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sanguínea y la tasa cardiaca. Todo ello prepara al sujeto para proteger partes
vitales del cuerpo y dar la respuesta de huida o lucha si fuera necesario. Esta
ver con los estímulos que percibe el sujeto y cómo reacciona a ellos, y este
Sutton, Davidson, Donzella, Irwin, y Dottl, 1997). Pero no está tan claro como
pueden afectar las emociones a fenómenos más complejos como la Inhibición
Pre-pulso (IPP).
negativas o neutras como prepulsos, mientras que los pulsos eran estímulos
Schell, 1996). Sin embargo, varios factores hacen difícil una interpretación en
intensidad del reflejo de sobresalto, mientras que no hay una hipótesis clara
este sentido.
Experiment
In this experiment startle and PPI were registered while the participants
were exposed to a neutral and an affective image. For half of the participants
(Group Negative) the affective image was selected from the International
Affective Picture System (Lang, Öhman, Vaitl, 1988) rated as a highly aversive
picture. For the other half of participants (Group Positive) the affective image
in this condition before to start the experiment. Based in previous research (e.g.,
De la Casa, Mena, & Puentes, 2014) we anticipated reduced startle and PPI
Method
Participants
study.
Materials
control module (Biopac Systems Inc., Goleta, CA). The signal was sent with a
high sampling rate of 50 kHz. The prepulse and the pulse stimulus consisted of
a 80 dB (A) and 106 dB (A) broadband white noise with instantaneous rise time,
lasting for 20 ms. A background noise (broadband white noise, 65 dB) was
presented during the entire duration of the experiment. Sound calibration was
completed prior to record data for each participant using a Sound Level Meter
PCE-999.
Positive and the Negative Group. The aversive picture presented for the
Negative Group was selected from the IAPS (Lang et al., 1988) where it is rated
requested to each participant in the Positive Group three weeks before to start
the experiment. The pictures were edited to avoid differences in size or contrast,
and each one was presented to the person who sent it as a positive affect
picture (see, for a similar procedure, Guerra, Campagnoli, Vico, Volchan, Anllo-
controlled by a PC-computer. For all auditory trials, the lead interval in prepulse-
pulse trials was 60 ms for half trials and 80 ms for the other half. After a 120 s
adaptation period to the background noise, four pulses were presented in order
to habituate the response to the auditory stimuli. During this period, the
neutral face for the Negative Group, and loved faces and neutral face for the
Positive Group). Each image appeared 12 times for each participant, with a
mean interval between presentations of 4.5 sgs (+/- 0.5 sec), therefore the
experimental session comprised 24 trials (12 with the affective and 12 with the
appeared coiniciding with the last second of the image on the screen. The
Then, the earphones were removed, and each participant was asked to
Hackley, Lipp, and Van Boxtel (2005). Specifically, after cleaning the
participant's skin, conductive gel was applied to the electrodes before placing
two of them approximately 1 cm below the eye to record the electromyographic
activity of the orbicularis oculi muscle. The third electrode was placed on the
forehead to detect the general level of electrical activity. Raw signals were
cable and sampled at 2 kHz. Response onset latency windows include 21- 120
Results.
the four Pulse-alone presented before and after the experimental treatment
= 3.40, SD = 2.26, and Mean = 2.63, SD = 2.04, respectively). The main effects
F(1,72)=4.59; p<.05, reflecting a higher intensity of the startle to the Pulse for
(Mean = 2.44, SD = 1.73, and Mean = 3.44, SD = 2.32, respectively). The main
effects Picture and the 2-way interaction were non-significant (both ps>.55).
Analyses of percent PPI
converted into percent PPI. Figure 1 shows mean PPI percent collapsed across
trials for each Image (Affective and Neutral) as a function of Groups for the 60
Figure 1.
vs. Neutral) x Group (Positive vs. Negative) conducted on mean percent PPI
revealed a significant 3-way interaction, F(1,72)=7.37; p<.01. No more main
Group (Positive vs. Negative) were conducted on mean percent PPI for the 60
and the 80 ms conditions to identify the source of the interaction. The Analyses
on PPI for the 60 ms condition revealed that none main effect nor interactions
were significant (all ps>.44). The analyses of mean PPI for the 80 ms condition
identify the source of the interaction, t-test for related samples (p<.05) showed a
significant difference between mean PPI to the Affective vs the Neutral image
for the Positive Group but not for the Negative Group. Additional comparisons
between groups (t-test for independent groups) revealed that there were no
differences between the mean PPI to the afective vs. the neutral image neither
DISCUSIÓN
otros, 1998). Existe una amplia teoría emocional (p. Ej., Lang, 1995; Lang et al.,
estado emocional estaban vinculados a una situación aversiva. Por otro lado, la
apetitivo.
negativo) salió una interacción significativa de tres vías que había que aclarar.
Para ello se llevaron a cabo análisis separados de los porcentajes de IPP para
(Fig. 1.A), se encontró una mayor IPP en el grupo positivo que en el negativo
aunque ninguno de los efectos fue significativo. Estos resultados coinciden con
resultados anteriores (de la casa, G., Mena, A. y Puentes, A., 2014). Una
la respuesta de sobresalto.
mayor IPP en el grupo negativo frente al neutro, pero de nuevo sin significación
cuando se realizó una prueba t para muestras relacionadas (usada porque los
mayor porcentaje de IPP ante estímulos neutros que ante estímulos positivos.
Para explicar estos resultados, se podría recurrir a investigaciones que
Por otro lado, hay efectos de variables extrañas que podrían estar
numérica femenina. Hay estudios que relacionan las hormonas sexuales con
al. 2006; McEwen, 2001; Rubinow et al. 1998). En mujeres que se encuentran
en la parte del ciclo menstrual con niveles de estrógenos más bajos se suele
encontrar una IPP aumentada y cuando los niveles de estrógenos son más
altos, una IPP reducida. Por ello en estudios posteriores se debería controlar
sobresalto. Los efectos sobre la IPP no quedan tan claros. Es posible que la
Sin embargo habría que calibrar mejor y quizás, personalizar aún más, la
en su estado emocional.
REFERENCIAS
V., & van Boxtel, A. (2005). Committee report: Guidelines for human startle
33:707-71
Gogos, A., Van den Buuse, M., Rosell, S. (2009). Gender differences in
prepulse inhibition (PPI) in bipolar disorder: men have reduced PPI, women
1249–1259.
Guerra, P., Campagnoli, R.R., Vico, C., Volchan, E., Anllo-Vento, L., &
Vila, J. (2011). Filial versus romantic love: contributions from peripheral and
Lang, P.J., Bradley, M.M., & Cuthbert, B.N. (1990). Emotion, attention,
Lang, P.J., Öhman, A., Vaitl, D., (1988). The International Affective