SOLUTION (8.16) Known: Four standard R.R. Moore specimens of known materials are given. Find: Estimate the long-life fatigue strength for reversed torsional loading. (State whether it is for 108 or 5 x 108 cycles.) Schematic and Given Data: Wrought aluminum S_= 29 ksi Wrought aluminum Su= 73 ksi High grade cast aluminum High grade forged magnesium Assumption: Figs. 8.8, 8.9, and 8.10 can be used to estimate long life fatigue for reversed loading Analysis: 1. From Fig. 8.9, for the wrought aluminum having Sy = 29 ksi, the rotating bending fatigue strength at 5 x 108 cycles is Sn’ = 12 ksi. Since, for reversed torsional loading Sn = 0.58 Sn’ , Sn = 0.58(12) = 7 ksi . 2. From Fig. 8.9, for the wrought aluminum having Sy = 73 ksi, the rotating bending fatigue strength at 5 x 108 cycles is Sn’ = 19 ksi. Thus, for reversed torsional loading, Sn = 0.58(130) = 75 MPa a. 3. From Fig. 8.8, for high grade cast aluminum, the rotating bending fatigue strength at 5 x 108 cycles is 11 ksi for sand cast and 15 ksi for permanent mold cast. Thus, for reversed torsional loading, Sn = 0.58(11) = 6.48 ksi for sand cast 0.58(15) = 8.7 ksi for permanent mold cast . 4. From Fig. 8.10, for high grade forged magnesium, the rotating bending fatigue strength at 108 cycles is 22 ksi. Thus, for reversed torsional loading, Sn = 0.58(22) = 12.76 ksi SOLUTION @.17) Known: A steel bar having known Sy and Sy has average machined surfaces. Find: Plot on log-log coordinates estimated S-N curves for (a) bending, (b) axial, and (©) torsional loading. For each of the three types of loading, determine the fatigue strength corresponding to (1) 10° or more cycles and (2) 5 x 104 cycles. 8-12Schematic and Given Data: Su= 97 ksi Sy = 68 ksi Machined surface Assumptions: 1. Actual fatigue data is not available for this material. 2. The estimated S-N curves constructed using Table 8.1 are adequate. 3. Fig. 8.13 can be used to estimate surface factor, Cs. 4. The gradient factor, Cc = 0.9, for axial and torsional loading. Analysis: 1. Endurance limits: (10° cycle strength) Sn= Sn’ CLCoCs For bending, 0.5 Sy = 0.5(97) = 48.5 ksi (Fig. 8.5) (Table 8.1) (Table 8.1) ig. 8.13) (48.5)(1)(0.9)(0.76) = 33.2 ksi 48.5 ksi 0.8 (between 0.7 and 0.9) 0.76 in = 48.5(1)(0.8)(0.76) = 29.5 ksi For torsion, . 2. 10° cycle strength For bending, 0.9Su = 0.9(97) = 87.3 ksi (Table 8.1) For axial, 0.758u = 0.75(97) = 72.8 ksi For torsion, 0.9Sus = 0.9(0.8)(97) = 69.8 ksi 8-1310° 10! 10° 10° 10” Cycles (log) 4. 5x 10* cycle strength Bending: 50.5 ksi Axial: 43.6 ksi Torsion: 33.6 ksi Comments: 1. The surface factor, Cs is not used for correcting the 103-cycle strength because for ductile parts the 10° strength which is close to the static strength, is unaffected by surface finish. 2. For critical designs, pertinent test data should be used rather than the preceding rough approximation. SOLUTION (8.18) Known: A steel bar having known Sy and Sy has a hot rolled surface finish. Find: Determine the fatigue strength at 2 x 10° cycles for reversed axial loading. Schematic and Given Data: pe = 950 MPa S, = 600 MPa Assumptions: 1. Actual fatigue data is not available for this material. 2. The estimated S-N curves constructed using Table 8.1 are adequate. 