ae-bmfkmlnXyw þ 1

MALIA07(1)

Common Course in Malayalam

for
BA/B.Sc
I Semester
Choice Based credit & Semester System
2019 Admission

X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv,

cpÜnWn. sI
Akn. s{]m^-kÀ, ae-bmfw
hnZq-c-hn-Zym-`ymkhn`mKw
Imen-¡äv bqWn-th-gvknän
2019
2
 DÅ-S¡w
1. BapJw
2. samUyqÄ 1
3. samUyqÄ 2
4. samUyqÄ 3
5. samUyqÄ 4

3
BapJw

hnZymÀ°n-IÄ¡v ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xys¯ kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-

¯p¶ Hcp ]T-\-]-²-Xn-bm-Wn-hnsS hn`m-h\w sN¿p-¶-Xv. ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xyw-þ1

F¶ Cu tIma¬tImgvkv ae-bmfw sFÑn-I-am-sb-Sp¯v ]Tn-¡m¯

hnZymÀ°n-IÄ¡pw amXr-`m-j-tbmSpw kmln-Xy-t¯m-Sp-apÅ Xmev]cyw hÀ²n-

¸n-¡m-\p-X-Ip-¶-XmWv. hnZymÀ°n-I-fpsS `mjm-{]-tbm-K-ss\-]pWyw

hfÀ¯pI, hyXykvX Ime-L-«-§-fnse ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-s¯bpw AXnsâ

`mjm-{]-tbm-K-co-Xn-I-sfbpw a\-Ên-em-¡p-I, tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-¯nsâ hyXy-

kvX-X-e-§Ä Adn-bp-Ibpw hnhn[ kmln-Xy-cq-]-§-sfbpw hyh-lm-c-cq-]-§-

sfbpw ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿pI F¶sXÃmw hnim-emÀ°-¯n CXnsâ

e£y-§-fmbn hcp-¶p. sNdp-tÈ-cn, Fgp-¯-ѳ, ]q´m-\w, Ip©³\-¼ymÀ

F¶n-h-cpsS Ihn-X-IÄ H¶m-as¯ samUyq-fnepw, \mS³]m-«v, hS-¡³]m-«v,

am¸n-f-¸m«v F¶o hmsam-gn-hy-h-lm-c-cq-]-§Ä c­m-as¯ samUyqfnepw ]cn-

N-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. aq¶pw \mepw samUyq-fp-I-fn ae-bm-f-sN-dp-I-Ym-km-ln-Xy-

¯nsâ hnhn-[-L-«-§Ä {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p¶ IY-IÄ ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.

C§s\ ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xys¯ kw_-Ôn¨ Hcp kmam-\y-[m-cW hnZymÀ°n-

IÄ¡v CXn-eqsS e`n-¡p-¶p. kw{K-loX cq]-¯n-emWv Cu Ipdn-¸p-IÄ X¿m-

dm-¡n-bn-«p-Å-Xv.

4
 samUyqÄ þ1

1. Imfn-b-a˱\w (Ir-jvW-Km-Y)

sNdp-tÈ-cn \¼q-Xncn
Ihn-]-cn-Nbw
D¯-c-tI-c-f-¯n ]gb Ipdp-{¼-\mSv Xmeq-¡nse hS-I-c-bn sNdp-

tÈcn CÃ-¯mWv sNdptÈcn \¼q-Xncn (1375-þ1475) P\n-¨-sX¶v Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p.

A§s\ HcnÃw C¶v ImWm³ Ign-bm-¯-Xp-sIm­v AXv ]n¶oSv \in-¨p-

t]m-bXmhmsa¶v Icp-Xp-¶p. sNdp-tÈcnCÃw ]p\wCÃ-¯n ebn-¨p-sh¶pw

A`n-{]m-b-ap-­v. {In.-h.1466-þ75 Ime¯v tIme-¯p-\mSv `cn-¨n-cp¶ DZ-b-hÀ½³

tIme-¯n-cn-bpsS ]Þn-X-k-Z-Ênse AwK-am-bn-cp¶p Ct±lw F¶-Xn\v

IrXn-bmb IrjvW-Km-Y-bn¯s¶ kqN-\-bp-­v. cmPmhpw Ihnbpw X½n-

epÅ NqXp-I-fn-¡n-S-bn D´p-´p-´p-´m-sf-bp´v Fs¶mcp Xmcm«v dmWn

]mSn-b-Xmbpw cmPmhv AX-\p-k-cn¨v Icp-\o¡n hnP-bn-¡p-I-bpw, B CuW-

¯n Hcp Imhyw cNn-¡m³ ]n¶oSv cmPmhv Ihn-tbmSv Bh-iy-s¸-«-Xm-bp-

apÅ Hcp IYbpw {]Nm-c-¯n-ep-­v.

KmYm-{]-Øm\w

KmY F¶ hm¡n\v Km\w F¶À°w. ]g-b-Im-e¯v {Zmhn-U-hr-¯-§-

fn cNn¨ Imhy-§sf s]mXpsh KmY F¶p hnfn-¨n-cp-¶p. D®n-¨n-cp-tXhn

Ncn-X-¯n-emWv Cu ]Zw ae-bm-f-¯n BZy-ambn {]tbm-Kn-¨p-Im-Wp-¶-Xv.

Kmw`o-cy-t¯-¡mÄ emfn-Xy-¯n-\mWv Cu Km\-co-Xn-bn {]m[m-\yw. ae-bm-

f-¯nsâ emfn-Xyhpw {]k-¶-Xbpw sXfn-ªp-\n¡p¶ IrjvW-Km-Y-bmWv

KmYm-{]-Øm-\-¯nse \Sp-\m-b-I-amb IrXn.

5
IrjvW-KmY

a[y-Ime ae-bm-f-¯nsâ anI-hpä cN-\-bmb IrjvW-Km-Ybv¡v IrjvW-

¸m«v F¶pw t]cp-­v. ]m«pw aWn-{]-hm-fhpw Ac-§p-hm-Wn-cp¶ Ime¯v

ip²-a-e-bm-f-¯n Fgp-X-s¸« Hcp alm-Imhyw F¶ \nebv¡v Cu IrXn

{]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶p. kwkvIr-X-¯nse alm-Im-hy-§sf amXr-I-bm-¡n-s¡m-

­mWv Cu Imhy-c-N\ \S-¯n-bn-«p-Å-Xv. F¶m Km\m-ß-I-hr-¯-amb

aRvP-cn-bmWv Cu Imhy-¯nsâ `qcn-`m-Khpw Fgp-X-s¸-«n-«p-ÅXv F¶-sXm-gn-

¨m ae-bm-f-¯n alm-Im-hy-e-£-W-apÅ BZy-Ir-Xn-bmbn IrjvW-Km-Ysb

ImWmw. `mK-hXw Zi-a-kvI-Ô-¯nse IY-bmWv IrjvW-Km-Y-bnse {]ta-bw.

{ioIr-jvWsâ Ah-Xmcw apX kzÀ¤mtcm-lWw hsc-bpÅ IY-I-fm-Wn-

Xnse {]Xn-]mZyw. BsI \mev]-¯n-tb-tgmfw IY-Ifpw F®m-bn-c¯n \m\q-

dn-\p-ta Cuc-Sn-I-fp-ambn Ccp-\q-än-ap-¸Xv hr¯-§-fnembn \n_-Ôn-¨n-cn-

¡p-¶p. kwkvIr-X-Im-hy-]m-c-¼-cys¯ A\p-I-cn-¡p-t¼mgpw ae-bm-f¯X-\n-a-

bpw tIc-fob kmwkvIm-cnI {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw Cu IrXn-bn \nd-ªp-\n¡p-

¶p. {]mk-§-tfmSv Gsd {]nb-apÅ Ihn ZznXo-bm-£-c-{]mkw hym]-I-ambn

D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-­v. AXp-t]mse Ae-¦m-c-{]-tbm-K-§-fpsS Imcy-¯nepw [mcm-

fn¯w ImWmw. D]-a, DÂt{]-£, cq]Iw apX-emb Ae-¦m-c§Ä¡mWn-XnÂ

{]m[m-\yw. "D]-am-Im-fn-Zm-kky' Fs¶mcp {]kn² hmIy-ap-Å-t]mse "DÂt{]-

£m-Ir-jvW-Km-Ymbmw' Fs¶mcp hmIyhpw {]N-cn-¨p-h-cp-¶p. asämcp {KÙ-

¯nepw ImWm³ Ign-bm¯ Xc-¯n-epÅ at\m-l-c-amb DÂt{]-£-

IÄsIm­v k¼-¶-amWv IrjvW-Km-Y. IrjvW-Km-Y-bpsS Hmtcm kÀ¤-hp-a-

h-km-\n-¡p-t¼mÄ, ""BÚbm tIme-`q-]ky {]mÚ-tkym-Z-b-hÀ½W

IrXmbmw IrjvW-Km-Ymbmw'' F¶ {]kvXm-h\ ImWmw. AXp-t]m-se,

Imhym-cw-`-¯n ImWp-¶,

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 ]mem-gn-am-Xp-Xm³ ]men-¨p-t]m-cp¶
tImem-[n-\m-Y-\p-Z-b-hÀ½³
BÚ-sb-s¨-bvI-bm-e-Ú-\m-bpÅ Rm³
{]mÚ-s\-¶n-§s\ `mhn-¨n-t¸mÄ

F¶n-§s\bpÅ {]kvXmh-\-I-fnÂ\n-¶mWv Ihn-bpsS Imes¯ kw_-Ôn¨

kqN-\-IÄ e`n-¡p-¶-Xv. sNdp-tÈ-cn`m-cXw F¶ t]cn Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶ Hcp

IrXn Ct±-l-¯n-tâ-Xm-sW-¶pw Asöpw DÅ hmZ-K-Xn-I-fp-­v.

Imfn-b-a˱\w

IrjvW-Km-Y-bn IrjvWsâ _mey-Im-e-eo-e-IÄ hÀ®n-¡p¶ Hcp

`mK-amWv Imfn-b-aÀ±-\w. tKm]-_m-e-·m-cp-ambn Imensb ta¨v \me-©p-Zn-hkw

Ignª ka-b¯v Hcn-¡Â {ioIr-jvW\pw _e-cm-a-\pw-IqSn Imen-I-fp-ambn

Im«n \S-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. hfsc kt´m-j-t¯msS AhÄ \S-¡p-¶-t\c¯v

tKm]-_m-e-IcpsS A`yÀ°\ am\n¨v t[\p-I³ F¶ Akp-csâ Xme-h\

(]-\-¦m-Sv) ¯nÂ\n¶v ]g-§Ä ]dn-¡m³ XpS-§n. t[\p-I³ Hcp Igp-X-bpsS

cq]-¯n h¶v _e-cm-as\ Nhn-«m³ `mhn-¨-t¸mÄ At±lw DSs\¯s¶

Ahsâ Imen ]nSn-IqSn Npgänsbdn-bp-Ibpw Ahs\ sImÃp-Ibpw F¶n«v

]\-¦m-b-IÄ FÃm-hÀ¡p-ambn \ÂIp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. C§s\ IrjvW³

tKm]n-I-amÀ¡pw aäp-Å-hÀ¡p-saÃmw I®n-\m-\-µhpw a\-Ên-\p-Ãm-khpw

\ÂIn \S-¡sh shbn-te-äp-X-fÀ¶ tKm]-_m-e-·mÀ Imfn-µn-bpsS Ic-bn-se-

¯n. Imfn-b-s\¶ Imf-kÀ¸-¯nsâ hnjw-I-eÀ¶ Pe-am-W-hÀ tImcn-¡p-Sn¨v

Zmlw-XoÀ¯-Xv. hnj-taäv Ah-tcm-tcm-cp-¯-cmbn hogm³ XpS-§n. ]mh-I-sf-

t¸mse hoWp-In-S-¡p¶ tKm¡-sfbpw _me-I-scbpw I­v IrjvW³ hfsc

k¦-S-s¸-«p. IrjvWsâ ]cn-{i-a-¯n Ah-sc-Ãm-hcpw Bekyw hns«-gp-

t¶Â¡p-¶p. CXn-\p-]n-¶n Imfn-b-\m-sW¶pw Ahs\ Imfn-µn-bnÂ\n¶pw

7
HmSn-¨n-sÃ-¦n \msfbpw Cu KXn h¶p-tN-cp-sa¶pw Nn´n¨v IrjvW³ Hcp

\oe IS¼pa-c-¯n NmSn-¡-bdn Xmsg-bpÅ \Zn-bn-te¡v Hcp alm-tacp ]ÀÆ-

X-sa-¶-t]mse Dut¡msS NmSn. B i_vZw-tI«v Imfn-b³ henb tIm]-

t¯msS ]pd-¯p-h-cp-¶p.

""Bcn-¶p-h-¶-sX-¶m-ebw X¶nte

[oc-\mbv tIhew Nmh-Xn-¶mbv''

F¶mWv Imfn-b³ tNmZn-¡p-¶-Xv. Imfn-bsâ hnj-izm-k-taäv kao-]-apÅ

shÅ-saÃmw Xnf-bv¡m³ XpS-§n. Idp¯ shÅ-¯n¡qsS Ah³ \o´n-b-

Sp-¡p¶ t\cw Zqsc IrjvW-s\-¡­v Xn¦-sf-¡­ cmlp-sh-t¸mse IrjvW-

\p-t\À¡-W-ªp. e£vao-tZ-hn-bpsS at\m-l-c-amb ssII-fm Xtem-S-s¸-Sp¶

B ]mZ-§-fn hÀ²n¨ tIm]-t¯msS ISn-¨-Xpw-t]m-cmªv IrjvWsâ aÀ½-

§ÄtXmdpw ISn-¡m³ XpS-§n. \nÀ½-e-\mb B ss]X-en-t\mSv C¯-c-

tamtcm bp²-¯n-teÀs¸«v ]ns¶ Xsâ akvX-Iw-sIm­pw ASn-bv¡m³ XpS-

§n.

2. e£va-W-km-´z\w (cm-am-b-WwþA-tbm-[ym-Im-Þw)

Xp©¯v cmam-\p-P³ Fgp-¯-ѳ

Ihn-]-cn-Nbw
ae-¸pdw PoÃ-bn XncqÀ Xr¡-­n-bq-cnse Xp©³]d-¼mWv Fgp-¯-

Ñsâ P·-Ø-ew. Fgp-¯-Ñsâ t]cv, Imew, IrXn-IÄ F¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn¨v

GIm-`n-{]m-b-aà \ne-hn-ep-Å-Xv. At±-l-¯nsâ Aѳ Hcp \¼q-Xn-cnbpw

A½ N¡me \mbÀkv{Xo-bp-am-sW-¶mWv hnizm-kw. Fgp-¯m-im-·m-cpsS

PmXn-bn ]nd¶ BfmWv Fgp-¯-Ñ-s\¶v BÀ.-\m-cm-b-W-¸-Wn-¡À A\p-am-

\n-¡p-¶p-­v. DÅq-cnsâ A`n-{]m-b-¯n t£{X-{]-th-i-\-ap-­m-bn-cp¶ ht«-

8
¡m«v \mbÀ Xd-hm-«nse Hcw-K-amWv Fgp-¯-ѳ. ]Þn-X-\m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw

iq{Z-Pm-Xn-bn-bn P\n-¨-Xp-sIm­v th­{X AwKo-Imcw e`n-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã. {In.h.

1475-þ\pw 1575-þ\pw CS-bn-emWv Fgp-¯-Ñsâ Pohn-X-sa¶v hniz-kn-¡p-¶p.

Fgp-¯-Ñsâ bYmÀ° t]cv cma³ F¶msW¶v BÀ.-\m-cm-b-W-¸-Wn-¡À ]d-

bp-¶p, F¶m cmam-\p-P³ F¶ t]cm-Wv s]mXpsh AwKo-I-cn-¨p-t]m-cp-¶-

Xv. tPyjvT\pw Kpcp-hp-amb cmas\ A\p-kva-cn-¨mWv Cu t]cv kzoI-cn-¨-

sX¶pw AXà A[ym-ß-cm-am-bW IÀ¯m-hmb cmam-\-µs\ A\p-

kvacn¨mWp-­m-b-sX¶pw c­p ]£ap­v. Fgp-¯-Ñsâ k\ym-k-Im-es¯

t]cmWv cmam-\-µ-s\¶pw AXn-\memWv Nnäq-cnse B{i-a-¯n\v cmam-\-µm-{K-

lm-csa¶p A\p-am-\n-¡s¸Sp-¶p.

`àn-{]-Øm\w

GXm­v ]Xn-\mdmw \qäm-t­msS C´y-bn-ep-S-\ofw `àn-{]-Øm\w

iàn-{]m-]n-¨p. inh-kvXp-Xn-IÄ ]mSn-s¡m-­pÅ \mb-\mÀam-cpw hnjvWp-

kvXp-Xn-IÄ ]mSn-s¡m­v BgvhmÀamcpw k©-cn-¨p. lnµn-bn I_oÀZm-kv,

Xpf-ko-Zm-kv, kqÀZmkv F¶n-hcpw Xan-gn I¼cpw `àn-Im-hy-§Ä Fgp-Xn.

`àn-{]-Øm-\-¯n\v tIc-f-¯n thtcm«w e`n-¨Xv ae-bmfw Hcp kzX-{´-`m-

j-sb¶ \ne-bn hyàn-Xzw-t\-Sm³ XpS-§nb Ime-¯m-Wv. tIc-f-¯nsâ

`àn-{]-Øm\ Ncn-{X-¯n {ioi-¦-cm-Nm-cyÀ¡v henb Øm\-ap-­v.

{InkvXphÀjw 9þmw iX-I-¯n Pohn-¨n-cp¶ cmPm-¡-·m-cmb Ipe-ti-Jc

BgvhmÀ, tNc-am³ s]cp-amÄ, \mb-·mÀ apX-em-b-h-cpsS kvt{Xm{X-§Ä

CXn ]¦phln-¨n-«p-­v. 13-þmw iX-I-¯n cma-N-cnXImc\pw Xsâ-Xmb

]¦p-h-ln-¨n-«p-­v. ]n¶oSv I®-È-·m-cpsS IrXn-Ifpw A¿-¸nÅ Bimsâ cma-

I-Ym-]m«pw, sNdp-tÈ-cn-bpsS IrjvW-Km-Y-bp-saÃmw `àn-bpsS XpSÀ¨-I-

fmbn IW-¡m-¡mw. 16-þmw \qäm-­n sshjvWh `àn-{]-Øm-\-¯nsâ Ae-

9
sbm-en-IÄ `mc-X-¯n-se§pw Ae-b-Sn-¨p-bÀ¶ L«-¯n tIc-f-¯nÂ

AXnsâ \mb-I-Øm-\-t¯-¡p-bÀ¶Xv Fgp-¯-Ñ-\m-bn-cp-¶p. kmwkvIm-cn-I-

ambn PoÀ®m-h-Ø-bn InS-¶n-cp¶ tIc-fob kap-Zm-bs¯ ]p\-cp-²-cn-¡pI

F¶ al-¯mb ZuXyw \nd-th-äp-I-bm-bn-cp¶p Fgp¯Ñ³.

Infn-¸m-«p-{]-Øm\w

Infn-sb-s¡m­v ]mSn-¡p¶ ]m«v F¶ \ne-bn Infn-¸m«v F¶v

s]mXpsh AwKo-I-cn-¡p-s¸-Sp¶ Hcp Imhy-{]-Øm\w ae-bm-f-¯n {]Xn-

jvTn-X-am-hp-¶Xv Fgp-¯-Ñ-t\m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. AXn-\p-ap¼pw Ac-b-¶w, IpbnÂ,

h­v apX-em-b-h-sb-s¡m-s­ms¡ ]mSn-¨n-cp¶ k{¼-Zmbw `mj-bn-ep-­m-bn-

cp-¶p. Xan-gnepw Infn-hn-Sp¯v Fs¶mcp k{¼-Zm-b-ap-­m-bn-cp-¶p. F¦nepw Hcp

{]Øm-\-sa¶ \ne-bn Øm\w t\Sp-¶Xv Fgp-¯-Ñsâ Infn-¸m-«p-I-fn-eq-sS-

bm-Wv. Fgp-¯-ѳ Infn-¸m-«p-coXn kzoI-cn-¨-Xn\v ]e Imc-W-§Ä ]Þn-X-

·mÀ ]d-bp-¶p-­v. Adw-]-äm-Xn-cn-¡m³ th­n-sb¶pw kc-kz-Xo-tZ-hn-bpsS

I¿n-epÅ ipIs¯ A\p-k-cn-¨p-sIm-s­¶pw ]pcm-W-I-Ym-IÀ¯m-hmb ipI-

a-lÀjnsb HmÀ¯p-sIm-­m-sW¶pw Xan-gnse ss]¦n-f-¡-®n, ]cm-]-c-¡®n

F¶o hr¯-§sf A\p-I-cn-¨m-sW-¶p-sams¡ ]e hmZ-K-Xn-IÄ D­v.

