobis cxovelebze.
cxrili 3. zogierTi sakvebis Sedgeniloba da yuaTianoba (1 kg-Si)
mwvane/wvniani sakvebi uxeSi sakvebi

mTis saZovris

sagazafxulo
parkosani na-

saTibis Tiva
revi (naTesi)
marcvlovan-

ionjis Tiva
mSralobis

bunebrivi

xorblis
balaxi

balaxi

balaxi
Waobis
maCveneblebi

namja
sakvebi erTeuli 0.26 0.25 0.19 0.21 0.42 0.44 0.22
mimocvliTi energia: mjouli:
ZroxisaTvis 2.88 3.2 2.4 2.24 6.85 6.72 4.91
RorisaTvis - - - 2.02 - 6.23 3.68
cxvrisaTvis 3.52 3.4 2.6 2.38 7.28 6.95 5.25
mSrali nivTiereba, g 317 364 278 217 857 830 849
nedli proteini, g 43 33 33 35 97 144 46
m.S. monelebadi proteini, g 27 20 18 23 55 101 9
nedli cximi, g 11 13 11 10 25 22 15
nedli ujredana, g 80 114 95 54 263 253 351
uazoto eqstraqtuli nivT-ba, g 157 179 127 102 414 330 368
m.S. saxamebeli 6.4 7.4 9.6 - - 9 -
“ – “ Saqari 25 18 28 28 20 20 3
aminmJavebi, g: lizini 3.8 1.2 0.9 1.9 4.2 7.3 1.3
meTionini+cistini 2.3 0.8 0.4 0.9 3.7 5.5 1.3
makroelementebi,g: kalciumi (Ca) 2.8 2.0 1.2 2.5 7.2 17 3.3
fosfori (P) 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.4 2.2 2.2 0.9
magniumi (Mg) 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.4 1.7 3.0 1.4
kaliumi (K) 3.5 1.7 4.3 4.0 16.7 15.6 8.0
natriumi (Na) 0.7 2.6 0.2 0.2 0.4 1.5 0.6
qlori (Cl) 1.5 1.6 1.3 0.5 6.8 2.6 2.1
gogirdi (S) 0.96 0.7 0.9 0.5 1.8 1.8 1.0
mikroelementebi, mg: rkina (Fe) 16 11 25 70 188 168 409
spilenZi (Cu) 1.4 1 1 5.4 5.6 8.2 1.1
cinki (Zn) 6.1 5 4 15.0 21.2 19.1 35
manganumi (Mn) 24.7 50 12 37 94 26.4 53
kobalti (Co) 0.04 0.06 0.11 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.5
iodi (J) 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.4 0.3 0.45
vitaminebi: karotini, mg 45 20 30 48 15 49 5
A, saerTaSoriso erTeuli - - - - - - -
D, “–“–“ 3.1 - 3.8 5 150 360 40
E, mg 60 - 48 50 60 134 -
B1, mg - - - 1.0 2 1.6 -
B2, mg - - - 1.0 6 6.3 -
B3, mg - - - 10 23 15 -
B4, mg - - - 75 800 700 -
B5, mg - - - 8 17 19 -
B6, mg - - - - - 4 -
B12, mg - - - - - - -

64
 cxrili 3. –is gagrZeleba

marcvali anarCenebi

mzesumziris

rZis Srati
xorblis

xorblis
simindis

koptoni
(rbili)
maCveneblebi

Svriis
TeTri
qeris

qato
sakvebi erTeuli 1.28 1.15 1.33 1.0 1.08 0.75 0.13
mimocvliTi energia: mjouli
ZroxisaTvis 10.8 10.5 12.8 9.20 10.44 8.85 1.31
RorisaTvis 13.56 12.7 13.65 10.75 12.25 9.28 1.51
cxvrisaTvis 12.38 11.2 12.9 9.46 10.46 9.41 -
mSrali nivTiereba, g 850 850 850 850 900 850 90
nedli proteini, g 133 113 92 108 405 151 37
m.S. monelebadi proteini, g 106 85 67 79 324 97 35
nedli cximi, g 20 22 43 40 77 41 1
nedli ujredana, g 17 49 43 97 129 88 -
uazoto eqstraqtuli nivT-ba, g 661 638 658 573 221 526 45
m.S. saxamebeli 515 485 560 320 25 - -
“ – “ Saqari 20 2 20 25 62.6 47 -
aminmJavebi, g: lizini 3 4.1 2.8 3.6 13.4 5.4 2.9
meTionini+cistini 3.7 3.6 1.8 3.2 15.8 3.9 1.2
makroelementebi,g: kalciumi (Ca) 0.8 2.0 0.4 1.5 5.9 2.0 1.4
fosfori (P) 3.6 3.9 2.7 3.4 12.9 9.6 1.0
magniumi (Mg) 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.2 4.8 4.3 0.1
kaliumi (K) 3.4 5.0 3.7 5.4 9.5 10.9 1.8
natriumi (Na) 0.1 0.8 0.1 1.8 1.3 0.9 0.6
gogirdi (S) 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.0 1.0 0.39
qlori (Cl) 0.4 2.4 0.3 1.4 5.5 1.9 1.5
mikroelementebi, mg: rkina (Fe) 40 50 42 41 215 170 0.8
spilenZi (Cu) 6.6 4.2 6.0 4.9 17.2 11.3 0.9
cinki (Zn) 23 35.1 19.5 22.5 40.0 81.0 4.4
manganumi (Mn) 46.4 13.5 8.8 56.5 37.9 117.0 0.21
kobalti (Co) 0.07 0.26 0.06 0.07 0.19 0.10 0.07
iodi (J) 0.06 0.22 0.13 0.1 0.37 1.75 0.11
vitaminebi: karotini, mg 1 0.5-0.2 0.4 1.3 2 2.6 -
A, saerTaSoriso erTeuli - - - - - - -
D, “ – “ – “ - - - - 5 - 5-20
E, mg 11.9 50 15.0 12.9 11.0 20.9 0.6
B1, mg 4.6 3.5 4.6 7.3 6.3 6.0 0.4
B2, mg 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.1 3.1 2.9 1.8
B3, mg 9.6 9.4 4.0 13.0 14.9 23.5 4.5
B4, mg 969 1100 500 900 2300 1300 120
B5, mg 52.5 60 16 13.0 220 150 1.0
B6, mg 6.1 3.1 8 1.9 10 15 1.1
B12, mg - - - - - - 3.6

65
 imavdroulad, rZis an/da matylis misaRebad cxovelebis moSenebis
da maTi aRwarmoebis funqciis dasaxasiaTeblad cximis dagroveba ar
SeiZleba iyos sakvebis produqtiuli moqmedebis erTaderTi kriteriumi.
amis gaTvaliswinebiT, sxvadasxva sakvebisa da ulufebis energeti-
kuli yuaTianobis ZiriTad maCveneblad iyeneben mimocvliTi energiiT
Sefasebis monacems. Sesafasebel erTeulad SemoTavazebulia energetiku-
li sakvebi erTeuli (“ese”), am sididis gazomvis etalonad ki miRebu-
lia 2500 kilokaloria, anu 10,47 megajouli mimocvliTi energia. “ese”-s
sazRvraven sakvebis (ulufis) mimocvliTi energiis 2500 kilokaloriaze
an 10,47 mjoulze gayofiT.
ase magaliTad, me- 3 cxrilis mixedviT mTis saZovris balaxis
mimocvliTi energia ZroxisaTvis Seadgens 2,88 megajouls. amdenad, misi
energetikuli sakvebi erTeuli ki iqneba:
ese = 2,88 : 10,47 = 0,28.
monelebadi proteini. sakvebis azotovani nivTierebebis nawilia
proteini, xolo masSi Semaval yvela azotovan naerTs uwodeben nedl
proteins. am nivTierebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis cilebi da azotis Semcve-
li sxva aracilovani naerTebi, e.w. amidebi. proteini cxovelis kuW-naw-
lavis wvenebis moqmedebiT iSleba aminmJavebad da aseTi saxiT Seiwoveba
sisxlSi.
cila cxovelis organizmisaTvis ZiriTadi saSeni masalaa. cocxali
ujredis cxovelmoqmedeba cilebis cvlis mudmivi procesisagan Sedgeba
da, amdenad, sakvebis proteiniT dakmayofilebas misTvis gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs.
unda aRiniSnos, rom cilovani nivTierebebi monawileoben cocxal
organizmSi mimdinare TiTqmis yvela sasicocxlo procesSi. amasTan, rac
ufro bevria ulufaSi sxvadasxva sakvebi saSualebebi, miT ufro mraval-
ferovnad aris warmodgenili proteini da, amdenad, metia am nivTierebiT
organizmis moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis garantiebi.
proteinis Semcvelobas da xarisxs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda
mieqces Rorisa da frinvelebis kvebisas. saqme is aris, rom am saxeobebis
moSenebis efeqturoba, ZiriTadad, damokidebulia sakvebSi Seucvladi
aminmJavebis Semcvelobaze, romelTa nakleboba swrafadve aisaxeba nivTi-
erebaTa cvlis moSliT da produqtiulobis SemcirebiT. maTgan gansxvave-
biT, mcoxnavi cxovelebis winakuWebSi mikroorganizmebis mier sasicoc-
xlo funqciebis Sesrulebisas xdeba yvela Seucvladi aminmJavas sinTezi,
ris gamo es saxeobebi naklebad ganicdian sakvebSi miRebuli proteinis
dabal xarisxiT gamowveul uaryofiT moqmedebas.
mcoxnavi cxovelebisaTvis ulufis proteinovan yuaTianobas sazR-
vraven nedli da monelebadi proteinis raodenobiT, xolo frinvelebisa
da RorebisaTvis nedli da monelebadi proteinis, agreTve zogierTi
Seucvladi aminmJavebis SemcvelobiT.
naxSirwylebi (Saqrebi). mcenareuli sakvebi didi raodenobiT Seicavs
am nivTierebebs da maT udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs rogorc energiis way-
ros. amasTan, zogadad sakvebis da masSi proteinis gamoyenebis efeqtu-
robis amaRlebis saqmeSi udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs naxSirwylebisa da
proteinis urTierTSefardebas (“Saqarproteinovan Sefardebas”). am cnebis
qveSi igulisxmeba Tu ra raodenobiT Saqari modis monelebadi proteinis
erTeul raodenobaze. mewveli furebisaTvis es maCvenebeli unda iyos 0,8-

66
1,0- is farglebSi, anu yovel 100 g monelebad proteinze unda modiodes
80-100 g naxSirwylebi.
cximebi. am nivTierebis roli ar Semoifargleba mxolod energeti-
kuli RirebulebiT. is struqturuli masalis saxiT Sedis ujredis pro-
toplazmis SemadgenlobaSi. cximebis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali zogierTi
cximmJava (mag. araqidonis, linolenis) gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania
nivTierebaTa cvlisaTvis da cxovelis zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis. sakvebSi
cximebis ukmarisobisas aRiniSneba cximSi xsnadi vitaminebis (A, D, E, K)
deficiti, amis gamo kvebis normebSi asaxulia am nivTierebaze moTxovna.
mineraluri nivTierebebi. mravalmxriv funqciebs asruleben cxove-
lis organizmSi. isini warmoqmnian Zvlovan qsovils, monawileoben nivTi-
erebaTa cvlaSi da sxva.
cxovelis organizmi SeiZleba Seicavdes 66-68 qimiuri elements,
romelTagan mudmivad gvxvdeba 47. raodenobrivi Semcvelobidan gamomdi-
nare maT yofen makro da mikroelementebad.
makroelementebidan cxovelebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
kalciumi da fosfori, xolo mikroelementebidan- rkina, spilenZi, TuTia,
manganumi, kobalti da iodi.
mineraluri marilebis gareSe kveba cxovelis gardauval sikvdils
iwvevs, Tundac misi ulufa dabalansebuli iyos energiis da organuli
nivTierebebis mixedviT. garkveuli gadaxrebi aRiniSneba calkeuli mikro
da makroelementis naklebobisas. magaliTad, kalciumis nakleboba iwvevs
zrdis SeCerebas da raqitiT daavadebas, fosforis deficiti- madis
daqveiTebas, osteomalacias da balnis cvenas, rkinis nakleboba ki sis-
xlnaklulobas.
sasicocxlo funqciebis Sesrulebisas cxovelis organizmi “xar-
javs” mineralur nivTierebebs. magaliTad, weliwadSi 3000 kg rZis mew-
veli furi rZesTan erTad organizmidan gamohyofs 22,5 kg mineralur
nivTierebas. misi gamoiyofa xdeba, agreTve, fekalur masaSi, SardSi,
oflSi da sxv., amitom normaluri mdgomareobis SesanarCuneblad cxo-
velma mineraluri nivTierebebi sistematiurad da gansazRvruli raode-
nobiT unda miiRos sakvebidan. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mosalodnelia:
a) organoTa funqciuri moqmedebis darRveva;
b) aRwarmoebis funqciis moSla da/an daqveiTebuli sicocxlisuna-
rianobis mqone namatis dabadeba;
g) sarZeo produqtiulobis Semcireba da rZis qimiur Semadgenlo-
baSi cvlilebebi;
d) sakvebis monelebadobis gauareseba da erTeul produqciaze
daxarjuli sakvebis raodenobis gadideba.
sufris marili (NaCl). mineraluri marilebidan gansakuTrebuli
adgili ukavia. am naerTSi 39,3% modis natriumze da 60,7% qlorze. cxove-
lisaTvis vargisi sufris marili ar unda Seicavdes qviSis minarevebs,
metalis nawilakebs da sxva ucxo CanarTebs.
uSualod meZroxeobisa da mecxvareobis fermebSi es nivTiereba
gamoiyeneba qvamarilisa an dawnexili briketebis saxiT. amaTgan, ufro
efeqturia briketebad dawnexilis gamoyeneba, vinaidan damzadebisas aris
SesaZlebloba masSi mevurioT sxvadasxva elementebi, vitaminebi da
zogierTi invaziuri daavadebis sawinaaRmdego preparatebi, e.i. gavzardoT
misi moqmedebis efeqti.
sufris marilisadmi Zlier mgrZnobiare aris Rori, qaTami, indauri
da yvela saxeobis frinvelis mozardi. am nivTierebiT mowamvlis niSnebia

67
Zlieri wyurvili, sunTqvis sixSiris momateba, kunTebis sisuste, kisrisa
da Tavis arabunebrivi moZraoba.
vitaminebi. sakvebSi metad mcire raodenobiT gvxvdeba, magram maTi
biologiuri roli imdenad didia, rom vitaminebis gareSe cxovelis
organizmi ver uzrunvelyofs sasicocxlo funqciebis Sesrulebas. es
nivTierebebi asruleben katalizatorebis rols.
vitaminebis klasifikacia damyarebulia maT xsnadobaze. am
maCvenebliT isini iyofa or jgufad: 1. wyalSi xsnadi (B jgufis da C
vitaminebi) da 2. cximSi xsnadi (A, D, E da K).
organizmSi romelime vitaminis naklebobas uwodeben hipovitami-
nozs, xolo saerTod ar arsebobas- avitaminozs. informacia vitaminebis
naklebobiT gamowveul daavadebebze mocemulia me- 4 cxrilSi.
cxrili 4. sakvebSi zogierTi vitaminebis naklebobiT
gamowveuli daavadebebi
vitaminebis qimiuri naklebobiT gamowveuli daavadebebi
dasaxeleba formula
A, rentoli C20H29OH zrdis SeCereba, Tvalis daavadeba,
nayofierebis daqveiTeba
B1, Tiamini C12H17ON4SCl polinevriti, madis dakargva, kunTebis
sisuste, rezistentobis daqveiTeba
B2, riboflavini C17H20N4O6 zrdis SeCereba, dermatiti, balnis
cvena, pulsis Seneleba
B6, piridoqoli C8H11O3N tyavis daavadeba, zrdaSi CamorCena.
B12 ciankobalamini C6H88O14N14PCo anemia, proteinis aTvisebis unaris daq-
veiTeba
PP, nikotinmJava C6H5O2N pelagra (specifikuri dermatiti)
C,askorbinis mJava C6H8O6 cinga (kbilebis cvena, sisxlCaqcevebi)
D, kalciferoli C28O44OH osteomalacia, raqiti
E, tokoferoli C29H50O2 unayofoba, abortebi
K, filoqinoni C32H46O2 sisxlis Sededebis unaris daqveiTeba
H, biotini C10H16O3N2S tyavis daavadeba

wyali. erT erTi yvelaze efeqturi bunebrivi gamxsnelia. marTalia

is ar Seicavs sayuaTo nivTierebebs, magram sasmeli wyliT uzrunvelyo-
faze didadaa damokidebuli cxovelebis produqtiuloba da janmrTe-
lobis mdgomareoba.
pirutyvis sasmeli wylis optimaluri temperatura +8...+160C-is farg-
lebSia. ufro maRali temperaturis wyali cudad klavs wyurvils.
amasTan, ZuZumwovar mozards umjobesia mivceT +30...+320C temperaturis
wyali, erTi Tvis Sesrulebis Semdeg ki +14...+15 C0–is.
cxovelebi wyals dRe-RameSi svamen 6-10 da metjer. bagurad Senaxvi-
sas dasawyurveblad umjobesia gamoviyenoT avtosawyurveblebi. saZovarze
ki ise unda movawyoT sawyurveblebi, rom cxovelebs dRis manZilze
survilisamebr SeeZloT wylis daleva.
sxvadaxva saxeobis da asakis cxovelebisa da frinvelebis moTxov-
nileba wyalze mocemulia me- 5 cxrilSi.
sakvebis monelebadoba
aris sakvebis sayuaTo nivTierebebis Tviseba saWmlis momnelebeli
wvenebis zemoqmedebiT gadavidnen xsnad mdgomareobaSi da am gziT miiRon

68
kuW-nawlavis sistemis mier advilad asaTvisebeli forma. es maCveneblebi,
damokidebulia sakvebis qimiur Sedgenilobaze, gemoze, sunze da kvebis-
wina Semzadebaze, agreTve kvebis teqnikaze, cxovelis saxeobaze, mis
asakze da fiziologiur mdgomareobaze.
cxrili 5. sasmeli da sameurneo saWiroebisaTvis saWiro wyali
(saSualod 1 sulze dReRameSi, litri)
pirutyvis saxeoba da jgufi dRiuri norma saZovruli
avtosawyureb- avtosawyureb- Senaxvisas
lis gareSe lis dros
furi (xeliT wvelisas) 70 90 60-75
furi (manqaniT wvelisas) 90 115 60-75
kuro-mwarmoebeli da uSobeli 50 60 -
Zroxis 2 wlamde mozardi 30 35 40
4-6 Tvis asakis xbo 18 20 -
cxvari 10 10 6-8
asxletili batkani 3 5 3-4
mawovari nezvi 60 100 40-50
mSrali-make nezvi 25 35 30
kerati-mwarmoebeli 25 35 30
Roris 2 Tveze uxnesi mozardi 10-15 15-25 15
qaTami 0,5 1 -
indauri 0,75 1 -
ixvi da bati 1,25 1,75 -
cxeni 50 60-80 50-60

sakvebis monelebadobas
cxrili 6. zogierTi saxis sakvebis
gamosaxaven monelebadobis
monelebadobis koeficientebi koeficientiT (%-Si), romel-
sakvebi sac sazRvraven micemuli
nivTiereba
organuli

ujredana
proteini

sakvebisa da organizmidan
nedli

nedli
cximi
uen

gamoyofili mounelebeli
nawilis urTierTSefarde-
biT. rogorc wesi, sakvebis
organul nivTierebebTan
mcoxnavi cxovelebi erTad sazRvraven, nedli
saZovris balaxi 71 70 62 75 66 proteinis, nedli cximis,
Tiva 61 57 51 64 59 uazoto eqstraqtuli nivTi-
qeris marcvali 86 70 89 92 33 erebebis (uen) da ujredanas
xorblis qato 69 79 71 71 26 monelebadobis koeficien-
tebs (cxrili 6).
moxdili rZe 98 95 100 100 - sxvadaxva sakvebis mone-
Rori lebadobis koeficienti cxo-
samyuras balaxi 40 33 12 57 16 velTa saxeobebis mixedviT
qeris marcvali 82 77 44 89 12 metad gansxvavebulia. amas-
xorblis qato 78 85 71 82 26 Tan, rac metia sakvebSi ned-
li ujredana, miT dabalia
moxdili rZe 90 90 81 95 -
masSi Semavali sayuaTo
nivTierebebis monelebadobis koeficienti.

69
 cxovelTa normirebuli kveba
cxovelTa produqtiulobis potenciis gamovlenaSi, misi janmrTe-
lobis SenarCunebisa da eqsploataciis xangrZlivobis gazrdaSi kvebas
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs.
mecxoveleobis mravalsaukunovani praqtikiT dasabuTebulia, rom
met-naklebad maRalproduqtiuli jiSebis gamoyvana da/an xarisxobrivi
gaumjobeseba SeuZlebelia srulfasovani da dabalansebuli ulufebiT
kvebis gareSe.
cxovelTa kvebis sworad organizacia iTvaliswinebs sayuaTo nivTi-
erebebiT, mineraluri marilebiT da vitaminebiT cocxali organizmis
moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas. arasrulfasovani, daubalansebeli ulu-
febiT kvebisas cxoveli Tavisi sxeulidan xarjavs im nivTierebebs,
romelTa deficiti aRiniSneba ulufaSi. Sedegad, aRiniSneba organizmis
gaRaribeba da rac ufro didxans grZeldeba aseTi kvebis periodi, miT
ufro sustdeba cxoveli, qveiTdeba produqtiuloba da sareproduqcio
Tvisebebi.
fermebSi produqciis warmoebaze da mis ekonomikur efeqtianobaze
mizanmimarTuli zemoqmedebisaTvis unda vicodeT:
a) sxvadasxva saxeobis, produqtiuli mimarTulebis, sqesis, asakis
cocxali masisa da fiziologiuri mdgomareobis cxovelis da/an
frinvelis moTxovnileba yvela aucilebel nivTierebebze, anu
kvebis norma;
b) ulufebis Sedgenis principebi;
g) arsebuli sakvebi saSualebebis bazaze kvebis optimaluri tipis
SerCeva;
d) cxovelTa kvebis sworad organizacia da teqnika;
e) kvebis pirobebis kontroli da ekonomikurobis Sefaseba.
kvebis norma. aris mecnierulad argumentirebuli moTxovnileba
sayuaTo nivTierebebze, romelic sakvebis zomierad xarjviT uzrun-
velyofs cxovelidan Sesabamisi produqciis miRebas, misi janmrTelobis
mdgomareobisa da aRwarmoebis unaris SenarCunebas.
sakvebis yuaTianoba aris Tviseba daakmayofilos cxovelis moTxov-
nileba ama Tu im nivTierebaze. Tavis mxriv, sakvebis moTxovnilebaSi
igulisxmeba nivTierebebis is raodenoba, romelic unda miiRos cxovelma
saarsebod da produqciis Sesaqmnelad.
mecnierebis mier Sedgenili kvebis normebi SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs
ganvsazRvroT ulufebi konkretuli saxeobis, jiSis, sqesis, asakis da
fiziologiuri mdgomareobis cxovelis moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare.
amasTan, kvebis normebis da pirobebis dacva miRebuli produqciis- rZis,
xorcis, kvercxisa da matylis TviTRirebulebis Semcirebis saSualebas
iZleva.
kvebis normebis Sedgenisas gaTvaliswinebulia organizmis moTxov-
nileba arsebobis SesanarCuneblad saWiro sayuaTo nivTierebebze (saar-
sebo sakvebi) da sayuaTo nivTierebebis is damatebiTi raodenoba, rome-
lic aucilebelia: a) produqciis misaRebad (produqtiuli sakvebi) da
b) aRwarmoebis funqciis Sesasruleblad (sareproduqcio sakvebi).
saarsebo sakvebis raodenoba icvleba cxovelis saxeobis, cocxali
masis, asakis, nakvebobis, individualuri Taviseburebisa da garemos tempe-
raturis gaTvaliswinebiT.

70
 produqtiuli sakvebis raodenoba gaiangariSeba cxovelis asakis,
produqtiulobis donis da/an datvirTvis (mag. cxovelis muSaobisas)
xasiaTidan gamomdinare.
mdedri cxovels organizmi kvercxujredis mosamwifeblad, gana-
yofierebis Semdeg ki nayofis normalurad ganviTarebisaTvis, mamr
cxovels ki spermis warmosaqmnelad garkveuli raodenobiT sakvebi
sWirdeba, romelic iwodeba sareproduqcio sakvebad.
ulufa. mas racionsac uwodeben. ulufa aris cxovelis dRiuri
norma sakvebze da Sedgeba erTi an ramodenime saxis sakvebisagan. sworad
Sedgenilma ulufam unda daakmayofilos cxovelis moTxovnileba yvela
organul da araorganul nivTierebaze.
ulufis Sedgenisas unda gamovideT sakvebis im asortimentidan
romelic gvaqvs meurneobaSi da ra yuaTianobis ulufa mogvcems ufro
maRal efeqts. amis gaTvaliswinebiT cdiloben rac SeiZleba iafi sakvebi
CarTon ulufaSi, magram aman uaryofiTad ar unda imoqmedos cxovelis
produqtiulobasa da janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze.
didi mniSvneloba aqvs kvebis pirobebis dacvas. es niSnavs, rom cxo-
vels sxvadasxva saxis sakvebi unda mivceT garkveuli TanamimdevrobiT da
zustad gansazRvrul dros. mniSvnelovania, rom ulufaSi axali sakvebis
Setana moxdes TandaTanobiT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia aRi-
niSnos saWmlis monelebis moSla.
kvebis (ulufis) tipi. ganisazRvreba ulufaSi Semavali sxvadasxva
sakvebis urTierT SefardebiT da gamoixateba procentebSi. kvebis tipis
saxelad arCeven yuaTianobis mixedviT ulufaSi yvelaze meti raodenobiT
Semavali sakvebis saxels. magaliTad koncentrirebuli tipis, moculo-
biani tipis, silosis tipis da a.S.
ulufis tips arCeven cxovelis saxeobidan gamomdinare. magaliTad,
Roris ZiriTadi sakvebia koncentrirebuli sakvebi. analogiuri mdgoma-
reoba frinvelebSi, maSin rodesac Zroxa da cxvari SeiZleba SevinaxoT
moculobiani sakvebis maRali xvedriTi wilis Semcvel ulufebze.
kvebis tipi gavlenas axdens organizmSi mimdinare nivTierebaTa
cvlis xasiaTsa da mimarTulebaze, agreTve cxovelis janmrTelobis
mdgomareobasa da aRwarmoebaze. yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi is unda
SeiirCes sakvebis saerTo maragis da asortimentis gaTvaliswinebiT.
rogorc aRiniSna, ulufa xels unda uwyobdes produqtiulobis maqsima-
luri doniT gamovlenas.
cxovelTa kvebis organizacia. mecxoveleobis fermaSi sakvebi
ulufebis Sedgena xdeba cxovelebis garkveul jgufze. ase, magaliTad,
sarZeo fermaSi furebs yofen daaxloebiT erTnairi cocxali masis, asa-
kis, dRiuri monawvelis, rZeSi cximis Semcvelobis da nakvebobis mixed-
viT, ris Semdeg dgeba moTxovnilebis Sesatyvisi sakvebi ulufebi jgufis
erT saSualo cxovelze, rogorc fizikuri masiT, aseve Semadgeneli
nivTierebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
erTi furis dRiuri normis gamravlebiT jgufSi cxovelTa saer-
To raodenobaze adgenen moTxovnilebas cal-calke yvela saxis sakvebze,
xolo fermaSi arsebuli furebis yvela jgufisaTvis saWiro sakvebTa
dajamebiT ganisazRvreba mTeli moTxovnileba garkveuli periodis
(rogorc wesi erTi Tvis) manZilze. msgavsi principiT ganisazRvreba
sakvebze moTxovnileba meZroxeobis fermis sxva sqesobriv-asakobrivi da
fiziologiuri jgufis cxovelebisaTvis konkretuli Tvis, wlis peri-
odis da/an mTeli wlis manZilze.

71
 ramdenadac fermaSi, rogorc wesi, hyavT sxvadasxva sqesobriv-asa-
kobrivi jgufis cxovelebi, gaTvlebis gaadvilebis mizniT SemoRebulia
cneba “pirobiTi suli”, romlis qveS igulisxmeba erTi saSualo safu-
raJe furi.
sxvadasxva saxeobis, agreTve sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufis cxovele-
bis pirobiT sulSi gadayvana SeiZleba Sesabamisi koeficientebis saSu-
alebiT (cxrili 7). gaTvlebis Sedegad miRebuli monacemiT, ician ra
“erTi safuraJe furis” wliuri moTxovnileba sakvebze, dagegmili kvebis
tipi, fermaSi arsebuli sakvebis da mosalodneli mosavlis savaraudo
yuaTianoba, gadaangariSebiT sazRvraven sxvadasxva saxis sakvebze moT-
xovnilebas.
cxrili 7. sxvadasxva saxeobis da sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufis
cxovelis pirobiT sulSi gadasayvani koeficienti
saxeoba/sqesobriv- gadasayvani saxeoba/sqesobriv- gadasayvani
asakobrivi jgufi koeficientebi asakobrivi jgufi koeficientebi
furi/furkameCi 1.0 ZiriTadi nezvi 0.47
kuro 0.78 kerati 0.46
uSobeli 0.61 gamosacdeli nezvi 0.34
1-dan 2 wlamde 0.54 2-10 Tvis sanaSene 0.17
mozardi mozardi
1 wlamde mozardi 0.23 2-8 Tvis sasuqi 0.11
mozardi
6 Tvemde xbo 0.15 8-dan 11 Tvemde 0.21
sasuqi mozardi
nerbi 0.13 ulayi, faSati 0.86
verZi 0.15 kvici 1 wlamde 0.40
SiSaqi 0.11 kvici 1-2 wlamde 0.68
1 wlamde batkani 0.07 2- dan 3 wlamde 0.71
mozardi

ramdenadac, ulufis yvela komponentiT dabalanseba sakmaod Sroma-

tevadi samuSaoa, Seqmnilia specialuri kompiuteruli programebi (maga-
liTad programa «Коралл»), romelic gvaZlevs saSualebas vareguliroT
cxovelTa ulufebis dagegmva da sakvebze moTxovnileba konkretuli
bunebriv-ekologiuri da sameurneo pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
saZovrebis organizacia
saqarTvelo mdidaria bunebrivi sakveb-savargulebiT. statistikuri
monacemebiT CvenSi sul aris 1796,6 aTasi ha bunebrivi sakveb-savarguli,
romlidan 1919,0 ha modis sazafxulo saZovrebze da saTibebze, 235 aTasi
ha sazamTroa, xolo 642,6 ha gardamavali saZovaria. maTi efeqturad
gamoyeneba iseTi mciremiwiani qveynisaTvis, rogorc saqarTveloa metad
mniSvnelovania.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom gamomdinare bunebriv-klimaturi da
ekonomikuri pirobebidan Cveni meZroxeoba da mecxvareoba TiTqmis mTli-
anad efuZneba bunebrivi svargulebidan miRebul sakvebs, gasagebi unda
iyos am sferoSi saqmianobis sworad organizaciis sakiTxis udidesi
mniSvneloba.
saZovrebis mosavlianobis gazrda da maTi sargeblianobis amaRleba
SesaZlebelia zedapiruli da Zireuli gaumjobesebiT.
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 zedapiruli gaumjobeseba. am dros mimarTaven Semdeg RonisZiebebs:
1. kulturteqnikuri samuSaoebi (qvebis gatana, Txunelebisa da Wian-
Wvelebis kolxobebis mosworeba, SedarebiT swor farTobebze buCq-
narebisa da wvrili tyis gakafva, saWiroebisas teritoriis moswo-
reba);
2. wylisa da sahaero reJimebis gaumjobeseba (morwyva, kordis gaf-
xviereba);
3. sarevela mcenareebTan brZola;
4. organuli da mineraluri sasuqebis SetaniT miwis ganoyiereba;
5. sakvebi balaxebis SeTesva.
kulturteqnikuri samuSaoebis da sarevelebTan brZolis Ronis-
Ziebebis damTavrebis Semdeg im farTobebze, sadac kordi Zlier darRve-
ulia da cenozSi Warbobs fesuriani da meCxerbuCqiani marcvlovnebi, ata-
reben sakvebi balaxebis SeTesvas. yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi klima-
tis, niadagis tipis da sxva faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT SearCeven Sesa-
Tesi sakvebi kulturebis saxeobebs. am RonisZiebis efeqturoba damokide-
bulia farTobebis teniT uzrunvelyofis sakiTxis gadawyvetaze.
Zireuli gaumjobeseba. arsebobs ori xerxi: pirveli, niadagis mox-
vnisa da damuSavebis Semdeg 2-3 wlis manZilze erTwlovani kulturebis
Tesva-moyvana da meore e.w. daCqarebuli gamdeloeba, rodesac niadagis
moxvnis Semdeg pirdapir iTeseba mravalwlovani balaxebis narevi.
saZovrebis gaumjobesebis Tu romeli xerxi iqnas gamoyenebuli
yovel konkretul SemTxvevisaTvis unda gadawydes bunebrivi pirobebis,
nakveTis eqsploataciis intensivobis, cenozis mdgomareobis da sxva
faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
saZovrebis racionaluri gamoyeneba. gulisxmobs cxovelebis Zove-
bis mowesrigebas. upirvelesi amocanaa gazafxulze cxovelebis saZovarze
gayvanis da Semodgomaze saZovruli Senaxvis damTavrebis optimaluri
vadebis gansazRvra. gazafxulze, cxovelebis saZovarze pirvelad gaSve-
bis periodis erT-erTi ZiriTadi sazomia balaxnaris simaRle. amasTan,
marcvlovani balaxeulis siWarbisas Zoveba unda daiwyos aRerebis sawyis
stadiaSi, xolo parkosnebis siWarbisas- parkosani balaxebis gverdiTi
ylortebis ganviTarebis dasawyisSi.
nebismier tipis saZovarze balaxnaris mosavlianobis da eqsploata-
ciis xangrZlivobis gazrdis, agreTve efeqturobis amaRlebis mniSvnelo-
vani saSualebaa nakveTmorigeobiTi Zovebis sistemis SemoReba.
CvenSi, jer kidev, SemorCenilia usistemo Zovebis tradicia, rode-
sac pirutyvi yovelgvari winaswar momzadebis gareSe gahyavT fermis
mimdebare nakveTze da xdeba maTi Tavisuflad Zoveba.
usistemod Zovebisas saZovris balaxis mniSvnelovani nawili (30-
35%-mde) iTeleba cxovelebis gadaadgilebisas. saqme is aris, rom am
SemTxvevaSi, ukeTesi balaxnaris ZebniT cxoveli yoveldRe Semoivlis
mTel farTobs, sakvebis ukmarisobisas ki is Zovs ufro karg da noyier
balaxs. meores mxriv, mosavlis siWarbisas pirutyvi ver aswrebs balaxis
srulad gadaZovnas, is yvavildeba, uxeSdeba da kargavs yuaTianobas.
nakveTmorigeobiTi Zovebis sistema gulisxmobs mTeli farTobis 4-5
nakveTad dayofas da yovel nakveTSi, morigeobiT, 5-7 dRis ganmavlobaSi
pirutyvis Zovebas. aseT pirobebSi pirutyvi pirvel nakveTs daubrundeba
25-30 dRis Semdeg. drois es Sualedi ki sruliad sakmarisia balaxis
wamosazrdelad da misi sruli simwifis misaRwevad.

73
 nakveTebis raodenobisa da farTobis gaangariSebisas gasaTvalis-
winebelia jgufSi cxovelebis suladoba, maTi sakvebze moTxovnileba,
balaxnaris mdgomareoba, vegetaciisaTvis saWiro tenis uzrunvelyofa da
zogierTi sxva momenti. 1 pirobiT furze unda modiodes 2-3 m siganis
nakveTi, xolo saZovris farTobma dReSi unda Seadginos 12-15 m2.
saZovris nakveTebad dayofisas SeiZleba gamoviyenoT bunebrivi saz-
RvrebiT Semokavebuli farTobebi, an kidev gamoviyenoT ”eleqtro mwyemsi”
(nax. 47), romlis axali modeli ikvebeba mzis batareebiT.
nakveTmorigeobiTi Zovebis
sur. 47. eleqtro mwyemsis gamoye-
efeqturoba gamoixateba, agreTve,
nebis principuli sqema
invaziuri daavadebebis gavrcele-
bis saSiSroebis nivelirebaSi. saq-
me is aris, rom periodi, romlis
Semdeg naxiri ubrundeba nakveTs
sruliad sakmarisia daavadebuli
cxovelis nakelidan saZovarze
moxvedrili parazitebis kvercxebis
dasaxocad, e.i. saZovris TviTdaw-
mendisaTvis.
nakveTmorigeobiTi Zovebisas
gaadvilebulia saZovris morwyvis
da sxva zedapirulad gasaumjo-
besebeli RonisZiebebis Catareba.
xelovnuri (kulturuli) saZovrebi. cxovelebisaTvis erT-erTi yve-
laze iafi da maRali xarisxis sakvebis wyaroa. mowyoba xdeba agroteqni-
kuri moTxovnebis zustad dacvis pirobebSi, mravalwlovani marcvlovani
parkosani balaxebis narevis TesviT. kulturuli saZovrebi mosavli-
anobiT 2-3 da ufro metad aRemateba bunebriv saZovrebs.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos baris raionebisaTvis kulturuli saZov-
rebis mosawyobad rekomendebulia saTiTuras, mdelos wivanas, ufxo
Svrielas, saZovris koindaris da ionjis narevSi Tesva. 1 ha farTobze am
balaxebis Teslis masam unda Seadginos, Sesabamisad 8, 10, 8 da 6 kg.
aseTi saZovris mwvane masis 1 kg- is yuaTianoba, vegetaciis fazidan
gamomdinare, 0,22-0,24 sakvebi erTeulia da Seicavs 24-28 g monelebad
proteins.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi.
• ra maCveneblebs iTvaliswineben kvebis normebis dadgenisas?
• ra gansazRvravs sakvebis yuaTianobas?
• ra ewodeba vitaminebis naklebobas da mis saerTod ar arsebobas?
• normidan ra gadaxrebia mosalodneli vitaminebis naklebobisas?
• rogor vangariSobT sakvebis monelebadobis koeficients?
• ra aris sakvebi erTeuli?
• rogor gaiangariSeba energetikuli sakvebi erTeuli (“ese”)?
• ra saxis sakvebi saSualebebi iciT?
• ramdeni maCvenebliT dabalansebas iTvaliswinebs kvebis normebi?
• ras niSnavs “saarsebo” “produqtiuli” da sareproduqcio sakvebi?
• ra aris Saqarproteinovani Sefardeba da ra mniSvneloba aqvs mas?
• ra mniSvneloba aqvs cxovelis sasmeli wyliT uzrunvelyofas?

74
 • ra aris “pirobiTi suli”?
• ra samuSaoebis Sesrulebas gulisxmobs saZovrebis zedapiruli
gaumjobeseba?
• ra unda gaviTvaliswinoT cxovelebis saZovarze gayvanisas?
• ra upiratesoba aqvs nakveTmorigeobiT Zovebas Tavisuflad Zove-
basTan SedarebiT?

sacnobaro literatura:
1. g. aglaZe- saqarTvelos mTis saTib-saZovrebis ganoyiereba. Tbilisi,
1980;
2. g. gogoli- garemo da cxoveli; produqtiulobis ekologiuri prob-
lemebi meZroxeobaSi. Tbilisi, “mecniereba”, 1997;
3. l. diursti, m. vitmani- sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelTa kveba. Tbi-
lisi, “siesta”, 2005;
4. a.dolmazaSvili, g.gogoli da sxv.- mecxoveles cnobari. Tbilisi,
“universali”, 2009;
5. j.RuduSauri, j.guguSvili da sxv.- rCevebi (fermerebisaTvis)
cxovelTa da frinvelTa normirebuli kvebis Sesaxeb. Tbilisi, 2001;
6. Нормы и рационы кормления сельскохозяйственных жиоттных. Сост. А.П.Калаш-
ников и др., 2002;
7. С. Н.Хохрин- Корма и кормление животных. Учебное пособие. 2002.
8. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под
общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;

Tavi 5. meZroxeoba; rZis da Zroxis xorcis

warmoebis teqnologia
Zroxis moSenebiT dainteresebis mizezia bunebrivi sakveb savargu-
lebidan, agreTve memcenareobis produqtebidan da anarCenebidan adamiane-
bisaTvis metad Zvirfasi sakvebi produqtebis- rZisa da xorcis mocemis
unari. dReisaTvis msoflioSi warmoebuli rZis saerTo raodenobis daax-
loebiT 97% da xorcis 25% modis meZroxeobis dargze.
Zroxis biologiuri da sameurneo Taviseburebebi;
konstitucia, eqsterieri da interieri
biologiuri da sameurneo Taviseburebebi gapirobebulia istori-
uli ganviTarebis anu filogenezis procesSi gancdili cvlilebebiT;
maT Soris ZiriTadia, e.w. domestikuri, anu adamianis Segnebuli da mizan-
mimarTuli SromiT gamowveuli cvlilebebi.
Zroxa mcoxnavi cxovelia, aqvs 32 kbili da oTxkameriani kuWi. saWm-
lis momnelebeli sistemis Taviseburi agebuleba aZlevs mas saSualebas
aiTvisos ujredaniT mdidari mcenareuli warmoSobis sakvebi saSuale-
bebis sayuaTo nivTierebebi.
zrdasruli Zroxa xasiaTdeba Semdegi klinikur-fiziologiuri maC-
veneblebiT:
- sxeulis temperatura normaSi +37,5...+38,9 0C;
- sisxlis raodenoba cocxali masis 7,5-8%;
- gamoyofili nerwyvis raodenoba 980-1900 kg dRe-RameSi;
- kuWis sekretis raodenoba- 60-65 l dRe-RameSi;
- naRvlis wvenis raodenoba- 2-6 litri dRe-RameSi;

75
 - Sardis raodenoba- 2-6 l dRe-RameSi;
- ganavlis raodenoba- 35-45 kg dRe-RameSi;
furis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba 18-21 welia, magram, rogorc wesi,
is sameurneod gamoyeneba 9-12 weli. Zroxa izrdeba sicocxlis pirveli 4-
5, gvianmwifadi jiSebi ki 6-7 wlis manZilze. mozardi sqesobrivi simwi-
fes aRwevs 7-10, xolo fiziologiur simwifes- 15-20 Tvis asakSi.
Zroxas SeiZleba damakdes da Sesabamisad xbo moigos wlis nebis-
mier Tves. amasTan, daxboianebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens fotope-
riodizmi, ris gamo aRiniSneba adre gazafxulze xbos mogebis tendencia.
dekeulebisa da furebis sqesobriv aqtivobas axasiaTebs garkveuli
cikluroba. ara make individebi xuraoben yovel 17-22 dReSi erTxel.
xuraobis refleqsi garegnulad vlindeba cxovelis aqtiurobis
gadidebiT, xSirad SardvaSi, sasircxo bageebidan lorwosmagvari siTxis
gadmodinebaSi, monawvelis SemcirebaSi da sxv. daubmelad Senaxvisas is
axteba sxva cxovels an sxvebi axtebian mas, is ki uZravad dgas (“uZra-
obis refleqsi”).
axalSobili xbos cocxali masa damokidebulia cxovelis jiSze da
cvalebadobs 11-15 kg-dan (primitiul jiSebSi) 45-55 kg-mde; umetesi
kulturuli jiSis axalSobili xbos saSualo cocxali masa 25-45 kg-a.
amasTan saxareebi dabadebisas saSualod iwonian 1-5 kg-iT ufro mets, da
movla-Senaxvis Tanabar pirobebSi izrdebian 10-15%-iT ufro swrafad,
vidre safureebi.
zrdasruli Zroxis saSualo cocxali masa sxvadasxva jiSebSi
sakmaod farTo diapazonSi cvalebadobs: primitiul jiSebSi furebis
cocxali masa 170-230 kg-a, kuroebis ki 300-380 kg. magaliTad, qarTuli
mTis Zroxis furebi iwonian 180-200 kg-s, xolo simaRle mindaoSi 100 sm-a.
kulturuli jiSis zrdasruli furi iwonis 600-700 kg-s, kuro ki 850-1200
kg-s. magaliTad holStinuris furebi iwonian 650-700 kg-s, xolo mindaoSi
maTi simaRle 150-180 sm- a.
sarZeo produqtiulobis mixedviT Semdegi rekorduli maCveneblebia
cnobili: dRiuri monawveli- 109,7 kg, laqtaciuri monawveli- 30264 kg rZe,
xolo laqtaciis manZilze rZis saSualo cximianoba- 10,58%. amaTgan,
pirveli ori ekuTvnis holStinur, xolo mesame- gernsiul jiSs.
konstitucia, Zroxis produqtiulobis dones, mimarTulebasa da
xarisxs gansazRvravs misi konstitucia anu cocxali organizmis Sinagani
da garegnuli Taviseburebebis erToblioba.
Zroxas yofen naz, uxeS, mkvriv da faSar konstituciur tipebad;
nazi konstituciuri tipis niSnebia: sxeuli odnav kuTxovani for-
mis, Tavi msubuqi da patara, rqebi da Zvlovani sistema wvrili, mkerdi
SedarebiT viwro da brtyeli, magram sakmaod Rrma, kunTebi SedarebiT
sustad ganviTarebuli. aseTi konstituciis cxovelebs Txeli da nazi
kani aqvs, romelic kiserze warmoqmnis mravalricxovan naoWebs.
uxeSi konstituciis Zroxa xasiaTdeba mZime TaviT, uxeSi da masiuri
ZvleuliT, mkvrivi-uxeSi muskulaturiT, Zlier ganviTarebuli kunTovani
da sustad ganviTarebuli SemaerTebeli qsoviliT, sqeli kaniT, romelic
dafarulia naklebad elastiuri da uxeSi balniT. aseTi konstituciis
cxovelebi ar gamoirCevian maRali sarZeo da saxorce produqtiulobis,
xolo warmoebul produqciaze (rZeze, cocxali masis namatze) xarjaven
didi raodenobiT sakvebs.
mkvrivi konstituciuri tipis Zroxas aqvs mkvrivi muskulatura,
xSiri balniT dafaruli elastiuri kani, kargad ganviTarebuli gul-

76
sisxlZarRvTa da sasunTqi sistema, agreTve saWmlis momnelebeli orga-
noebi. am tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia garemos uaryofiTi zemoqmedebi-
sadmi winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari da nivTierebaTa cvlis gaZlierebuli
intensivoba.
faSari konstituciuri tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebia:
wvrili Zvlovani sistema, patara zomis Tavi, farTo da Rrma mkerdi, mok-
le kiseri, sqeli da rbili kani, rbili da SedarebiT iSviaTi balani,
wvrilboWkovani kunTebi, Zlier ganviTarebuli kanqveSa da kunTebsSorisi
SemaerTebeli qsovili. biologiurad am konstituciuri tipis cxovelebs
axasiaTebT adreuli asakidan gasuqebis unari.
Cveulebriv, Zroxis jiSebSi gvxvdeba aRwerili konstituciuri
tipebis oTxive kombinacia: maT Soris, nazi-mkvrivi, romelic sasurvelia
sarZeo da sarZeo-saxorce, nazi-faSari- saxorce produqtiuli mimarTu-
lebis ZroxisaTvis, uxeSi-mkvrivi, naklebad sasurvelia, magram ase Tu
ise misaRebia muSa pirutyvisaTvis, xolo uxeSi-faSari arc erTi
produqtiuli mimarTulebis ZroxisaTvis ar aris sasurveli.
eqsterieri. anu sxeulis garegani forma. gamocdileba gviCvenebs,
rom garegnuli formis, anu eqterieris Seswavlis safuZvelze maRali
sarwmunoebiT SeiZleba vimsjeloT Zroxis produqtiul mimarTulebaze.
garegnulad ra niSan-Tvi-
sur. 48. sarZeo (a) da saxorce (b) sebebiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTi-
jiSis Zroxis eqsterieri  sagan sxvadasxva produqtiuli
mimarTulebis Zroxis jiSebi?
sarZeo jiSebis (sur. 48, a)
sxeuls, gverdidan Sexedvisas aqvs
wagrZelebuli (samkuTxedisebri)
forma; Tavi saSualo zomis da
xmeli, kiseri grZeli, saSualo
sisqis da danaoWebuli Txeli
kaniT, mindao SemaRlebuli, swori
a b da zomieri siganis, zurgi da
weli swori, ganieri da odnav
wagrZelebuli, gulmkerdi Rrma da saSualo siganis, gava farTo da
grZeli, muceli moculobiani da akruli.
sarZeo jiSebisagan gansxvavebiT, saxorce jiSis Zroxis sxeuli
kasrisebuli formisaa (sur. 48, b) da gverdidan Sexedvisas aqvs marTkuT-
xedis forma; Tavi ganieri da xorciani, kiseri mokle da sqeli, mindao
farTo, gulmkerdi Rrma da ganieri, zurgi farTo da swori, sxeulis
ukana mesamedi grZeli da kunTebiT kargad Sevsebuli, kani faSari, kan-
qveSa SemaerTebeli qsovili kargad ganviTarebuli.
Zroxis eqsterieriT Sefasebas udides yuradRebas uTmoben maRal-
ganviTarebuli meZroxeobis qveynebSi. SemuSavebulia Sefasebis erTiani
moTxovnebi, romlis mixedviT sarZeo furis eqsterieri fasdeba 12 stan-
dartuli da 4 damatebiTi maCvenebliT.
moTxovnis Tanaxmad, sxeulis TiToeuli nakvTis Sefaseba xdeba 1-
dan 9- mde balis mikuTvnebiT. 49- e suraTze motanilia niSan-Tvisebebis
ganviTarebis done, romlis mixedviT maT miekuTvnebaTY1 (marcxniv), 5 (cen-
trSi) da 9 (marjvniv) bali. sanaSene furis SerCevisas iTvaliswineben
misi eqsterieris da produqtiulobis Sesabamisobas jiSis sasurvel
tipTan, romelsac gansazRvraven jiSis momSenebelTa asociaciebi. analo-
giurad fasdeba kuro-mwarmoeblebi da maTi furSvilebi.

77
sur. 49. eqsterieris Sefasebis standartuli da damxmare niSan-Tvisebebi

I. ZiriTadi niSan-Tvisebebi

1. simaRle
gavaSi 2. sxeulis siRrme

3. gavis forma 4. gavis sigane

5. ukana kidurebis dadgma 6. Cliqis simaRle

7. curis mimagreba 8. curis siRrme

9. curis Sua Zgide 10. curis ukana meoTxedebis siRrme

11. wina kertebis mdebareoba 12. kertebis sigrZe

II. damatebiTi niSan-Tvisebebi

13. curis wina meoTxedebis sigrZe 14. sarZeo tipi

13. wina kidurebis dadgma 14. saxtomi saxsari

 

78
 sarZeo produqtiuloba da masze momqmedi faqtorebi
furis sarZeo produqtiulobaze msjeloben misgan miRebuli rZis
raodenobiTa da xarisxiT. es maCveneblebia: laqtaciuri da 305 dRiuri
monawveli, rZeSi cximis da cilis %, agreTve rZis cximisa da cilis
saerTo raodenoba.
sarZeo produqtiulobaze momqmedi faqtorebi, pirobiTad, SeiZleba
davyoT or jgufad, genetikuri anu memkvidruli da paratipuli anu
garemo.
furis jiSi. sarZeo jiSebi xasiaTdebian maRali monawveliT. maTTan
SedarebiT ufro mcire monawveli aqvT kombinirebul jiSebs, xolo
saxorce jiSebi iZlevian imden rZes, ramdenic sakmarisia maTi naSieris
gamosazrdelad.
jiSi, aseve, gansazRvravs rZeSi mSrali nivTierebis da maT Soris
cximebisa da cilebis Semcvelobas. magaliTad, jersuli jiSis Zroxis
rZe Seicavs 5,6 % cxims da 4%-mde cilas, maSin rodesac holStinuri
jiSis rZe, Sesabamisad, 3,6 da 3,1%-s.
jiSSi gvxvdeba calkeuli individebi, xazebi da ojaxebi, romelTac
axasiaTebT sarZeo produqtiulobis gansxvavebuli parametrebi. am movle-
nas uwodeben SigajiSur gansxvavebebs.
furis fiziologiuri mdgomareoba. aq Sedis: xuraoba, makeoba, mSra-
lobis periodis xangrZlivoba, laqtaciis Tve, nakveboba, asaki, da sxva.
normalur pirobebSi furma xbo yovelwliurad unda moigos, xolo
laqtacia unda grZeldebodes 305 dRe. rZis intensiuri sekrecia iwyeba
xbos mogebis pirvelive dRidanve da misi done maqsimalurs aRwevs
laqtaciis meore TvisaTvis, Semdeg ki TandaTan klebulobs. mogebidan 85-
e dRemde furi unda damakdes, xolo momdevno mogebamde 60 dRiT adre is
unda gaSres. es cikli sqematurad gamosaxulia nax. 5- ze.

nax. 5. furis fiziologiuri mdgomareobis cikli

mogeba damakeba mogeba
“servis”-periodi, makeobis periodi, 285 dRe
85 dRe
laqtaciis periodi, 305 dRe
mSralobis
periodi, 60 dRe
gaSroba
mogebaTa Soris periodi, 365 dRe

“servis–periodi”, grZeldeba mogebidan nayofier dagrilebamde.

xangrZlivi an Zlier Semoklebuli “servis-periodi” amcirebs furis
sarZeo produqtiulobas. adre damakeba naklebad sasurvelia imitom, rom
laqtaciis periodis mokldeba da, Sesabamisad, iwvevs monawvelis 20-30%-
iT Semcirebas.
mSralobis periodi. furis gaSroba aucilebelia nayofis norma-
lurad ganviTarebisaTvis, agreTve organizmis aRsadgenad da saWiro
rezervebis Sesaqmnelad, anu momdevno laqtaciisaTvis mosamzadeblad.
mniSvnelovania vicodeT, rom mSralobis periodis 20-30 dRemde
Semokleba 15-20%- iT amcirebs momdevno laqtaciis monawvels, xbo ki
susti da ganuviTarebeli ibadeba.
laqtaciis Tve. rZis sekreciis intensivoba mTeli laqtaciis man-
Zilze ar aris erTnairi. mogebidan I-II TvisaTvis dRiuri monawveli

79
izrdeba, Semdeg ki TandaTanobiT klebulobs. amasTan, pikis miRwevidan
me-6 Tvemde monawveli mcirdeba 4-8%-iT, xolo Semdeg ufro intensiurad.
monawvelis cvalebado-
nax. 6. magari (__) da susti (_ _) konstitu-
bas laqtaciis Tveebis mixed-
ciis furebis laqtaciuri mrudi
viT, gamoxatuls grafiku-
18
lad, uwodeben laqtaciur
mruds (nax. 6). laqtaciuri
dRiuri monawveli, kg

16
14 mrudi, aseve gviCvenebs fu-
12 ris konstituciur simagres.
10 asaki. furi I laqtaci-
8
aze iZleva SedarebiT mcire
6
4
raodenobis rZes, Semdgom
2 monawveli TandaTanobiT ma-
0 tulobs da maqsimalurs
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X aRwevs IV-V (kulturul ji-
laqtaciis Tve SebSi) an VI-VII (primitiul
jiSebSi) laqtaciaze.
Cveulebriv, laqtaci-
ebis mixedviT monawvelis mateba Seadgens: II laqtaciaze pirvelTan
SedarebiT- 15–25%-s, III laqtaciaze meoresTan SedarebiT- 10–16%-s, xolo
IV laqtaciaze mesamesTan SedarebiT- 5_8%-s.
I ganayofierebis da I mogebis asaki: damokidebulia jiSis malmwi-
fadobasa da gamozrdis pirobebze. adreul asakSi dekeulis damakeba, miT
ufro, Tu cocxali masac Seusabamoa, iwvevs mis dakninebas, agreTve zrda-
Si Seferxebasa da monawvelis Semcirebas. meores mxriv, didi dagvianebiT
dekeulis damakebisas izrdeba Senaxvis xarjebi, mcirdeba sicocxlis man-
Zilze misgan misaRebi rZis raodenoba da matulobs berwianoba.
cocxali masa. didtanian furs SeuZlia SeWamos da gadaamuSaos
meti raodenobiT sakvebi, vidre patara tanianma. e.i. potenciurad mas aqvs
SesaZlebloba mogvces meti raodenobiT rZe. magram aseTi damokide-
buleba yovelTvis ar dasturdeba.
sakvebi da kvebis pirobebi: SeiZleba iTqvas gadamwyveti faqtoria
monawvelis potenciuri SesZleblobis gamovlenaSi. mniSvneloba aqvs
rogorc sakvebis xarisxs, aseve yoveldRiuri ulufis yuaTianobasa da
struqturas. sxvadasxva saxis sakvebi gansxvavebulad moqmedebs rZis
raodenobasa da Sedgenilobaze; kerZod, ulufaSi moculobiani sakvebis
didi xvedriTi wili xels uwyobs rZis cximianobis gazrdas, xolo
koncentratebis didi raodenobiT Semcveli ulufa amcirebs mas. alpur
da subalpur saZovrebze ialaRoba dadebiTad moqmedebs monawvelis
raodenobasa da qimiur Sedgenilobaze.
movla-Senaxvis pirobebi. haeris maRali temperatura da fardobiTi
tenianoba, amcirebs monawvels. msgavsi movlena aRiniSneba boselSi mavne
airebis normaze maRali koncentraciisas, rac, aseve, SeiZleba gaxdes
sxvadasxva daavadebis mizezic. boselSi +5...+200C temperatura da 75%
fardobiTi tenianoba, agreTve haeris 0,5 m/wm moZraobis siCqare da mavne
airebis koncentraciis dabali done xels uwyobs organizms gamoavlinos
sarZeo produqtiulobis genetikuri potencia. am normebis darRveva gan-
sakuTrebulad moqmedebs maRalproduqtiul furebze. daubmelad Senax-
visas, dabmulTan SedarebiT izrdeba erTeul produqciaze daxarjuli
sakvebis raodenoba.