3. Fig. 8.13 can be used to estimate surface factor, Cs 814Analysis: 1. Endurance limit (106 cycle strength) Sn = Sn’'CLCGCs For axial, Sn’ = 0.58y = 0.5(950) = 475 MPa C= CG=0.8 — (between 0.7 and 0.9) C, 475 (475)(1)(0.8)(0.475) = 180.5 MPa . h S 2. 108 For axial, 0.75Su = 0.75(950) = 712.5 MPa 3. S-Nocurves 3 Stress, MPa (log) ~ 5 Cycles (log) 4. 2x 10° cycle strength Axial: 248.7 MPa . Comments: 1. The surface factor, Cs is not used for correcting the 10°-cycle strength because for ductile parts the 103 strength is relatively unaffected by surface finish. 2. For critical designs, pertinent test data should be used rather than the preceding rough approximation. 3. Analytically the 200,000 cycle strength for reverse axial loading may be determined by solving [log (712.5) - log (180.5)]/(6 - 3) = [log (S) - log (180.5)}(6 - log (200,000)). SOLUTION (8.19) Known: A steel bar having known Sy and Sy has a fine ground surface. Find: Determine the fatigue strength for bending corresponding to (1) 10° or more cycles and (2) 2 x 108 cycles 8-15Schematic and Given Data: OF) Assumptions: 1, Actual fatigue data is not available for this material. 2. The estimated S-N curves constructed using Table 8.1 are adequate. 3. Fig. 8.13 can be used to estimate surface factor, Cs 4. The gradient factor, Ca = 0.9. Analysis: 1. Endurance limits: (10° cycle strength) Sn= Sn’ CLCaCs For bending, Sn’ = 0.5 Sy = 0.5(1200) = 600 MPa (Fig. 8.5) (Table 8.1) .9 (Table 8.1) .86 (Fig. 8.13) = (600)(1)(0.9)(0.86) = 464.4 MPa 2. 10° cycle strength For bending, 0.9Sy = 0.9(1200) = 1080 MPa (Table 8.1) 3. $-N-curves Stress, MPa (log) 2X 10%cyctes __ 10° 10 10° 10° 10" Cycles (log) 4. 210° cycle strength Bending: 565.5 MPaComments: 1. 2, 3 The surface factor, Cs is not used for correcting the 103-cycle strength because for ductile parts the 10° strength is relatively unaffected by surface finish. For critical designs, pertinent test data should be used rather than the preceding rough approximation. Analytically the 200,000 cycle fatigue strength for bending may be determined by solving [log (1080) - log (565.5)\/(6 - 3) = [log (S) - log (565.5)//(6 - log (200,000)). SOLUTION (8.20) Known: A steel bar having known Brinell hardness has average machined surfaces. Find: Determine the fatigue strength for bending corresponding to (1) 10° or more cycles and (2) 2 x 10° cycles. Schematic and Given Data: 0.5 in, Bbn = 375 = 187.5 ksi Machined surface Assumptions: 1 Actual fatigue data is not available for this material. 2. The estimated S-N curves constructed using Table 8.1 are adequate. 3. Fig. 8.13 can be used to estimate surface factor, Cs. 4. The gradient factor, Cc = 0.9. Analysis: 1. Endurance limits: (10° cycle strength) Sn = Sn’ CLCGCs For bending, 0.25 Bhn = 0.25(375) = 93.75 ksi (Fig. 8.5) (Table 8.1) 09 (Table 8.1) 0.64 — (Fig. 8.13) '3.75)(1)(0.9)(0.64) = 54 ksi : 2 198 For bending, S = 0.45Bhn = 0.45(375) = 168.75 ksi (Table 8.1) 8-173. S-N curves ‘Stress, ksi (log) Cycles (log) 4. 2x10° cycle strength Bending: 70.4 ksi 2 Comments: 1. Cyis not used for correcting 103-cycle strength because for ductile parts this is close to static strength, which is unaffected by surface finish. 