F¶m AXn-s\m¶pw th­{X B[n-Im-cn-I-X-bn-Ã. Infn-¸m-«n-ep-]-tbm-Kn-

¡p¶ ]e hr¯-§Ä¡pw Xangv hr¯-§-fp-ambn kmZr-iy-ap-Å-Xmbn

ImWmw. tII, ImI-fn, If-Im-©n, A¶-\S F¶n-h-bmWv {][m\ Infn-¸m«v

hr¯-§Ä. Fgp-¯-ѳ IrXn-I-fn-eqsS Chbv¡v henb {]Nm-cw e`n-¨p. ]m«v,

aWn-{]-hmfw F¶n-h-bpsS kay-¡mb taf-\-¯nÂ\n¶pw XnI¨pw hyXy-kvX-

amb Hcp Imhy-k-c-Wn-bmWv Fgp-¯-ѳ DZvLm-S\w sNbvX-Xv. Fgp-¯-

Ñsâ A[ym-ß-cm-am-bWw Infn-¸m«pw alm-`m-cXw Infn-¸m«pw am{Xw aXn

Infn-¸m«p {]Øm-\s¯ k¼-¶-am-¡m³.

10
e£va-W-km-´z\w (A-tbm-[ym-Im-Þw)

"e£va-W-ho-c³ kpan-{X-bm-a-½sb ................... apXÂ

cmL-h³ Xs¶¸ncn-ªm s]mdp-¡ptam' hsc

A½-bmb kpan-{Xsb e£va-W³ Iuk-ey-bpsS I¿n kaÀ¸n-¨n«v

hµn-¨-t¸mÄ kpan{X Xsâ aIs\ kt´m-j-t¯msS Benw-K\w sNbvXv

A\p-{K-ln-¡p-Ibpw C§s\ D]-tZ-in-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \o tPyjvTs\ ]cn-N-

cn-¨psIm­v ]ncn-bmsX Ft¸mgpw apt¼ \S-¡-Ww. cmas\ kZm Zi-c-Y-

s\¶pw Fs¶ koX-sb¶pw, h\s¯ Atbm-[y-sb¶pw Icp-X-Ww. C¡m-cyw

BßmÀ°-ambn a\-Ên-ep-d-¸n¨v \o kpJ-ambn t]mbnhcn-I. A½-bpsS hm¡p-

IÄ icn-km-h-ln¨v BZ-c-]qÀÆw sXmgp-Xn«v, A¼pw hnÃpw I¿n-se-Sp-

¯psIm­v e£va-W³ {iocm-asâ ASp-s¯¯n hW-§n-\n-¶p. {iocm-a³

koX-tbmSpw e£va-W-t\mSpw IqSn ]nXm-hns\ hµn-¡m³ t]mIp-t¼mÄ, ]uc-

P-\-§sf kvt\l-]qÀÆw ISm-£n-¨p. kpµ-c\pw Ipam-c\pw \oe-\n-dw-sIm­v

at\m-l-c-amb ico-c-t¯mSv IqSn-b-h\pw Ima-tZ-h\p Xpey\pw A`o-jvS-§-

sfÃmw \ÂIp-¶-h\pw kIe temI-§Ä¡pw B\-µ-Zm-b-I\pw Bßm-cm-a\pw

Xma-c-¡-®\pw inh-\m tkhn-¡-s¸-«-h\pw FÃm temI-§-fnepw \nd-ªp-

\n¡p-¶-h\pw Bb {iocm-a³, ]nXr-Kr-l-¯n-te¡p \S¶p t]mIp-¶-Xp-

I­v ZpxJ-t¯m-Sp-IqSn ]uc-·mÀ ]c-kv]cw C§s\ ]dªp. "IjvSw;

IjvSw t\m¡q, ssZhta! F´m-Wn-§s\ kw`-hn-¨Xv' ktlm-Z-c\pw `mcy-bp-

sam-¶n¨v IÃpw apÅpw Ip­pw Ipgnbpw \ndª ZpÀL-S-amb Im«p-h-gn-bn-eq-

sS, sN´m-a-cbv¡p Xpey-amb ]mZ-§-fq¶n \nXyhpw \S-¡m³ Iev]n¨ cmPm-

hnsâ a\Êv ITn-\w-X-s¶. Zi-c-Y-\p-Å-Xp-t]mse ]p{X-hm-Õeyw C¶-se-hsc

aämÀ¡p-an-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. C¶v At±-l-¯n\v C§s\ tXm¶m³ F´mWv

ImcWw? CXp-tI«v asäm-cmÄ ]d-bp-¶p-þ-cm-Pmhv ssItIbn¡v c­p hcw

11
sImSp-¯p-h-t{X. AXn-\m {iocm-a³ h\-¯n-te¡p t]mIp-¶p. At¸mÄ

`c-X³ cmPyw `cn-t¡-­n-h-cpw. A§-s\-sb-¦n \ap-¡p-IqsS h\-¯n-te¡p

t]mImw. {iocm-as\ ]ncn-bp-¶Xv \msa-§s\ kln¡pw F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ

s]mXp-P-\-kw-km-c-t¯msS Cu `mKw Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p. e£va-W³ Xsâ

A½-bmb kpan-{X-sb-¡­v bm{Xm-\p-aXn hm§p-Ibpw kpan{X Xsâ aIs\

kvt\l-t¯msS D]-tZ-in¨v bm{X-bm-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Cu kµÀ`w cmam-b-

W-¯nse Gähpw t{ijvThpw {]kn-²-hp-amb tÇmIw AS-§nb `mKw-Iq-Sn-

bm-Wv. cmam-b-W-¯nse Gähpw t{ijvT-amb tÇmI-taXv F¶ tNmZy-¯n\v

D¯cw tXSn-b-eª hc-cp-Nn-bpsS IY {]kn-²-am-W-tÃm. h\-hm-k-¯n-\mbn

]pd-s¸-Sp¶ cma-t\mSpw koX-tbm-Sp-sam¸w XpW-bmbn t]mIp¶ e£va-W\v

A½ kpan{X bm{Xm-\p-aXn \ÂIp¶ Cu kµÀ`¯n-emWv hc-cpNn At\z-

jn¨ tÇmIw AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. kwkvIrXw aqe-¯nse B cmam-b-W-

tÇmIw C§-s\-bm-Wv.

"cmaw Zi-cYw hn²n

amw hn²n P\-Im-ßPm
Atbm-²ym-a-Show hn²n
KÑ-XmX bYm-kpJw'

(tPy-jvTs\ AÑ-\mb Zi-c-Y-\mbpw tPyjvT-`m-cy-bmb koXsb A½-bmbpw

h\s¯ Atbm-²y-bmbpw Icp-X-Ww. C§s\ a\-Ên-ep-d-¸n¨v \o kpJ-ambn

t]mbv hcnI F¶À°w). Cu kµÀ`-s¯-bmWv Fgp-¯-ѳ A[ym-ß-cm-am-

bWw Infn-¸m-«n C{]-Im-cw ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-cn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv.

12
 ""A{K-P³ Xs¶-¸-cn-N-cn-s¨-s¸mgp
at{K-\-S-¶p-sIm-tÅWw ]ncn-bm-sX.
cmas\ \nXyw Zi-c-Y-s\-¶p-Ånþ
emtam-Z-tamSp \ncq-hn-¨p-sIm-Å-Ww.
Fs¶Ö\-Im-ß-P-sb-¶p-d-¨psImÄ
]ns¶-b-tbm-²y-sb-t¶mÀ¯o-S-S-hn-sb.
ambm-hnlo\-an-h-®-ap-d-¸n¨p
t]mbm-ep-sa-¦n kpJ-ambv hcn-I-tX.''

cmam-b-W-¯nse {][m-\-s¸« Hcp kµÀ`-am-b-Xp-sIm­pX-s¶-bm-bn-cn¡mw

hfsc {]m[m-\y-t¯m-Sp-IqSnbmWv Cu `mKw Fgp-¯-ѳ ssIImcyw sNbvXn-

cn-¡p-¶-Xv. cmam-bWw aqe-¯n \mev hcn-I-fpÅ tÇmIs¯ Fgp-¯-ѳ

F«v hcn-I-fn-embn hn]p-e-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-­v. tPyjvT-s\bpw tPyjvT-`m-cy-sbbpw

]cn-N-cn-¡p-Ibpw AhÀ¡p Imh-em-bn-cn-¡p-I-bp-am-bn-cp¶p e£va-Wsâ

ZuXyw F¶-Xp-sIm-­p-Xs¶ A¡m-cy-¯n\v Du¶Â sImSp-¯p-sIm­mWv

Fgp-¯-ѳ ChnsS hnhÀ¯\w \nÀÆ-ln-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. GXp `mK-am-sW-¦nepw

icn, C¯-c-¯n HuNn-Xy-]qÀ®-amb hnhÀ¯-\-amWv Fgp-¯-Ñsâ khn-

ti-j-X. Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw Nne `mK-§Ä Iq«n-t¨À¯pw Bh-iy-an-Ãm-¯h

Hgn-hm-¡nbpw kmc-k-¼qÀ®-hpw kzX-{´-hp-amb Hcp hnhÀ¯-\-co-Xn-bmWv

Fgp-¯-ѳ kzoI-cn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv F¶v sXfn-bn-¡p-¶-XmWv At±-l-¯nsâ cmam-

b-Ww, alm-`m-cXw Infn-¸m-«p-IÄ. hnhÀ¯-\-am-bà XnI¨pw kzX-{´-amb

auen-I-Ir-Xn-I-fm-bn-¯-s¶-bmWv Fgp-¯-ѳ IrXn-IÄ ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-

¯n AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯-s¸«n«p-Å-Xv.

13
3. Úm\-¸m\

]q´m\w
Ihn-]-cn-Nbw

IrjvW`-àn-bpsS Ihn-bmb ]q´m\w \¼q-Xncn ae-¸pdw PnÃ-bnse

s]cn-´Âa-®-bv¡-Sp-¯pÅ Iogm-äq-cn ]q´m\w CÃ-¯mWv P\n-¨-Xv. CÃ-t¸-

cn Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶ Cu Ihn-bpsS bYmÀY t]cv AÚm-X-am-Wv. 16-þmw \qäm-

­nsâ ]IpXn apXÂ 17-þmw \qäm-­nsâ ]Ip-Xn-hsc At±-l-¯nsâ Pohn-X-

Imew IW-¡m-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. ta¸-¯qÀ \mcm-b-W-`-«-Xn-cn-bpsS ka-Im-en-I-\m-

bn-cp¶p At±-l-sa¶v Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p. AXn\v Dt]m-Zv_-e-I-amb Nne IY-

Ifpw {]Nm-c-¯n-ep-­v. ]mÞnXyw Ipdª ]q´m-\-¯nsâ `àn-bmWv

ta¸-¯q-cnsâ ]mÞn-Xy-t¯-¡mÄ `K-hm\v CjvS-s¸-«Xv F¶v kqNn-¸n-

¡p¶ IY \ne-hn-ep-­v. Cu IY {]ta-b-am¡n hÅ-t¯mÄ \mcm-b-W-ta-

t\m³ `ànbpw hn`-ànbpw F¶ t]cn Hcp IhnX cNn-¨n-«p-­v.

Úm\-¸m\

(Øm\-am-\-§Ä sNmÃn-¡-e-ln-¨p apX ........ \mw hrYm... hsc)

Úm\-¸m-\-bmWv ]q´m-\-¯nsâ Gähpw {]kn-²-amb cN-\. ae-bm-f-

¯n cNn-¡-s¸« thZw F¶v Cu IrXnsb \ncq-]-IÀ hmgv¯n-bn-«p-­v.

AXoh EPphpw efn-X-hp-amb Cu Imhy-¯nse H«p an¡ hcn-Ifpw ae-bm-fn-

IÄ¡v kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-Wv. ]q´m-\-¯nsâ aäp IrXn-I-sf-t¸m-se-¯s¶ Xo{h-

amb IrjvW-`-àn-bm-Wn-XnÂ. sslµ-h-X-Xz-Nn-´-bn A[n-jvTn-X-amb kmaq-

ln-I-hn-aÀi-\-amWv Úm\¸m\-bnse {]ta-bw. A¡m-es¯ tIc-fo-b-k-aq-l-

¯n \S-am-Sn-bn-cp¶ [\mÀ¯n, Agn-a-Xn, A[n-Im-c-{]-a-¯-X, `àn-tem]w

XpS-§n-b-h-bvs¡-Ãm-sa-Xnsc {]tbm-Kn¨ Akv{X-am-bn-cp¶p Cu eLp-Im-hyw.

14
Fgp-¯-Ñ-s\-¶-t]mse `àn-{]-Øm-\-¯nÂs¸« Ihn-bm-bmWv ]q´m-\-

s¯bpw ImWp-¶-Xv. F¶m Fgp-¯-Ñ-\n-en-Ãm¯ {]Xy-£-amb kmaq-ln-I-

hn-aÀi\w ]q´m-\-¯n ImWp-¶p. ]q´m\w Ihn-Xsb I­Xv `àn-kw-

hÀ²-\-¯n\p am{X-aà kmaq-lnI hnaÀi\¯n\pw kap-Zm-b-\-thm-°m-\-

¯n\pw IqSn-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-­p-Xs¶ ]q´m-\s¯ ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy-km-

aq-lnI hnaÀi-I-\mb Ihn F¶p hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn sXän-Ã. kmaq-

lnIhnaÀi-\-¯nsâ Hcp XpSÀ¨ ]n¶oSv Ip©³\-¼ym-cn-eq-sS-bmWv \mw

I­-Xv.

ka-Im-enI tIc-f-¯nÂt¸mepw {]k-à-ambn«pÅ {]ta-b-amWv

Úm\-¸m-\-bn-te-Xv. a\p-jysâ [\mÀ¯n, ImamÀ¯n apX-emb A´-an-

Ãm¯ BÀ¯n-I-tfbpw Al-¦m-c-s¯bpw \mSy-§-sfbpw Øm\-am-\-§Ä¡m-

bpÅ ISn-]n-Sn-I-sf-bp-sams¡ hnaÀi-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-I-bmWv Ihn. FÃm

{]iv\-§Ä¡p-apÅ ]cn-lm-c-ambn At±lw \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶Xv `ànbpw hnc-

àn-bp-am-Wv. Øm\-am-\-§Ä¡mbn Ie-ln¨v \mWw-sI-«p-\-S-¡p¶ Hcp Iq«À

aZhpw aÕ-chpw Xebv¡p Ib-dn-b-hÀ. NneÀ kpJ-§Ä¡p-th­n kpµ-cn-am-

cpsS hoSp-IÄ t\m¡n \S-¡p-¶p. AhÀ Ip©n-cm-a³am-sc-t¸mse Ipc-§p-I-

fn-¡m³hsc X¿m-dm-Ip-¶p. A[n-Im-c-tamlw hfÀ¶ t\Xm-¡sf {]oWn-¸n¨v

tImhn-e-I-§-fn-eqsS D]-Pm-]-hp-ambn \S-¡p-¶p thsdmcp Iq«À. aX-s¯-

t¸mepw C¯cw the-IÄ¡v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I-bmWv Nne aX-]p-tcm-ln-X-·mÀ.

AXv sIm©n hfÀt¯­ ss]X-ens\ Iªn-Ip-Sn-¡m³ th­n hn¡p-¶-

Xp-t]mse A]-lm-ky-am-Wv. amXm-]n-Xm-¡sf Ah-K-Wn¨v kz´w Imcyw

am{Xw t\m¡n \S-¡p-¶-hcpw D­v. Aán-km-£n-bmbn kzoI-cn¨ ]Xv\nsb

kz]v\-¯nÂt]mepw ImWm³ NneÀ X¿m-dm-Ip-¶n-Ã. C¯-c-¡msc D]-tZ-in-

¡m³ Bsc-¦nepw sN¶m AhÀ¡p-t\sc i{Xp-¡-sf-t¸mse IbÀ¯p-Nm-Sp-

¶p. hµn-t¡-­-h-sc-t¸mepw \nµn-¡p-¶p. Xs¶-s¡m-­mWv temIw C§s\

15
\ne-\n¡p-¶Xv F¶v ChÀ Al-¦-cn-¡p-¶p. {_mÒWywsIm­v Xe-¡-\w-

IqSn {_Òm-hp-t]mepw X\n¡v the-¡m-c-\mWv F¶v NneÀ Nn´n-¡p-¶p.

k¼¯pw ]Z-hnbpw t\Sm³th­n ChÀ Aán-tl-{XmZn bmK-§Ä sN¿p-¶p.

I¨-h-S-¯n-emWv FÃm-h-cp-sSbpw I®v. F´pw I¨-hSw sNbvXv em`w sIm¿p-

I F¶Xv am{X-amWv e£yw. kzÀ®w, cXv\w, IpXn-c, B\ F¶n-h-sbÃmw

I¨-hS Nc-¡m-Wv. NneÀ I¸-ep-­m-¡nbpw em`w sIm¿m³ t\m¡p-¶p. C¯-

c-¡mÀ¡v F{X In«n-bmepw aXn-bm-I-bn-Ã. ]¯v In«n-bm \qdv thW-sa¶pw

\qdp In«n-bm Bbncw thW-sa¶pw Bbncw In«n-bm ]Xn-\m-bncw

F¶n§s\ a\Êv BÀ¯n ]q­n-cn-¡p-¶p. F¶m ]mh-§Ä sN¶n-cp-

¶mtem Hcp ]Ww-t]mepw ChÀ sImSp-¡-bn-Ã. N¯p-t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ DSp¯

hkv{Xw t]mepw sIm­p-t]m-Im³ ChÀ¡p Ign-bptam? acWw ASp-¯p-h-

¶psIm­n-cn-¡p-t¼mgpw taml-§Ä a­n a­n Itc-dp-I-bm-Wv. HmWw Ign-

ªm hnjp. hnjp Ign-ªm Xncp-hm-Xn-c, P·-Zn-\-§Ä F¶n-§s\

t]mIp¶p. Pohn-X-¯n X\ns¡mcp D®n D­m-bn-¡m-Wm³ BZyw

sImXn¡pw. ]ns¶ Ahsâ ]nd¶mÄ, thfn AXp-I-gn-ªm Ahsâ D®n-

bpsS ]nd-¶mÄ. A§-s\-bn-cn-¡sh N¯p-t]m-hp-Ibpw sN¿pw. hnZy-sIm­v

Adn-tb-­Xv Adn-bmsX hnZzm-·m-cmbn \Sn-¡p-I-bmWv NneÀ.

"" Ip¦p-a-¯nsâ hmk-a-dn-bmsX

Ip¦paw Npa-¡pw-t]mse KÀ±`w''

F¶mWv Ah-sc-¡p-dn¨v ]q´m\w ]d-bp-¶Xv Pohn-X-¯nsâ AÀY-a-dn-bmsX

hrYm aÕ-c-§-fn GÀs¸-Sp-¶-h-tcm-Sv,

IqSn-bÃm ]nd-¡p¶ t\c¯pw

"" IqSn-bÃm acn-¡p¶ t\c¯pw
at[y-bn-§s\ ImWp¶ t\c¯v

16
 aÕ-cn-¡p-¶-sX-´n\p \mw hrYm''

F¶mWv ]q´m-\-¯n\p tNmZn-¡m-\p-Å-Xv. hf-sc-¡pd-¨pImew am{Xw Cu

temI¯v IqSn-¡-gnªv ]ncn-ªp-t]m-Ip-¶-hÀ X½n F´n\v sshchpw

hntZz-jhpw ]Ibpw aÕ-c-hp-saÃmw F¶mWv hnth-In-I-fmb Ihn-IÄ F¶pw

tNmZn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv.