80
 xbos mogebis sezonis gavlena furis sarZeo produqtiulobaze uSu-
alod dakvSirebulia fermebSi sakvebi bazis mdgomareobaze. laqtaciis
sawyis stadiaSi rac ufro mwiria kvebis done, miT ufro naklebia furis
monawveli da piriqiT, rac ufro gamoTanabrebulad vkvebavT mas, miT
meti rZis miReba aris SesaZlebeli.
wvelis sixSire. Cveulebriv furs wvelian dReSi orjer, diliT da
saRamos; sxva Tanabar SemTxvevaSi samjer wvelsas miiReba 10-15%- iT meti
rZe. wvelaTaSoris periodi unda iyos Tanabari xangrZlivobis.
aqtiuri mocioni. bagurad Senaxvisas dReSi 3-4 sT aqtiuri mocioni
dadebiTad moqmedebs rZis sekreciaze da monawvelis raodenobaze.
fermis dRis ganawesi. gulisxmobs sawarmoo procesebis Tanamimdev-
robas da sazRvravs maTi Sesrulebis zusti dros. darRveva iwvevs monaw-
velis Semcirebas.
furis kveba
normaluri sarZeo produqtiulobis misaRwevad mogebis win make-
mSral furs amzadeben momdevno laqtaciisaTvis. kvebis normebis gansaz-
Rvrisas iTvaliswineben furis cocxal masas da mosalodnel sarZeo
produqtiulobas (cxrili 8).
cxrili 8. make-mSrali furis kvebis normebi
cocxali dRiuri norma*
masa,kg sakvebi mimocvliTi monelebadi Ca, g P, g karoti- NaCl,
erTeuli energia, kj proteini,g ni, mg g
mosalodneli 305 dRiuri monawveli 3000 kg rZe
300 5.0 62 600 45 25 200 30
400 6.0 73 720 60 35 240 40
500 7.0 82 840 80 45 280 50
mosalodneli 305 dRiuri monawveli 3500-4000 kg rZe
400 6.8 79 750 70 40 250 40
450 7.2 85 800 75 45 280 50
500 7.5 90 850 85 50 300 60
• ulufaSi sxva komponentebis Semcvelobis normebi motanilia sasof-
lo-sameurneo cxovelTa kvebis cnobarebSi;

make-mSrali furis ulufa unda Seicavdes kargi xarisxis Tivas,

siloss, Zirxvenebs; Tivis nawili, daaxloebiT 30-35% SeiZleba Seicvalos
namjiT. yovel 100 kg cocxal masaze mwvane da wvniani sakvebis raodenoba
ar unda aRematebodes 3-4 kg-s. kombinirebuli sakvebic make-mSral furs
unda mivceT SezRuduli raodenobiT.
zamTarSi make-mSrali furi yoveldRiurad unda gaviyvanoT seiran-
ze. mocionis xangrZlivoba damokidebulia haeris temperaturasa da amin-
dze.
msgavs pirobebs uqmnian uSoblebs, romlebic mogebamde 2-2,5 TviT
adre gadahyavT furebis boselSi da zrdaSi rom ar CamorCnen, msgavsi
cocxali masis make-mSrali furis normaze damatebiT 1-2 sakvebi erTe-
uliT meti yuaTianobis ulufiT kvebaven.
xbos mogebidan 30-35 wT-is Semdeg furs asmeven +25...+350C temperatu-
ris wyals, sakveburSi ki Cauyrian kargi xarisxis Tivas. 1 saaTis Semdeg
curs Tbili wyliT Camobanen da gamomdinare movla-Senaxvis teqnolo-
giidan, pirvel xsens Camowvelian an xbos moawoveben.

81
 mogebis Semdeg uxvrZian furebs curi da ukana kidurebi SeiZleba
SeuSupdes. am SemTxvevaSi wvelamde da wvelis Semdeg SeSupebul adgi-
lebze ukeTeben masaJs.
cocxali masisa da monawvelis gaTvaliswinebiT normis Sesatyvisi
ulufebiT kvebaze furi gadahyavT TandaTanobiT, mogebidan pirveli 8-12
dRis ganmavlobaSi, ris Semdeg, daaxloebiT me- 20 dRidan ganwvelis
mizniT ulufis yuaTianobas adideben 10-15%-iT.
mecnierulad dasabuTebuli kvebis normebiT ulufas abalanseben 24
komponentiT, ra drosac iTvaliswineben furis cocxal masas, dRiur
monawvels da rZeSi cximis Semcvelobas. amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia is,
rom rekomendebuli normebi (cxrili 9) atareben saorientacio xasiaTs
da, amdenad, is SeiZleba gaizardos an Semcirdes monawvelis da
cximrZianobis, agreTve furis nakvebobis mdgomareobis Sesabamisad.
cxrili 9. sxvadasxva cocxali masisa da sarZeo produqtiulobis
furebis kvebis normebi
dRiuri dRiuri norma*
monawveli, sakvebi mimocvliTi monelebadi Ca, P, g karoti- NaCl,
kg erTeuli energia, kj proteini,g g ni, mg g
cocxali masa 300 kg, rZeSi cximis % 3,8
4- mde 5.3 63 550 30 20 190 30
8 7.3 85 760 50 35 290 50
10 8.3 97 870 55 40 340 55
15 11,0 125 1180 75 55 480 75
cocxali masa 400 kg, rZeSi cximis % 3,8
7 7.5 88 785 50 35 295 50
10 9.0 105 960 60 40 370 60
14 11.0 126 1220 75 55 470 75
20 14.2 160 1650 100 75 620 100
25 17.4 197 2040 120 90 750 120
cocxali masa 500 kg, rZeSi cximis % 3,8
8 8.6 104 820 57 39 345 57
10 9.6 115 1020 65 45 400 65
15 12.1 144 1340 85 60 530 85
20 14.7 168 1680 105 75 650 105
25 17.8 200 2060 130 95 300 130
30 21.0 230 2460 145 105 900 145
• ulufaSi sxva komponentebis Semcvelobis normebi motanilia sasof-
lo-sameurneo cxovelTa kvebis cnobarebSi;

3-4 wlis axalgazrda furebis ulufa normiT gaTvaliswinebulze

damatebiT unda gaizardos 1,0-2,5 kg sakvebi erTeuliT, 11,5-17,5 megajouli
energiiT da 115-145 g monelebadi proteiniT, rac uznunvelyofs mis
normalur zrda-ganviTarebas.
furis wvela
wvelis win curs Camobanen Tbil wyliT, Semdeg ki SeamSraleben
mSrali xelsaxociT.
gamoiyeneba wvelis ori xerxi, xeliT da sawveli aparatiT. praqti-
kaSi gvxvdeba xeliT wvelis ori wesi, TiTebiT da muWiT wvela. TiTebiT

82
wvelisas mwvelavi cera da saCvenebeli TiTebs uWers kertis fuZes da
dabla CamocurebiT gamodevnis kertis cisternaSi mdgar rZes.
muWiT wvelisas (sur. 50) kerti sur. 50. TiTebis mdgomareoba
moqceulia xelis gulsa da saCvenebel furis muWiT wvelisas
TiTs Soris, xolo cera TiTi devs am
ukanasknelze zemodan (1). kerts jer
SemouWeren saCvenebel da cera TiTs (2),
Semdeg danarCen TiTebs Tanamimdev-
robiT mouWeren, ris Sedegad kertis
cisternaSi mdgari rZe TandaTanobiT
gamoidevneba gareT (3). es wesi ara
marto aadvilebs mwvelavis Sromas,
aramed ufro swrafi da furisaTvis
umtkivneuloa.
sawveli aparatiT (sur. 51) wvela
dRes sayovelTaod aris gavrcelebuli.
xeliT wvelasTan SedarebiT is 10-15-
jer adidebs Sromis mwarmoeblurobas
da aumjobesebs rZis xarisxs.
gamowvelis principi efuZneba
sawveli Wiqis Sida moculobasa da ker-
tis bolos Soris 0,5-0,6 atm donis
vakumis warmoqmnas, rac uzrunvelyofs
spinqteridan rZis gamowvelas da saw-
vel vedroSi an rZis gamtar sistemaSi
gadatanas.
wvelis damTavrebisas curs da
kertebs erTjeradi xelsaxociT Seam-
Sraleben, Semdeg ki mas boloebze
(spinqters) wausvamen malamos. sur. 51. sawveli aparatiT
msxvil fermebSi furebs wvelian wvela
sawvel
  darbazebSi “tandemis”, “eloC-
kas”, “karuselis” da sxva tipis sawvel
danadgarebze.
Seqmnilia avtomaturi sawveli
danadgari, romelic wvelasTan dakav-
Sirebul yvela operacias- curis Camo-
banvas, sawveli Wiqebis kertebze mor-
gebas, wvelas, wvelis damTavrebis Sem-
deg Wiqebis Camoxsnas da sawveli apa-
ratis sanitarul damuSavebas asru-
leben damoukideblad, adamiani ki mxo-
lod akontrolebs maT muSaobas.

sanaSene xbos gamozrda

miuxedavad imisa, rom axalSobili anatomiurad da morfologiurad
Camoyalibebulia, is fiziologiurad jer kidev moumwifebelia. amis gamo
mogebis pirvel dReebSi xbo gansakuTrebul mzrunvelobas saWiroebs.
xbos mogebis win furs etyoba mousvenroba, daubmelad Senaxvisas ki is
cdilobs moSordes naxirs. mogvianebiT mas ewyeba WinTvebi, dawveba da
xSirad bRavis;

83
 sasircxo bageebidan pirveli gamoCndeba Tavwylis buSti, romelic
male skdeba da Semdeg gamoCndeba xbos wina kidurebi da masze dadebuli
drunCi. nayofis normaluri mdgomareobisas WinTvebis gaZlierebis
kvalobaze is TandaTanobiT, sakmaod swrafad gamoidevneba saSvilosnodan.
mSobiaroba, roforc wesi, grZeldeba 30-40 wuTi.
axalSobils sufTa tiloTi an erTjeradi xelsaxociT cxviridan da
piridan unda movwmindoT lorwo, xolo sxeuli gavamSraloT aseve tiloTi
(erTjeradi xelsaxociT) an namjiT. Semdeg Wiplarze, muclidan 3–5 sm- is
daSorebiT unda SemovakraT winaswar gadezinfecirebuli kanafi an ubralo
Zafi da “zedmeti” nawili movWraT makratliT an basri daniT. am proceduris
damTavrebisTanave sxeulze darCenili Wiplari unda davamuSaoT iodis 2-3%-
ni nayeniT an sxva sadezinfeqcio saSualebiT.
mogebidan 10-20 wT-is gasvlis Semdeg furi dgeba da iwyebs xbos lok-
vas. es aaqtiurebs axalSoblis sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemas da dadebiTad
moqmedebs mis organizmze. garda amisa, lokvisas, nerwyvTan erTad nayofis
siTxis gadaylapva astimulirebs furis saSvilosnos momyolisagan
ganTavisuflebis process.
axalSobils dabadebisTanave uaqtiurdeba wovis refleqsis aRmZvreli
nervuli centrebi. amis gamo wamodgomisTanave is iwyebs dedis Zebnas da
cdilobs kertis pirSi Cadebas. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac xbo sustia, is
miyavT dedasTan da exmarebian xsenis miRebaSi.
sur. 52. xbos indivi-
xbos mier dedis wova ar aris sasurveli,
dualuri galia
vinaidan furi eCveva mas da mocilebis Semdeg,
xSirad, mwvelavs ar emorCileba da/an Znelad
iZleva rZes (ityvian rZes iparavso). amis gamo,
dabadebisTanave xbo gadayavT individualur
galiaSi da dabadebidan ara ugvianes 2,5-3
saaTisa dedis pirvel xsens aZleven sawovaraTi
(sur. 52). amisaTvis furs wvelian, xsens Tbiladve
asxamen maTaraSi, mas moargeben sawovaras da
aZleven xbos (sur. 53).
pirveli xseni didi raodenobiT Seicavs
imunoglobulinebs (cxrili 10), nivTierebebs,
romlebic gadadian jer limfaSi, Semdeg ki
sisxlSi da uzrunvelyofen organizmis damcve-
sur. 53. maTaraSi Cas- lobiTi funqciebis ganviTarebas.
xmuli xseniT xbos pirveli 3-4 dRis manZilze xbos xsens
aZleven mcire dozebiT, erT jerobaze 0,75–1,0 kg
raodenobiT da dReSi 3-4-jer sixSiriT. Warbi an
civi xsenis dalevineba iwvevs faRaraTs.
xseniT kvebis periodi grZeldeba 7-10 dRe,
mas kvebaven rZiT an rZis SemcvleliT.
axalSobili xbos, Termoregulaciis una-
ris gamomuSavebamde, 3-4 sT-iT aTavseben +20
...+25°0C-isºpirobebSi, Semdgom ki, vidre 2-3 Tvis
asakis miRwevamde saxboreSi haeris temperatura
0
+12...+20° C-is, xolo fardobiTi tenianoba 75-78%-is farglebSi unda iyos.
10-12 dRidan xbo gadayavT jgufur galiaSi. erT galiaSi unda
moTavsdes erTnairi asakis, sqesisa da cocxali masis individebi. xsenis
periodis Semdeg xbos aCveven rZis vedrodan smas. mniSvnelovania saxbores
optimaluri ganaTebiT uzrunvelyofa. sinaTlis sxivebi spobs kanze moxved-

84
ril mikrofloras, sisxlSi zrdis eriTrocitebis ricxvsa da hemoglobinis
koncentracias, aZlierebs leikocitebis fagocitur aqtivobasa da organiz-
mis sxva fiziologiur funqciebs.
zafxulobiT, saxboresTan
cxrili 10. xsenis qimiuri Sedgeniloba. mowyobil seiranze mocionisas
saaTi mo- prote- globu- cximi laq- organizmi ganicdis mzis sxi-
gebidan ini linebi toza vebis zemoqmedebas, xolo zam-
0 22,1 0.63 6.5 4.37 TarSi aucilebelia movawyoT
12 13,7 0,29 6,5 4.51 xelovnuri dasxiveba, ra miz-
24 7.1 0.25 3.6 4.65 niTac gamoiyeneba infrawiTeli
an ultraiisferi sxivebis spe-
60 4.9 0.20 3.7 5.2
cialuri naTurebi.
15-20 dRis asakidan, SeCvevis mizniT, xbos sakveburSi eZleva marc-
vlovani sakvebi- Svriis an qeris moxaluli marcvlis RerRili, an kidev
specialuri kombinirebuli sakvebi. SesaCvevad, aseve aucilebelia calke
sakveburSi mozards hqondes kargi xarisxis Tiva.
20-25 dRis asakidan, naturaluri rZis ekonomiis mizniT, xbos sakvebad
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT rZis Semcvleli fxvnili, romelsac kvebis win 1:8
SefardebiT xsnian +39...+400C temperaturis wyalSi.
rZis fxvnili, naturalur rZesTan SedarebiT iafia, vinaidan mzaddeba
mcenareuli da cxoveluri warmoSobis aratradiciuli nedleulidan, xolo
receptura SerCeulia imdagvarad, rom gamoyenebis instruqciis moTxovnebis
dacvisas uaryofiTi movlenebi (faRaraTi, cxovelis zrdaSi CamorCena da
sxv.) ar aRiniSneba.
gamomdinare gamozrdis sqemidan, rZiT kvebis periodi 2,5-4 Tvis asa-
kamde grZeldeba. am dros ulufa imdagvarad unda SeirCes, rom mozardis
saWmlis momnelebelma organoebma mcenareuli warmoSobis sakvebis monele-
bis specifikuri unari gamoimuSaon.
gamozrdis sqemis SerCevisas saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT xbos jiSi, sqesi
da cocxali masa. saqme is aris, rom xbos sworad gamozrda uzrunvelyofs
sxvadasxva organoebisa da sistemis harmoniul ganviTarebas, rac momavalSi
maRali sarZeo da saxorce produqtiulobis winapirobaa.
zogjer meZuZuri xbos gamozrdisas mimarTavs e.w. ”wvela-wovebis” wess,
romelic mdgomareobs SemdegSi: wvelis dawyebamde xbos miuSveben dedasTan,
1–1,5 wT-is Semdeg ki mas asxleten da iwyeben wvelas, rogorc wesi,
xbosaTvis mwvelavi Camouwvelavs tovebs erT an or kerts, an furs srulad
ar Camowvelavs, wvelis damTavrebisTanave ki xbos kvlav miuSvebs dedasTan.
xbos gamozrdis es meTodi dakavSirebulia Sromis did danaxarjebTan.
amasTan, xbos SeCveuli furi, asxletis Semdeg Znelad iZleva rZes, calkeul
SemTxvevaSi ki saerTod wyvets rZis gacemas.
rZiT kvebidan mTlianad mcenareul sakvebiT kvebaze gadasvlisas stre-
suli movlenebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, xbos gamozrdis sqemiT gaTva-
liswinebulia ulufaSi rZis raodenobis TandaTanobiT Semcireba, an natu-
raluri rZis moxdiliT Secvla da garkveuli asakis miRwevis Semdeg ulu-
fidan misi mTlianad amoReba.
sworad gamozrdili xbos rZiT kvebis Semdgom periodSi zrdis maRal
potencias gansazRvravs is, rom misi kuW-nawlavis sistema mzad aris gada-
amuSaos da aiTvisos koncentratebis, uxeSi, mwvane da sxva saxis sakvebis
sayuaTo nivTierebebi.

85
 zrdis mimdinareobis kontrolis mizniT TvveSi erTxel mozardi unda
aiwonos da ganisazRvros ramdenad Seesabameba dRiuri wonamati sakvebis
danaxarjebs.
rZiT kvebis Semdgom periodSi mozardis gamozrda. igegmeba imdagvarad,
rom gamoiricxos dabali wonamatis xangrZlivi drois manZilze miReba,
vinaidan ganviTarebis nebismier etapze zrdis Seferxeba iwvevs organizmis
dakninebas, calkeuli organoebisa da sistemebis proporciulad ganvi-
TarebaSi CamorCenas da sabolood, momavali produqtiulobis daqveiTebas.
optimalurad iTvleba sanaSene safure xbos/dekeulis gamozrdis iseTi
sqema, romelic uzrunvelyofs 1 wlis asakisaTvis dabadebis cocxali masis
8-11-jer, xolo 1,5 wlisaTvis- 13-14-jer gazrdas.
gazafxulis Tbili dReebis dadgomisTanave 6 Tveze uxnesi mozardi
SeiZleba gadaiyvanos saZovarze. am periodSi, kvebisa da movla Senaxvis
pirobebis sworad organizaciisas, damatebiTi kvebis gareSe, SesaZlebelia
mozardis cocxali masis dReRamurma namatma 650-700 g-s gadaaWarbos.
Senaxvis sistemebi
sasaqonlo produqciis warmoebis intensifikaciis doniT ganas-
xvaveben Zroxis Senaxvis eqstensiur da intensiur sistemas.
Senaxvis eqstensiur sistema CvenSi efuZneba saukuneebis manZilze
damkvidrebul tradiciebs. misi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia.
• rZisa da xorcis misaRebad, agreTve cocxal gamwev Zalad Zroxis
aborigenuli an endemuri jiSebis moSeneba;
• naxiris struqturaSi furebis dabali xverdiTi wili da maTi
dabali monawveli;
• sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis erTeul farTobze warmoebuli
produqciis mcire raodenoba;
• xbos sezonurad mogeba da, aqedan gamomdinare, rZisa da cocxali
masis namatis ZiriTadi nawilis saZovrul periodSi warmoeba,
zamTarSi ki, arc Tu iSviaTad, cocxali masis Semcireba.
• cxovelebis ubinaod an martivi tipis sadgomebSi Senaxva; amasTan,
yvela samuSao, dakavSirebuli cxovelTa movlasTan, kvebasTan, rZis
warmoebasTan da a.S. sruldeba xeliT an/da primitiuli iaraRebiT.
• sanaSene muSaobis dabali done, furebis Tavisufali dagrileba da
xboebis “wvela-wovebis” wesiT eqstensiurad gamozrda.
• sakvebwarmoebis procesis eqstensiuroba, rac niSnavs sakvebis buneb-
rivi savargulebidan miRebas.
amisagan gansxvavebiT Zroxis Senaxvis intensiuri sistemisas naxiri
dakompleqtebulia maRalproduqtiuli jiSebiT, cxovelebs inaxaven kapi-
talur binebSi da kvebaven yvela komponentiT dabalansebuli ulufebiT
da a.S. aseT pirobebSi, miuxedavad gaweuli didi xarjisa, sarZeo produq-
tiulobisa da cocxali masis namatis done uzrunvelyofen erTeuli
sasaqonlo produqciis dabal TviTRirebulebas da konkurentunarianobas.
aRniSnuli orive sistema, TavisTavad gulisxmobs Zroxis staciona-
lurad da momTabareobis pirobebSi Senaxvas.
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi baris zonis mejogeebi sargeblobdnen
civ gomboris, TuSeTis mTiani nawilisa da samcxe-javaxeTis maRalmTiani
saZovrebiT. dasavleT saqarTveloSi Zroxis zamTris saZovrebad gamo-
iyeneba kolxeTis dablobi, xolo zafxulis- samegrelos, guriis da sva-
neTis mTebi.

86
 stacionalur pirobebSi mimarTaven cxovelebs bagurad, bagur-
saZovrulad, bagur-banakurad da saZovrulad Senaxvas. warmoebis ama Tu
im sistemaze mikuTvnebisas ZiriTad sazomad aRebulia naxiris saaR-
mwarmoeblo birTvis, anu furebis Senaxvis pirobebSi ganasxvavebebi.
baguri sistema gulisxmobs mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovelebis
ganTavsebas regulirebuli mikroklimatis mqone binebSi, xolo Tbil
dReebSi maT uSveben seiranze. baguri sistemis gamoyenebisas furebs
inaxaven rogorc dabmulad, aseve daubmelad.
bagur-saZovruli Senaxvisas wlis civ periodSi cxovelebi ikve-
bebian bagaze, xolo gazafxul-zafxulsi TveebSi fermispira saZovarze.
aseTi Senaxvisas yvela ZiriTadi sawarmoo procesi (wvela, rZis pirve-
ladi damSaveba, damatebiTi kveba da sxv.) xorcieldeba ZiriTad sadgomSi.
bagur-banakuri Senaxvas mimarTaven im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saZov-
rebi mdebareoben fermidan Sors. amisaTvis saZovarze awyoben banaks,
sadac ganlagebulia baki cxovelebis Ramis saaTebSi dasasveneblad,
martivi tipis Senobebi momsaxure personalisaTvis, sarZeve, sakvebis
Sesanaxi da sxva aucilebeli saTavsoebi. gazafxulze, saZovruli sezo-
nis dawyebisTanave cxovelebs gadarekaven banakSi da yvela sawarmoo
procesi iq xorcieldeba.
saZovruli Senaxva. SesaZlebelia mxolod im regionebSi, sadac
zamTari Tbilia da balaxis vegetacia mTeli wlis manZilze grZeldeba.
Senaxvis aseT sistemas mimarTaven Tbili klimatis qveynebSi, ZiriTadad
ki specializebuli saxorce meZroxeobis fermebSi. CvenSi Senaxvis es
sistema gamoyenebuli iyo megreli mejogeebis mier, romlebic zamTarSi
cxovelebs aZovebdnen kolxeTis, zafxulSi ki didi da mcire kavkasionis
alpur saZovrebze.

Zroxis saZovarze Senaxvis teqnika

gamomdinare bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebidan, saqarTveloSi aris
yvela winapiroba Zroxeuli 190-210 dRis manZilze vkveboT saZovruli sak-
vebiT. Zroxis saZovarze Senaxva imiT aris mniSvnelovani, rom cxovelis
Tavisuflad moZraoba, agreTve sufTa haeris da mzis sxivebis moqmedeba
dadebiT gavlenas axdens mis janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze, aRwarmoebis
unarsa da produqtiulobaze.
dRes CvenSi mTeli wlis manZilze warmoebuli rZis da cocxali
masis wonamatis 65-70%-ze mets iReben furebis saZovarze Senaxvisas. sa-
Zovrebis sworad eqsploataciisas, kombinirebuli da sxva saxis sakvebiT
damatebiTi kvebis gareSe SesaZlebelia furis dRiurma monawvelma 15-20
kg rZes, xolo mozardis sadReRamiso namatma 750-800 g-s miaRwios.
mwvane balaxi, mcenareuli warmoSobis sxva sakvebTan SedarebiT uf-
ro srulad akmayofilebs Zroxis organizms sazrdo da biologiurad aq-
tiuri nivTierebebiT; Mmisi 1 kg mSrali nivTiereba 0,8 kg sakveb erTeul-
sa da 120-150 g monelebad proteins Seicavs, e.i. daaxloebiT imdens, ram-
densac maRali xarisxis kombinirebuli sakvebi. amasTan, mwvane balaxi 1,5-
2- jer ufro iafia, vidre sxva saxis sakvebi saSualebebi, rac uzrunvel-
yofs warmoebuli rZisa da cocxali masis namatis TviTRirebulebis Sem-
cirebas.
mniSvnelovania saZovruli periodis dawyebis vadis zustad gansaz-
Rvra. amis erT-erTi maCvenebelia balaxnaris simaRle (cxrili 11).
saZovarze marcvlovani cenozis siWarbisas Zoveba unda daviwyoT
balaxeulis aRerebis sawyis stadiaSi, xolo parkosnebis siWarbisas- am ba-

87
laxebis gverdiTi ylortebis ganviTarebis dasawyisSi.
gviani Semodgomisa da zamTris TveebSi Zroxis ulufa, ZiriTadad,
warmodgenilia uxeSi sakvebiT (Tiva, namja, simindis Cala), calkeul Sem-
TxvevaSi kombinirebuli
cxrili 11. gazafxulze Zroxis saZovarze sakvebis umniSvnelo ra-
gayvanisas balaxnaris optimaluri simaRle odenobis damatebiT; amis
saZovris tipi balaxis si- gaTvaliswinebiT gazaf-
maRle, sm* xulze saZovris sakvebis
mSralobis bunebrivi saZovrebi 10-12 sayuaTo nivTierebebis
teniani dablobis “ – “ – “ 12-15 kargad aTvisebis uzrun-
dablobis bunebrivi da naTesi 15-18 velsayofad cxovelma
sarwyavi naTesi saZovari 18-20 unda SesZlos saWmlis
momnelebeli da nivTie-
rebaTa cvlis procesebis mniSvnelovani gardaqmna, rac moiTxovs garkve-
uli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas:.
1. mTeli suladobis veterinaruli gamokvleva da pirutyvis dajgufeba
sqesis, asakis, fiziologiuri mdgomareobis da nakvebobis mixedviT;
2. avadmyofi da gamxdari individebis calke jgufad gamoyofa da mTe-
li suladobis damuSaveba sanitarulad;
3. saZovarze gayvanis pirvel dReebSi cxovelebis damatebiT kveba 1,5-
2,0 kg/dReSi uxeSi sakvebiT. umjobesia am sakvebis diliT adre, sa-
Zovarze gasvlamde darigeba, rac Tavidan agvacilebs norCi bala-
xis xarbad Wamas da masTan dakavSirebul uaryofiT movlenebs;
4. mineraluri sakvebiT damatebiT kveba;
5. cxovelebis dacva uaryofiTi klimaturi movlenebisagan; dauSvebe-
lia Tbili boselidan cxovelebis saZovarze swrafad gayvana, gan-
sakuTrebiT ki adre gazafxulis periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebel civ,
qarian amindSi, rac Tavidan agvacilebs maTi gacivebis SemTxvevebs.
sxvadasxva asakis, coc-
cxrili 12. dRiuri moTxovnileba mwvane xali masisa da produqti-
sakvebze (saSualod 1 sulze/dReSi) ulobis Zroxeulis saZov-
sqesobriv-asakobrivi da produq- moTxovni- ris balaxze dRiuri moTx-
tiuli jgufi leba, kg ovnilebis saorientacio
I. cocxali masa 350-450 kg: maCveneblebi mocemulia me-
a) uSoblebi, make-mSrali da 12 cxrilSi.
5-8kg wveladobis furi 30 - 35 rogorc aRiniSna (gv.
b) furi 10-12 kg wveladobiT 35 - 45 69-70) upiratesoba eniWeba
g) furi 14-16 kg wveladobiT 45 - 55 nakveTmorigeobiT Zovebas.
d) furi 18-20 kg wveladobiT 55 - 65 dadgenilia, rom saSualo
II. 700-900kg cocxali masis kuro 40 - 55 mosavlianobis xelovnur
III. 200-250 kg c/masis mozardi 20 - 30 saZovarze 1 sul pirobiT
IV. 180 kg-mde cocxali masis xbo 12 - 18 furze unda modiodes 2-3 m
siganis nakveTi, da 12-15 m2
saZovris farTobi.
saxorce produqtiulobaze momqmedi faqtorebi
gaeros sursaTis da agrarul sakiTxTa (FAO) da janmrTelobis dacvis
(WHO) organizaciebis mier rekomendebulia, rom adamianis mier miRebul
xorcis balansSi Zroxis xorcze unda modiodes 40%, rac gamowveulia am
produqtis maRali kvebiTi da biologiuri RirebulebiT.

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 Zroxis xorcs, ZiriTadad, awarmoeben arasanaSene, anu e.w. zesaremonto
mozardis gamozrda-suqebiT. amasTan, mniSvnelovani sargebeli SeiZleba mivi-
RoT wundebuli zrdasruli pirutyvis saxorced realizaciis win
suqebiTac.
Zroxis saxorce produqtiuloba, upirveles yovlisa, fasdeba dak-
vlisas miRebuli tanxorcis rbilobis raodenobiTa da xarisxiT. amasTan
erTad, saxorce produqtiulobaze msjelobisas iTvaliswineben cxove-
lis cocxal masas suqebidan moxsnisas da dakvlis win, tanxorcis,
muclis qonis, nedli tyavis, sxva teqnikuri Tu sakvebi subproduqtebis
masas, gamosavlianobasa da xarisxs. saxorce produqtiulobaze mniS-
vnelovani informacia miiReba xorcisa da sakvebi subproduqtebis qimi-
uri Sedgenilobis SeswavliT da energetikuli Rirebulebis gansaz-
RvriT, agreTve gamozrda-suqebis ekonomikurobis SefasebiT. es ukanas-
kneli gulisxmobs erTeul wonamatze sakvebisa da sxva danaxarjebis
dadgenas, ris Semdeg gaiangariSeba wonamatis TviTRirebuleba da xorcis
warmoebis rentabeloba.
saxorce produqtiulobis yvela maCvenebels gansazRvravs mravali
faqtori, romlebic, pirobiTad iyofa orad, 1. genetikuri anu memkvid-
ruli faqtorebi da 2. paratipuli anu garemo faqtorebi. konkretulad
es faqtorebia: cxovelis jiSi, sqesi da asaki, misi gamozrdisa da suqe-
bis pirobebi, kvebis done da tipi, dakvlisas cxovelis nakveboba da sxva.
cxovelis jiSi: xorcs gvaZlevs nebismieri produqtiuli mimarTu-
lebis Zroxa, magram isini gansxvavdebian rogorc cocxali masiTa da
dakvlis produqtebis gamosavaliT, aseve xorcis xarisxiT.
sarZeo da kombinirebuli produqtiuli mimarTulebis jiSebTan
SedarebiT specializebuli saxorce jiSebi ufro malmwifadebi arian,
swrafad izrdebian, adreul asakSi aRweven dasaklav kondicias da
gvaZleven meti raodenobiT maRalxarisxovan xorcs. garda amisa, erTeul
wonamatze xarjaven 7-12%-iT naklebi raodenobiT sakvebs.
miuxedavad amisa, ar iqneba swori Tu saxorce produqtiulobis
donisa da xarisxis TvalsazrisiT davupirispirebT gansxvavebuli speci-
alizaciis jiSebs. miT ufro, rom dRes msoflioSi warmoebuli Zroxis
xorcis 70%-ze meti modis sarZeo da kombinirebul jiSebze, saqarTve-
loSi ki saxorce jiSis pirutyvi dRes praqtikulad ara gvyavs.
jiSsSigniTa tipebi: mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen zrdis intensi-
vobaze, dakvlis produqtebis gamosavalsa da xorcis xarisxze. indivi-
debi, romlebic xasiaTdebian ufro kompaqturi da Rrma sxeuliT, mokle
kiseriTa da mokle fexebiT, sxva Tanabar SemTxvevaSi gvaZleven meti
raodenobisa da ukeTesi xarisxis xorcsa da dakvlis sxva produqtebs,
vidre brtyeli kuTxovani sxeulis mqone da maRalfexiani individebi.
zogierT jiSSi (mag. saxorce mimarTulebis Saroles jiSi) gamoyva-
nilia xazebi, romelTac menj-barZayis midamoSi kunTebi normalurTan
SedarebiT gaormagebuli aqvT (am movlenas uwodeben dopelendarizms).
aseTi cxovelebis tanxorcSi rbilobis xvedriTi wili 3-5%-iT metia,
vidre sxva xazis analogebSi.
sqesi: suqebisas SedarebiT maRali wonamati miiReba daukodavi
mozvrebidan, maSin rodesac ufro gemrielia dekeulis xorci, rameTu is
gamoirCeva wvrilboWkovnobiT, sinaziTa da cvrianobiT. amasTan, dekeulis
suqebisas erTeul winamatze ixarjeba 5-12%-iT meti sakvebi vidre moz-
vrebis suqebisas. dakodil mozvrebs (e. w. “kastratebs”) zrdis unariT,

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saklavi produqtiulobiTa da xorcis xarisxiT, Sualeduri mdgomareoba
ukaviaT.
furis xorci xasiaTdeba ufro optimaluri qimiuri SedgenilobiT,
agreTve fizikur-qimiuri da sensoruli TvisebebiT, vidre imave asakis
kuro mwarmoeblis, magram es ukanaskneli aRemateba furs tanxorcisa da
nedli tyavis masiTa da gamosavaliT.
asaki. adreuli asakidan xbo wonaSi matulobs, ZiriTadad, kunTo-
vani qsovilis ganviTarebis xarjze, maSin rodesac zrdasruli Zroxis
suqebisas wonaSi mateba xdeba cximovani qsovilis dagrovebiT. aqedan
gamomdinare, mozardis xorci ufro mdidaria cilebiT, rac ganapirobebs
mis ukeTes biologiur Rirebulebas.
zrdasruli cxovelis xorcSi kunTis boWkoebi ufro msxvilia,
gamagrebulia SemaerTebeli qsovili, ris gamo is ufro uxeSi da
naklebad wvniania, vidre imave jiSis 16 – 18 Tvis mozardis. zrdasruli
Zroxis xorci SedarebiT muqi ferisaa da kargad aqvs gamoxatuli
saxeobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli suni, gemo da aromati;
nakveboba: am terminis qveS igulisxmeba organizmSi kunTovani da
cximovani qsovilebis ganviTarebis done. gamxdari (dabali nakvebobis)
cxovelis saklavi gamosavali 42-45%-s ar aRemateba, maSin rodesac kar-
gad gasuqebulis SeiZleba 60-62% da metic iyos. gamxdari Zroxis
tanxorci naklebi raodenobiT Seicavs Wamad nawils, is SedarebiT
gamomSralis STabeWdilebas tovebs da naklebad kaloriulia.
kvebis done da tipi. sakvebi aris is saSeni masala, romelic
uzrunvelyofs cxovelis organizmis zrdasa da ganviTarebas, rasTanac
uSualod aris dakavSirebuli saxorce produqtiuloba. mwiri kvebis
pirobebSi gamozrdili mozardis cocxali masa 15 Tvis asakSi iyo 187 kg,
xolo imave jiSis intensiurad gamozrdilis –456 kg. Sesabamisad pirve-
lidan miRebulia 3,1 –jer naklebi wonis tanxorci, vidre intensiurad
nakvebidan.
saxorce produqtiulobaze moqmedebs ulufis struqtura. sxvada-
sxva raodenobiT koncentrirebuli sakvebis Semcvel ulufaze gamozrda
suqebisas aRmoCnda, rom maRalkoncentratul ulufaze gamozrdilebi 18
Tvis asakSi aRematebodnen moculobian sakvebis metad Semcveli ulufiT
gamozrdil Tanatolebs rogorc cocxali masiT (92 kg-iT, anu 19,1%-iT),
aseve dakvlis produqtebis masiT, gamosavliTa da xarsxiT. amasTan erT
kg wonamatze maT daxarjes 1,2 sakvebi erTeuliT anu 17,4%-iT naklebi
sakvebi.
sasuqi mozardis gamozrda-suqeba
sanaSenesagan gansxvavebiT sasuqi mozardis sakvebi ulufa unda Sedges
imdagvarad, rom mogvces misi genotipiT gansazRvruli wonamatis maqsimumi.
saqme is aris, rom gamozrdisas rac ufro maRalia zrdis siswrafe, miT
ufro naklebia cocxali masis yovel kilogram namatze daxarjuli sakvebis
raodenoba da sxva materialuri danaxarjebi, agreTve sagrZnoblad mokl-
deba xorcis warmoebis teqnologiuri cikli, umjobesdeba dakvlis produq-
tebis (xorcis, sakvebi da teqnikuri subproduqtebis) xarisxi da gamosavali.
gasasuqebeli mozardi SeiZleba SeviZinoT sxvadasxva asakSi. sruli
teqnologiuri ciklis sasuqi meurneobebi mozards iZenen 15-25 dRis asakidan.
aseT meurneobebSi warmoebis teqnologiuri cikli iyofa sam periodad:
I – rZiT kvebis, romelic grZeldeba xbos Semoyvanis dRidan 6 Tvemde;
II – rZis kvebis Semdgomi (mosamzadebeli)- 6 Tvidan 9-10 Tvis asakamde;

90
 III – suqebis, 9-10 Tvidan suqebis damTavrebamde. Cveulebriv mozardis
suqebas agrZeleben 16-18 Tvis asakamde.
pirveli periodi moicavs or fazas:
I faza grZeldeba Semoyvanis dRidan 1 Tvemde da iTvaliswinebs xbos
naturaluri rZiT da/an rZis SemcvleliT kvebas da mcenareuli sakvebis
miRebis SeCvevas.
II faza grZeldeba 1 Tvidan 5,5-6 Tvis asakamde.
sawyis etapze xbos aCveven Tivis, mwvane balaxis, marcvlis RerRilisa
an/da kombinirebuli sakvebis Wamas, 2,5 Tvis asakidan TandaTanobiT uwyve-
taven rZis Semcvlelis micemas, xolo 3-3,5 TvisaTvis is mTlianad gadahyavT
mcenareul sakvebze.
sqesis, asakis da cocxali masis mixedviT gadarCeul mozards inaxaven
jgufurad galiaSi 10-15 sulis odenobiT. 6 Tvis asakamde mozardisaTvis
magar iatakian boselSi/sasuq moedanze 1 sulze unda modiodes – 2,1-2,2 m2
iatakis farTi da 0,3-0,35 m kvebis fronti, mosamzadebel periodSi (6-dan 9-10
Tvis asakamde) 3-3,5 m2 da 0,4-0,5 m, 10 Tveze uxnesi cxovelebis suqebisas ki 4-
4,5 m2 da 06-0,7 m, Sesabamisad; dauSvebelia erTi galiidan meoreSi mozardis
gadayvana.
pirveli periodis mozardis kvebisas sakveburebSi mudmivad unda iyos
marcvleulis narevis RerRili an specialuri (xbos) kombinirebuli sakvebi,
agreTve kargi xarisxis Tiva, an daWrili mwvane balaxi.
rZis Semcvlels xbos aZleven individualuri vedroTi, dReSi orjer,
yovel kvebaze 2-3 kg- is raodenobiT (gamomdinare kvebis sqemidan). asakis
zrdasTan erTad xbo eCveva mcenareuli sakvebis Wamas da, amis Sesabamisad,
ulufaSi rZis raodenobas TandaTanobiT amcireben.
ulufis yuaTianoba unda SeirCes imdagvarad, rom saSualo sididis
jiSebis mozardis cocxali masis dReRamurma namatma ara nakleb 630-650 g.
Seadginos; aseTi gegmiT gamozrdisas periodis bolosaTvis xbos cocxali
masa 145-155 kg-s miaRwevs.
meore periodSi mozards kvebaven iseTi donis ulufebiT, rom uzrun-
velyon 650-700 g da ufro maRali dReRamuri namatis miReba. ulufa, ZiriTa-
dad, unda Sedgebodes uxeSi da wvniani sakvebisagan; koncentrirebuli sakve-
bis xvedriTma wilma ulufis yuaTianobis 25% mainc unda Seadginos.
meore periodis mozardis ulufaSi dasaSvebia yvela saxis sakvebis
CarTva, maT Soris: mwvane balaxis, Tivis, namjis, Calis, marcvleulis,
koptonis, qatos, kombinirebuli sakvebis, badagis, JenJos da a.S. maTi
raodenoba unda Seesabamebodes mozardis kuW-nawlavis sistemis fiziolo-
giuri SesaZleblobas,
cxrili 13. sasuqi mozardis kvebis normebi 650-700 g.
anu ra moculobis
saSualo dReRamuri wonamatis misaRebad
sakvebis miReba SeuZ-
maCveneblebi mozardis cocxali masa, kg lia konkretuli asa-
145-180 185-220 225-250 255-280 kis an cocxali masis
sakvebi erTeuli,kg 4,7 4,9 5,3 5,7 mozards:
mimocvliTi ener- damamTavrebeli
50 54 56 59
gia, mjouli suqebisas cxoveli
monelebadi prote- uzrunvelyofili unda
475 500 540 575
ini, g iyos maqsimaluri
kalciumi, g 23 25 27 30 raodenobiT sakvebiT
fosfori, g 9 11 13 15 (anu ramdensac SeWams).
karotini, mg 25 25 30 30 saZovarze Senaxvisas
sufris marili, g 20 20 25 25 aucilebelia damate-

91
biT, koncentrirebuli sakvebis micema. saqme is aris, rom koncentrirebuli
sakvebis ulufaSi CarTva uzrunvelyofs mozaris ufro swrafad ganviTa-
rebas da is ufro adreul asakSi aRwevs dasaklavi kondiciebs.
CvenSi sasuqad upiratesad iZenen rZis periodis Semdgomi asakis, anu 6
Tveze uxnes mozards. SeZenisas yuradReba unda mivaqcioT misi ganviTarebis
harmoniulobas da cocxali masas. es ukanaskneli axlos unda iyos konkre-
tuli jiSis standartul maCvenebelTan.
Semoyvanidan pirveli 2-3 Tve mozardi unda SeeCvios axal garemos da
im sakveb ulufas, romliTac navaraudevia misi kveba damamTavrebeli suqe-
bisas.
Zroxis umetesi jiSebis biologiuri Taviseburebidan gamomdinare,
rogorc wesi, 16-18 Tvis asakis miRwevis Semdeg mozardis zrdis intensivoba
sagrZnoblad klebulobs; garda amisa, cxovelis didi cocxali masis gamo
erTeul wonamatze izrdeba sakvebis danaxarjebi. amis gaTvaliswinebiT,
ufro did asakobriv periodSi suqeba SeiZleba ararentabeluri gamodges.
aqedan gamomdinare, suqebis damTavrebis periodi (asaki, cocxali masa)
unda ganisazRvros gaweuli danaxarjebisa da miRebuli cocxali masis nama-
tis monacemebis Sejerebis safuZvelze. es ki SesaZlebelia sakvebis danaxar-
jebisa da cxovelis cocxali masis zrdis yovelTviurad kontrolis
pirobebSi.
zrdasruli, wundebuli pirutyvis suqeba. ZiriTadi kontigenti warmod-
genilia gamowunebuli furebiT. rogorc wesi suqeba grZeldeba 60-90 dRe, ra
drosac SesaZlebelia 45-75 kg saerTo wonamatis miReba. unda gaviTva-
liswinoT, rom zrdasruli pirutyvidan cocxali masis namats, ZiriTadad,
vRebulobT cximovani qsovilis dagrovebis xarjze, rac meti raodenobiT
sakvebis danaxarjebs moiTxovs. amis gamo mizanSewonilia iafi sakvebis
gamoyeneba da wonamatis sakvebis danaxarjebTan Sesabamisobis sistematiuri
kontroli. zrdasruli pirutyvis gasuqeba aumjobesebs mis saklav
produqtiulobas da xorcis xarisxs, rac zrdis aseTi cxovelebis sabazro
Rirebulebas.
ialaRoba. saZovarze suqebis upiratesoba mdgomareobs mis siiafeSi.
saqme is aris, rom ialaRobisas viyenebT mTis bunebrivi saZovrebis praqti-
kulad muqTa sakvebs. amasTan, ar aris saWiro cxovelebisaTvis raime Zvirad-
Rirebuli sadgomis mowyoba, agreTve sawarmoo procesebze Sromisa da sxva
materialuri danaxarjebis gaweva.
ialaRobis periodi sakmaod SezRudulia. gamomdinare mTis klimaturi
pirobebidan, is SeiZleba gagrZeldes 4-4,5 Tve, rogorc wesi, maisis bolodan
oqtombris pirvel ricxvebamde. am periodis manZilze, saZovrebis efeqturad
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi saSualod erTi sulis cocxali masis saerTo
namatma 75-85 kg SeiZleba Seadginos.
ialaRobis efeqturoba damokidebulia sasuqi jgufebis sworad dakom-
pleqtebaze, agreTve baridan mTaSi da piruku pirutyvis gadarekvis sworad
organizebaze.
specializebuli saxorce meZroxeoba
meZroxeobis es dargi (mimarTuleba) upiratesad ganviTarebulia im
qveynebSi, sadac didia bunebrivi saZovrebis farTobebi da/an arsebobs cxove-
lebis mTeli wlis manZilze Zovebis SesaZleblobebi. saxorce meZroxeoba
aris monoproduqtiuli dargi, awarmoebs mxolod erT sasaqonlo produqts-
gasasuqebel an sanaSene mozards.

92
 aqedan gamomdinare warmoebis organizaciuli formebiTa da teqno-
logiiT, agreTve seleqciis meTodebiT es dargi diametralurad gansxvav-
deba sarZeo meZroxeobisagan.
saxorce meZroxeobis teqnologiis ZiriTadi elementebia:
1. sareproduqtoro suladobis mTeli wlis manZilze ubinaod, saZov-
rebze, an wlis civ periodSi msubuqi fardulebis qveS Senaxva;
2. namatis erTdroulad, garkveul sezonSi, erT an or turad, miReba da,
Sesabamisad, sadede suladobis sezonurad dagrileba;
3. 6-8 Tvis asakamde xbos gamozrda Tavisuflad wovebis, e.w. “furi-xbo”
(“cow-calf “) meTodiT;
4. sasuqi mozardis intensiuri suqeba da adreul asakSi cocxali masisa
da nakvebobis maRali kondiciebis miRweva;
miuxedavad intensifikaciis dabali donisa, iafi sakvebi baza, Sromis
da warmoebis sxva saSualebebis minimaluri danaxarjebi, dargs xdis konku-
rentunarians.
biologiuri da sameurneo TaviseburebebiT saxorce jiSebi gansxvav-
debian sarZeosagan:   
• furebi iwvelian mcire raodenobiT rZes, magram is sruliad sakma-
risia mawovari mozardis normaluri zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis;
• aqvT saZovris aTvisebis kargi unari, mkveTrad vlindeba dedobrivi
instinqti da xasiaTdebian garemos uaryofiTi zemoqmedebisadmi
tolerantobiT;
• sezonuri bioriTmebs ufro mkveTrad avlenen, rac, ZiriTadad, aisa-
xeba aRwarmoebis ciklurobaSi da balnis safaris sezonuri cvale-
badobis ufro maRal intensivobaSi.
xorcis warmoebis teqnologiuri cikli iyofa sam etapad : 1. “furi-
xbo” meTodiT mozardis gamozrda 6-8 Tvis asakamde; 2. asxletili
mozardis daaxloebiT 10-12 Tvis asakamde intensiurad suqebisaTvis
momzadeba, da 3. intensiuri suqeba, 16-20 Tvis asakamde. es ukanaskneli
cikli, rogorc wesi, tardeba specializirebul meurneobebSi. isini
sasuqi mozardis SeZenisas upiratesobas aniWeben heterozisis maRali
efeqtis mqone hibridul suladobas.
rZis realizaciasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gamo bolo 40
welia daiwyes saxorce mimarTulebis jiSebis intensiuri miwaTmoqmedebis
zonebSi moSeneba, ra drosac mimarTaven xelovnuri saZovrebis mowyobas
da xorcis warmoebis sxva elementebis intensifikacias.
1976-1990 wlebSi CvenSi aseTi sqemiT sakmaod warmatebulad muSa-
obda wnoris mexorculi meZroxeobis sacdel-specializirebuli komp-
leqsi, sadac hyavdaT 25 aTasamde suli Zroxa (maT Soris 6 aTasamde
furi), xolo xorcis wliuri warmoeba dakluli masiT 2,5 aTas tonaze
meti iyo. samoqalaqo omisa da sazogadoebrivi qonebis privatizaciisas
es meurneoba mTlianad ganadgurda.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
• ra faqtorebi moqmedeben furis sarZeo produqtiulobaze?
• ramden xans grZeldeba da ra etapebiisagan Sedgeba furis fizi-
ologiuri mdgomareobis erTi cikli?
• ra maCveneblebiT sazRvraven furis sarZeo produqtiulobas?
• rogor icvleba monawvelis raodenoba laqtaciis Tveebis mixedviT?

93
 • ra nivTierebebs Seicavs xseni, romlebic uzrunvelyofen axalSobi-
lis organizmis damcvelobiT funqciebs?
• rogor unda vkveboT xseniT da rZiT xbo?
• ramdeni dRis asakidan unda mivceT xbos moculobiani da koncen-
trirebuli sakvebi SesaCvevad?
• CamoTvaleT da daaxasiaTeT Zroxis Senaxvis sistemebi.
• ra TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdebian saxorce jiSebi?
• romeli ZiriTadi elementebisagan Sedgeba teqnologiuri cikli
specializebul saxorce meZroxeobis meurneobebSi?
• ramden etapad iyofa mozardis suqebis teqnologiuri cikli?
• ra faqtorebi moqmedeben Zroxis saxorce produqtiulobaze?

literatura:
1. n. gociriZe- rZisa da Zroxis xorcis warmoebis teqnologia. Tbi-
lisi, 1997;
2. n.gociriZe, g.dalaqiSvili, l.TorTlaZe- mecxoveleobis safuZvlebi.
Tbilisi, 2002;
3. g.gogoli, a.dolmazaSvili- jiSTaSorisi hibridizacia da xorcis
warmoebis teqnologia meZroxeobaSi. Tbilisi, “universali”,2003;
4. a.dolmazaSvili, g.gogoli da sxv.- mecxoveles cnobari. Tbilisi,
“universali”, 2009.
5. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под
общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;
6. В.Ф.Красота, Т.Г.Джапаридэе, Н.М.Костомахин- Разведеине селскохозяйственных
животных. «КолосС», 2005;

Tavi 6 . meRoreoba; Roris xorcis

warmoebis teqnologia
msoflioSi Roris suladoba 936 mln- s Seadgens da weliwadSi
iwarmoeba 100 mln tonamde xorci, anu saerTod warmoebuli xorcis
daaxloebiT 1/3. yvelaze meti raodenobiT Rori hyavT CineTSi- 468 mln
suli, xolo erT momxmarebelze gadaangariSebiT yvelaze met Roris
xorcs awarmoeben daniaSi- 330kg.
istoriulad Roris xorcs qarTul samzareuloSi mowinave pozici-
ebi ar ekava. miuxedavad amisa meRoreobis ganviTarebas CvenSi garkveuli
yuradReba eqceoda.
statistikuri monacemebiT saqarTveloSi Roris suladoba yvelaze
didi iyo 1985 wels (1173,4 aTasi suli), xolo yvelaze meti raodenobiT
(72 aT. tona) Roris xorci warmoebulia 1989 wels. kaxeTis, Sida qarTlis
da zogierT sxva raionebSi, sadac msxmoiare foTlovani tyis didi
masivebia, istoriulad ganviTarebuli iyo momTabare meRoreoba, gasuli
saukunis 80-an wlebSi ki intensiuri miwaTmoqmedebis zonebSi funqci-
onirebda meRoreobis meurneoba-kompleqsebi.
damoukideblobis gamocxadebis pirvel wlebSi Roris suladoba
mkveTrad Semcirda, 1997 wlidan ki gamoCnda am dargis aRorZinebis pirve-
li niSnebi, magram bolo 5 welia, rac aRiniSnebas regresi: magaliTad,

94
2003 welTan SedarebiT 2007 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi Roris suladoba
374 aTasi suliT, anu 4,4 jer Semcirda, rac gamowveulia afrikuli Wiris
anu montgomeris daavadebis gavrcelebiT. saerTod ki intensiuri
meRoreobis ganviTarebas CvenSi xels uSlis zogadad marcvlis da maT
Soris safuraJe marcvlis qronikuli deficiti.

Roris biologiuri da sameurneo Taviseburebebi

sxva sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisagan Rori gamoirCeva mravalna-
yofierebiT (TiTo mogebaze iZleva 10-12 goWs), xSirnayofierebiT (SeuZlia
2 weliwadSi mogvces 5 Taoba) da malmwifadobiT (fiziologiur simwifes
aRwevs 8-10 Tvis asakSi, makdeba da namats gvaZlevs 13-14 Tvis asakSi).
Roris kargad egueba gansxvavebul bunebriv-klimatur da teqnolo-
giur pirobebs. nezvis makeoba saSualod grZeldeba 114-116 dRe (3 Tve,
sami kvira da sami dRe). nezvis merZeuloba ganisazRvreba budis, anu
mawovari goWebis saerTo cocxali masiT 1 Tvis asakSi da kulturul
jiSebSi Seadgens daaxloebiT 50-60 kg-s.
swrafi zrdis wyalobiT 1 sulis cocxali masa 6-7 Tvis asakSi 100-
120 kg-s aRwevs da, amdenad erTi nezvidan weliwadSi SeiZleba vawarmooT
1,8-2,0 tona xorci (cocxali masiT). amasTan, 1 kg cocxali masis namatze
xarjaven 4-5 kg sakveb erTeuls, xolo saklavi gamosavali- 75-83%-a.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Rors aqvs erTkameriani kuWi, is aris yvelaf-
rismWameli cxoveli. misi nawlavebis sigrZe sxeulis sigrZeze 15-16- jer
grZelia (Zroxis nawlavebis sigrZe sxeulis sigrZeze 20-21- jer metia).
Rori gansakuTrebulad momTxovnia sakvebis xarisxisadmi. is cudad
inelebs ujredaniT mdidar uxeS sakvebs. amasTan, madianad Seeqceva
advilad mosanelebel wvnian, koncentrirebul da cxoveluri warmoSobis
sakvebs, Tivis fqvils, tyis nayofs, saZovars, agreTve samzareulos da
ojaxuri meurneobis anarCenebs. amis gamo meRoreoba iTvleba maRalSemo-
savlian dargad.
Roris warmoSoba
Roris yvela Tanamedrove jiSi gamoyvanilia 6-7 aTasi wlis winaT
moSinaurebuli SedarebiT patara tanis aziuri da ufro didtaniani
evropuli gareuli Rorebis SejvarebiT.
moSinaurebul pirobebSi Rorma Seicvala rogorc qcevis reaqciebi,
aseve produqtiuloba. is gaxda ufro adreuli, moimata nayofierebam, man
gamoimuSava kanqveSa qonis ufro swrafad dagrovebis unari, gaumjobesda
saklavi produqtiuloba da xorcis gemovnebiTi Tvisebebi.
konstitucia da eqsterieri
RorebSi gvxvdeba yvela is konstituciuri tipi, rogoric aris sxva
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebSi. ganurCevlad produqtiuli mimarTule-
bisa, RorisaTvis sasurvelia magari konstituciuri tipi, romelic uzrun-
velyofs mis janmrTelobas da garemo faqtorebis mimarT tolerantobas.
amasTan, saqone tipis RorisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia faSari konstitucia,
sabekone da saxorce jiSebs ki mkvrivi konstitucia moeTxovebaT.
ganasxvaveben Roris eqsterieris ramodenime tips- sabekone, saqone,
saxorce da universaluri.
sabekone tipis eqsterieris mqone cxovelebi xasiaTdebian Sedare-
biT brtyeli, magram metad grZeli sxeuliT, Rrma gulmkerdiT da maRali
kidurebiT. aseTi formebis gamo sxeulis sigrZe 15-20 sm-iT aRemateba
gulmkerdis irgvlivas.

95
 saxorce tipis Rorebis eqsterieris Taviseburebebia: swori zurgisa
da welis xazi, kargad Sevsebuli barklebi, magari Zvleuli, Txeli da
unaoWo kani. maTi sxeulis iribi sigrZe aseve metia gulmkerdis irgvli-
vaze, magram sxvaoba sabekone RorSi aRniSnulTan SedarebiT bevrad
ufro naklebia.
saqone Roris jiSebs aqvT SedarebiT dabal kidurebze mdgari
momrgvalebuli, ganieri da sakmarisad grZeli sxeuli. damaxasiaTebelia
agreTve mokle drunCi da kiseri. amasTan, sxeulis iribi sigrZis
ganazomi naklebia gulmkerdis irgvlivaze.
saxorce-saqone, anu universaluri tipis Rorebis eqsteriers aqvs
saxorce da sabekone tipis Rorebis eqsterieris Sualeduri parametrebi
da sxeulis yvela nakvTis Sesabamisi proporciuloba.
Roris eqsteriers afaseben 100 baliani skaliT. is cxovelebi,
sur. 54. gasaRebi Roris romlebis eqsterieris SefasebiT
eqsterieris aRwerisaTvis miiReben 79 balze naklebs, sanaSened
ar gamoiyeneba.
Sefasebisas, eqsterieris yovel
nakvTs (magaliTad Tavs, kisers, mkerds
da a.S.), adareben, ase vTqvaT, “tipis
etalons” da konturze (sur. 54) aRniS-
naven ramdenad aris damaxasiaTebeli
sxeulis saerTo proporciuloba da
agebulebis cakleuli nakvTi sasur-
vel tipTan axlos.
naklad iTvleba: uxeSi an gadana-
1.Tavi normaluri; 2.profili Cazne-
zebuli Tavi, grZeli, viwro da brtye-
qili; 3.yurebi horizontaluri; 4.be-
Webs ukan naSarti; 5.mkerdi farTo; li kiseri, maRali an gayofili min-
6.gava normaluri; 7.barZayi Sevsebu- dao, viwro, Cazneqili an amozneqili
li; 8. fexebi susti; 9. (“Sn”) Sebu- zurgi, naklebad Rrma da viwro gul-
suloba normaluri mkerdi, naSarti beWebs ukan, mokle,
viwro da daqanebuli gava, kidurebis
iqsisebri, xmlisebri, xbosebri dgoma, susti Cliqebi, nezvebSi 12- ze
naklebi krateruli kertis arseboba, maTi asimetriuli ganlageba an
ganuviTarebloba, keratebSi- saTesle jirkvlebis ganuviTarebloba da
saTesle parkis asimetriuloba.
gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva produqtiuli mimarTulebis Roris inte-
rieric. magaliTad, tanxorcSi kunTovani qsovili meti aqvs sabekone da
saxorce jiSebs, maSin rodesac cximovani- saqone jiSebs. imavdroulad,
sabekone RorSi nivTierebaTa cvlisa da anatomiur-fiziologiuri
maCveneblebi ufro maRal donezea, vidre saqoneSi.
Roris moSeneba
meRoreobis meurneobaSi erT-erT mTavar amocanas warmoadgens nez-
vis intensiurad gamoyeneba, weliwadSi misi orjer dagoWianeba da saSu-
alod 18-20 goWis gamozrda.
produqtiulobis da aRwarmoebis maRal maCveneblebs gansazRvravs
memkvidruli faqtorebi da movla-Senaxva-kvebis pirobebi. Roris moSeneba
efeqturi iqneba maSin, rodesac movlis, Senaxvis da kvebis pirobebi
uzrunvelyofen produqtiulobis Semdeg minimalur maCveneblebs (cxrili
14).