2. For critical designs pertinent test data should be used rather than the preceding rough approximation. SOLUTION (8:21) Known: A steel bar having known Sy and Sy has average machined surfaces. Find: Plot on log-log coordinates estimated S-N curves for (a) bending, (b) axial, and (c) torsional loading. For each of the three types of loading, determine the fatigue strength corresponding to (1) 10° or more cycles and (2) 6 x 104 cycles. Schematic and Given Data: Lin, ‘Machined surface Assumptions: 1. Actual fatigue data is not available for this material. 2. The estimated S-N curves constructed using Table 8.1 are adequate. 3. Fig. 8.13 can be used to estimate surface factor, Cs. 8-18Analysis: 1. Endurance limits: (10° cycle strength) Sn = Sn’ CLCGCs For bending, Sn’ = 0.5 Su = 0.5(110) = 55 ksi (Fig. 8.5) cL=1 (Table 8.1) Co=0.9 (Table 8.1) Cs =074 (Fig. 8.13) Sn = (55)(1)(0.9)(0.74) = 36.6 ksi For axial, Sn’ = 55 ksi 7 0.8 (between 0.7 and 0.9) Cs =0.74 Sn = 55(1)(0.8)(0.74) = 32.6 ksi For torsion, 74 '5(0.58)(0.9)(0.74) = 21.2 ksi 2. 10° cycle strength 0.9(110) = 99.0 ksi (Table 8.1) Cm Sy = = 0.75(110) = 82.5 ksi For torsion, 0.9Sus = 0.9(0.8)(110) = 79.2 ksi 3. S-Ncurves Stress, ksi (log) 0 10* 10° 10° 10° Cycles (log) 8-194. 6x 104 cycle strength Bending: 55 ksi Axial: 48 ksi Torsion: 36 ksi Comments: 1. Cy is not used for correcting 103-cycle strength because for ductile parts this is close to static strength, which is unaffected by surface finish 2. For critical designs pertinent test data should be used rather than the preceding rough approximation. SOLUTION (8.22) Known: A steel bar having known Sy and Sy has average ground surfaces. Find: Plot on log-log coordinates estimated S-N curves for (a) bending, (b) axial, and (c) torsional loading. For each of the three types of loading, what is the fatigue strength corresponding to (1) 10° or more cycles and (2) 6 x 104 cycles? Schematic and Given Data: Ct) Assumptions: 1. Actual fatigue data is not available for this material. 2. The estimated S-N curves constructed using Table 8.1 are adequate 3. Fig. 8.13 can be used to estimate surface factor, Cs Analysis Fine 1. Endurance limits (10° cycle strength) Sn = Sn’ CLCGCs For bending, Sn’ = 0.5Su = 0.5(1100) = 550 MPa (Fig. 8.5) Cc 1 (Table 8.1) G=0.9 (Table 8.1) =0.89 — (Fig. 8.13) 550)(1)(0.9)(0.89) = 440.6 MPa . For axial, Sn’ = 550 MPa Csi CG=0.8 — (between 0.7 and 0.9) Cs = 0.89 Sn = (550)(1)(0.8)(0.89) = 392 MPa . 8-20For torsion, Sie eS (550)(0. 58)(0.9)(0.89) = 255.5 MPa a 103 cycle strength For bending, 0.9Su = 0.9(1100) = 990 MPa (Table 8.1) For axial, 0.75Su = 0.75(1100) = 825 MPa For torsion, 0.9Sus = 0.9(0.8)(1100) = 792 MPa ‘Stress, MPa (log) Cycles (log) 6 x 104 cycle strength Bending: 612 MPa Axial: 532 MPa Torsion: 405 MPa Average machined surface: 1. (10° cycle strength) Sn = Sn’ CLCoCs For bending, Sx’ = 0.58 = 0.5(1100) = 550 MPa Fig. 8.5) (Table 8.1) (Table 8.1) .68 (Fig. 8.13) (550)(1)(0.9)(0.68) = 337 MPa . 8-21(between 0.7 and 0.9) .68 (550)(1)(0.8)(0.68) = 299 MPa a For torsion, Sn’ = 550 MPa 0.68 Sn = (550)(0.58)(0.9)(0.68) = 195 MPa / 2. 103 cycle strength For bending, 0.9Sy = 0.9(1100) = 990 MPa (Table 8.1) For axial, 0.758u = 0.75(1100) = 825 MPa For torsion, 0.9Sus = 0.9(0.8)(1100) = 792 MPa 3. S.Ncurves Stress, MPa (log) Torsion 10 10" 10° 10" 107 Cycles (log) 4. 6x10! cycle strength Bending: 523 MPa . Axial: 452 MPa . Torsion: 345 MPa Comments: 1. The surface factor, Cs is not used for correcting the 103-cycle strength because for ductile parts the 103 strength is relatively unaffected by surface finish. 