""]mÙÀ s]cp-h-gn-b-¼-ew X¶nte

Xm´-cm-bv¡qSn hntbmKw hcp-t¼mse''

F¶v Fgp-¯-Ñ\pw CtX Bi-bw-Xs¶ ]¦p-sh-bv¡p-¶p-­v. A¶s¯ tIc-f-

¯nsâ tcmKm-h-Ø-bv¡pÅ acp-¶m-bn-cp¶p C¯cw IrXn-IÄ. C¶pw tIc-

fo-b-k-aq-l-¯n\v Ch AXy´w Bh-iy-ambncn¡p¶p F¶-XmWv hmkvX-hw.

F{X sNdp-Xm-sW-¦nepw \Ã Imhy-§-fpsS {]kàn Hcn-¡epw \jvS-s¸-Sp-

¶nà F¶v Úm\-¸m\ sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p.

efn-X-amb `mjm-]-Z-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨v kwkvIr-X-]-Z-§sf ]c-am-h[n

Hgn-hm-¡n-s¡m-­pÅ sXfnª Imhy-c-N-\m-ssi-en-bmWv ]q´m-\-¯nsâ

{]tXy-I-X. Kl-\-amb thZm-´-Nn-´-Isf hfsc efn-X-ambpw lrZ-b-kv]Àin-

bm-bp-amWv Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. F³.-Ir-jvW-]nÅ ]q´m-\s¯ tcJ-s¸-

Sp-¯p-¶Xv C{]-Im-c-am-Wvþ ""Ip©³\-¼ym-cpsS I¿n In«p-t¼mÄ s]mXnsc

XÃp-ta-Sn-¡p¶ Bfp-IfpsS hn{In-b-IÄ ]q´m\w ]d-bp-¶-Xv, Aen-thmSpw

k¦-S-t¯m-Sp-amWv ]q´m\w Hm¯n-Ãm¯ IpSpw-_-¯n ]nd¶ {_mÒ-W-\m-

bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw hn`-àn-bà `àn-bm-bn-cp¶p ]q´m-\-¯nsâ kn²n-sb¶pw

]p{X-Zpx-J-¯m hnc-à-\mb tij-amWv IrXn cNn-¨-sX¶pw aäp-ap-Å sFXn-

ly-§Ä IrXn-bpsS Bßm-hn-te-¡pÅ {]th-i-\-I-hm-S-§-fm-Wv. X\n ae-bm-

fn¯w Xpfp-¼p¶ kw`m-j-W-`m-jbpw \mtSm-Sn-ssi-enbpw kw£n-]vX-Xbpw

17
`àn-bpsS ]mc-ayhpw Úm\-¯nsâ AKm-[-Xbpw Bhn-jvIm-c-¯nse

BßmÀ°-Xbpw Hs¡-¡q-Sn-tNÀ¶v Úm\-¸m\sb ae-bm-f-¯nsâ atlm-]-

\n-j¯v B¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.'' {]m]-©n-I-Zpx-J-§-fn \n¶pÅ tamN-\-¯n\v

hfsc efn-X-amb amÀ¤-amWv Ihn Cu IrXn-bn-eqsS \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶-Xv.

3. cpÜn-Wo-kz-bw-hcw (Hm-«³Xp-ÅÂ)

Ip©³\-¼ymÀ

Ihn-]-cn-Nbw

XpÅÂ{]Øm-\-¯nsâ D]-Úm-Xm-hmb Ip©³\-¼ymÀ sImÃ-

hÀjw 880-þÂ ({In.-h.1705) ]me-¡mSv PnÃ-bnse Xncp--hnezm-a-ebv¡p kao-]-

apÅ InÅn-¡p-dnÈn awK-e¯v Ie-¡¯v `h-\-¯n-emWv P\n-¨Xv F¶v Icp-X-

s¸-Sp-¶p. Ip©³, IrjvW³, cma³ XpS-§nb ]e t]cp-IÄ \¼ym-cp-tS-Xm-

sW¶ A`n-{]m-b-§-fp-­v. Ip©³ F¶Xv Øm\-t¸-cm-Im-sa¶pw Ipªv

F¶ Hma-\-t¸cv ]n¶oSv Ip©³ F¶m-b-Xm-Im-sa¶pw cma-s\t¶m IrjvW-

s\t¶m BImw bYmÀ° t]sc-¶p-sam-s¡-bmWv A`n-{]m-b-t`-Z-§Ä. GXm-

bmepw amÀ¯m-ÞhÀ½-bpsS B{in-X-\mbn Ign-ªn-cp¶p Ct±lw F¶Xv

]cs¡ AwKo-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. 1770-þÂ t]hnj _m[-tbäv A´-cn-¨-Xmbpw ]d-

b-s¸-Sp-¶p.

XpÅÂ{]-Øm\w

tIc-f-¯nse \mtSm-Sn-I-em-cq-]-§-fn ]e-Xnepw ]e-X-c-¯n-ep-apÅ

XpÅepIÄ \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw Hcp {]Øm-\-sa-¶-\n-e-bn XpÅÂ

F¶ Iem-cq]w AhXcn-¸n-¡-s¸-«Xv Ip©³\-¼ym-cpsS Ime-¯m-Wv.

XpÅÂ{]-Øm-\-¯nsâ DÂ]-¯nsb kw_-Ôn¨v \ne-hn-epÅ sFXnlyw

C{]-Im-c-am-Wv. Iq¯n\v angmhp sIm«n-s¡m-­n-cp¶ \¼ymÀ Dd¡w Xq§p-

18
¶Xv I­ NmIymÀ \¼ymsc IW-¡äv Bt£-]n-¡p-¶p. A]-am-\n-X-\mb

\¼ymÀ AXn-\pÅ Hcp ]I-cw-ho-«Â F¶ \ne-bn A¶p cm{Xn-Xs¶ Hcp

XpÅ¡Y \nÀ½n¨v ]ntä-Zn-hkw Iq¯nsâ ka-b¯v Ifn-¯-«n Ibdn

XpÅÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p. Iq¯nsâ ImWn-I-sfm-s¡ XpÅÂ ImWm-\mbn

sN¶n-cp-¶p-sh¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. AXn-i-tbm-àn-]-c-amb Cu IY F{X-am{Xw

hnizm-k-tbm-Ky-amWv F¶-dn-bn-Ã. F´m-bmepw Hscmä Znh-kw-sIm­v Nn«-s¸-

Sp-¯m-hp¶ Hcp Iem-cq-]-aà XpÅ-se¶v \nÊw-ibw ]d-bmw. Hcp-]-t£, Gsd-

\m-fmbn Xm³ Nn«-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-­n-cn-¡p¶ Hcp Iesb s]s«-s¶mcp Ah-

kcw In«n-b-t¸mÄ \¼ymÀ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨-Xp-am-hmw. lmky-{]-[m-\-amb Hcp

kmln-Xy-cq-]-amWv XpÅ¡hn-X-IÄ. AXn-\m¯s¶ AXn\v s]s«¶v

kzoIm-cy-Xbpw e`n-¨n-cn-¡-Ww.

Zr-iyhpw {imhy-hp-amb Hcp Iem-cq-]-amWv XpÅÂ. A¼-e-¸pg {]tZ-i-

§-fn \S-¸p-­m-bn-cp¶ ]S-bWn F¶ {]mNo\ Iem-cq]w ]cn-jvI-cn-¨mWv

XpÅÂ krjvSn-¨-sX¶ hmZ-ap-­v. {]mNo-\-Imew apXÂ A\p-{I-a-ambn

hfÀ¶p cq]m-´cw {]m]n-¨p-h¶ Nne \r¯coXn-IÄ XpÅ-en D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-

«p-­m-bn-cn-¡mw.

XpÅÂ aq¶p-hn[w

ioX-¦³, ]d-b³, Hm«³ F¶n-§s\ tIc-f-¯nse BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-I-

fpsS PmXn-\maw kqNn-¸n-¨p-sIm-­mWv \¼ymÀ XpÅ-ep-IÄ¡v \maI-cWw

sNbvXsX¶v G.-Un. lcn-iÀ½ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Cu t]cp-I-fn \n¶p-

Xs¶ Ah-cpsS DÛ-h-Øm\w a\-Ên-em-¡mw. ]d-b³ XpÅ-ense hàmhv

]d-b-\m-sW¶v \¼ymÀ Xs¶ hyà-am-¡n-bn-«p-apÅXn-\m ]d-b³XpÅ-en\v

PmXn\ma-hp-ambn _Ô-ap-s­¶v ]d-bmw. F¶m ioX-¦³ F¶ ]Z-s¯-¸än

A`n-{]mbhyXym-k-ap-­v. ioXIi_vZ-¯n\v aµ³, ]eXpw ]d-bp-¶-h³,

19
Beioe-an-Ãm-¯-h³, XWp-¸³ F¶n-§s\ ]e AÀ°-§-fp-ap-­v. \¼ymÀ

kzbw aµs\¶p \Sn-¨p-sIm­v ioXIi_vZw XpÅ-en-t\mSp tNÀ¯p-sh¶

hmZ-ap-­v. tIc-f-¯nse ]pe-b-cpsS CS-bn [mcmfambn ioX-¦³ F¶ t]cv

hyàn-IÄ¡p-­m-bn-cp-¶p. ]pe-b-cpsS CS-bn-ep-­m-bn-cp¶ \r¯-co-Xn-I-fnÂ

Ipcp-t¯me Ae-¦m-c-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶p. ioX-¦³XpÅ-enepw

XpÅ¡mÀ Ipcp-t¯m-e-sIm-­pÅ thjw AWn-bp-¶p. Ip«-\m-S³ {]tZ-i-

§-fnse ]S-b-Wnsb A\p-k-cn-¨-XmWv ioX-¦³ XpÅ-se¶v tUm. Fkv. sI.

\mbÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸Sp¶p. ]d-b³, ioX-¦³ F¶n-hsb At]-£n¨v thKX

IqSp-X-epÅ XpÅ-emWv Hm«³ XpÅÂ AXp-sIm-­mhmw AXn\v Cu t]cv

e`n-¨-Xv. IWn-bm-·mÀ F¶ {]tXyI hn`mKw \S-¯n-bn-cp¶ tIme³ XpÅ-

en \n¶mWv Hm«³XpÅ D­m-b-sX¶v tUm. Fkv. sI. \mbÀ ]d-bp-¶p-

­v. Hm«³Xp-Å-en\v HmS-\m-Sp-ambpw (Im-bw-Ip-fw) ioX-¦³ XpÅ-en\v ioX-¦-

\m-Sp-ambpw (tZ-in-§-\m-Sv) ]d-b³ XpÅen\v ]pd-b-\m-Sp-ambpw (]p-d-¡m-Sv,

A¼-e-¸p-g) _Ô-ap-s­¶v Fw.-]n. i¦p®n \mbÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Xcw-

KnWn hr¯w {ZpX-Xm-f-¯n-epÅ hr¯-am-b-Xp-sIm­p Xs¶ Hm«³XpÅ-

ense {][m\ hr¯-am-Wn-Xv. ImI-fn, tII, If-Im-©n XpS-§nb hr¯-§Ä

Aev]w hyXym-k-t¯msS ioX-¦-\nepw hIv{Xhpw aÃn-Ibpw ]d-b³XpÅ-

enepw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

XpÅ-ep-I-fnse thjhpw NS-§p-Ifpw

ioX-¦³ XpÅÂ

D¨-Xn-cn-ªmWv ioX-¦ÂXpÅ \S-¯p-¶-Xv. apJ¯p tX¸pw

an\p¡pw ]mSn-Ã. Is®-gpXpw shfp-¯-s]m-«p-sXmSpw Xe-bn Idp¯ Ddp-am-

emWv sI«p-¶-Xv. AXn\p ap¼mbn sIm­-sI-«pw. Ddpam-en\p apI-fnepw

20
amdnepw Ipcp-t¯m-e-ame AWn-bp-¶p. Nne¼pw sI¨bpw c­pw Imenepw

sI«p-¶p.

]d-b³ XpÅÂ

kÀ¸-]¯n apSn CXnsâ {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. Nph¶ ]«p-sXm-§epw

NmÀ¯p-¶p. Hä-¡m-en am{X-amWv Nne¼v AWn-bp-I. AXv heXv ImenÂ

Bbn-cn-¡pw. sI¨-a-Wnbpw AtX Imen¯s¶ sI«p-¶p. Igp-¯n ame

NmÀ¯pw Nµ\w ]qipw apJ-¯p-tX¸pw an\p-¡p-an-Ã. Is®-gp-XpI am{Xta

sN¿q. Ime-¯mWv ]db³ XpÅÂ \S-¯p-¶-Xv. Hä-Im-ense \r¯-ap-Åq.

Hm«³Xp-ÅÂ

inc-Ên at\m-l-c-amb h«-ap-Sn-bm-bn-cn-¡pw. apJ¯p ]¨-tX¡pw.

I®pw ]pcn-Ihpw hmep-\o«n Fgp-Xpw. I®p Npa-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Np­-¸q-hn-Spw.

IS-II¦-W§fpw s\©p-]-e-Ibpw {]tXy-I-ap-­v. I¨bpw sI¨bpw c­p-Im-

en-ep-a-Wn-bpw. "A¼-e-¸p-g-t¡m-WIw' sIm­pÅ DS-bm-S-bmWv [cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

cpKvan-Wo-kz-bw-hcw (Hm-«³Xp-ÅÂ)

IpÞn-\-hm-kn-IÄ.............-ap-XÂ tamZn-t¡-W-a-Sp¯p hnhmlw hsc.

{]mNo-\-I-hn-{X-b-¯nse Gähpw P\-Io-b-\mb Ihn F¶ _lp-aXn

Ip©³\-¼ymÀ¡v Ah-Im-i-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. kmam-\y-P-\-§-fpsS Bkzm-Z-\-¯n-\p-

X-Ip¶ Iebpw kmln-Xy-hp-sam¶pw A¶v IqSp-X-embn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«n-cp-

¶n-Ã. kwkvIrXw FÃm-änepw taÂt¡mbva t\Sp-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p AwKo-Ir-X-co-

Xn. F¶m \¼ym-cm-Is« kmam-\y-P-\-X-bpsS Akzm-Z\ \ne-hm-c-¯n-\p-Xt#-

Ip¶ Hcp Iem-cq]w Xs¶ hmÀs¯-Sp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-\p-th­

kmlnXyw At±lw Fgp-Xn-bXpw km[m-c-W-¡m-cp-sS `mj-bn¯-s¶.

21
 ""`SP-\-§-sS \Sp-hn-ep-sÅmcp ]S-b-Wn-¡n-l-tN-cp-hm³
hSn-hnbs¶mcp Nmcp tIc-f-`mj Xs¶ NnXw-hcq
ISp-I-sS-¸-Sp-I-Tn-\-kw-kvIr-X-hn-I-S-I-Sp-I-hn-tI-dn-bmÂ
`S-P-\-§Ä [cn-¡-bnà Xncn-¡p-sam-s¡bp-ta-äp-S³''

F¶v Xm³ ae-bm-f-¯n Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xp-¶-sX-´p-sIm-­m-sW-¶n-hnsS

\¼ymÀ Xs¶ ]d-bp-¶p-­v. `S-P-\-§Ä F¶p ]d-bp-¶Xv A¶s¯ km[m-

cW P\-§-sf-bm-Wv. A¯cw Bfp-Isf ckn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶-

Xn\pw DX-Ip¶ `mj efn-Xhpw a[p-c-hp-amb ae-bmfw Xs¶-bm-sW¶v At±-

l-¯n-\-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-¶p. "apÃ-¸q-s¼m-Sn-tb-äp-In-S¡pw IÃn-\p-ap-­msamcp

kuc`yw'' F¶ a«n-epÅ F{Xtbm efn-Xhpw a[p-c-hp-amb Ihn-hm-Iy-§Ä

C¶pw \mw \nXy-Po-hn-XkµÀ`-§-fn D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-sIm-­n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶Xpw

B Ihn-bpsS C\nbpw \jvS-s¸-«n-«n-Ãm¯ P\-Io-b-XsbXs¶-bmWv kqNn-¸n-

¡p-¶-Xv. ]pXnb ]c-ky-hm-N-I-§-fn At±-l-¯nsâ hcn-IÄ {]tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-

«n-«p-­v. ""P\-lr-Z-b-¯n At±-l-¯n-s\m-cp-¡nb knwlm-k-\-§-fn Ib-dn-bn-

cn-¡m³ apt¼m ]nt¼m BÀ¡pw Ign-ªn-«n-Ã'' F¶ tUm. Fw. eoem-h-Xn-

bpsS A`n-{]mbw F{X-bpw kmÀ°-Iam-sW-¶s{X CXv kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.

\¼ym-cpsS H«p-an¡ XpÅÂIr-Xn-Ifpw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶Xp tZh-Xm-kvXp-Xn-

tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. cpÜn-Wo-kz-bw-hcw Hm«³Xp-Åepw A¯-c-¯n Hcp

IrjvW-kvXp-Xn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv.

""Aw_-c-\-Zo-hm-k-\w-_p-P-tem-N-\³

Nn·-b³ PK-·-b³ Ieva-j-hn-\m-i-\³''

F¶ kvXpXn-bnse "Aw_-c-\-Zo-hm-k³' A¼-e-¸pg IrjvW-\m-sW-¶mWv

\ncq-]I aXw. Aw_-c-\Zn AYhm Aw_-c-¸p-g-bmWv ]n¶oSv A¼-e-¸pgbmb-

sX¶v Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p. Ihn-bpsS CjvS-tZ-h-X-bmb A¼-e-¸pg IrjvWs\ aäp

22
]e IrXn-I-fnepw kvXpXn-¨n-«p-ap-­v. IqSp-XÂ sshIm-cn-I-Xbpw C¯cw

kvXpXn-I-fn ImWp-¶p-­v. IrjvW-kvXp-Xn-I-fnepw IrjvW hÀ®-\-I-fn-ep-

sams¡ A¯-c-¯n-epÅ Hcp BßmÀ°-Xbpw B´-cn-I-amb `mh-Xm-fhpw

Zriy-am-Wv. Fgp-¯-Ñsâ ]mÀ°-km-cYn hÀ®-\-t]mse cpÜn-Wo-kzbwhcw

Hm«³Xp-Å-ense IrjvWsâ tIim-Zn-]m-Z-hÀ®\ t\m¡p-Iþ

""]oen-¯n-cp-ap-Snbpw amebpw NnÃn-Ifpw

\otemÂ]-es¯ shÃpw temN-\-{]-`m-hhpw
tNsem¯ \mkn-Ibpw _me-¯-cp-Wn-amÀ¯³
tNXsÊ h©n-¨nSpw teme-am-a-[-chpw''

F¶n-§s\ t]mIp¶ kmam\yw ZoÀL-amb hÀ®\mkvXp-Xn-bn {ioIr-

jvWsâ kÀÆm-e-¦m-c-hn-`q-jn-X-amb cq]-amWv ChnsS hmMvab Nn{X-ambn hc-

¨p-sh-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. C§s\ `ànbpw lmky-hp-sa-¶Ã GXp ckhpw \¼ym-

cpsS Xqen-I-¡n-W-§p-am-bn-cp-¶p. XpÅ-ep-IÄ s]mXpsh lmky-c-k-{]-Zm-\-am-

Wv. Ihn tXme-\n XpS§n N¼q-Im-c-·m-cn-eq-sSbpw NmIy-·m-cn-eq-sSbpw

hfÀ¶v Ip©³\-¼ym-cn-eqsS Icp-¯p-t\-Sn. C.-hn. IrjvW-]n-Å, kRvP-b³

F¶n-h-cn-eqsS ]pXnb cq]-`m-h-§Ä ssIs¡m­v hn.-sI.-F³ hsc-bpÅ hen-

sbmcp ]mc-¼cyw Cu lmky-km-ln-Xy-¯n\p ae-bm-f-¯n-ep-­v. CXnÂ

lmky-km-{am-«mbn {]Xn-jvTn-X-am-bn-«p-ÅXv Ip©³\¼ymÀ Xs¶-bm-Wv. ]Xn-

s\«mw \qäm-­nse tIc-fobPohn-X-¯nsâ PoÀ®-X-bmWv \¼ymÀ Xsâ

IrXn-I-fn-eqsS lmkym-ß-I-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Xsâ kmaq-lnI

hnaÀi\w IqSp-X iàhpw ck-\o-b-hp-am-¡m³ \¼ymÀ Is­-¯nb amÀ¤w

]pcmWIY-I-fpsS ]pd-t´m-Sn-\pÅn ka-Im-en-Im-h-Øsb Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡pI

F¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-\m¯s¶ Ime-¯n-sâbpw tZi-¯n-sâbpw

AXnÀ¯n-Isf At±lw t_m[-]qÀÆw ewLn-¨p. tZh-tem-I¯v N¡n-s¸®pw

Nncp-X-s¸®pw aäpw ImW-s¸-Sp-¶Xpw Zptcym-[-\sâ ]S-bnse \mb-·mÀ

23
tXm¡p-ambn \S-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Xc-¯n-epÅ bpàn-cm-ln-Xy-§Ä Bhn-

jvI-cn-¡m³ \¼ymÀ¡v H«pw aSn-bp-­m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. kmaq-ly-hn-aÀi\w am{X-am-

bn-cp-¶p At±-l-¯nsâ e£yw. kz´w kap-Zm-b-¯n-\-Is¯ sImÅ-cp-Xm-bva-

IÄ At±-ls¯ Gsd hnj-an-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. AXp-sIm-­p-Xs¶ \mb-·msc ]cn-

l-kn-¡m³ In«p¶ Hchkchpw At±lw shdpsX If-ªn-Ã. cpÜnWn kzbw-

h-c-¯n \n¶pÅ Cu ]mTy-`m-Khpw \¼ym-cpsS kmaq-ly-hn-aÀi-\-¯nsâ

\sÃmcp amXr-I-bm-Wv.