96
 kolti Sedgeba ZiriTadi da Sesamowmebeli nezvebisagan, keratebisa-
gan, saremonto da
cxrili-14. Roris minimaluri (wliuri) sasuqi mozardisagan,
produqtiulobis maCveneblebi rZis asakis da asx-
maCveneblebi kulturuli kaxuri, letili goWebisagan,
jiSebi mangali- agreTve 5-6 Tvis asa-
curi kis sarealizacio sa-
wovebis periodi, dRe 56 42 35 50-60 naSene mozardisagan.
dadolebis raodenoba 1.9 2.0 2.1 1.5-1.8 koltis struq-
miRebulia goWi 1 nezvze 16 17 18 8-9 tura sxvadasxva
gayidulia 1 nezvidan, daniSnulebis meurne-
13.5 14.0 14.5 5-6
suli obaSi SeiZleba gans-
goWis cocxali masa xvavebuli iyos. sasa-
15 10 8 8-9
asxletisas, kg qonlo meurneobis
wonamati gamozrdisas, g 365-385 140-150 koltis struqtura-
wonamati suqebisas, g 400-500 250-270 Si, rogorc wesi, yve-
xorcis warmoeba 1 laze maRali xved-
104-113 52-55
sulze, kg riTi wili, 50%-mde,
1 kg namatze daxarju- modis sasuq sulado-
6.5 8.0
lia sakvebi, kg sak. erT. baze.

sanaSene muSaoba
sanaSene da sasaqonlo meurneobebSi sanaSene muSaobis formebi
gansxvavebulia. sanaSene meurneobebSi hyavT mxolod xalasjiSiani maRal-
produqtiuli suladoba, muSaoben xazebis gamoyvanasa da srulyofaze,
ZiriTadi meTodia xazebad moSeneba. nezvebis 25-30%- dan iReben sakuTari
koltisaTvis saremonto mozards, danarCenebidan miRebul suladobas ki
yidian sanaSened. wyvilTa SerCeva individualuria, xolo ZiriTadi
nezvebis suladobis wundeba Seadgens 20-25%-s.
sasaqonlo meurneobaSi cdiloben koltis ZiriTadi birTvi
daakompleqton erTi jiSis cxovelebiT, romelTa nawils iZenen sanaSene
meurneobidan, nawili ki sakuTari reproduqciisaa. sadede suladobas
yofen or jgufad, sasaqonlo da sanaSene. amaTgan sasaqonlo jgufis
nezvebs agrileben sxva jiSis kerati-mwarmoeblebiT, e.i. mimarTaven sam-
rewvelo Sejvarebas heterozisis efeqtis mqone sasuqi mozardis misaRe-
bad. meores mxriv, sadede suladobis Sesavsebi cxovelebis misaRebad
sanaSene nezvebs awyvileben imave jiSis kerat-mwarmoeblebTan.
bolo wlebSi heterozisis efeqtis mqone namatis misaRebad mimar-
Taven erTi da imave jiSis, magram specialurad gamoyvanili xazebis
(xazTaSoris) Sejvarebas, rasac uwodeben hibridizacias.
sanaSene aRricxva. saseleqcio-sanaSene muSaobis warmoeba cxovelTa
identifikaciisa da Canawerebis warmoebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. identifi-
kaciis qveS igulisxmeba cxovelis danomvra da saxelis mikuTvneba,
agreTve warmomavlobaze da produqtiulobaze arsebuli informaciis
specialur JurnalebSi, formebSi da/an individualur sanaSene baraTebSi
Setana.
goWs marcxena yurze dabadebisTanave ukeTdeba budis da budeSi
misi rigiTi nomeri. budis nomeri yoveli axali kalendaruli wlidan
iwyeba pirveli nomriT da aRmavali rigiT grZeldeba wlis bolomde. es
nomeri droebiTia da mas iyeneben goWis asxletamde.

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 saidentifikacio anu sainventaro nomeri goWs ukeTdeba asxletisas,
marjvena yurze. TeTri feris Rors nomraven tatuirebis wesiT. feradi
Roris danomvrisas mimarTaven yurebis daservas Roris dasanomrad aseve
gamoiyeneba metalis an polimeruli masalisagan damzadebuli birkebi.
aRricxvis gaadvilebis mizniT sakerates akuTvneben kent, xolo sanezves
wyvil nomers (bolo cifris mixedviT).
plastmasis nomris upiratesoba is aris, rom advilia misi Soridan
wakiTxva, rac aRricxvisas minimumamde amcirebs Secdomebs. amasTan, es
nomrebi mzaddeba sxvadasxva feris da gamoiyeneba Sifris saxiT, jgufe-
bis gasarCevad.
meRoreobaSi saxelis mikuTvnebis Taviseburi sistemas mimarTaven.
yvela sakerates akuTvneben mamis, sanezves ki dedis saxels. amdenad, gans-
xvaveba iqneba mxolod maT saidentifikacio nomrebSi. amasTan, dauSvebe-
lia adamianis, mdinaris, qalaqis da sxva kerZo saxelis cxovelze mikuT-
vneba.
sanaSene Canawerebis warmoeba da cxovelTa produqtiulobis
individualuri aRricxva savaldebuloa rogorc sanaSene meurneobisaT-
vis, ise sasaqonlo meurneobebis sanaSene birTvis cxovelebisaTvis.
yoveli niSan-Tvisebis mniSvneloba formdeba garkveuli pirobebis
dacviT:
• cocxali masis da sxeulis ganazomebis maCveneblebi Segvaqvs
mxolod mTeli ricxvebiT, 1 kg- is da 1 sm- is sizustiT, Sesabami-
sad. budis masa dabadebisas, 21 dRis da 2 Tvis asakSi mTeli
cifrebiT, aseve 1 kg-s sizustiT, xolo goWis cocxali masa
dabadebisas, 21 dRis da 2 Tvis asakSi Caiwereba meaTedi sizustiT.
• dauSvebelia gadasworebuli an waSlili Canaweris arseboba. uneb-
lie Secdomis gasasworeblad mcdar Canawers gadausvamen erT xazs,
xolo imave grafaSi Caweren swor monacems.
sanaSene aRricxvisaTvis monacemebs iReben zooteqnikuri Canawere-
bidan, risTvisac arsebobs sxvadasxva Jurnalebi da formebi: sanaSene
keratis piradi baraTi, sanaSene nezvis piradi baraTi, keratis produq-
tiulobis aRricxvis baraTi, nezvis dagrilebisa da xelovnuri ganayofi-
erebis aRricxvis Jurnali, saremonto mozardis gamozrdis Jurnali, sa-
naSene keratisa da nezvis eqsterieris Sefasebis registraciis Jurnali,
mawovari nezvis sadolfaro baraTi, bonitirebis jumluri uwyisi da sxv.
sanaSene mozardis gadarCeva. RorTan sanaSene muSaobisas erT-erTi
ZiriTadi principia is, rom koltis Sesavsebad gadaarCeven mxolod im
mozards, romlis mSoblebi Sefasebulia sakontrolo suqebis meTodiT.
aseTi mSoblebidan miRebul da kargad ganviTarebul individebs ayeneben
sakontrolo gamozrdaze, xolo maTgan miRebul goWebs sakontrolo
suqebaze. aseTi midgoma uzrunvelyofs Roris adremwifadobis da
sameurneo TvalsazrisiT sxva sasargeblo niSan-Tvisebebis gaumjobesebas.
sanaSene sanezves gadaarCeven 2 Tvis asakSi. maTi raodenoba 4- jer
meti unda iyos, vidre gamosawunebeli nezvebis raodenoba, vinaidan: 1. gamoz-
rdis procesSi sanezvvebis nawili iZulebiT gamosawunebeli xdeba, xolo
nawili ar makdeba da 2. dagoWianebis Semdeg Sesamowmebeli nezvebis TiT-
qmis naxevari gamosawunebeli xdeba dabalnayofierebis da cudi dedob-
rivi instinqtis gamo.
sanaSened ar toveben im sanezves, romelsac aqvs krateruli kerti.
am mankis SemCneva sakmaod advilia- kertis bolo CaRrmavebulia da masSi

98
WuWyi grovdeba, rac daTvalierebisas Savi wertiliviT mosCans. aseTi
ZuZudan rZe ar gamoiyofa.
sakerates gadarCevisas sxva maCveneblebTan erTad yuradRebas aqce-
ven saTesle jirkvlebs, romlebic kargad ganviTarebulni, erTi zomis,
mkvrivi agebulebis da odnav daSvebuli unda iyos. mankad iTvleba
kriptorxizmi, anu SemTxveva, rodesac erTi an orive saTesle jirkvali
muclis siRrmeSia da garedan ar Cans.
rogorc sakerates aseve sanezves kani jiSisaTvis tipiuri feris
unda hqondes, dauSvebelia misi danaoWeba. orive sqesis sanaSene mozards
kudi maRla aweuli da gadagrexili unda hqondes.

nezvis ganayofiereba
axurebuli nezvi unda dagrildes orjer. pirvelad xuraobis
gamovlenisTanave da meored pirveli dagrilebidan 12-18 saaTis Semdeg.
meored dagrilebisas sasurvelia gauSvaT imave jiSis sxva kerati. es
xels uwyobs maRal nayofierebas da namravli ibadeba ufro sicoc-
xlisunariani da gamZle.
nezvis yvela dagrilebisas ar nayofierdeba. amis mizezi SeiZlebas
iyos: uxarisxo sperma, daavadebebi, arasrulfasovani kveba da sxva.
sanezveebis pirveli ganayofiereba sasurvelia moxdes 9-10 Tvis
asakSi, anu maSin, rodesac maTi cocxali masa zrdasruli nezvis wonis
70% mainc iqneba.
droulad rom gavigoT damakda Tu ara nezvi saWiroa masze
dakvirveba. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac dagrilebidan 22-23 dRe nezvi ar
axurdeba, maRali albaTobiT SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom is damakebulia.
Tu aRniSnul periodSi nezvi kvlav axurda, maSin is sxva keratiT unda
davagriloT.
make da mawovari nezvis movla-Senaxva da kveba
mSrali-make nezvis nakveboba saSualo unda iyos. mas inaxaven jgu-
furad galiaSi da mxolod makeobis bolo kviras gadahyavT individua-
lur dolfaraSi. amave dRidan iwyeben ulufis Semcirebas, im varaudiT,
rom mogebis win nezvma miiRos fiziologiurad saWiro normis naxevari
yuaTianobis ulufa.
nezvs mogebis niSnebi etyoba 2-3 dRiT adre. is mousvenaria, curi
Sevsebulia, kertebi izrdeba da wiTldeba, mogebamde erTi dRiT adre ki
kertze xelis moWerisas gamoiyofa xseni.
mogebamde 2-3 saaTiT adre nezvi mSviddeba, CiCqnis qveSsafens, mas
agrovebs dolfris erT-erT kuTxeSi, akeTebs budes, xSirad wveba da dge-
ba. goWebis dayra, rogorc wesi grZeldeba 2-3 saaTi. WinTvebis dawyebidan
yovel 5-10 wuTSi ibadeba 1 goWi. mogeba damTavrebulad iTvleba mom-
yolis dabadebis Semdeg.
mogebis Semdeg nezvi isvenebs. 4-6 saaaTi mas sakvebs ar aZleven.
goWebis pirveli wovebis Semdeg nezvs asmeven Tbil wyals.
mogebis dRes nezvs aZleven xorblis qatos da Svriis an qeris Rer-
Rilis narevis Txel salafavs 0,5 kg-is raodenobiT. ulufaSi sakvebis
raodenobas zrdian TandaTanobiT, im varaudiT, rom normiT gaTvalis-
winebuli moTxovnileba srulad dakmayofildes mogebidan me-5–me-6 dRes.
nezvis ulufa 50-60 % koncentrirebuli sakvebs mainc unda Seicav-
des, danarCeni SeiZleba iyos: zamTarSi wvniani, uxeSi da mineraluri,
zafxulSi ki parkosanTa (ionjis, samyuras an cercvelas) mwvane masa.

99
 2 welze uxnes mawovar nezvs yovel 100 kg cocxal masaze aZleven
1,5 sakveb erTeuls da damatebiT, yovel mawovar goWze 0,5 sakveb
erTeuls. sasurvelia 1 kg sakveb
sur. 55. axladmogebuli nezvis erTeulze modiodes 115 g mone-
Sesanaxi dazga. lebadi proteini. ulufa daba-
lansebuli unda iyos sxva
sayuaTo da mineraluri nivTire-
bebiTac.
Roris kvebis normebi, asa-
kis, cocxali masis da mawovari
goWebis raodenobis gaTvaliswi-
nebidan gamomdinare, mocemulia
me- 15 cxrilSi.
mawovari nezvis Sesanaxad
Seqmnilia specialuri dazga (sur.
55), romelic mawovari goWebis
damatebiTi sakvebiT kvebis saSu-
alebas iZleva.
cxrili 15. mawovari da make nezvis kvebis normebi*
2 wlamde asakis 2 welze uxnesi make
cocxali masa, kg
120-140 181-200 <140 201-220 161-180 161-180
mawovari goWebis raodenoba** I pe- bolo
8 8 10 10 riodi Tve
sakvebi erTeuli, kg 5.1 5.7 5.8 6.7 2.4 2.9
mimocvliTi energia, mj 56.4 63.1 64.2 74.2 26.6 32.0
mSrali nivTiereba, kg 3.92 4.38 4.46 5.15 2.29 2.76
monelebadi proteini, g 568 635 647 747 240 290
lizini, g 31.4 35 35.7 41.2 13.7 16.6
meTionini + cistini,g 1.8 21 21.4 24.7 8.2 10.0
nedli ujredana, g 274 307 312 360 321 320
• danarCeni 20 maCveneblis moTxovnilebaze informacia mocemulia spe-
cialur cnobarebSi (literaturis siaSi ixileT # 4 da № 6 wyaro);
** goWebis asxleta 35-45 dRis asakSi;
Cveulebriv, goWis wovebiT gamozrdis periodi 45-60 dRe grZel-
deba; am periodis 35 dRemde Semcireba SeiZleba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
goWebis sakvebad viyenebT rZis da rZis gadamuSavebis anarCenebs (ix. sasuqi
mozardis kveba). aseTi teqnologia sagrZnoblad aumjobesebs nezvis
gamoyenebis efeqturobas.
mogebidan 4-5 dRis Semdeg nezvs da goWebs uSveben saseirnod,
romlis xangrZlivoba zamTarSi 15-20, zafxulSi ki 45-50 wT- a.

sakvebis kvebiswina Semzadeba

ganasxvaveben Roris kvebis or nairsaxeobas, mSrali da sveli.
mSrali kveba. mSralad umjobesia mivceT srululufovani kombini-
rebuli sakvebi. aseTi sakvebis upiratesoba is aris, rom organizmi Rebu-
lobs yovelmxriv dabalansebul ulufas. amasTan, mSralad kvebisas auci-

100
lebelia Rors Seuzudavad hqondes sufTa sasmeli wyali, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi aRiniSneba zrdis intensivobis daqveiTeba.
mSrali sakvebiT kvebisas gamoyofili nerwyvi ar aris sakmarisi
sakvebis mTlianad dasasveleblad da monelebis dasawyebad. garda amisa,
mSrali sakvebi advilad ibneva da ifanteba.
sveli kveba. sxvadasxva sakveb narevi (magaliTad daWrili kartofi-
li, bostneuli, samzareulos anarCenebi, marcvleuli, balaxeuli, kom-
binirebuli sakvebi da sxv.) cxovelebs eZleva winaswar Termulad damu-
Savebuli (moxarSuli an CaorTqlili) narevis saxiT. vinaidan sveli
sakvebi swrafad mJavdeba, cxovels is unda mivceT imdeni raodenobiT,
ramdensac erTjerobaze SeWams, xolo anarCenebisagan sakveburi droulad
unda davasufTaoT.
Roris mier Txevadi sakvebis miRebisas nerwyvi praqtikulad ar
gamoiyofa da, amdenad, piris RruSi moneleba ar iwyeba.
sakvebis kvebiswina Semzadeba. sagemovno Tvisebebis da monelebado-
bis gasaumjobeseblad sakvebs winaswar Seamzadeben. marcveluls winas-
war RerRaven, ZuZuTa goWisaTvis 0,5-0,8 mm, axlad asxletilebisaTvis- 0,9-
1 mm, xolo danarCeni suladobisaTvis 1,0-1,5 mm zomis nawilakebis miRebis
varaudiT. ufro wvrilad dafqva auaresebs sakvebis monelebadobas, adi-
debs kuWis mJavianobas, iwvevs nawlavis funqciis darRvevas da, arc Tu
iSviaTad, kuWis wylulovan daavadebas.
wisqvilis ar qonis SemTxvevaSi marcvls kvebamde 12-24 saaTiT adre
unda davasxaT wyali an rZis Srati. marTalia svel marcvals Rori ufro
cudad inelebs, vidre daRerRils an daroSils, magram gacilebiT ukeT,
vidre mSrals.
koptons kvebis win aqucmaceben, mwvane balaxisagan umjobesia mom-
zaddes pasta, Zirxvenebi gairecxos da daiWras, samzareulos anarCenebi
ki wamoduRdes.
dauSvebelia srululufovani kombinirebuli sakvebis maRal tempe-
raturaze CaorTqvla an moxarSva, vinaidan +550C-ze ufro cxel wyalSi
iSliba biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebis mniSvnelovani nawili.
sveli marcvalnareviT kvebisas, 1 wil sakvebze unda modiodes 1,5
wili wyali. aseTi Sefardebisas izrdeba sakvebis Wamadoba da umjobes-
deba monelebadoba.
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Rors kvebaven bostneulisa da samzare-
ulos anarCenebis da sxva sakvebnareviT, wamoduRebisa da gacivebis
Semdeg mizanSewonilia mineralur-vitaminovani premiqsebis damateba.
sasuqi mozardis kveba da movla-Senaxva
2 Tvis asakidan goWis sakvebad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT parkosanTa
balaxi, gaTibuli mwvane masa, stafilo da sxva saxis sakvebi, romlis
raodenoba sawyis etapze dReSi unda iyos 300-400 g/1 sulze. dauSvebelia,
wvnian sakvebze mkveTrad gadasvla, vinaidan is iwvevs dispepsias. aseve ar
SeiZleba nedli da/an mwvane kartofiliT kveba, agreTve mwvane kartofi-
lis naxarSi wyliT sakvebis momzadeba.
ufro momgebiania goWebis gazafxulze suqeba, vinaidan am dros
aris iafi mwvane sakvebiT da bostneulis anarCenebiT maTi kvebis, agreTve
msubuqi tipis sadgomSi Senaxvis SesaZlebloba.
goWebis gamozrda-suqebis teqnologiur cikls yofen sam periodad:
1. rZiT kvebis - dabadebidan 45 dRis asakamde (an 2 Tvemde). pirveli 10-
15 dRe goWis ZiriTadi sakvebia dedis rZe. amasTan, me-3 – me-4 dRi-

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 dan sakveburSi maT mudmivad unda hqondeT mSrali kombinirebuli
sakvebi an daRerRili marcvalnarevi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, kombinire-
buli sakvebis Wamis SeCvevasTan erTad, aRiniSneba goWis kuW-nawla-
vis traqtis moqmedebis gaumjobeseba. me- 5 dRidan goWebs unda
SeeZlos sasmeli wylis nebaze miReba. aseTi teqnologiiT gamoz-
rdili goWebi dedidan asxletisas iwonian 10-15 kg- s;
nezvis dabali merZeulobisas goWebs unda mivceT 100-300 g/su-
lze/dReSi naturaluri an moxdili pasterizebuli rZe. karg
Sedegs iZleva rZis nacvlad acidofiluri prostokvaSiT kveba.
meZuZuri goWis damatebiTi sakvebiT uzrunvelyofis sqema mocemu-
lia me- 16 cxrilSi.

cxrili 16. rZis asakis goWis gamozrdis sqema (sakvebi 1 sulze/g-Si)

asaki rZe koncen- Tivis sta- kar- NaCl car-
Tve deka- natura- mox- trati fqvi- filo tofi- ci
da luri dili li li

I 50 25 2 3
1 II 150 100 10 10 20 3 3
III 250 150 150 20 15 50 4 5
IV 300 200 200 50 20 100 4 5
2 V 150 250 300 100 25 200 5 10
VI 450 400 150 30 450 10 15

2. mosamzadebeli periodi - grZeldeba asxletidan 3,5-4 Tvis asakamde.

stresuli movlenebis Tavidan asacileblad mniSvnelovania, rom
nezvidan asxletili goWi davtovoT imave dolfaraSi, sadac
imyofeboda dedasTan erTad. stresis ganviTarebisas goWebi didi
raodenobiT Wamen sakvebs, romlis monelebas ver aswrebs maTi kuW-
nawlavis sistema da aRiniSneba dispepsia.
sasurvelia am periodis goWebi vkveboT II periodis mozar-
disaTvis gankuTvnili specialuri kombinirebuli sakvebiT, an marc-
vlovan-parkosani sakvebnareviT. ulufis 1 kg unda Seicavdes 1,12 kg
sakveb erTeuls, 11-12 mjoul mimocvliT energias, 134 g monelebad
proteins, 7,7 g lizins, 45 g nedl ujredanas, 8 g kalciums da 6,5 g
fosfors.
sakvebs aZleven normis mixedviT, mSrali saxiT da dReSi 3-4
jer. periodis bolosaTvis goWebis cocxali masa aRwevs 40 kg-s.
3. damamTavrebeli suqebis, romelic grZeldeba 3,5-4 Tvis asakidan 8
Tvemde. periodis dasawyisSi mozardis cocxali masa daaxloebiT
35-40 kg-a. sakvebs aZleven mSrali saxiT, dReSi 3-4 jer. cocxali
masis maRali namatis miRebis garantias iZleva simindis marcvlisa
da ciliT mdidari mwvane masis, da/an Tivis fqvilis kombinacia. am
ukanasknelTa xvedriTi wili unda iyos ulufis yuaTianobis 10-20%.
suqebas amTavreben 100-120 kg cocxali masis miRwevisas. ufro maRa-
li cocxali masis kondiciamde suqeba, erTeul wonamatze sakvebis
danaxarjebis gadidebis gamo ekonomikurad gaumarTlebelia.
gamozrda suqebis samive periodSi cxovelebs mudmivad unda hqon-
deT sufTa sasmeli wyali da mineraluri sakveb danamati (maT Soris
carci, wiTeli Tixa da naxSiri).

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 goWis dRiuri ulufa SeiZleba Sedgebodes marcvlovani sakvebis
narevisagan, mwvane masisagan, stafilos da CaTuTqul kartofilisagan
(cxrili 17). dRiuri norma damokidebulia mozardis cocxal masaze da
dagegmil saSualo dReRamur wonamatze..
mozardis suqebis
cxrili 17. sasuqi goWis samagaliTo ulufa
mesame etapze da saer-
cocxali sakvebi, kg Tod Roris kvebaSi
masa, kg marcval- mwvane stafi- karto- karg Sedegs iZleva kom-
narevi masa lo fili binirebuli silosi,
20 kg-mde 0,8 2,5 0,5-1 0.6-1.5 romlis 60-70% unda
20-30 1,0 3.0 1.5-2.0 1.0-1.5 Sedgebodes ara umetes
30-40 1.0 5.0 2.0-3.0 1.5-2.0 1-2% ujredanas Semcve-
40-50 1.3 7.0 3.0-3.5 2.0-2.5 li sakvebisagan (Saqris
50-60 1.5 8.0 3.0-3.5 2.0-2.5 Warxali, kartofili,
gogra, stafilo da
sxva), agreTve simindis tarosagan, mwvane masisagan da sxva danamatisagan.
goWis dakodva. ara sanaSene daniSnulebis mamr goWebs, SemTxveviTi
Sewyvilebis Tavidan asacileblad kodaven. garda amisa dakodili cxove-
lis xorci ufro xarisxiani da mimzidvelia. swored amas efuZneba beko-
nis dasamzadebeli Roris tanxorcis standartis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
moTxovna, romlis mixedviT nedleuli miRebuli unda iyos ara ugvianes 4
Tvis asakSi dakodili cxovelisagan.
goWis dakodvis optimaluri vadaa 4-6 kvira, Tumca zogierTi
sawarmoebis gamocdilebiT efeqturia ufro adreul asakSi dakodva.
dadgenilia, rom rac ufro mozrdilia goWi, miT ufro SesamCnevia am
dakodvis Sedegad ganviTarebuli stresis uaryofiTi moqmedeba mis zrda-
ganviTarebaze.
momTabare meRoreobis teqnologia
saqarTvelos teritoriis 1/3 mTagoriania da misi mniSvnelovani
nawili foTlovani tyiTaa dafaruli. momTabare meRoreobas swored im
raionebsa da soflebSi misdeven, romlebic esazRvrebian aseTi tyis
masivebs. sxvadasxva monacemebiT saqarTveloSi warmoebuli Roris xor-
cis TiTqmis 20-25% modioda momTabare meRoreobaze.
samTabarod upiratesad gamoiyeneba kaxuri Rori, kaxuris mangali-
cur jiSTan najvari da sxva adgilobrivi populaciebi, romlebic
Seguebulni arian movla-Senaxvis eqstensiur sistemas, kargad iyeneben
foTlovani tyis nayofs da sxva bunebriv savargulebs.
tyis nayofi xasiaTdeba maRali kvebiTi RirebulebiT. 1 kg mSrali,
CenCogaclili rkos yuaTianoba 1,21 sakvebi erTeulia da Seicavs 42 g
monelebad proteins, wiflis- 2,06 da 110, xolo wablis- 0,99 da 70 g
sakvebi erTeuli da monelebadi proteini, Sesabamisad. Rori, aseve, warma-
tebiT iyenebs sxva sakveb savargulebs- bunebriv saZovrebs da erTwliani
kulturebis mosavlis aRebis Semdeg Cabneul marcvleuls da sxva
anarCenebs.
arsebuli resursebis ukeTesad gamoyenebis mizniT tyis masivebTan
axlos awyoben banaks. aqve ganlagebulia bina momsaxure personalisaT-
vis, inventarisa da sakvebis Sesanaxi saTavso, Roris msubuqi tipis sad-
gomi ramodenime “ganyofilebiT” sxvadasxva asakis cxovelebisaTvis,
agreTve individualur dolfarebi mawovari nezvebisa da rZis asakis
goWebisaTvis.

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 Rors SeuZlia aiTvisos ZiriTadi sadgomis irgvliv 10-15 km radi-
usis tyis masivi. banakis mimdebare farTobi, rogorc wesi, eTmoba
mawovar nezvebs da 2 Tvis asakamde goWebs, xolo ufro moSorebuli
teritoriebis aTvisebis mizniT, ZiriTadi sadgomis garda aucilebeli
xdeba damatebiTi sadgomis mowyobac, sadac sasuq suladobas toveben
dazamTrebamde (Tovlis safaris dadebamde).
vinaidan tyis nayofis mosavlianoba sxvadaxva wlebSi gansxvavebu-
lia, saWiroa suladobis raodenobisa da farTobis gamoyenebis regu-
lireba. mosavlian wels Rori naklebad gadaadgildeba sakvebis Zebnis
mizniT da met wonamatsac iZleva. karg Sedegs iZlevas xeebidan nayofebis
Camobertyva.
gegmazomierad Zovebisas Rori niadags afxvierebs, rac aumjobesebs
misi zeda fenis aeracias. imavdroulad tyis nayofebi miwaSi “CaiTeseba”
da iqmneba maTi aRmocenebis xelisSemwyobi pirobebi.
mniSvnelovania, rom Zovebam xeli ar SeuSalos tyis bunebriv ganax-
lebas. rogorc wesi, aprilis meore naxevridan iwyeba mcenareebis amos-
vla da, amdenad, am periodSi Roris tyeSi gayvana ar SeiZleba.
karg Sedegs iZleva tyispira Tavisufal ferdobze, an kidev sazam-
Tro sadgomTan ionjis, samyuras da miwavaSlas saZovrebis mowyoba. es
farTobebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT rogorc gazafxul-zafxulis TveebSi,
aseve zamTarSic, rodesac cxovelebi ganicdian sakvebis mniSvnelovan
deficits.
klimaturi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT umjobesia namatis miReba
daigegmos gazafxulze, tyis masivebSi gasvlis wina periodisaTvis. aseT
SemTxvevaSi maqsimlurad gamoiyeneba gazafxul-zafxulis Tbili klima-
tis sikeTe da wlis bolomde namatis cocxali masa aRwevs 50-60 kg- s,
anu sarealizacio kondicias.
sxvebTan SedarebiT momTabare meRoreobisaTvis yvelaze xelsayre-
li pirobebi aris axmetis raionSi, gansakuTrebiT ki soflebis- zemo da
qvemo alvanis mimdebare teritoriaze (jaburi, bawara, fiCxovani, panki-
sisa da iltos xeoba, CaCxrialis tye). aq tyis da mdelos bunebriv
saZovrebze uxvadaa Roris sakvebi- wifeli, rko, wabli, panta, maJalo,
TuTa, bali, tyemali, zRmartli, mayvali, kuneli, marwyvi da sxva.
mTabarobis pirobebSi karg Sedegs iZleva sasuqi mozardis damate-
biTi kveba marcvlovani sakvebnarebiT, ra drosac saSualo dReRamuri
namati 280-320 g- s aRwevs da, Sesabamisad, umjobesdeba gasuqebuli Roris
saklavi produqtiuloba.
fermispira sazafxulo banakebSi Roris Senaxva
am RonisZiebas xels uwyobs saqarTvelos umetesi raionebis gazaf-
xul-zafxulis klimaturi pirobebi. banakis mowyoba da mTeli suladobis
iq gadayvana gvaZlevs ZiriTadi sadgomebis dasufTavebis, dezinfeqciis
da mimdinare remontis Catarebis saSualebas.
banakad Roris gayvanas veterinaruli TvalsazrisiTac aqvs udidesi
mniSvneloba. am SemTxvevaSi zamTris sadgomebi mTlianad Tavisufldeba
mavne mikroorganizmebisagan da mRrRnelebis umetesi nawilisagan. praq-
tikiT damtkicebulia, rom veterinaluri da teqnologiuri “Sesvenebis”
gareSe, erTi da igive sadgomis gamoyenebisas, matulobs paTogenuri
mikrofloris koncentracia, rac zrdis daavadebebis saSiSroebas.
banaki umjobesia movawyoT ZiriTad sadgomTan axlos, raTa gamo-
viyenoT fermis wyalgayvaniloba, sakvebi saamqro, nakelsacavi da sxva

104
nagebobebi. is Sendeba mSral, SedarebiT SemaRlebul da SeZlebisda-
gvarad qarisagan dacul adgilze. SerCeul teritorias SemoRobaveben da
yofen bakebad. cxovelebis wvimis da qaris, agreTve papanaqeba sicxisas
mzis sxivebis pirdapiri zemoqmedebisagan dasacavad yvela baks unda hqon-
des msubuqi tipis farduli, romlis qveS idgmeba sakveburebi da sawyur-
veblebi.
mawovari nezvisa da goWebis Sesanax bakSi iataki magarsafariani
unda iyos, romelzec ageben xis masalisagan damzadebul fars.
sazafxulo banakebSi sxvadasxva sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufebisaT-
vis bakis zomebze, jgufebSi dasaSveb suladobasa da 1 sulze saWiro
farTobze parametrebi mocemulia cxril 18-Si.
cxrili 18. sazafxulo banakSi dolfaris parametrebi
asakobrivi jgufi 1 bakSi 1 sulze farTobi,m2 kvebis
dasaSvebi fardulis seiranze fronti,
suladoba qveS m
mawovari nezvi goWebiT 1 4.5 6 0.45
salTi da make nezvi 20 1.4 3.0 0.45
asxletili goWi 30 0.3 1.0 0.20
saremonto mozardi 25 0.5 1.3 0.30
sasuqi Rori 25 0.5 1.3 0.30
ZiriTadi kerati 1 6.0 10 0.45

banakis asaSeneblad gamoiyeneba adgilobrivi arastandartuli da

iafi masala, xis nagverduli, gamouyenebeli betonis sinkari, naSali
aguri, bloki da sxv. saxuravad yvelaze iafia isli.
banakad yofnisas Roris kvebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia saZo-
vars. sufTa haerze yofna da mzis sxivebi gansakuTrebulad dadebiTad
moqmedebs make nezvebze- maTgan miiReba janmrTeli da ganviTarebuli
goWi, iSviaTia garTulebuli mSobiaroba, mcirdeba berwianoba da maR-
ldeba daavadebebisadmi rezistentoba.
diliT Rori saZovarze unda gavuSvaT sakvebis micemamde. nakvebi
Rori cudad Zovs da maleve cdilobs banakSi dabrunebas. maRalmosavli-
an naTes saZovarze yoveldRiurad Rors aZoveben 1,5-2 saaTi, bunebrivze
ki- 3-3,5 saaTi.
mosavlianobis SenarCunebis, saZovris efeqturad gamoyenebis da
parazitul daavadebebTan brZolis mizniT mimarTaven nakveTmorigeobiT
Zovebas. amisaTvis mTel farTobs yofen ramodenime nakveTad, im varaudiT,
rom TiToeul nakveTze kolts sakvebi eyos 4-5 dRe mainc. Semdeg
cxovelebi gadayavT meoreze nakveTze, Semdeg mesameze da a.S., ise, rom
sasurvelia kolti pirvel nakveTs daubrundes 1-1,5 Tvis Semdeg.
saWiro farTobis gaangariSebisas gamodian Semdegi parametrebidan:
1 suli ZiriTadi nezvisaTvis dReSi saWiroa 10 m2, xolo asxletili
mozardisaTvis 2 m2- mde saZovari.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
• romel konstituciur tips miekuTvneba saqone an saxorce jiSis
Rorebi?
• rogori mozardi unda gadavarCioT sanaSened?
• ra procedurebi tardeba sanaSened gadarCeuli mozardis Sesafaseb-
lad?

105
 • ra principiT xdeba sakerateebze da sanezveebze saxelebis mikuTvneba?
• romeli saxeli ar SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT cxovels?
• ratom ar SeiZleba srululufiani kombinirebuli sakvebis +550C- ze
ufro cxeli wyliT Cafufqva?
• rogori unda iyos kombinirebuli sakvebisa da wylis urTierT Sefar-
deba svelad kvebisas?
• romel sakvebiT da rogori foriT unda vkveboT axladmogebul
nezvi?
• ramdeni SeiZleba iyos koncentrirebuli sakvebis minimaluri xved-
riTi wili Rorebis ulufaSi?
• ras uwodeben heterozisis efeqtis miRebis mizniT erTi da imave
jiSis Roris sxvadasxva xazebis Sejvarebas?

literatura:
1. n.gociriZe, g.dalaqiSvili, l.TorTlaZe- mecxoveleobis safuZvlebi.
Tbilisi, 2002;
2. a.dolmazaSvili, g.gogoli da sxv.- mecxoveles cnobari. Tbilisi,
“universali”, 2009;
3. i.SubiTiZe- rZisa da xorcis warmoebis teqnologia. Tbilisi, 2008;
4. j.RuduSauri, j.guguSvili- rCevebi (fermerebisaTvis) cxovelTa da
frinvelTa normirebuli kvebis Sesaxeb. Tbilisi, 2001;
5. Г. С. Походня, А. Г. Нарижный, П. И. Бреславец, Г. В. Ескин, Е. Г. Федорчук, А. П.
Бреславец- Свиноводство, Изд-ство «Колос», 2009;
6. Нормы и рационы кормления сельскохозяйственных животных. авт. А.П.Калаш-
ников, Н.И.Клейменов и др., М., «Колос», 2002;
7. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под
общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;
8. В.Ф.Красота, Т.Г.Джапаридэе, Н.М.Костомахин- разведеине селскохозяйственных
животных. «КолосС», 2005;

Tavi 7. mecxvareoba. matylis, cxvris/Txis xorcisa

da rZis warmoebis teqnologia;
mecxvareobis mniSvneloba
cxvari iZleva ramodenime saxis sakveb produqts (xorcs, rZes, qons)
da msubuqi mrewvelobisaTvis Zvirfas nedleuls (matyls, saqurqe da
sabewve tyavs, kravels da maJdaks). Tanamedrove msoflio mecxvareobis
Taviseburebas warmoadgens, matylTan SedarebiT, xorcis warmoebis gadi-
debisaken orientacia, rac dakavSirebulia safeiqro mrewvelobis mier
sinTezuri boWkoebis gamoyenebaze gadasvlasTan da, Sesabamisad, matylze
moTxovnilebisa da fasebis SemcirebasTan.
bolo 30 welia msoflios mraval qveyanaSi mecxvareoba viTardeba
krosbreduli tipis saxorce-samatylo produqtiuli mimarTulebis
cxvrebis moSenebaze gadasvliTa da dargis Semdgomi intensifikaciis
gziT. amaze miuTiTebs statistikuri monacemebi, romelTa Tanaxmad miuxe-
davad suladobis ramdenadme Semcirebisa, cxvris produqtebis warmoeba
sul ufro izrdeba. ase, magaliTad, 1999 welTan SedarebiT 2002 wlisaT-

106
vis msoflioSi cxvris suladoba Semcirda 1,83 mln suliT, maSin rode-
sac xorcis warmoeba gaizarda 137 aTasi toniT, anu 1,8%-iT.
warmoebuli xorcis saerTo balansSi cxvris xorcs, jer kidev,
sakmaod mokrZalebuli adgili ukavia (6,8 mln t, anu yvela saxis xorcis
warmoebis 2,8%). cxvris xorcis yvelaze didi mwarmoebeli qveyanaa
CineTi, xolo mecxvareobis dargis intensifikaciis TvalsazrisiT mowi-
nave poziciebi ukaviaT axal zelandias da avstralias.
saqarTveloSi mecxvareobas uZvelesi droidan misdevdnen. amis das-
turia cnobili legenda argonavtebze, romelTac Cv. w. aR-mde 1100 wlis
winaT saberZneTidan kolxeTSi “oqros sawmisis” mosataceblad ilaSqres.
odiTganve mecxvareoba CvenSi vaJkacur saqmed iTvleboda da am saqmes
mxolod rCeulebs andobdnen.
sxva garemoebebTan erTad, CvenSi dargis ganviTarebas xels uwyobda
bunebrivi saZovrebis didi masivebi da rbili klimati.
istoriulad saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda cxvris Senaxvis sami Ziri-
Tadi sistema: momTabare, naxevrad stacionaluri da stacionaluri (anu
sakarmidamo). amaTgan, momTabare tipis mecxvareobas misdeven aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos 19 raionis, naxevrad-stacionalurs, ZiriTadad samcxe-java-
xeTis da aWaris a.r.-is fermerebi, xolo stacionalurs qveynis dasavleT
nawilSi mcxovrebni.
gasuli saukunis 90-an wlebamde CvenSi cxvris suladoba 1,7-2,0 mln-
is farglebSi cvalebadobda. damoukideblobis gamocxadebis pirvel
wlebSi, samoqalaqo omisa da sazogadoebrivi qonebis moufiqreblad
privatizaciis gamo, cxvris raodenoba 583 aTas sulamde (1994 w.) Sem-
cirda. momdevno wlebSi SeimCneva cxvris suladobis zrdis tendencia da
2007 wlis bolosaTvis CvenSi aRricxulia 624,0 aTasi suli yvela asakis
cxvari, maT Soris 372,8 aTasi suli nerbi. 2007 wels saqarTveloSi
warmoeulia 3,9 aT. t cxvris da Txis xorci (dakluli masiT) da 1,9 tona
matyli (fizikuri masiT). Sesabamisad, wlis dasawyisSi arsebuli erTi
cxvridan saSualod warmoebulia 6,2 kg xorci (dakluli masiT) da 3,0 kg
matyli. xorcis saerTo balansSi cxvris xorcis xvedriTi wili Seadgens
mxolod 5,6%- s.
cxvris warmoSoba
cxvari moaSinaures Cv.w.aR.-mde 6-7 aTasi wlis winaT. cxvris
Tanamedrove jiSebi Zlier gansxvavdebian gareuli, agreTve im Sinauri
cxvrebisagan, romelnic dRes ukve aRar arseboben. aseTi mdgomareoba
arTulebs im gareuli formebis dadgenas, romlebic Tavis droze
SemoCveuli da moSinaurebuli iqna adamianis mier. varaudoben, rom
moSinaurebuli iyo gareuli cxvris ori jgufi mufloni da argali,
xolo moSinaurebis adgilebad miCneulia wina da mcire azia, samxreT
evropa, CrdiloeT afrika, Sua da centraluri azia.
cxvris biologiuri Taviseburebebi
sxva sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebTan SedarebiT cxvari ukeT iye-
nebs uxeS da saZovrul sakvebs, rasac ganapirobebs misi organizmis fizi-
ologiuri Taviseburebebi da saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis agebuleba.
dadgenilia, rom saZovarze gavrcelebuli mcenareebis 800 saxeobidan
cxvari Wams 520- ze mets, Zroxa 460- s, xolo cxeni 416- s. amasTan, cxvari
naklebad momTxovnia saZovris xarisxisadmi da advilad iTvisebs Sedare-
biT dabal balaxnars.

107
 cxvari kargad itans Sor manZilze gadarekvas da gamoirCeva garemo
pirobebisadmi adaptaciis didi potencialiT, rac nebismier ekologiuri
zonaSi misi moSenebis saSualebas iZleva.
cxvris metad mniSvnelovani biologiuri Taviseburebaa kritikuli
situaciebis advilad gadatanis unari. kerZod, sasmeli wylisa da sakve-
bis sakmaod xangrZlivi periodis manZilze ukmarisobisas cxvari sakuTa-
ri rezervebis (sxeulSi, dumaSi da/an cximkudSi dagrovili cximis) xar-
jze inarCunebs WenWianobas da aRwarmoebis funqcias. amasTan, cxvris
jiSebis umravlesoba farexSi Senaxvisas cudad itans maRal tenianobas
da orpir qars, agreTve daWaobebul saZovrebs, haeris maRal temperatu-
rasa da fardobiT tenianobas. gansakuTrebuli biologiuri Tavisebure-
bebis gamo zogierTi jiSi (mag. yarakulis) gavrcelebulia mxolod
cxeli klimatis pirobebSi- udabnosa da naxevraudabnos zonebSi, xolo
zogierTi jiSebi Tavs kargad grZnoben notion klimatis pirobebSic.
sicocxlis xangrZlivoba 10-12 welia, magram rogorc wesi faridan
gamoiwuneben 6-8 wlis asakamde. cxvars kargad aqvs ganviTarebuli jogu-
ri instinqti, ris gamo inaxaven SedarebiT didi suladobis farebad.
konstitucia, eqsterieri, interieri
sxvadasxva produqtiuli mimarTulebis cxvrebi Zvlovani da
kunTovani sistemis, tyavis, kanqveSa SemaerTebeli qsovilis da saWmlis
momnelebeli organoebis ganviTarebiT, agreTve temperamentiT sagrZnob-
lad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. me- 7 naxatze naCvenebia sxvadasxva
produqtiuli mimarTulebis cxvrebSi calkeuli qsovilebisa da orga-
noebis ganviTarebis proporciebi.
dadgenilia, rom samatylo mimarTulebis cxvrebs tyavi da Zvlebi
ufro Zlier, magram kunTovani da kanqveSa SemaerTebeli qsovili ufro
sustad aqvT ganviTarebuli, vid-
nax. 7. sxvadasxva qsovilebis ganviTa- re saxorce da merinosul ji-
rebis damokidebuleba cxvris Sebs.
produqtiul mimarTulebasTan cxvrebs yofen naz, uxeS,
mkvriv da faSar konstituciur
tipebad.
• uxeSi konstituciuri tipis
cxvrebs Zvlebi da Tavis
qala ufro Zlier aqvT gan-
viTarebuli. isini ufro did-
tanianebi magram araharmo-
niuli agebulebiT xasiaTde-
bian, sxeulze matyli gamo-
1. tyavi; 2. kanqveSa SemaerTebeli qso- Tanabrebuli ar aris, sak-
vili; 3. kunTovani qsovili; 4. Zvlo- vebis anazRaureba ki daqve-
vani qsovili; 5. saWmlis momnelebeli iTebulia.
aparati • nazi konstituciuri tipis
cxovelebs Zvlebi SedarebiT
sustad aqvT ganviTarebuli, maTi tyavi Txeli da faSaria, matyli
metad nazi, mokle da iSviaTi, kidurebi da muceli cudad aqvT
Sebusuli, amasTan axasiaTebT simkvircxle da nivTierebaTa cvlis
gaZlierebuli intensivoba;
• mkvrivi konstituciuri tipis cxvrebis kani mkvrivia, maT Zvlebi zomi-
erad, kanqveSa SemaerTebeli qsovili ki sustad aqvT ganviTarebuli,

108
 organoebsa da qsovilebSi cximi naklebad grovdeba, matyli xSiri da
jiSidan gamomdinare, SedarebiT nazia. gamoirCevian kargi
janmrTelobiTa da simkvircxliT;
• faSari konstituciis cxvrebs kanqveSa SemaerTebeli qsovili Zlier
aqvT ganviTarebuli, sxeuli damrgvalebulia, Zvleuli susti, kani
sqeli, matyli grZeli, magram iSviaTi. isini naklebad moZravni arian
da xasiaTdebian dabali nayofierebiTa da merZeulobiT.
amasTan, nebismieri produqtiuli mimarTulebis cxvari sasurvelia
xasiaTdebodes magari konstituciuri tipiT, romlis qveS igulisxmeba
daavadebebis mimarT gamZleobis da sakvebis anazRaurebis harmoniulad
Sexameba maRal produqtiulobasTan da aRwarmoebis unarTan.
eqsterieri. aris cxvris produqtiuli mimarTulebis erT-erTi
maCvenebeli. is gvaZlevs saSualebas, erTi da imave konstituciis far-
glebSi, SevafasoT cxvris ganviTarebis xarisxi. eqsterieris Sefaseba
gamoiyeneba cxvris bonitirebisas, ra drosac aqceven yuradRebas
garegnuli formebis naklovanebebs, an piriqiT, gansakuTrebulad karg
ganviTarebas.
cxvris eqsteriers afaseben TvalzomiT, konkretuli jiSisaTvis
specialurad SemuSavebuli skalis mixedviT. skala iTvaliswinebs sxe-
ulis calkeuli nakvTebze (magaliTad Tavze, zurgze, welze da sxv.)
garkveuli Sefasebis (balis) miekuTvnebas da miRebul Sedegis dajamebas.
rac ufro axlosaa jami 100- Tan, miT ufro sasurveli tipisaa Sefase-
buli cxoveli.
TvalzomiT SefasebasTan SedarebiT ufro zustia ganazomebiT
Sefaseba, ra drosac sazomi xelsawyoebiT sazRvraven sxeulis calkeuli
nawilebis (simaRlis, sigrZis, siganis da garSemowerilobis) ganviTare-
bas. miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze adgenen eqsterieris profils da
sazRvraven agebulebis indeqsebs.
interieri. Sefasebisas did mniSvnelobas aniWeben hematologiuri
maCveneblebis, sisxlis jgufebis, kanis histostruqturis da sxva maCve-
neblebis Seswavlas, agreTve maTi kavSiris dadgenas zrdis energiasTan,
cocxal masasTan, matylis gamosavalTan da xarisxTan, cxovelis gamZle-
obasTan da aRwarmoebis unarTan.
cxvris moSeneba
iseve rogorc mecxoveleobis sxva dargebSi mecxvareobaSic gamoiye-
neba moSenebis ori meTodi, xalasjiSiani (xazobrivi, xazTaSoris kro-
sireba) da jvaruli (darTviTi, cvladi, STanTqmiTi, saaxaljiSe da Seda-
rebiT iSviaTad samrewvelo Sejvareba).
gadarCeva da SerCeva
cxvris gadarCevas awarmoeben niSan-TvisebaTa kompleqsiT, ra dro-
sac iTvaliswineben warmoSobas, eqsteriers, produqtiulobas, matylis
simsxos, Sebusulobis sixSires, malmwifadobas, mravalnayofierebas da
sakvebis efeqturad gamoyenebis maCvenebels.
bonitireba. sasurveli tipis cxovelebis gadasarCevad atareben
bonitirebas. cxvris sicocxlis manZilze ZiriTadi bonitireba tardeba
erTxel da im asakSi, rodesac ufro metad aris SesaZlebeli eqspertuli
gasinjviT misi swori Sefaseba.
nazmatylovan da naxevrad nazmatylovan cxvrebs, agreTve maT naj-
varebs uxeSmatylovan jiSebTan abonitireben erTi wlis asakSi, gazaf-

109
xulze, pirveli parsvis win, elitur jgufSi gamoyofil cxvars ki
ganmeorebiT individualurad abonitireben ori wlis asakSi.
uxeSmatylovan saxorce-saqone cxvrebs abonitireben pirvel dagri-
lebaze gaSvebis win, daaxloebiT 1½ wlis asakSi.
samaJdake mecxvareobaSi batknebs abonitireben 1-3 dRis asakSi,
xolo saqurqe mecxvareobaSi mozardis mier 7-8 Tvis asakis miRwevisas.
cxvris bonitireba orgvaria, individualuri da klasuri.
individualuri bonitireba. ewodeba niSan-TvisebaTa kompleqsiT
cxvris konkretuli individis calke Sefasebas da bonitirebis JurnalSi
da/an individualur baraTebSi Sesabamisi Canawerebis Setanas. individu-
alurad abonitireben sanaSene meurneobebisa da fermebis sakuTari
aRwarmoebisaTvis gankuTvnil mozards, STamomavlobis xarisxze Semow-
mebuli verZebidan miRebul batknebs (asxletisas da 1 wlis asakSi) da
sanaSened gasayid suladobas.
klasuri bonitireba. ewodeba sabonitiro klasebze cxvris mikuT-
vnebas misi jiSuri, konstituciuri da produqtiulobis xarisxis eqsper-
tuli Sefasebis safuZvelze. klasuri bonitirebisas yovel individs
afaseben cal-calke, magram ufro Semoklebuli sqemiT, vidre individu-
alurad bonitirebisas. cxovelebis daxasiaTebas Canawerebis saxiT ar
afiqsireben, xolo klasis mikuTvnebas aRniSnaven yurze Sesabamisi seris
(niSnis) dadebiT. am wesiT dabonitirebuli pirveli klasis suladobidan
gamoyofen jgufs individualuri bonitirebisaTvis.
klasuri bonitireba tardeba sasaqonlo farebSi, agreTve sanaSene
meurneobis im suladobaze, romlebic ar eqvemdebarebian individualur
bonitirebas.
sxvadaxva produqtiuli mimarTulebis cxvrebisaTvis cal-calke
Sedgenilia bonitirebis teqnikuri pirobebi. masSi mocemulia is minima-
luri moTxovnebi (I klasis standarti), romelsac unda akmayofilebdes
konkretuli sqesobriv-asakobrivi jgufis cxoveli.
bonitirebis monacemebis safuZvelze yvela produqtiuli mimarTu-
lebis cxvrebs yofen elita, I da II, klasebad. amas damatebiT, nazmat-
ylovan da naxevrad nazmatylovan mecxvareobaSi najvar cxvrebs akuTv-
neben III da IV sabonitiro klass.
individualuri bonitirebis masalebis safuZvelze fermaSi adgenen
individualuri SerCevis gegmas (konkretuli nerbis gasanayofiereblad
gamoyofen konkretul verZs, an spermas), xolo klasurad dabonitirebul
nerbebs jgufuri SewyvilebisaTvis SeurCeven ramodenime verZs.
cxvris nerbva, doli da mozardis gamozrda
cxvris umravlesi jiSebi xuraoben zafxulis bolodan gvian Semod-
gomamde. es ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT metad momgebiania, vinaidan doli
emTxveva gazafxulis dadgomas, e.i. daTbobas da saZovris balaxnaris
intensiuri vegetaciis dawyebas.
SiSaqebis da saverZeebis pirvel nerbvaze gaSveba xdeba 1,5 wlis
asakSi, rodesac maTi cocxali masa zrdasruli asakovnebis masis 65-70%-s
aRwevs. nerbvis dawyebisas cxvari normalur SexorcebaSi unda iyos. ami-
saTvis nerbvis dawyebamde 30-40 dRiT adre wyveten cxvris wvelas. uxeS-
matyllovani jiSis cxvrebSi nerbvamde unda Catardes parsva, faris
dakompleqteba da sxva samuSaoebi (wundeba, bonitireba, danomvra, veteri-
narul-profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebi).

110
 nerbvis saxeebi. mecxvareobaSi gamoiyeneba Tavisufali nerbva, xel-
ze nerbva da xelovnuri ganayofiereba. Tavisufali nerbvisas 1 suli ver-
Zis datvirTva 25, xelze nerbvisas 60-100, xolo xelovnuri ganayofiere-
bisas 500-700 suli nerbia. gansakuTrebiT maRalproduqtiuli verZebis
datvirTvas xelovnurad ganayofierebisas zrdian 5-6 aTasi sulamde.
xelovnuri ganayofiereba rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve veterinaruli
TvalsazrisiT, momgebiania.
axurebuli nerbis gamorCeva. axurebuli nerbebis swori da drouli
gamorCeva uzrunvelyofs ganayofierebis maRali donis miRwevas. axureba
vlindeba sqesobrivi aRgznebiT. am dros nerbi TviTon uCerdeba verZs
dasagrileblad. Cveulebriv axureba grZeldeba 24-29 saaTs, calkeul
SemTxvevaSi sam dRemde. axurebul nerbs gareTa sasqeso organoebi SeSu-
pebuli da gawiTlebuli aqvs, saidanac pirvel dRes uxvad gamoiyofa
lorwosmagvari gamWirvale, meore dRes ki TeTri-mRvrie siTxe.
pirveli axurebis dros nerbi Tu ar damakda 16-17 dRis Semdeg
xuraoba isev meordeba cxovelis damakebamde. sasurvelia nerbebis mTeli
suladoba ganayofierdes 35-40 dReSi.
xelovnuri ganayofiereba. axurebuli nerbebis gamosavlenad gamo-
iyeneba msinjavi (megolari). yovel 1000 ner-
sur. 56. megolari verZi
bze saWiroa 10-12 suli, SedarebiT dabali
winsafriT
sanaSene Rirsebis, magram janmrTeli da
sqesobrivad aqtiuri axalgazrda saverZeebi.
xelovnuri ganayofierebis damTavrebis Sem-
deg isini SeiZleba gamoviyenoT gaunayofi-
erebeli nerbebis gasanerbad.
faraSi gaSvebamde megolarebs ukeTe-
ben winsafars (sur. 56), rac Tavidan gvaci-
lebs SemTxveviT ganayofierebas. amave
mizniT gamoiyeneba qirurgiuli CareviT
vazomqtimrebuli (spermis sadinarebi gada-
ketili) megolarebi. axurebul cxvrebs
faridan arCeven yoveldRiurad diliT adre, 2-3 saaTis manZilze. is
nerbebi, romlebic daiTesla wina dRes, magram kvlav avlenen xuraobis
niSnebs ganmeorebiT unda daiTeslos, Semdeg ki SeerioT ganayofiere-
buli nerbebis faras.
Tavisufali nerbva. am dros verZebi gaSvebuli arian faraSi da
Tavisuflad anayofiereben axurebul nerbebs; Tavisuflad nerbvisas gaZ-
nelebulia zooteqnikuri aRricxva da SeuZlebelia wyvilebis individu-
alurad SerCeva;
xelze nerbva. xelze nerbvisas, iseve rogorc xelovnuri ganayofi-
erebisas, gvaqvs saSualeba organizebulad warvmarToT sanaSeno muSaoba,
sworad CavataroT SerCeva, zustad aRvricxoT yvela nerbis dagrilebis
dro da SevadginoT dolis kalendaruli gegma. axurebul nerbebs gamo-
arCeven saerTo suladobidan da gadahyavT calke bakSi, sadac afiqsire-
ben xeliT an Caayeneben specialur dazgaSi da gasanayofiereblad miuS-
veben winaswar SerCeul verZs.
arian cxvris iseTi jiSebi, romlebic wlis yvela periodSi modian
xuraobaSi. aseT jiSebs miekuTvneba imeruli cxvari, romelic saukeTeso
jiSia batknis xorcis uwyveti warmoebisaTvis.
dolisaTvis mzadeba. cxvris makeoba grZeldeba 144-155 dRe. janm-
rTeli da sicocxlisunariani batknis misaRebad saWiroa make nerbis

111
srulfasovani kveba, makeobis bolo periodSi ki ulufis yuaTianobis 20-
25%- iT gazrda.
dolis dawyebamde 8-10 dRiT adre farexi kargad unda dasufTavdes
da gamoicvalos qveSsafeni. specialurad damzadebuli ficris tixrebiT
gamoiyofa adgili axladmogebuli batknebisa da nerbebisaTvis, keTdeba
dolfarebi (koraknebi) im nerbebis Casasmelad, romlebic ar awoveben
qorfa batkans; aseve ewyoba sakveburebi, cal-calke gamoiyofa sadgomi
daudolebeli nerbebisaTvis da SiSaqebisaTvis.
doli. batknebi, ZiriTadad, ibadeba 1,5 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. nerbi Tu
janmrTelia da mogeba normalurad mimdinareobs, procesi mTavrdeba 40
wuTSi. Tu mogeba yovndeba da nerbi wuxs, maSin saWiroa gamocdili
mwyemsis an veterinari eqimis Careva. garTulebul mSobiarobas iwvevs
nayofi didi zoma da/an misi araswori mdgomareoba.
mogebisas batkans, rogorc wesi, Wiplari TviTon wydeba, magram Tu
Wiplari ar mowyda mas muclidan 6-8 sm daSorebiT moaWrian da
adezinficireben iodis nayeniT, an sxva saSualebiT.
dabadebisTanave batkans sufTa tiloTi mowmenden cxvirsa da
tuCebs da miusvamen dedas. sasurvelia dedam galokis batkani, vinaidan
lokva, erTis mxriv xels uwyobs nerbis mier momyolis droul mogdebas,
meores mxriv ki batknis organizmSi sisxlis mimoqcevis gaumjobesebas-
garda amisa, lokvis procesSi deda eCveva batkans da uSvebs mas mosawo-
vad. dabadebidan 15-20 wuTis Semdeg janmrTeli batkani fexze dgeba, eZebs
curs da iwyebs dedis wovas.
farexis dasadolebel ganyofilebaSi haeris temperatura unda iyos
+15...+170C- is farglebSi. dauSvebelia gamWoli qari da maRali tenianoba.
batknis gamozrda. mecxvareobis praqtikaSi batknis gamozrdis sxva-
dasxva meTods mimarTaven. saqarTvelos momTabare mecxvareobaSi, nerbe-
bis suladobidan gamomdinare, dolis dros zogjer dRe-RameSi 20-dan
100-mde batkani ibadeba da Cveulebrivi adamianisaTvis Znelia imis dad-
gena Tu romeli batkani, romeli nerbisaa. Zvelad am saqmes emsaxureboda
specialuri mwyemsi `mcnobari~, romelic mxedvelobiTi maxsovrobisa da
gansakuTrebuli smenis wyalobiT Seucdomlad asrulebda am saqmes.
dReisaTvis dadolebul nerbebs TavianT batknebTan erTad yofen
mcire jgufebad da 2-3 kviris ganmavlobaSi aTavseben erT galiaSi, rac,
bunebrivia xsnis problemas. Semdgom cxvari gayavT saZovarze, batkans ki
inaxavdnen sabatkneSi did jgufad, sadac eZlevaT xarisxiani Tiva, Svriis
da qeris RerRili an kombinirebuli sakvebi.
diliT saZovarze gasvlamde nerbebsa da batknebs erTimeoreSi ure-
ven. nerbis mier Tavisi batknis povnis Semdeg orive gamohyavT calke da
20-30 wuTi awoveben. am process gasardvla hqvia. wovebis Semdeg batkans
asxleten da SehyavdaT sabatkneSi, cxvars ki saZovarze garekaven. saRa-
mos, saZovridan dabrunebul nerbebTan kvlav miuSveben batknebs, wovebis
damTavrebis Semdeg ki, dilamde maT inaxaven cal-calke.
pirveli Tve batkani, ZiriTadad, dedis rZiT ikvebeba. zrdasTan
erTad misi moTxovnileba sakvebze matulobs, amitom 2-3 kviris asakidan
mas aZleeven damatebiT sakvebs- kargi xarisxis Tivas da koncentrirebul
sakvebs, an kidev marcvlovnebis (qeris an Svriis) RerRils.
cxvris kveba. sxvadasxva zonis bunebrivi klimaturi pirobebis gaT-
valiswinebiT mecxvareobis praqtikaSi miRebulia cxvris Senaxvisa da kve-
bis ramdenime sistema.