2. For critical designs, pertinent test data should be used rather than the preceding rough approximation. 8-22SOLUTION (8.23) Known: A ste! bar having known Sy and Sy has average machined surfaces. Find: Determine the fatigue strength corresponding to (1) 10° or more cycles and (2) 6 x 104 cycles for the case of zero-to-maximum (rather than completely reversed) load fluctuations for bending, axial, and torsional loading. Schematic and Given Data: Su=110 ksi Sa 77s Machined surface Assumptions: 1. Actual fatigue data is not available for this material. 2. The estimated S-N curves constructed using Table 8.1 are adequate 3. Fig. 8.13 can be used to estimate surface factor, Cs. Analysis: 1 Bending oohy $5, 6% 10" cyte life For © life, Gmax = 56 ksi . For 6 x 104 cycles, Gmax = 74 ksi /Gu (ksi) For © life, max = 50 ksi For 6 x 10* cycles, Gmax = 66 ksi 3. Torsion _ 40 Can't go here g due to surface 6x 10° cycle life 2 Sun 85, =88 o 2 ay 6 Talks!) “Sy0.585,=45 For © life, tmax = 34 ksi For 6 x 10 cycles, tmax = 58 ksi* *Only if the yielding indicated is acceptable, but if so, ta = 29, and the load stress can be 0-52 ksi. 8-24SOLUTION (8.24) Known: A steel bar having known Sy and Sy has average ground surfaces. Find: Determine the fatigue strength corresponding to (1) 10° or more cycles and (2) 6 x 104 cycles for the case of zero-to-maximum (rather than completely reversed) load fluctuations for bending, axial, and torsional loading. Schematic and Given Data: ‘S.= 1100 MPa S,= 715 MPa Ground surface Assumptions: 1, Actual fatigue data is not available for this material. 2. The estimated S-N curves constructed using Table 8.1 are adequate. 3. Fig. 8.13 can be used to estimate surface factor, Cs. ‘Cannot go here due to yielding (393.2, 393.2) (57.5, 357.5) é 2 ° S=1100 0 200 400 ~—~600 6, (MPa) Sy=715 For ~ life, Gmax = 630 MPa = For 6 x 104 cycles, Omax = 715 MPa if no yielding is permitted; otherwise, Gmax = 966 MPa a 8-25Cannot go here due to yielding (358.5, 358.5) 400} 2 (357.5, 357.5) 2 3 200} S.=1100 Oo 6, (MPa) Sy=715 For life, Omax = 578 MPa / For 6 x 104 cycles, Gmax = 715 MPa if no yielding is permitted; otherwise, max = 720 MPa . Torsion For © life, tmax = 414 MPa . For 6 x 10* cycle life, tmax = 215 MPa if no yielding is permitted; otherwise, max = 800 MPa . 8-26Average ined surface: Bending’ 1. 2 3 6, (MPa) For © life, Omax = 520 MPa For 6 x 104 cycles, Gmax = 710 MPa Axial oa(MPa) 452 (320, 320) For © life, Gmax = 470 MPa For 6 x 104 cycles, Gmax = 640 MPa Torsion 1, (MPa) Cannot go here due to surface yielding. 158 Sy =415 8-27For © life, tmax = 330 MPa / For 6 x 10* cycle life, tmax = 415 MPa if no yielding is permitted; otherwise, Tmax = 626 MPa . SOLUTION (8.25) Known: An unnotched bar and a notched bar of known material have the same minimum cross section. Find: For each bar, estimate (a) the value of static tensile load P causing fracture (b) the value of alternating axial load + P that would be just on the verge of producing eventual fatigue fracture (after perhaps 1-5 million cycles). Schematic and Given Data: 30 mm r—| P 30mm 30 mun p—<—— +> 35mm 30mm Basa ‘Machined surface AISI 1050 normalized stee! Assumption: The bar is manufactured as specified with regard to the critical fillet geometry and the bar surface finish. Analysis 1. Fora static fracture of a ductile