IYm-k-µÀ`w

hnZÀ`-bnse cmPm-hmb `ojva-I\v cpÜn, cpÜ-c-Y³, cpÜ-_m-lp, cpÜ-

tI-i³, cpÜ-amen F¶n-§s\ A©p ]p{X-·mcpw cpÜnWn F¶ ]p{Xn-bp-ap-

­m-bn-cp-¶p. _meyw apX {ioIr-jvW-s\-¸än tI«n-cp¶ cpÜnWn At±-l-

¯n A\p-c-à-bm-hp-¶p. Hcn-¡Â \mc-Z-a-lÀjn hnZÀ`-cm-P-[m\n kµÀin¨

ka-b¯v ]eXpw kwkm-cn-¨n-cns¡ cpÜn-Wn-bpsS hnhm-l-Imcyw NÀ¨-bm-hp-

¶p. {ioIr-jvW-\mWv AhÄ¡p-]-änb hc³ F¶v \mc-Z³ ]d-ªp. F¶mÂ

ktlm-Z-c-\mb cpKvan¡v {ioIr-jvW-t\mSv shdp-¸m-bn-cp-¶p. Xsâ kplr-

¯mb tNZn-cm-Pmhv inip-]m-e\v Ahsf hnhmlw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-¡m-

\mbncp¶p cpÜn¡v XmÂ]-cyw. ktlm-Z-cn-¡p- ]-änb hcs\ Is­-¯m³

cpÜn-tbmSv Aѳ Bh-iy-s¸-«-t¸mÄ At±lw Xsâ A`n-{]mbw tcJ-s¸-Sp-

¯p¶ kµÀ`-am-Wn-Xv. kÀÆ-Kp-W-§fpw XnIª a\p-jyÀ `qan-bn Ipd-bp-

sa¶pw Hmtcm a\p-jyÀ¡pw Hmtcmtcm Ipä-§Ä D­m-bn-cn-¡p-sa-¶mWv cpÜn-

bpsS aXw. kIe a\p-jy-cnepw Ipä-§Ä Is­¯n Ah-km\w inip-hmb

Xsâ tkmZ-cn-bpsS ]Xnbm-Im³ inip-]m-e-\mWv F´p-sIm­pw tbmKy³

F¶mWv cpÜn AÑs\ Adn-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. AX-§-s\-¯s¶ F¶v ]nXmhpw

24
k½-Xn-¡p-¶p. cpÜ-nWn-bpsS kJn-amÀ Cu hnhm-l-hn-ti-j-§Ä Ahsf Adn-

bn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

]pcm-W-I-Ym-k-µÀ`-am-Wn-sX-¦nepw Hcp tIc-fobKrl-¯n \S-¡p¶

hnhm-lm-tem-N-\m-tbm-K-ambn tXm¶n-¸n¡pw hn[-amWv \¼ymÀ Cu cwKw ]p\-

cm-hn-jvI-cn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. PmXn-t{i-jvT-Xbpw aäphn[ FÃm KpW-K-W-§-fp-an-W-

§nb hc-s\-bmWv AÑ\pw ktlm-Z-c·mcpw IqSn cpÜn-Wn-¡mbn tXSp-¶-Xv.

Hcp a\p-jys\bpw Xsâ aIÄ¡mbn t_m[n-¡m¯ ]nXm-hn-t\mSv cpÜn ]d-

bp-¶-Xvþ

Ipäw IqSm-XpÅ \c-·mÀ

Ipdbpw `qan-bnse¶psSXmX!
e£w am\p-jÀIq-Sp-t¼m-f-XnÂ
e£WapÅ-h-scm-t¶m-ct­m''

F¶mWv. ]n¶oSv a\p-jy-cpsS ]e-hn[ tZmj-§-sf-¸än F®n-sb®n ]dbp

¶p. kplr-¯mb inip-]m-e³ am{X-amWv AhÄ¡v tbmPn¨sX¶v kaÀ°n-

¡p-¶p. AXp Xs¶ AÑ\pw k½-Xn-¡p-¶p. A§s\ "aq¸o¶pw ]p\-sc-f-

abpa-§ns\' Xocp-am-\n-¨p-d-¸n¨ hnhm-l-¡mcyw \mSp-\osf {]N-cn-s¨-¦nepw

tXmgn-am-cmWv cpÜ-Wnsb Adn-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. GXp IY-bm-sW-¦nepw AXnÂ

tIc-fob kaq-l-¯nsâ Hcp ]cn-tÑ-Zs¯ lmkym-ß-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-

Xn \¼ymÀ¡p-Å{X {]mhoWyw A¡m-es¯ aäv Ihn-I-fn-sem¶pw Xs¶

ImWm³ Ign-bn-Ã. Nncn-¸n-¨p-sIm­v Nn´n-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p At±-l-¯nsâ

coXn.

""Nncn-¡p¶ IY-tI-«m-en-cn¡pw
Bb-X-sÃ-¦n Xncn¡pw''

F¶ t_m[yw \¶m-bp-­m-bn-cp¶p \¼ymÀ¡v.

25
tNmZy-§Ä

1. Poh\pw IqSmsX tIhew `qan-bnÂ

]mh-IÄ hoWp-In-S¡pw t]mse þ
kµÀ`hpw kmc-kyhpw hyà-am-¡p-I.

2. KmYm-{]-Øm-\-¯nsâ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ IrjvW-bnse Imfn-b-aÀ±-

\s¯ ap³\nÀ¯n ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

3. sNdp-tÈ-cn-bpsS Imhy-ssien Cu ]mT-`m-K¯v F{X-t¯mfw {]Xn-^-en-

¡p-¶p-­v? NÀ¨ sN¿p-I.

4. ""cmas\ \nXyw Zi-c-Y-s\-¶p-Ånþ

emtam-Z-tamSp \ncq-]n-¨p-sIm-ÅWw'' Cu hcn-I-fnse kµÀ`hpw kzmc-

kyhpw hyà-am¡n CXnsâ {]m[m\yw hne-bn-cp-¯p-I.

5. Fgp-¯-Ñsâ hnhÀ¯-\-coXn cmam-b-W-]m-T-`m-Ks¯ ap³\nÀ¯n hni-

I-e\w sN¿p-I.

6. Infn-¸m«v {]Øm-\-¯nsâ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ e£vaW km´z-\s¯

ap³\nÀ¯n ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

7. hnZy-sIm-­-dn-tb-­-X-dn-bmsX

hnZzm³am-cmbv \Sn-¡p-¶nXp NneÀ þ Cu hcn-I-fpsS kµÀ`hpw kzmc-

kyhpw hyà-am-¡p-I.

8. {_mÒ-Wyw-sIm­p Ip´n-¨p-Ip-´n¨p

{_Òm-hp-sa-\n-s¡m-Æm-sb¶p NneÀ þ ChnsS sXfn-bp¶ kmaq-lnI

hnaÀi\w ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

26
9. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ \iz-c-Xsb ]q´m\w Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-sX-

§s\?

10. Ipäw IqSm-XpÅ \c-·mÀ

Ipdbpw `qan-bn-se-¶psS XmX !

-þ kµÀ`hpw kzmc-kyhpw hyà-am-¡p-I.

11. ]pcm-W-I-Ym-k-µÀ`-§sf t]mepw tIc-fo-bm-´-co-£-¯n Ah-X-cn-¸n-

¡m-\pÅ Ip©³\-¼ym-cpsS ]mS-hs¯ ]mTy-`m-Ks¯ ap³\nÀ¯n

]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

12. lmkym-ß-I-ambn kmaq-lnI hnaÀi\w \S-¯p-¶-Xn Ip©³

\¼ymÀ F{X-am{Xw hnP-bn-¨n-«p-­v? þ hni-I-e\w sN¿p-I.

klm-b-I-{K-Ù-§Ä

1. tUm:Fw. eoem-h-Xn, Ihn-Xm-km-lnXy Ncn-{Xw, tIc-f-km-lnXy A¡m-

Z-an, XrÈqÀ, 1998.

2. tUm: Iev]ä _me-Ir-jvW³, ae-bm-f-km-lnXy Ncn-{Xw, tIc-f-`mjm

C³Ìn-äyq-«v, Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw, 2000.

3. F³. IrjvW-]n-Å, ssIc-fn-bpsS IY.

4. ]q´m\w, Úm\-¸m-\.

5. tUm: A¼-e-¸pg tKm]-Ip-amÀ, Ip©³ \¼ymÀ (]-T-\w), Fkv.-]n.-kn.-

F-kv, tIm«-bw, 2015.

6. Cfw-Ipfw Ipª³]n-Å, `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw \qäm-­p-I-fnÂ, tIcf

`mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v, Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw.

27
 samUyqÄ þ 2

tIc-f-¯nse \mS³]m-«p-IÄ

\mS³ kwkvIm-c-¯n-sâbpw Pohn-X-¯n-sâbpw ssNX\yw IeÀ¶-h-

bmWv \mS³ ]m«p-IÄ. kar-²-amb Hcp \mS³ ]m«p-]m-c-¼-cy-amWv tIc-f-¯n-

\p-Å-Xv. sX¡³ ]m«p-IÄ, hS-¡³]m-«p-IÄ, CS-\m-S³]m-«p-IÄ F¶n-§s\

{]mtZ-in-I-amb hÀ¤o-I-cWw Ch-bv¡p-­v. hoc-N-cn-X-§-fmWv Ch-bpsS {]Xn-

]m-Zyw. hS-¡³]m-«p-Isf ]p¯qcw ]m«p-IÄ, Xt¨m-fn-¸m-«p-IÄ Hä-¸m-«p-IÄ

F¶n-§s\ hÀ¤o-I-cn-¡mw. sX¡³ ]m«p-I-fn cma--I-Y-¸m-«v, Cc-hn-¡p-«n-¸n-

Å-t¸mcv F¶n-hbpw {][m-\-am-Wv. am¸nf-¸m-«p-t]m-epÅ kmap-Zm-bn-I-Km-\-

§fpw aä-t\Iw A\p-jvTm-\-¸m-«p-I-fp-saÃmw \mS³ ]m«p-I-fnÂs¸-Spw.

sXmgnÂ]-cw, hnt\m-Z-]-cw, A\p-jvTm-\-]cw, Ncn-{X-]cw F¶n-§-s\bpw

\mS³ ]m«p-Isf Xncn-¡mw. a\p-jy-k-ap-Zm-b-¯nsâ hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-§-fpsS

kqN-I-§-fmWv \mS³ ]m«p-IÄ. tIc-f-¯nsâ \mtSmSn kwkvIr-Xn-bnÂ

\mS³ ]m«p-IÄ¡v hep-Xm-sbmcp Øm\-ap-­v. ImÀjn-I-hr-¯nbp-sSbpw aäpw

A[zm-\-`mcw eLq-I-cn-¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p {]mY-an-I-amb \mS³]m-«p-I-fpsS

[À½w. ]n¶o-Smhmw AXv sXmgn-em-fn-þ-Io-gmf hÀ¤-§-fpsS X\Xv Pohn-Xm-h-

Ø-I-fp-sSbpw P·n A[o-i-hÀ¤-§-fpsS Nqj-W-§-fp-sSbpw AXn-s\-Xn-cmb

{]Xn-tcm-[-¯n-sâ-bp-sams¡ ]m«p-I-fm-bn-Xo-cp-¶-Xv.

F´p Xsâ Xo­-emWv

taem-f-\mb P·n Iogm-f-\mb IÀj-I-t\mSv ImWn-¡p¶ Abn-¯-¯n-

s\-Xn-cmb Hcp \mS³ ]m«mWv CXv. ]pe-cp-t¼mÄ sXm«v cmhn-cp-fpw-hsc

A[zm-\n¨v P·nbv¡v hnf-hp-­m¡n ]¯m-b-¯n \nd-¨p-sIm-Sp-t¡-­Xv Iogm-

28
f-\m-Wv. ]¯m-b-¯n hnfhv \nd-¡p-t¼mÄ Iogm-f\v Abn-¯-an-Ã. F¶mÂ

AXp Ign-ªm AbmÄ¡v Abn-¯-am-Wv. X¼p-cm³ hcp-t¼mÄ AbmÄ

hgn-am-dn-s¡m-Å-Ww. CXv F´p-Xcw Xo­-emWv F¶mWv ASn-bm-fsâ

tNmZyw. ASn-bm-f-hÀK-¯nsâ AS-¡n-sh¨ ZpxJhpw AaÀj-hp-saÃmw L\o-`-

hn-¨p-In-S-¡p-¶- Hcp \mS³ ]m«m-Wn-Xv. Cu AaÀjw XXz-Nn-´m-]-c-amb Hcp

Xe-¯n-te¡p IqSn hnI-kn-¡p-¶p-­v Cu ]m«nÂ.

""F´p Xsâ Xo­-emWv X¼pcmsâ Xo­ev''?

..............................................................
amdSm amdSm amd-S-§«v amd-Sm........
amdSm amdSm ]m¡-\mtc amd-Sm.......

F¶-h-cn-I-fn \n¶pw ]m¡-\mcpw X¼p-cm\pw (P-·n)- X-½n-epÅ kw`m-j-W-

¯nsâ cq]-¯n-emWv IhnX hnI-kn-¡p-¶-Xv F¶v a\-Ên-em-¡mw. Abn-¯-

¯nsâ \ncÀ°-IX ]d-bp¶ ]d-bn-s]ä ]´n-cp-Ipew IY-bnse Hcp IYm-]m-

{X-amWv ]m¡-\mÀ. hc-cpNn F¶ {_mÒ-W\v ]©an F¶ ]d-bn-bn-ep-­mb

]{´­v a¡fn HcmÄ. ]{´­v a¡-fn Hmtcm-cp-¯-scbpw Hmtcm Øe¯v

Dt]-£n¨v t]mb-t¸mÄ Hmtcmtcm PmXn-¡mÀ FSp¯v hfÀ¯n A§s\

]{´­v PmXn-I-fmbn AhÀ hfÀ¶p. Gähpw aq¯m-bsf {_mÒ-W³

hfÀ¯n-b-t¸mÄ AbmÄ {_mÒ-W-\m-bn. tag-t¯mÄ Aán-tlm-{Xn-bmbdnb-

s¸-«p. ]m¡-\mcpw \mdm-W¯p {`m´-\p-sams¡ Iogm-f-cmbn amdn. C§s\

PmXn-b-X-bp-sSbpw Xo­-en-sâ-bp-sams¡ AÀ°-iq-\yX CXn-e-[nIw ]d-bp¶

asämcp IY-bn-Ã. Xo­-en-s\-Xn-cmb ]m«n CXv DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bXv F{Xbpw

DNn-X-am-Wv. Xo­-ensâ AÀ°-iq-\y-Xsb Hcp tNmZy-¯n-eq-sS i¦-cm-Nm-cysc

t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯nb NÞm-fsâ IY-IqSn ChnsS tNÀ¯-phm-bn-¡mw. i¦-cm-Nm-

cyÀ NÞm-f-t\mSv Xs¶ Xo­msX hgn-am-dm³ Iev]n-¨p-shs{X? At¸mÄ

NÞm-f³ Xncn-¨p-tNm-Zn-¨p. F´mWv amtd-­Xv tZltam tZlntbm? ico-c-

29
¯n-\mtWm Bßm-hn-\mtWm Xo­Â? Cu tNmZy-¯n-\p-ap-¶n D¯cw

ap«nb i¦-cm-Nm-cyÀ¡v Xsâ sXäp a\-Ên-em-bn. B Xncn-¨-dn-hn Fgp-Xnb

A©p tÇmI-§Ä a\o-jm-]-©Iw F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Cu NÞm-f³ inh³

cq]w amdn-h¶v i¦-cs\ ]co-£n-¨Xm-sW¶ `mjy-hp-ap-­v. \thm-°m-\-Im-e-

L-«-¯n ]Þnäv sI.-]n. Idp-¸³ PmXn-bvs¡-Xn-cmbn Fgp-Xnb PmXn-¡p-½n-

bnepw Cu IY-bmWv FSp-¯p-]-d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

Cu ]m«n ]m¡-\mÀ, P·n F¶o IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS kw`m-j-W-§-fm-

bmWv hcn-IÄ cq]w sImÅp-¶-Xv. "amd-Sm...-am-d-Sm...'F¶v X¼p-cm³ Bt{Im-in-

¡p-t¼mÄ F´p Xsâ Xo­-emWv X¼p-cmsâ Xo­ev F¶v ]dªv

AXnsâ \nÀ°-IX ]m¡-\mcpw t_m[n-¸n-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p. NÞm-f³ i¦-

cm-Nm-cy-tcmSp tNmZn-¨-t]m-se, F´n \n¶mWv? F´n-\mWv Xm³ amdn-\-S-

t¡-­Xv F¶ tNmZy-amWv ]m¡-\m-cnÂ\n¶pw Db-cp-¶-Xv. Cu {]]-©-

¯n Hmtcm-¶n\pw kl-P-amb [À½-§-fp-­m-bn-cnt¡ H¶n\v AXnsâ

[À½-¯nÂ\n¶pw amdm³ km[y-a-Ã. D¸p-Ip-¯n-bm apf-bv¡ptam? then-

bn ]S-cptam? D¸n\p AXnsâ kl-P-amb [À½-¯nÂ\n¶p amdm-\m-hptam?

AXp-t]mse aÕyw hÀÖn-¡p-¶-hcpw Ipfn-¡p-¶Xv aÕy-apÅ shÅ-¯nÂ

Xs¶-bm-W-tÃm. B shÅw Xs¶-btà hmbn-em-¡p-¶Xpw IpSn-¡p-¶Xpw.

]ns¶-´n-\mWo Abn-¯w? BIm-i-t¯bv¡v As¼-bvXm BImiw Xpf-

bptam? Idp-¯-h³ ASp-¯p-h-¶mtem sXm«mtem shfp-¯-h³ Idp-¡ptam þ

AXp-t]mse Xncn¨pw kw`-hn-¡ptam? H¶pw kw`-hn-¡p-I-bn-Ã. ]ns¶-´n-

\mWo Xo­ev? C§s\ \nÀ°-I-amb Xo­Â BN-cn-¡p-¶-Xnse Akw-_-

Ôs¯ hnfn-¨p-]-d-bp-I-bmWo ]m«n-eqsS GtXm AÚm-X-\mb Ihn sN¿p-

¶-Xv. Iogmf kaq-l-¯nsâ apgp-h³ AS-¡n-sh¨ kwLÀj-§-fpsS tcJ-s¸-

Sp-¯-embn Cu ]m«ns\ ImWmw. A[zm-\-`m-c-¯nsâ eLq-I-c-W-¯n-\-¸pdw

am\-knI `mc-§-fpsS eLp-I-cWw IqSn C¯cw ]m«p-IÄ \nÀÆ-ln-¡p-¶p-­v.