112
 CvenSi, nebismieri sistemiT Senaxvisas, mTeli wlis manZilze cxvris
ZiriTadi sakvebia saZovris balaxi.
amasTan, gviani zamTrisa da adre gazafxulis TveebSi aRiniSneba
saZovruli sakvebis garkveuli deficiti. amis gaTvaliswinebiT Rrmad
make nerbebs saZovris sakvebze damatebiT aZleven 0,5kg, xolo mawovar
nerbebs 1,0 kg koncentrirebul sakvebs, rac mTlianad uzrunvelyofs
cocxali masisa da fiziologiuri mdgomareobis Sestyvisi raodenobis
sayuaTo nivTierebebis miRebas (cxrili 19).
cxrili 19. make da mawovari nerbis verZis kveba. wlis
kvebis norma yvela periodSi, verZi-
mwarmoebli unda iyos
sanaSene kondiciaSi.
mimocvl.iTi

monel. pro-

karotini,
sakv. erT.
cocxali

mjouli
amis gaTvaliswinebiT
energia,
masa, kg

teini g

Ca, g
SemuSavebulia kvebis

P, g
kg.

mg.
normebi, rac mxedvelo-
baSi unda miviRoT
saZovris mosavliano-
makeobis I periodi bidan gamomdinare.
40 0.75-0.95 8.3-10.6 60-75 3.7-4.7 2.3-2.9 rogorc wesi, verZ-
mwarmoebels damatebiT
50 0.85-1.05 10.1-11.4 75-90 4.2-5.1 2.5-3.1 10-12
kvebaven mxolod ner-
60 0.95-1.15 11.2-13.5 81-95 4.7-5.6 2.8-3.4 bvis periodSi.
makeobis bolo 2 Tve mozardis kveba.
40 1.1-1.2 12.1-13.1 95-115 6.5-7.5 3.2-4.0 dabadebidan 1 Tvis asa-
50 1.15-1.35 12.4-14.5 115-125 7.5-8.5 3.5-4.5 15-20 kamde batknis kveba Ziri-
60 1.30-1.40 14.8-15.5 115-135 8.0-9.0 4.1-5.0 Tadad dakavSirebulia
nerbis merZeulobasTan.
mawovari nerbi laqtaciis mesame Tvi-
40 1.4-1.8 15.5-19.1 140-180 7.2-8.4 4.2-5.2 dan rZis raodenoba
51 1.5-1.9 16.3-20.1 150-190 7.6-8.8 4.4-5.4 15-20 klebulobs. am droi-
60 1.6-2.0 17.6-22.0 160-200 8.0-9.2 4.6-5.6 saTvis batkani ukve
SeCveulia organizmis
moTxovnilebis Sesabamisi yuaTianobis uxeSi da/an saZovruli sakvebis
Wamas. amis misaRwevad batkans 3-4 kviris asakidan dedis rZeze damatebiT
aZleven kargi xarisxis Tivas da daRerRil marcvleuls.
sami Tvis asakis batkani dReSi ukve 0,3-0,5 kg Tivas da 150 gr kon-
centrats Wams, rac SesaZleblobas iZleva mozardis sadReRamiso wona-
matma saSualod 400-500 g-s miaRwios.
momTabare mecxvareobis pirobebSi 3-3,5 Tvis asakis batkani ukve
mTaSia ayvanili, sadac xdeba misi dedisgan asxleta. asxletil mozards,
rogorc wesi, mTaSi SeurCeven binasTan axlos mdebare saZovaris yvelaze
karg nakveTs.
cxvris suqeba. mozardis suqeba ZiriTadad mTis saZovarze xdeba.
zogjer ki ialaRobidan dabrunebul mozards 30-45 dRe intensiurad
asuqebaen, risTvisac awyoben martivi tipis sasuq moedans. iq, sadac
maRali xarisxis sazamTro saZovrebia, zrdasrul, wundebul cxvars
asuqeben 60 dRe, xolo mozards 90-120 dRe.
suqebisas 7-8 Tvis asakis batkani 1 kg cocxali wonis namatze xar-
javs 5-6 sakveb erTeuls, zrdasruli cxvari ki 9-10 kg sakveb erTeuls.

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 cxvris parsva.
parsva erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sawarmoo procesia. misi droulad da
sworad Catareba mtylis xarisxis amaRlebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi pirobaa.
parsvis vadebi. sxvadasxva produqtiuli mimarTulebis jiSis
cxvrebs parsaven sxvadasxva dros da sixSiriT; erTgvarovani matylis
mqone cxvris jiSebi (nazmatylovani da naxevrad nazmatylovani) iparseba
weliwadSi erTxel gazafxulze, xolo Sereuli matylis mqone jiSebi
(naxevrad uxeSmatylovani da uxeSmatylovani) weliwadSi orjer gazaf-
xulze da Semodgomaze.
Sereuli matylis mqone batkani pirvelad iparseba 6-7 Tvis asakaSi.
erTgvarovani matylis mqone batknebi SeiZleba gaiparsos amave asakSi, Tu
matylis sigrZe 4 sm da metia. maTi Semdegi parsva tardeba momdevno wels.
gazafxulze cxvris parsvis dawyebis ZiriTadi pirobaa Tbili amin-
debis dadgoma. dauSvebelia gril amindSi parsva, vinaidan gaparsuli
cxvari swrafad civdeba. amasTan, parsvis dagvianebac ar aris mizanSe-
wonili, vinaidan sicxeebis dadgoma gauparsav cxvar awuxebs, iklebs
cocxali masa da nakveboba, mawovar nerbebs ki umcirdebaT merZeuloba.
saqarTvelos barSi gazafxulze parsva tardeba aprilSi, rac saSu-
alebas iZleva sazafxuli saZovrebze gadarekvamde cxvars wamoezardos
da mouswordes matyli. aprilSi parsva sasurvelia imitomac, rom am
dros iwyeben daavadebebis profilaqtikis mizniT cxvris gabanebas. saqme
i saris, rom gauparsavi cxvris gabaneba ar SeiZleba, radgan qimiuri
saSualebebis moxvedrisas matyli kargavs teqnologiur Tvisebebs da
safeiqro mrewvelobisaTvis gamousadegia.
Semodgomis parsva tardeba seqtemberSi, ise, rom zamTris civi dRe-
ebis dadgomamde cxvars matylis saburvelis wamozarda moeswros.
parsvis wina dRes gasapars faras ar aZoveben, xolo 12 saaTiT adre
mas unda uwyvitaven wylis micemas. maZRari cxvari parsvisas wuxdeba,
xolo savse kuWidan gamoyofili ganavaliTa da SardiT matyli WuWyi-
andeba. dauSvebelia sveli cxvris parsva.
parsvisaTvis momzadeba. cxvars parsaven xeliT (duqardiT) da
eleqtro saparsiT. parsvisaTvis gamoyofili bina an martivi farduli
winaswar unda dasufTavdes da Cautardes dezinfeqcia. cxvari SeiZleba
gaiparsos specialurad mowyobil magidaze, romlis sigrZe da sigane
1,7X1,5 m, simaRle ki 0,40-0,50 m- a. Tu amis SesaZlebloba ar aris, matylis
danagvianebis Tavidan asacileblad ageben ficris iataks an miwaze
daafenen brezents.
parsvis wesebi. parsva unda Catardes mSvid viTarebaSi. matylis
xarisxi didad aris damokidebuli mparsavis kvalifikaciaze. yvelaze
did defeqtad iTvleba arasworad parsviT gamowveuli matylis sigrZis
Semcireba.
parsvisas aucilebelia mparsavma daicvas Semdegi Tanamimdevroba:
1. cxvari unda daawvinos marcxena gverdze, zurgiT mparsavisaken;
2. pirvelad gaparsos fexebi da curis irgvliv midamo (es matyli
calke grovdeba);
3. Semdeg iparseba muceli da gverdi;
4. gamorTos saparsi agregati, cxvari unda gadabrunos marjvena
mxares mucliT mparsavisken da gaparsos menji, Semdeg ki marcxena
beWi;

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 5. saparsis gamorTvis Semdeg, cxvars kvlav marcxena mxareze gada-
abrunebs, mucliT mparsavisken da parsavs marjvena beWis midamosa
da ferds;
6. Semdeg parsavs welis da xerxemlis midamos;
7. bolos parsavs Tavs da kisris marjvena mxares.
8. saparsi aparatis gamorTvis Semdeg cxvars wamoayenebs da gauSebs
gaparsuli cxvrebis jgufSi.
gaparsul cxvars veterinari eqimi umowmebs Cliqis mdgomareobas da
aWris wanazardebs.
parsvisas kanis SemTxveviT gaWrisas, Wrilobaze esmeba sadezin-
feqcio saSualeba.
parsvis Semdeg kanZs gaSalian specialur magidaze, Sida monaWeriT
zeviT, da dabertaven mtvrisagan. Tu kanZi Wrelia feradi matyli
grovdeba calke.
cxvris wvela
wvelian mxolod araerTgarovan matylovan cxvrebs. momTabarobisas
cxvris wvelas iwyeben mTaSi asvlidan 5-7 dRis Semdeg. es periodi saWi-
roa cxvris mgzavrobis Semdeg dasasveneblad, batknebis asasxletad da
axali garemo pirobebisadmi maT SesaCvevad, agreTve wvelisaTvis bakebis
da inventaris mosamzadeblad.
zogierTi fermeri cxvars barSic wvelis, Tumca rigi mizezebis
gamo es arc Tu mTlad gamarTlebulia.
CvenSi wvelis ori wesi gamoiyeneba, bakSi wvela da beraSi wvela:
a) bakSi wvela. am wesis gamoyenebisas nerbebs Serekaven specialu-
rad mowyobil bakSi, ise, rom iq isini mWidrod arian. aseT SemTxvevaSi
mwvelavi advilad iWers da afiqsirebs mosawvel nerbs. aucilebelia
nerbi srulad moiwvelos, vinaidan curSi darCenili rZe iwvevs mis
droze adre gaSrobas.
b) beraSi wvela. am wess mimarTaven mcire kavkasionze momTabare
fermerebi, romlebic mTaSi asvlis Semdeg, wvelis periodSi batkans
nawilobriv acileben dedas. nerbs wvelian bakTan mowyobil viwro gasas-
vlelSi- beraSi. mis orive mxareze zis ramodenime mwvelavi da Semosuli
cxvari mosawvelad rigrigobiT gadadis xelidan xelSi. bolo Camowve-
lis Semdeg nerbs uSveben gareT. es meTodiT ufro efeqturad unda
CaiTvalos, vinaidan nerbi gvian Sreba da met rZes iZleva. wvelamde
nerbebi da batknebi imyofebian cal-calke, xolo wvelis damTavrebis
Semdeg maT 1_2 saaTiT ureven erTmaneTSi, ra drosac batkani curSi
darCenil rZes wovs. amasTan, praqtikosi mecxvareebis umravlesoba bakSi
wvelas amjobinebs, vinaidan beraSi wvela ufro Sromatevadia. garda
amisa, bakSi wvelisas cxvari ufro srulad gamoiwveleba da, vinaidan
rZis bolo ulufa ufro met cxims Seicavs, aseTi meTodiT mowvelili
rZisgan ufro maRali xarisxis yveli mzaddeba
nerbebi agvistos pirveli dekadis bolosaTvis unda gaSres, rac
aucilebelia maTi nerbvisaTvis mosamzadeblad.
meTxeoba
Txa gvaZlevs sxvadasxva sakveb produqtebs (rZes, xorcs, qons) da
msubuqi mrewvelobisaTvis TivTiks, matyls (moheri) da balans (Txisura).
misi mniSvneloba gamoixateba agreTve imiTac, rom is advilad iTvisebs
sxva saxeobebisaTvis miuwvdomel cicabo reliefis mqone ekal-bardian

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savargulebs da mwiri kvebis pirobebSic gvaZlevs sakmao raodenobiT
produqcias.
FAO- s monacemebiT msoflioSi Txis suladoba, sxva sasoflo-same-
urneo cxovelebTan SedarebiT, ufro swrafi tempiT izrdeba (saSualod
weliwadSi 8,7 mln suliT), ris gamo 2006 wlisaTvis am saxeobis cxove-
lebis suladobam 763 mln suli Seadgina. imave periodisaTvis Txis rZis
warmoebam msoflioSi miaRwia 11,5 mln tonas, xolo xorcis- 4,7 mln
tonas (dakluli masiT).
CvenSi sxva saxeobis sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebTan erTad, Txis
moSenebas mniSvnelovani adgili ekava, xolo afxazeTis, samegrelos da
mTiani aWaris mcxovrebTaTvis is Semosavlebis mniSvnelovani wyaro iyo.
bolo aTwleulSi Txis suladobis dinamikaSi aRiniSneba arastabilu-
roba: 2004 wlisaTvis, 1999 welTan SedarebiT Txis suladoba gaizarda
33,5 aTasi suliT, anu 44,3%-iT, magram 2007 wlis bolosaTvis Semcirda
40.0%-iT.
Txis biologiuri Taviseburebebi. biologiurad Txa sakmaod axlos
dgas cxvarTan, magram isini sxvadasxva saxeobebs miekuTvnebian da ar
ujvardebian erTmaneTs.
ZroxasTan erTad, Txa erT-erTi pirveli moiSinaura adamianma. is ar
saWiroebs kvebis da movla patronobis gansakuTrebul pirobebs, advilad
egueba gansxvavebul garemos, ris gavrcelebulia TiTqmis yvela buneb-
riv-klimatur zonaSi.
Txas SeuZlia sakvebi moipovos iseT saZovarze, romelsac Zlieri
daqanebis sxva saxeobis cxoveli ver iyenebs. is moZravi da mgrZnobiare
cxovelia da swrafad reagirebs mis garSemo arsebul mdgomarebaze.
smenis aparati ise aqvs mowyobili, rom yurs amoZravebs erTmaneTisagan
damoukideblad da aRiqvams bgeriT cvlilebebs, romlebic miedinebian
sxvadasxva wyaroebidan da mxridan. Txa advilad eCveva adamians. aqvs
cxvris faris winamZrolobis unari, ris gamoc momTabare mecxvareobaSi
did rols asrulebs, mis gareSe cxvris gadarekva sazafxulo saZovrebis
rTuli reliefis pirobebSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
Txa cxvrisagan gansxvavdeba qcevis reaqciebiT, temperamentiT, xmis
tembriT, siTbomdgradobiT da zogierTi sxva niSan-TvisebiT. iolia misi
marTva, farebad Zoveba da individualurad Senaxva, kargad egueba dabmu-
lad Senaxvas. mis saWmlis momnelebeli sistemas SeuZlia gadaamuSaos
64%-mde ujredanas Semcveli sakvebi.
Txa mravalnayofieri cxovelia. sqesobrivad mwifdeba 5-7 Tvis,
xolo fiziologiur simwifes aRwevs da nayofierdeba 1,5 wlis asakSi.
makeoba saSualod grZeldeba 150 dRe da, rogorc wesi, erT mogebaze
iZleva or Tikans.
Txis rZe. uvnebelia yvela asakis adamianisaTvis da ar aris saSiSi
alergiis TvalsazrisiT. rigi TvisebebiT sakmaod axlos dgas qalis
rZesTan, amitom Cvili bavSvebis sakvebad misaRebia. mdidaria vitaminebiT,
kalciumiT, fosforiT, kobaltiT da rigi sxva mineraluri nivTierebe-
biT, axasiaTebs Zlieri antiinfeqciuri, antianemiuri da antihemoragiuli
Tvisebebi. kalciumis marilebis didi raodenobiT Semcvelobis gamo Txis
rZe saukeTeso saSualebaa im bavSvebis sakvebad, romlebsac mineraluri
marilebis cvla darRveuli aqvT, an raqitiT arian daavadebulebi.
Tavisi SedgenilobiT, fizikur-qimiuri da sensoruli TvisebebiT
Txis rZe iTvleba Zvirfas produqtad. misgan mzaddeba ramdenime saxis
yveli da karaqi.

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 Txis xorci sakmaod gemrielia, cxvris xorcTan SedarebiT is
ufro Ria (rZisfer-vardisferi) ferisaa, qoni ki TeTria. maRali xarisxis
xorci miiReba adreul asakSi dakodili im mamali Txisagan, romelic
saZovrul pirobebSia gasuqebuli.
Txis matyli. gansakuTrebuli Zvirfasi xarisxis matyli aqvs
angoris Txas, romelic gamoirCeva erTgvarovnebiT. gansakuTrebul naz
matyls is iZleva 1 wlis asakSi.
Txis TivTiki. miekuTvneba gansakuTrebul kategorias matyleulis
nedleulTa Soris da gamoirCeva simsubuqiT, sirbiliT da sinaziT.
Txis tyavi. Tavisi xarisxiT, gamZleobiT, simtkiciT bevrad aRema-
teba cxvrisas. misgan mzaddeba saukeTes xarisxis tyaveuli- Sevro, zamSi,
laika. gamoiyeneba, agreTve, saqurqe da bewveulis warmoebisaTvis.
Txis nakeli. maRali xarisxis organuli sasuqia da gamoiyeneba,
rogorc erTwliani, aseve mravalwliani kulturebis qveS dakavebuli
farTobebis gasanoyiereblad.
meTxeobaSi ZiriTadad gamoyofen warmoebis sam mimarTulebas: merZe-
ul, saTivTike da samatylos.
Txis moSeneba da kveba. garda calkeuli specifikuri momentebisa
Txis moSenebis meTodebi da movla-Senaxva-kvebis teqnika praqtikulad
mecxvareobaSi gamoyenebulis msgavsia.
Txis wvela. rogorc wesi, Txas dReSi orjer wvelian, maRalpro-
duqtiulebs ki samjer. iseve rogorc Zroxis wvelisas, Txis wvelian
gverdidan. Txis monawveli izrdeba mesame-meoTxe laqtaciamde.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
• ra mimarTulebiT viTardeba Tanamedrove mecxvareoba da ratom?
• ra biologiuri TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba cxvari?
• ra niSnebia damaxasiaTebeli nazi, uxeSi, mkvrivi da faSari kons-
tituciis cxvrebisaTvis?
• ra maCveneblebiT afaseben cxvris eqsteriers?
• bonitirebis ramdeni xerxi gamoiyeneba cxvris gadarCevisas?
• bonitirebis masalebis safuZvelze ramden klasad iyofa cxvari?
• dagrilebis romeli meTodia yvelaze misaRebi da ratom?
• ramdenia 1 verZis datvirTvis norma Tavisufali dagrilebisas,
xelze dagrilebisas da xelovnuri ganayofierebisas?
• ra maCveneblebi unda gaviTvaliswinoT nerbis kvebis normis gansaz-
Rvrisas?
• cxvris xeliT wvelis romeli meTodebia cnobili da ra upirate-
sobebi aqvs TiToeul maTgans?
• ra TanamimdevrobiT sruldeba parsvis operaciebi?
• rodis iparseba erTgvarovanmatylovani/araerTgvarovanmatylovani
cxvrebi?
• ra biologiuri TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba Txa?
• ra TvisebebiT aqvs Txis rZes?

literatura:
1. a.dolmazaSvili- mecxoveles cnobari. Tbilisi, ”universali”, 2009;
2. T. paikiZe- mecxvareoba. Tbilisi, 2004;
3. v.RliRvaSvili- meTxeoba, Tbilisi, 1997;

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 4. v.RliRvaSvili- meTxeobis dargis ganviTareba da produqciis war-
moeba fermerul meurneobebSi. Tbilisi, 1999;
5. v.RliRvaSvili- meTxeobis dargisa da produqtebis warmoebis teqno-
logia. Tbilisi, 2001;
6. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под
общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;
7. В.Ф.Красота, Т.Г.Джапаридэе, Н.М.Костомахин- разведеине селскохозяйственных
животных. «КолосС», 2005;

T a v i 8. mefrinveleoba. frinvelis xorcisa

da kvercxis warmoebis teqnologia;
bolo 30 welia msoflioSi, mecxoveleobis sxva dargebTan Sedare-
biT, mefrinveleoba ufro swrafad da dinamiurad viTardeba. 2002 wli-
saTvis frinvelis kvercxis warmoebam 917 mlrd. cals, xolo xorcis
warmoebam 73,9 milion tonas miaRwia. xorcis balansSi frinvelis xorcis
wilze modis 30%.
frinvelis xorcis warmoebaSi msoflio lideria aSS, xolo kver-
cxis warmoebaSi CineTi. erT sul mosaxleze frinvelis xorcisa da
kvercxis warmoebis maCvenebliT mowinave pozicia ukavia aSS- s.
ise rogorc mecxoveleobis sxva dargebSi, mefrinveleobaSic saqar-
Tvelos mosaxleobas didi tradiciebi aqvs. es dargi, warmoadgenda ra
glexuri meurneobis saqmianobis erT-erT ZiriTad sferos, mniSvnelovan
rols TamaSobda qveynis ekonomikaSi. sxva monacemebTan erTad amis
TvalsaCino magaliTia XIX saukunis 80-90- ani wlebis oficialuri cno-
bebi, romelTa Tanaxmad ruseTSi, britaneTSi, safrangeTSi da evropis
sxva qveynebSi saqarTvelodan didi raodenobiT gahqondaT kvercxi da
mefrinveleobis sxva produqtebi.
gasuli saukunis 70- iani wlebidan CvenSi swrafad viTardeboda
samrewvelo mefrinveleoba. Sedegad xorcis warmoebam miaRwia 40 aTas
tonas, kvercxis ki 90 mln. cals.
damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdgom periodSi ganviTarebuli
movlenebis gamo, iseve rogorc saxalxo meurneobis sxva dargebma,
mefrinveleobamac seriozuli zarali ganicada. es aris imis mizezi, rom
2006 wels 1990 welTan SedarebiT frinvelis xorcis warmoeba Semcirda
27 aTasi toniT, xolo kvercxis- 410 milioni caliT.
sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebis moSinaureba
frinvelTa samyaros ramodenime aTasi warmomadgenelidan adamianma
SemoiCvia da moaSinaura mxolod ramodenime saxeoba: qaTmisnairebidan–
qaTami, indauri, cicari da mwyeri, batisnairebidan ki- bati da ixvi.
arsebuli monacemebiT frinveli moSinaurebuli iqna 9 aTasi wlis
win. zogierTi mecnieris mosazrebiT pirvelad mouSinaurebiaT bati, misi
gareuli winapari ki nacara batia, romelic gadamfreni frinvelia.
batis gareuli forma dResac gvxvdeba evropisa da aziis samxreT
raionebSi, sadac isini zamTarSi binadroben wyalsacavebTan. maTi SemoC-
veva sakmaod iolia Tu daviWerT axladgamoCekil WuWuls. saberZneTSi,
mcire da centralur aziaSi bati iTvleboda wminda frinvelad da siux-
vis simbolod.

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 dadgenilia, rom jer kidev 4500 wlis winaT moCxubar qaTmebs amrav-
lebdnen indoeTSi, saidanac is gavrcelebula CineTSi, iranSi, egvipteSi
da sxvagan. Sinauri qaTmis gareuli winaparia e.w. bankivis qaTami, rome-
lic dResac gvxvdeba samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi- indoeTis, indoneziisa
da birmis bambukis tyeebSi da buCqnariT dafarul masivebze.
varaudoben, rom ixvis moSinaureba dauwyiaT saberZneTSi Cv.w.aR-mde
I aTaswleulSi, muskusuri ixvi ki amerikis kontinentze mouSinaurebiaT
evropelebis gamoCenamde. misi gareuli formebi binadroben braziliaSi,
boliviasa da paragvaiSi.
cicari moSinaurebulia dasavleT afrikaSi, kerZod ki dRevandeli
gvineis teritoriaze. pirveli cnobebi moSinaurebul cicarze daTari-
Rebulia Cv.w.aR.-mde XV saukuniT. evropaSi misi moSeneba dauwyiaT romis
imperiaSi, saidanac gavrcelda evropis sxva qveynebSi da amerikis konti-
nentze.
moSinaurebis procesSi yvela saxeobis frinvelma mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebi ganicada:
1. ConCxi naklebad mkvrivi, faSari gaxda, frTebis Zvlebi damoklda
da dapataravda;
2. Seicvala sxeulis saerTo agebuleba da misi calkeuli nawilebis
proporciebi;
3. Sinaur frinvelebSi bumbulis Seferiloba ufro mkveTri da
mravalgvari gaxda, maSin rodesac maTi gareuli formebis feri
ufro erTgvarovania da Sexamebulia garemosTan;
4. saxeobis farglebSi, gareul formebSi sxeulis sidide praqtiku-
lad erTnairia, maSin rodesac moSinaurebulebSi cvalebadobs
sakmaod farTo diapazonSi; magaliTad, qaTmebSi 400-500 gramidan 4,5-
5 kg-mde, indaurSi 2-dan 20 kg-mde, batSi 2-dan 12 kg-mde da a.S;
5. kvercxmdeblobaSi, ZiriTadad, gamoiricxa sezonuroba da gaizarda
mekvercxuli produqtiuloba. magaliTad, bankivis qaTami debs 8-12
cal kvercxs, maSin rodesac mekvercxuli dedali 300 calamde;
6. gaumjobesda xorcis xarisxi. Sinauri frinvelis xorci, gareulTan
SedarebiT ufro Ria ferisaa, ufro xSirad TeTria, met cxims
Seicavs da ufro nazi da gemrielia;
7. Seicvala qcevis reaqciebi. gareuli frinveli ufro mkvircxli da
agresiulia, garkveuli raodenobiT kvercxis dadebis Semdeg krux-
deba, Zlier aqvs ganviTarebuli dedobrivi instinqti. maTgan gans-
xvavebiT Sinaur frinvelebSi kvercxmdeblobis zrdam daTrguna
dedobrivi instinqti, xolo zogierT saxeobebSi savsebiT miCqmala.

sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebis
bilogiuri Taviseburebebi
sasoflo-sameurneo frinveli warmodgenilia oTxi ZiriTadi
saxeobiT, qaTami, indauri, ixvi da bati. garda am saxeobebisa, samewarmeo
an sxva miznebisaTvis adamianebi aSeneben cicars da mwyers.
yvela aRniSnuli saxeobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sameurneo Tval-
sazrisiT sami metad mniSvnelovani niSan-Tviseba, malmwifadoba, maRalna-
yofiereba da yvelafris mWameloba (polifagia).
malmwifadoba. frinvelebi SedarebiT mokle periodSi aRweven sim-
wifes da anazRaureben gaweul xarjebs. magaliTad, qaTami da ixvi kver-
cxdebas iwyebs 5-6 Tvis asakidan, indauri- 7-8 Tvis asakidan, bati- 8-10
Tvis asakidan. imavdroulad, qaTmis da ixvis broilerebis suqeba mTavr-

119
deba 6_7 kviraSi, indauris- 10, batis ki 9 kviraSi. aseT mokle droSi
dasaklavi masis miRweva ganpirobebulia mozardis intensiuri zrdis una-
riT: wiwilis cocxali masa 7-8 kviris asakamde periodSi 35-jer imatebs,
ixvis WuWulis- 40-50 jer, batis 9 kviriani WuWulis- 40-jer indauris
Wukis ki 4 Tvis asakisaTvis 70-jer.
mravalnayofiereba da aRwarmoebis Tavisebureba. qaTami weliwadSi
iZleva 250-280 (300 calamde) kvercxs, mwyeri 240-250 cals, cicari 140
calamde, ixvi 110-130 cals, indauri 85-100 cals da bati 50-70 cals.
potenciurad SesaZlebelia yvela maTganidan ganviTardes nayofi.
Cveulebriv, erTi qaTmidan weliwadSi iReben 100-ze met wiwilas,
indauridan 60-70 Wuks, ixvisagan da batisagan, Sesabamisad, 90-100 da 15-30
WuWuls.
ZuZumwovrebisagan gansxvavebiT frinvelis nayofi embrionalur
periodSi viTardeba dedisagan damoukideblad kvercxis bunebrivi an
xelovnuri inkubaciiT. amis Sesabamisad aris agebuli mdedris sasqeso
organoebic, romelic Sedgeba sakvercxisa da kvercxsavalisagan. sakver-
cxe yurZnis mtevnis formis organoa da mimagrebulia xerxemalze fil-
tvebsa da Tirkmlebs Soris. masSi warmoiqmneba da viTardeba gacilebiT
meti kvercxujredi, vidre ZuZumwovrebis sakvercxeebSi.
yvelafris mWameloba anu polifagia. frinvelis saWmlis monelebis
sistema isea mowyobili, rom SeuZlia rogorc mcenareuli, aseve cxove-
luri sakvebis aTviseba da gadamuSaveba.
sxva sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebTan SedarebiT frinvels SeuZlia
bevrad ufro swrafad gadaamuSaos miRebuli sakvebi. misi kuW-nawlavis
sistema sakmaod moklea, magram funqcionalurad moqmedebs metad intense-
urad, ris gamo miRebuli sakvebis sayuaTo nivTierebebis moneleba da
aTviseba 2-4 saaTSi mTavrdeba.
sasqeso qromosomebis Tavisebureba. ZuZumwovrebisagan gansxvavebiT
mdedrobiTi sasqeso qromosomebi warmodgenilia “XY”, xolo mamrobiTi
“XX” qromosomebiT. amdenad, frinvelebSi gansxvavebulia sqesTan SeWidu-
li niSan-Tvisebebis memkvidreoba.
frinvelis konstitucia da eqsterieri
termini konstitucia gulisxmobs cocxali organizmis morfolo-
giur da fiziologiur Taviseburebebs, romelTac gansazRvravs memkvidre-
oba, garemo pirobebi da dakavSirebulia produqtiul mimarTulebasTan.
sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebSi gvxvdeba magari, nazi, mkvrivi da
faSari, iSviaTad uxeSi konstituciuri tipis individebi.
eqsterieriT SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT frinvelis saxeoba, jiSi,
produqtiuli mimarTuleba, sqesi, asaki, fiziologiuri mdgomareoba,
janmrTeloba da, calkeul SemTxvevaSi, produqtiulobis done.
konstituciisa da eqsterieris Sefaseba xdeba frinvelis sicoc-
xleSi orjer, pirvelad axladgamoCekil wiwilebSi- gamozrdaze dayene-
bis win da meored zrdasrul asakSi.
qaTmis konstitucia da eqsterieri. ganasxvaveben eqsterieris sam
tips (sur. 57) mekvercxuls (a), kombinirebuls (b) da mexorculs (g).
mekvercxuli qaTmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia nazi-mkvrivi konstitucia, msu-
buqi Tavi, saSualo zomis niskartiT, didi zomis da foTliseburi bibi-
lo, didi, elastiuri da Ria wiTeli feris Rababi, TeTri sayure, mbzin-
vare Tvalebi, saSualo zomis da SedarebiT wvrili kiseri, naklebad
ganviTarebuli wina nawili, saSualo zomis muceli, wvrili Zvlovani

120
 sistema, zomierad ganviTarebuli kunTebi, Txeli kani, fexebi saSualo
simaRlis, romelzec aqvs oTxi TiTi.
kargi kvercxmdebeli qaTmis eqste- sur. 57. sxvadasxva produq-
rieris mixedviT Sesafasebeli niSnebi da tiulobis qaTmis eqsterieri
calkeuli simaxinjeebi naCvenebia 58 da
59 suraTebze.
mexorculi qaTmebisTvis damaxasi-
aTebelia nazi-faSari konstitucia, sqeli
kani, kanqveSa qonis dagrovebisaken mid-
rekileba, masiuri Zvaleuli, fumfula
kunTebi, flegmaturi temperamenti. maT
Tavi mokle da masiuri, niskarti mokle
da msxvili, bibilo mtevnisebri an
foTlisebri formis, Rababi saSualo
sididis, Tvali mowiTalo-narinjisferi,
kiseri mokle aqvT. sxva niSnebidan
aRsaniSnavia: sxeulis wina nawili kargad
ganviTarebuli, zurgi ganieri da mokle,
muceli didi, fexebi msxvili da ganierad
mdgomi, kudi mokle da Sebumbvla faSari.
kombinirebuli (mekvercxul-mexor-
culi) qaTmis jiSebi konstituciiT da
eqsterieriT xasiaTdebian zemoT aRwe-
rili tipebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
formebis Sualeduri gamovleniT. isini
ufro nazi-faSari konstituciuri tipisa-
ken ixrebian, axasiaTebT mSvidi tem-

sur. 58. sxvadasxva kvercxmdeblobis sur. 59. qaTmis

qaTmis eqsterieris Taviseburebebi eqsterieris simaxinjeebi

1. kargi kvercxmdebeli (boqvenis Zvlebs Soris

sami TiTi eteva);
2. cudi kvercxmdebeli (boqvenis Zvlebs Soris
mxolod ori TiTi eteva);
3. kargi kvercxmdebeli (boqvenis da mkerdis
Zvlebs Soris oTxi TiTis dadebaa);
4. cudi kvercxmdebeli (boqvenis da mkerdis
Zvlebs Soris ori TiTis dadebaa).
1.mongreuli terfi; 2. moxrili
TiTebi; 3. X-sebri dgoma; 4. yva-
visebri Tavi; 5. mamlisebri
Tavi; 6. CamoSvebuli bibilo; 7.
marwuxisebri niskarti; 8. gver-
dze gadaxrili bolo.

121
peramenti da magari Zvlovani sistema.
indauris eqsterieri. Tavi grZeli da msxvili, Tavze da kisris
zeda nawilze aqvs naoWiani-xorciani wanazardebi, romelic mSvid mdgoma-
reobaSi wiTeli ferisaa, xolo gaRizianebisas lurjdeba. niskarti grZe-
lia da zemoTa mxareze xorTumi aqvs, kiseri grZelia da ukan gadaxrili,
mkerdi ganieri da momrgvalebuli, mis centralur nawilSi wamozrdilia
uxeSi bumbulis kona, frTebi mZlavri da grZeli, zurgi ganieri da
grZeli.
ixvis eqsterieri. pekinuri jiSis eqsterieris ZiriTadi niSnebia:
grZeli Tavi, odnav moxrili niskarti, saSualo sigrZis kiseri, mkvrivi
da TeTri feris Sebumbvla, mokle fexebi, TiTebi erTmaneTTan dakav-
Sirebulia afskiT.
batis eqsterieri. saSualo an didi zomis Tavi, saSualo sigrZis da
swori an moxrili niskarti, romelic narinjisferi an yviTelia da
dasawyisSi didi wanazardi aqvs, Tvalebi didi, mkerdi kargad ganviTa-
rebuli, ganieri da win wamoweulia, zurgi ganieri da grZeli, sxeuli
wagrZelebuli, frTebi gverdebze mWidrod mikruli, kudi mokle, Sebum-
bvla mkvrivi, fexebi magari, TiTebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia afskiT.
sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebis eqsteriers afaseben TvalzomiT,
ganazomebis meTodiT da fotografirebiT. sxeulis proporciuli ganvi-
Tarebis dasadgenad ganazomebis safuZvelze iangariSeba sxeulis agebu-
lebis indeqsebi.
frinvelis moSeneba
mefrinveleobaSi mimarTaven xalas da jvarul moSenebas. moSenebis
meTodis SerCeva gamomdinareobs dasaxuli miznidan da iTvaliswinebs
sasargeblo niSan-Tvisebebis gaumjobesebas.
xalasad moSenebis mizania jiSis SenarCuneba da mizanmimarTuli
gadarCeva-SerCevis gziT axali maRalproduqtiuli xazebis gamoyvana.
xalasjiSian moSenebas mimarTaven samomSenebloebSi, saseleqcio cent-
rebSi da eqsperimentul bazebSi.
xalasad moSenebisas ZiriTadad mimarTaven xazebad moSenebas,
xazTaSoris krosirebas, agreTve uaxloes da axlo inbridings. naTesauri
Sewyvilebis Sedegs afaseben imisda mixedviT, Tu ramdenad dahomozi-
gotda sasurveli genebi. amiT, aseve xdeba letali da naxevradletali
genebis gamovlena.
xazTaSorisi krosirebiT iReben e.w. sinTetikur xazebs.
Sejvarebis sxvadasxva meTodebiT gamoyavT axali jiSebi da samrew-
velo daniSnulebis, heterozisis maRali efeqtis mqone hibridebi. Tana-
medrove samrewvelo mefrinveleoba dafuZnebulia swored aseTi hibri-
duli frinvelebis (e.w. broilerebis) gamoyenebaze.
sanaSene muSaoba. mekvercxuli mimarTulebis qaTmebSi seleqciis
mizania maRali kvercxmdeblobis, didi masis kvercxis momcemi da malmwi-
fadi xazebisa da krosebis gamoyvana.
mexorculi mimarTulebis qaTmebSi seleqciis mizania iseTi xaze-
bisa da krosebis Seqmna, romlebic swrafi zrdis wyalobiT adreul
asakSi aRweven dasaklav kondicias, erTeul namatze xarjaven mcire
raodenobiT sakvebs da aqvT kargi gemovnebiTi Tvisebebis mqone xorcis
maRali gamosavali.
indaurebis fermaSi mamlebs arCeven zrdis siswrafis, mexorculi
formebis, sicocxlisunarianobisa da aRwarmoebis maCveneblebis mixedviT.

122
dedal indaurSi ZiriTad yuradRebas aqceven kvercxmdeblobas, gamoCekvis
dones, zrdis siswrafesa da sxeulis agebulebas.
ixvebSi sanaSene muSaoba miznad isaxavs cocxali masis, xorcis
xarisxis, WuWulis Sebumbvlis xarisxis, mozardis SenarCunebis, kvercx-
mdeblobis da sakvebis anazRaurebis gaumjobesebas.
gadarCeva. mefrinveleobaSi mimarTaven ori saxis gadarCevas, masob-
rivs da individualurs. masobrivi gadarCeva xdeba garegnulad daTva-
lierebiT, xolo individualuri- eqsterierisa da konstituciis, warmo-
Sobis, produqtiulobis da STamomavlobis xarisxiT Sefasebis SedegebiT.
mefrinveleobaSi ZiriTadi saseleqcio niSan-Tvisebebia: kvercxmdeb-
loba, kvercxdebis intensivoba, kvercxis masa da xarisxi, cocxali masa,
xorcis xarisxi, sicocxlisunarianoba, sakvebis anazRaureba, adreuloba,
Sebumbvlis siswrafe da xarisxi.
SerCeva. SerCevis meTodi gamomdinareobs moSenebis meTodidan.
xalasjiSiani (xazebad) moSenebisas mimarTaven erTgvarovan SerCevas,
maSin rodesac hibridizaciisas- araerTgvarovans. araerTgvarovani
SerCevis safuZvelze, sxvadasxva saxeobebis, jiSebisa Tu xazebis
SewyvilebiT miiReba heterozisis maRali efeqtis mqone STamomavloba.
bonitireba. mefrinveleobaSi klasur bonitirebas atareben yovel-
wliurad, ra drosac produqtiulobis donisa da xarisxis mixedviT
adgenen frinvelis klass. mozards abonitireben uSualod sanaSened
gadarCevis momentSi, meored ki mozrdil asakSi, ZiriTadi gundis
formirebisas. sabonitiro klasebi ganisazRvreba ZiriTad niSan-TvisebaTa
kompleqsiT.
kvercxis inkubacia
inkubatori. aris danadgari/mowyobiloba, romelSic winaswar gan-
sazRvruli temperaturul-tenianobis da haeris mimocvlis reJimis piro-
bebSi kvercxidan xdeba wiwilis/Wukis/WuWulis gamoCekva.
sainkubacio kvercxis gadarCeva. sainkubaciod ar varga araswori
formis, wagrZelebuli an mokle kvercxi. aseve dauSvebelia defeqtiani
naWuWis mqone (faruli bzari, wanazardebi, uswormasworo, xaoiani),
saxeobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli patara an didi zomis, agreTve didxans
Senaxuli kvercxi. es ukanaskneli advilad gasarCevia naWuWze mocisfro,
momwvano an movardisfro laqebiT da miuTiTebs daSlis procesis dawye-
baze. sainkubacio kvercxi unda iyos swori formis.
mekvercxuli qaTmis sainkubacio kvercxi unda akmayofilebdes Sem-
deg parametrebs: masa- minimaluri 52 grami, sahaero saknis diametri- 1,8
sm, yviTrSi vitamin “A”- s Semcveloba 6 mk/1 g-Si, karotinoidebis Semcve-
loba- 18 mkg/1 g-Si, ganayofierebis %- 95 da gamoCekvis %- 90.
inkubaciis reJimi. sainkubaio karadaSi qaTmis kvercxis Calagebisas
haeris temperatura unda iyos +37,60C. tenianobas adgenen fsixrometris
“sveli” da “mSrali” Termometrebis maCveneblebiT. zemoTaRniSnuli
temperaturisas “sveli” Termometri unda uCvenebdes +29,00C-s, rac
Seesabameba 60% fardobiT tenianobas. sainkubacio karadaSi Calagebisas
sxva saxeobis frinvelebis kvercxis inkubaciis reJimis parametrebi moce-
mulia me- 20 cxrilSi.
qaTmis kvercxis gamoCekvisas “mSrali” Termometri unda uCvenebdes
+37,20C-s, xolo “sveli”-+34,0...+35,00C-s. es niSnavs, rom inkubatorSi iqneba
80-90% fardobiTi tenianoba.

123
 inkubaciis nebismier etapze optimalurze dabali temperatura ane-
lebs Canasaxis zrdas da ganviTarebas, is cudad iyeneben cilas, ris
Sedegad bevri embrioni iRupeba uSualod gamoCekis win.
cxrili 20. sxvadasxva saxeobis frinvelis kvercxis inkubaciis reJimi
temperatura, qaTami indauri ixvi bati cicari mwyeri
0C

sainkubacio karada
+37.6 +37.6 +37.5 +37.8 +37.8 +37.6
mSrali (1-14 dR.) (1-12 dR.)
Termometris +37.2 +37,6
(15-27,5 dR.) (13-27 dR.)
+29.0 +29.0 +27.5 +29,0 +31.0 +28.5
sveli (1-14 dR.) (1-12 dR.)
Termometris +27,5 +28,5
(15-27,5 dR.) (12-27 dR.)
gamosaCeki karada
mSrali
+37.2 +37.2 +37.0 +37.2…+37.0 +37.2 +37.0
Termometris
k v e r c x i s g a m o t e x v a m d e
+29 +29...+31 +29-+30 +29 +29...+30 +28.5
sveli
Termometris g a m o C e k v i s d r o s
+34...+35 +33...+35 +29...+30 +33...+35 +33...+35 +32.0

kvercxis gacieba iwvevs gamoCekis periodis gaxangrZlivebas da

gamoCekili mozardis xarisxis gauaresebas. maRali fardobiTi tenianoba
aferxebs Canasaxis zrda-ganviTarebas, da iwvevs kvercxSi mSrali
nivTierebis zedmetad dagrovebas; Tavis mxriv dabali tenianoba kvercxis
SigTavsidan wylis Warbad amoSrobas iwvevs, naWuWSiga garsi Sreba, is
kargavs haeris gatarebis unars da Canasaxi uhaerobiT iRupeba.
inkubatorSi naxSirorJangis 0,4-0,6% koncentraciisas Canasaxi
normalurad viTardeba, 1%- mde gazrdisas- mcirdeba gamoCekis xvedriTi
wili, xolo 1,2-2% koncentraciisas Canasaxi masobrivad iRupeba.
inkubaciis reJimis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Semadgenelia kver-
cxis gadabruneba. bunebrivi inkubaciisas frinveli fexebis moZraobiT
periodulad abrunebs kvercxs. inkubatorSi, specialuri meqanizmebis
daxmarebiT kvercxi dRe-Ramis manZilze, vidre gamosaCek karadaSi gada-
tanamde vertikaluri RerZidan 450-iT 24- jer brundeba.
wylis frinvelebis kvercxis inkubaciisas mimarTaven kombinirebul
gagrilebas: jer haerze, 20-30 wT-is ganmavlobaSi, Semdeg ki susti kon-
centraciis (movardisfro elferis) kaliumis permanganatis wyalxsnaris
dasxurebiT.
sainkubacio karadidan gamosaCek karadaSi Taroebi unda gadavita-
noT kvercxis gamotexvamde, rac Tavidan agvacilebs embrionis dainfi-
cirebas.
Tanamedrove inkubatorebSi temperaturul-tenianobisa da haerc-
vlis reJimi, agreTve kvercxis gadabrunebis sixSire regulirdeba speci-
aluri kompiuteruli programebiT (aseTi programaa magaliTad “navi-
gatori”).

124
 qaTmis kvercxis warmoebis teqnologia
mefrinveleobis fabrikebi awarmoeben ori saxis kvercxs, sainkuba-
cios da sasursaTos. amis Sesabamisad kvercxmdebeli qaTmebi pirobiTad
SeiZleba davyoT mSobelTa da samrewvelo gundad.
mSobelTa gundis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa xarisxiani sainkubacio
kvercxis warmoeba, xolo samrewvelo gundidan Rebuloben mxolod
sasursaTo kvercxs.
sanaSene meurneobebSi sawarmoo procesebi iTvaliswinebs sainkuba-
cio kvercxis warmoebas, inkubacias, saremonto mozardis gamozrdas,
sadede gundis dakompleqteba-aRwarmoebas, sanaSene produqciis (kvercxis)
Segrovebas, daxarisxebas da SefuTva-realizacias.
mSobelTa gundis Senaxvis ori sistema gamoiyeneba, iatakze (Rrma
safenze) da galiuri.
iatakze Senaxva. evropis qveynebSi upiratesad mimarTaven Rrma
safenze Senaxvas. iatakze Senaxvisas safrinveleSi yovel 5-6 kvercx-
mdebelze ewyoba erTi sabudari, saidanac kvercxs iReben yoveli 2 sT-is
SualediT. qveSsafenis mowyobis principi iseTivea, rogoric saxorce
broileris gamozrdisas.
dasmis simWidrove Seadgens 5-6 frTas 1 m2- ze. yovel 4-6 frTa kver-
cxmdebelze unda modiodes erTi wveTovani an mikroTefSuri sawyurebe-
li. kvebis frontma mrgvali sakveburebis gamoyenebisas unda Seadginos
6,3 sm, Raruli sakveburebis SemTxvevaSi ki 6-12 sm, dawyurvebis frontma
ki 2,5 sm.
galiuri Senaxva. Rrma safenTan SedarebiT aqvs rigi upirateso-
bebi. maT Sorisaa: izrdeba Senobebis tevadoba ris gamo erTeul far-
Tobze miiReba samjer meti kvercxi, gaadvilebulia sawarmoo procesebis
meqanizacia-avtomatizacia, Semcirebulia safenis SeZenis, mowyobisa da
aRebis xarjebi.
erT galiaSi, 30-32 frTa dedalTan erTad aTavseben 3-4 mamals.
produqtiulobis periodSi gundidan gamoiwuneben mxolod sust, ufe-
rulbibiloian, tramvirebul da zedmetad gasuqebul frinvels. dasmis
simWidrove frinveli sqesisa da asakis mixedviT icvleba 200-1200 sm2- is
farglebSi.
safrinveleSi haeris temperatura unda iyos +21...+220C, fardobiTi
tenianoba ki 60-70%. sakveburis simaRleze ganaTebis intensivobam unda
Seadginos 10-15 luqsi. amasTan, rekomendebulia sinaTlis wyvetili
reJimi, rac zrdis mekvercxul produqtiulobas da amcirebs energetic-
kul danaxarjebs. mavne airebis dasaSvebi koncentraciaa: naxSirorJangis-
0,25%, amiakis- 15 mg/m3 da gogirdwyalbadis 5- mg/m3.
mekvercxuli qaTmebi kvercxdebas iwyeben 4-5 Tvis asakidan, momdevno
2-5 Tve kvercdebis intensivoba izrdeba, Semdeg ramodenime Tve erT done-
zea, dabolos TandaTanobiT klebulobs. kvercxdebis aseTi cvalebado-
bis gamo mimarTaven mSobelTa gundis mravaljer dakompleqtebas.
kveba. mekvercxul qaTmebSi sakvebnarevis yuaTianobis, energetikuli
Rirebulebisa da aminmJavuri Sedgenilobis gaTvaliswinebiT gamoyene-
bulia orfaziani an samfaziani kveba. ulufas adgenen frinvelis moTxov-
nilebidan gamomdinare, asakisa da produqtiulobis donis gaTvalis-
winebiT.
kvercxdebis I periodSi qaTami izrdeba da, amdenad, mas sWirdeba
energiisa da nedli proteinis gadidebuli raodenoba (Sesabamisad- 1,13

125
mjouli da 17%). kvercxdebis Semcirebis Semdeg ulufaSi proteinis
Semcveloba SeiZleba Semcirdes 15-16%- mde.
maRali kvercxmdeblobis periodSi qaTmebs sakvebs aZleven SeuzRu-
davad, Semdeg ki ulufis yuaTianobas amcireben 7-10%-iT, rac gavlenas
ar axdens maT kvercxmdeblobaze, magram sakvebis ekonomiis saSualebas
iZleva.
cxrili 21. mekvercxuli krosebis dRi- mniSvnelovania, rom ulu-
uri moTxovnileba (1 frTaze) faSi kalciumisa da fosforis
maCvenebeli asaki, kvira raodenoba da urTierTSefar-
20-45 46 < deba iyos normis farglebSi.
mimocvliTi energia, 20-45 kviris asakobriv peri-
1,299-1,341 1,257
100 g-Si, mjouli odSi kalciumis dRiuri nor-
nedli proteini, g 20,0 19,0 maa 4,3%, xolo fosforis 0,8%.
lizini, g 0.95 0.90 amdenad, ulufaSi 4 wil kal-
meTionini+cistini, g 0.86 0.83 ciumze unda modiodes daax-
arginini, g 1.0 0.98 loebiT 1 wili fosfori.
triptofani, g 0.21 0.20 produqtiuli periodis meore
treonini, g/100 g 0.64 0.58 naxevarSi kalciumis Semcve-
kalciumi, g/100 g 4.3 4.5 lobas kombinirebul sakvebSi
fosfori, g/100 g 0.8 0.75 zrdian 0,2%- iT (cxrili 21).
natriumi, g/100 g 0.21 0.21 kvebaze kontroli xor-
cieldeba cocxali masis peri-
odulad dadgeniT. amisaTvis safrinveles sxvadasxva ubnidan amoarCeven
100 frTamde kvercxmdebels, niSnaven maT da yovelTviurad wonian.
sasursaTo kvercxis warmoeba. aseTi kvercxis misaRebad calke saf-
rinveleSi hyavT samrewvelo gundi.
sur. 60. kvercxmdebili qaTmis maT, ZiriTadad, 1- dan 12- mde iaru-
galiebSi Senaxva sad dalagebul sxvadasxva markis
batarea-galiebSi inaxaven. erT
galiaSi Casmulia erTnairi cocxali
masisa da asakis 6-10 frTa kverc-
xmdebeli. amasTan, sakvebis normire-
bulad darigebis procesis gamar-
tivebis mizniT dabla iarusebze
galiebSi Casvamen saSualoze dabali
cocxali masis, Sua iarusebze
saSualo cocxali masis da maRla
iarusebze saSualoze maRali coc-
xali masis dedlebs. maT sakvebi
miewodeba jaWvuri sakvebdamrigeb-
liT, dawyurveba xdeba wveTovani sawyurebliT, kvercxis Segroveba da
nakelis gatana ki transportioriT. Tanamedrove tipis safrinveleSi
mikroklimatis parametrebi kontroldeba avtomaturad, kompiuteruli
programebis daxmarebiT.
samrewvelo gundis dakompleqtebis win mTel safrinveles, apara-
tura-mowyobilobas da inventars ukeTdeba mimdinare remonti, sanitaruli
dasufTaveba da dezinfeqcia, ris Semdeg Casvamen 17 kviris asakis
saremonto mozards. Senaxvis procesSi SearCeven e.w. sakontrolo
galiebs da masSi msxdom frinvelebs TveSi erTxel wonian. miRebuli
Sedegebis safuZvelze xdeba misacemi sakvebis raodenobis gansazRvra. 20

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kviris asakSi frinvelebi gadayavT kvercxmdebelTa jgufSi, xolo sam-
rewvelo gunds inaxaven daaxloebiT 1,5 wlis asakamde.
qaTmis xorcis warmoebis teqnologia
Tanamedrove etapze qaTmis xorcis warmoeba, ZiriTadad, emyareba
broilerebis gamozrdas. broileris warmoebam intensiurad ganviTareba
daiwyo gasuli saukunis 20-ani wlebidan. am saqmis pionerebi iyvnen aSS-s
delaveris Statis mefrinveleebi, saidanac gavrcelda mTel msoflioSi.
sityva broileri (to broil) inglisuri warmoSobisaa da niSnavs
“naxSirze Sewvas”. termini ”broileri” niSnavs hibriduli warmoSobis
saxorced dasaklav wiwilas, romelic xasiaTdeba swrafi zrdiT, malmwi-
fadobiT, sakvebis maRali konversiis unariT, kargi saklavi produqti-
ulobiT da xorcis saukeTeso sensoruli TvisebebiT.
daxuruli ciklis meurneobaSi broileris xorcis warmoebis
teqnologiuri cikli sqematurad gamosaxulia me- 8 naxazze. sqemis
Tanaxmad, mSobelTa gundis
nax. 8. broileris xorcis warmoeba saamqroSi awarmoeben finalu-
daxuruli ciklis meurneobaSi ri hibridebis sainkubacio
kvercxs, inkubatorSi gamoCe-
mSobelTa gundi kili wiwilebis sanaSene nawi-
li gadahyavT saremonto
mozardis gamosazrdel, xolo
danarCeni dasaklavi mozardis
inkubatori gamosazrdel saamqroSi. sare-
monto mozardis saamqroSi
gamozrdili frinvelebis
saukeTeso nawili gadahyavT
saremonto dasaklavi mSobelTa gundis saremontod,
mozardis mozardis xolo danarCens, dasaklav
gamozrda gamozrda mozardTan da mSobelTa gun-
didan gamowunebul sulado-
basTan erTad gadaamuSaveben
sasaklao sasaklaoze.
broileris gamozrdis
ramodenime xerxia cnobili, romelTa Soris ufro xSirad gvxvdeba Rrma
safenze da galiebSi gamozrda.
gamosazrdelad SearCeven janmrTel, erTdRian wiwilebs, romelTac
unda hqondeT sufTa, mbzinavi, fafuki da sxeulze mikruli bumbuli,
didi da moZravi Tvalebi. akruli da rbili muceli, Sezrdili Wiplari.
maTi cocxali masa unda iyos 38-40 g- is farglebSi.
Rrma safenze gamozrda. Casmis win iatakze Slian Camqral kirs- 0,5-
1,0 kg/m2- ze da zemodan moayarian qveSsafens- daWril namjas an simindis
naquCs, burbuSelas da/an naxerxs. simSralis SesanarCuneblad periodu-
lad qveSsafens amateben. erT frTa wiwilaze gamozrdis manZilze saWi-
roa 2,5-3 kg qveSsafeni. periodis bolos Rrma safenis sisqe zafxulSi 5-
10, xolo zamTarSi 15-20 sm- s. saSualod 1 kvadratul metrze erTdRiani
wiwilas dasmis simWidrove ar unda aRematebodes 12-15 (18- mde) frTas.
wiwilis normaluri zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis mniSvnelovania sufTa
haeri, agreTve temperaturis, tenianobis da ganaTebis reJimis dacva.
haercvlas uzrunvelyofen Semwov-gamwovi ventilatorebiT da/an haeris
specialuri damatenianebeliT. safrinveleSi dauSvebelia orpiri qari.

127
 gamozrdis pirvel kviras safrinveleSi haeris temperatura unda
iyos +28...+320C, meore kviras +24...+25, mesame kviras +20, xolo meoTxe
kviridan +180C. haeris fardobiTi tenianoba ar unda aRematebodes 70%-s.
ganaTebis intensivoba pirveli 7 dRe Seadgens 20-25 luqss, me-8 – me-12
dReebSi 10-20 (TandaTanobiT Semcireba), xolo 21- e dRidan 10 luqsia.
dReRameSi safrinvele ganaTebuli unda iyos 23 saaTi.
galiaSi gamozrda. farTobis ekonomiis mizniT galiebs dgamen or-
sam iarusad. 0,5 m2 farTobis galiaSi svamen 10 frTa erTdRian wiwilas
da gamozrdis damTavrebamde ase inaxaven.
mTavari amocanaa galiebis yvela iarusze erTnairi temperaturis
SenarCuneba. amisaTvis rekomendebulia galiebis meore iarusis doneze es
maCvenebeli 1-5 dRis wiwlebisaTvis iyos +340C- is, 6-12 dRis- +30...320C, Sem-
deg ki TandaTanobiT amcireben 50-e dRisaTvis +180C-is miRwevis grafikiT.
haeris normaze naklebi temperaturisas wiwilebi jgufebdebian galiis
erT-erT adgilas da ar iRweben sakvebs da wyals. gamozrdis yvela
etapze fardobiTi tenianoba 60-70%- is farglebSi unda iyos. pirveli
sami kvira galiebi 24 saaTi ganaTebuli unda iyos, Semdeg ganaTebis
xangrZlivobas TandaTanobiT amcireben dRe-RameSi 17 sT-mde da ase
amTavreben gamozrdas. 10 dRis asakamde wiwilebisaTvis sakveburis da
sawyureblis ganaTeba unda iyos 35, Semdeg ki 5-6 luqsi.
gamozrdis orive meTodis komentirebisas miTiTebuli temperaturis
normebi pirobiTia. misi koreqtireba xdeba wiwilebis qcevaze sistemati-
uri dakvirvebiT. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac wiwilebi wvanan frTagaSlili,
kiserwagrZelebuli da maRla aweuli TaviT, temperaturas amcireben.
broileris kveba da dawyureba. moicavs or periods, sastarto
(pirveli 4 kvira) da safiniSo (me-5 kviridan gamozrdis damTavrebamde).
wiwilas sakvebi unda mivceT gamoCekidan ara ugvianes 12-13 sT-sa. sastar‐
to sakvebi unda Seicavdes adviladmonelebad komponentebs- simindis,
xorblis, qeris da fetvis burRuls, soias Srots da sxv. kargia rZis
produqtebi, magram yuradReba unda mivaqcioT rom is ar gafuWdes.
cxoveluri sakvebis xvedriTi wilis 30-35%- ze naklebi Semcvelobi-
sas ulufa ar balansdeba Seucvladi aminmJavebiT, liziniTa da meTi-
oniniT. aseT SemTxvevaSi skvebSi SeaqvT sinTetikuri aminmJavebi.
rekomendebulia Semdegi Sedgenilobis sakvebnarevi (cxrili 22).
Cveulebrivi fizikuri formiT narevis micemisas wiwilebi upiratesad
Wamen marcvleulis burRuls, danarCen Semadgenlebs ki toveben
sakveburSi. amitom umjobesia sakvebnarevi mivceT 2,5 (sastarto) da
3,0-3,5 mm (safiniSo) mm-is zomis granulebis saxiT.
gamozrdis pirvel kviras 1 frTa wiwilas aZleven 12-15 g, meore
kviras- 20, mesame kviras 40-45, meoTxe kviras- 60-65, mexuTe- 75-85, meeqvse da
meSvide kviras ki 90-100 g granulirebul sakvebs.  pirveli aTi dRe bro-
ilers kvebaven yovel or saaTSi erTxel, 10-12 dRis asakidan ki dRe-RameSi
6-jer. 
gamozrdis efeqturobas amaRlebs kombinirebuli sakvebis vitaminebiT
gamdidreba. karotinoidebs didi raodenobiT Seicavs da karg Sedegs
iZleva parkosnebis Tivis fqvilis ulufaSi CarTva.
sakvebis monelebadobis gasaumjobeseblad wiwila-broilers sakve-
burSi mudmivad unda hqondes wvrili kenWebi da/an msxvilmarcvlovani
lami (5-6 kg-mde yovel aTas sulze gamozrdis periodSi). 2-3 kviramde
asakis wiwilebisaTvis nawilakebis zoma unda iyos 1-2 mm.  