material, the notch has little effect. Hence, for both bars, P=ASy where Sy = 748.1 MPa (Appendix C-4a) 30 mm)? (748.1 MPa) = 673 X 103 N 770 KN / 2. Sn = Sn’ CLCaCs 0.58u = 0.5(748.1) MPa 5 (Table 8.1) CG =0.8 (Table 8.1) 8-287. At-critical fillet, tm = 1.638016) = 52 MPa F = 105/78 = 1.3 a SOLUTION (8.39) Known: A round shaft made of steel having known Sy and Sy is subjected to a torque fluctuation. All critical surfaces are ground. Find: Estimate the safety factor for infinite fatigue life with respect to an overload that (a) increases both mean and alternating torque by the same factor, (b) an overload that increases only the alternating torque. Schematic and Given Data: 1.2in. dia a O.1inR ‘ shin dia hote ovine S.= 162 ksi, S,= 138 ksi 8-47‘Assumption: The shaft is manufactured as specified with regard to critical radii, hole geometry, and surface finish. Analysis: 1. Sus = 0.8(162) = 130 ksi Sys = 0.58(138) = 80 ksi 2. Atthe hole, from Fig. 4.37, Ki = 1.75 from Fig. 8.24, q = 0.88 Krp=1+(Kt-1q_ [Eq (8.2)] Kr= 1 + (0.75)(0.88) = 1.66 (At fillet, Ky = 1.33; hence, not as critical as hole) 3. Using the equation in Fig. 4.37, Tm y= Kk, (nD /16) - (dD) = 5000 - ; ‘im = CTAB) - (I/T6)(176) 1:66) = 44,600 psi = — 2000 _, = _ 4. Sn=Sn’ CLCcCs (Eq. (8.1)] (Fig. 8.5) (Table 8.1) (Table 8.1) Cs = 0.89 (Fig. 8.13) Sn = 0.5(162)(0.58)(0.9)(0.89) = 38 ksi / 5. 40 (b) overload a (a) overload si) 29 Normal operation Te (ksi) 6. Foran overload that increases both the mean and the alternating torque by the same factor, SF = 22/17.9 = 1.2 . For an overload that increases only the alternating torque, SF = 25/17.9 = 14 . 8-48SOLUTION (8.40) Known: A stepped shaft made of steel having known value of Sy is finished by grinding the surface. In service, it is loaded with a fluctuating zero-to-maximum torque. Find: Estimate the magnitude of maximum torque which would provide a safety factor of 1.3 with respect to a 75,000 cycle fatigue life. Schematic and Given Data: ‘Assumption: The shaft is manufactured as specified with regard to the critical fillet geometry and shaft surface finish. Analysis: 1. Sn=Sn’ CLCGCs (Eq. 6.1) "= 0.58y (Fig. 8.5) 0.58 (Table 8.1) (Table 8.1) Cs= 0.88 (Fig. 8.13) Sn = 0.5(1200)(0.58)(1)(0.88) = 306 MPa 7 2. For 103 cycle strength, from Table 8.1, S = 0.9 Sus where Sus = 0.8Sy Therefore, S = 0.9(0.8)(1200) = 864 MPa 75000 cycles Cycles (og)SOLUTION (8.43) Known: A steel shaft used in a spur gear reducer is subjected to a constant torque together with lateral forces that tend always to bend it downward in the center. The stresses are known, but these values do not take into account stress concentration caused by a shoulder with known dimensions, All surfaces are machined and the strength values and hardness of the steel are known. Find: Estimate the safety factor with respect to infinite life. Schematic and Given Data: Assumption: The shaft is manufactured as specified with regard to the critical fillet and shaft surface finish. Analysis: 1, We use the Fig. 8.16 relationship for "general biaxial loads": + Bending provides an alternating stress: Ga = Gea = 60 Kr MPa From Fig. 4.35(a), Ky = 1.63 From Fig. 8.24, q = 0.84 From Eq. 8.2, Kr = 1 + (0.63)(0.84) = 1.53 Gea = 60(1.53) = 91.8 MPa Torsion provides a mean stress: Tin = Gem = 80 Kr MPa From Fig. 4.35(0), Kr = 1.33 From