30
efn-X-amb \m«p-`m-j-bn hcn-I-fpsS BhÀ¯-\-t¯m-Sp-IqSn hmÀ¶p-ho-gp¶

Cu ]m«n Xo­epw sXmSoepw hI-ªp-am-änb Hcp P\-X-bpsS \oXn-¡mbn

XpSn-¡p¶ lrZ-b-ap-­v. hmsam-gn-bmbn {]N-cn¨v {]N-cn¨v Ime-¯n AS-bm-f-

s¸-Sp-¯-s¸« Cu ]m«n\v C¶pw {]kàn \jvS-s¸-«n-«n-Ã. PmXnbpw aXhpw

Xo­epw sXmSo-ep-saÃmw C¶pw ]e-]e cq]-§-fn \ap-¡n-S-bn {]hÀ¯n-

¡p-¶p. HcmÄ Ccp¶ Itkc asäm-cmÄ hcp-t¼mÄ NmW-I-shÅw sIm­v

Igp-Ip-¶Xpw £Wn-¡-s¸« thZn-bnÂt]mepw Itk-c-bn-en-cn-¡m-\m-hmsX Xd-

bn-en-cn-t¡-­n-h-cp-¶-Xp-sams¡ AXp-sIm-­m-WtÃm?

2. hS-¡³]m«v

hS-¡³ tIc-f-¯nse hoc-I-Ym-Km-\-§-fmWv hS-¡³ ]m«p-IÄ. \½psS

Poh-N-cn{X kmln-Xy-¯nsâ BZym-¦p-c-§-fmbn Chsb IW-¡m-¡mw. hS-

¡³ ]m«p-Ifnse Xt¨m-fn-¸m-«p-IÄ Xt¨mfn Xd-hm-«p-Im-cpsS IY ]d-bp-¶-

hbpw ]p¯qcw ]m«p-IÄ ]p¯qcw Xd-hm-«p-Im-cpsS IY ]d-bp-¶-h-bp-am-Wv.

]p¯qcw ]m«p-I-fn Btcm-a tNI-hÀ, Btcm-a-ep-®n, D®n-bmÀ¨ F¶n-h-

sc-¸-änbpw Xt¨mfn¸m«p-I-fn tIma-¡p-dp-¸v, HtX-\³, N´p, Nm¸³

F¶nhscbpw ]än-bpÅ ]m«p-I-fp-­v. A\p-jvTm-\-hp-ambn _Ô-an-Ãm¯ Cu

]m«p-I-fn s]mXpsh hoc-km-l-k-Ir-Xytam bp²-]-cm-{Itam Hs¡ Bbn-

cn¡pw hnj-bw. Bäp-a-W-t½Â D®n-bmÀ¨ Iq¯p-Im-Wm³ t]mb ]m«p-I-Y-

bmWv ChnsS ]mTy-`m-Kw.

Bäp-a-W-t½Â D®n-bmÀ¨ Iq¯p-Im-Wm³ t]mb ]m«p-IY

hS-¡³]m-«p-I-fnse Hcp {][m-\-hn-`m-K-amWv ]p¯qcw ]m«p-IÄ.

]p¯qcw ho«nse Btcm-a tNI-hÀ, At±-l-¯nsâ ktlm-Zcn D®n-bmÀ¨,

D®n-bmÀ¨-bpsS aI-\mb Btcm-a-ep®n F¶n-h-cpsS hoc-]-cm-{I-a-§-fpsS

A]Zm\-§-fmWv ]p¯q-cw-]m-«p-IÄ. hS-I-c-bn \n¶v hneym-¸-Ån¡v

31
t]mIp¶ hgn¡v ]p¯qÀ F¶ Øew C¶p \ne-\n¡p-¶p-­v. Ahn-sS-bm-

bn-cp¶p ]p¯qcw hoSv F¶ Xn¿ Xd-hmSv F¶p ]d-ªp-h-cp-¶p. ]p¯qcw

]m«p-I-fnse Htc-sbmcp hoc-\m-bn-I-bmWv D®n-bmÀ¨. ]gb tIme¯p

\m«nse IS-¯-\m«v 16-þmw \qäm-­n-emWv D®n-bmÀ¨ Pohn-¨n-cp-¶-sX¶v Icp-X-

s¸-Sp-¶p. sNdp-¸-¯n Xs¶ If-cn-ap-d-Ifpw A`ym-k-§-fp-saÃmw ]Tn¨

AhÄ BcpsS ap¶nepw tXm¡m³ a\-Ên-Ãm-¯-h-fm-bn-cp-¶p. Bäp-a-W-

t½Â Ipªn-cm-as\ hnhmlw Ign-¨-tijw AhÄ Bäp-a-W-t½Â D®n-bmÀ¨

F¶-dn-b-s¸-«p. `ÀXr-ho-«n Ign-ªp-sIm-­n-cn-¡sh AÃn-a-eÀ¡m-hnÂ

Iq¯p-Im-Wm-\mbn t]mIp¶ kµÀ`-am-Wn-Xv.

""Bäpw-a-W-t½se D®n-bmÀ¨
DuWpw Ign-ª-§p-d-¡-ambn
Dd-¡-¯n kz]v\hpw I­p-s]®v
AÃn-a-eÀ¡m-hn Iq¯-ÃmWv
A¿-¸³¡m-hn hnf-¡-ÃmWv
Abn-emfÀ s]®p-§Ä t]mIp-¶p­v''

F¶n§s\ BÀ¡pw ]mSm-hp¶ AbvX\ efn-X-amb ssien-bmWv Cu ]m«p-

I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X. am{X-aà A¶s¯ tIc-fob kaq-l-¯n DÕ-h-¡m-gvN-

IÄ¡v B¬/s]¬ t`Z-an-Ãm-XpÅ _lp-P-\-{]o-Xnbpw {]Npc {]Nm-chpw

IqSn ChnsS hyà-am-hp-¶p-­v. \qäm-­p-IÄ¡p-ap¼v Fgp-X-s¸« Cu ]m«p-I-Y-

bn D®n-bmÀ¨-bpsS kv{Xosb¶ \ne-bv¡pÅ Ah-fpsS kzXzs¯ \¶mbn

AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-­v. ]pe-cp-hm-t\-g-c-cm-hp-Å-t¸mÄ sR«n-bp-WÀ¶v Xsâ

ho«p-Im-cy-§-sfÃmw thKw sNbvXp-XoÀ¯v AhÀ Iq¯p-Im-Wm-\mbn ]pd-s¸-

Sp-I-bm-Wv. t]mIpw-ap¼v AhÀ BZy-ambn AÑs\ sN¶p-hn-fn¨v Iªn-Ip-Sn-

¡m-\mbn Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p. Iªn-Ip-Sn-¡m-\pÅ t\c-am-bn-ÃtÃm F¶v ]d-

bp¶ AÑ-t\mSv Iq¯p-Im-Wm³ t]mI-W-sa¶ Bhiyw DWÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.

32
 ""H¶n§p tIÄ¡Ww AÑ-t\mSv
]p¯qcw ho«n-¶p-t¸m-t¶-¸ns¶
Bäp-a-W-t½epw ht¶-¸nt¶
ImgvNbpw thebpw I­n-«nÃ'' -þ F¶m-W-hÄ ]d-bp-¶-Xv.

Iq¯p-Im-Wm³ t]mIpI F¶Xv Hcp-\mfpw Nn´n-t¡­ F¶pw Bsc

XpW-Iq«nbmWv t]mhpI F¶pw tNmZn-¡p¶ AÑ-t\mSv

"F¶psS `À¯mhv XpWn-bn-\nt¡' F¶m-W-h-fpsS adp-]-Sn. F¶mÂ

X\n¡v ]¯pw ]eXpw a¡-fn-söpw tPmt\mÀ ]pf-¸pÅ \mK-]pcw (\m-Zm-]p-

cw) A§m-Sn-bn-eqsS BÀ¡pw hgn \S-¶p-Ip-sS¶pw AXp-sIm­v Xsâ aIs\

Ab-¡m³ Ign-bn-söp Aѳ XoÀ¯p ]d-bp-¶p. am{X-aà Ipªn-cm-a\v

]pXp-tÈ-cn-bn F¶pw ]b-äp-ap-­v. A½-tbmSv k½Xw tNmZn-¡p-t¼mÄ B

tamlw H«pw \S-¡n-söpw thW-sa-¦n ]mW-s\- Xp-W-Iq«n s]mbvt¡m

F¶pw Xsâ Hä-a-Is\ sIm­p-t]mbn sImÃn-¡tà F¶p-amWv ]d-bp-¶-Xv.

AXn\p adp-]-Sn-bmbn

""I®-¸³ X¶psS s]m·-Ifpw

]p¯qcw ho«n P\n-¨p-Rm\pw
AÃ-na-eÀ¡m-hn Ip¯-ÃmsW
t]mImsX I­n«ncn-¡-bn-Ãþ''

F¶v Dd¨ kzc-¯n Xs¶ AhÄ {]Xn-h-Nn-¨p. Ct¶-hsc ]p¯qcw

ho«nse s]®p-§Ä ]mWs\ XpW-Iq«n t]mbn-«n-söpw IqSn ]d-bp-¶p-­-

hÄ. `À¯m-hn-¶-Sp-t¯¡pw sN¶v Iªn sImSp¯v X©-¯n AhÄ

Xsâ Bh-iy-ap-WÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. F¶m Ahn-sSbpw AhÄ¡v \ncm-i-bm-bn-cp-

¶p ^ew. tPm\-IÀ ]pf-¡p¶ A§m-Sn-bn \ns¶-¡-­m AhÀ ]nSn-¨p-

sIm-­p-t]m-Ip-sa¶pw X\n¡v AhÄ¡v XpW-t]m-Im³ Ign-bn-sÃ-¶p-apÅ

33
hm¡p-IÄ tI«v AhÄ AS-§p-¶n-Ã. Ipfnbpw Ipdnbpw Hcp-¡-§-fp-sa-Ãm-w

s]s«¶v Ign¨v FÃm-h-tcmSpw bm{Xbpw ]dªv AhÄ ]pd-s¸-Sp-¶p. CXp-I-

­v,

""H¶n§p tIÄ¡Ww D®n-bmÀt¨

am\pjyw sIm©tà s]¬In-Smth
Nqc-t¡m-emte ab¡pw Rmt\''
F¶v FXnÀ¯p \n¶ Ipªn-cm-at\mSv
""AÑ\pw A½-bpw ASn-¨n-«nÃ
Ipcp-¡fpw Fs¶ ASn-¨n-«nÃ''

F¶v {]Xyp-¯cw ]dªv AhÄ ]Snbpw ]Sn-¸p-cbpw IS¶v t]mhp-¶p.

A§s\ \mZm-]pcw A§m-Sn-bn-eqsS t]mIsh Xs¶ B{I-an¨ tPm\-Isc

Ac-bn Icp-Xnb Ddp-an-sIm­v s]mcpXn tXm¸n¨ IYbpw ]p¯qcw ]m«p-

I-fn ]d-bp-¶p-­v. C§s\ kuµ-cyw-sIm-­pw [oc-X-sIm­pw hS-¡³ ]m«p-

I-fn \nd-ªp-\n¡p¶ Hcp IYm-]m-{X-amWv D®n-bmÀ¨. D®n-bmÀ¨-bpsS

kuµ-cy-¯n-sâbpw Ah-fpsS kml-kn-I-X-bp-sS-bp-sams¡ \ndw-]n-Sn-¸n¨

hÀ®-\-IÄ Cu ]m«p-I-fn [mcmfw ImWmw. \mbn-Im-\m-b-I-·m-sc-sbÃmw

hÀ®n-¡p¶ thf-bn Htc hcn-IÄ Xs¶ ]e kµÀ`-§-fnepw D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-

Im-Wmw. C¯cw \ndw-]n-Sn-¸n¨ hÀ®-\-I-fp-s­-¦n t]mepw kwKo-Xm-ß-I-

X-sIm­pw `mjm-em-fn-Xyw-sIm­pw Cu ]m«p-IÄ C¶pw klr-Z-b-{i-²-bm-

IÀjn-¡p-¶p. am{X-aà Hcp Ime-L-«-¯nsâ tIc-fob kmaq-lnI Pohn-Xs¯

shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ D]m-Zm-\-§Ä F¶ \ne-bnepw Cu ]m«p-IÄ {]m[m-\y-aÀln-

¡p-¶p-­v. D®n-bmÀ¨ F¶Xv tIc-fob kv{XoXzs¯ Ncn-{X-¯n AS-bm-f-

s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-Å-Xnsâ Hcp {]Xo-I-ambn amdp-¶p. ]e hS-¡³ ]m«p-I-Y-I-

sfbpw t]mse D®n-bmÀ¨bpw kn\n-a-bm-bn-«p­v, 1961-þ-Â.

34
 C¶pw ]e-X-c-¯n-epÅ Nqj-W-§Ä¡pw sI«p-]m-Sp-IÄ¡pw ASn-a-I-

fmbn kz´w PohnXw tlman-¡p¶ kv{Xokz-Xz-§Ä¡v DWÀ¯p-]m-«mIm³

D®n-bmÀ¨-bp-tS-Xp-t]mepÅ ]m«p-I-Y-IÄ¡p Ign-bpw. Bßm-`n-am-\-¯n-

sâbpw CÑm-i-àn-bp-sSbpw Imcy-¯n tIc-fobkv{Xo H«pw ]n¶n-embncp¶n-

söv \s½ ià-ambn HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p-­v ]mW-·mÀ ]­v ]mSn-\-S¶ D®n-

bmÀ¨-bpsS Cu ]m«p-IY.

3. am¸n-f-¸m«v

ae-_m-dnse apÉowkap-Zm-b-¯n \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ Km\-]m-c-¼cy-amWv

am¸n-f-¸m-«p-IÄ. F¶m-en¶v am¸n-f-¸m-«p-IÄ apÉow kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ F¶-

XnÂ\n¶pw tIc-fob kaq-l-¯nsâ Hcp P\-Iob Km\-cq]w F¶ \ne-bn-

te¡v hfÀ¶n-«p-­v. Ad-_n-þ-a-e-bmf en]n-bm-bn-cp¶p am¸n-f-¸m«v cN-\-IÄ¡v

D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. Is­-Sp-¡-s¸-«n-«p-Å-Xn sh¨v Gähpw BZys¯ am¸n-

f-¸m-«mbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶Xv tImgn-t¡m-«p-Im-c-\mb Jmkn apl-½Zv cNn¨ aplv

bp±o³ame ({In.-]n. 1609) BWv. 18-þmw \qäm-­n Pohn-¨n-cp¶ Ipªm-bn³

apkvenbm-cpsS IrXn-I-fmb I¸-¸m-«v, \qÂaZvlv, \qÂame F¶o-Ir-Xn-Ifpw

Cu Km\-]m-c-¼-cy-¯nsâ CuSp-h-bv]p-I-fm-Wv. am¸n-f-¸m«p Ihn-I-fn Gähpw

{it²-b-\mb tambn³Ip«n sshZy-cpsS Gähpw anI¨ Hcp P\-Iob Imhy-

amWv _Z-dp (1852-þ1892) ap\oÀ-þ-lp-kv\p Pam F¶ {]W-b-Im-hyw.

tambn³Ip«n sshZy-cpsS ae-¸pdw ]S-¸m-«mWv tIc-f-N-cn{Xw {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶

BZy-a-e-bm-f-Im-hyw. Ct±-l-¯nsâ Xs¶bmbn _ZÀ]-S-¸m-«v, DlvZv ]S-¸m«v

F¶o ]m«p-Ifpw {it²-b-am-Wv. ]pen-t¡m-«n sslZ-dnsâ adn-b-¡p-«n-bpsS

I¯v F¶ I¯p-]m-«mWv ]mTy-`m-Kw.

35
adn-b-¡p-«n-bp-sS-I¯v ]m«v (I-¯p-]m-«nsâ BZy-`m-Kw)

]pen-t¡m-«n sslZÀ

Gd-\mSv Xmeq¡v ]p¶-¸me Awiw sNS-§mw-Ipfw tZi¯v ]qe¯v

sF¯p A[n-Im-cn-bp-sSbpw ssXtXm-«n D½m-Zn-D-½-bp-sSbpw aI-\mbn 1879

]qe¯v ]pen-t¡m-«n sslZÀ P\n-¨p. Hu]-Nm-cn-I-hn-Zym-`ymkw IqSp-X-em-

sbm¶pw In«n-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ-¦nepw Fgp-Xm\pw hmbn-¡m\pw Adn-hp-t\-Sn.

tambnÂIp«n sshZycpw Imªn-cme Ipªn-cm-bn\pw ho«nse \nXy-k-µÀi-I-

cm-bn-cp-¶Xv sslZ-dn kzm[o\w sNep-¯n. sNdp-¸-¯nte ]m«p-IÄ sI«n-

]m-Sp¶ ioew D­m-bn-cp-¶p. 2000þ¯n IqSp-X ]m«p-IÄ At±-l-¯n-sâ-

Xmbn D­v. sslZ-dnsâ ""s]äv Rms\m-¶v......''F¶v XpS-§p¶ ]m«v tIc-f-

¯n BIam\w {]kn-²-am-bn. Ct±-l-¯nsâ ]m«p-IÄ tiJ-cn¨v ]pen-t¡m-

«n IrXn-IÄ F¶ t]cn Fw.-F³.-Im-c-tÈcn FUn-ä-dmbn 1979-þ Hcp

IrXn {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p. {]kn-²amb kam-lm-c-§Ä ]cn-jvIm-c-ame, t]a-I-sse,

tImemÀbm-{X, \cn-\m-bm«v F¶n-h-bm-Wv. sslZ-dnsâ Zpcm-Nm-c-am-e, Ien-bp-

Kw, ImXp-Ip-¯vam-e, kv{XoaÀ±n-am-e, amc-·m-cpsS XI-cmdv F¶nh \ho-I-c-

tWm-t±-iy-Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv. 1975-þÂ Ct±lw \ncy-mX\mbn.

]pen-t¡m-«n sslZ-dnsâ adn-b-¡p-«n-bpsS I¯v]m«n\v _Ãm-cn-P-bn-en-

te¡v Hcp I¯p-]m«v F¶pw t]cp-­v. 1924-þ-emWv c­p `mK-§-fpÅ Cu ]m«v

cNn-¡-s¸-«-Xv. 1921-þse ae-_mÀ Iem-]-¯n\v tij-apÅ Ime-amWv CXnsâ

]Ým-¯-ew. Gd-\m-Sv, hÅp-h-\m-Sv, Xmeq-¡p-I-fn-epÅ ]pcp-j-·mÀ sImÃ-s¸-

Sp-Itbm _Ãm-cn, X©m-hqÀ Pbn-ep-I-fn AS-bv¡-s¸-Sp-Itbm sNbvXp. Cu

ka-b¯v ]m­n-¡m-«p-Im-cn-bmb adn-b-¡p«n _Ãmcn Pbn-en-epÅ Xsâ

`À¯mhv lʳIp-«n¡v Fgp-Xnb ]m«m-Wn-Xv.

36
 Ad-_n-þ-a-e-bmf kmln-Xy-¯nse k¼-¶-amb Hcp Km\-im-J-bmWv

I¯p-]m-«v. am¸n-f-¸m-«p-I-fn \nXy-Po-hn-X-hp-am-bpÅ _Ôw ]peÀ¯p¶

]m«p-I-fm-Wn-h. P\-Iobhpw hnIm-c-Xo-{h-hp-amb Cu ]m«p-]m-c-¼-cy-¯n\v

H¶c \qäm-­p-Im-e-¯n-sâ-sb-¦nepw Ncn{Xw Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sm-\p-­m-Ipw. am¸n-

f-¸m«p {]Øm-\-¯nse alm-I-hn-bmb tambn³Ip«n sshZy-c-S¡w H«-\-h[n

am¸n-f-¸m«p cN-bn-Xm-¡Ä I¯p-]m-«p-IÄ Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-­v. {]W-b-I-Y-Ifpw

IZ-\-I-Y-Ifpw aäpw FgpXn Adn-bn-¡p-hm-\mWv km[m-cW I¯p-¸m-«p-IÄ

Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-¶-Xv. BZys¯ I¯p-]m-s«¶ hnti-j-W-¯n\v AÀl-am-bXpw

Ncn-{X-]-c-am-bn-¯s¶ hfsc {]m[m-\y-ap-Å-Xp-amb IrXn-bmWv ]pen-t¡m-«nÂ

sslZ-dnsâ "adn-b-¡p-«n-bpsS I¯v' am¸n-f-¸m-«nse ]¨-a-e-bmf Ihn-bm-bn-cp¶

]pen-t¡m-«n sslZÀ \nXy-Po-hn-X-¯nse \nÊm-c-sa¶p tXm¶p¶ A\p-`-h-

§Ät]mepw I¯p-]m-«p-I-fn-eqsS at\m-l-c-amb Km\-Im-hy-§-fm¡n amän-bn-

cp¶p. sslZ-dnsâ I¯p-]m-«p-I-fn anI¨ Hcp IrXn-bmb adn-b-¡p-«n-bpsS

I¯m-hms« ae-bm-f-¯nse kmlnXy¯nsâ BZy-am-XrI F¶ \ne-bnÂ

am{X-a-Ã. ae-_mÀIem-]-¯n-\p-tijw tIc-f-¯nse apÉow-k-aqlw t\cn« Ac-

£n-Xm-h-Ø-bpsS t\c-\p-`hw ]d-bp¶ Hcp Ncn-{X-IrXn F¶ \ne-bnepw

{]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶p. sslZ-cpsS Xs¶ _oS-cpsS I¯v Fs¶mcp IrXnbpw

Cu Ime-L-«s¯ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p-¶-Xm-bp-­v.