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 safrinveleSi yovel 50 frTa wiwilas sWirdeba erTi vakum-sawyur-
vebeli. cxrili 22. saxorce broileris sakveb-
periodulad awonviT akont- narevis Sedgeniloba da yuaTianoba
roleben wiwilebis zrda-ganviTa-
ingredientebi, % asaki
rebas. sxvadasxva asakSi maT
1-28 39-56
saorientacio cocxal masaze
simindi 45 45
informacia mocemulia 23- e
xorbali 10 10
cxrilSi. es maCvenebeli SeiZleba
Seicvalos Casmuli krosis zrdis qeri 9 7,5
intensivobis potenciuri SesaZleb- mzesumziris Sroti - 16,5
lobidan gamomdinare. soias Sroti 16 -
broileris gamozrdis dam- safuari 5 5
Tavrebis optimalur periods Tevzis fqvili 7 4
adgenen zrdis mimdinareobaze Zvlis fqvili - 3
dakvirvebiT. arsebuli rekomenda- mSrali moxdili rZe 3 -
ciebiT gamozrda mizanSewonilia Tivis fqvili 3 3
vidre sakvebi gamoyenebis maCve- carci 1 1
nebeli maRalia. Tanamedrove kro- sakvebi cximi 1 5
sebisaTvis es asaki Rrma safenze 100 g sakvebnarevi Seicavs
Senaxvisas Seadgens 7-8, xolo mimocvliT energias,
1,296 1,351
galiaSi Senaxvisas 6 kviras. mjouli
cxrili 23. broileris saorien- nedl proteins, % 21,6 19,7
tacio cocxali masa nedli cxims, % 3,6 8,3
asaki, cocxali masa, g nedl ujredanas, % 3,2 5,0
kvira mamlebi dedlebi kalciums, % 1,157 1,055
6 1180 994 fosfors, % 0.856 0,779
7 1530 1218 natriums, % 0,324 0.350
8 1676 1398 lizins, mg 1239,8 881,8
9 1970 1606 meTionini+cistins, mg 679,9 667,6
тeльнoгo пpoиcxoждeния в
indauris xorcis warmoeba
indauris xorci xasiaTdeba zomieri cximianobiT, maRali kalori-
ulobiT, qolesterinis mcire raodenobiT SemcvelobiT da kargi sagemov-
no TvisebebiT. 2006 wlisaTvis msoflioSi warmoebulia 5,03 mln tona
indauris xorci, romelTagan naxevarze meti (2,64 mln tona) modis aSS da
kanadaze.  saqarTveloSi indauris xorci tradiciuli sakvebi produqtia
da, miuxedavad amisa, masze moTxovnileba ufro sezonuria (Soba-axali
wlis dReebSi).
indauris mSobelTa gunds inaxaven iatakze da galiebSi. zafxulo-
biT karg Sedegs iZleva msubuqi tipis gadasatan fardulebSi maTi gaday-
vana da banakuri Senaxva.
Rrma safenze Senaxvisas safrinveles yofen (gadatixraven) seqci-
ebad da kedlis gaswvriv yovel oTx frTa kvercxmdebelze awyoben erT
budes. dasmis simWidrove mZime krosebisaTvis saSualod Seadgens 1,5,
saSualo krosebisaTvis ki 2,5 frTas 1 m2 farTobze. kvebis fronti 8-12
sm, dawyurebis ki 2,5-4 sm- a.
safrinveles mikroklimatis parametrebi SeiZleba cvalebadobdes:
haeris temperatura +12...+16 0C- is, fardobiTi tenianoba 60-70%- is, gana-
Tebis reJimi ki sxvadasxva asakis indaurisaTvis 7-16 sT-is farglebSi.
saxorced gamosazrdelad gamoiyeneba orive sqesis Wuki. ufro gavr-
celebulia did jgufebad (250 frTamde) seqciebSi Rrma safenze gamoz-

129
rda. dasmis simWidrove 16 kviris asakamde mamlebisaTvis 4,7 frTa/m2- ze,
xolo 23 Tvis asakamde dedlebisaTvis 2,8 frTa/m2- ze.
pirvel sam dRes Wukebs kvebaven sakvebnareviT, romelSic Sedis: 60%
daRerRili simindi, 27% xorbali, 10% soias Sroti, da 3% mSrali rZis
fxvnili. me- 4 dRes ulufis 75% warmodgenilia zemoT motanili recep-
tiT damzadebuli sakvebnareviT da 25% I asakis kombinirebuli sakvebiT,
me-5 dRes- es Sefardeba 50/50- is, me-6 dRes 25/75%-is tolia, ris Semdeg
mozardi mTlianad gadahyavT I asakis kombinirebul sakvebze. gamozrdis I
kviras saSualod 1 frTaze dReSi saWiroa 10 g sakvebi, II kviras – 25 g,
III kviras- 40 g, da a.S. 16 kviris asakSi ki- 305 g. ufro efeqturia granu-
lirebuli sakvebis gamoyeneba, romlis zomebi izrdeba Wukis asakis
zrdis kvalobaze.
zrdasrul indaurs dReSi SeuZlia 400 g-mde mwvane balaxi SeWamos.
fermerul meurneobebSi maT aZleven WinWars, kombostos, stafilos,
Warxals da zogierT sxva saxis mwvane masas. intensiurad Senaxvisas mas
balaxis nacvlad kvebaven 40-50 g/dR balaxis fqviliT.
ixvisa da batis xorcis warmoeba
ixvis gamozrda. ixvis saxorce mozards zrdian iatakze an galieb-
Si, agreTve sazafxulo fardulebSi da wyalsacavebis mimdebare fer-
mebSi. intensiurad kvebisas pekinuri ixvis gamozrdas amTavreben 6-7kviris
asakSi, ra drosac maTi cocxali masa aRwevs 3400 g-s. muSkiani ixvis
gamozrdas amTavreben 10-12 kviris asakSi.
gamozrdis sawyis etapze sasurvelia ixvis WuWuli davawyuroT
KMnO4- is susti vardisferi wyalxsnariT. sakvebad pirvel dRes kargia
simindis RerRilSi an qeris da Svriis burRulSi areuli naWuWgaclili,
moxarSuli da daqucmacebuli qaTmis an ixvis kvercxis micema. mesame
dRidan maT SeiZleba mivceT wvrilad daWrili WinWris, ionjis da
bardas mwvane masa. 1 kviris asakidan ulufaSi SeiZleba CavrToT daqucma-
cebuli Zirxvenebi, kartofili da samzareulos anarCenebi.
10 dRis asakamde ixvis WuWuls sakvebs aZleven 6-8- jer dReSi, 11-30
dRis periodSi 4-5- jer, 31-50 dRis SualedSi ki 4- jer dReSi.
ixvis WuWuls wyalsacavSi uSveben 20-30 dRis asakidan. wylis zeda-
piris 1 ha farTobze maqsimaluri datvirTvaa 120-150 frTa. imisaTvis, rom
WuWulma ukeTesad aiTvisos wyalsacavis sakvebi, diliT gaSvebisas maT
ar kvebaven da sakvebs pirvelad aZleven mxolod 9-10 saaTisaTvis.
batis gamozrda. saxorced gamosazrdel batis WuWuls gamoCekidan
ara ugvianes 10 sT-sa gadaarCeven da sakvebad aZleven simindis, qeris,
xorblis, mSrali moxdili rZisa da safuarisagan Semzadebul sakvebna-
revs. sakvebs dReSi aZleven 6-8- jer. meoTxe dRidan SeiZleba mivceT
winaswar wyalSi dambali koptoni, agreTve moxarSuli kartofili da
Warxali. me-20 dRidan mozards kvebaven 4-jer dReSi. umjobesia sakveb-
narevi mivceT dasvelebuli saxiT. gamozrdisas kviraSi erTxel sakve-
burSi uyrian wvril xreSs- yovel 100 frTaze 0,5-1 kg- is raodenobiT.
batis WuWuls sistematiurad unda hqondes sufTa, axali wyali. me-
10 dRidan, profilaqtikis mizniT, sasmel wyalSi amateben KMnO4- s,
susti vardisferis miRebamde.
pirveli oci dRis periodSi 100 g sakvebnarevi unda Seicavdes 1,173
mjoul mimocvliT energias da 20% nedl proteins.
gamozrdis pirvel sam dRes safrinveleSi haeris temperatura unda
iyos +300C, Semdeg temperaturas TandaTanobiT amcireben ise, rom 21- e

130
dRidan miaRwios +180C- s. miuxedavad imisa, rom bati wylis frinvelia, is
uaryofiTad reagirebs safrinveleSi fardobiTi tenianobis 75%-ze zeviT
momatebaze.
iatakze gamozrdisas batis WuWulis qveSsafeni sveldeba ufro
metad, vidre qaTmis wiwilis gamozrdisas, amitom yovel 2-3 dReSi erT-
xel unda davamatoT sufTa. pirveli 7 dRe safrinvele ganaTebulia 24
saaTiani reJimiT, 8-20 dRis asakobriv periodSi ki ganaTebis xangr-
Zlivobas TandaTanobiT amcireben da dahyavT dRe-RameSi 14-16 sT-mde.
gamoCekvidan 5-7 dRis Semdeg, Tbil mzian amindSi, batis WuWuli
SeiZleba gavuSvaT saseirno moedanze, an mravalwlovani balaxeulis
naTes nakveTze, jer 20-30 wuTiT, xolo ori Tvis asakidan maT unda
mieceT seiraniT mTeli dRis manZilze sargeblobis saSualeba.
60-70 dRis asakisaTvis mozardi aRwevs dasaklav cocxal masas.
cicris xorcis warmoeba
saxorced gamosazrdel cicris mozards inaxaven iatakze an galia-
batareebSi. gamozrdis periodi ar aRemateba 12 kviras.
pirveli kvira cicris Wuks kvebaven yovel 3 saaTSi erTxel, Semdeg
ki 4-jer dReSi, 2,5 mm zomis granulirebuli sakvebiT. maRali wonamatis
da sakvebis minimaluri danaxarjebis misaRwevad Casmis sixSire da
mikroklimati unda Seesabamebodes mozardi organizmis moTxovnilebas: 1
m2 farTobze unda Caisvas 14-18 frTa mozardi. pirveli 4 kvira safrin-
vele ganaTebuli unda iyos dRe-RameSi 24 sT- is, xolo Semdeg, gamoz-
rdis damTavrebamde 17 sT- is manZilze. am periodebSi, Sesabamisad, kvebis
frontma unda Seadginos 2 da 4 sm, xolo dawyurebis- 0,6 da 1 sm.
 
mwyris kvercxis da xorcis warmoeba
kvercxis warmoeba. Sinauri mwyeri kvercxdebas iwyebs 50-60 dRis
asakSi. is weliwadSi debs 250-300 calamde kvercxs, romlis masa 10-14 g-a.
mwyris kvercxis naWuWi pigmentirebulia
sur. 61. mwyris kvercxi (laqebiania; sur. 61).
sasursaTo kvercxis misaRebad dedal
mwyers aTavseben 40 X 30 X 20 sm zomis gali-
ebSi, sadac 1 frTaze unda modiodes 80-85
sm2 farTi. haeris temperatura unda iyos
+18...+20 0C (ara nakleb +160C-sa), xolo far-
dobiTi tenianoba 55%. ganaTebis optimaluri
xangrZlivoba dRe-RameSi 16-17 sT-a. 12 sT-ze
naklebi xangrZlivobiT ganaTebisas mwyeri
wyvets kvercxdebas. karg Sedegs iZleva
galiaSi lamis abazanis dadgma.
dauSvebelia kvebaSi wyvetiloba. saSualod 100 frTa dedal mwyers
TveSi sWirdeba 90 kg sakvebi, xolo amave periodSi isini deben 2200-2300
kvercxs.
mwyris kvercxis warmoeba ufro iafi jdeba, vidre qaTmis. amasTan,
misi kvercxis biologiuri Rirebuleba gacilebiT maRalia da rekomende-
bulia bavSvebisa da mozardebis dietaSi zogierTi daavadebis dros. is
ar iwvevs alergiul reaqciebs im adamianebSi, romelTac qaTmis kvercxis
miReba am mizeziT akrZaluli aqvT. amdenad, mwyris kvercxi samom-
xmareblo bazarze Zvirad fasobs.
mwyris mSobelTa gundis eqsploataciis xangrZlivoba 40 kviraa. 

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 gamozrda-suqeba. pirveli 24 dRe mwyris wiwilis gamozrda SeiZleba
umniSvnelod gadakeTebul qaTmis wiwilis galia-batareaSi. is Zlier
mgrZnobiarea, amitom haeris temperatura farTo diapazonSi ar unda mer-
yeobdes, optimaluri temperatura ki +30...+320C- is farglebSia. haeris
temperaturis cvalebadobas mozardi pasuxobs Sesabamisi qcevis reaq-
ciebiT: dabali temperaturisas isini grovdebian erTad da wripineben,
xolo sicxisas cdiloben moSordnen siTbos wyaros. erT frTaze unda
modiodes 50 sm2 iatakis farTi.
gamozrdis pirveli sam kviras safrinvele 24 saaTi unda iyos gana-
Tebuli, Semdeg yoveldRiurad ganaTebis xangrZlivobas amcireben 2-2 sT-
iT, vidre ar miaRweven minimalur maCvenebels- 17 sT-s.
25- e dRidan mozardi gadayavT 76 X 60 X 15 sm gabaritebis galiaSi,
romelSic aTavseben 30-35 frTas. 1 frTaze unda modiodes 90 sm2 iatakis
farTi, xolo haeris temperatura unda iyos +22...+250C. dasawyurveblad
gamoiyeneba vakumuri sawyurvebeli. pirvel dReebSi sasurvelia maT
mivceT KMO4-is Ria vardisferi wyalxsnari. gamozrdis yvela etapze
dauSvebelia orpiri qari da temperaturis mkveTri cvalebadoba.
mwyris wiwila metad moZravia da swrafad izrdeba. ori Tvis
asakisaTvis misi cocxali masa matulobs 20-jer da praqtikulad aRwevs
zrdasruli mwyris kondiciebs. gamozrdis pirvel kviras maT kvebaven
yovel 2 sT-Si erTxel. karg Sedegs iZleva moxarSuli da daqucmace-
buli kvercxis Sereva kombinirebul sakvebSi an mananis burRulSi, 3
dRis Semdeg ki maT SeiZleba mivceT qaTmis wiwilis kombinirebuli sak-
vebi. I kviras 1 frTa mwyris wiwils dReSi sWirdeba 4 g, II kviras- 7 g,
Semdeg 13-17 g, xolo 7 kviraze uxness 25 g sakvebi.
zrdaze kontrolis mizniT wiwilebi yovel 7 dReSi erTxel jgu-
furad unda aiwonos da 1 frTis saSualo cocxali masa unda SevadaroT
konkretuli jiSis Sesabamisi asakis cocxali masis normativebs. 2 Tvis
asakSi maTi cocxali masa 130-200 g-a.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
• ra biologiuri TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdebian sasoflo-sameurneo
frinvelebi?
• eqsterieris ra maCveneblebiT ganasxvavebT maRali kvercxmdeblo-
bis qaTams dabali kvercxmdebelisagan?
• eqsterieris ra simaxinjeebi gvxvdeba qaTmebSi?
• ra maCveneblebiT unda gadavarCioT sainkubacio kvercxi?
• gaciebis mizniT ra procedurebs atareben wylis frinvelis
inkubaciisas?
• romeli teqnologiuri rgolisagan (saamqroebisagan) Sedgeba bro-
ileris xorcis daxuruli ciklis sawarmo?
• rogori unda iyos temperaturis da tenianobis reJimi broileris
gamozrdis sxvadasxva periodSi?
• ra formiT unda mivceT sakvebnarevi broilers da ratom?
• ras iwvevs cxoveluri sakvebis xvedriTi wilis Semcireba saxorce
broileris kvebisas?
• iatakis ra farTobi unda modiodes didi da saSualo tanis
indaurze Rrma safenze Senaxvisas?
• ra asakSi amTavreben Cveulebrivi da muSkiani ixvis mozardis
gamozrda-suqebas?
132
 • ra maCveneblebiT gansxvavdeba mwyris kvercxi qaTmis kvercxisagan?
 
literatura:
1. r.nozaZe, m. xuciSvili, v. zavraSvili- mefrinveleobis produq-
tebis warmoebis da gadamuSavebis teqnologia. Tbilisi, 2007;
2. k.nacvalaZe, r.nozaZe- egzotikuri frinvelebis moSeneba. Tbilisi,
“universali”, 2009;
3. Б.Ф.Бесарабов, Б.Э.Бондарев, Т.Д.Столяр - Птицеводство и технология производ-
ства яиц и мяса птиц. Санкт-Петербург, «Лань», 2005;
4. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под
общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;
5. В.Ф.Красота, Т.Г.Джапаридэе, Н.М.Костомахин- разведеине селскохозяйствен-
ных животных. «КолосС», 2005;
6. Выращивание цыплят бройлеров. www.pticevod2.narod.ru;
7. Кормление бройлеров - проблемы на старте. www.webpticeprom.ru;
8. Бройлеры - птицы капризные. www.fermer.ru/sovet;
9. А. Ф. Зипер- Содержание уток при производстве мяса, www. zhivotnovodstva.net/

oв
выpaщивaния.
Tavi 9. mecxeneoba
cxeni intensiurad gamoiyeneba sportsa da turizmSi, zogierT qve-
yanaSi ki rogorc xorcisa da rZis momcemi cxoveli. amasTan, miuxedavad
meqanizaciis ganviTarebis maRali donisa, mas rogorc samuSao Zalas ar
daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba. es gansakuTrebiT exeba mTian adgilebs.
cxens didi mniSvneloba aqvs, agreTve, biologiuri mrewvelobisTvis
rogorc profilaqtikuri da samkurnalo Sratebis reproducents.
saqarTveloSi mecxeneobas didi tradiciebi gaaCnia, es gapirobe-
buli iyo, erTis mxriv, mtrebis gamudmebuli SemosevebiT, rodesac cxeni
qveynis damcvelebisaTvis Seucvlel saSualebad iTvleboda, xolo
meores mxriv, momTabare mecxoveleobis maRal doneze ganviTarebis gamo.
garda amisa, CvenSi mravladaa iseTi tradiciuli TamaSebi da sanaxaobebi,
romelSic monawileobas iReben saTanadod gawvrTvnili cxenebi.
konstitucia da eqsterieri
sxva sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisagan gansxvavebiT cxenis orga-
nizmi funqciurad mzad aris daZabuli, xangrZlivi da gansxvavebuli
samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad. nervuli sistema aZlevs mas SesaZleblobas
aRiqvas da zustad Seasrulos adamianis brZaneba, gamoimuSaos da ganimt-
kicos pirobiTi refleqsebi. metabolizmis siCqare da intensiuroba
cxenSi gacilebiT Zlieria, vidre sxva sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelSi.
konstituciurs miekuTvneba cxenis is Taviseburebebi, romlebic
Tavis asaxvas poulobs mTeli organizmis sasicocxlo funqciebSi da
vlindeba rogorc morfologiuri, aseve misi fiziologiuri reaqciebis
individualur TaviseburebebSi. cxenis organizmis konstituciur Tavise-
burebebs miekuTvneba sxeulis agebuleba, Zvlovani, kunTovani da cximo-
vani qsovilebis urTierTSefardeba, sasunTqi, saWmlis momnelebeli da
nervuli sistemebis Taviseburebebi, mwarmoebluroba da sxva.

133
 cxenis eqsterieris zogadi cnebis qveS igulisxmeba sxeulis zomebi
da forma, asakobrivi Taviseburebebi, sxeulis nakvTebis agebuleba, feri
da niSnebi.
eqsterieris Seswavlis ZiriTadi meTodebia TvalzomiT Sefaseba,
ganazomebis aReba, agebulebis indeqsebis gaangariSeba da fotografireba.
TvalzomiT Sefasebisas cxenis calkeuli nakvTebis ganviTarebis da
misi garegani agebulebis harmoniulobis ganxilva xdeba mis jiSianobas-
Tan, temperamentTan da moZraobis xarisxTan kavSirSi. aseTi midgomisas
iReben informacias cxenis tipze, formatze, masiurobaze da agebulobis
kompaqturobaze, misi kidurebis simagreze, calkeuli nakvTebis Rirse-
bebsa da mankebze.
eqsterieris Sefasebisas tipis dadgenis mizniT cxens aTvaliereben
zogadad, Semdeg ki, rogorc gaCerebul mdgomareobaSi, ise moZraobisas
(nabijiT, rboliT, navardiT an ToxarikiT svlisas) ufro detalurad
swavloben calkeul nakvTebs. kidurebs aTvaliereben orive gverdidan,
agreTve winidan da uknidan, afaseben kbilebis mdgomareobas da sasunTqi
sistemis funqcionirebas.
ganazomebidan ZiriTadia simaRle mindaoSi, sxeulis sigrZe, gul-
mkerdisa da nebis irgvliva. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi damatebiT iReben
gulmkerdis siganis, gavis sigrZis da sxva ganazoms. maT safuZvelze
angariSoben formatis, masiurobis, kompaqturobis da Zvlovanobis
indeqsebs.
yvelaze ufro xSirad gvxvdeba eqsterieris Semdegi mankebi: “irmis
kiseri”, “viwromkerdianoba” “unagirisebri zurgi”, “CamoSvebuli muceli”,
“Zroxiseburi dgoma”. memkvidrul mankebad iTvleba, stveniTi sunTqva,
kurba, Jaba da sxvadasxvanairi Zvlovani wanazardebi.
cxenis svla (aluri)
aluri aris cxenis winsvliTi moZraobis forma, rac, umTavresad
ukana kidurebis biZgiT sruldeba. bunebrivi svlis nairsaxeobebia- nabi-
ji, rbola (CorTi), navardi, Toxariki da xtoma.
nabiji. or da sam Cliqze dayrdnobiT oTxtempiani neli gadaad-
gilebis aluria. cxenis nabijis sigrZe 0,8-1,2 m-a, sixSire ki wuTSi 100-
mdea. tvirTmzidavi jiSis cxeni saaTSi 4-5 km- s gaivlis, swrafi aluris
ki 6-7 km-s.
rbola. ori diagonaluri Cliqis dayrdnobiT ortempiani swrafi
aluria. aseTi aluriT moZraobisas marcxena ukana da marjvena wina fexi
erTdroulad gadaidgmeba, Semdeg ki SenacvlebiT- marjvena ukana da
marcxena wina da a.S. neli CorTis siswrafe saaTSi 9-10 km- is, saSualo-
11-13- is, xolo swrafi- 14-15 km- is tolia.
navardi. samtempiani, xtomiTi gadaadgilebaa. is yvelaze swrafi
aluria. navardis dasawyisSi cxeni erT-erT ukana fexzea dayrdnobili,
Semdeg mas uerTdeba ukana meore fexi, winas diagonalurad, romlebiTac
cxeni erTdroulasd eyrdnoba miwas da bolo damwyebi ukana fexiT
ascildeba miwas. am fexis mocilebis Semdeg cxens miwaze sayrdeni ar
aqvs, is haerSia da, SeiZleba iTqvas, am momentSi “mifrinavs”, “navardobs”.
Toxariki. gverdiTi ori fexis miwaze dayrdnobiT ortempiani
swrafi aluria. aseTi moZraobisas cxeni jer erTi, Semdeg ki meore
mxaris kidurebs erTdroulad iRebs miwidan da dgams miwaze.
xtoma. aris erTjeradi rTuli moZraoba da Sedgeba biZgis, gaqa-
nebisa da miwaze daSvebis etapebisagan.

134
 cxenis moSeneba
aRwarmoeba. faSatis normaluri sqesobrivi cikli meordeba yovel
18-28 dReSi, xolo xuraobis xangrZlivoba 3-9 dRea. mecxeneobaSi dagri-
lebis sami ZiriTadi wesi gamoiyeneba: xelze, ilxuri da bakSi. xelov-
nuri ganayofierebas mecxeneobaSi sakmaod iSviaTad mimarTaven.
xelze da ilxuri dagrilebis wesi upiratesad gamoiyeneba staci-
onalur da stacionalur-saZovruli Senaxvisas, xolo bakSi dagrilebas
mimarTaven im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mwarmoebeli ilxuri dagrilebis
pirobebs SeuCvevelia.
xelze dagrileba yvelaze Sromatevadi da rTulia, ris gamo upira-
tesad gamoiyeneba sanaSene mecxeneobaSi. ilxuri forma iTvaliswinebs
remidan faSatebis garkveuli raodenobis (ilxis) saZovarze calke yolas
da masSi Tavisuflad dagrilebis mizniT ulayis gaSvebas. bakSi dagri-
lebisas faSatebis jgufi gahyavT bakSi da yoveldRiuraT maT dasagri-
leblad uSveben ylays.
xelze dagrilebisas ulayis datvirTvis normaa 40-50, ilxuri
wesisas- 20-25, xolo bakSi dagrilebisas 25-30 faSati.
TavlaSi Senaxvisas cxenis dagrilebis optimaluri periodia Teber-
vlidan ivlisis Tvemde, jogur pirobebSi ki- aprilis dasawyisidan
ivlisis bolomde.
ganayofierebis maRali Sedegebi miiRweva ulayi-mwarmoeblis dasag-
rileblad winaswar saTanadod momzadebisas. amisaTvis, dagrilebis
dawyebamde isini yovel 100 kg cocxal masaze unda iRebdnen 2,5-2,8 kg
sakveb erTeuls. sasurvelia ulufaSi moxdili rZis, qaTmis kvercxis,
vitaminovani sakvebis da fetvis marcvlis CarTva. mniSvnelovania, agreTve
is, rom koncentrirebul sakvebis xvedriTi wili ar unda iyos ulufis
yuaTianobis 60 %- ze naklebi.
axladdamakebuli faSati mgrZnobiarea cudi kvebisa da movla-Senax-
vis pirobebisadmi. misi makeobis xangrZlioba ukmari kvebis pirobebSi
matulobs, sakvebis qronikuli deficitisas ki maRali albaTobiT
mosalodnelia makeobis Sewyveta (aborti). ukmari kvebis garda faSatis
aborti SeiZleba gamoiwvios zogierTma infeqciurma daavadebam, sakvebiT
mowamvlam, gacivebam da muSaobisas gansakuTrebulad mZime datvirTvam.
kvicis mogeba, rogorc wesi, garTulebis gareSe, sakmaod iolad
mimdinareobs, xolo momyolis SeCereba praqtikulad ar gvxvdeba. axlad-
dabadebuli kvici sakmaod swrafad wamodgeba fexze da SeuZlia dedas-
Tan erTad sakmaod Sor manZilze gadaadgildes.
pirveli ori Tve kvici ikvebeba mxolod dedis rZiT. yoveldRiurad
is rZis misaRebad sakmaod xSirad midis dedasTan (calkeul SemTxvevaSi
50- jer) da dReSi wovs 20 kg-mde rZes. cocxali masis 1 kg namatze mas
sWirdeba daaxloebiT 10 kg rZe.
ori Tvis asakidan kvici iwyebs mcenareuli sakvebis Wamas. dasaw-
yisSi mizanSewonilia mas mivceT winaswar daWyletili Svriis marcvali
0,5 kg/dReSi raodenobiT, xolo yovel momdevno Tves es raodenoba unda
gaizardos 0,5 kg-iT.
5-6 Tvis asakSi kvics daRaven da detalurad aRweren mis garegnul
niSan-Tvisebebs. dedidan mas asxleten 6-7 Tvis asakSi. am periodisaTvis
maT yoveldRiurad unda miiRon 2,6-2,8 sakvebi erTeuli 100 kg cocxal
masaze gadaangariSebiT.

135
 asxletili kvici zamTarSi unda sargeblobdes SeZlebisdagvarad
xangrZlivi mocioniT da utardebodes jgufur varjiSi. 1 wlis asakidan
kvicebs yofen sqesis mixedviT da inaxaven cal-calke.
cxenis samuSaod gamoyeneba. cxenis datvirTva unda moxdes coc-
xali masis, muSaobis unaris, Sexorcebis, asakis, sqesis, garemos tempe-
raturis, makeobis periodis da sxva faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT. ula-
yebi, make mawovari faSatebi da susti cxenebi msubuq samuSaoze unda
gamoviyenoT. normalur pirobebSi cxeni 10 saaTs unda vamuSaoT, yoveli
1,5-2 saaTis Semdeg ki 15 wuTiT unda davasvenoT. amdenad, 10 saaTiani
samuSao dRis manZilze man 2 saaTi mainc unda daisvenos, ra drosac
cxeni, rogorc wesi ikvebeba.
soflis meurneobis garda cxeni samuSaod gamoiyeneba geologiur
da arqeologiur eqspediciebSi, sasazRvro jarebSi da policiaSi.
cxenis srulfasovnad dasatvirTad aucilebelis kargad SeurCioT
Sesabmeli da SesakvanZi mowyobiloba (caluli, kexi, unagiri, sadave,
aRviri da sxva).
cxenis kveba da movla-patronoba
cxenis ulufas abalanseben 28-29 maCvenebliT. moTxovnilebas saz-
rdo nivTierebebze gansazRvravs cxenis fiziologiuri mdgomareoba da
cocxali masa, agreTve Sesrulebuli samuSaos saxe.
make faSatis kveba. cxenis makeoba daaxloebiT 11 Tves grZeldeba.
am periodSi normalurma kvebam da movla-patronobam unda uzrunvelyos
rogorc nayofis normaluri ganviTareba, aseve muSaobis unarianoba.
makeobis pirveli 8 Tvis ganmavlobaSi faSati unda vkveboT iseTive
normebiT, rogoriTac ikvebeba imave cocxali masis ara make faSati,
meSvide Tvidan ki misi dRiuri norma izrdeba (cxrili 25).
makeobis pirvel periodSi faSati SeiZleba gamoviyenoT Cveulebriv
samuSaod, meore periodSi ki mas unda SevurCioT msubuqi samuSao. amas-
Tan, makeobis bolo ori Tve da mogebis Semdeg 15 dRe - erTi Tve, cxeni
saerTod unda gamovaTavisufloT samuSaodan. am periodSi aucilebelia
dReSi 1 saaTi mocioni.
mawovari faSatis movla da kveba. mogebis dRidanve faSatis ulufa
unda gaizardos 2-3 kg mSrali nivTierebiT, 2,5-3,5 kg sakvebi erTeuliT
da 25-35 kjouli mimocvliTi energiiT. Sesabamisad izrdeba moTxovnileba
normirebuli kvebis pirobebiT gaTvaliswinebul sxva komponentebzec.
mogebidan 5-6 dRis ganmavlobaSi faSats unda mivceT sveli qato da
maRali xarisxis Tiva. ulufaSi koncentrirebuli sakvebis xvedriTi
wili TandaTan unda gaizardos da 6-8 dRis Semdeg gadayvanili iqnas
srul ulufaze.
mawovari faSatisaTvis saukeTeso sakvebi saZovaria, magram Tu amis
saSualeba ar aris, SeiZleba misi Secvla kargi xarisxis marcvlovnebis
da parkosnebis TiviT da silosiT. cxenis ulufaSi garkveuli adgili
ukavia koncentrul sakvebs- Svrias, qers, qatos da koptons.
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom cxenis normaluri mdgomareobis Sesanar-
Cuneblad aucilebelia kanis, curis da kidurebis sisufTavis dacva,
saWiroebisamebr danalva da samuSao dRis reJimis dacva.
ulayis movla da kveba. ulayi ZiriTadad aRwarmoebisaTvis gamoiye-
neba, amitom is mudmivad unda iyos sanaSene kondiciaSi. saqme is aris,
rom misi kondiciis daqveiTeba iwvevs sqesobriv modunebas, saerTo sisus-
tes, agreTve spermis moculobis Semcirebas da xarisxis gauaresebas.

136
 cxrili 24. sajdomi da CorTmavali jiSis faSatis kvebis normebi
maCveneblebi ara make makeobis me-9 Tvidan
cocxali masa, kg
400 500 600 400 500 600
sakvebi erTeuli 5.72 7.15 8.6 7.0 12.5 15.0
mimocvliTi energia, mjouli 58.9 75.7 90.9 75.2 91.5 109.8
nedli proteini, kg 0.88 1.1 1.32 1.0 1.25 1.5
monelebadi proteini, kg 0.62 0.77 0.92 0.7 0.87 1.05
lizini 35 44 53 45 56 67
nedli ujredana, kg 1.76 2.2 2.64 2 2.5 3
sufris marili, g 20 25.3 29 24 30 36
kalciumi, g 35 44 53 45 56 67
fosfori, g 26 33 40 35 44 52
magniumi, g 11.4 14.3 17.4 13 16 19.5
rkina, mg 704 880 1056 800 1000 1200
spilenZi, mg 70 88 106 85 106 127
cinki, mg 220 275 330 300 375 450
kobalti, mg 2.6 3.3 4 4 5 6
manganumi, mg 264 330 396 300 375 450
iodi, mg 2.6 3.3 4.0 4 5 6
karotini, mg 114 143 172 150 187 225
vitamini A, aT. saerT. erT. 55.6 57.2 68.8 60 74.8 90
“ – “ – “ D, “ – “ – “ 5.1 6.4 7.6 4 5 6
“ – “ – “ E, mg 176 220 264 250 312 375
“ – “ – “ B1, mg 22 27.5 33 30 37.5 45
“ – “ – “ B2, mg 22 27.5 33 35 44 52.5
“ – “ – “ B3, mg 26.4 33 40 50 62.5 75
“ – “ – “ B4, mg 880 1100 1320 1000 1250 1500
“ – “ – “ PP, mg 57 71 86 65 81 97
“ – “ – “ B6, mg 13 16 18.5 15 19 22
“ – “ – “ B12, mg 44 55 66 60 75 90
“ – “ – “ Bc, mg 9 11 13 14 17 21

ulayis sakvebi ulufa aucileblad unda iyos dabalansebuli mone-

lebadi proteiniT, mineraluri nivTierebebiT da vitaminebiT. datvirTvis
periodSi kargia Tu ulufaSi SevitanT 8-10 litr moxdil rZes, 5-10 cal
um kvercxs da xorblis qatos. ulayi da faSatebi unda SevinaxoT cal-
calke. rogorc wesi, ulayebis movlas andoben gamocdili mejinibeebs.
kvicis movla da kveba. kvicis movlaze da srulfasovan kvebazea
damokidebuli cxenis moSenebis efeqturoba.
kvici dabadebidan 1-1,5 saaTis Semdeg cdilobs fexze adges da
iwyebs dedis ZuZus Zebnas, ra drosac sasurvelia mas davexmaroT ZuZus
povnaSi.
1-1,5 Tvis asakidan kvici unda mivaCvioT damatebiT sakvebs. amisaTvis
kargia Tu mivcemT Svriis RerRils sufTad an xorblis qatosTan
narevSi, jer 150-200 gramis odenobiT dReSi, Semdgom ki raodenoba
TandaTan izrdeba da 4 Tvis asakSi aRwevs 1 kg-s.
zafxulobiT kvicis sakvebad saukeTeso saSualebaa saZovari, moge-
bidan 2 kviris asakSi dedasTan erTad SegviZlia is saZovarze gavuSvaT.

137
am dros ara marto maRali xarisxis sakvebs Rebulobs, aramed sufTa
haerze mzis sxivebis moqmedebiTa da Tavisuflad moZraobiT kaJdeba.
ZuZudan kvici 6 Tvis asakSi unda avsxlitoT, joguri mecxeneobis
pirobebSi ki 1 wlis asakSi. asxletis DSemdeg ulufa unda davabalansoT
yvela komponentiT, gansakuTrebiT ki monelebadi proteiniT, mineraluri
nivTierebebiT da vitaminebiT.
mozardis muSaobis unarianobasa da samuSao Tvisebebze gamocda.
muSaobis unarianobaze gamocda xdeba ipodromze, 2 wlis asakidan. amas
win unda uZRodes cxenTsaSenSi jgufurad da individualurad sistema-
tiuri wvrTna, ra drosac mozards uviTardeba myesovan-iogovani sistema,
organizmi janmrTeldeba, kaJdeba da misi agebuleba harmoniuli xdeba.
pirvelad iwyeben jgufur wvrTnas, romelsac atarebs zrdasrul
da wynar cxenebze mjdomi ori gamocdili mxedari. isini Tavdapirvelad,
3-4 wuTi kvicebs amoZraveben CorTiT, Semdeg ki gadahyavT navardze.
moZraoba unda iyos Tanabari, 1 km-is 4-5 wT-Si gavlis varaudiT. jgufuri
wvrTna xels uwyobs kvicis saerTo fiziologiur ganviTarebas, Tavisuf-
lad moZraobis unaris gamomuSavebas da uzrunvelyofs misi intensiuri
datvirTvisaTvis momzadebas.
meore rgolia individualuri wvrTna, romelsac atareben or eta-
pad: noembridan-ianvramde da Tebervlidan aprilis CaTvliT. amasTan, kvi-
raSi erTi dRe cxenebs eZlevaT dasvenebis saSualeba.
sajdomi cxenis gamocda, rogorc wesi, xdeba sada doRebSi 1000 da
2000 m da marulaSi 10 km manZilze.
didi mniSvneloba aqvs datvirTvis intensiobis periodulad cvli-
lebas. misi arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom didi datvirTvis Semdeg (ramo-
denimejer swrafi navardi da doRi) cxenebs eZlevaT 2-3 dRe dasveneba,
Semdeg ki 7-10 dRe maT aZleven msubuq datvirTvas.
TuSuri da megruli jiSis cxenebis wvrTnisas unda gaTvaliswine-
buli iqnas isic, rom maT uxdebaT Tavisi cocxali masis 30-35%- is simZi-
mis tvirTis (sapalnis) gadazidva, upiratesad ki mTian raionebSi da, arc
Tu iSviaTad, 40-450-iT daqanebul ferdobebze.
Sesabmel cxens asxletidan wvrTnian jgufurad. iwyeben cvladi
aluriT, pirvel dReebSi 2-3 km-ze nabijisa da CorTis cvliT, Semdeg ki
manZils zrdian 5-7 km-mde. javaxur cxens CorTiTa da nabijiT swraf
moZraobaSi da SezRudul manZilze (ara umetes 100 m-sa) weviT gamZleobaSi
cdian 2,5 wlis asakidan.
nebismieri wvrTnisas mniSvnelovania cxenisadmi individualuri mid-
goma, gansakuTrebiT ki gamosvlebis dagegmvisas da swrafi navardiT
wvrTnisas. aucilebelia cxenis janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze sistema-
tiuri kontroli.
cxenis xorcis da rZis gamoyeneba
cxenis xorci maRali Rirebulebis kvebis produqtia. zogierT qve-
yanaSi cxenis xorcze moTxovnileba wlidan wlamde izrdeba. am produq-
ts yidulobs aSS, safrangeTi, inglisi, belgia, holandia, italia,
iaponia da sxva. cxenis xorcs ZiriTadad awarmoeben adgilobrivi jiSis
cxenebidan, romelTa moSeneba-gamozrda xdeba jogur pirobebSi bunebrivi
sakveb-savargulebis gamoyenebiT. cxenis xorcisagan kvebis mrewveloba
amzadebs naxevrad Sebolil da Sebolil Zexveuls, sosiss, sardels,
xorcis konservs da sxva.

138
 cxenis laqtacia grZeldeba 6-8 Tve. naklebadmerZeuli faSatebis
monawveli 700-1500 litria, xolo maRalmerZeulebis 2500-3000 l. pirveli
ori Tvis rZes, ZiriTadad, kvici moixmars, ra drosac is dReSi 10-12 l
rZes (20 l-mde) svams da 1-2 kg dReRamur namats iZleva.
cxenis rZe meti raodenobiT Saqars (laqtozas) da nakleb cximsa da
cilas Seicavs. rZis cilebSi meti xvedriTi wili modis albuminze. rZis
cximi sakmaod didi raodenobiT Seicavs mono da poligaujerebel
cximovan mJavebs. rZis cximis ioduri ricxvi 100-108, maSin rodesac Zro-
xis rZisaTvis es maCvenebeli 25-40- is farglebSia. faSatis rZeSi didi
raodenobiTaa A, C da E, agreTve B jgufis vitaminebi.
cxenis rZidan, ZiriTadad, amzadeben kumiss. is advilad klavs wyur-
vils da aZlierebs madas, agreTve xasiaTdeba dieturi da samkurnalo
TvisebebiT. Seicavs ra advilad aTvisebad formaSi sayuaTo da minera-
lur nivTierebebs, agreTve rZis mJavas da spirtebs, kumisi matonizireb-
lad moqmedebs nervul sistemaze, aaqtiurebs saWmlis monelebas da
astimulirebs sisxlis warmoqmnas.
sacxenosno sporti
sportis es saxeoba saTaves iRebs II-III saukuneSi Cv.w.aR-mde. qseno-
fontes kapitaluri Sroma “hipika da hiparxi” mravali saukunis ganmav-
lobaSi saomari da sportuli cxenis gawvrTnis ZiriTad saxelmZRvane-
lod iTvleboda. jer kidev 680 wels Cvens eramde, saberZneTSi olimpiur
TamaSebSi pirvelad moewyo cxenebSebmuli etlebiT Sejibri, xolo 648
wlidan sacxenosno sportuli Sejibri doRebSi.
sacxenosno sportis mravali saxeobaa cnobili. yvela maTgani
sakmaod lamazi sanaxaobaa da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom warmoadgens namdvil
xelovnebas, romelic miiRweva mxedrisa da cxenis xangrZlivi momzadebis
Sedegad.
Seqmnilia sacxenosno sportis saerTaSoriso federacia (ФЭИ),
romelSic gawevrianebulia 60-ze meti qveyana. sportis es saxeoba Tana-
medrove olimpiuri TamaSebis programis mniSvnelovani Semadgenelia.
sacxenosno sportis klasikuri saxeebia: xedniloba, dabrkolebaTa
gadalaxva (konkuri) da samWidi.
xedniloba - Sejibri tardeba Ria an daxurul moedanze 60X20 m2
farTobis maneJSi. mxedarma am saxeobaSi unda gamoavlinos cxenis
marTvis xelovneba. yvela bunebriv svlaze (nabiji, rbola, navardi) cxeni
sworad unda moZraobdes, xolo garkveul figurebsa da varjiSs gamok-
veTilad unda asrulebdes.
xednilobis dros bunebriv moZraobaSi arCeven: alagmur, mokle,
saSualo da aCqarebul CorTs. rTul elementebs miekuTvneba: maneJis
diagonalze rboliT da navardiT moZraoba; naxevradpirueti _ navardiT
moZraobisas fexis monacvleoba; pirueti - nabijiTa da navardiT moZrao-
bisas ukana kidurebze Semobruneba; pasaJi - maRali, riTmuli Semok-
lebuli CorTi; aseTive moZraobas adgilze Sesrulebuls piafi ewodeba.
konkuri. anu dabrkolebaTa gadalaxva sacxenosno sportis yvelaze
ufro gavrcelebuli, klasikuri saxea, romelic mxedrisagan moiTxovs
gamZleobas, gambedaobas, mixvedrilobas, xolo cxenisagan Zlier naxtoms,
radgan dabrkolebis simaRle 160-200 sm-s aRwevs.
samWidi. Seicavs samaneJo svlas, savele gamocdas da dabrkolebaTa
gadalaxvas. samWidSi Sejibri sami dRis ganmavlobaSi tardeba. pirvel
dRes sruldeba samaneJo svla, romelic xednilobis gamartivebuli

139
variantia. masSi CarTulia cxenis mxolod bunebrivi moZraoba da zogi-
erTi ararTuli varjiSi.
stipl-Ceizi. anu dabrkolebiani doRi sportis saxeobebs Soris
yvelaze saintereso da rTulia. trasis sigrZe 4-8 km- a, sadac keTdeba
36 sxvadasxva tipis da sididis dabrkoleba.
sayovelTaod cnobilia sacxenosno sportis qarTuli tradiciuli
saxeobebi: marula, isindi, yabaxi, cxenburTi da sxv.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi.
• ra asakSi uSveben pirvel dagrilebaze dedal kvics?
• ra maCvenebliT adgenen cxenis moTxovnilebas ulufis sazrdo niv-
Tierebebze?
• ra saxis sakvebi da rogori formiT unda mivceT axladmogebul
faSats pirveli 5-6 dRe?
• rogor xdeba mozardis muSaobis unarianobasa da samuSao Tvi-
sebebze gamocda?
• ramdeni Tve grZeldeba faSatis laqtacia da ramden rZes iZleva is
laqtaciis manZilze?
• ra sasmels amzadeben cxenis rZidan da ra TvcisebebiT xasiaTdeba
is?
• ra klasikuri saxeebisagan Sedgeba klasikuri sacxenosno sporti?

literatura:
1. n.gociriZe, g.dalaqiSvili, l.TorTlaZe- mecxoveleobis safuZ-
vlebi, Tbilisi, 2002;
2. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под
общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;

T a v i 10. mebocvreoba
bocvris warmoSoba da biologiuri Taviseburebebi
Sinauri bocveri gareuli bocveris moSinaurebuli formaa. moSina-
urebis adgilad iTvleba samxreT-dasavleTi da Sua evropa (espaneTi da
safrangeTi). gareuli bocveris bunebrivi arealia dasavleT evropis
qveynebi britaneTis kunZulebis CaTvliT, xolo aRmosavleTis ukiduresi
sazRvari gadis ukrainis samxreT-dasavleT raionebze.
gareuli bocveri ekuTvnis kurdRlisnairTa rigs, magram gareuli
kurdRlisagan is mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba:
1. bocveris makeobis xangrZlivoba 28-32 dRea, kurdRlis 50-52 dRe;
2. bocveri mogebis win Txris soros da iq baWiebisTvis awyobs budes,
maSin rodesac kurdReli binadrobs buCqnar adgilebSi;
3. bocvris baWia ibadeba brma da SiSveli (Seubusavi), kurdRlis ki
Tvalaxelili da kargadaa Sebusuli bewviT;
4. kurdReli mxolod ramodenime dRe awovebs ZuZus baWiebs, maSin,
rodesac bocveri 1-1,5 Tvis asakamde;
5. erTi kviris asakis kurdRlis baWiebi iwyeben damoukideblad cxov-
rebas, maSin rodesac am asakis bocvris mozardi mTlianad damoki-
debulia dedaze;

140
 6. kurdReli erT mogebaze igebs 4-5 baWias, bocveri ki 7-9- s, calke-
ul SemTxvevaSi ki 18- mde.
7. kurdRlis cocxali masa ar aRemateba 6,5-7 kg- s, maSin rodesac
Sinauri bocvris cocxali masa aRwevs 14 kg-mde;
8. gareuli da Sinauri bocvrebis SejvarebiT miiReba nayofieri da
sicocxlisunarian STamomavloba, maSin rodesac kurdReli da boc-
veri erTmaneTs ar ujvardeba.
bocvris sxva sameurneo-biologiuri TaviseburebebSi aseve Sedis:
• adreuloba; mdedri baWiebi sqesobriv simwifes aRweven 3,5-4
Tvis asakSi, xolo makdebian 7-8 Tvis asakSi;
• swrafad gamravlebis unari; wlis ganmavlobaSi bocveri igebs
5-6- jer da gvaZlevs 40-50 baWias;
• zrdis maRali energia; baWia dabadebisas saSualod iwonis 40-
90 g-s, meeqvse dRisaTvis misi cocxali masa ormagdeba, xolo
1 Tvis asakisaTvis 10-12- jer izrdeba;
• kaprofagia; bocverisTvis normaluri fiziologiuri aqtia
Ramis ganavalis Wama, romelic didi raodenobiT Seicavs
mounelebel sayuaTo nivTierebebs, mikrobul cilebs, “B” jgu-
fis vitaminebs da mikroelementebs;
bocvris sakvebi da kveba
koncentrirebuli sakvebad gamoiyeneba marcvlovnebis da parkosne-
bis marcvali (Svria, qeri, simindi, xorbali, barda, soia), agreTve maTi
gadamuSavebis anarCenebi. saukeTeso sakvebad iTvleba Svria, romelsac
bocvers aZleven naturaluri saxiT. qeri umjobesia daiRerRos da mieces
narevSi, vinaidan qeris marcvali garedan dafarulia Znelad mosanele-
beli garsiT da iwvevs saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis aSlilobas.
ulufaSi proteinis gazrdis mizniT bocvers sakvebSi umateben
mzesumziris da selis koptons, agreTve Zvalxorcisa da Tevzis fqvils,
romlebic mdidaria mineraluri nivTierebebiT; sakvebnarevi umjobesia
mieces granulirebuli kombinirebuli sakvebis formiT.
bocveri ikvebeba yvela saxis bostneuliT, magram isini gansakuT-
rebulad madianad Seeqcevian stafilosa da Warxals. Zirxvenebidan
SeiZleba mivceT turnefsi, Talgami, baRCeulidan- yabayi, sakvebi gogra
da maTi foCi.
sakvebi balaxeulidan sasargebloa samyuras ionja, cercvelasa da
Svriis, agreTve cercvelasa da bardas narevi mwvane masa. timpaniis Tavi-
dan asacileblad umjobesia mwvane masa kvebis win SevaSroT (SevaWknoT).
Semodgoma-zamTris da adre gazafxulis TveebSi bocverisaTvis
ZiriTadi uxeSi sakvebia marcvlovan-parkosanTa narevbalaxis Tiva. maT
sakvebad, aseve, SeiZleba mivceT aryis xis, akaciis, verxvis da alvis xis
foToli, agreTve naZvisa da fiWvis totebi.
bocvris srulfasovani kveba aris maRali xarisxis tyavbewvis da
kondiciuri tanxorcis miRebis safuZveli. Warbi kveba iseve mavnea,
rogorc ukmari kveba. 4,5-5 kg cocxali masis zrdasruli mamali da deda-
li bocveris wliuri moTxovnileba sakvebze aseTia: 35 kg uxeSi sakvebi;
265 kg mwvane sakvebi da 42-42 kg wvniani da koncentrirebuli sakvebi.
kvebis normis SerCevisas iTvaliswineben cxovelis fiziologiur mdgoma-
reobas, asaksa da wlis sezons.
zrdasrul bocvers sakvebs dReSi orjer, mozards ki samjer aZle-
ven. diliT aZleven dRiuri normis naxevar koncentrats, SuadRes 40%

141
Tivas da balaxs, xolo saRamos danarCen koncentrirebul da moculo-
bian sakvebs. axali sakvebi ulufaSi SeaqvT TandaTanobiT, 5-6 dRis manZi-
lze; aseve nawil-nawil CanacvlebiT gadadian zamTris ulufidan zafxu-
lis ulufaze da piruku.
bocvris mozardis suqeba
suqebaze ayeneben 2-3 Tvis baWias. intensiurad suqeba grZeldeba
erTi Tve. amisaTvis, pirveli 10 dRe ulufaSi amcireben Tivis raodenobas
da mas Caanacvleben imave yuaTiaobis koncentratebiT.
sawyisi (pirveli aTi dRis) ulufa SeiZleba gamoiyurebodes ase: 150
g Tiva, 400-500 g Zirxvenebi, an kartofili, da 80 g koncentrati. danama-
tis saxiT maT SeiZleba mivceT kombostos foTlebi.
momdevno aTi dRe ulufaSi CarTaven iseT sakvebs, romlebic boc-
vris organizmSi aZliereben cximis dagrovebas. aseTebs miekuTvneba simin-
dis, Svriis da qeris marcvali, agreTve mcired marilian kartofilSi
Sereuli qato.
bolo aTi dRe bocvers kvebaven ise, rom man miiRos sakvebis maqsi-
malurad SesaZlebeli raodenoba. amis miRweva SeiZleba uxeSi sakvebis
minimumamde SemcirebiT da ulufaSi aromatuli balaxeulis- kamas,
oxraxuSis, niaxuris da sxva mcenareebis CarTviT, romelTac es cxove-
lebi Seeqcevian madianad.
ufro Sedegiania, rodesac mozards asuqeben cal-calke galiaSi. 
suqeba iTvleba damTavrebulad, rodesac cxovels mindaoze da sasinjTan
xeliT mosinjvisas SeiniSneba cximovani qsovilis grovebi, xolo
xerxemlis zurgis nawilis malebi Sexebisas ar isinjeba.  kargad nasuqi
bocvris mozardi iRebs momrgvalebul formebs, xolo bewvi tanze gadatkecili
da bzinvarea.  
mkacrad unda davicvaT dRis ganawesi. bocveri unda vkveboT zustad
gansazRvruli grafikiT. rogorc wesi, RamiT isini iReben dRiuri normis
60% sakvebs. amitom saRamos kveba unda moxdes rac SeiZleba gvian, im
varaudiT, rom sakvebi eyos dilis 5-7 saaTamde. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
saRamos mivcemT mcire raodenobiT sakvebs, dilis kvebisas micemul sak-
vebs bocveri Wams xarbad, piris RruSi naklebad amuSavebs, ramac SeiZ-
leba kuW-nawlavis traqtis aSliloba gamoiwvios.
bocvris aRwarmoeba
kardi dedobrivi instinqtis mqone dedal bocvrebs aRwarmoebisaT-
vis iyeneben 3-5, mamlebs ki 2-3 weli. dedlebSi sqesobrivi cikli meorde-
ba yovel 8-9 dReSi da xuraoba grZeldeba 3-5 dRe. dasagrileblad deda-
li bocveri gadayavT mamlis galiaSi, sadac is advilad nayofierdeba da
maleve abruneben Tavis galiaSi.
makeobaze Semowmebis mizniT ganayofierebidan mexuTe-meeqvse dRes
dedali kvlav gadayavT mamlis galiaSi da akvirdebian. im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac dedali makea, is mamals ar ikarebs. dReSi erT mamal bocvers
SeuZlia gaanayofieros 4-5 dedali.
make bocvers inaxaven individualur galiaSi. mogebamde 4-5 dRiT
adre galias asufTaveben da adezinficireben, Cadgamen sabudars, romel-
Sic Cafenilia mSrali namja. mogebamde dedali bocveri awyobs budes- is
ReWavs namjas, muclidan iclis TivTiks da agrovebs sabudaris erT
adgilze. mogebamde 2-3 saaTiT adre budes amowmeben.
bocveri, ZiriTadad, igebs saRamos da Ramis saaTebSi. deda bocveri
lokavs axladmogebul baWiebs, Semdeg Wams momyols da svams wyals.