Fig. 8.24, q = 0.86 From Bq 82, Kr=1 + (0.33)(0.86) = 1.28 Gem = 80(1.28) = 102.4 MPa. 2. Sn=Sn’ CCCs (Eq. (8.1)] 0.5Su (Fig. 8.5) (Table 8.1) 0.9 (Table 8.1) 16 (Fig. 8.13) Sn= © 5 SePOO}1)C: 9)(0.76) = 239 MPa 8-54Gen (MPa) 4. SF=175/91.8=1.9 a SOLUTION (6.44) Known: A pump is gear-driven at uniform load and speed. The shaft is supported by bearings mounted in the pump housing. The shaft is made of steel having known values of Sy and Sy. The tangential, axial, and radial components of force applied to the gear are known. The surface of the shaft fillet has been shot-peened, which is estimated to be equivalent to a laboratory mirror-polished surface. Fatigue stress concentration factors for the fillet have been determined. Find: Estimate the safety factor with respect to eventual fatigue failure at the fillet. Schematic and Given Data: 25 mm solid ‘round shaft ae 7 Fillet | Torsional Kr=1.5 Soy! Axial Kr=18 2000N {Pump ' > 50 min Helical spur gear 250 mm diaVertical view Horizontal view 2000 500 t us = [} 13 My = 2000150) Ma = 500(125) + 750(50) = 100,000 mm = 100,000 Nm M=VM¥ + Mir = 141,000 Naum Assumption: The shaft is manufactured as specified with regard to shaft geometry and surface finish. Analysis: 1. Nt = (2000)(50) = 100,000 Nemm, Mit = 500(125) + 750(50) = 100,000 N.mm; M = YM¥ + Mf = 141,000 Nm 2. We use the Fig. 8.16 relationship for "general biaxial loads": Alternating stress: Ky = ae 2041.00) 9) = 183.8 MPa Gea = 183.8 MPa Mean stresses: = 16M, _ 16(2000)(125) “nd (25) 500( 00 8) = 1.83 MPa (25) aE oom= 84a] es (Qh = 92 +1222" + 0.92" Oem = 123.1 MPa (1.5) = 122.2 MPa 3. Sn= Sp’ CLCGCs (Eq. (8.1)) = 0.58 (Fig. 8.5) (Table 8.1) {Table a 13) Sn= O5(1000)(1)0 yay 50 MPa 8-56a Sem (MPa) ee eeSOLUTION (8.45) Known: A countershaft has helical gear (B), bevel gear (D), and two supporting bearings (A and C). Loads acting on the bevel gear are known. Forces on the helical gears can be determined. Shaft dimensions are known. Alll shoulder fillets have a radius of 5 mm. Only bearing A takes thrust. The shaft is made of hardened steel having known values of Sy and Sy. All important surfaces are finished by grinding. Find: (a) Draw load, shear force, and bending moment diagrams for the shaft in the xy- and xz- planes. Also draw diagrams showing the intensity of the axial force and torque along the length of the shaft. (b) At points B, C, and E of the shaft, calculate the equivalent stresses in preparation for making a fatigue safety factor determination. (Note: Refer to Fig. 8.16.) (c) Fora reliability of 99% (and assuming = 0.08 Sn), estimate the safety factor of the shaft at points B, C, and E. Schematic and Given Data: a xz view D] Fe=533kN x--4 Forces act at 375 mm dia. Forces act at 500 mm dia. | |B [cy view 5 « i F,=137kN 1 BR F,=02625F, A B 550} 400-4 | Vie +45 120dia, | Kevway 0 dia. K, = 1.6 for bend and torsion; 1.0 for axial load, Use C, = 1 with these values, 8-58Assumption: The shaft is manufactured as specified with regard to the critical shaft geometry and surface finish. Analysis: 1, Load determination (a) Helical gear forces: For ©Mx = 0, the torque at the two gears must be equal. Therefore, Fy (250 mm) = 5.33(187.5 mm). Hence, Fy = 4.00 kN From the given data, Fx = .2625Fy = 1.05 KN; Fz = .3675 Fy = 1.47 kN. (b) Determine shaft loads in the xy and xz. planes 7y oF