"adn-b-¡p-«n-bpsS I¯v' F¶ I¯p-]m-«nse {]Xn-]mZyw Ihn-bpsS Hcp

`mh-\m-kr-jvSn-bà adn¨v Hcp km[m-cW kv{XobpsS Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-hp-ambn

_Ô-s¸-«-Xm-W-Xv. ae-_mÀ Iem-]-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v {_n«ojv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-

IÄ Gd-\m-«nse [mcmfw sNdp-¸-¡msc ]e IÅ-t¡-kp-Ifpw Npa¯n B´-

am-\n-te¡pw aäpw \mSp-I-S-¯p-Ibpw I®q-cn-sebpw _Ãm-cn-bn-tebpw Pbn-ep-I-

fn-te-bv¡-b-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXnÂs¸« Hcm-fm-bn-cp¶ lʳIp«n

s_Ãmcn Pbn-en-e-S-bv¡-s¸-«p. lʳIp-«n-bpsS `mcy adn-b-¡p-«n-sb-¡p-dn¨v

37
Ah-fpsS Nne hntcm-[n-IÄ A]-hm-Z-§Ä D­m¡n lʳIp-«n¡v Is¯-

gpXn. AXv hniz-kn¨v `mcy-bpsS Nmcn-{Xy-ip-²n-bn kwibw tXm¶nb

lʳIp«n Ahsf XemJv sNmÃp-I-bm-sW-¶-dn¨v Ah-fpsS D½bv¡v FgpXn.

B I¯p-I­v ]cn-{`m-´-bmb adn-b-¡p«n B \m«nse {]i-kvX-I-hn-bmb

]pen-t¡m-«n sslZ-dns\ I­v k¦Sw ]d-bp-Ibpw A§s\ adn-b-¡p-«n-bv¡p-

th­n Hcp I¯v ]m«v FgpXn \ÂIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXmWv tIc-f-¯n-e-

t§m-f-an-t§mfw {]i-kvX-amb "adn-b-¡p-«n-bpsS I¯v' F¶ t]cn-epÅ

I¯v]m-«v. B I¯v]m«v ssI¸-än-b-tXmsS lʳIp-«n¡v a\w-amäw kw`-hn¨v

adn-b-¡p-«nsb kzoI-cn¨p F¶p-amWv IY. Hcp IhnX F§s\ Hcp kaq-l-

¯n {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p F¶-Xnsâ anI¨ Hcp-Zm-l-c-W-amWv adn-b-¡p-«n-bpsS

I¯v.

{]W-bhpw hnc-lhpw {]hm-kn-b-\p-`-h-¯nsâ Xo£vW-b-YmÀ°y-§-

sf¶ \ne-bn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ I¯p-¸m-«mWv adn-b-¡p-«n-bpsS I¯v.

\me©p hÀjs¯ hnclPohn-X-¯m heª adn-b-¡p«n Xsâ t]cnÂ

{]N-cn¨ A]-hm-Z-§Ä IqSn-bm-b-t¸mÄ B sXän-²m-cW Xncp-¯m-\mbn Ab-

bv¡p¶ I¯v XpS-§p-¶-Xn-§-s\-bm-Wv.

""Be-§Ä Advap­v Aen^pw Iq³-C-S-sIm­v

Assas¯ tIm³ Xncp-\maw Xh-¡w-hn­v þ kvXpXn-bmÂ
AXp-kÃm kem-abpw samfn´pw sIm­v.....''

F¶n-§s\ ]Xn-s\-®m-bncw temI-s¯bpw ]S-bv¡p-¶-Xn\p ap³]v

apl-½Zv \_n-bpsS Bßm-hns\ ]S¨ ssZhs¯ kvXpXn-¡p-¶p. A¡m-

es¯ am¸n-f-¸m«v cN-\-I-fnse s]mXp-kz-`m-h-amb {]hmNI kvXpXn-tbm-sS-

Xs¶ Cu Imhyw Bcw-`n¡p-¶p. adn-b-¡p-«n-bpsS hnc-lm-\p-`-h-¯nsâ at\m-

l-c-amb Nn{Xo-I-c-W¯n-eqsS A¡m-es¯ At\Iw kv{XoI-fpsS hnc-l-s\m-

38
¼-c-§-fpsS IY-Iq-Sn-bmbn Cu IrXn amdp-¶p. ]pcp-j-·m-cpsS {Iqc-Xbv¡pw

h©-\bv¡pw Cc-bm-Ip¶ kv{XoXzs¯ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xnepw CXv hnP-bn-¨n-

«p-­v. {]hm-kn-I-fpsS `mcy-am-cmb kv{XoIÄ C¶pw A\p-`-hn-¡p¶ am\-knI

kwLÀj-§-fn-te¡v hnc Nq­p-¶p­o IrXn. Xsâ `À¯m-hns\ ImWm-

\pÅ XnSp-¡-¯mÂ,

""_Ãm-cn-¡p-Ss\ Rm³ hcmw, H«p-h-gn-bpt­m?

hÃn-IÄ¡-hn-tS¡v hcm³ ]mSpt­m? DassX
hcp-In I­n-Sm³ hà \nhr-¯n-bp-apt­m''

F¶n-§s\ \m«n³]pd-¯p-Im-cnbpw \njvI-f-¦-bp-amb Hcp s]®nsâ DÅp-e-

bv¡p¶ tNmZyw BcpsSbpw lrZ-bs¯ kv]Àin-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. Xs¶ ]ncn-

ªn-cn-¡p¶ `À¯m-hns\ Hcp-t\m¡v ImWm-\pÅ Xo{hm-`n-emjw Ah-fpsS

hm¡p-I-fn kv^pcn-¡p-¶p-­v.

""D­-sX-¦n h¶v Im×m³ D­v tamlw s]mt¶ !

Hä-t\m¡v I­v acn-t¨ms« A¶p-Xs¶!'' -þ F¶m-W-hÀ ]d-bp-¶Xv

1921-þse Iem-]hpw XpSÀ¶v 1924-þ D­mb shÅ-s¸m-¡hpw FÃmw-

IqSn tIc-f-P-\-Xsb {]tXy-In¨pw ae-_m-dnse P\-Po-hnXs¯ hÃmsX

_m[n-¨p. Ac-£n-X-t_m-[hpw km¼-¯nI XIÀ¨bpw aqew XIÀ¶ kaq-l-

¯n kZm-Nm-c-ap-d-IÄ¡v {]kàn \jvS-s¸-SpI IqSn sNbvX-t¸mÄ kmaq-ln-

I-amb PoÀ®X _m[n-¨Xv kzm`m-hn-Iw. A¯cw kmaq-lnI PoÀ®-X-bpsS

Hcp Nn{Xw IqSn Cu IrXn ImgvN-sh-bv¡p-¶p-­v. s]mSn¸pw sXm§-ep-sam-¶p-

an-ÃmsX efn-Xhpw kwKo-Xm-ß-I-hp-ambn cN\ \nÀÆ-ln-¡pI F¶Xv sslZp-

cpsS {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. {]tabkzoI-c-W-¯nepw ]Z-c-N-\-bnepw tIc-fo-bX

Im¯p-kq-£n-¨p-sIm-­mWv sslZÀIrXn-IÄ kzoIm-cy-am-hp-¶-Xv. hyàn\p`-

39
hs¯ kmaq-ln-I-X-bn-te¡v ]cn-hÀ¯n-¸n-¡m-\pÅ sslZ-cpsS anIhv adn-b-

¡p-«n-bpsS I¯p-¸m-«n sXfn-ªp-Im-Wmw.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. ]ns¶´p Xo­-emWv X¼p-cmsâ Xo­-ev......

sXm«p-Xo-­ymev Idp-¡ptam shfp-¡ptam?

Cu hcn-IÄ Abn-¯-¯nsâ AÀ°-iq-\y-Xsb shfn-hm-¡p-¶-sX-

§s\?

2. \mS³]m-«p-IÄ \nÀÆ-ln-¡p¶ [À½§Ä Fs´m-s¡-bmWv? F´p-

Xsâ Xo­-emWv F¶ \mS³]m-«ns\ ap³\nÀ¯n ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

3. I®-¸³ X¶psS s]m³a-Ifpw

]p¯qcw P\n-¨p-Rm\pw

AÃn-a-eÀ¡m-hn Iq¯-ÃmtW

t]mImsX I­n-«n-cn-¡-bnà þ kµÀ`hpw kzmc-kyhpw hyà-am-¡p-I.

4. hS-¡³]m-«p-I-fnse hÀ®-\-I-fnse {]tXy-I-X-IÄ D®n-bmÀ¨ Iq¯v

ImWm³ t]mb ]m«p-I-Ysb ap³\nÀ¯n hni-Z-am-¡p-I.

5. D®n-bmÀ¨-bpsS ]m«p-IY A¡m-es¯ tIc-fob kmaq-lnI Pohn-

Xs¯ {]Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p-¶pt­m? NÀ¨ sN¿p-I.

6. adn-b-¡p-«n-bpsS I¯p-]m-«nsâ kmaq-lnI Ncn-{X-]-Ým-¯ew F´v?

hnh-cn-¡p-I.

40
7. am¸n-f-¸m-«p-I-fn adn-b-¡p-«n-bpsS I¯p-]m-«n-\pÅ Øm\w IrXnsb

ap³\nÀ¯n hnh-cn-¡p-I.

klm-bI-{K-Ù-§Ä

1. ]n.-sI.-in-h-i-¦c]nÅ (k-¼m-Z-\hpw ]T-\hpw tUm: Fkv. taml\-N-

{µ³), t^mIvtemÀ ]T-\-§Ä, tIcf `mjm C³Ìn-äyq«v, Xncp-h-\-´-]p-

cw, 2014.

2. tUm: {]nb-ZÀi³emÂ, HtX-\\pw HmW-¸p-Shbpw (X-t¨m-fn-¸m-«v),

]T\w, en]n ]»n-t¡-j³kv, tImgn-t¡m-Sv, 1997.

3. tUm: DaÀ Xd-taÂ, am¸n-f-¸m«v ]mThpw ]T-\-hpw.

4. tUm: Fw.-F³.-Im-c-tÈ-cn, (F-Un.), ]pen-t¡m-«n IrXn-IÄ.

5. hn.-Fw.-Ip-«n, am¸n-f-¸m-«v, Ncn-{Xhpw hÀ¯-am-\-hpw.

6. tUm: ]n. inh-Zm-k³, (FUn.), \memw tIc-f-N-cn{X tIm¬^-d³kv

{]_-Ô-§Ä, thmfyw 1, Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv. tIm«-bw, 2017.

41
 samU-yqÄ þ 3
IY-IÄ

ae-bmf sNdp-I-Y-þ-Hcp {lk-z-hn-h-cWw

sNdp-IY F¶ km-ln-X-y-cq-]-¯nsâ khn-ti-j-X-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v "sN-dp-I-

Ym-{]-Øm\w' F¶ IrXn-bn Fw.-]n.-t]mÄ hy-à-am-¡p-¶p-­v. ""-G-I-tZiw

Hcp aWn-¡q-dn-\p-Ån hmbn-¨p-XoÀ¡m-hp¶ Hcp IY-bmWv sNdp-I-Y'', ""-C-

cp¶ Ccn-¸n hmbn-¡m-hp¶ IY''þ F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ FUvKmÀ Aót]m-

hnsâ \nÀÆ-N-\-§Ä At±lw D²-cn-¡p-¶p. sNdp-I-Ybv¡p BZyw th­-Xmb

KpWw GIm-{K-X-bm-sW¶v At±lw ]d-bp¶p. GXm-bmepw bmsXmcp \nÀÆ-N-

\-¯n-\-I¯pw HXp-§m³ Ign-bm¯ hn[w sNdp-IY C¶v hfÀ¶n-«p­v F¶p

ImWmw. ae-bmf sNdp-I-Y-bpsS {]mY-an-I-L«w apXÂ AXv sshhn-[-y-§-fpsS

Hcp temI-am-bn-cp-¶p. 1891-þÂ {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ hmk-\m-hn-Ir-Xn- ap-X-en-t§m«v

B sshhn-[yw ImWmw. sI«p-I-Y, arK-I-Y, b£n-¡-Y, A\-ym-]-tZ-i-I-Y,

sFXn-l-y-I-Y, ZrjvSm-´-I-Y, A\p-`-h-IY F¶n-§s\ hnhn[ coXn-I-fp-­m-bn-

cp-¶p. IqSmsX Aa-fn-¡-Y-I-fpw, ]mÝm-X-y-F-gp-¯p-Im-cmb sjÀe-Ivtlmw-kv,

BÀXÀ tIm\³ tUmbv F¶n-hsc A\p-I-cn-¨p-ff Ipäm-t\-z-j-W-I-Y-Ifpw

[mc-f-ap-­m-bn. BZ-y-Ime sNdp-I-Ym-Im-c-·m-cn {]ap-J-cmWv th§-bnÂ

Ipªn-cm-a³ \mb-\mÀ (hm-k-\m-hn-Ir-Xn, Zzm-c-I) HSp-hn Ipªn-Ir-jvW-ta-

t\m³ (Hcp apX-e-\m-bm-«v), Fw.-BÀ.-sI.-kn. (I-®n-]-d-¼nse sIme-]m-X-Iw,

aWn-a-©-¯nse \nt£-]w), kn.-F-kv.-tKm-]m-e-]-Wn-¡À (Hcp \ofw Ipdª

I¯v), sI.-kp-Ip-am-c³(-B-cmsâ Ip«n), A¼mSn \mcm-b-W-s¸m-Xp-hmÄ (D-fn-

]n-Sn-¨- ssI), C.-hn.IrjvW-]nÅ (tI-foku[w) F¶nhÀ. \thm-°m\ ImYn-

I-·m-cn-eqsS sNdp-I-Y-bpsS ASp¯L«w XpS-§p-¶p. XI-gn, tZhv, _joÀ,

ImcqÀ, s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n, Fkv.-sI.-s]m-ä-¡mSv F¶n-hÀ Cu L«-¯nse

42
{]ap-J-cm-Wv. sI.-k-c-k-z-Xn-b-½(tNm-e-a-c-§Ä, s]¬_p-²n) efn-Xmw-_nI

A´ÀÖ\w (X-IÀ¶-X-e-ap-d), aqSp-]-S-¯nÂ) F¶n-h-cp-sSbpw IY-IÄ CSw

t\Sp-¶p-­v. dnb-enÌv coXn-bn-epÅ ]cp-j-amb Pohn-Xm-J-ym-\-§-fmWv XIgn

\S-¯n-b-Xv. N§m-Xn-IÄ, C³I-zn-em-_v, ]Xn-{hX XpS-§n-bh IYm-k-am-lm-c-

§-fm-Wv. shÅ-s¸m-¡-¯n XI-gn-bpsS {]kn-²-amb IY-bm-Wv. a\p-j-y-X-z-

¯nsâ al-\o-bX shfn-hm-¡p¶ IY-I-fp-am-bmWv tIi-h-tZhv cwK¯p h¶-

Xv. Zo\m-½, `mhnhc³, A¶s¯ \mS-Iw F¶n-§s\ \nc-h[n kam-lm-c-§-fn-

embn [mcmfw IY-IÄ tZhn-sâ-Xm-bp-­v. _jo-dm-Is«, timIm-ß-I-amb Pohn-

Xs¯ Hcp sNdp-Nn-cn-tbmsS Bhn-jvI-cn¨ Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\m-Wv. Fgp-Xp¶ IY-

I-fnepw IYm-]m-{X-§-fn-ep-saÃmw temI-¯nsâ A\p-I-¼-\o-b-amb \nÊ-lm-

bX ]IÀ¯m³ {ian-¨p. AtXm-sSm¸w Xs¶ \À½-t_m[w _jo-dnsâ Fgp-

¯n Aen-ªp-tNÀ¶n-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. P·-Zn-\w, hnUvVn-I-fpsS

kzÀ¤w, hni-z-hn-J-ym-X-amb aq¡v, hni¸v XpS-§n-bh B IY-I-fn Nne-Xm-

Wv. kmaq-l-y-PoÀ®-X-Isf \nÀ`bw shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ IY-I-fp-ambn cwK-¯p-

h¶ ImYn-I-\mWv s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n. cmjv{So-b-þ-aX tae-[n-Im-cn-

IÄs¡Xnsc cq£-hn-aÀi-\-§Ä \S-¯n-b-Xn-\m Xs¶ Ah-cm th«-bm-S-

s¸« Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\mbncp¶p hÀ¡n. tamUÂ, hnIm-c-k-Z-\w, AWn-b-d, A´n-

¯ncn F¶nh cN-\-I-fn Nne-Xv. dnb-en-khpw sdmamânIv `mh-\-Ifpw

k©mcn F¶ \ne-bn-ep-ff A\p-`-hm-hn-jvIm-c-§-fp-saÃmw Fkv.-sI.-s]m-ä-¡m-

Snsâ cN-\-I-fn ImWmw. cmPa-Ãn, \nim-K-Ôn, aWn-am-fnI XpS§n At\Iw

kam-lm-c-§Ä Fkv.-sI.-bp-tS-Xm-bp-­v.

kzm-\p-`-h-Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-sa¶ a«n hkvXp-\njvT {]Xn-]m-Z-\-co-Xn-bnÂ

IY-]-d-bp¶ ImYn-I-\mWv ImcqÀ \oe-I-WvT-]n-Å. a\p-j-y-k-z-`m-h-¯nsâ

t\cnb Ne-\-§Ät]mepw H¸n-sb-Sp¯v AÂ]w ^enXw IqSn-I-eÀ¯n ]d-

bp¶ IY-I-fn Pohn-X-¯nsâ kwL-«-\m-ß-IX shfn-hm-Ip-¶p-­v. ac-¸m-h-

43
IÄ, ]qh-¼-gw, Hcp ]nSn-a-®v, taÂhn-emkw F¶n-§s\ H«-\-h[n IY-I-

tfmsS ImcqÀ IYm-temIw thdn«p \n¡p-¶p. Ddq_v apX-emb [mcfw IYm-

Ir-¯p-¡Ä CXnsâ XpSÀ¨-bmbn hcp-¶p-­v. Ddq-_nsâ cm¨n-b½ ià-amb

Hcp cN-\-bm-Wv.

B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS ià-amb hàm-¡-fmbn cwK-¯p-h¶ ImYn-I-cmWv

H.-hn.-hn-P-b³, kmdm-tPm-k-^v, Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h³ \mbÀ, Sn.-]-ß-\m-`³, am[-

hn-¡p-«n, kn.-hn.-{io-cm-a³, ]n.-h-Õ-e, k¡-dn-b, F³.-]n.-ap-l-½Zv XpS-§n-b-hÀ.