142
 zogierT SemTxvevaSi bocveri Wams Tavis baWiebs. ZiriTadad, amis
ori mizezia garkveuli: pirveli, makeobisas arasrulfasovani kveba da
gansakuTrebiT ulufaSi mineraluri marilebis nakleboba da meore,
mogebisas sasmeli wylis uqonloba. aseTi deda bocveri eqvemdebareba
wundebas.
pirvel dReebSi baWiebi imyofebian budeSi. me-5-me-7 dRidan maT
amodiT bewvi da iwyeben budeSi gadaadgilebas. me-9-me-10 dRes baWiebs
exilebaT Tvalebi, xolo me-16–me-20 dRidan iwyeben budidan gamosvlas. es
imis mimaniSnebelia, rom maT ar yofniT dedis rZe. amitom sakveburSi
unda eyaroT koncentrirebuli sakvebi.
baWiebs dedidan asxletaven 45 dRis asakSi. am periodSi isini unda
vkveboT imave sakvebiT, romlebsac iRebdnen wovebisas, dedis rZeze
damatebiT. axladasxletil baWiebs kvebaven dReSi 4-5- jer. saRamosa da
dilis kvebas Soris periodi ar unda aRematebodes 8-10 saaTs.
sxvadasxva sqesis bocveris garCeva
garegnuli niSnebiT mamali da dedali bocveri naklebad gansxvav-
debian erTmaneTisagan. amasTan, kargad dakvirvebisas, SeiZleba davinaxoT
gansxvavebuli meoradi sasqeso niSnebi: mamali bocveri tanad ufro mom-
croa, Tavi mokle da kvadratuli formisaa, konstitucia ki uxeSi. dedal
bocvers Tavi viwro, sxeuli ufro nazi, gava ki farTo aqvs. mucelze mas
or rigad ganlagebuli aqvs kertebi (sul 8 an 10).
dedal da mamal bocvers erTmaneTisagan arCeven sasqeso organo-
ebze TiTis daWeriT, ra drosac sqesobrivad momwifebul mdedrs gamouC-
ndeba xvreli, xolo mamrs sasqeso aso. amasTan, dedlebSi analuri da
sasqeso xvreli Zlier miaxloebulia erTmaneTTan, maSin, rodesac mam-
lebSi sasqeso organo sakmaod moSorebulad mdebareobs.
bocvris movla-Senaxva
bocvrebs inaxaven 120-140 X 65-70 X 45-50 sm zomis galiebSi. iataki
mavTulbadis, an xis lartyis SeiZleba iyos. normiT zrdasruli boc-
vrisaTvis Sesanaxi farTobi 0,5-0,7 m2/sulze, mozardis jgufurad
Senaxvisas ki 0,12m2/sulze Seadgens. galias tixriT yofen or nawilad
sabudar da sasadilo ganyofilebad. tixarSi keTdeba 20 X 20 sm zomis
saZromela. sasadilo ganyo-
sur. 62. dedali bocvris Sesanaxi filebaSi awyoben sawyurve-
erTiarusiani galia bels da sakveburs koncen-
tratebisaTvis.
umjobesia mozardis
gamozrda jgufurad seira-
niT aRWurvil galiaSi,
romelsac aqvs sakveburi da
sawyurvebeli. jgufSi Sear-
Ceven erTnairi sqesisa da
asakis 8-10 sul baWias,
wlis civ periodSi
galiis iatakze ageben namjis
1. karebi; 2. Stuceri koleqtoris miliT; qveSsafens, romelsac yovel
3. sakveburi; 4. rezinis mili; 5. dgari; 3-5 dReSi erTxel cvlian. 3-
6.avtosawyurvebeli 3,5 Tvis mozardebi xSirad
Cxuboben da erTmaneTs uzi-

143
aneben tyavbewvs. amitom, ufro agresiuli individebi gadayavT sxva
galiaSi.
galiebi SeiZleba iyos ramdenime iarusad dalagebuli. Seduri
(fardulebSi) Senaxvisas upiratesad gamoiyeneba erTiarusiani galiebi
(sur. 62).

sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
• ra saxis sakvebiT ikvebeba bocveri?
• dReSi ramdenjer unda vkveboT zrdasruli/mozardi bocveri?
• ra asakidan iwyeben mozardis suqebas da ramden xans grZeldeba is?
• ramdeni dRe grZeldeba bocvris xuraoba?
• rogoria datvirTvis norma mamali bocverisaTvis?
• ra mizeziT aris gamowveuli deda bocvris mier baWiebis Wama?
• ramdeni dRis asakSi aisxliteba dedidan baWia?
• ra niSnebiT varCevT erTmaneTisagan mamal da dedal bocvers?

literatura:
1. n.gociriZe, g.dalaqiSvili, l. TorTlaZe- mecxoveleobis safuZ-
vlebi, Tbilisi, 2001;
2. j. guguSvili, g. dalaqiSvili- `rogor movaSenoT bocveri~ Tbi-
lisi, 2004;
3. a.dolmazaSvili, g.gogoli da sxv.- mecxoveles cnobari. Tbilisi,
”universali”, 2009;

T a v i 11. zoohigienis safuZvlebi

termini zoohigiena ori berZnuli sityvisagan Sedgeba da niSnavs
cxovelTa janmrTelobas (“zoo”- cxoveli, “higienos”-janmrTeloba). is swav-
lobs garemos- haeris, wylis, niadagis, sakvebis da sxva faqtorebis
gavlenas cxovelTa janmrTelobis mdgomareobasa da produqtiulobaze,
agreTve, mecxoveleobis produqtebis warmoebis anarCenebisagan garemos
dabinZurebis Tavidan acilebas.
garemos cvalebadoba gansxvavebul reaqciebs iwvevs cxovelis
organizmSi. zogjer es cvalebadoba organizmis adaptaciis diapazonis
farglebSia, zogjer ki eqstremaluri da iwveven daZabulobas, stress,
ris gamo mosalodnelia paTologiuri procesebis ganviTareba. amis
gaTvaliswinebiT zoohigiena gansazRvravs cxovelTa movla-Senaxvis, kve-
bis da eqsploataciis normebsa da wesebs.

haeris Sedgeniloba
Cveulebriv, atmosferos haeri Sedgeba 78,09% azotisagan, 20,95% Jan-
gbadisagan, 0,03% naxSirorJangisagan da zogierTi sxva airisagan.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad cxovelTa sadgomebSi) haerSi
SeiZleba Sereuli iyos organuli naerTebis daSliT wamoqmnili airebi,
amiaki (NH3) da gogirdwyalbadi (H2S). cxovelTa sadgomebSi, aseve sak-
maod xSirad aRiniSneba naxSirorJangis (CO2) sasurvelze ufro maRali
koncentracia.
amiaki. ufero, sakmaod mZafri da mxuTavi sunis mqone airia. haerSi
is Cveulebriv pirobebSi ar gvxvdeba. cxovelTa sadgomebSi is, ZiriTa-
144
dad, warmoiqmneba Sardis (Sardovanas) daSliT. cxovelebis nakelidan
amiaki SedarebiT naklebad warmoiqmneba, xolo frinvelis nakelidan
sakmaod didi raodenobiT.
sadgomis haerSi amiakis koncentracia ar unda aRematebodes 0,0026%-
s, anu 20 mg/m3- Si. haerSi misi normaze maRali Semcvelobisas cxovelebSi
aRiniSneba zeda sasunTqi gzebis lorwovani garsis gaRizianeba, agreTve
Tvalebis anTeba da cremldena, xolo metad maRalma koncentraciam SeiZ-
leba gamoiwvios filtvebSi sisxlis Caqceva, rac mTavrdeba letali
SedegiT.
gogirdwyalbadi. ufero, laye kvercxis sunis mqone, aqroladi
airia. sadgomSi is warmoiqmneba cxovelTa gamonayofebis gadaumuSave-
beli proteinebis xrwniT, ra drosac sxvebTan erTad xdeba gogirdSem-
cveli aminmJavebis daSla. xasiaTdeba Zlier toqsikuri TvisebiT: 0,015%-
ze ufro maRali raodenobiT Semcveli haeris CasunTqvisas uaresdeba
gulis muSaoba, xolo aseT sadgomSi xangrZlivad yofnisas mosalod-
nelia sasunTqi centrebis dambla da cxovelis sikvdili.
sadgomSi amiakisa da gogirdwyalbadis koncentraciis mateba SeiZ-
leba gamoiwvios sanitarul-higienuri normebis daucvelobam, gamonayo-
febis dagvianebulma gatanam, agreTve ventilaciisa da kanalizaciis
gaumarTavma muSaobam.
naxSirorJangi. Cveulebriv haerSi CO2- is koncentracia 0,3-0,4%-is
farglebSia, sadgomebSi ki misma raodenobam 0,5-1%- s SeiZleba miaRwios,
rac gapirobebulia organizmis cxovelmoqmedebis procesSi, agreTve
organuli naerTebis xrwnisas am airis gamoyofiT. naxSirorJangis norma-
ze meti Semcveloba, uaryofiTad moqmedebs cxovelebis janmrTelobis
mdgomareobasa da produqtiulobaze.
rogorc wesi, cxovelTa sadgomebSi mavne airebis koncentraciis
matebis mizezia saventilacio sistemis mouwesrigebloba, an arasworad
gamoyeneba.
mtveri. atmosferos haerSi mravladaa organuli da araorganuli
warmoSobis meqanikuri minarevebi. cxovelis sadgomis haeri upiratesad
organuli warmoSobis mtvers Seicavs. cocxal organizmze mtvris
uaryofiTi moqmedeba gamoixateba sasunTqi gzebis lorwovani garsis,
kanis da Tvalis koniuqtivas dazianebaSi.
mikroorganizmebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom haeri ar aris mikroor-
ganizmebisaTvis xelsayreli garemo, masSi sakmao raodenobiT gvxvdeba
rogorc saprofituli, aseve pirobiTad paTogenuri da paTogenuri for-
mebi. es ukanasknelni, rogorc wesi, gvxvdeba mecxoveleobis fermebisa da
meurneobebis mimdebare teritoriis haerSi, sadac isini xvdebian sadgo-
mebis ventilirebisas gamotanili haeriT. Tavad sadgomebis haerSi paToge-
nuri da pirobiTad paTogenuri mikroflora, ZiriTadad, xvdeba avad-
myofi da bacilamatarebeli cxovelebis mier amosunTquli haeriT da
sxvadasxva gamonayofebiT.
sanitarul-higienuri normebiT sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebis
sadgomis 1 m3 haerSi mikroorganizmebis raodenoba SeiZleba cvaleba-
dobdes 20-100 aTasis farglebSi.
aerogenuri gziT vrceldeba iseTi daavadebebi, rogoricaa tuberku-
lozi, Turquli, paragripi-3, yvavili, Zroxisa da Roris Wiri, rino-
pnevmonia, frinvelis pasterelozi, niuklasis daavadeba da sxv. CamoTv-
lilidan zogierTi daavadeba iZens gavrcelebis epizootur xasiaTs.

145
 klimati da mikroklimati
klimati aris drois sakmaod xangrZlivi periodis manZilze amindis
saSualo maCveneblebi. misi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia haeris temperatura,
tenianoba da atmosferuli wneva.
mikroklimati aris mcire garemos klimati (magaliTad, romelime
wyalsacavis mimdebare teritoriis, qalaqis romelime raionis da sxv.).
mecxoveleobaSi es termini gamoiyeneba cxovelTa sadgomebis zoohigienu-
ri parametrebis- temperaturis, tenianobis, haeris moZraobis siswrafis
da ganaTebulobis, agreTve haerSi mavne airebis, mtvrisa da mikroor-
ganizmebis koncentraciis maCveneblebze msjelobisas.
haeris temperatura. sxvadasxva saxeobis, agreTve erTi da imave
saxeobis farglebSi sxvadasxva jiSis, asakisa da fiziologiuri mdgoma-
reobis cxovelebi sxvadasxvagvarad reagireben haeris temperaturis
cvalebadobaze. Sesabamisad maTi moSenebisas yuradReba unda mivaqcioT
Tu ra temperaturis pirobebSi aris SesaZlebeli maqsimaluri produqti-
ulobis miReba. magaliTad:
1. Roris, Zroxis, cxvrisa da qaTmisaTvis Termoneitraluri tempera-
turis diapazoni sakmaod gansxvavebulia (nax. 9).
2. mozardisaTvis optimaluria sakmaod maRali temperatura, maSin
rodesac imave saxeobis zrdasruli individebisaTvis aseTi tempe-
ratura, umetes SemTxvevaSi, eqstremaluria (nax. 9);
3. Zroxis evropuli jiSebis umete-
nax. 9. sxvadasxva saxeobis cxo-
velebis Termoneirtaluri tem-
sobisaTvis Termoneitralurad
peraturis zonebi iTvleba +0...+160C haeris tempe-
ratura, xolo aziuri ZroxisaT-
wiwila vis anu zebusaTvis es diapazoni
+12...+37,50C-is farglebSia. analo-
qaTami 100 
giuri gansxvavebebia sxva saxe-
obis sasoflo-sameurneo cxove-
nezvi 4 0
goWi lebisa da frinvelebis jiSebs
0
14  
Sorisac.
Termoneitralurze maRali an
dabali haeris temperatura uaryofi-
furi 120  xbo Tad moqmedebs cxovelis organizmze.
0
16   amasTan, siciveSi siTbos gacemis gaZ-
lierebiT gamowveuli danakargebis
nerbi 0 
aRdgena SesaZlebelia maRali energe-
5 batkani tikuli ulufebiT kvebiT, maSin, rode-
           110  sac sicxisas, sxeulis normaluri
temperaturis SesanarCuneblad gaZli-
‐5    0          +5        +10       +15      +20      +25       +30   erebuli danakargebis fonze cxo-
haeris temperatura velebi umadobis gamo ver iReben
sakmarisi raodenobis sakvebs da,
imavdroulad, uqveiTdebaT sakvebis sayuaTo nivTierebebis monelebadoba.
rogorc sicxis, aseve sicivis moqmedebisas mcirdeba cxovelTa pro-
duqtiuloba, izrdeba erTeul produqciaze sakvebis danaxarji da qveiT-
deba aRwarmoebis unari, xolo eqstremaluri temperaturis xangrZlivad
moqmedebisas mosalodnelia temperaturuli stresi, janmrTelobis
mdgomareobis gauareseba da calkeul SemTxvevaSi cxovelis sikvdili.
sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebisa da frinvelebis sadgomebSi haeris
optimaluri temperaturis parametrebi mocemulia 25- e cxrilSi.

146
 tenianoba. haeris tenianobis daxasiaTebisas gamoiyeneba higromet-
ruli maCveneblebi- absolituri, maqsimaluri da fardobiTi tenianoba,
agreTve gaJRenTvis deficiti da namis wertili. haeris tenianoba unda
ganvixiloT rogorc haeris eqstremaluri temperaturis uaryofiTi moqme-
debis mamodificirebeli komponenti. imavdroulad gasaTvaliswinebelia,
rom maRali tenianoba xels uwyobs mikroorganizmebis gamravlebas,
xolo metad dabali- haerSi mtvris koncentraciis gazrdas.

cxrili 25. cxovelTa sadgomebSi mikroklimatis parametrebi

saxeoba, asaki haeris fardo haeris mtvris mikro- xelov-
tempe- biTi moZra- nawila- buli nuri
ratu- teni- obis kebis moTes- gana-
ra, C
0 anoba, sisw- Semcve- vilo- Teba,
% rafe, loba, ba, luqsi
m/wm mg/m3 aT/m3
Z r o x e u l i
samSobiaro +16...+18 70 0.3-0.5 0.3-0.5 50-70 75-100
profilaqtoriumi +17...+20 70 0.1-0.5 2.0-4.0 20-40 50-75
saxbore +15...+17 70 0.1-0.5 2.0-4.0 20-40 50-75
furi da 1 welze
uxnesi mozardi, +8...+10 70 0.5-1.0 1.0-4.0 70-120 50-75
dabmulad Senaxvisas
igive, daubmelad
+5...+8 70 0.3-0.5 1.0-4.0 70-120 50-75
Senaxvisas)
mozardi 4 Tvidan 1
+10...+12 70-75 0.3-1.2 1.0-3.0 70-120 50-75
wlamde
R o r i
kerati, make da moge-
+14...+16 75 0.3-1.0 1.0-3.0 100-150 50-100
buli nezvi
mosagebi ganyofileba
+18...+22 70 0.1-0.6 1.0-2.0 40-50 50-100
da 4 Tvemde goWebi
sasuqi suladoba +12...+18 75 0.3-1.0 1.0-3.0 70-90 20-50
c x v a r i
verZi, nerbi, SiSaqi,
+5...+8 75-80 0.5-1.0 1.0-4.0 70-120 30-50
asxletili batkani
samSobiaro, sabatkne +12...+15 75 0.2-0.5 1.3-3.0 70-90 50-100
f r i n v e l i *
zrdasruli qaTami +12...+16 60-70 0.3-0.6 4-8 220 10-70
„ – „ – „ indauri +12...+16 60-70 0.3-0.6 4-8 220 10-70
„ – „ – „ ixvi +7...+14 70-80 0.5-0.8 4-8 220 10-70
” – ” – ” bati +10...+15 70-80 0.5-0.8 4-8 220 10-70
* parametrebi ufro detalurad motanilia me- 10 TavSi „mefrinveleoba.
frinvelis xorcisa da kvercxis warmoebis teqnologia”.

cxovelTa sadgomebSi haeris fardobiTi tenianoba 50-80%- is far-

glebSi SeiZleba cvalebadobdes. amasTan, papanaqeba sicxisas maRali far-
dobiTi tenianoba aqveiTebs cxovelis Termoreguliaciis meqanizmebis efeq-
turobas, ris gamo SesaZlebelia organizmis gadaxureba. mniSvnelovania
vicodeT, agreTve, rom teniani haeri gajerebulia agresiuli airebiT, rac
iwvevs liTonis konstruqciebis da aparatura-mowyobilobebis korozias.

147
 meore mxriv, arc Zalian dabali fardobiTi tenianobaa sasurveli,
vinaidan cxovelebs uSrebaT zeda sasunTqi gzebis lorwovani garsi,
mosalodnelia kanis dazianeba, xolo matyli mSrali da mtvrevadi xdeba.
haeris moZraoba. haeris swrafi moZraoba rogorc sicxisas, aseve
sicivisas amcirebs kanis da balnis safaris damcvelobiTi funqciebis
mniSvnelobas. amasTan, Tu haeris garkveuli siswrafiT moZraoba papana-
qeba sicxeSi sasargebloa organizmis siTburi stresis Semsubuqebis
TvalsazrisiT, siciveSi piriqiT, xels uwyobs mis zedmetad gagrilebas.
orive SemTxvevaSi aRiniSneba Warbi energetikuli danaxarjebi.
sinaTlis reJimi. sinaTle xels uwyobs organizmis fiziologiuri
funqciebis gaaqtiurebas. amitom cxovelTa binebi kargad unda iyos gana-
Tebuli. arasakmarisad ganaTebul sadgomebSi gaZnelebulia momsaxure
personalis muSaoba.
ganaTebis erTeulad miRebulia luqsi. cxovelTa sadgomebSi gana-
Tebis sidide SeiZleba cvalebadobdes sakmaod farTo diapazonSi, xolo
dRe-Ramis manZilze ganaTebis xangrZlivoba damokidebulia cxovelis/
frinvelis fiziologiur mdgomareobaze.
sadgomebis ganaTebas zomaven sinaTlis koeficientiT, romelsac
angariSoben fanjrisa da iatakis farTobebis SefardebiT. es Sefardeba
SeiZleba cvalebadobdes 1/8-1/30- is farglebSi.
mzis radiacia (insoliacia). mzis sxivebs, gansazRvruli doziT
didi biologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs. is aRizianebs ra nervul sistemas da
endokrinul jirkvlebs, cxovelis organizmSi aZlierebs Jangva-aRdge-
niTi fermentebis aqtiurobas, ris Sedegad umjobesdeba nivTierebaTa
cvla, Zlierdeba cximebis, cilebisa da mineraluri nivTierebebis dagro-
vebis intensioba da umjobesdeba sisxlis baqteriociduri Tvisebebi.
garda amisa, insolacia xels uwyobs kanze da balnis safarze arsebuli
mikrofloris mniSvnelovani nawilis daxocvas, mozardebSi ki raqitis
profilaqtikas;
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Termoneitraluri temperaturis zeda
zRvarTan axlos haeris temperaturisas mzis sxivebis pirdapiri moqme-
deba aris damatebiTi stres-faqtori da cxovelebSi iwvevs uaryofiT
reaqciebs. amis gamo, mzis radiaciis pirdapiri moqmedebisagan cxove-
lebis dasacavad fermasTan arsebul saseirno moedanze an saZovrebze
awyoben msubuq fardulebs, an am mizniT rgaven didi radiusis varjis
mqone foTlovan mcenareebs.
atmosferuli wneva, naleqi, qari. iseve rogorc mzis radiacia, kli-
matis es elementebi cxovelis janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze da produq-
tiulobaze moqmedeben mxolod maSin, rodesac aRiniSneba Termoneitra-
lurze ufro maRali an dabali temperatura.
niadagi
sadgomebis da seiranebis ageba, agreTve droebiTi bakebis mowyoba
umjobesia mSral, haer da wyalgaumtar niadagze, sadac gruntis wylebi
1,5-2 m- ze da ufro Rrmadaa. notio, svel niadagze dawolisas cxoveli
ufro male civdeba, vidre mSral niadagze. Waobian niadagze Cndeba avad-
myofobebi, xolo aseT adgilze aSenebuli sadgomi mudmivad iqneba nesti-
ani, rac vnebs cxovelsac da azianebs Senoba-nagebobasac.
yovel 1 g niadagSi aseuli milionobiT mikroorganizmi aris. maT
Soris SesaZlebelia paTogenuri formebiT dabinZureba, romelic niadag-
Si xvdeba cxovelebis gamonayofebidan da leSidan. gansakuTrebiT did-

148
xans inaxeba niadadSi da inarCunebs paTogenur Tvisebebs cimbiruli
wylulis, tetanusis, emfizemuri karbunkulis, botulizmis, Roris wiTe-
li qaris da zogierTi sxva daavadebebis gamomwvevi Cxirebi da/an spo-
rebi. maT mier gamowveul daavadebebs uwodeben niadagis infeqciebs.
niadagSi didi raodenobiT gvxvdeba helminTebis Canasaxebi, askari-
das kvercxebi, diqtiokaulozis Canasaxebi. aq, aseve, binadroben iseTi
organizmebi, romlebis warmoadgenen helminTebis Sualedur maspinZlebs.
magaliTad, fasciolozis aRmZvrelebis Sualedi maspinZelia moluskebi.
niadagis sanitaruli daxasiaTebisaTvis swavloben mikrobiolo-
giur, helminTologiur da qimiur maCveneblebs.
wyali
kargi xarisxis wyali unda iyos gamWvirvale, sunis gareSe da
saasiamovno gemosi. cxovelebi unda davawyuroT sufTa, gamdinare wyliT.
amisaTvis gamoiyeneba gansxvavebuli konstruqciis individualuri da
jgufuri sawyureblebi. sasmeli wylis temperatura unda iyos +8...+120C.
zamTarSi dauSvebelia yinuliani civi wyliT cxovelis dawyureba,
vinaidan is SeiZleba gacivdes, make ki gaberwdes. zafxulSi zedmetad
Tbili wyali ver klavs wyurvilis SegrZnebas da SeiZleba mogvevlinos
damatebiT stres-faqtorad.
sxvadasxva saxeobisa da fiziologiuri mdgomareobis cxovelis
moTxovnilebaze sasmel wyalze saubari iyo gv. 68 da 69-ze. raodenobas-
Tan erTad cxovelis janmrTelobis SesanarCuneblad da warmoebuli
produqciis usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania sasmeli wylis
sanitarul-higienuri maCveneblebi, romelic gulisxmobs mis epidemiolo-
giur, epizootologiur da toqsikologiur usafrTxoebas.
momqmedi standartiT sasmeli wyali fasdeba sxvadasxva nivTi-
erebebis Semcvelobis mixedvbiT. 26- e cxrilSi motanilia mosaxleobaze
da cxovelebze centralizebulad miwodebul sasmel wyalSi zogierTi
nivTierebebis Semcvelobis
normativebi. aseTi xarisxis cxrili 26. sasmeli wylis zogierTi
wylis misaRebad sasurvelia sanitarul-higienuri normebi
mecxoveleobis ferma Cair- maCveneblebi zomis raode-
Tos wyalmomaragebis cent- erTeuli noba
ralizebul sistemaSi, ra gamWvirvaloba sm 30
(snelenis SriftiT)
drosac uzrunvelyofilia
saerTo sixiste mg/eqv. 7-14
dasufTaveba da sanitaruli
amoniaki - kvali
TvalsazrisiT uvnebeli da
xarisxiani wylis milsadene- nitritebi - kvali
biT sadgomSi miwodeba. nitratebi mg/l 10-20
umniSvnelod gansxvavebuli qloridebi “ – “ 350*
SeiZleba iyos maRarosebri sulfatebi “ – “ 500**
Wis wylisadmi wayenebuli rkina “ – “ 0,3
sanitarul-higienuri xarisxi. manganumi “ – “ 0,1
CvenSi gansakuTrebu- spilenZi “ – “ 1,0
lad problematuria saZovar- TuTia “ – “ 5
ze myofi cxovelebis daw- tyvia “ – “ 0.1-mde
yureba. xSirad mTeli dRis mikrobuli ricxvi 1 ml-Si 100
manZilze cxovels ara aqvs Jangvadoba Mg/l 3
wylis dalevis saSualeba da *) organuli warmoSobis - 30-50 mg/l
mas awyureben mxolod binaSi **) “ – “ – “ - 60 mg/l

149
dabrunebis Semdeg. aseTi mdgomareoba uaryofiTad moqmedebs cxovelis
organizmze da sagrZnoblad amcirebs mis produqtiulobas.
rogorc wesi, saZovarze cxovelebs wyals asmeven mdinareebidan,
tbebidan da/an wyalsatevebidan. am SemTxvevaSi dawyureba unda xdebodes
ise, rom cxoveli wyalSi ar Sediodes. amisaTvis, im adgilze, sadac
xdeba dawyureba, unda moewyos winaRoba (meseri), im varaudiT, rom wylis
dalevisas cxovelma Tavisuflad SeZlos Tavis gayofa da wylis daleva.
sakvebi
xarisxiani sakvebi da normirebuli kveba ara marto zrdis cxo-
velTa produqtiulobas, aramed amaRlebs maTi organizmis daavadebebi-
sadmi rezistentobas. cudad nakvebi cxoveli ufro Znelad itans daava-
debas, vidre normalur kondiciaSi myofi.
sakvebi unda iyos xarisxiani. amis misaRwevad unda davicvaT maTi
aRebis agroteqnikuri vadebi, agreTve transportirebis, Senaxvisa da
kvebiswina Semzadebis pirobebi. dauSvebelia daobianebuli, dampali da
damJavebuli sakvebiT, agreTve gaRivebuli marcvleuliT cxovelebis
kveba. maTi janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSia miwiT, lamiT an sxva minarevebiT
dabinZurebuli sakvebic.
arakeTilsaimedo da gafuWebuli sakvebiT kveba gansakuTrebiT
saSiSia make pirutyvisa da mozardisaTvis.
cxovelTa sadgomebis mowyobis higienuri moTxovnebi
adgilis SerCeva: yuradRebas amaxvileben sanitarul usafrTxo-
ebaze, romlis qveS igulisxmeba warsulSi cxovelTa samarxebis arse-
boba, agreTve Rvarcofebisa da wyaldidobebis saSiSroeba.
dasaxlebuli punqtidan cxovelTa sadgomebi daSorebuli unda
iyos: Zroxis, cxenisa da frinvelis 200 m-iT, cxvris 300 m-iT, Roris ki
500 m-iT. dasaxlebuli punqtTan fermis mowyobisas iTvaliswineben qaris
mimarTulebas da mas ageben gabatonebuli qarebis sawinaaRmdego mxares;
magistraluri gzidan da rkinigzidan ferma daSorebuli unda iyos
300 m-iT, xolo Sida gzebidan- 50 metriT mainc. imavdroulad iTvalis-
wineben fermasTan misasvleli gzis keTilmowyobas, eleqtroenergiiTa da
centralizebuli wyalmomaragebis SesaZleblobebs.
sadgomisaTvis SerCeuli adgili unda iyos odnav SemaRlebuli,
swori, samxreTiT an samxreT aRmosavleTi mimarTulebiT mcired (50- mde)
daqanebuli. gruntis wylebi niadagis zedapiridan unda iyos sul mcire
1,5-2 m-is siRrmeze.
sadgomebis da sxva saTavsoebis mowyoba. saSeni masala unda iyos
siTbos cudi da haeris kargi gamtari. rogorc wesi, am mizniT iyeneben
adgilobriv masalas. Senobis kedlebi, iataki da Weri unda moewyos ise,
rom SesaZlebeli iyos sanitarul-higienuri mdgomareobis dacva.
nagebobebi ise unda ganlagdes, rom Tavidan aviciloT tempera-
turis mkveTri cvalebadoba, gaaumjobesos haercvla da uzrunvelyos
Senobis SigniT mzis sxivebis SeRweva. fermis teritoriaze sxvadasxva
asakis cxovelTa sadgomebis, sacavebis da sxva aucilebeli nagebobebis
ganlagebis daproeqteba specialur codnas moiTxovs. amasTan, fermis
nagebobebis daproeqtebaSi sainJinro-teqnikur specialistebTan erTad
monawileoba unda miiRon zooteqnikuri da saveterinaro ganaTlebis
specialistebma.

150
 sadgomis zomebi gamomdinareobs gansaTavsebeli suladobidan;
sadgomTan, rogorc wesi, awyoben saseirno moedans romlis farTobi
gamomdinareobs cxovelTa saxeobidan da asakobrivi jgufidan. saseirno
moednis SemaRlebul adgilze ewyoba sakveburi da sawyurvebeli;
sasurvelia sakveburebTan, mis mTel sigrZeze, moewyos 2-3 m siganis
msubuqi farduli, rasac cxovelebi uamindobisas an papanaqeba sicxisas
gamoiyeneben TavSesafarad;
fermis teritoriaze aucilebelia specialuri beras da bakis mow-
yoba, sadac moxdeba cxovelebis awonva, agreTve, Sesruldeba maTi
veterinarul da sanitarul momsaxureobasTan dakavSirebuli samuSaoebi..
sasilose tranSea an ormo, Tivis Sesanaxi sawyobi da nakelsacavi
cxovelTa sadgomebidan daSorebuli unda iyos sul mcire 50 m-iT da
SemoRobili unda iyos; nakelsacavis tevadoba iangariSeba im varaudiT,
rom gatana moxdes weliwadSi erTxel an orjer.
fermis teritoria unda SemoRobili iyos. satransporto saSuale-
bebis SesasvlelSi, karebis mTel siganeze ewyoba dezbarieri, xolo
muSa-mosamsaxureebis SesasvlelSi sanitaruli gamtari gasaxdelebiT,
saSxapiT da spectansacmlis Sesanaxi oTaxiT. aucilebelia dasasvenebeli
oTaxis, agreTve produqciis misaRebi da gasagzavni, agreTve teqnikuri
saTavsoebis da teqnikuri saSualebebis mowyoba (mag. sarZeve, cxovelebis
avtotransportze dasatvirTi estekada da sxv.). calke unda moewyos
izolatori, sadac moTavsdeba avadmyofi da/an avadmyofobaze saeWvo
cxovelebi.
fermis daproeqtebisas erT-erTi mTavari amocanaa Tavidan avici-
loT garemos dabinZureba.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
• ras swavlobs zoohigiena?
• romeli airebisagan Sedgeba atmosfero da ra koncentraciiT?
• ra aris klimati, ra aris mikroklimati?
• romel mavne airebs SeiZleba Seicavdes cxovelTa sadgomis haeri
da saidan warmoiSvebian isini?
• ra temperaturis farglebSia Termoneitraluri diapazoni Zroxi-
saTvis/cxvrisaTvis/ RorisaTvis/frinvelisaTvis?
• rodis moqmedebs cxovelis organizmze uaryofiTad mzis sxivebi?
• mikrobTa romeli formebi inaxebian da inarCuneben paTogenur Tvi-
sebas niadagSi xangrZlivi periodis manZilze?
• ra maCveneblebiT sazRvraven wylis xarisxs?
• ra parametrebiT SearCeven teritorias fermis mosawyobad?
• ra manZiliT unda iyos daSorebuli cxovelebis sadgomi magistra-
luri gzidan, rkinigzidan?
• ra manZiliT unda iyos daSorebuli fermis SigniTa nagerbobebi
erTmaneTisagan?
• ra aris gasaTvaliswinebeli sanakele ormos mowyobisas?

literatura:
1. j.naWyebia, n.zazaSvili, T.yuraSvili, a.wulaia- zoohigiena (zogadi
nawili). Tbilisi, 2005;
2. g.gogoli- garemo da cxoveli. produqtiulobis ekologiuri
problemebi meZroxeobaSi. Tbilisi, ”mecniereba”, 1997;
151
 3. a.dolmazaSvili, g.gogoli da sxv.- mecxoveles cnobari, Tbilisi,
”universali”, 2009;
4. Г.П.Табаков, В.В.Храмцов- Зоогигиена с основами ветеринарии и санитарии, М.,
«КолосС», 2004;
5. А.Кузнецов, М.С.Найденская, П.Н.Виноградов, В.В.Храмцов- Зоогигиена с
основами проектирования животноводческих объектов. М., «КолосС», 2007;
6. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под
общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;

 
 
 
 
T a v i 12. rZis gadamuSavebis teqnologia
rZis qimiuri Sedgeniloba da fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebi
rZe aris TeTri, odnav moyviTalo elferis, wyalTan SedarebiT
mcirediT blanti, specifiuri (rZis) sunis da erTgvarovani konsisten-
ciis siTxe. is warmoadgens polidispersiul sistemas, vinaidan mis Semad-
genlobaSi Semavali organuli da araorganuli nivTierebebis daqucmace-
bis xarisxi sxvadasxvaa. magaliTad, rZis cilovani nivTierebebi imyofe-
bian koloidur mdgomareobaSi, cximebi- uxeSdispersiulSi, xolo araor-
ganuli nivTierebebi warmoqmnian WeSmarit xsnarebs.
rZe Seucvleli sakvebia axalSobilisaTvis. amasTan, is gamoiyeneba
sxvadasxva rZis produqtebis dasamzadeblad, xolo misi Semadgeneli
komponentebi warmoadgenen mniSvnelovan nedleuls farmaceptuli da
mrewvelobis sxva dargebisaTvis.
sxvadasxva saxeobis da jiSis cxovelebis rZe gansxvavdeba erTmane-
Tisagan rogorc qimiuri SedgenilobiT, ise fizikur-qimiuri TvisebebiT.
bolo monacemebiT rZe Seicavs 200-ze met nivTierebas. amasTan, misi
ZiriTadi Semadgeneli komponentebia wyali, cximebi, cilebi, laqtoza anu
rZis Saqari da mineralur nivTierebebi (cxrili 78). rZe aseve Seicavs vi-
taminebs, zogierT sxva biologiurad aqtiur nivTierebebs da fermentebs.
1 kg Zroxis rZis
cxrili 27. sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebis energetikuli Rirebu-
rZis qimiuri Sedgeniloba leba, saSualod 2870
saxeoba qimiuri Sedgeniloba, % kilojoulia. es maCve-
wyali cximi cila Saqari nacari nebeli damokidebulia
Zroxa 87,5 3,6 3.2 4,9 0,8 masSi cximebis, cilebi-
kameCi 82,9 7,5 4,6 4,2 0,8 sa da laqtozas Semcve-
cxvari 83,6 6,2 5,1 4,2 0,9 lobaze.
Txa 88,9 4,1 3,3 4,4 0,8 wyali. rZeSi gvxv-
deba Tavisufal da
cxeni 89,7 1,9 2,2 5,8 0,3
dakavSirebul an adsor-
birebul formaSi. wylis daaxloebiT 95-97% Tavisufalia. masSi gaxsnilia
Saqari, mineraluri nivTierebebi da mJavebi.
mSrali nivTiereba. aris im nivTierebebis saerTo raodenoba, rome-
lic miiReba rZis +102...+105 0C-ze gamoSrobisas. misi raodenoba SeiZleba
ganisazRvros tolobiT:
4,9 × r.c. + sA0
m.n. = + 0,5 , sadac
4
- mn aris mSrali nivTiereba %- Si;

152
 - r.c. _ rZeSi cximis Semcveloba, %;
- sA0 _ rZis simkvrive areometris gradusebSi.
Zroxis rZe saSualod Seicavs 12,5% mSral nivTierebas. yvelaze met
mSral nivTierebas (17-17,5%-s) Seicavs kameCis, Semdeg ki cxvris rZe.
rZis mSral nivTierebebSi yvelaze metad cvalebadia cximi, amitom
praqtikaSi sargebloben ucximo mSrali rZis narCenis- ”umrn” maCvenebliT
(mas xSirad ucximo mSrali nivTierebasac eZaxian da SemoklebiT aRniS-
naven ”umn”- iT). umrn sazRvraven mSrali nivTierebis saerTo raodenobaze
cximis %- is gamoklebiT. umrn-s raodenobas aseve SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT
tolobiT:
r.c. sA 0
umrn = + + 0,76
5 4
umrn-s raodenoba Zroxis rZeSi 8,5-9%-a, xolo kameCis rZeSi 9,5-10%.
cximebi. cximovani mJavebisa da glicerinis rTuli eTeria. sxva
cxoveluri cximebisagan rZis cximi gansxvavdeba imiT, rom is Seicavs 150-
ze met sxvadasxva cximovan mJavas, maSin rodesac sxva cxovelur cxi-
mebSi maTi raodenoba 5- dan 7- mdea. cximebi Sedgeba gajerebuli, mono da
poligaujerebeli cximovan mJavebisagan. Zroxis rZe saSualod 3,5-3,7%
cxims Seicavs.
cilebi. ZiriTadad, Sedgeba kazeinis, albuminis da globulinisagan.
Zroxis rZeSi cilebis saerTo raodenoba daaxloebiT 3,2%-ia, maT Soris
kazeinia 2,7%, albumini 0,4 da globulini 0,1%. sxvadasxva saxeobis
cxovelebis rZeSi cilebis saerTo raodenobis 76-88% modis kazeinze.
albumini da globulini SratSi xsnadia, amitom maT Sratis cilebsac
uwodeben.
cilebi maRalmolekuluri naerTebia da ZiriTadad warmoqmnilia
aseuli da aTaseuli aminmJavasagan. cilebi erTimeorisagan gansxvavdebian
qimiuri SedgenilobiT. rZis cilis mTavari gansxvaveba sxva, mcenareuli
da cxoveluri warmoSobis cilebisagan is aris, rom optimaluri pro-
porciiT Seicavs yvela 8 (10) Seucvlel aminmJavas. amis gamo rZis cila
miekuTvneba srulfasovan cilaTa jgufs.
Saqari, anu laqtoza. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis erTmaneTTan dakav-
Sirebuli glukozisa da galaqtozas TiTo molekula. Zroxis rZe
Seicavs 4,9% laqtozas, xolo yvelaze meti laqtozaa cxenis rZeSi (5,8%).
bunebaSi laqtoza gvxvdeba mxolod rZeSi.
mineraluri nivTierebebi. rZis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis mendeleevis
perioduli sistemis 80-mde elementi. raodenobrivi SemadgenlobiT maT
yofen makroelementebad (maTi raodenoba 10_100 mg%-a), da mikroelemente-
bad (-0,01_1 mg%). rZis makroelementebia kaliumi, kalciumi, magniumi,
fosfori, gogirdi da qlori. rZis mikroelementebs miekuTneba rkina,
alumini, qromi, tyvia, dariSxani, kala, titani, vanadiumi, vercxli, spi-
lenZi, kobalti, manganumi da sxva. rZeSi am nivTierebaTa raodenoba
umniSvneloa, magram organizmis cxovelmyofelobaSi maT metad didi
funqcia akisriaT. Zroxis rZeSi mineraluri nivTierebebis xvedriTi wili
0,7-0,85%-s Seadgens. cxenis rZeSi maTi raodenoba yvelaze naklebia.
rZe Seicavs yvela im mineralur nivTierebas, rac aucilebelia
axalSobili organizmis zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis. rZeSi marilebi, Ziri-
Tadad, Tavisufal mdgomareobaSi imyofeba, maTi nawili ki qimiurad
dakavSirebulia rZis sxva Semadgenel nawilebTan. gansakuTrebiT didi
raodenobiTaa rZeSi kalciumi (100-140 mg%) da fosfori (74-130 mg%)

153
 vitaminebi. rZe adamianisaTvis vitaminebis mniSvnelovani wyaroa. is
Seicavs cximSi da wyalSi xsnad TiTqmis yvela vitamins, maT Soris ren-
tols (vitamini A), Tiamins (B1), riboflavins (B2), piriqsidins (B6) kobala-
mins (B12), agreTve D, E, K da C vitaminebs. rZeSi aseve gvxvdeba β-karotini.
rZis qimiur Sedgenilobas sazRvraven qimiuri da bioqimiuri ana-
lizis meTodebiT. sawarmoo praqtikaSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba rZeSi cxi-
misa da cilis raodenobis gansazRvra. am maCveneblebis, agreTve rZis
simkvrivis, laqtozis, damatebuli wylis (falsifikaciis) da zogierTi
sxva parametris dasadgenad mrewveloba uSvebs “Lactoskan”, “Лактан”,
“Клевер” da sxva dasaxelebis avtomatur analizatorebs.
sur. 63. rZis imunuri sxeulebi. gansakuTrebiT bevria xsen-
analizatori Si, rZe ki SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT Seicavs.
imunur sxeulebs didi profilaqtikuri mniSvneloba
“Lactoscan”
aqvs, radgan isini axalSobil organizms icaven
paTogenuri mikrobebisagan da xels uwyoben imuni-
tetis gamomuSavebas.
hormonebi. Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebis mier
gamoyofili nivTierebebia. isini monawileoben
Jangva-aRdgeniT, nivTierebaTa cvlis procesebSi,
agreTve rZis sekreciasa da gamoyofaSi. magaliTad,
hipofizis wina nawilis hormoni prolaqtini sti-
muls aZlevs rZis gamoyofas, xolo sakvercxeebis
yviTeli sxeulis hormoni loteosteroni aferxebs mas. cxovelis orga-
nizmi bevr sxva hormonsac gamoyofs.
airebi. rZeSi gaxsnilia airebi, romlebic masSi xvdebian wvelisas,
rZis erTidan meore WurWelSi gadasxmisas da sxv. 100 sm3 rZe Seicavs 5-7
sm3 airebs, aqedan daaxloebiT 55-70% naxSirorJangi, 5_10%- Jangbadi da
20-30% azotia.
mJavianoba. axlad mowvelili Zroxis rZes mcired mJave reaqcia aqvs.
misi рН, anu ares aqtiuri reaqcia 6,68- is tolia. warmoebis pirobebSi
rZis mJavianobas gamoxataven terneris gradusebSi (T0). am maCvenebels
sazRvraven rZis 0,1 normaluri KOH- is wyalxsnariT gatitvriT. axlad-
mowvelili Zroxis rZis gasatitri mJavianoba 16-18 T0 unda iyos.
simkvrive. anu erTeuli moculobis masa. rZeSi Semavali nivTierebe-
bis funqciaa. mas +200C temperaturaze zomaven areometriT anu laqtoden-
simetriT da gamoxataven g/sm3- Si, an areometris gradusebSi (A0).
Zroxis rZis simkvrive saSualod 1,030- g/sm3- s, anu 30 A0 Seadgens
da es maCvenebeli 1,027-ze dabali ar unda iyos.  cximgaclili (moxdili)
rZis simkvrive ufro maRalia, vidre naturaluris.
duRilis temperatura. damokidebulia rZis qimiur Sedgenilobaze,
agreTve atmosferul wnevaze. 760 mm vercxlis wylis svetis wnevisas rZe
duRs, daaxloebiT +100,2...+100,50C temperaturaze.
gayinvis temperatura. rZe saSualod iyineba -0,54 0C temperaturaze.
es maCvenebeli, gamomdinare rZis qimiuri Sedgenilobidan, _0,525..._0,5650C-
is farglebSi cvalebadobs.
baqteriociduri Tvisebebi. mowvelidan pirvel-or saaTSi rZeSi
mikroorganizmebis raodenoba mcirdeba. amas ganapirobebs am produqtSi
fermentebis lipazasa da peroqsidazas, agreTve imunoglobulinebisa da
leikocitebis arseboba.

154
 periods, romlis manZilze rZe inarCunebs baqteriocidur Tvisebebs
uwodeben baqteriocidur fazas. am fazis xangrZlivoba damokidebulia
rZis mikrofloriT moTesvilobis xarisxze da temperaturaze. Tu rZes
gavacivebT +40C-mde, is baqteriocidul Tvisebebs inarCunebs 24 sT- is,
00C-ze ki 48 sT-is ganmavlobaSi.
rZis higiena
termin rZis higienis qveS igulisxmeba ucxo minarevebis Semcveloba,
misi mikrobiologiuri daxasiaTeba, somaturi ujredebis raodenoba da
organoleptikuri maCveneblebi.  
sisufTavis xarisxi. rZeSi didi raodenobiT meqanikuri minarevebis
(Tivis, miwis da nakelis nawilakebi, agre-
sur. 64. rZis sisufTavis Tve balani da sxv.) arseboba miuTiTebs
xarisxis dasadgeni etaloni wvelisas, pirveladi damuSavebisas da/an
transportirebisas higienuri normebis
daucvelobaze.
meqanikuri minarevebiT dabinZurebis
xarisxs sazRvraven 250 ml rZis nimuSis
gafiltvriT da filtris qaRaldis Seda-
rebiT etalonTan (sur. 64). I jgufis
sisufTavis xarisxs akuTvneben rZes,
rodesac filtris qaRaldze meqanikuri
minarevebi SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT ar
SeimCneva; II jgufis- rodesac filtris
qaRaldze aRiniSneba erTeuli nawilakebi,
xolo III jgufis- rodesac filtrze
SeimCneva mcire da sakmaod didi zomis
minarevebi.
baqteriuli moTesvianoba. dgindeba reduqtazas sinjiT. moTesvi-
anobis xarisxis mixedviT rZe iyofa oTx klasad:
I klasi, 1 ml rZeSi 300 aTasze naklebi baqteriaa (kargi) ,
II klasi 500 aTasidan 4 mln-mde baqteria (damakmayofilebeli) ,
I I I klasi 4 –dan 20 mln-mde baqteria (cudi) d a
IV klasi 20 mln-ze meti baqteria (Zlier cudi) .
somaturi ujredebis raodenoba. am maCvenebels gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba mieqca manqanuri wvelis masobrivad SemoRebis Semdeg peri-
odSi, vinaidan rZeSi somaturi ujredebis didi raodenoba miuTiTebs
furebis mastitiT daavadebaze. janmrTeli furebidan mowvelili nakrebi
rZis 1 mm3-Si somaturi ujredebis maqsimaluri raodenoba ar unda aRema-
tebodes 500 aTass. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es maCvenebeli ufro maRalia,
rZe iTvleba saeWvod.
somaturi ujredebis raodenobas adgenen sakontrolo firfitis
(ПМК-1) fosoSi  2,5%-iani mastiprimis preparatisa da rZis nimuSis narevis
konsistenciis SecvliT Serevidan 60 wamis gasvlis Semdeg. Tu narevma
miiRo Jeles konsistencia, 1 ml rZeSi somaturi ujredebis raodenoba 500
aTasidan 1 mln- mdea da miganiSnebs, rom nakreb rZeSi Sereulia mastitiT
daavadebuli furebis rZe;
praqtikaSi popularoba moipova mastitiani rZis gamovlenis meore
meTodma, e.w. “kalifornia mastit test”-ma. ra drosac specialur firfi-
taze gansazRvruli raodenobis CMT koncentratis 2,5%-ani samuSao
xsnars da rZes ureven erTmaneTSi da akvirdebian narevis mdgomareobas:

155
 a) nareevi Tu Txieri darCa, nakreb rZeSi
sur.65. “kalifornia mastitiani furebis rZe ar aris Sereuli; b) narev-
mastit test”-is tes- ma Tu lorwosmagvari an Jelesmagvari konsis-
tirebis firfita tencia miiRo, aRiniSneba mastitis kvali (daava-
debulia furebis umniSvnelo raodenoba); g) Tu
narevma miiRo Jelesmagvari konsistencia, savara-
udod furebis mniSvnelovan nawilSi aRiniSneba
mastiti da d) Tu narevi SerevisTanave sqeldeba
da iRebs Semkvrivebul Jelesmagvar konsistencias,
fermis furebis mniSvnelovan nawilSi aRiniSneba
mastitis mwvave forma;
rZis keTilsaimedoba. saR rZes ar unda hqondes ucxo suni, gemo da
ar unda Seicavdes sakvebwarmoebaSi gatarebuli agroteqnikuri RinisZi-
ebebisas gamoyenebuli Sxamqimikatebis, agreTve samkurnalwamlo prepara-
tebis, gansakuTrebiT ki antibiotikebis naSTs. rZeSi dauSvebelia mZime
metalebis zRvrul koncentraciaze met odenobis Semcveloba.
es nivTierebebi ara marto saSiSia adamianebis janmrTelobisaTvis,
aramed sagrZnoblad scvlian rZis fizikur-qimiur Tvisebebs da auarese-
ben misgan damzadebuli produqtebis xarisxsa da sasaqonlo saxes.
wvelis Semdeg rZe ganicdis cvlilebebs, romlis mimarTuleba
damokidebulia dabinZurebis saxeze. magaliTad, rZemJava baqteriebis mox-
vedrisas rZe mJavdeba, erbomJava baqteriebis SemTxvevaSi ki mZaRdeba.
pirveladi damuSavebisas rZeSi SeiZleba moxvdes adamianis janmrTelo-
bisaTvis saSiSi mikroorganizmebi, maT Soris nawlavis Cxiris jgufis
baqteriebi, romelic iwvevs kuW-nawlavis sistemis mwvave daavadebas.
rZis pirveladi damuSaveba
wvelis damTavrebisTanave rZe gadaaqvT sarZeveSi sadac awonviT, an
sxvadasxva konstruqciis rZismzomiT
sazRvraven mis raodenobas. sur. 66. rZis sawuri
gafiltvra. gafiltvris mizania
rZeSi Sereuli meqanikuri minarevebis
mocileba. fermis pirobebSi rZes fil-
traven specialur sawurSi (sur. 66)
Cafenili bambis filtriT an 2-3 fenad
dakecili marliT. rZis msxvil sawar-
moebSi am mizniT gamoiyeneba separa-
torebi.
gaciveba. rZe Tu ar gavaciveT, is
cxrili 28. rZis Senaxvis
oTaxis temperaturaze 2_3 sT-Si dam-
xangrZlivobis damokidebuleba
Javdeba. dabali temperatura sakmaod
gacivebis temperaturaze
xangrZlivad uzrunvelyofs rZis Tvise-
gacivebis tem- Senaxvis xang- bebis SenarCunebas. zafxulSi rZe unda
peratura, 0C rZlivoba, sT
gacivdes +4...+60C, zamTarSi ki- +8...+100C
+8...+10 6_12 temperaturamde. gacivebis temperatura
+6...+8 12_18 gavlenas axdens rZis Senaxvis xangr-
+4...+5 18_24 Zlivobaze (cxrili 28).
rZes aciveben wyliT an samacivro danadgariT. wyliT gacivebisas
Sevsebul maTaras Cadgamen gamdinare wylis avzSi da procesis daCqa-
rebis mizniT rZes sareviT periodulad, saaTSi erTxel mainc ureven.
wyali unda Sediodes avzis qveda zonidan da gamodiodes mis zeda

156
nawilSi. avzis SigniTa sigane unda iyos 0,8 m, simaRle- 0,6 m, xolo
sigrZe damokidebulia Casadgmeli maTarebis raodenobaze. wyliT rZe
SeiZleba gavacioT +3...+40C-mde. gacivebul rZes inaxaven tankSi an
rezervuar- TermosSi.
sur. 67. Ria tipis rZis gasa‐ pasterizeba. im SemTxvevaSi, rode-
civebeli abazana УОМ 1000 sac naxiri arakeTilsaimedoa gadamdeb
daavadebebze, an kidev rodesac rZes
fermidan pirdapir agzavnian sarealiza-
ciod, aucilebelia misi pasterizeba.
misi mizania paTogenuri da Sxamwar-
momqmneli mikrofloris daxocva,
agreTve rZis fermentebis inaqtivacia.
pasterizeba SeiZleba iyos xangr-
Zlivi, xanmokle da momentaluri. xang-
rZlivi pasterizebisas rZes acxeleben
+63...+650C temperaturamde da ayovneben
30 wT, xanmokle pasterizebisas, Sesa-
bamisad, +72...+760C-mde 15_20 wm, xolo
momentaluri pasterizebisas +85...+900C‐ mde dayovnebis gareSe.
sterilizacia. zogierT SemTxvevaSi saWiroa rZis sterilizacia,
rac niSnavs am produqtis +1000C-ze ufro maRal temperaturamde gacxe-
lebas, sxvadasxva xangrZlivobis dayovnebiT. sterilizaciisas ixoceba
baqteriebis rogorc vegetaturi formebi, aseve maTi sporebic.
rZis daxarisxeba. CvenSi rZis xarisxs afaseben standartiT, romlis
mixedviT is unda iyos naturaluri, janmrTeli cxovelebisgan miRebuli,
axali, mowvelis Semdeg gafiltruli da +100C temperaturamde gacive-
buli, ferad _ TeTri an Ria moyviTalo, ar unda dahkavdes ucxo gemo da
suni.
fizikur-qimiuri da mikrobiologiuri maCveneblebis mixedviT rZis
daxarisxebis standartiT dadgenilia moTxovnebi misi mJavianobis, sisuf-
Tavis da baqteriuli moTesvilobis xarisxis mixedviT (cxrili 29).
cxrili 29. sarealizacio rZis xarisxze evrogaerTianebis
wayenebuli moTxovnebi standartiT xarisxiani
rZis 1 ml- Si dasaSve-
maCveneblebi xarisxi uxa-
bia 300 aTasamde mikro-
I II risxo
bis da 500 aTasamde
0
mJavianoba, ara umetes T 16_18 16_20 21 somaturi ujredebis
sisufTavis xarisxis jgu- arseboba. aseve, limiti-
fi, etalonis mixedviT, I II III rebulia mZime metale-
aranaklebi bis, antibiotikebis naS-
Tis, da hormonaluri
baqteriebiT moTesilobis
I II III preparatebis Semcvelo-
klasi reduqtazas sinjis
ba.
mixedviT, aranaklebi
rZis transporti-
reba gadamamuSavebel sawarmomde SeiZleba maTarebiT, an specialuri
avtocisterniT. amasTan, mWidrod daxuruli maTarebiT rZis gadatana
sasurvelia mxolod dRe-Ramis gril periodSi. sicxeSi transpor-
tirebisas maTarebs unda gadavafaroT sveli brezenti, gaTibuli mwvane
balaxi, namja an sxva saSualeba, romelic daicavs rZes swrafad
gaTbobisagan.

157
 rZis separireba
rZeSi cximi 3-5 mikroni diametris cilis garsiT dafaruli burTu-
lebis saxiT Sewonawonebul mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. cximis kuTri masa
saSualod 0,92 g/sm3- s udris, rZis danarCeni nawilis (ucximo rZis)- 1,034-
s. aseTi sxvaobis gamo, WurWelSi mdgar rZeSi cximis burTulebi amotiv-
tivdebian mis zedapirul fenaSi. am gziT SesaZlebelia cximisa da rZis
danarCeni nawilis erTmaneTisagan dacileba da primitiuli wesiT naRebis
miReba. aseTi wesiT naRebis dawdomis Semdeg moxdil rZeSi cximi mainc
sakmaod didi raodenobiT (1%-mde) rCeba.
am procesis gaiolebis, cximis gamosavlianobis gadidebis da Sro-
mis mwarmoeblurobis amaRlebis mizniT Seqmnilia centridanuli Zalis
principiT momqmedi danadgarebi, separatorebi.
rZis miwodebisa da gamodinebis (gamoSvebis) mixedviT, separa-
torebi iyofa sam jgufad: 1. Ria, ra drosac erTis mxriv rZis miwodeba,
meores mxriv ki naRebisa da moxdili rZis gamodinebis procesi Riaa; 2.
naxevrad daxuruli- rZis Ria miwodebiT da naRebisa da moxdili rZis
daxuruli gamodinebiT da 3. daxuruli (hermetuli)- specialuri tumbos
meSveobiT rZis daxuruli miwodebiT da naRebisa da moxdili rZis
daxuruli gamodinebiT.
wvril sawarmoebSi, rogorc wesi, iyeneben Ria, calkeul SemTxve-
vaSi ki naxevrad daxurul separatorebs.
separatoris muSa meqanizmi Sedgeba horizontaluri lilvisagan,
romelsac gareTa boloze aqvs borbali, fraqciuli centridanuli
quriT da xraxniani TvaliT. am ukanasknelis saSualebiT brunviTi moZra-
oba gadaecema vertikalur lilvs an TiTistars. lilvis boloSi
moTavsebulia mbrunavi dolabi.
mimRebidan (1, nax. 68) rZe miewodeba mbrunav TefSs, romlidan
arxebiT nel-nela adis maRla da nawil-
sur. 68. 100 l/sT gamtar- deba TefSebs Soris arsebul sivrceSi.
unarianobis Ria tipis arxidan gamosvlisas, centridanuli
Zalis moqmedebiT rZe iyofa naRebad da
separatori 
danarCen fraqciad. naRebi, rogorc msu-
buqi fraqcia adis maRla, grovdeba zeda
gamyofi TefSis SigniTa mxareze da arxis
1 
saSualebiT gadmoedineba naRebis mimReb-
Si. moxdili rZe, rogorc ufro mZime
fraqcia, moZraobs sapirispiro mimarTu-
2 lebiT da grovdeba qvemo TefSebs Soris
sivrceSi, aqedan ki moxdili rZis mim-
RebSi. amdenad, separatoris Sesabamisi
milyelebidan (2, 3) naRebi da cximgac-
lili rZe gadmoedineba cal-calke.
rZidan cximis mocilebis xarisxze
 3 
gavlenas axdens rZis sisufTave, mJavi-
anoba da temperatura, agreTve separato-
ris dolis brunvis siswrafe.
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac rZe Zlier
dabinZurebulia meqanikuri minarevebiT, agreTve Tu misi mJavianoba
maRalia, moxdil rZeSi cximis raodenoba normaze maRalia, xolo Seda-
rebiT maRali temperatura (+40...+450C), xels uwyobs separirebis process.