vertical plane Xz or horizontal plang Vertical forces: YMa =0: Cy= 4(550) + 1.37(187.5) - 1.37(1400) 1000 = 0.54 KN downward IF=0: Ay=4- 0.54 - 1.37 = 2.09 KN downward Horizontal forces: { e 33(14 SMa <0: Cy = 10525) 11S50)+5, 33(1400) = 6.92 KN upward XF=0: An=147 +6.92- 5.33 3.06 KN downward 8-592. Stress determination (@) ACE, the loading is: Compression of 1.37 KN, Ki = 2.2, q=.94, Kr = 2.13. Axial stress (mean or constant) = 4PKy_ 4(-1.37)(2.13) nd? (80) The tension stress is zero. M=~V(2.09 x 400)" + (3.06 x 400)" 1482 kN-mm_ Kt = 1.9, q=.94. Therefore, Ki Bending stress (alternating) = ak, = -0.581 MPa 1.85 32(1482 x 10°) tes eee = q¢goy7 1-85) = 54.5 MPa From Eq. (a) and Eq. (b) in the figure caption of Fig. 8.16, Gem Gea = 54.5 MPa At B, the loading is: Axial, P = -1.37 KN, Kr = 1.0, 6 Torsion = (4.0)(250) = 1000 KN-mm Bending : M = V (2.09 x 550)" + (3.06 x 550)" = 2038 kNnm. Kr = 1.6 for bending and torsion b 0.27 MPa Bending stress (alternating) = 2K mi _ 32(2038 x 10%). = ap 11-6) = 64.9 MPa 6 Torsional stress (mean) = ATK = sar 6) = 15.9 MPa ar 0.27 5 1 (15,9) + (0.27) 2 (©) AtC, the loading is: Bending: M=%(5.33 x 400) +[1.37 x (400 - 187.5)| 32(2152) x 10° (80)? Sem = 15.76 MPa; — Gea = 64.9 MPa Bending stress (alternating) = Gea = 42.8 MPa Torsional stress - same as (b) except no stress concentration factor; axial same as (b). 8-60St’ = 9.80 MPa 3. Strength and safety fhetor determination Su = 155 ksi = 1069 MPa; Sy = 130 ksi = 896 MPa For working with equivalent bending stress, Sn is Sa 2! CLCaCs =! \ay.0.8)*¢0.) = 385 MPa for C; = 0.9 “See note b, Table 8.1) =S0' C1.CoCs =! Iay0.8)11.0) 10 y, reduce this by 2.3 standard deviations, which amounts to multiplying by a factor of (1 - 2.3 x .08) = 816 Thus, for 99% reliability, Sn = 3851816) = 314 MPa (or Cs = 9) c= life with C , = 0.9, use for non-keyway (Points C and E) o 200 400 600 300-1000 5. Safety factors: i pe 325/64.9 SOLUTION (8.46) Known: A stepped shaft having known dimensions was machined from AISI steel of known hardness. The loading is one of completely reversed torsion. During a typical 30 seconds of operation under overload conditions the nominal (Tc/J) stress in the 1- in.-dia. section was measured. Find: Estimate the life of the shaft when operating continuously under these conditions. 8-61Schematic and Given Data: Assumption: The shaft is manufactured as specified with regard to the critical fillet geometry and surface finish. Analysis: 1. Atthe fillet, from Fig, 4'35(c), Ki = 1.46 from Fig. 8.24, q'= 0.86 Thus, using Eq. (8.2), Kr = 1 + (0.46)(0.86) = 1.40 2. Sn=Sn' CLCGCs {Eq. (8.1)] Sq’ = 0.25Bhn (Fig. 8.5) CL = 0.58 (Table 8.1) Co =09 (Table 8.1) C= 0.76 (Fig. 8.13) Sn = 0.25(200)(0.58)(0.9)(0.76) = 19.8 ksi 3. From Table 8.1, 103 cycle strength = 0.9Sys = 0.9(0.8)Su = 0.9(0.8)(0.5)Bhn = 0.9(0.8)(0.5)(200) = 72 ksi log) Stress, ks 10° 10* 10° 10° Cycles Cog) 5. The 30 second test involves these stresses (in the fillet) above the endurance limit (see graph): 1 cycles at ta = 35(1.4) = 49 ksi (N=8 x 10° cycles) 2 cycles at ta = 25(1.4) = 35 ksi (N = 4.8 x 104 cycles) 8-624 cycles at ta = 20(1.4) = 28 ksi (N = 1.5 x 10 cycles) Life used in 30 seconds = —1_— + —_2__ 8x10 4.8 x 108 ae 4 +—4 —= 1916 x 10 1.6 x 10° Estimated life = ——!_.= 5217 periods of 30 seconds 1.916 x 104 Estimated life = 43 hours 8-63