{]mtZ-inI P\-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ IY-Ifpw kzm-\p-`-h-Xo-{h-X-bmÀ¶ IY-Ifpw \K-

c-Po-hnX Nn{X-W-§-fmb IY-I-fp-saÃmw tNÀ¶v sshhn-[-y-amÀ¶ Hcp IYm-

temIw Fw.Sn {]Zm\w sN¿p-¶p-­v. Ccp-«nsâ Bßm-hv, Ipt«-y-S-¯n, _Ô-

\w, A´n-sh-fn-¨w, \oe-¡p-¶p-IÄ, UmÀ.-F-kv.-k-emw, sjÀe¡v F¶n-§s\

[mcmfw IY-IÄ Fw.Sn bptS-Xm-bp-­v. sNdp-I-Ym-cw-K¯p am{X-ambn Dd-¨p-

\n¡p¶ IYm-Im-c-\mWv Sn.-]-ß-\m-`³. sNdp-I-Ym-cw-Ks¯ GIm-In-bmb

Imev]-\n-Isâ kzcw tIĸn¨ Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\m-W-t±-lw. {]Imiw ]c-¯p¶

s]¬Ip-«n, hoSv \jvS-s¸« Ip«n, Kucn, I¯p¶ cY-N{Iw F¶nh {][m\

cN-\-IÄ. kv{Xobp-sS-Xp-am-{X-amb A\p-`h -tem-I-§sf A{Xbpw kX-y-k-Ô-

ambn am[-hn-¡p-«n¡p ap¼v kmln-X-y-¯n Bhn-jvI-cn-¡-s¸-«n-«nà F¶p-

Xs¶ ]d-bmw. ]£n-bpsS aWw, tImem-Sv, s\bv¸m-b-kw, \pW-IÄ, NXn,

Nµ-\-a-c-§Ä F¶n-§s\ sshhn-[-y-amÀ¶ IYm-temIw Xpd-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p

am[-hn-¡p-«n.

kn.-hn.-{io-cm-a³ (H-«p-sN-Sn, hmkvXp-lm-c), H.-hn.-hn-P-b³ (I-SÂXo-c-¯v,

Imäp-]-d-ª-I-Y), kmdm-tPm-k^v (ta-_nÄ A½m-bn-bpsS hoSv), apIp-µ³

(cm[ cm[-am-{Xw, UÂln 1981) ]n.-h-Õe (t]¼n), k¡-dnb (H-cn-S-¯v, F´p-

sIm­v hntijw ]nem-t¯m-tk), F³.-]n.-ap-l-½Zv (I-®p-IÄ, DÅp-cp-¡w)

44
F¶n-§s\ [mcmfw IYm-Im-c-·mÀ B[p-\nI L«s¯ k¼-¶-am-¡p-¶p-­v.

hn.-sI.-F³, Fw. kpIp-am-c³, sshim-J³, Im¡-\m-S³, Fw.-]n.-\m-cm-b-W-

]nÅ F¶n-§s\ t]cp-IÄ \o­p-t]m-Ip-¶p. I-Y-bpsS B[p-\n-Im-\-´-c-L-«-

¯n AX-y´w sshhn-[-y-]qÀWhpw _lp-k-z-c-hp-amb IYm-tem-I-amWv {]Xy-

£-am-Ip-¶-Xv. Atim-I³ Ncp-hnÂ, Aw_n-Im-kp-X³am-§m-Sv, tXma-kvtPm-k-

^v, kp`mjv N{µ³, kt´mjv F¨n-¡m-\w, _n.-ap-c-fn, Cµp-ta-t\m³, D®n.-

BÀ, sI.-BÀ.-ao-c, Fkv.-kn-Xm-c- XpS§n Ht«sd t]À Cu cwK-¯p-­v. B[p-

\n-tIm-¯-c-a-e-bmf sNdp-IY, hn]-Wn-þ-am-[-y-a-kw-kvIm-c-§Ä, Zfn-Xv-þ-kv{Xo-þ-]-

cn-ØnXnhm-Z-§Ä, BtKm-fo-I-c-W-þ-{]-hmk Bhn-jvIm-c-§Ä F¶n-§s\

sshhn-[-y-amÀ¶ Xe-§-fn-te¡v hnI-kn-¨n-«p-­v. C.-]n.-{io-Ip-amÀ (]-c-ky ico-

cw) Atim-I³ Ncp-hn (]-e-Xcw hoSp-IÄ), Aw_n-Im-kp-X³ am§mSv (a-Õy-

§Ä), t{Kkn (Ku-fn-P-·w), Cµp-ta-t\m³ (Hcp sekv_n-b³ ]ip),

{]tamZvcma³ (-tO-Zmwi Pohn-Xw), knXm-c.-Fkv (A-án), kt´mjv F¨n-

¡m\w (_n-cn-bm-Wn), kp`m-jvN-{µ³ (XÂ]w), sI.-BÀ.-aoc (HmÀ½-bpsS Rc-

¼v), KoX-ln-c-W-y³ (L-sc-_m-bn-tc) ]n.-hn.-jm-Pn-Ip-amÀ (In-S-¸d ka-cw,

shÅcn-¸m-Sw) F¶n-hcpsS IY-IÄ B sshhn-[-ys¯ FSp¯pIm-«p-¶p-­v.

tamXncw

ImcqÀ \oe-I-WvT-]nÅ

ImcqÀ F¶ Npc-¡-t¸-cn Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶ ImcqÀ \oe-I-WvT-]nÅ 1898-

þ-s^-{_p-hcn 22þ\v Gäp-am-\q-cn P\n-¨p. Ggmw ¢mkv ]mÊmb tijw

kÀ¡mÀ kvIqfn A[-ym-]-I-\m-bn. 1945-þ kmln-X-y-{]-hÀ¯I kl-I-c-W-

kwLw Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn t\Xr-Xzw hln-¡p-Ibpw ZoÀL-Imew sk{I-«-dn-

bmbncn¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1980-þÂ tIc-f-km-ln-Xy A¡m-Zan ]pc-kvImcw e`n-

45
¨p. _me-km-ln-X-y-¯n C´y Kh¬saânsâ ]pc-kvIm-c-§Ä e`n-¨p. 1975

sk]vXw-_Àþ30 \v A´-cn-¨p.

IrXn-IÄ

tamXn-cw, ]qh-¼-gw, ac-¸m-h-IÄ, ]nim-Nnsâ Ip¸m-bw, ]¯p-I-Y-IÄ, cl-

k-yw, ImcqÀ IY-IÄ, A¼-e-]-d-¼nÂ, Hcp ]nSn-a-®v, ao³Im-cn, kvam-c-Iw,

Xq¸p-Im-c³, sIm¨-\p-P-¯n, Bkvt{Sm-f-PÀ, Krl-\m-bn-I, taÂhn-em-kw, Ccp-

«nÂ, IY-b-Ã, tX¡p-]m-«v, Ic-bn-¡p¶ Nncn, IYm-IuXpIw XpS-§nbh IYm-

k-am-lm-c-§Ä. lcn, Kucn, ]ªnbpw XpWnbpw F¶o t\mh-ep-Ifpw A¸q-

¸³ Fs¶mcp \mS-Ihpw cNn-¨n-«p-­v. Imcq-cnsâ _me-I-Y-IÄ, A©p-I-S-em-

kv, Fs¶ cmPm-hm-¡-Ww, B\-¡m-c³, Ag-I\pw ]qhm-enbpw, _me-N-{µ³,

cmP-Ip-am-cnbpw `qX-hpw, k½m-\w, Hmebpw \mcm-b-hpw, `rX-y³, a¬a-bnÂ

F¶nh _me-km-ln-X-y-Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv. A©p-I-S-emkv kn\n-a-bm-¡n-bn-«p-­v.

P\-km-am-\-y-¯nsâ bYmÀ°-amb Pohn-Xm-hn-jvI-c-W-§-fmWv ImcqÀ

IY-IÄ. A¯cw Pohn-X-§-fpsS AXn-hn-]p-ehpw kq£v-a-hp-amb A\p-`-hm-hn-

jv¡m-c-§Ä Imcq-cnsâ IY-I-Isf PohÊp-ä-Xm-¡p-¶p. km[m-cW a\p-j-y-

cpsS {i²-bn s]Sm¯ \nÊm-c-sa¶p tXm¶n¡p¶ A\p-`-h-§fpw IYm-]m-

{X-§fpw Imcq-cnsâ I¿n In«p-t¼mÄ at\m-l-c-amb IYm-k-µÀ`-§-fmbpw

ad-¡m-\m-hm¯ IYm-]m-{X-§-fmbpw cq]w amdp-¶p. km[m-c-W-am-b-Xn \n¶v

Akm-[m-c-W-ambXns\ Is­-¯p-I-bmWv ImcqÀ sN¿p-¶-Xv. "Rm³ IYm-Im-

c-\mb IY'bn At±lw Xs¶ C¡m-cyw shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-­v. ""\½psS

Npänepw ImWp-¶-sX´pw IY-bv¡p-sIm-Åmw. hn`-h-§Ä kpe-`-am-b-Xp-

sIm­p aXn-bm-hn-Ã. AXp-]-tbm-Kn¨p Idn-sh-bv¡m³ Adn-ªn-cn-¡-Ww.''

AsX, IY-bpsS \f-]mIw At±-l-¯n-\-dn-bm-am-bn-cp¶p F¶v B IY-IÄ

Xs¶ km£-y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-­v. km[m-c-W-¡m-cnepw km[m-c-W-¡mcmb IYm-

46
]m-{X-§sf Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨n-«pÅþ-a-c-¸m-h-IÄ, Abm-fpsS A½, DXp-¸msâ

InWÀ, Ccp-«nÂ, sNIp-¯m³, ep_v[³, hnev]-{Xw, tamXncw F¶n-§s\

F{X-sb{X IY-IÄ, ae-bmf IYm-km-ln-X-y-¯nse hne-s¸« CuSp-h-bv¸p-I-

fmbn amdn-¡-gnªp.

Imcq-cnsâ A[-ym-]-I-I-Y-Ifpw {]kn-²-am-Wv. Hcp-]m-Sp-Imew A[-ym-]-I-

\m-bn-cp¶ At±-l-¯n\v A[-ym-]I Pohn-X-¯nsâ hn]p-ehpw lrZ-b-

kv]Àinbpamb H«-t\Iw IY-I-sf-gp-Xm³ Ign-ªp. ame-¸-S-¡w, s]mXn-t¨m-dv,

Hcpcm{Xn, Imªn-c-¸-Ån-þ-Ip-d-h-e-§m-Sv, ImÂN{Iw F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ A[-ym-]-

I-I-Y-IÄ A¶s¯ AÂ]-i-¼-f-¡m-cmb A[-ym-]-I-cp-sS \nÊ-lmb Pohn-X-

¯nsâ IY-]-d-bp-¶p. kv{Xo]p-c-j-_-Ô-§-fnse t{]a-¯nsâ AYhm Ima-

¯nsâ \ndw Nmen-s¨-gp-Xnb [mcmfw IY-Ifpw ImcqÀ IYm-tem-I-¯n thdn-

s«mcp kzcw tIĸn-¡p-¶p-­v. ]qh-¼gw, ac-¸m-h-IÄ, apX-embn a\:-im-kv{X-]-

c-amb hni-I-e\ km[-y-X-IÄ IqSn-bp-Å-h-bmWv A¯cw IY-IÄ. kv{Xoþ-]p-

cp-j-t{]-a-¯nse XoÀ¯pw h-y-X-y-kvX-amb Hcp IY-bmWv tamXncw F¶p ]d-

bmw.

km{¼-Zm-bnI {]W-b-I-Y-I-fn \ns¶Ãmw hy-X-y-kvX-am-bn, Hcp ]t£

tIc-fob kaqlw HcpIme¯pw AwKo-I-cn-¡m¯ Hcp {]W-b-¯nsâ IY-

bmWv tamXncw ]d-bp-¶-Xv. a\p-j-yÀ X½n-epÅ {]W-b-¯n-\-I-t¯¡v

PmXnbpw aXhpw enwKhpw {]mbhpw FÃmw hen-¨n-g¨v th«-bm-Sp-Ibpw XÃn-

sIm-Ãp-I-bp-sams¡ sN¿p¶ Hcp kaqlw Xs¶-bmWv C¶pw \ne-\n¡p-

¶Xv F¶v A\p-Zn\w sXfn-ªp-sIm-­n-cn-¡-bm-W-tÃmþCusbm-c-h-Ø-bnÂ

\n¶p t\m¡p-t¼mÄ Imcq-cnsâ tamXncw ae-bmf IYm-km-ln-X-y-¯nse [oc-

amb {iaw Xs¶-sb¶p k½-Xn-t¡-­n-h-cpw. {]W-b-¯n\p PmXn-tbm, aX-tam,

{]mbtam H¶pw {]iv\-a-söp Hcn-¡Â IqSn \s½ HmÀ½-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ Hcp

47
IY-bm-Wn-Xv. hmÀ[-I-y-¯nsâ hnh-i-X-bnÂs¸« c­p-t]À-þ-Ip-ªn-¡mhpw

Ip©p-\m-bcpw X½n-epÅ XnI¨pw hy-X-y-kvX-amb Hcp kvt\l-_-Ô-¯nsâ

IYbmWv tamXn-cw. A¼mSn a\-bv¡se Xp¸³ \¼q-Xn-cn-bpsS hn[-h-bmWv

Ipªn-¡m-h-½. Xp¸³ \¼q-Xn-cn-bpsS c­p-thfn-bv¡p-ti-j-apÅ Hcp kw_-

Ô-am-bn-cp¶p Ipªn-¡m-h-½-bp-am-bn. Zcn-{Z-Ip-Spw-_-¯n ]nd¶ Ipªn-¡m-

hnsâ kuµ-cyw I­mWv {]Xm-]n-bmb Xp¸³ \¼q-Xncn Ah-cp-ambn

kw_Ôw IqSp-¶-Xv. t\ct¯ Xs¶ AhÀ hn[-h-bp-am-Ip-¶p. A¼m-Sn-a-\-

¡se B\-¡m-c-\m-bn-cp¶p Ip©p-\m-bÀ. Abm-fpsS `mc-ybpw acn-¨n«v Hcp

hÀjtam atäm Ign-ªn-cp-¶p. C§s\ PohnX kmbm-Ó-¯n Hä-s¸« c­p-

t]-cpsS lrZ-bm-hÀÖ-I-amb Hcp _Ôs¯ H«pw AXn-i-tbm-àn-bn-

ÃmsX¯s¶ at\m-lcambn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wn-XnÂ.

"Ip©p-h-½m-h³ Fgp]¯n\memw ]nd-¶mÄ Znh-k-amWv acn-¨-Xv. A\m-

bm-k-amb ac-Ww, a¡fpw acp-a-¡fpw At±-l-¯nsâ ]nd-¶mÄ kZ-y-bp-®m³

IqSn-bn-cp-¶p.'' F¶n-§-s\-bmWv IY-bm-cw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. ]n¶oSv c­p-t]-cp-sSbpw

IpSpw_ ]Ým-¯ew hnh-cn-¡p-Ibpw AhÀ¡n-S-bn kzm-`m-hn-I-ambn hfÀ¶p-

h¶ ]c-kv]-c-kvt\-ls¯ Ah-cpsS kw`m-j-W-§-fn-eqsS Xpd-¶p-Im-«p-Ibpw

sN¿p-¶p. \mS-Iob kwLÀjtam AXn-`m-hp-I-X-ztam CÃmsX kc-fhpw ku

a-y-hp-amb BJ-ym\w H«pw {]I-S-\-]-c-X-bnà F¶p-Xs¶ ]d-bmw. IYm-]m-{X-

§-fpsS hy-àn-X-z-¯n\pw IY-bpsS hnIm-k-¯n\pw tbmPn-¨-X-c-¯n-epÅ [z-

\n-km-{µ-amb kw`m-j-W-ssi-en-bm-Wn-Xn D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Imen\v

AÂ]w kzm-[o-\-¡p-d-hpÅ Ip©p-\m-bsc Ip-ªn-¡m-h½ CS-¡nsS kµÀin-

¡p-Ibpw hcp-t¼m-sgms¡ AbmÄ¡mbn Fs´-¦nepw Icp-Xp-Ibpw Hcp-an-¨n-

cp¶v apdp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ]n¶oSv AhÀ AbmÄ¡mbn shäne -]m-¡p-N-X-

¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p. Imen Ipg-¼p-]p-c«n XS-hp-¶p. C§s\ Xt¶mSp kvt\lw

ImWn-¡p¶ Ipªn-¡m-hnsâ ssIhn-c-en Xsâ kvt\l-¯nsâ ap{Z-bmbn

48
Abm-fpsS I¿n¡nS¶ tamXncw AWn-bn-¡p-¶p. Cu kµÀ`s¯ ImcqÀ

C§s\ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. ""-Ip-©p-\m-bÀ Xsâ tamXn-c-aqcn B hn[-h-bpsS

AWn-hn-c-en AWn-bn-¨p. Abm-fpsS ]cp-¡³ ssI]n-Sn¨v Ipªn-¡m-h½

Xsâ arZp-hmb apJ-¯-aÀ¯n, tamXn-c-¯n t\m¡n-s¡m-­-hÀ ]d-ªpþ "F-

\n¡v ]mI-tam!''

B tamXncw X\n¡p ]mItam F¶ Ah-cpsS tNmZyw XoÀ¯pw

AÀ°-h-¯m-Wv. ImcWw Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_-§Ät¡m AhÀ Pohn-¡p¶ kaq-

l-¯nt\m ]mI-am-Im¯ Hcp_Ô-am-W-sX¶ kqN-\-IqSn Chn-sS-bp-­v. am{X-

aà "tam-Xn-cw' FÃm Ime¯pw A\-i-zc{]W-b-¯nsâ {]Xo-I-ambn Xnf-§p¶

H¶m-Wv. Imfn-Zmk imIp-´-f-¯nse ap{Z-tam-Xncw {]kn-²-am-W-tÃm-þ! GXm-

bmepw Ip©p-\m-b-cpsS Fgp-]-¯n-\memw ]nd-¶mÄ Znhkw AbmÄ acn-¡p-

¶p. Ipªn-¡mhpw Ahn-sS-bp-­m-bn-cp-¶p. acn¨ Zp:Jw AÂ]-sam¶p XWp-

¯-t¸mÄ ho«p-ImÀ tamXn-c-a-t\-z-jn-¡p-¶p. AXv Fhn-sSbpw ImWmªv

AhÀ ]eXpw Nn´n-¡p-¶p. tamXn-c-t¯mSp tNÀ¯v Ipªn-¡m-hnsâ t]cp-]-

d-ªm alm-]m-]-ap­v F¶mWv AhÀ ]d-bp-¶-Xv. apät¯m ]d-¼ntem

atäm t\m¡mw. I­n-sÃ-¦n an­­ F¶ Xocp-am-\-¯n-emWv Ah-

km\ahÀ F¯n-t¨-cp-¶-Xv. Imcq-cnsâ IY-]-d-¨n-ensâ I¿-S¡w hnfn-t¨m-

Xp¶ Hcp hy-X-y-kvX-amb Hcp IY-bmbn tamXncw amdp-¶p. km[m-c-W-K-Xn-

bn sshIm-cn-I-am-¡m-hp¶ IYm-´-ys¯ asämcp Xe-¯n-te¡v hgn Xncn¨p

hnSp-¶p. ac-W-s¯-¸-äntbm Ipªn-¡m-hnsâ ZpxJ-s¯-¡p-dnt¨m ]d-bmsX

tamXn-cs¯ `uXn-I-h-kvXp-hmbn am{Xw ImWp-¶-h-cpsS I®n-eqsS _mly-

tem-I-¯nsâ s]mÅ-bmb ImgvN-bn-eqsS IY Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

49
U_nÄ BIvSv

sI. kc-kz-Xn-b½

1919 G{]n 4\v Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c-¯n-\-Sp-¯pÅ Ip¶-¸p-g-bn Hcp

bmYm-Øn-XnI IpSpw-_-amb Ing-t¡-ho-«n Xd-hm-«n-emWv sI. kc-kz-Xn-b½

P\n-¨-Xv. 1938-þ amXr-`qan BgvN-¸-Xn-¸n h¶ "koXm-`h\-'amWv BZy-Ir-

Xn. 1942- apXÂ XpS-À-¨-bmbn Fgp-Xp-Ibpw A¼-Xp-I-fpsS Ah-km-\-t¯msS

s]s«-¶-hÀ Fgp¯v \nÀ¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. kv{Xobv¡v C¶pw Fgp-¯nsâ

Imcy-¯n ]pcp-j-\p-Xp-ey-amb AhØ CsÃ-¶n-cns¡ A¶s¯ kmaq-ln-

Im-´-co£w Ahsc Fgp-¯p-\nÀ¯m³ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-bm-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

Ht«sd {]Xn-k-Ôn-I-sfbpw A]-hm-Z-§-sfbpw adn-I-S-¶p-sIm-­m-W-hÀ Fgp-

¯nepw Pohn-X-¯nepw apt¶-dn-s¡m-­n-cp-¶-Xv. Hcp tPmen t\Sp-Ibpw kz´-

ambn hoSv ]Wn-bn¨v Ahn-hm-ln-X-bmbn PohnXw XpS-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]pcp-

j³am-tcm-Sp-­m-bn-cp¶ kulmÀ±-§fpw CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw ]e A]-hm-Z-

§Ä¡pw Imc-W-am-bn. kz´w _Ôp¡fpsS ASn-¡Sn D­mb ac-W§Ä

XoÀ¯pw Hä-s¸-Sp-¯n. Pohn-X-¯nsâ Ah-km-\-Im-e¯v FÃm-än \n¶pw

AI¶v `àn-amÀ¤-¯n am{X-ambn HXp§n IqSp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. 1958-þ Fgp-

Xnb D½-bmWv Ah-cpsS Ah-km\ cN-\. 1975 Unkw-_À 26\v A´-cn-¨p.