158
 naRebi. aris rZis koncentrirebuli cximovani nawili. is, ZiriTadad,
gamoiyeneba araJnisa da karaqis dasamzadeblad, agreTve cximis mixedviT
rZis normalizebisaTvis, nayinis da sxvadasxva sasmelebis dasamzadeb-
lad, an kidev uSualod sakvebad. naRebi SeiZleba Seicavdes 35, 20 da 10%
cxims. 35 da 20% cximian sakveb naRebs pasterizebas ukeTdeben +85...+870C,
xolo 10% cximians- +78...+800C temperaturaze.
sasmeli rZis da rZemJava produqtebis warmoeba
sasmel rZes yofen cximianobis, gadamuSavebis xerxis, Semavseblebis
Semcvelobisa da dafasoebis saxis mixedviT.
temperaturuli damuSavebis xarisxidan gamomdinare ganasxvaveben
pasterizebul, maRal temperaturaze dayovnebul (mdnar) da sterilize-
bul rZes.
pasterizebuli rZe. ewodeba iseT rZes, romelic Termulad damuSa-
vebulia +1000C- ze ufro dabal temperaturaze da gacivebulia swrafad.
misi warmoebis teqnologiuri procesi Sedgeba Semdegi operaciebisagan:
rZis miReba Æ daxarisxeba Æ gafiltvra Æ normalizeba Æ pasteri-
zeba Æ gaciveba Æ Camosxma Æ daxufva Æ Senaxva Æ transportireba.
gadamamuSavebel sawarmoSi rZis miReba xdeba misi organoleptiku-
ri, fizikur-qimiuri da mikrobiologiuri maCveneblebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
amasTan, rZis simkvrive ar unda iyos 1,027g/sm3- ze, xolo cximianoba 3,2%-
ze naklebi, is ar unda Seicavdes ucxo nivTierebebs- gamaneitraleblebs,
konservantebs, Sxam-qimikatebs, antibiotikebs da sxv. pasterizebuli rZis
dasamzadeblad vargisia ara nakleb II xarisxis nedleuli, romlis
mJavianoba ar aRemateba 190T- s.
rZis gafiltvra da normalizeba. miRebul rZes meqanikuri an sxva
minarevebisagan gawmendis mizniT atareben rZis gamwmendSi an filtrSi.
rZis normalizebas ukeTeben cximis Semcvelobaze, ra mizniTac gamoiye-
neba qvemoT CamoTvlilidan erT-erTi xerxi:
1. cximis didi raodenobiT Semcveli rZis dabalcximianTan SereviT;
2. cximis didi raodenobiT Semcvel rZeze moxdili rZis damatebiT;
3. rZis nawilis separirebiT an misi specialuri normalizatoriT
damuSavebiT.
4. dabalcximian rZeze naRebis damatebiT.
pasterizeba da gaciveba. gamoiyeneba pasterizebis sxvadasxva reJimi
(ix. rZis pirveladi damuSaveba), romlis SerCeva xdeba sawarmos teqni-
sur. 69. kameCis pasterize- kuri aRWurvilobidan gamomdinare. yve-
la SemTxvevaSi man unda uzrunvelyos
buli rZe (israeli) 
rZeSi arsebuli mikrobebis arasporo-
vani formebis daxocva.
pasterizebis damTavrebisTanave
rZe swrafad unda gacivdes ise, rom misi
temperatura ar aRematebodes +60C- s.
Camosxma, daxufva da Senaxva. pas-
terizebul da gacivebul rZes Camo-
asxamen didi tevadobis sxvadasxva
WurWelSi, agreTve sxvadasxva tevado-
bis minis an polieTilenis erTjerad
boTlebSi da qaRaldis paketebSi.
rZian cisternebsa da maTarebs
xuraven xufiT, luqaven da akraven eti-

159
kets. minis boTlebs xufaven aluminis kafsulebiT an parafinirebuli
muyaos rgolebiT, romlebzec amotvifraven produqtis dasaxelebas,
gamoSvebis TariRs, tevadobas, da teqnikuri pirobebisadmi Sesabamisobas.
msxvil sawarmoebSi sasmeli rZis warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli pro-
cesebi xorcieldeba daxurul sistemaSi, nakaduri wesiT. am miznisaTvis
sazRvargareTis qveynebis mrewveloba uSvebs sxvadasxva konstruqciisa
da mwarmoeblurobis kompleqsur mowyobilobebs.
rZemJava produqtebis damzadebis zogadi teqnologia
rZemJava produqtebi mzaddeba rZemJava baqteriebis sufTa culture-
biT rZis an naRebis SemJavebiT, safuarebis an ZmarmJava baqteriebis dama-
tebiT an maT gareSe. gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi, ZiriTadad uSveben
sami saxis rZemJava produqtebs: 1. Txevadi da naxevrad Txevadi konsisten-
ciis (mawoni, kefiri, prostokvaSa, acidofilini, acidofiluri rZe, kumi-
si), 2. cximis didi raodenobiT Semcveli (araJani) da 3. cilis didi
raodenobiT Semcveli (xaWo da misi nawarmi).
Txevadi da naxevrad Txevadi rZemJava produqtebi. mzaddeba moux-
deli, moxdili, aRdgenili-mouxdeli an moxdili-mSrali rZidan. maTi
damzadebis teqnologiuri procesebi sakmaod msgavsia da Sedgeba Semdegi
rgolebisagan: rZis daxarisxeba (SerCeva) Æ pasterizeba Æ daxufva Æ
Sededeba Æ gaciveba Æ Senaxva.
rZes pasterizeba xdema +80...+900C temperaturaze, rac aucilebelia
ferment lipazas inaqtivaciisaTvis. garda amisa, maRal temperaturamde
gacxelebisas miiRweva kazeinis hidrataciis maRali xarisxi, cila Zlier
ijirjveba, rac xels uwyobs ufro mkvrivi konsistenciis mza nawarmis
miRebas.
TiToeuli saxis rZemJava produqtisaTvis saWiroa konkretuli baq-
teriuli dedo, romelic unda iyos axali, standartisa da teqnikuri
moTxovnebis Sesatyvisi.
sawarmoebi baqteriul dedos mSrali fxvnilis an abis saxiT iZenen.
Cadedebis win aucilebelia misi “gacocxleba”. amisaTvis WurWelSi asxa-
men moxdil rZes, romelsac pasterizaciis mizniT acxeleben +950C tempe-
raturamde da am temperaturaze ayovneben 10 wT-is ganmavlobaSi. Semdeg
rZes aciveben Sededebis temperaturamde, xsnian masSi mSral dedos,
WurWels zemodan afareben ramdenime fenad dakecil dolbands, gadaaqvT
TermostatSi da axaneben vidre ar Sededeba. procesi, rogorc wesi,
grZeldeba 14-20 sT. amasTan, pirvel oTx saaTSi rZes yovel saaTSi
erTxel sWirdeba moreva.
am gziT iReben pirvelad dedos, magram, vinaidan masSi baqteriebi
jer kidev saTanadod ar aran aqtiuri, aucilebelia 1-2- jer gadaTesva.
amisaTvis iReben saTanado temperaturis 2 l moxdil rZes, amateben 100
ml, anu rZis moculobis 5% pirvelad dedos, kargad moureven da aCere-
ben TermostatSi. 8_10 saaTis Semdeg warmoiqmneba meoradi dedos mkvrivi
Senadedi, romelsac eqneba sasiamovno gemo da suni.
samuSao anu sawarmoo dedos mosamzadeblad rZeSi SeaqvT 5% meora-
di dedo da ayovneben TermostatSi. rZe Sededdeba 6-8 sT-Si. nadedi unda
iyos haeris buStukebis gareSe, mkvrivi da erTgvarovani konsistenciis.
mas eqneba rZemJava suni da gemo, xolo mJavianoba miaRwevs 95-1100T-s.
Casadedebel rZes agrileben sasurvel temperaturamde, SeaqvT masSi
5% (2-dan 10% mde) samuSao dedo, gulmodgined aureven, asxamen boTlSi,

160
qilaSi, bidonSi an sxva WurWelSi, xufaven da gadaaqvT TermostatSi, an
daaTbuneben. rZe normalur pirobebSi 3_6 saaTis ganmavlobaSi Cadeddeba.
Sededebul produqts, gamomdinare saxidan, +2...+100C-mde aciveben.
aseTi temperaturaze is SeiZleba SevinaxoT sami dRe-Rame.
produqtis konsistenciaze da sagemovno Tvisebebze kargad moqme-
debs dabal temperaturaze 12_18 saaTis ganmavlobaSi gaCereba. ra dro-
sac rZemJava baqteriebis ganviTareba neldeba, magram sxva saxis baqte-
riebi aqtiurdebian da produqts aromatsa da specifikur gemos aZleven.
rZemJava produqtebis aseT dayovnebas momwifeba ewodeba.
mawvnis damzadebis teqnologia. CvenSi mawoni uZvelesi droidan
aris cnobili da, SeiZleba iTqvas, tradiciuli sakvebi produqtia. mas
amzadeben Zroxis, kameCis, Txis da cxvris mouxdeli, aranakleb me-2
xarisxis rZidan, romlis mJavianoba ar aRemateba 190T-s, xolo simkvrive
1,029 g/sm3-a. mawoni SeiZleba damzaddes rZis fxvnilidan.
qarxnuli wesiT damzadebuli mawoni gamodis 3,2, 2,5, 1,5 da 1%-iani
cximianobiT.
pasterizebis mizniT mawvnis dasamzadebel rZes acxeleben +92...+950C
temperaturamde da ayovneben 5_10 wuTi. aucilebeli operaciaa rZis homo-
genizireba, rac xels uwyobs produqciis erTgvarovnebas da Tavidan gva-
cilebs cximis gamoyofas. homogenizireba, Cveulebriv, xdeba pasterizaci-
asTan erTad.
pasterizebiul rZes aciveben +42...+450C temperaturamde, masSi SeaqvT
rZis saerTo raodenobis 2_3% dedo da am teperaturaze ayovneben 3-4 sT.
Senadedi unda iyos mkvrivi, Sratis gamoyofis gareSe, damaxasiaTebeli
sasiamovno gemoTi da aromatiT.
mawons acieben 0...+60C temperaturamde, ra drosac mezofiluri baqte-
riebis moqmedebiT Canadedi mkvrivdeba, xolo specifikuri aromati da
gemo ufro mkveTrad gamoixateba. Zroxis rZis mawvnis mJavianoba Seadgens
80-1050T-s, xolo kameCisa da cxvris rZis- 120-1500T-s.
araJani. mzaddeba naRebis rZismJava duRiliT.
naRebis normalizeba xdeba dasamzadebeli araJnis cximianobidan
gamomdinare. normalizebul naRebs +85...+950C-ze ukeTdeba pasterizeba,
ris Semdeg mas ahomogenizireben da aciveben Casaded temperaturamde-
(zafxulSi +18...+25, xolo zamTarSi +22...+270C). Sesatani dedos raodenoba
unda iyos naRebis masis 3-5%. procesi grZeldeba 14-16 sT. pirveli sami
saaTis manZilze, saaTSi erTxel naRebs kargad moureven, Semdeg ki
daaclian, vidre mJavianoba 65-75 (zafxulSi) an 80-85 (zamTarSi) 0T-s ar
miaRwevs. mza produqts aciveben +2...+80C temperaturamde da 24-28 sT-iT
ayovneben momwifebis mizniT.
araJani sarealizaciod gamoaqvT rogorc 0,25 da 0,5 kg tevadobis
taraSi, aseve asawoni saxiT, 10-20 kg tevadobis maTarebiT.
xaWo. erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli cilis didi raodenobiT
Semcveli rZis produqtia. mas iReben rZidan iseTi mniSvnelovani
komponentebis gamoyofiT, rogoricaa cilebi da cximebi.
savaWro qselSi xaWo gamodis ucximo, agreTve 9 da 18% cximis Semc-
velobiT. didi raodenobis cilebisa da cximebis Semcvelobis wyalobiT
1 kg xaWos energetikuli Rirebuleba 9200-9300 kjoulia, xolo ucximo
xaWosi- 4500-4600 kjouli. xaWos sakvebad gamoyeneba SeiZleba ara marto
naturaluri saxiT, aramed misgan mzaddeba 120- ze meti sxvadasxva dasa-
xelebis kerZi, romelTa umetesoba dieturia, aqvs samkurnalo Tviseba da
margebelia bavSvebisaTvis.
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 teqnologuri procesi moicavs Semdeg operaciebs: rZis gaTboba Æ
gafiltvra Æ normalizeba Æ pasterizeba Æ gaciveba Æ Cadedeba Æ
dayovneba Æ nadedis damuSaveba.
naturaluri rZis pasterizeba xdeba +800C temperaturaze 20-30 wamis
dayovnebiT, xolo rZemJava dedo SeaqvT orkedlian abazanaSi +24...+340C
temperaturamde gacivebis Semdeg. Sesatani rZemJava dedos raodenobaa
rZis masis 5-8%.
xaWos misaRebad rZes Caadedeben rZemJava dedoTi da/an CakveTaven
rZemJava dedos da maWikis fermentis erTdroulad damatebiT. rZemJava
dedos damatebiT xaWo mzaddeba rogorc mouxdeli, aseve moxdili
rZidan.
dedos Setanis Semdeg rZes kargad moureven da Tbiladve ayovneben
6-8 sT- is ganmavlobaSi. periodis bolosaTvis miiReba nazi da sakmaod
mkvrivi nadedi, romlidanac Srati gamoyofili ar aris. kargi nadedis
amonatexis gverdebi sworia da misgan gamoyofas iwyebs momwvano elfe-
ris Srati. am droisaTvis Canadedis mJavianoba 60-850T- is farglebSia.
Sratis nawilis mosacileblad nadeds Wrian vertikalur da
horizontalur daniani cxaviT ise, rom miiRon 2 X 2 zomis kubis formis
marcvali, ris Semdeg nadeds 1 sT-iT ayovneben Sratis gamoyofis mizniT.
gamoyofil Sratis nawils aclian sifoniT an abazanis qveda nawilSi
arsebuli onkanidan gamoSvebiT.
Sratis darCenili nawilis mosacileblad jer mimarTaven nadedis
TviTdawnexvas, Semdeg ki iZulebiT dawnexvas. amisaTvis abazanidan nadedi
gadaaqvT 7-10 kg tevadobis lavsanis an marlis tomrebSi, moukraven Tavs
da deben wnex-urikaze. 1 sT-is manZilze TviTdawnxvis Semdeg tomaras
zemodan adeben metalis perforirebul firfitas da wnexis xraxnis moWe-
riT mimarTaven iZulebiT dawnexvas, vidre ar miaRweven xaWos kondiciur
tenianobas. dawnexvisas saamqroSi haeris temperatura unda iyos +3...+60C.
xaWo malfuWadi produqtia, amitom is rac SeiZleba swrafad unda
gavacivoT +3...+80C temperaturamde. sarealizaciod xaWo SeiZleba gaig-
zavnos xis an uJangavi metalis taraSi Cadebuli saxiT. ZiriTadad ki
mas afasoeben avtomatur an naxevradavtomatur danadgarebze 0,25, 0,5 da
1,0 kg masis marTkuTxedis formiT briketebad da fuTaven qaRaldSi an
aliuminis folgaSi.
sawarmoebi, naturaluri xaWosTan erTad uSveben mis safuZvelze
saTanado recepturiT damzadebul kvereulebs SaqriT, TafliT, qiSmiSiT,
SokoladiT da sxva.
karaqis damzadebis zogadi teqnologia
rZis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi uSveben sxvadasxva asortimentis
naRebis karaqs: umarilo, mariliani, glexuri, samoyvarulo, Sokoladis,
vologdis.
karaqi mzaddeba garkveul pirobebSi naRebis SedRvebiT. maRali
xarisxis karaqis misaRebad naRebi unda akmayofilebdes cxril 30-Si
motanil standartul moTxovnebs. amasTan, I da II xarisxis naRebi auci-
leblad cal-calke unda gadamuSavdes.
SedRvebisaTvis naRebis momzadeba xdeba Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT:
normalizeba Æ pasterizeba Æ gaciveba Æ Cadedeba Æ Sededeba
Æ momwifeba. naRebis aseTi momzadeba uzrunvelyofs gamosaxuli aroma-
tis, kargi konsistenciis da Senaxvisadmi gamZle karaqis miRebas.

162
 karaqis wyvetilad damamzadebelSi SedRveba normalurad mimdina-
reobs, Tu naRebi 32_36% cximianobisaa. ufro Txeli naRebis SedRvebisas
mowyobiloba zedmetad itvirTeba da aramwarmoeblurad gamoiyeneba,
mcirdeba sawarmoo xazis gamtaroba, SedRvebaze ki didi dro ixarjeba.
cxrili 30. naRebis xarisxis maCveneblebiT
cximis % da
xaris-
gemo da suni konsistencia da sisufTave mJavianoba (T0)
xi
24 28 33 38
motkbo gemo, erTgvarovani, normaluri,
ucxo gemosa da karaqis grovebisa da meqani-
I 16 15 14 13
sunis gareSe kuri minarevebisagan Tavisu-
fali.
odnav gamosaxu- erTgvarovani, gvxvdeba
II li sakvebis karaqis grovebi, meqanikuri
20 19 18 17
suni da ucxo minarevebisagan Tavisufali,
gemo umniSvnelo Seyinva.

normalizeba. sasurveli cximianobis naRebis miReba SesaZlebelia

misi normalizebiT: amisaTvis maRalcximian naRebs umateben rZes, dabali
cximianobisas ki- maRali cximianobis naRebs.
Serevis gaiolebis mizniT, normalizebis win, naRebs acxeleben
+35...+400C-mde, saWiroebisamebr amateben winaswar gamoTvlili raodenobis
maRalcximian naRebs an rZes da kargad ureven.
pasterizeba. am operaciis mizania mikrofloris mospoba da fermen-
tebis lipazas, peroqsidazasa da proteazas daSla da/an inaqtivacia.
reJimis SerCevisas iTvaliswineben naRebis siaxles da mJavianobas, agreT-
ve gamosaSvebi karaqis saxes. ase, magaliTad, tkbilnaRebiani da mJavena-
Rebiani karaqisaTvis gankuTvnili naRebi pasterizdeba +85...+900C tempera-
turaze, dayovnebis gareSe, xolo vologduri karaqis dasamzadeblad gan-
kuTvnili- +95...+980C- ze 10_15 wuTi dayovnebiT. rac ufro maRalia naRe-
bis mJavianoba, miT dabalia pasterizebis temperatura.
gaciveba da fizikuri momwifeba. pasterizebul naRebs swrafad
aciveben 0...+80C temperaturamde da aCereben mosamwifeblad. rac ufro
dabalia naRebis temperatura, miT naklebi droa saWiro mis mosamwi-
feblad. ase, magaliTad, 00C temperaturaze naRebi mwifdeba 0,5-1,0 sT-Si,
xolo +80C temperaturaze amisaTvis saWiroa 8-12 sT.
Cadedeba. momwifebul naRebs Caadedeben sufTa rZemJava baqteriuli
kulturebiT. arsebobs Cadedebis ori wesi, xangrZlivi da xanmokle.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi naRebSi SeaqvT saerTo masis 5%- mde dedo da axane-
ben +14...+160C temperaturaze daaxloebiT 12-16 sT, vidre mJavianoba 30-350T-
s ar miaRwevs. mikrobebis moqmedebiT naRebSi mimdinare process bioqi-
miuri momwifeba ewodeba. Cadedeba xels uwyobs karaqis xarisxisa da
Senaxvisadmi mdgradobis gaumjobesebas.
SeRebva. karaqs moyviTalo elferi unda dahkravdes. amis gamo,
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sakvebi saRebavi naRebSi SeaqvT SedRvebis win.
saRebavis raodenoba damokidebulia wlis droze: gvian Semodgomaze da
adre gazafxulze naRebSi arsebul yovel 1 kg cximze SeaqvT 0.5-0.8 ml,
xolo zamTarSi 1.0-1.5 ml saRebavi da kargad moureven.
SedRveba. momwifebuli naRebi gadaaqvT sadRvebelSi an karaqis
damamzadebelSi, xufs axuraven mWidrod da mohyavT moZraobaSi. pirveli

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3-4 wuTSi sadRvebels 2- jer mainc aCereben da gamoyofil airs gamouS-
veben onkanidan. SedRvebisas naRebis temperaturis zomaze metad gadide-
bis Tavidan asacileblad sadRvebelSi frTxilad asxamen +4...+50C- mde
gacivebul anaduRar wyals.
marcvlis mzadyofnas adgenen saTvalTvale minis daxmarebiT. is
SedRvebisas mikruli naRebisagan TeTria, xolo SedRvebis SemTxvevaSi
gamWirvale xdeba. SedRvebis damTavrebisTanave xsnian onkans da gamouS-
veben dos.
garecxva. mizania dos mTlianad mocileba da marcvlisaTvis sasur-
veli simkvrivis micema. gasarecxad Casxmuli wylis raodenoba naRebis
masis 50-60% unda iyos. Casxmis Semdeg sadRvebels afareben saxuravs da
akeTeben 3-5 bruns, ris Semdeg wyals onkanidan gamouSveben. tkbilnaRe-
bian karaqs recxaven erTjer, xolo mJavenaRebians- orjer.
damarileba. mizania: a) karaqisaTvis specifikuri gemos micema da b)
Senaxvisadmi mdgradobis gaumjobeseba.
dasamarileblad gamoiyeneba e.w. gamoxarSuli, ”eqstra” xarisxis
marili. Setanis win marils +120...+1300C- mde acxeleben.
marilis saWiro raodenobas adgenen SesadRvebad aRebuli naRebis
raodenobis, masSi cximis Semcvelobis, doSi cximis Semcvelobis da
karaqSi cximis Semcvelobidan gamomdinare. marils saceris daxmarebiT
sadRvebelSi karaqis jerkmis zedapirze Tanabrad anawileben. damarile-
bisTanave karaqis zeda fenas gadmoiReben da imave wesiT qveda fenasac
amarileben. marilis Tanabrad gasanawileblad 20-30 wT-is Semdeg karaqs
Caabruneben damamzadebelSi, axuraven saxuravs da nel brunvaze CarTaven
dasamuSavebel lilvebs. am dros marilis ganawilebasTan erTad karaqi-
dan gamoidevneba Warbi wyali.
formireba da dafasoeba. damarilebul karaqs Rarula lilvebs
Soris atareben, ris Sedegad misi marcvlebi
suraTi. 70. I xarisxis erT mTlian jerkmad erTiandeba da Sesa-
dafasoebuli karaqi fuTad moxerxebuli xdeba.
karaqs yofen daaxloebiT 25 kg ulufe-
bad, mas aZleven marTkuTxedis formas,
fuTaven pergamentis qaRaldSi da deben
gofrirebuli muyaos yuTSi. sacalo vaWro-
bisaTvis karaqs afasoeben 100- dan 500 g-mde
ulufebad, aZleven marTkuTxedis formas da
fuTaven pergamentis qaRaldiT, aluminis
folgiT an deben polimeruli masalis yuTSi.
Senaxva. karaqi Sesanax sacavSi, an kidev
macivarSi, haeris temperatura ar unda aRematebodes +60C- s, xolo far-
dobiTi tenianoba 80%-s.
yvelis damzadebis zogadi teqnologia
yveli miiReba rZis cila kazeinis fermentuli CakveTis gziT. dRe-
isaTvis msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi amzadeben ramodenime aseuli
dasaxelebis yvels. maWikis (pepsinis) yveli konsistenciis mixedviT iyofa
rbili da magari yvelis jgufebad.
zogadad yvelis damzadebis teqnologiuri procesi xorcieldeba
Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT: rZis miReba Æ daxarisxeba Æ rZis normali-
zeba Æ rZis pasterizeba da gaciveba Æ rZis momzadeba Æ rZis Cak-
veTa-Cadedeba Æ delamos (CanakveTis) damuSaveba Æ savele masis

164
formireba/dayalibeba Æ yvelis damarileba Æ yvelis momwifeba Æ
yvelis Senaxva.
daxarisxeba. yvelis dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneba I da II xarisxis rZe.
amasTan, qimiur SedgenilobasTan erTad gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs
rZis baqteriuli moTesvianobis xarisxs, agreTve biologiur Tvisebasa
da maWikis fermentiT CakveTis unars;
yvelis daamzadeba ar SeiZleba axladmowvelili da +4...+50C tempe-
raturamde gacivebuli rZidan. CakveTamde is unda momwifdes ise, rom mJa-
vianobam Seadginos 19 – 20 0T.
normalizeba. imis gamo, rom sxvadasxva asortimentis yvelSi rZis
qimiuri Sedgeniloba standartiT limitirebulia, xolo rZis qimiuri
Sedgeniloba icvleba wlis sezonis, cxovelis jiSis da sxva faqtorebis
moqmedebiT, CakveTamde rZes ukeTeben normalizebas. maRali cximianobis
SemTxvevaSi naturalur rZes umateben moxdils, xolo dabali cximiano-
bisas- tkbil naRebs. konkretuli saxis yvelis dasamzadeblad rZis sasur-
vel cximianobas angariSoben tolobiT:
scx = (cl X k X ycx) : 100, (%-Si), sadac
- scx - aris sasurveli cximianobis rZe (%),
- cl - rZeSi cilis Semcveloba (%),
- k - koeficienti; mSral nivTierebaSi 50% cximis Semcveli yvelisaT-
vis k = 2,09... 2,15-is, 40% cximianobis yvelisaTvis ki k = 1,9-is;
- ycx – yvelSi cximis Semcveloba standartis mixedviT (%);
pasterizeba da gaciveba. yveli mzaddeba +70...+740C temperaturamde
myisierad pasterizebuli rZidan. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac rZe miRebulia
janmrTeli cxovelebidan, Semowmebulia veterinariuli zedamxedvelebis
mier, kargi xarisxisaa da miRebulia sanitariul-veterinariuli moTxov-
nebis dacviT, daSvebulia yvelis damzadeba umi rZidan.
Cadedeba-CakveTa. dedos Setana xdeba +32...+360C temperaturis rZeSi.
baqteriuli dedos raodenoba unda iyos rZis raodenobis 0,3-0,6%. misi
Setanis mizania rZeSi, agreTve yvelis momwifebisa da Senaxvisas mikro-
biologiuri procesebis gaaqtiureba.
yveli dayalibebis da momwifebis procesSi rom ar gaiberos da ar
dakargos sasaqonlo saxe, yovel 100 kg Casadedebel rZes umateben 30 g
gvarjilas.
imisaTvis, rom wlis yvela sezonSi damzadebul yvels hqondes
erTnairi feri, teqnikuri moTxovnebiT yovel 100 kg rZes zafxulSi uma-
teben 1-5, zamTarSi ki 5-10 ml mcenareuli saRebavs da kargad moureven.
imis gamo rom pasterizebisas mineraluri nivTierebebis nawili
gamoiyofa naleqis saxiT, rZe Zalian cudad ikveTeba. amis gamosasworeblad
pasterizebul rZes umateben qlorian kalciumis an erTCanacvlebuli
fosforemJava kalciumis xsnars, yovel 100 kg rZeze 10_50 g-is angariSiT.
rZis CasakveTad gamoiyeneba maWikis fermenti, pepsini da qimozini.
CasakveTi xsnari mzaddeba gamoyenebamde 5 sT-iT adre. misi ares aqtiuri
reaqcia unda iyos Zlier mJave- pH =1,3-1,4- s.
kveTis saWiro raodenoba ganisazRvreba specialuri xelsawyoTi.
rZeSi SeaqvT imdeni raodenobis kveTi, rom is Sededdes 30 wT-Si. kveTis
Setanidan 20 wT-Si aucilebelia rZe SevamowmoT CanakveTis xarisxis
dasadgenad. amisaTvis Spatels CauSveeben CanakveTSi, amoiReben delamos
fenas da akvirdebian: normalur CanakveTs mawvnis Sexeduleba unda

165
hqondes, gansazRvruli simkvriviTa da drekadobiT. rZis CakveTa unda
damTavrdes 30-40 wT-Si.
delamos damuSaveba. gulisxmobs delamos daWras, marcvlis dayene-
bas, mis morevas, Semagrebasa da gaSrobas.
daWra xdeba horizontaluri da vertikaluri simebiani liriT, an
danebiT (sur. 71) ise, rom miviRoT kubis formis 5-6 mm an muxudos zomis
marcvali. marcvlis gamosaSrobad narevs ureven liriT da, parale-
lurad, meored acxeleben +38...+400C temperaturamde. am temperaturaze 10-
15 wuTis ganmavlobaSi ganagrZoben marcvlis Srobas (morevas).
mzaobis dasadgenad iReben
sur. 71. delamos dasaWreli
erT muWa masas da magrad wuraven.
lira (а) da danebi (б)
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac nawuri
masa TiTebis gasmiT ar igliseba,
aramed imarcvleba, iTvleba, rom
marcvali mzadaa. amis Semdeg more-
vas aCereben da marcvlis fskerze
dasaleqad 10_15 wuTis ganmavlo-
baSi axaneben.
sayvele masis dayalibeba/
formireba. yvels ayalibeben aba-
zanaSi. amisaTvis sayvele masas
jer moagroveben abazanis erT-erT
kuTxeSi da dawnexaven 1 kg Zalis
dawoliT. Semdeg mas Wrian Seda-
rebiT mcire zomis naWrebad
(gamomdinare yvelis Tavis sasurve-
li masidan), gadaaqvT naWris parkSi da wuraven. gawurvisas gamoidevneba
narCeni Sratis nawili, marcvlebi mTliandebian da yvels garkveuli
forma eZleva. gawurvis Semdeg yvels parkianad an mis gareSe aTavseben
liTonis yalibSi da yovel 5-10 wT-Si erTxel (sul 3-4- jer) gadaab-
runeben. am gziT yvelis TviTdawnexva grZeldeba 6-8 sT, ra drosac
haeris temperatura unda iyos +14...+160C.
yvelis formirebis procesis daCqarebis mizniT gamoiyeneba speci-
aluri wnexebi.
dawnexil yvels ukeTdeba niSandeba da is gadaaqvT dasamarilebel
saamqroSi. damarileba aumjobesebs yvelis gemos, aZlevs mas sasiamovno
aromats da garkveuli doniT aregulirebs mikrobiologiuri, fermen-
tuli da fizikur-qimiuri procesebis mimdinareobas.
dasamarilebeli waTxi mzaddeba mJave Sratze, romelsac mocile-
buli aqvs e.w. Sratis cilebi. yvels jer deben 15-16% koncentraciis, 14-
20 dRis Semdeg ki is gadaaqvT 20-22% koncentraciis waTxSi. amdagvarad
damarilebul yvelSi marilis koncentracia 4-5%-is farglebSia.
yvelis momwifeba. dayalibebuli da dawnexili yvelis konsistencia
araelastikuria, is TeTri ferisaa, gemo da suni ki naklebad gamok-
veTili aqvs. momwifebul yvels aqvs specifikuri- sasiamovno suni da
gemo, konsistencia elastikuria, moyviTalo elferisaa da gadanaWerze
garkveuli naxatoba (”Tvlebi”) SeimCneva. aseT cvlilebebs yveli ganic-
dis momwifebis procesSi.
pirveli 30 dRe yvels amwifeben +13...+150C temerpaturis da 92-95%
fardobiTi tenianobis sacavSi. Semdeg is gadaaqvT +10...+120C temperatu-
risa da 88-90% tenianobis sacavSi, sadac amwifeben saTanado kondiciis

166
miRwevamde. rogorc wesi, yvelis momwifeba grZeldeba 40 dRe. mas aqvs
sada zedapiri da ovaluri cilindris forma. sxvadasxva asortimentis
yvelis Tavis zomebi, forma da masa, agreTve konsistencia da qimiuri
Sedgeniloba regulirdeba standartiT da/an teqnikuri pirobebiT.
Senaxva. xangrZlivad Senaxvisas yvelis Sesanax sacavSi temperatura
unda iyos 0...+20C, xolo xanmokle Senaxvisas dasaSvebia +2...+80C. magari
yvelis Senaxvis vadaa 8 Tve, rbili yvelis 4 Tvemde, xolo Sveicarulis
erT welze meti. momwifebuli yveli -50C temperaturaze SeiZleba Sevi-
naxoT 18 Tvis manZilze. gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom aseTi tempera-
tura uzrunvelyofs yvelis sensoruli da fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebis
SenarCunebas.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
• ra maCveneblebiT gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebis rZe
erTmaneTisagan?
• romeli sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelis rZe Seicavs yvelaze met
mSral nivTierebas, cxims, cilas?
• siTburi damuSavebis romeli reJimebi gamoiyeneba rZis pasteri-
zebisas?
• ra maCveneblebiT ramden xarisxad yofen rZes?
• rogor sazRvraven rZis mokrobuli moTesvilobis xarisxs?
• ra TanamimdevrobiT mimdinareobs xaWos damzadebis teqnologiuri
operaciebi?
• romel Txevad da naxevrad mkvriv rZemJava produqtebs icnobT?
• SedRvebisaTvis naRebis momzadebis operaciebi rogori Tanamim-
devrobiT xorcieldeba?
• rogori TanamimdebvrobiT mimdinareobs yvelis damzadebis teqno-
logiuri operaciebi?
• rogor sazRvraven yvelis CasakveTi dedos raodenobas?
• ra cvlilebebs ganicdis yveli momwifebisas?
• rogori unda iyos rbili, magari da Sveicaruli yvelis Senaxvis
pirobebi da vadebi?

literatura:
1. rZis miReba da pirveladi damuSaveba. meToduri miTiTeba. Tbilisi, 2003;
2. n.lipatovi, z.cqitiSvili- rZisa da rZis produqtebis teqnologia,
1984.
3. К.К.Горбатова- Биохимия молока и молочных продуктов. Изд. "Легкая и пищевая
промышленность", М., 2004;
4. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под общей
редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;

167
 T a v i 13. xorcis gadamuSavebis teqnologia
miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva qveynebis mcxovrebTa moTxovni-
leba yoveldRiuri ulufis Sedgenilobasa da xasiaTze sakmaod gansxva-
vebulia, rogorc wesi, masSi xorcsa da xorcis produqtebs wamyvani
adgili ukavia.
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis pirveladi gadamuSavebis ZiriTadi
produqtia xorci (tanxorci), romelic warmoadgens kunTovani, cximovani
da SemaerTebeli qsovilebis organulad dakavSirebul erTobliobas. es
qsovilebi sxvadasxva saxeobis, jiSis, sqesis, asakis da nakvebobis cxo-
velTa da frinvelTa tanxorcSi metad gansxvavebulia. Sesabamisad,
gansxvavebulia maTi xorcis qimiuri Sedgeniloba (cxrili 31) biologi-
uri Rirebuleba da sensoruli Tvisebebi.
xorcis kvebiTi Rirebulebas axasiaTeben cilebis, cximebis, minera-
luri nivTierebebis, vitaminebis da sxva biologiurad aqtiuri nivTi-
erebebis raodenobiT, urTierT SefardebiT da adamianis organizmis mier
am nivTierebebis aTvisebadobiT.
Tavis mxriv, xorcis
cxrili 31. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisa
biologiur Rirebulebas
da frinvelebis xorcis qimiuri Sedgeniloba
gansazRvravs masSi Seuc-
xorcis qimiuri Sedgeniloba, %
vladi aminmJavebis, agreTve
saxe wyali cilebi cximebi nacari
mono da poligaujerebe-
Zroxis 66.4-70.6 18.7-20.0 8.3-14.0 0.9-1,1 li cximmJavebis, vitami-
Roris: nebisa da zogierTi sxva
-sabekone 54.0-55.1 16.5-17.2 26.8-28.0 0.9-1.0
biologiurad aqtiuri
-saxorce 51,0-51.8 14.0-15.0 32.8-33.5 0,8-0.9 nivTierebebis Semcveloba,
cxvris 67.2-69.4 15.6-19.8 9.9-16.4 0.8-0.9 romelTa miRebis gareSe
qaTmis 61.9-69.1 18.7-20.8 8.8-18.4 1.0-1.2 adamianis organizmSi
indauris 57.6-65.2 19.5-21.5 12.2-22.0 0.9-1.1 mosalodnelia Seuqcevadi
batis 45.0-54.4 7.0-15.2 27.7-39.0 0.8-0.9 uaryofiTi procesebis
ixvis 45.9-57.7 15.8-17.2 24.4-38.0 0.7-0.9 ganviTareba.
cxovelebis dakvlisas xorcTan erTad miiReba sakvebi da teqnikuri
subproduqtebi. sakvebi subproduqtebi marTalia kvebiTi RirebulebiT
Camouvardebian xorcs, magram garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvT rogorc sxva-
dasxva nivTierebebis didi raodenobiT Semcvel sakveb produqtebs. aseve,
mniSvnelovania teqnikuri subproduqtebi- tyavi, sisxli, nawlavebi,
Zvlebi da sxva, romelTa gamoyeneba rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve sanita-
ruli TvalsazrisiT metad mniSvnelovania.
saxorce cxovelis/frinvelis nakveboba
saxorce pirutyvis sabazro Rirebulebas gansazRvravs is, Tu ra
raodenobisa da xarisxis produqtebis miReba aris mosalodneli misgan
dakvlisas.
dadgenilia, rom sxeulis garegnuli formebiT, nakvebobiT, anu
nasuqobis xarisxiT sakmaod zustad SeiZleba msjeloba cxovelis moma-
val saxorce produqtiulobaze. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, garegnuli daTva-
liereba da sxeulis garkveuli adgilebis xeliT mosinjva safuZvlad
udevs cxovelis sicocxleSive misi mosalodneli saklavi produqti-
ulobis dadgenis principebs, romlis mixedviT gansazRvrulia minimaluri
moTxovnebi.
cocxali cxovelis da frinvelis yidva-gayidvisas mxareebs Soris
urTierTobas aregulireben normatiuli dokumentebi (kanoni, standarti

168
da misT.). amasTan, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi cxovelTa saxorce produqtiulo-
bis donis Sesafaseblad sxvadasxva sistemaa SemoRebuli, magram yvela
maTganSi etalonad aRebulia cxovelis nakvebobis (nasuqobis) xarisxi,
romelis gviCvenebs cocxal organizmSi kunTovani da cximovani qsovi-
lebis ganviTarebis dones.
cxovelis/frinvelis nakvebobis gansazRvrisas garegnuli daTvali-
erebiT fasdeba sxeulis forma, xeliT moisinjeba kunTovani qsovilis
ganviTareba, sxeulis sxvadasxva wertilSi kanqveSa qonis grovebis arse-
boba, agreTve xerxemlis zurgisa da welis nawilis malebis dorsaluri
morCebis kunTebs qvemodan gamoCenis done da sxv.
am gziT sakmaod detalurad Sefasebis, agreTve asakisa da cocxa-
li masis dadgenis Semdeg cxovelebs yofen klasebad- nakvebobis katego-
riebad, romlis mixedviT ganisazRvreba maTi Rirebuleba. saqme is aris,
rom rac ufro ganviTarebuli aqvs cxovels kunTovani da cximovani
qsovilebi, miT ufro ukeTesia misi saklavi produqtiuloba, maT Soris
tanxorcis gamosavali, masSi rbilobis (xorcis Wamadi nawilis) raode-
noba da xarisxomrivi maCveneblebi.
aSS-Si dasaklav zrdasrul furebs nakvebobis mixedviT yofen rva
klasad: I- prima (umaRlesi), II- choise (rCeuli), III- guud- (kargi), IV-standard
(standartuli), V- commercial (komerciuli) VI- utility (rigiTi), VII- cutter
(saZexve) da VI- canner (sakonserve); amave qveyanaSi xbos yofen eqvs klasad,
gasuqebul dakodil mozvrebs
sur. 72. dakodili mozvrebis nakve- ki xuT klasad (sur. 72).
bobis kategoriebi, USAD-is mixedviT evrogaerTianebis qveynebSi
dasaklav Rors nakvebobis
mixedviT yofen 5 kategoriad.
CvenSi, saxorce cxovelebis
nakvebobis kategoriebad dayofa
xdeba Zveli, yofili ssrk-s
dros miRebuli standartebiT,
umaRlesi rCeuli romlis mixedviT: Zroxeulis
oTxi sxvadasxva sqesobriv-
asakobrivi jgufis cxovelebi
nakvebobis mixedviT iyofa or
(pirvel da meore) kategoriad,
cxvari da Txa 3- umaRles,
saSualo da saSualoze dabal
kargi standartuli kategoriad, Rori 5- I, II, III, IV
da V kategoriad, yvela
saxeobis frinveli ki or- I da
II kategoriad. yvela saxeobisa
da nakvebobis kategoriis dasak-
lavi cxovelebisaTvis minima-
rigiTi luri moTxovnebi motanilia
Sesabamis standartebSi.
dasaklavi pirutyvis/frinvelis transportireba
qveynis geografiuli Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, agreTve drois
ekonomiisa da cocxali masis danakargebis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT
CvenSi cxovelebi upiratesad gadayavT avtomanqanebiT. dasaklavi pirut-

169
yvis gadayvana, aseve, SeiZleba gadarekviT, sarkinigzo da sazRvao trans-
portiT.
sworad transportirebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs cocxali masis
“danakargebis” minimumamde Semcirebis, xorcis xarisxis SenarCunebisa
cxovelTa daavadebebis gavrcelebis Tavidan acilebis TvalsazrisiT.
saqme is aris, rom gadayvanisas garemo pirobebis mkveTrad Secvla iwvevs
stress, ris gamo aRiniSneba cocxali masis 20%- mde kleba, xSiria
travmuli dazianebebi, mosalodnelia cxovelebis daxocvac.
transportirebamde cxovelebs nomraven, wonian, ajgufeben sqesis,
asakis da cocxali masis gaTvaliswinebiT. mowmdeba maTi janmrTelobis
mdgomareoba, saeWvoebs ki ukeTdeba Termometrireba. cxovelTa raobaze
da maTi janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze veterinari eqimi gascems saTanado
cnobas.
cxovelebis dasatvirTad awyoben estekadas. aucilebelia avtomanqa-
nis Zaras bortebi amaRldes 1,8-2 m-mde da Catardes misi sanitaruli
damuSaveba da dezinfeqcia. mniSvnelovania daculi iqnas datvirTvis
normebi: erT Zaraze SeiZleba moTavsdes 3-5 suli 400 kg cocxali masis
Zroxa, 100 kg cocxali masis 6-12 suli Rori, an kidev 15-20 suli cxvari.
normaluri savali nawilis mqone gzebze cxovelebiT datvirTuli
bortiani avtomanqanis maqsimaluri siCqare ar unda aRematebodes 50 km- s.
axlo manZilebze (40-50 km) Zroxis, cxvris da Txis gadarekiT gaday-
vana ufro ekonomiuria. winaswar mowmdeba gadasareki trasis mdgomare-
oba. mosalodnel gadarekvaze cnoba unda miewodos im raionisa da
soflis administracias, sadac gaivlian cxovelebi. dauSvebelia gadasa-
reki pirutyvis soflis naxirTan kontaqti, agreTve saTibebSi da naTeseb-
Si maTi Zoveba.
gadarekvisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom erT jgufSi zrdasruli
Zroxis raodenoba ar unda iyos 150-200 sulze, Zroxis mozardis- 200-250,
xolo cxvrisa da Txis- 600-1000 sulze meti.
frinvelebis transportirebisas avtomanqanebis Zaraze awyoben xis
an mavTulbadis jgufur, xolo bocvrebisaTvis individualur galiebs.
sasurvelia frinvelis gadayvanis manZili ar iyos 40-50 km-ze meti, xolo
gzaSi yofnis xangrZlivoba ar aRematebodes 4-5 sT-s.
cxovelTa transportirebas xelmZRvanelobs specialurad gamoyo-
fili piri- gamcilebeli, romelsac Tan unda hqondes veterinaruli
eqimis mier gacemuli cnoba cxovelTa janmrTelobis Sesaxeb da satran-
sporto zeddebuli.
satransporto zeddebulSi miTiTebuli unda iyos cxovelebis
raoba, raodenoba, maTi saidentifikacio nomeri, sqesi da asaki, agreTve
individualuri (Zroxeulis SemTxvevaSi) an saerTo cocxali masa. gaday-
vanisas cxovelis sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi is valdebulia daicvas veteri-
naruli kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebi.
sasaklaoze miyvanidan ara ugvianes 1-1,5 saaTisa pasuxismgebel piri
valdebulia Caibaros cxovelebi da Seamowmos satransporto zedde-
bulSi arsebuli Canawerebis Sesabamisoba faqtiur mdgomareobasTan.
sasaklaos veterinari eqimi individualurad aTvalierebs yvela cxovels,
saeWvoebs gamohyofs calke da maT utarebs Termometrizacias. mimRebi da
Cambarebeli yvela cxovels wonian komisiuri wesiT (Zroxas individu-
alurad, danarCen saxeobebs jgufurad), adgenen miReba-Cabarebis aqts da
xelmoweriT adastureben aqtis siswores.

170
 pirutyvis/frinvelis dakvla
sasaklaoze miyvanil cxovelebs asveneben, rac aucilebelia maT
dasamSvideblad da axal garemoSi moxvedriT ganviTarebuli stresuli
movlenebis Sesamcireblad.
dakvlis win, garkveuli periodis manZilze pirutyvs aSimSileben:
mcoxnavebs 24 sT- is Rors 12 sT-is, frinvelebs ki, gamomdinare saxeobi-
dan da gamoSigvnis xerxidan, 4-10 an 10-18 sT- is manZilze. wylis micemas
cxovelebs uwyvetaven dakvlamde 4-5 sT-iT adre.
dakvlis teqnologiuri cikli Sedgeba Semdegi operaciebisagan:
gabrueba Æ sisxlisagan dacla Æ gatyaveba (frinvelebSi gafufqva
da gaputva) Æ gamoSigvna Æ tanxorcis dafeSxoeba Æ mSralad da
svelad dasufTaveba Æ daxarisxeba Æ dadaRva Æ awonva. Rorebs
zogierT SemTxvevaSi ar atyaveben (tyavSi daamuSaveben).
gabrueba. aris cxovelze iseTi zemoqmedeba, ra drosac is kargavs
aqtiuri da koordinirebuli moZraobis unars. gabrueba aucilebelia
sasaklaos momsaxure personalis usafrTxoebis dacvis da Sesasrule-
beli operaciebis gaiolebis TvalsazrisiT.
dakvlis win abrueben yvela saxeobis cxovels da frinvels, garda
cxvrisa. praqtikaSi gabruebis eleqtruli da meqanikuri xerxebia gamoye-
nebuli. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs satevariT (orlesuli xanjliT),
uroTi an sasroli iaraRiT gabruebas. amaTgan, evrogaerTianebis qvey-
nebSi cxovelebis gasabrueblad rekomendebulia pnevmaturi sasroli
iaraRiT cxovelis gabrueba, xolo frinvelebs abrueben eleqtro-deniT.
sisxlisagan dacla. procesis dasaCqareblad specialuri mowyo-
bilobiT-dgiTamweTi gabruebul cxovels ukana kidurebiT asweven maRla
da Camokideben. kisris midamoSi mas gauWrian kans, saylapav mils
aTavisufleben irgvliv mdebare qsovilebisagan, gadaWrian da adeben
ligaturas, an gadakvanZaven da mxolod amis Semdeg gadaWrian msxvil
sisxlZarRvebs. naklavi sisxlisagan mTlianad icleba 6-9 wT-Si.
saWiroebisas, specialuri Rru daniT sisxls iReben sakvebi miznebi-
saTvis (hematogenis dasamzadeblad, Zexveulis farSSi Sesarevad, samedi-
cino miznebisaTvis da sxv.). naklavidan iatakze Camonadeni sisxli Cadis
RarSi, aqedan ki sisxlis Semgrovebel avzSi da gamoiyeneba teqnikuri
miznebisaTvis.
frinvelis sisxlis gamosaSvebad mimarTaven or xerxs: 1. Sinagani,
rodesac basrboloiani makratliT Sedian piris RruSi da Wrian enis
zemoT mdebare sauRle venis sadinarebs da 2. garegani, ra drosac daniT
gadaWrian kefis Zvlisa da xerxemlis kisris nawilis pirvel malas
sworze mdebare msxvil sisxlZarRvebs, an viwro-orlesula daniT bibi-
los ukana nawilidan 10 mm daSorebiT xvreten saZile arteriasa da venas.
gatyaveba. yvelaze Sromatevadi operaciaa. tyavis mocileba xdeba
frTxilad, kanqveSa-SemaerTebeli qsovilovan Sreze ise, rom ar dazi-
andes naklavis zedapiri.
cxovelebs atyaveben xeliT da meqanikurad. meqanikurad gatyave-
bamde aucilebelia naklavis wina da ukana kidurebis, agreTve muclis
midamos nawilobriv gatyaveba.
sabekone Roris naklavs ar atyaveben, mas aclian mxolod jagars.
amisaTvis naklavs 3-4 wT-iT CauSveben +62...+650C temperaturis wyalSi,
amoRebis Semdeg ki is gadaaqvT specialur magidaze da jagars aclian
xeliT. narCen jagars trusaven sarCilavi lamfiT an specialur danad-
garze, namwvs acileben blagvi daniT, ris Semdeg naklavs recxaven jer

171
Tbili, Semdeg ki civi wyliT. Seqmnilia naklavis gasafufqi da jagris
mosacilebeli avtomat-danadgarebi.
qaTmis da indauris naklavs 35-60 wamiT CauSveben +52...+550C- is tem-
peraturis wyalSi da Semdeg putaven gasaput avtomat-danadgarebze.
wylis frinvelebis naklavi, gamomdinare maTi safaris Taviseburebidan,
unda gaifufqos ufro maRali temperaturis wyalSi (+68...+760C) da ufro
xangrZlivi drois manZilze (80-120 wm).
xmeleTis frinvelebis naklavs Zafismagvari bumbulisagan anTavi-
sufleben satrus RumelSi gatarebiT.
wylis frinvelebis naklavs Zafismagvar bumbulis da nakrtenis
mosacileblad CauSveben parafinisa da kanifolis narevisagan Sedgenili
cvilis +52...+540C temperaturamde gamRval abazanaSi. Semdeg naklavs
aciveben 0...+40C temperaturamde da gadaaqvT specialur danadgarze,
sadac gamagrebuli cvili Zasfismagvar bumbulTan da nakrtenTan erTad
sacemelebis moqmedebiT scildeba naklavs.
gamoSigvna. muclis Rrudan Sinagani organoebis amoRebis opera-
ciebi sruldeba Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT: muclis TeTri xazis sworze,
grZivad, frTxilad Wrian dakiduli naklavis kunTovan qsovils, ise rom
Sinagani organoebi ar daziandes. aseve frTxilad sakveTelaTi an daniT
Wrian mkerdis Zvals da gavis Zvlis menjis nakers. Semdeg swor nawlavs
SemoaWrian irgvliv mdebare kunTovan qsovils da mas erTi xeliT
frTxilad daqaCaven qvemoT, meoreTi ki xerxemlis SigniTa mxareze
arsebuli myesebs Wrian. Sedegad Tavisi simZimis gavleniT Signeuloba
muclis Rrudan naklavis qveS dadgmul rofSi gadmocurdeba.
paralelurad Wrian diafragmas da naklavidan amoiReben guls,
filtvebs, traqeas da saylapav mils.
frinvelis naklavidan, gamomdinare gamoSigvnis saxidan, Sinagan
organoebs iReben mTlianad an nawilobriv.
nawilobrivad gamoSigvnisas naklavze rCeba yvela organo, garda
nawlavebisa, maSin rodesac srulad gamoSignulebs mTlianad mocile-
buli aqvT Sinagani organoebi, agreTve Tavi, kiseri mTlianad (tyavis
gareSe) da terfi TiTebiT.
dafeSxoeba. transportirebisa da Senaxvis gaiolebis mizniT Zro-
xisa da Roris didi masis tanxorcs xerxemlis sworze eleqtro xerxis
daxmarebiT grZivad Wrian or Tanabar- marjvena da marcxena naxevar
tanxorcad anu feSxod. zogjer Zroxis naxevar tanxorcs aseve Wrian or,
wina da ukana nawilad (meoTxed feSxod).
mSralad da svelad dasufTaveba. sasaqonlo saxis misacemad gaxer-
xil tanxorcs moaWrian, sisxlCaqcevebs, uswormasworo, dabeJil da dasv-
ril adgilebs, ris Semdeg jagrisiT da +25...+380C temperaturis sasmeli
wylis WavliT kargad recxaven.
daxarisxeba-dadaRva da awonva. naklavs afaseben kunTovani da cxi-
movani qsovilebis ganviTarebis mixedviT, axarisxeben da sakveb saRebavSi
dasvelebuli garkveuli formis beWdiT daRaven.
evrogaerTianebis qveynebSi Zroxis tanxorcis xarisxis klasifika-
cia xdeba kategoriebad da klasebad:
• kategoria gviCvenebs cxovelis sqess, asaks, simwifis stadias da
cocxal masas (cxrili 32).
• xarisxis klasi asaxavs dakluli cxovelis tanxorcis xorcianobas
da cximovani qsovilis ganviTarebas (cxrili 33 da 34).

172
 cxrili 32. tanxorcis kategoriebad dayofa da markireba
xorcis aRniSvna aRweriloba
kategoria (markireba)
tanxorci, romlis xarisxi xbos tanxorcis
xbos KA* xarisxis eqvivalenturia da daWrilia xbos
danawevrebis sqemiT
mozardis JR* orive sqesis mozardi cxovelis xorci
mozveris A 2 wlamde asakis daukodavi mozvris xorci
kuros B zrdasruli daukodavi kuros xorci
xaris C zrdasruli dakodili cxovelis xorci
im mdedri cxovelis xorci, romelmac erTxel
furis D mainc moigo xbo
dekeulis E yvela sxva zrdasruli mdedris xorci
*) jerjerobiT savaldebuloa mxolod germaniisaTvis

cxrili 33. tanxorcis xorcianobis klasebad dayofa

xorci- aRweriloba damatebiTi gansazRvrebebi
anobis tanxorcis maCvenebeli gamoxatuloba
klasi nawili
Zlier menj-barZayis
yvela profili barZayi
gamokveTili rbilobi menjis
amozneqili an Zalian ganieri da simfizs mniSvne-
E amozneqili zurgi Zalian gamobe- lovnad scil-
saukeTeso rili beWamde deba.
kunTebi SesaniSnavad
ganviTarebuli Zlier gava Zlieradaa
beWi gamokveTili
gamokveTili
barZayi gamokveTili menj-barZayis
profilebi saerTo rbilobi scil-
U jamSi amozneqilia; ganieri da beWis deba menjis
Zalian zurgi donemde simfizs
kunTebi Zalian karga-
kargi gamoberili gava
daa ganviTarebuli
beWi gamokveTili gamokveTilia
kargad menj-barZayis da
barZayi
ganviTarebuli gavas rbilobi
profilebi saerTo gamoberili mag- msubuqadaa
R jamSi sworia zurgi ram beWis doneze gamokveTili
kargi naklebad farTo
sakmaod kargad
beWi
ganviTarebuli
saSualod gava swori
profilebi sworxazo- barZayi
ganviTarebvuli
O vani an Cazneqili
zurgi “ – “ – “
saSualo kunTebi cudad
“ – “ – “
ganviTarebuli beWi
TiTqmis swori
yvela profili sustad
barZayi
Cazneqili an Zalian ganviTarebuli
P Cazneqili zurgi
viwro, gamoxatu-
dabali li ZvlebiT
kunTebi cudad swori, gamoxatu-
ganviTarebuli beWi
li ZvlebiT

173
 cxrili 34. tanxorcis klasebi cximovani qsovilis
ganviTarebis mixedviT
cximianobis aRweriloba damatebiTi
klasi gansazRvrebebi
1 qoniT minimalurad dafarva an misi gulmkerdis RruSi qonis
ararseboba grovebi ar aris
Zalian dabali
2 qonis Txeli fena, kunTebi TiTqmis gulmkerdis RruSi naknebs
yvelgan mosCans Soris kunTebi cxadad moCans
dabali
kunTebi beWisa da barZayis gamok- gulmkerdis RruSi neknebs
3 lebiT mTlianad cximiTaa dafaruli Soris kunTebi jer kidev
kargad Cans
saSualo gulmkerdis RruSi qonis grovebi
msubuqadaa ganviTarebuli
kunTebi qoniiTaa dafaruli, magram - barZayze cximovani zonebi
barkalsa da beWze nawilobrivad sagrZnoblad winaa wamoweuli
4 - gulmkerdis RruSi neknebs
Zlieri erTeuli SesamCnevi qonis grovebi
Soris kunTebi SesaZloa sru-
gulmkerdis RruSi
lad dafaruli iyos qoniT
tanxorci mTlianad qoniTaa - barZayi TiTqmis 100% dafa-
dafaruli rulia qonis sqeli feniT
5 - gulmkerdis RruSi neknebs
Zalian Zlieri gulmkerdis RruSi qonis grovebi
Soris kunTebi mTlianad
ZlieradaaganviTarebuli
dafarulia qoniT

xorcianobis klasisadmi mikuTvnebisas yuradReba eqceva zogadad

tanxorcSi da mis sam ZiriTad nawilSi- barZayze, zurgze da beWze
kunTovani qsovilis ganviTarebis dones. amasTan, fasdeba rogorc kunTo-
vani qsovilis, aseve kunTebsSorisi da kunTebsSigniTa cximovani qsovi-
lebis mdgomareoba.
cximovani qsovilis ganviTarebis mixedviT tanxorcis klasirebisas
yuradReba eqceva tanxorcis
sur. 73. “E” da “P” xorcianobis klasis zedapiris agreTve, neknebs So-
tanxorcis garegnuli Sesaxedaoba ris midamos kunTebis cximovani
qsoviliT dafarvis dones.
xorcianobiT klasis mikuT-
vnebisas tanxorcs yofen 5
xarisxad da akuTvneben “E”, “U”,
“R” “O” da “P” klasidan erT-
erTs (cxrili 33, sur.73), xolo
cximovani qsovilis ganviTare-
bis Sefasebisas 1-dan (Zalian
dabali) – 5-mde (Zalian Zli-
eri) Sefasebas (cxrili 34).
kategoriebis aRniSvna,
anu tanxorcis markireba xdeba
sakveb saRebavSi dasvelebuli
Sesabamisi warweris mqone beW-
dis dasmiT.
“E”… …“P”
amave qveynebSi Roris tan-
xorcs akuTvneben komerciul da xarisxis klass. TiToeuli am klasis
misakuTvneblad tanxorcma unda daakmayofilos Semdegi minimaluri
moTxovnebi (cxrili 35).

174
 cxrili 35. Roris tanxorcis xarisxebi evrogaerTianebis qveynebSi
komerci- xaris- tanxorcis Spikis tanxorcis aRweriloba,
uli klasi xis masa, kg sisqe, ara maxasiaTeblebi
klasi umetes, mm
60-69 15 kunTebi da Rirebuli
eqstra nawilebi friad kargad
70 da meti 20
ganviTarebuli
60-69 20
70-79 25
80-89 30
kunTebi da Rirebuli
I. srul- 90-99 35
I nawilebi Zalian kargad
xorcovani 100-119 40
ganviTarebuli
120-139 50
140-159 55
160 da meti 60
60-69 25
70-79 30
80-89 35
kunTebi da Rirebuli
II. xorco- 90-99 40
II nawilebi kargad
vani 100-119 50
ganviTarebuli
120-139 55
140-159 60
160 da meti 70
tanxorcis masa da magram erT-erTi Rire-
I Spikis sisqe rogorc I- buli nawili naklebad
Si ganviTarebuli
III. saSu- 60-69 30 kunTebi da yvela Rire-
alod xor- III 70-79 35 buli nawili naklebad
covani tipi 80-89 40 ganviTarebuli
90-99 45
100-110 50
120-139 60
140-159 70
160 da meti 75
magram erT-erTi Rire-
tanxorcis masa da Spi-
II kis sisqe rogorc II-Si
buli nawili naklebad
ganviTarebuli
IC tanxorcis masa da Spi- magram ori nebismieri
kis sisqe rogorc I-Si Rirebuli nawili nakle-
bad ganviTarebuli
IV Rorebi, romlebic ar akmayofileben zemoT motanili
klasebis moTxovnebs
1. nezvebi kargi xorcovani tanxorciT
2. sxva dakluli Rorebis tanxorci
V keratebi da dakodili keratebi

msgavsi standartuli moTxovnebi aris SemuSavebuli cxvris, Txis,

frinvelis da sxva saxeobis sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis xorcze,
agreTve sakveb subproduqtebze.

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 dakvlis Tanamdevi produqtebi
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis dakvlisas xorcTan (tanxorcTan)
erTad miiReba e.w. subproduqtebi, anu dakvlis Tanamdevi produqtebi,
romelTa nawili gamoiyeneba sakvebad, nawils teqnikuri daniSnuleba aqvs,
zogierTi maTgani ki SeiZleba ormagi daniSnulebiT gamoviyenoT.
yvela saxeobis sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebis sakvebi subproduq-
tebi kvebiTi Rirebulebis da biologiuri srulfasovnebis mixedviT
yofen or- pirvel da meore kategoriad:
I kategoriis subproduqtebia: guli, RviZli, ena, tvini, Zroxisa da
Roris Tirkmlebi, diafragma, Zroxis kudi, tanxorcis damuSavebisas
miRebuli xorcovani anaWrebi da Zroxis curi;
II kategoriis subproduqtebs miekuTvneba filtvebi, elenTa, traqea,
Zroxis faSvi, wignara, maWiki, Roris kuWi da xorcovani kudi, Rorisa da
Zroxis fexebi da yurebi, Tavi, enisa da tvinis gareSe, Zroxis tuCebi;
teqnikur subproduqtebs miekuTvneba tyavi, nawlavebi, sisxli, rqebi,
Cliqebi, sakvebad uvargisi sxvadasxva anaWrebi, Roris jagari, kuW-naw-
lavis SigTavsi da sxv., agreTve endokrinul-fermentuli da specialuri
nedleuli. ToToeuli maTgani gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva miznebisaTvis. maga-
liTad, Zroxis, Roris, cxvris da Txis nawlavebidan amzadeben Zexveulis
garsacms, sisxli SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sakvebad da e.w. albuminis webos
dasamzadeblad, rqebisa da Cliqebisagan amzadeben sxvadasxva nakeTobebsa
da webos, sakvebad uvargis anaWrebs- ki xorcis an Zval-xorcis fqvilis
dasamzadeblad iyeneben.
calke aRniSvnis sagania endokrinul-fermentuli da specialuri
nedleuli, romelTagan mzaddeba samkurnalwamlo preparatebi. amaTgan,
endokrinul nedleuls miekuTvneba Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebi, romel-
Ta mier gamomuSavebuli sekreti gamoiyofa sisxlSi. maTSi Sedis hipo-
fizi, epifizi, farisebri, mkerdqveSa, kuWqveSa da Tirkmelzeda jirkvle-
bi, sakvercxeebi, yviTeli sxeuli da saTesleebi. am nedleulis gadamu-
SavebiT miiReba endokrinuli preparatebi.
fermentul nedleuls miekuTvneba is jirkvlebi, romelTa mier
gamomuSavebuli sekreti gamoiyofa organizmis Rru organoebSi. maT
miekuTvneba kuWqveSa jirkvali, Roris kuWis da Zroxis maWikis lorwo-
vani garsi, xboebisa da batknis maWiki, wvrili nawlavis lorwovani garsi
da sxv. maTgan mzaddeba fermentuli preparatebi.
specialur nedleuls miekuTvneba sisxli, naRvela, naRvlis buStis
kenWebi, Roris tvini, Tvalis miniseburi sxeuli, embrioni, elenTa, enis
epiTeli, RviZli, filtvebi, curi, keratinSemcveli nedleuli (jagari,
balani, rqebi da Cliqebi) da xrtili.
endokrinul-fermentuli nedleulidan mzaddeba Semdegi samedicino
preparatebi:
- hipofizidan- adrenokortikoiduli hormoni, pituitrini, adiurek-
rini, intermedini, prolaqtini;
- mkerdqveSa jirkvlidan paratiroiedini;
- Tirkmelzeda jirkvlidan- kortini da adrenalini,
- saTesleebidan lidaza da ronidaza,
- kuWqveSa jirkvlidan insulini,
- kuWis lorwovani garsidan pepsini, kuWis wveni da maWikis fxvnili;
yvela am preparats mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia da miuxedavad qimi-
uri sinTezis mniSvnelovani miRwevebisa, xelovnurad sinTezirebul
analogebze ufro efeqturebi arian.

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 tanxorcis dabal temperaturaze Senaxva
xorci malfuWadi produqtia. es gamowveulia mis SemadgenlobaSi
Semavali biologiurad aqtiuri naerTebis, garemo faqtorebisa da mikro-
organizmebis moqmedebiT.
ganasxvaveben xorcis gafuWebis Tavidan acilebis fizikur, qimiur
da biologiur xerxebs. amaTgan yvelaze martivi, iafi da efeqturia fizi-
kuri, anu dabal temperaturaze Senaxvis xerxi. misi yvelaze mniSvnelo-
vani naklia moqmedebis droebiTi xasiaTi da Senaxvisas wylis aorTq-
lebis, agreTve galRobisas “xorcis wvenis” gamoyofis mizeziT gamowve-
uli danakargebi.
xorcis Senaxvisas gamoiyeneba dabali temperaturis moqmedebis sami
done, gaciveba, moyinva da gayinva.
gacivebulad iTvleba xorci, romlis Rrma fenebSi gamacivebeli
danadgaris moqmedebiT temperatura miaRwevs -1...+40C-s; aseTi saxiT xor-
cis Senaxvis vada idealur sanitarul pirobebSi 2-3 kviraa;
moyinulad iTvleba xorci, romlis Rrma fenebSi temperatura
aRwevs -2...-30C-s; aseT temperaturaze xorci inaxeba 3-4 kvira;
gayinulad iTvleba xorci, romlis Rrma fenebSi temperatura -80C
da ufro dabalia. aseT temperaturaze xorcis Senaxvis maqsimaluri vada
1,5-2 welia (cxrili 36).
tenis aorTqle-
cxrili 36. tanxorcis Senaxvis vadebi bis mizeziT gamowve-
tanxorcis saxe/ 0C temperatura uli danakargebi erT-
subproduqtebi -12 -15 -18 -21 -25 erTi yvelaze mniSvne-
Senaxvis vada (Tve) lovania xorcis dabal
Zroxisa da cxvris 5-9 7-9 10-12 15-18 - temperaturaze Senaxvi-
Roris tyavSi 5 7 10 15 - sas. dadgenilia, rom
Roris gatyavebuli 4 6 8 12 - gacivebuli saxiT Se-
qaTmis da indauris 5 7 10 - 12 naxvis pirvel 24 sT-Si
batis da ixvis 4 5 7 - 11 Zroxis tanxorcis masa
frinvelis mozardis 3-4 4-6 7-8 - 11 mcirdeba 1,40-1,75%-iT,
subproduqtebi ara umetes 4-6 Tvisa Roris- 1,18-2,90%-iT,
xolo cxvris- 1,51-1,82
%-iT. SemdgomSi danakargebis tempi ramdenadme iklebs, magram is sakmaod
mniSvnelovania.
danakargebis Semcirebis da Senaxvis xangrZlivobis gazrdis dama-
tebiT RonisZiebebs Soris yvelaze ufro efeqturi da gavrcelebuli
saSualebaa sterilur bambis qsovilSi tanxorcis SefuTva.
bolo wlebSi ekonomikur da zogierTi sxva mosazrebidan gamom-
dinare xorcs yinaven daWrili an darbilebuli saxiT, blokebad. amisaT-
vis, xorcis naWrebs alageben 380 X 380 X 150 an 380 X 380 X (75...100) mm
zomis formebSi da gadaaqvT swrafad gamyinav kamerebSi.
sasurvel temperaturamde gayinvis Semdeg xorcis bloks amoiReben
formidan, fuTaven pergamentis qaRaldSi da deben gofrirebuli muyaos
yuTSi.
unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom xorcis gayinva ar aris paTogenuri
mikroflorisagan misi gauvneblobis saSualeba, vinaidan es ukanasknelni
sakmaod dabal temperaturazec inarCuneben cxovelmyofelobis unars.
garda amisa, xorcis ramodenimejer gayinva-galRoba, aseve, ver uzrun-
velyofs baqteriuli warmoSobis toqsinebis daSlas an inaqtivacias.

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 SaSxisa da loris warmoeba
damarilebul xorcs CvenSi ewodeba SaSxi, xolo damarilebuls da
Semdeg Sebolils- lori. SaSxi da lori upiratesad mzaddeba Roris
xorcidan. produqtis asortimenti da dasaxeleba damokidebulia tanxor-
cis CamonaWris saxeze, agreTve Termuli damuSavebis xerxze.
lori SiZleba iyos nedlad Sebolili, damarilebul-moxarSuli
(an Sebrawuli) da Sebolil-moxarSuli (an Sebrawuli); sufris marilis
koncentraciis mixedviT lori SeiZleba iyos naklebad mariliani (3%-mde
NaCl), mariliani (3,5%-mde), momlaSo (4,5%-mde) da mlaSe (4,5%-ze meti).
mza produqtis forma da wona, agreTve tenis Semcveloba gansaz-
Rvrulia teqnikuri pirobebiT. moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, gadanaWerze kun-
Tovani qsovilis feri unda iyos erTgvarovani- Ria vardisferi da dre-
kadi konsistenciis. qonis feri unda iyos TeTri, siyviTleebis gareSe da
is ar unda iglisebodes.
xorcis danawevreba da damarileba. sabekone an/da saxorce katego-
riis Roris tanxorcs anawevreben standartuli an specialuri sqemiT.
cnobilia damarilebis 3 wesi, mSralad, svelad da Sereuli. m S r a -
l a d damarilebisas xorcis naWers Semoayrian dammarilebel narevs, mas
kargad Caazilaven da mWidrod alageben xis an uJangavi metalis gobSi.
s v e l a d damarilebisas xorcis naWrebs alageben gobSi, zemodan adeben
simZimes da asxamen 1,1-1,18 g/m3 simkvrivis marilwyals. S e r e u l i wesiT
damarilebisas xorcs jer amarileben mSralad, 3-4 dRis Semdeg ki is
gadaaqvT marilwyalSi.
damarilebisas sacavSi haeris temperatura +80C-ze maRali ar unda
iyos. xorci damarileba mTavrdeba (ityvian SaSxi gamoyvanilia) 18-20 dReSi.
damarilebis procesis daCqarebis mizniT saTanado koncentraciis
marilwyali specialuri SpriciT SeyavT xorcis Rrma fenebSi. am SemT-
xvevaSi SaSxis damarileba mTavrdeba da is Sesabolad mzad aris 4-5
dReSi.
SaSxisaTvis gansakuTrebuli gemos misacemad dammarilebeli narev-
Si sufris marilTan erTad SeiZleba Sediodes saneleblebi (Savi an
TeTri pilpili, niori, dafnis foToli da sxva), natriumis nitriti
(NaNO2), natriumis askorbinati, mJave da neitraluri fosfatebi, agreTve
Saqari. maTi raodenoba gansazRvrulia recepturiT SaSxis/loris asor-
timentidan gamomdinare.
xarisxiani SaSxi unda iyos mkvrivi-drekadi konsistenciis, suni
specifikuri- “SaSxis”, saneleblebis surneliT da zedapirze ar unda
SeimCneodes obis laqebi. gafuWebuli SaSxis zedapiri lorwoiania,
kunTovani qsovili modunebuli, gadanaWerze yavisferi an monacrisfro
laqebi aqvs. marilwylis amRvreva migvaniSnebs SaSxis gafuWebaze.
Sebolva. aris Sesabol kameraSi xis arasruli wvisas warmoqmnili
airebiT SaSxis siTburi damuSaveba. Sebolvisas kvamlis SemadgenlobaSi
Semavali nivTierebebi aRweven produqtis Rrma fenebSi, aZleven ra mas
gansakuTrebul gemos da elfers.
ganasxvaveben civad da cxlad Sebolvis xerxebs. civad Sebolvisas
kameraSi haeris temperatura +18...+220C, xolo cxlad Sebolvisas +30...
+500C-is farglebSi unda iyos. Sebolvis xangrZlivoba, Sesabamisad, 3-7
da 0,5-2 dRe-Ramea. civad Sebolili lori inaxeba ufro didxans, vidre
cxlad Sebolili.
zogierTi asortimentis loris damzadebisas SaSxs Sebolvis win
xarSaven an brawaven. aseTi damuSavebisas produqtSi Semavali organuli

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nivTierebebi ganicdian cvlilebas, rac aumjobesebs maT iersaxes, gemos,
sinazes da monelebadobas.
kvamlis airebi Seicaven zogierT kancerogenul nivTierebas, maT
Sorisaa 3.4 benzpireni. arasasurveli nivTierebebis koncentraciis mini-
mumamde Semcirebis mizniTYdamuSavebulia kvamlis gareSe Sebolvis
meTodebi ra mizniTac gamoiyeneba kvamlis airebis kondensirebis gziT
miRebuli preparatebi “vatxoli”, “ВНИРО”, “МИНХ”, “amafili”, “skvama” da
sxv. SaSxis am preparatebiT damuSavebsas viRebT Sebolvis efeqts da
produqti Tavisufalia kancerogenuli nivTierebebisagan.
Zexveulis warmoeba
Zexveuls uwodeben iseT nawarms, romelic damzadebulia xorcis an
subproduqtebis farSis, sufris marilis, saneleblebisa da sxvadasxva
danamatebis safuZvelze, Cadebulia garsacmSi, damuSavebulia siTburad
da mzad aris sakvebad.
xorcis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi uSveben ramodenime aseuli
dasaxelebis Zexveuls da am produqts erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili
ukavia msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveynis mcxovrebTa ulufaSi.
damzadebisas gamoyenebuli ZiriTadi nedleulis saxidan gamomdi-
nare Zexveuls yofen oTx jgufad: xorcis, jigris (Signeulobis), labas-
magvari nawarmi da sisxlis Zexveuli.
farSis Sedgenilobis mixedviT ganasxvaveben erTgvarovan da
araerTgvarovan farSian Zexveuls.
warmoebis teqnologiuri sqemidan gamomdinare Zexveuli iyofa Sem-
deg jgufebad: 1. moxarSuli, 2. naxevrad Sebolili, 3. Sebolili, 4. so-
sisi da sardeli 5. jigrisa da sisxlis, 6. xorcis puri da 7. laba da
paSteti (nax. 10).
nax.10. Zexveulis saxeebi ZiriTadi nedleuli.
Zexveulis warmoebaSi Ziri-
Tad nedleuls warmoad-
gens: Zroxis, Roris, cxv-
ris da sasoflo-sameurneo
frinvelis xorci (rbilo-
bi), Roris kanqveSa qoni
(Spiki) da tyavi, cxvris
cximkudi da/an duma, sak-
vebi subproduqtebi, rZe
  da rZis nawarmi, parkos-
nebis marcvlidan miRebu-
li cilovani koncentrati
da/an izoliati, xorblis
fqvili da yvela saxis
saxamebeli.
damxmare masalebi.
miekuTvneba: saneleblebi,
sufris marili, Saqari,
natriumis nitriti (NaNO2), mJave da saSualo fosfatebi, natriumis
glutaminati, natriumis askorbinati, garsacmi, kanafi da sawvavi.
sxvadasxva saxisa da asortimentis Zexveulis damzadebis teqno-
logiur operaciebSi bevri msgavsebaa, magram calkeuli maTganis Sesru-

179
lebis Tanamimdevroba, xangrZlivoba, temperatura da zogierTi sxva
parametri gansxvavebulia, an kidev saerTod ar gvxvdeba.
nedleulis momzadeba. yvela saxis Zexveulis damzadebisas Sesasru-
lebeli aucilebeli operaciaa nedleulisa da damxmare masalebis mom-
zadeba. xorcis momzadeba gulisxmobs tanxorcis darbilebas, rbilobis
gamoZarRvas, daxarisxebas da daWras an xorcsakep danadgarze daquc-
macebas.
Zroxis gamoZarRvuli rbilobis daxarisxebisas sazom kriteriumad
aRebulia cximovani da Txeli SemaerTebeli qsovilebis xvedriTi wili,
xolo Rorisa da cxvris rbilobis- cximovani qsovilis xvedriTi wili.
amis gaTvaliswinebiT Zroxis rbilobs yofen umaRles, I da II xarisxad,
Roris rbilobs- qonian, naxevrad qonian da uqono (mWle), xolo cxvris
rbilobs- qonian da uqono xarisxebad.
Spiki, anu Roris kanqveSa qoni iyofa sam xarisxad: zurgis, anu
magari, gverdis, anu naxevrad magari da muclis, anu rbili; is unda iyos
TeTri feris, hqondes marcvlovani struqtura da ar unda iglisebodes.
siyviTle miuTiTebs mis gafuWebaze. Zexvis warmoebaSi daSvebulia
damarilebuli Spikis (SaSxis) gamoyeneba.
rbilobisa da Spikis aseTi daxarisxeba dakavSirebulia maT gansx-
vavebul biologiur RirebulebasTan da teqnologiur TvisebebTan. Sesa-
bamisad isini gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva asortimentisa da xarisxis Zexveulis
recepturaSi. ase, magaliTad, umaRlesi da pirveli xarisxis nedlad
Sebolili Zexveulis dasamzadeblad upiratesad gamoiyeneba Zroxis
umaRlesi xarisxis da Roris uqono an naxevradqoniani rbilobi, agreTve
zurgis (magari) Spiki; Tavis mxriv, moxarSuli Zexveuls amzadeben Zroxis
I an II xarisxis da Roris qoniani an naxevradqoniani rbilobidan,
saWiroebisas rbili an naxevrad magari Spikis CarTviT.
damarileba da momwifeba. nedleulis momzadebis erT-erTi etapia.
is iTvaliswinebs:
a) xorcis 350-400 g-mde naWrebad daWras (Sebolili ZexveulisaTvis)
an 16-25 da 2-3 mm cxaurian xorcsakebpze an bzrialaze daqucmace-
bas (moxarSili Zexveulis, sosisis da sardelis damzadebisas).
b) rbilobis/farSis cal-calke rofSi an taStSi Cadebas, marilis
damatebas da morevas,
g) momwifebis mizniT 0...+40C- temperaturis samacivro kameraSi gada-
tanas da 12-72 sT (moxarSuli Zexvis), 48-72 sT (naxevrad Sebo-
lili Zexvis) an 3-7 dRe-Rame (Sebolili Zexvis) dayovnebas.
meore daqucmaceba. momwifebul xorcs/farSs meored aqucmaceben:
moxarSuli Zexveulis farSs aqucmaceben kuterze 0,1 mm zomis nawilake-
bis miRebamde, xolo Sebolili Zexveulis xorcs 2-3 mm diametris cxa-
urian bzrialaze. kuterze daqucmacebisas, xorcis gacxelebis Tavidan
asacileblad moxarSuli Zexveulis, sosisisa da sardelis farSs umate-
ben xorcis masis 20-40%-mde civ wyals, an yinulis fifqs.
farSis Sedgena. farSs recepturiT gaTvaliswinebuli proporciiT
adgenen meored daqucmacebisas kuterSi, kuter SemrevSi an SemrevSi.
proporciebis gansazRvrisas gamodian Tu ramdeni raodenobiT Semadge-
neli Sedis 100 kg farSSi.

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 daSpricva. recepturiT Sedgenili farSi gadaaqvT Spricis mimRebSi
(1; sur. 74), saidanac xdeba misi Catumbva (daSpricva) masraze (2) Camocmul
garsacmSi. sosisis farSs Spricaven 18-30 mm
sur. 74 farSis garsac- diametris, sardelis- 32-38 mm-is, Sebolilis-
mSi Casadebi Sprici 40-50 mm- is xolo moxarSul Zexveuls farSs
55-120 mm diametris bunebriv an xelovnur
garsacmSi.
1  garsacmad gamoiyeneba specialurad am
miznisaTvis gadamuSavebuli cxovelebis naw-
2  lavebi, Sardis buSti da kuWi. xelovnur
garsacms amzadeben sxvadasxva masalebidan-
celofnidan, xelovnuri cilisagan (belko-
zini, kutizini) da zRvis wyalmcenareebidan
(e.w. alginaturi garsacmi).
Zexvis batonis dafasoeba- ulufebad
dayofa xdeba kanafis gadaWeriT, an grZivi
RerZis irgvliv SemotrialebiT (gadagrexviT;
sur. 75). batonis sigrZe limitirdeba stan-
dartiT.
dajdoma. dafasoebul Zexveuls
sur. 75. farSis garsacmSi daSp- hkideben xis latanze an metalis
ricva da ulufebad dayofa Reroze, romelsac, Tavis mxriv
alageben Taroebze da ase ayovneben
farSis dajdomis mizniT. es pro-
cedura mimdinareobs dabal, magram
dadebiT temperaturaze da grZeldeba:
moxarSuli Zexveulis damzadebisas 2-6
sT, naxevrad Sebolilis- 4-6 sT, xolo
Sebolili Zexveulis- 24 sT-dan 7 dRe-
Ramemde.
siTburi damuSaveba. dajdomis
Semdeg Zexveuls brawaven, xarSaven an
bolaven. Termuli damuSavebis tem-
peratura da xangrZlivoba damokide-
bulia batonis diametrze da nawarmis
sur. 76. dakidul mdgomareobaSi saxeze: sosissa da sardels bolis
sosisis dabrawva
areSi brawaven +70... +1000C tempera-
turaze 15-35 wT-is (sur. 76), xolo didi
diametris moxarSuli Zexveulis
batonebs, Sesabamisad, +80...+1200C-ze da
70-150 wT-is manZilze. dabrawul Zex-
veuls xarSaven, ra drosac wylis
temperatura ar unda aRematebodes +85
0C-s; moxarSulad iTvleba Zexvi, rom-
lis centralur zonaSi temperatura
miaRwevs +68...+720C-s.
Sebolvas eqvemdebareba naxevrad
Sebolili da Sebolili Zexveuli. amaTgan naxevrad Sebolil Zexveuls
bolaven +35...+500C, xolo Sebolils +22...+240C temperaturaze. Sebolvis
xangrZlivoba, Sesabamisad, 12-48 sT da 3-7 dRe-Ramea.

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 gaciveba. moxarSul Zexveuls, sosiss da sardels +80C tempera-
turamde aciveben civi wylis SxapiT, Semdeg ki gadaaqvT gril sacavSi.
naxevrad Sebolil da Sebolil Zexveuls Termuli damuSavebis Semdeg
aciveben haerze an gril sacavSi, xolo Semdeg, saWiroebisamebr, teni-
anobis normamde dayvanis mizniT aSroben.
gasuli saukunis 70-ni wlebidan daiwyes e.w. kombinirebuli Zexve-
ulis warmoeba, romelSic sxvadasxva saxeobis cxovelebis xorcTan
erTad ZiriTad nedleulad gamoiyeneba meoradi cilovani produqtebi,
anu mcenareuli cilebis koncentrati an izoliati.
kombinirebuli Zexveulis warmoebis erT-erTi mizania sxvadasxva
profesiul-asakobrivi jgufis adamianebisaTvis organizmis moTxovnis
Sesatyvisi samedicino da biologiuri parametrebis mqone axali saxis
produqciis gamoSveba.
Senaxva. konservantebis gareSe damzadebuli moxarSuli Zexveulis,
sosisis da sardelis Senaxvis maqsimaluri vada +120C da ufro dabal,
magram dadebiT temperaturaze 48-72 sT-a, naxevrad-Sebolilis- 10 dRe-
Rame, xolo nedlad Sebolilis- 4 Tvemde (oTaxis temperaturaze).
naxevarfabrikatebis da dafasoebuli xorcis warmoeba
msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebis samomxmareblo bazris monitor-
ringi uCvenebs xorcis naxevarfabrikatebsa da dafasoebul xorcze moT-
xovnilebis yovelwliurad zrdas. maT dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneba yvela
saxeobis sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebisa da frinvelebis xorci.
xorcis naxevarfabrikats uwodeben iseT produqts, romelic gada-
muSavebuli da Semzadebulia imdagvarad, rom kvebis win saWiroebs mxo-
lod Termul damuSavebas. am saxis nawarmis asortimenti sakmaod nairfe-
rovania, romlebic, pirobiTad SeiZleba davyoT 5 jgufad: 1. naturaluri,
2. safaneliani, 3. dakepili da 4. swrafad gayinuli naxevarfabrikatebi,
agreTve 5. dafasoebuli xorci.
naturalur naxevarfabrikatebSi Sedis msxvilnaWriani-Zvalxorco-
vani, msxvilnaWriani-rbilobiani da wvrilnaWriani-rbilobiani naxevar-
fabrikatebi. aqedan, msxvilnaWrian-Zvalxorcovans miekuTvneba “Zroxis
CasaTuTqi xorci”, “sasufe nakrebi”, “ragu”, rbilobians- “naturalri
bifSteqsi”, “langeti”, “romSteqsi”, “suki”, “eskalopi”, xolo wvrilnaW-
rian-rbilobians- “antrekoti”, “bifstrogani”, “guliaSi” da sxv.
safaneliani naxevarfabrikatebia “romSteqsi”, “Zroxis tvini
safanelSi”, “dabegvili katleti” da “Sniceli”. maT SemadgenlobaSi
Sedis asortimentis Sesatyvisi zomis, formisa da masis dabegvili xor-
cis naWeri, romelic amovlebulia aTqvefili kvercxis masaSi da orcxo-
bilas safanelSi.
dakepil naxevarfabrikatebs amzadeben sakotlete xorcis farSidan,
romelSic recepturis Sesabamisad Sereulia cximi, saneleblebi, kvercxi
da sufris marili, agreTve daqucmacebuli xaxvis bolqvi da puri. am
naxevarfabrikatebs miekuTvneba “kotleti”, “frikadelki” da “gufTa”.
naturaluri, safaneliani da dakepili naxevarfabrikatebi sareali-
zaciod igzavneba specialur taraSi Calagebuli, an kidev 250-500 g masis
ulufebad dayofili da paketebSi SefuTuli saxiT.
swrafad gayinul naxevarfabrikatebs miekuTvneba pelmeni da xinka-
li isini Sedgeba recepturis Sesabamisad Sezavebuli xorcis farSisagan
romelic Cadebulia xorblis fqvilisagan mozelil comSi da aqvs gar-
kveuli forma.

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 formirebul produqti
sur. 77. swrafad gayinuli gadaaqvT swrafad gamyinav
naxevarfabrikati “xinkali” danadgarze, sadac haeris tem-
peratura -20...-350C-a. gayinva dam-
Tavrebulad iTvleba rodesac
nawarmis centralur zonaSi
temperatura -10 C-s miaRwevs. am
0
donemde pelmenisa da xinklis
gasayinad sxvadasxva tipis
danadgarze saWiroa 0,5-dan 3
sT-mde. gayinul naxevarfabri-
katebs vakumis pirobebSi deben
da fuTaven polimeruli afskis
paketebSi (sur. 77).
dafasoebuli xorci mzad-
deba standartuli sqemiT dana-
wevrebuli tanxorcis naWrebidan, romlebic Cadebulia polimeruli
masalis afskis paketebSi da gakeTebuli aqvs markireba. amave jgufSi
Sedis, agreTve, frinvelis naxevarfabrikatebi- “wiwila-tabaka”, “barkali”,
“sabulione nakrebi” da sxv.
naxevarfabrikatebs miekuTvneba Cveni samzareulosaTvis tradici-
uli iseTi sakvebi xorcproduqtebi, rogoricaa kupati, kuWmaWi, xaSi da
sxv. maTi qarxnuli wesiT damzadebisa da dafasoebis teqnologia, erov-
nul tradiciebze dayrdnobiT, damuSavebulia qarTveli teqnologebis
mier.
xorcis konservebis warmoeba
damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde saqarTveloSi xorcis konservebs
ar awarmoebdnen. Semdgom periodSi am mimarTulebiT Seiqmna ramodenime
sawarmo, romlebic met-naklebi warmatebiT funqcionireben.
xorcis konservebis damzadebas, sxva dadebiT momentebTan (advilia
Senaxva da transportireba, agreTve ojaxSi an savele pirobebSi moxma-
reba da sxv.) erTad, aqvs strategiuli mniSvneloba, rameTu iZleva SesaZ-
leblobas Seiqmnas sakvebi produqtebis maragi.
xorcis konservebs yofen nedleulis saxis, damzadebis xerxis, Ter-
muli damuSavebis reJimis mixedviT da sxva niSnebiT:
• nedleulis saxis mixedviT sawarmoebi uSveben mxolod xorcis Sem-
cveli, agreTve xorcovan-mcenareul SigTavsian konservebs;
• qilaSi Cadebamde nedleulis damuSavebis rejimis mixedviT ganas-
xvaveben damarilebis, daqucmacebis da Termuli damuSavebis sxva-
dasxva xerxiT momzadebul konservebs;
• SigTavsis Sedgenilobis mixedviT ansxvaveben danamatis gareSe (“saku-
Tar wvenSi”), sawebelaSi an JeleSi damzadebul xorcis konservebs;
• gamoyenebis xerxis mixedviT ganasxvaveben konservebs, romelTac
Wamis win aucileblad sWirdebaT Termuli damuSaveba, an mis gareSe;
• Senaxvis xangrZlivobis mixedviT ganasxvaveben grZelvadian (3-5 weli)
da moklevadiani (1 wlamde) anu SezRuduli vadiT Sesanax konservebs.
• Termuli damuSavebis reJimis mixedviT ganasxvaveben pasterizebul (1),
dabal temperaturaze sterilizebul (2) da maRal temperaturaze
sterilizebul (3) konservebs. amaTgan, pirvels uwodeben ½ anu naxev-
radkonservebs, meores ¾ konservebs, mesames ki srul konservebs. pir-
183
 veli oris Senaxvis vada, +10...+120C-ze, Sesabamisad, 6 da 12 Tvea,
mesamis ki oTaxis temperaturaze 4-5 weli. cnobilia agreTve e.w. tro-
pikuli qveynebisaTvis specialuri teqnologiiT damzadebuli kon-
servebi, romlebic +400C temperaturaze Senaxvisas 1 wlis manZilze
inarCuneben TavianT Tvisebebs.
xorcis konservebi mzaddeba sxvadasxva tevadobis metalis, polime-
ruli masalis an minis qilaSi dafasoebuli da hermetulad daxufuli
saxiT. metalis qila mzaddeba cxlad an eleqtruli xerxiT ormxriv
mokaluli, 0,20-dan 0,36 mm sisqis Tunuqidan. koroziisadmi mdgradobis
gadidebis mizniT Tunuqs faraven specialuri laqiT. igive masaliT
mzaddeba minis qilis xufebi.
rogorc wesi, maRali agresiulobis gamo, xorcovan-mcenareuli
SigTavsis mqone konservebs deben minis qilaSi.
konservis damzadebis teqnologiuri operaciebi Sedgeba Semdegi
ZiriTadi rgolebisagan:
nedleulis da danamatebis momzadeba Æ Termuli damuSaveba Æ
danamatebis Sereva Æ dafasoeba Æ moxufva Æ sterilizacia Æ
cxlad daxarisxeba Æ gaciveba Æ civad daxarisxeba.
nedleulis momzadeba. aq Sedis xorcis darbileba, gamoZarRva,
daxarisxeba, garecxva, daWra an bzrialaze dakepva; Sesabamisad amzadeben
damxmare masalebs (mag. burRuls, saneleblebs, xorcis bulions) da
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi maT Seureven xorcSi.
Termuli damuSaveba. qilaSi Cadebis win xorci unda moiwalos,
daibbrawos, Sebiolos an moixarSos. amis aucilebloba mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom: 1. ixoceba mikrobebis vegetaturi formebi; 2. qveiTdeba xorcis
fermentebis aqtivoba, 3. rbildeba Txeli SemaerTebelqsovilovani
CanarTebi da 4. izrdeba xorcis erTeuli moculobis masa, ris gamo
ufro efeqturad viyenebT qilis tevadobas.
dafasoeba. xorcproduqtebis Casadebad gamoiyeneba 104,0-8795 sm3
moculobis Tunuqis da 500-1000 sm3 moculobis minis qilebi. recepturiT
gaTvaliswinebul SigTavss qilaSi deben Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT: jer
deben recepturiT gaTvaliswinebul mkvriv Semadgenlebs (mag. sufris
marili, saneleblebs, nedl qons, xorcs da sxv.), xolo Semdeg Seavseben
Txevadi komponentiT- bulioniT an sawebelaTi.
qilaSi SigTavss deben xeliT an avtomatur danadgarze. sasurvelia
e.w. avtomat-dozatorebis gamoyeneba, romelic uzrunvelyofen yvela qila-
Si ZiriTadi nedleulisa da danamatebis erTnairi raodenobiT Cadebas.
daxufva. daxufvis win qilidan unda amoitumbos haeri. amas aRweven
SigTavsis gacxelebiT, agreTve mosaxufi danadgaris vakum mowyobilobiT.
Tunuqis qilebs xufaven korpusisa da saxuravis nawiburebis civad mig-
linviT, ra drosac warmoiqmneba ormagi nakeri. minis qilas xufaven
Tunuqis xufis moxril gvirgvinsa da qilis yels Soris rezinis rgolis
CasolviT (gaWedviT); aseTi moxufvis simtkices uzrunvelyofs minis
qilis yelis mTel perimetrze rgoluri Rarakis arseboba.
sterilizacia. unda uzrunvelyofili iqnas konservis steriliza-
ciis iseTi reJimi, rom moxuful qilaSi daTrgunuli iqnas narCeni mik-
roflora da moxdes xorcis fermentebis sabolood inaqtivacia. reJimis
moTxovnis sworad dacvis pirobebSi sterilizebul konservSi unda
daixocos iseTi mikroflora: 1. romlebic iwveven produqtis gafuWebas
da 2. romelnic cxovelmoqmedebis procesSi warmoqmnian saSiS toqsinebs.
maT miekuTvneba: Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfingens

184
da sxv. sterilezaciis reJimze da xangrZlivobaze informacia mocemulia
yvela konkretuli konservis damzadebis instruqciaSi. sterilizacias
axorcieleben avtoklavebSi (sur. 78) an nakaduri moqmedebis sterili-
zatorebSi.
sur. 78. vertikaluri cxlad daxarisxeba. sterilizaciis dam-
TavrebisTanave qilebs garedan recxaven da
avtoklavi  АВК-01
sxvadaxva defeqtebis gamosavlenad axarisxeben.
am dros metalis qilis saxuravi da fskeri,
agreTve minis qilis xufi, ramdenadme gamoberi-
lia, magram es defeqti ar aris. wundebas eqvem‐
debareba: hermetuloba darRveuli, Zlier
deformirebuli (Tunuqis) an gabzaruli (minis)
da arasworad miglinuli saxuravis mqone
qilebi. maT xsnian da SigTavss iyeneben sxvada-
sxva asortimentis xorcproduqtis dasamza-
deblad.
gaciveba. swrafad gaciveba gamoricxavs
konservis SigTavsSi gadarCenili Termofiluri
baqteriebis gamravlebas da am mizeziT pro-
duqtis gafuWebas. amitom metalis qilebs jer
kidev avtoklavSi cici wylis SeSvebiT aciveben
+40...+500C temperaturamde, xolo aseT tempe-
raturaze daxarisxebis Semdeg gadaaqvT gril
sakanSi.
civad daxarisxeba. gacivebuli qila ar unda iyos gaberili (mas
“bombaJs” uwodeben). bombaJis mizezebia:
1. qilis SigniT mimdinareobs mikrobiologiuri procesebi;
2. dafasoebisas produqti iyo zomaze metad civi;
3. daxufvisas qilidan ar amoitumba haeri da
4. qilaSi Cadebulia zomaze meti raodenobiT produqti.
daxarisxebisas aucilebelia gairkves bombaJis gamomwvevi mizezebi
da Tu amis SesaZlebloba ar aris konservi eqvemdebareba utilizacias.
Senaxva. xorcis konservebis Senaxvis temperaturul-tenianobis
reJimi da xangrZlivoba damokidebulia taras masalaze, SigTavsis
Sedgenilobasa da sterilizaciis reJimze. minis taraSi Cadebuli xorcis
burRuleulTan, makaronTan an bostneulTan narevi konservis Senaxvis
vadaa 2-3 weli, metalis qilaSi dafasoebuli xorcis bostneulTan
narevSi konservis 1-2 weli, Sebolili xorcproduqtebis ki 1 weli.
konservis mdgomareobasa da misi Senaxvis vadebze yvela konkretul
SemTxvevaSi specialuri komisia msjelobs taras mdgomareobisa da
SigTavsis Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. wundebas eqvemdebareba daJanguli,
an deformirebul taraSi, gabzarul minis taraSi da standartis Seusa-
bamo morfo-fizikuri Tvisebebis mqone konservi.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
• ra mizans emsaxureba cxovelis/frinvelis nakvebobis gansazRvra?
• ra maCveneblebiT da rogor sazRvraven cxovelis nakvebobas?
• ra pirobebi unda iyos daculi cxovelis/frinvelis transporti-
rebisas?
• ramden xans aSimSileben dakvlis win mcoxnav cxovelebs, Rors,
frinvels da ramdeni saaTiT adre uwyvetaven maT wylis micemas?

185
 • ra TanamimdevrobiT tardeba cxovelebis/frinvelebis pirveladi
gadamuSavebis (dakvlis) operaciebi?
• ra temperaturis unda iyos Roris naklavis gasafufqi wyali, da
ramden xans unda gavfufqoT is?
• ramden komerciul da xarisxis klasad iyofa Roris tanxorci
evrogaerTianebis qveynebis standartis mixedviT?
• ra maCvenebliT da ramden xarisxad iyofa Zroxis tanxorcis kla-
sebi evrogaerTianebis qveynebis standartiT?
• damarilebis romeli wesi gamoiyeneba SaSxis damzadebisas?
• ra temperaturaze xorcieldeba SaSxis “civad” da “cxlad”
Sebolva?
• ra saxis Zexveuli mzaddeba sawarmoebSi?
• ra saxis naxevarfabrikatebi aris cnobili?
• rogoria TanamimdevrobiT tardeba teqnologiuri procesebi qilis
konservebis damzadebisas?
• ras amzadeben endokrinuli, fermentuli da specialuri nedleulidan?
 
literatura:
1. g.gogoli, p.gogoli- xorcisa da xorcproduqtebis teqnologia.
Tbilisi, 2006;
2. z. cxvedaZe- xorcis gadamuSavebis teqnologiis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi,
2001;
3. Технология производства и переработки животноводлчкской продукции. Под
общей редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;
 
 
 
 
 
T a v i 14. kvercxis, matylis da tyavbewveulis daxarisxeba da pirveladi
gadamuSaveba;

kvercxis daxarisxeba
kvercxi Zvirfasi dieturi sakvebia. is Seicavs adamianisaTvis saWiro
yvela sayuaTo nivTierebas. qaTmis erTi kvercxi Tavisi kvebiTi Rire-
bulebiT 200 grami mouxdel rZis da 40 grami Zroxis xorcis tolfasia.
kvercxis cila xasiaTdeba baqteriociduli, agreTve sxvadasxva samkur-
nalo TvisebebiT.
kvercxi sami ZiriTadi nawi-
cxrili 37. kvercxis nawilebis lisagan- cilis, yviTrisa da naWu-
Sefardeba, % Wisagan Sedgeba. sxvadasxva saxe-
frinvelis obis frinvelebis kvercxSi maTi
cila yviTri naWuWi
saxeoba urTierTSefardeba sakmaod gans-
qaTami 55,8 31,9 12,3 xvavebulia (cxrili 37).
indauri 55,9 32,3 11,8 amasTan, kvercxSi wylis,
ixvi 52,6 35,4 12,0 proteinis, cximis, naxSirwylebis
bati 52,5 35,1 12,4 da mineraluri nivTierebebis Sem-
cicari 55,0 31,4 13,6 cveloba, Sesabamisad, 69,9-74,3; 12,8-
mwyeri 60,9  31,9  7,2  14,0; 11,1-14,1; 0,4-1,2 da 0,8-1,2%-is
farglebSi cvalebadobs.

186
 sasoflo-sameurneo frinvelebidan yvelaze didi masis kvercxi aqvs
bats (120-200 g), xolo yvelaze patara- 9-12 g mwyers. qaTmis kvercxis masa
cvalebadobs 45-75 g- is farglebSi.
ganasxvaveben sainkubacio da sakveb (sasursaTo) kvercxs. maT Soris
is gansxvavebaa, rom sainkubacio kvercxi ganayofierebulia, sasursaTo ki
ara. sxva saxeobis frinvelebTan SedarebiT, ZiriTadad, sasursaTo mniSv-
neloba qaTmisa da mwyris kvercxs aqvs. ixvis da batis kvercxi sakvebad
gamoiyeneba akrZalulia maT naWuWze salmonelozis gamomwvevi mikrobebis
arsebobis gamo, xolo indauris da cicris kvercxis raodenoba sasur-
saTo bazarze SedarebiT umniSvneloa.
sacalo vaWrobis qselSi kvercxi iyideba naturaluri saxiT, sakon-
ditro da xorcproduqtebis warmoebaSi ki iyeneben rogorc naturalur
kvercxs, aseve melanJs da kvercxis fxvnils.
kvercxisadmi wayenebuli ZiriTadi moTxovnaaa misi siaxle. axali
kvercxs dalandvisas cvlilebebi ar aRiniSneba, xolo sahaero kamera Seda-
rebiT patara zomis aqvs.
Senaxvis xangrZliobidan gamomdinare ganasxvaveben dietur da sasa-
dilo (sufris) kvercxs. dieturs miekuTvneba dadebidan 7 dRemde kvercxi,
xolo sasadilod iTvleba 00-dan +200C‐temperaturis pirobebSi 8-dan 25
dRemde periodSi Senaxuli kvercxi, agreTve is kvercxi, romelic _20C-dan  
00C temperaturamde inaxeboda 3 Tveze ufro didxans.
dieturi da sasadilo kvercxi sahaero saknis, yviTris da cilis
mdgomareobiT unda Seesabamebodes 38-e cxrilSi motanil moTxovnebs.
dieturi kvercxi, masis gaTvaliswinebiT iyofa or kategoriad I da II.
dadebidan 7 dRis gasvlis Semdeg dieturi kvercxi avtomaturad gadadis
sasadilo xarisxSi.

cxrili 38. sasursaTo kvercxis xarisxobrivi maCveneblebi

sahaero sakanis
kvercxis yviTris cilis simkvrive
mdgomareoba/
xarisxi mdgomareoba da feri
simaRle
myari, odnav Sesam-
Cnevi, konturebi
uZravi/ar aRema- mkvrivi, Ria fe-
dieturi ar aris gamokveTi-
teba 4 mm- s ris, gamWvirvale
li, ukavia centra-
luri mdebareoba
myari, naklebad
uZravi, dasaSvebia
sufris, 0...+20 SesamCnevi, dasaS-
0C temperatura-
mcireodeni moZ- mkvrivi, Ria fe-
vebia centraluri
raoba/ara umetes ris, gamWvirvale
ze Senaxuli mdebareobidan
7 mm-sa
mcire gadaxra
uZravi, dasaSvebia mkvrivi, dasaSve-
sufris, -20C…0
0C temperatura-
mcireodeni bia naklebad
“ – “ – “ 
moZraoba/ara mkvrivi, Ria fe-
ze Senaxuli
umetes 7 mm-sa ris, gamWvirvale

dieturi kvercxis markireba xdeba wiTeli feris (sur. 79), xolo

sasadilo kvercxis- lurji feris beWdiT. pirveli niSani gviCvenebs
realizaciis vadas, xolo meore kvercxis kategorias, misi masidan
gamomdinare.

187
 sasursaTo kvercxis xarisxi damo-
sur. 79. umaRlesi kate-
kidebulia misi Segrovebis, SefuTvis, trans-
goriis dieturi kvercxi
portirebisa da Senaxvis pirobebze. stan-
dartis Sesabamisad kvercxi unda iyos
sufTa, naWuWze ar unda SeimCneodes sis-
xlis da WuWyis laqebi. naWuWi, aseve, ar
unda iyos dazianebuli (gabzaruli).
dasaSvebadaa miCneuli:
a) dieturi kvercxis naWuWze erTe-
uli zoli an wertilis arseboba;
b) sufris kvercxis naWuWze wertili
da/an laqa, magram misi zedapiris ara
umetes 1/8 farTobze.
daxarisxebisas naWuWis sisufTavesTan
erTad mxedvelobaSi miiReba, sakuTriv
kvercxis Semadgeneli nawilebis Tvisobrivi maxasiaTeblebi. kvercxs ar
unda hqondes ucxo suni (laye, dampali, gaxrwnis da sxva). amasTan,
mniSvnelovania, rom dieturi da sufris kvercxi akmayofilebdes vetsani-
tarul moTxovnebs.
standartis Sesabamisad sasursaTo kvercxi xarisxdeba dadebidan
erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi. qaTmis dieturi da sasursaTo kvercxi masis
mixedviT iyofa umaRlesi, rCeuli, pirveli, meore da mesame kategoriebad
(cxrili 39). kvercxs ukeTdeba markireba, romelic advilad unda
ikiTxebodes. markirebis gareSe kvercxis realizacia dauSvebelia.
35-42 g masis kvercxi
cxrili 39. qaTmis kvercxis kategoriebi gamoiyeneba teqnikuri gadamu-
erTi aTi 360 kver- SavebisaTvis da igzavneba
kategoria kvercxis kvercxis cxis sazogadoebrivi kvebis obi-
masa, g masa, g masa, kg eqtebSi.
umaRlesi 75 da 750 da 27,0 da evrogaerTianebis qveyne-
meti meti meti bis standartis Sesabamisad
rCeuli 65-dan 650-dan 23,4-dan qaTmis kvercxi masis mixedviT
74,9-mde 749-mde 26,9-mde iyofa oTx xarisxad:
pirveli 55-dan 550-dan 19,9-dan 1. eqstra- kvercxi, romlis
64,9-mde 649-mde 23,3-mde masa 75 g da metia;
meore 45-dan 450-dan 16,2-dan 2. msxvili- kvercxi, romlis
54,9-mde 549-mde 19,8-mde masa 63-74 g-s Seadgens;
mesame 35-dan 250-dan 12,6-dan 3. saSualo- kvercxi, rom-
49,9-mde 449-mde 16,1-mde lis masa 53-63 g-s Sead-
gens da
4. wvrili- kvercxi, romlis masa 43-53 g-a.
evrokomisiis # 598/2008 wesiT, romelic miRebuli iqna 2008 wlis 24
ivniss, sabazro standartebis gamartivebis Semdeg evrokavSiris qveynebis
mwarmoeblebma unda miiRon nebarTva operatoris TxovniT kvercxis marki-
rebisagan ganTavisuflebis Taobaze. 2008 wlis 1 ivlisidan evrokavSirSi
warmoebuli gadasamuSavebeli kvercxi ganTavisuflebulia markirebis
aucileblobisagan, magram es ar exeba mesame qveynidan importirebul
kvercxs.
sawarmoo praqtikaSi sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba sasursaTo kvercxis
defeqtebi. dadgenilia maTi gamomwvevi mizezebi:

188
 • marmarilosebri naWuWi. gamowveulia saqaTmeSi maRali tenianobiT,
sakvebSi D3 vitaminis siWarbiT da kvercxis xangrZlivad SenaxviT;
• aratipiuri feris da niSnebis mqone naWuWi. gamomwvevi mizezi SeiZ-
leba iyos frinvelis organizmis saerTo rezistentobis Semcireba,
sulfanilamidebiT mowamvla, virusuli daavadeba da kvercxis
dadebisas Zlieri stresi;
• xorkliani naWuWi. gamowveulia sakvebSi spilenZis deficitiT da D3
vitaminis siWarbiT; garda amisa, aseT kvercxs sakmaod xSirad deben
asakovani frinvelebi;
• kvercxis araswori forma. mizezia reproduqciul organoebSi
morfologiuri darRvevebi, maRali kvercxdebis periodSi sasmeli
wylis deficiti, agreTve virusuli infeqciebi;
• SeTxelebuli cila. gamowveulia ulufaSi lizinis deficitiT,
kvercxis xangrZlivad SenaxviT, safrinveleSi maRali temperatu-
riT, an kidev haerSi amiakis maRali SemcvelobiT;
• uferuli yviTri; gamomwvevi mizezia ulufaSi A vitaminis deficiti,
agreTve qaTmis koqcidioziT da infeqciuri bronqitiT daavadeba.
• moyviTalo-momwvano yviTri; gamowveulia ulufaSi B2 vitaminis
siWarbiT.
• orgula kvercxi; gamowveulia hormonaluri darRveviT, kvercxsa-
valis susti ganviTarebiT, sinaTlis reJimis mkveTrad gazrdiT,
agreTve genetikuri faqtorebiT.

matylis saxeebi da klasireba

boWkoebis Sedgenilobis mixedviT matyli iyofa erTgvarovan da
araerTgvarovan anu Sereul matylad.
erTgvarovani matyli Sedgeba erTgvarovani boWkoebisagan, romelTa
danawileba simsxoTi, sigrZiT da sxva garegnuli niSnebiT SeuiaraRebeli
TvaliT SeuZlebelia. erTgvarovan matyls miekuTvneba nazi da naxevrad
nazmatylovani jiSebis, agreTve zogierTi najvari cxvris matyli.
araerTgvarovani anu Sereuli matyli Sedgeba TivTikis, gardama-
vali da uxeSi boWkoebisagan, xSirad mSrali da mkvdari boWkoebis minar-
evebiT. matylis es fraqciebi SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac advilad gasarCe-
via erTmaneTisagan. aseTi matyliT xasiaTdebian uxeSmatylovani da naxev-
rad uxeSmatylovani jiSebis, agreTve zogierTi najvari cxvrebi.
praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba matylis xarisxis Sefasebis ori saxis stan-
darti, samrewvelo da dasamzadebeli. dasamzadebeli standartebi SemuSa-
vebulia matylis mwarmoebel meurneobebSi da damamzadebel punqtebSi
gamosayeneblad. am standartis mixedviT matylis klasirebis ZiriTadi
principi igivea, rac samrewvelo standartis SemTxvevaSia gaTvaliswine-
buli, magram Sesafasebeli niSan-Tvisebebis raodenoba masSi naklebia.
standartis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad matylis xarisxis dadgenas
klasirebas uwodeben. matylis klasireba xdeba cxvris gaparsvisTanave.
erT-erTi ZiriTadi pirobaa is, rom parsvisas matylis safarveli cxvris
sxeulidan Semoparsuli iqnas erT mTlianobaSi. aseT naparss kanZs
uwodeben.
erTgvarovani matylis mqone cxvrebs weliwadSi parsaven erTxel-
gazafxulze da, rogorc wesi, matyls aqvs kanZis saxe. araerTgvarovani
matylis mqone cxvrebs parsaven orjer- gazafxulze da Semodgomaze.

189
gazafxulis naparss aqvs kanZis saxe, xolo Semodgomis matyli cal-cal-
ke konebadaa (kululebadaa) warmodgenili.
kanZi Sedgeba Stapelebis an kululebisagan.
Stapelebi matylis konebia, romlisagan Sedgeba nazmatylovani da
naxevrad nazmatylovani jiSis cxvrebis kanZi. Stapelebis sisqe TiTqmis
mTel sigrZeze erTnairia, xolo maTi daboloeba blagvi an wawvetebulia.
kululebi ewodeba uxeSi da naxevraduxeSmatylovani cxvrebis
matylis konebs, romelTa gare boloebi mkveTrad wvrildeba da iRebs
kululis formas.
Stapelebisa da kululebis mixedviT fasdeba matylis teqnikuri
Tvisebebi: klakniloba, WeSmariti da bunebrivi sigrZe, sinaze da sxv.
samrewvelo standartis instruqciaSi aRwerilia ra saxis matyli
eqvemdebareba klasirebas da ramden klasad/qveklasad xdeba maTi dayofa.
aqve mocemulia, agreTve, transportirebisaTvis kanZis/matylis SefuTvisa
da markirebis wesebi.
yvela standartis mixedviT, ganurCevlad kanZis saxisa, klasireba
xdeba: 1. matylis dabinZurebis da defeqtianobis xarisxis mixedviT; 2.
feris mixedviT da 3. kanZSi ufro meti raodenobiT Semavali matylis
sinazis mixedviT. gamonakliss warmoadgens nazmatylovani cxvrebis kanZi,
romelsac jer klasebad yofen sigrZis mixedviT, xolo Semdeg qvekla-
sebad matylis sinazis mixedviT.
daxarisxebisas kanZs specialur magidaze deben gaSlilad, naparsi
mxariT qvemoT da minarevebis mosacileblad dabertyaven. Sefasebis daw-
yebamde kanZs acileben dabali xarisxis muclis, agreTve ganavliT an
talaxiT dasvril ubnebs da nakuw matyls. ase momzadebul matyls
afaseben boWkos sigrZis, simsxos da sinazis xarisxis mixedviT, aseve
adgenen mis erTgvarovnebas, boWkos simsxos mixedviT gamoTanabrebas da
simagres.
boWkos sigrZes anu Stapelis simaRles adgenen Cveulebrivi saxa-
zaviT, simsxos da matylis boWkoebis simsxoSi gamoTanabrebas- Tvalzo-
miT da/an etalonis daxmarebiT, miaxloebiT simagres ki- Cveulebrivi
fanqris diametris konis gawyvetaze gamocdiT. sinazis xarisxs
sazRvraven e.w. bratforduli klasifikaciiT, romelic efuZneba matylis
boWkos simsxos TvalzomiT gansazRvras (Sefasebas).
erTgvarovani kanZis daxarisxebisas matylis klasze da qveklasze
mikuTvneba, ZiriTadad, xdeba misi sigrZisa da simsxos mixedviT.
klasirebul kanZs axveven Semdegnairad: erTi gverdidan zurgis
Sua, warmosaxviT xazisaken gadaikeceba kanZis erTi mesamedi ra drosac
Stapeli rCeba SigniT, naparsi mxare ki gareT. Semdeg meore gverdidan
sruldeba igive operacia da bolos kisris da kudis mxridan Sua werti-
lisaken Caixveva mTeli kanZi ise, rom mas aZleven muTaqisebur formas.
daxveul kanZs deben didi zomis tomrebSi- bardanebSi da gadaaqvT
dasawnexad. erT bardanaSi ideba mxolod erTi saxis, klasis da qve-
klasis kanZi. dawnexva amcirebs matylis gadazidvaze, SesafuT masalaze,
momsaxure personalze gasawev xarjebs da xels uwyobs matylis struq-
turis SenarCunebas, rac aucilebelia gadamamuSavebel sawarmoSi misi
samrewvelo xarisxebis dasadgenad. bardanas masa matylis saxidan gamom-
dinare, sxvadasxvaa da SeiZleba cvalebadobdes 70-120 kg- is farglebSi.
dawnexil bardanas saRebaviT an melniT ukeTeben markirebas, ra
drosac miuTiTeben: qveyanas, mxares, raions da meurneobas, sadac matyli

190
iqna warmoebuli da SefuTuli, matylis saxes, cxvris sqesobriv-asakob-
riv jgufs, parsvis sezons, klass, qveklass, fers da bardanis masas.
bocvris tyavbewvis pirveladi damuSaveba
maRali xarisxis tyavbewvis misaRebad bocveri umjobesia daiklas
gviani Semodgoma zamTarSi, rodesac balnis cvena wydeba, xolo safari
xSiri, TivTikiT mdidari, grZeli da bzinvarea.
dakvlis win, jer sveli, Semdeg ki mSrali tiloTi bocvris bewvs
da kans guldasmiT asufTaveben mtvrisa da WuWyisagan. gatyavebis teqno-
logiur operacias win uZRvis bocvris gabrueba da sisxlisagan dacla
(dakvla).
meqanikuri an eleqtruli wesiT gabruebul bocvers ukana kidure-
biT hkideben pirveladi gadamuSavebis konveiris kidul gzaze an nebis-
mier sxva saSualebaze. mis kiserze, qveda ybis mimdebare midamoSi danis
wveriT akeTeben Wrils, Sedian siRrmeSi da danis ganivad moZraobiT
gadaWrian marjvena da marcxena saZile arterias, ise, rom ar azianeben
saylapav mils da traqeas. sisxlis gamoSveba SeiZleba Tavis mTlianad
daWriT, magram am dros saWiroa sifrTxile, rom sisxlis wveTebi an
gadaWrili saylapavi milidan gadmodenili kuWis SigTavsiT bewvi ar
daisvaros.
naklavi sisxlisagan icleba 2-2,5 w-Si. sisxlis wveTis bewvze mox-
vedrisas am adgils wmenden mSrali bambis tamponiT an tiloTi.
gasatyaveblad momzadebas iwyeben wina kidurebis majis saxsarSi
daWriT. Semdeg muclis midamoSi xelis msubuqad daWeriT Sardis busts
aTavisufleben SigTavsisagan da ukana kidurebze, saxtomi saxsris mida-
moSi daniT wriulad SemoaWrian kans.
momdevno operaciaa orive barklis SigniTa mxareze, analuri xvre-
lis mimarTulebiT tyavis gaWra da ukana
sur. 80. bocvris kidurebis mTlianad gatyaveba. Semdeg muSa-
gatyaveba  operatori orive xels hkidebs kidurebidan
mocilebul tyavs da dabla frTxili moZra-
obebiT daWimviT naklavs mTlianad gaaZrobs
tyavs (sur. 80) ise, rom bewviani zedapiri
aRmoCndeba SigniTa mxareze.
tyavs deben magidaze da ise, rom ar
daziandes, SemaerTebelqsovilovani zedapiri-
dan basri daniT tyavs aaWrian gatyavebisas
ayolil xorcis, qonisa da myesebis anarCenebs.
am gziT gawmendili tyavbewvi gadaaqvT
sxva saamqroSi da gacivebis mizniT 1 sT-iT
hkideben kauWze.
gacivebul tyavs, gadmoubruneblad, Camo-
acvamen xis formaze (morze, sur. 81) da zeda-
piridan daniT frTxilad Camofxeken qonis
anarCenebs.
narCeni cximis mosacileblad tyavbewvs
Semoayrian sufTa benzinSi dasvelebul naxerxs
da xeliT kargad Caazilaven mas. 15-20 wT-is
Semdeg naxerxs Camobertyaven da tyavs aSroben
+350C temperaturisa da 30-50% fardobiTi
tenianobis pirobebSi.

191
 usafrTxoebidan gamomdinare dauSvebelia
tyavbewvis Ria cecxlTan gaSroba. aseve ar aris sur. 81. tyavbewvis
rekomendebuli mzeze gaSroba. mSrali tyavbew- cximisa da anarCe-
vis tenianoba ar unda aRematebodes 12-16%-s. nebisagan gawmenda 
aseTi saxiT gamomSrali tyavi igzavneba
tyavbewveulis sawarmoebSi.
bocvris tyavbewvs axarisxeben farTobisa
da kanis sisqis mixedviT. farTobis mixedviT,
ZiriTadad, gamoyofen 2 xarisxs, tyavbewvi rom-
lis farTobi 16 kvadratul decimetrze
naklebia da 16 kvadratul decimetrze ufro
farTo tyavbewvs.
aseve or xarisxad yofen tyavbewvs kanis
sisqis mixedviT: 0,7 mm-mde sisqis da 0,7 mm-ze
ufro sqeli.
gamomSrali tyavbewis gamoyvanis ramode-
nime xerxi arsebobs. erT-erTi xerxis arsi
mdgomareobs SemdegSi:
mSral tyavs dasalbobad CauSveben winaswar mimzadebul +250C
temperaturis marilxsnarSi (1 l wyalSi 30 g NaCl). procesis bolosaTvis
tyavi ise darbildeba, rom mogvagonebs axals. dambal tyavs recxaven
jer Tbil wyalSi gaxsnili sarecxi saSualebiT, Semdeg ki gaavleben
sufTa wyals da SeaSroben.
SemSral tyavbewvs kvlav CauSveben marilwyalSi romelsac, 30 wT-
is gasvlis Semdeg amateben CaCO3-s, 1 l marilxsnarze 1 gramis raode-
nobiT. sodis gaxsnis Semdeg 30 wT-is SualediT or jerad umateben 2 g
formalins/1 l marilxsnarze.
narevSi tyavs aCereben 6 saaTi, +250C temperaturis pirobebSi, ris
Semdeg umateben koncentrirebul gogirdmJavas-
sur. 82. bocvris
1 l xsnarze 5 ml-is odenobiT, periodulad
gamoyvanili tyavbewvi  ureven da ayovneben 8 saaTis manZilze.
dayovnebis Semdeg xsnaris amateben niSaduris
spirts (4 ml-s yovel 1 litrze gadaangari-
SebiT) da erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi ureven.
narCeni cximis mosacileblad tyavbewvs
CauSveben mduRare abazanaSi, romelSic yovel
1 l wyalze damatebulia 50 g sarecxi saponi
da 20 g niSaduris spirti.
amoRebul tyavs gadaabruneben (bewviT ga-
reT), deben Taroze da aSroben. bewvma bzinvareba rom miiRos mas wmenden
teqnikuri spirtiT.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
• ra maCveneblebiT axarisxeben sasursaTo kvercxs?
• Senaxvis ra vada aqvs dietur/sasursaTo kvercxs?
• ra feris beWdiT aRiniSneba dieturi/sasursaTo kvercxi?
• sasursaTo kvercxis ra defeqtebi gvxvdeba?
• rodis parsaven erTgvarovan da araerTgvarovanmatylovan cxvrebs?
• ra da ra saxis matyls iZleva mecxvareoba?
• ra aris kanZi?
192
 • ra maCveneblebiT xdeba matylis klasireba?
• riT gansxvavdeba Stapeli kululisagan?
• ra teqnologiuri operaciebisagan Sedgeba bocvris gatyaveba? 
• ra maCveneblebiT axarisxeben bocvris tyavbewvs?  
 
literatura:
1. g.gogoli, p.gogoli- xorcisa da xorcproduqtebis teqnologia.
Tbilisi, 2006;
2. r.nozaZe, m.xuciSvili, v.zavraSvili- mefrinveleobis produqtebis
warmoebisa da gadamuSavebis teqnologia. Tbilisi, 2007;
3. T. paikiZe- mecxvareoba. Tbilisi, 2004;
4. m.xuciSvili, r.nozaZe, v.zavraSvili, a.Wkuaseli, a.CageliSvili,
n.maisuraZe- sasursaTo kvercxis pirveladi damuSavebis da standar-
tizaciis safuZvlebi. Tbilisi, 2009;
5. Технология производства и переработки животноводоческой продукции. Под общей
редакцией Н.Г. Макарцева. «Манускрипт», 2005;

193
 ibeWdeba avtoris mier warmodgenili saxiT

gadaeca warmoebas 30.07.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 21.08.2009. qaRaldis

zoma 60X84 1/8. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 12. tiraJi 100 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, kostavas 77