{][m-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ

tNme-a-c-§Ä, s]¬_p²n, ca-Wn, kv{XoP-·w, CSn-sh«p-ssXew,

_lp-am-\-s¸« A½, Ipe-a-ln-a, U_nÄ BIvSv, s]m¶p-Ip-Sw, IogvPo-h-\-¡m-

cn, Iem-a-µn-cw, hnhm-l-k-½m\w apX-em-b-h.

50
U_nÄ BIvSv

ae-bm--f-sN-dp-I-Y-bn BZy-ambn kv{XobpsS ià-amb kzcw tIĸn-

¡p¶ IYm-Im-cn-bmWv sI. kc-kz-Xn-b-½. s]¬I-Y-bpsS Fgp-¯n-S-§Ä

hnI-kn-¨p-h-cp-¶Xv efn-Xmw-_nI A´ÀÖ-\-¯n-sâbpw sI. kc-kz-Xn-b-½-bp-

sS-bp-sams¡ IY-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. kv{XobpsS Fgp-¯n-\p-­m-bn-cp¶ Ht«sd

hne-¡p-Ifpw {]Xn-_-Ô-§-fp-sams¡ XcWw sNbvXv h¶ A\p-`-h-s¯-¡p-

dn¨v efn-Xmw-_nI A´ÀÖ\w Xsâ "Bß-I-Y-bvs¡m-cm-ap-J-'¯n ]d-bp-

¶p-­v. kuay-amb kzc-am-bn-cp¶p A´ÀÖ-\-¯nsâsX-¦n Ipd-¨p-IqSn

]cp-jhpw ià-hp-amb kzc-am-Wv kc-kz-Xn-b-½-bp-tS-Xv. s]×-bpsS A\p-`-h-

tem-I-§sf apJy-{]-ta-b-am¡n Ah-X-cn-¸n¨ BZy IYm-Im-cnbpw Ah-cm-Wv.

ae-bmfkmln-Xy-¯n s^an-\n-k-¯n-sâbpw s]s®gp-¯n-sâ-bp-sams¡

Ime-¯n-\p-ap-¼v, kv{XobpsS kzXz-s¯bpw kwLÀj§-sf-bp-sams¡

AXnsâ X\n-a-tbmsS AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p AhÀ. kv{Xohn-tam-N-\-

¯n\pth­n hmZn-¡p-Ibpw kv{Xo]p-cp-j-_-Ô-§-fnse ]pcp-j-k-ao-]-\-

§Ä¡p-t\sc \nin-X-amb hnaÀi-\-§Ä D¶-bn-¡p-I-bp-sams¡ sNbvX-Xn-

\m Hcp ]pcp-j-hn-tZz-jn-bm-bmWv AhÀ hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-«-Xv. F¶m ]e

IY-I-fnepw Ah-cpsS \nin-X-amb hnaÀi-\-§Ä¡v kv{XoIfpw hnt[-b-cm-hp-

¶p-­v. _lp-am-\-s¸« A½, U_nÄ BIvSv F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ IY-IÄ DZm-

l-c-Ww. N§-¼p-g-bpsS ca-W\v _Z-embn caWn F¶ IY-sb-gp-Xn. AXnÂ

N{µn-I-bpsS ]£-¯p-\n¶v IYm-Imcn kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p.

1930-I-fnse Im¼kv Pohn-X-¯nsâ ]Ým-¯-e-¯n Fgp-Xnb Hcp IY-

bmWv U_nÄ BIvSv. koX, kp[o-c³ \mbÀ F¶o hnZymÀ°n-IÄ X½n-

epÅ kulr-Zhpw AXn-t\mSv Nne A[ym-]-IÀ ImWn-¡p¶ Ak-ln-jvWp-

Xm-]-c-amb \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw hni-Z-am-¡n-s¡m-­mWv IY apt¶m«p t]mIp-¶-Xv.

51
koX-bpsS kplr-¯p-¡-fmb kuZm-an-\n, ssk\_ apX-emb hnZymÀ°n-\n-

Ifpw ankv hmk´o \mbÀ F¶ A[ym-]n-Ibpw aäp A{]-[m\ IYm-]m-{X-

§fpw IY-bn {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p-­v. Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cs¯ Hcp tImtfPv Im¼-

knsâ I]S kZm-Nm-c-\n-jvT-bn s]mdp-Xn-ap-«nb kzmX-{´y-Zm-ln-bmb Hcp

IYm-]m-{X-amWv koX. s]¬Ip-«n-IÄ tImtf-Pp-I-fn ]Tn-¡m³ hcp-¶Xv

`À¯m-¡-·msc t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡m-\m-sW¶ s]mXp-t_m-[-¯n-s\-Xnsc hm¡p-

sIm­pw {]hr-¯n-s¡m­pw t]mcm-Sp-I-bm-W-hÄ. AÔ-amb A\p-k-c-W-

amWv kv{XoXz-¯nsâ apJ-ap{Z F¶ [mc-Wsb XIn-S-a-dn-¡p-Ibpw FÃm

Imcy-¯nepw kz´-amb A`n-{]mbw sh¨p ]peÀ¯p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Hcp

kzX{´ hyàn-bmbmWv koX Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

X§Ä¡p In«m-¯Xp aäp-Å-hÀ¡pw In«-cp-sX¶ hmin-bn Pohn-

¡p¶ ankv. hmk-´o-\m-b-c-t¸m-epÅ kv{XoI-fmWv kv{XobpsS Gähpw

henb i{Xp-¡Ä F¶v koXbn-eqsS IYm-Imcn ]d-bp-¶p-­v. koX-bpsS

Iq«p-Imcn kuZm-an-\n-bpsS hm¡p-I-fn AXv IqSp-X hyà-am-hp-¶p.

""No¯ ]d-bp-I-b-ÃmsX Cu s]¬km-d-·mÀ Hcp KpWhpw sN¿n-Ã. BWp-

§Äs¡-s´Ãmw Ipä-ap-s­-¦nepw Hcp ta·-bp-­v. Aev]-¯cw Ipd-bpw.

kzhÀ¤-¡m-cn-sem-cm-tfmSv Hcp kv{Xo {]tXyI {]Xn-]-¯n-Im-Wn-¨m am{Xta

AhÀ¡-kqb Pzen-¡p-I-bp-Åq. \pW-]-d-¨nepw tIÄ¡-epw, ]Tn-¸n-¡pI am{X-

amWv Chn-Sps¯ s]®p-§-fpsS tPmen.'' ]pcp-j-hn-tZzjn F¶ te_Â kc-

kz-Xn-b-½-bvs¡m«pw tbmPn-¡p-I-bn-söv Cu kµÀ`w hyà-am-¡p-¶p.

F¶m AhÀ kv{Xohn-tZz-jn-bp-a-Ã. apJw t\m¡msX kmaqlyhnaÀi\w

\S-¯pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p Ah-cp-sS coXn F¶p hyàw. ]d-bm-\pÅ Imcyw

hfsc ]cp-j-am-bn-Xs¶ ]d-bp¶ coXn-bm-W-hÀ¡v. AXp-sIm-­p-Xs¶

Imev]-\n-IX sXm«p-Xo-­n-bn-«n-Ãm¯ cN-\-I-fm-W-[n-I-hpw. ]pcp-jsâ s]mÅ-

52
bmb D¡Àj-t_m-[s¯ B{I-an-¡p¶ AtX Icp-t¯msS kv{XoI-fpsS

Aev]-¯-s¯bpw B{I-an-¡p-¶p-sh¶p am{Xw.

kulr-Z-¯nsâ `mh-X-e-§Ä {]Im-in-X-am-hp¶ \nc-h[n kµÀ`-§Ä

kc-kz-Xn-b-½-bpsS IY-I-fn-ep-­v. kv{XoIÄ X½n-epÅ kulr-Z-§fpw

kv{Xoþ]p-cpj kulr-Z-§fpw Ah-bn ImWmw. koXbpw kp[o-c³

\mbcpw X½n-epÅ kulr-Z-¯nsâ hnhn[ am\-§Ä ]d-bp¶ IY-Iq-Sn-bmWv

U_nÄ BIvSv. Ah-cpsS kulrZw DÄs¡m-Åm³ A[ym-]n-I-bmb ankv.

hmk-´n-\m-bÀ X¿m-dm-hp-¶n-Ã. AhÀ koXsb Xm¡oXp sN¿p-¶p. koX

Xsâ ]n¶mse \S¶p iey-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bm-sW¶v kp[o-c³\m-bÀ ]cm-Xn-s¸-«n-

«p-s­¶v AhÀ ]d-bp-¶p. AhÀ Ifhp ]d-bp-I-bm-sW-¶mWv koX Icp-Xn-b-

Xv. F¶mÂ, hmk-´n-\m-bÀ Xs¶ imkn-¨-Xn-s\-¸än kp[o-c³ \mb-tcmSp

]d-ª-t¸mÄ, koX-sb-¸än ]cm-Xn-s¸-Sp-I-b-Ã, Ahsf Ah-cpsS tZjy-

¯nÂ\n¶pw c£n-¡m³ {ian-¡p-I-bmWv Xm³ sNbvX-sX-¶m-bn-cp¶p Abm-

fpsS \ne-]m-Sv. koXbv¡v Imcy-§Ä Ipd-¨p-IqSn hyà-ambn hcn-I-bm-bn-cp-

¶p. So¨-dpsS iIm-c-¯n\p ]n¶nse t{]cW AbmÄX-s¶-bm-sW¶p

t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¶-tXmsS Abm-fpsS Cc-«-¯m¸v hyà-am-hp-¶p. F´m-bmepw

kp[o-c³\mb-cp-am-bpÅ kulrZw t{]a-ambn hf-cm³ koX A\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶n-

Ã. ]c-kv]cw _lp-am-\-ap-Å-hsc t{]an-¡-cpXv F¶m-W-h-fpsS A`n-{]m-bw.

t{]an-¨m {ItaW aXn¸p \jvS-am-Ipw F¶hÄ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. CjvS-s¸-Sp-

¶-hscsbÃmw hnhmlw Ign-¡m\pw Ign-bn-ÃtÃm þ Xm\pw kp[nbpw X½n-

epÅ _Ô-s¯-¡p-dn¨v AhÄ Iq«p-Im-cn-bmb kuZm-an-\n-tbmSv ]d-bp-¶-Xn-§-

s\-bm-Wv. ""Bfp-I-fpsS Cu kwibw ImcWw Rm³ \Ã-t]m-semcp Bß-]-

cn-tim-[\ \S-¯n-t\m-¡n. kp[n-tbmSv F\n-¡pÅ kvt\l-¯n ap¡mepw

hmÕ-ey-amWv. _m¡n shdpw kulr-Z-hpw. t{]an-¡m³ km[n-¡m¯ Hc-ÛpX

krjvSn-bmWv Rm³ Fs¶-\n-¡p tXm¶m-dp-­v. AsÃ-¦nepw kv{Xo]p-cp-j-

53
·mÀ X½n-epÅ ssa{Xn, ssa{Xn-bv¡-¸pdw IS-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m³ kv{Xo¡p ]e-

t¸mgpw kz`m-hn-I-ambn km[n-¡p-sa-¶m-Wsâ hnizm-kw. Xosc Ipd-hmWv

AXn\p Ign-bp¶ ]pcp-j-·mÀ. B]Ât_m[w ASn-bn InS-¡p-¶-

Xmbncn¡Ww kv{XobpsS Cu sa¨-¯nsâ Imc-Ww''. C§s\ koX-bp-sSbpw

Iq«n-Im-cn-I-fp-sSbpw kw`m-j-W-§-fn-eq-sSbpw aäpw IY ]ptcm-K-an-¡p-¶p.

]n¶o-Sv, tImtfPv Ime-L«w Ah-km-\n¨v Hcp hÀjw Ign-ªpÅ kw`-

h-K-Xn-bmWv ]cm-aÀin-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. Hcp kn\na Xob-ä-dnÂsh¨v koX kuZm-

an-\nsb ImWp-I-bpw, Ah-fnÂ\n¶v kp[o-c³ \mbÀ hnhm-ln-X-\mb hnhcw

Adn-bp-I-bpw sN¿p-¶p. Xs¶ In«m³ koX X]Êp sN¿p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-

¶mWv AbmÄ Xsâ `mcy-tbmSv ]d-ªn-«p-Å-sX¶pw koXsb \ncm-i-s¸-Sp-

t¯-­n-h-¶-Xn ZpxJ-ap-s­¶pw AbmÄ ]e-tcmSpw ]d-ªn-«p-s­-¶p-IqSn

tI«-t¸mÄ koX ]d-bp¶p þ "AsXms¡ F´v kq{X-am-sW¶v F\n-¡-dn-ªp-

Iq-Sm. Bfp-I-fpsS ap¼n Ah-cpsS t_m[y-¯n\v Hcp thjw. kz´w A`n-

{]m-b-a-\p-k-cn¨v kzIm-cy-ambn asämcp thjw. ]t­ XpS-§n-b-XmWv Cu

U_nÄ BIvSv. Hcp ]t£, temI-¯n hnP-b-I-c-ambn Pohn-¡p-¶-hÀs¡-Ãm-

apÅ Hcp X{´-am-bn-cn-¡m-an-Xv''. kv{Xobv¡v Pohn-¡m³ Hcp ssewKnI ]¦mfn

IqSntb Ignbq F¶pÅ hyh-Øm-]n-X-amb [mc-W-bvs¡-Xn-cm-bn-cp¶p koX.

IYm-Im-cnbv¡pw CtX A`n-{]mbw Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p D­m-bn-cp-¶-sX¶v Ah-

cpsS PohnXw Xs¶ sXfn-bn-¡p-¶p. ]t£, Nnet¸msgms¡ temI-¯p-f-f

ImgvNIÄ ImWm³ th­n Xsâ BZÀi-§Ä hnhm-l-]o-T-¯n _en Ign-

¨m-se-s´¶v koX Nn´n-¡p-¶p-­v. `À¯m-hnsâ Bhiyw AXn¡-hn-ª-

dn-bm\pw am{Xw X¶nse kv{XoXzw hfÀ¶n-«n-söpw C\n hf-cp¶

e£Wansöpw IqSn koX kzbw Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p. ]c-¼-cm-K-X-amb kv{Xo

k¦-ev]-§sf Imän ]d-¯n-¡-f-bp-I-bmWv kc-kz-Xn-b-½-bpsS kv{XoI-Ym-

]m-{X-§Ä. hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn-b-hcpw DtZym-K-Ø-Ifpw kuµ-cy-s¯-¡mfpw

54
_p²n¡p Øm\w \ÂIp-¶-hcpw hnhmlw ths­¶v sh¨v Pohn-¡p-¶-h-cpw.

A§s\ kzX-{´-cmbn Pohn-¡p¶ Ht«sd kv{XoI-Ym-]m{X-§Ä Ah-cpsS cN-

\-I-fn ImWmw. Bi-b-{]-N-cWw e£y-am-¡p¶ Xpd-¶p-]-d-¨n-ep-I-fmWv

an¡ IY-Ifpw. AXp-sIm-­p-Xs¶ Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS \ndw ]nSn-¸n-¡-ep-IÄ

AhnsS ImWn-Ã. F¶m \jvS-{]-W-b-¯nsâ Krlm-Xp-cX A\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-

¡p¶ tNme-a-c-§Ä t]mepÅ IY-Ifpw CSbv¡v ImWmw. kv{Xoþ-]p-cp-j-_-

Ô-§fpw AXn-\-Is¯ kwLÀj-§-fp-amWv Ah-cpsS IY-I-fn \ndªv

\n¶n-cp-¶Xv F¶v ImWmw. ""PohnX {]Xn-`m-k-§sf hnti-jn¨pw kv{Xoþ-]p-

cpj _Ôs¯ C{X-am{Xw bp-àn-_-²-ambn Hcp ]t£, \nÀ±-b-am-bn, Adp-

¯p-ap-dn¨v A]-{K-Yn-¡p¶ IYm-IÀ¯nsb þ IYm-Im-c-s\bpw thsd ImWm\n-

Ã. Pohn-Xs¯ t\m¡n Ae-k-am-bn, \nÊw-K-ambn Nncn-¡m-\pÅ hmk\ Ah-

cn hfÀ¶p hcp-¶p-­v'' (Fw. ANyp-X³ þ sNdp-IY þ C¶se C¶v) F¶

A`n-{]mbw F{Xbpw AÀ°-h-¯m-Wv. ""]pcp-j\v GXp hn[-¯nepw Pohn-

¡m³ Ah-Im-i-ap­v AXn\v t\sc adn-¨mWv kv{XobpsS Imcyw'' F¶ IYm-

Im-cn-bpsS hm¡p-IÄ C¶pw {]k-à-am-Wv. kv{XobpsS kÀ¤m-ß-I-Xsb

DÄs¡m-f-fm³ th­-hn[w C¶pw \½psS kaqlw hnI-kn-¨n-«nà F¶p-Å-

XmWv bmYmÀ°yw.

cm¨n-b½

Ddq_v

s]m¶m-\n-¡-Sp-¯p-ff ]Ån-¸p-d¯v 1915 PqWn Bbn-cp¶p Ddq_v

F¶ t]cn ]n¡m-e¯v {]kn-²-\mb ]n.-kn.-Ip-«n-Ir-jvWsâ P\-\w.

Aѳ Icp-Wm-I-c-ta-t\m³ A½ ]mdp-¡p-«n-b-½. A[-ym-]-I³, I¼\n Kpa-

kvX³, I¼u-­À, ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I³ F¶n-§s\ ]e tPmen-Ifpw sNbvXp.

tImgn-t¡mSv BIm-i-hm-Wn-bn kv{In]väv ssdä-dmbpw {]hÀ¯n-¨p. AhnsS

55
sh¨mWv 1952-þÂ Ddq_v F¶ Xqen-Im\maw kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. "Xp-d-¶n« Pme-

Iw' F¶ sNdp-IYm kam-lm-c-¯n\v 1950-þÂ aZn-cmin Kh¬saânsâ

k½m\w e`n-¨p. 1958-þÂ D½m-¨p-hn\v t\mh-en-\pÅ BZy kmln-X-y-A-¡m-Zan

AhmÀUv t\Sn. 1960-þÂ kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c-·mcpw F¶ t\mh-en\pw e`n-¨p.

ae-bm-f-¯n BZ-y-ambn C´-y³ {]kn-U-­nsâ AhmÀUp e`n¨ ae-bm-f-N-e-

¨n-{X-amb \oe-¡p-bn-en\v Xnc-¡-Y-sb-gp-Xn-bXpw Ddq-_m-bn-cp-¶p. 1948-þÂ C.-tZ-

h-In-b-½sb hnhmlw Ign-¨p. 1979þ Pqsseþ10 \v A´-cn-¨p.

{][m-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ

IY-IÄ

cm¨n-b-½,- tKm-]m-e³\mb-cpsS XmSn, \\ª kmbmÓw, s]m¶p-Xq-

¡p¶ Xpem-kv, Aѳ aI³, hn¯pw a®pw, shfp-¯-Ip-«n, tX·p-Åp-IÄ,

Xpd-¶n« PmeIw apX-em-b-h.

IqSmsX [mcm-fw anI¨ t\mh-ep-Ifpw aäpw Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-­v. kpµ-cn-

Ifpw kpµ-c-·m-cpw, D½m¨p F¶o t\mh-ep-IÄ {]kn-²-am-Wv.

cm¨n-b½

ae-bmf IYm-km-ln-X-y-¯nse Krl-\m-Y-\mbmWv Ddq_v Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-

Xv. a\p-j-y-kvt\-lhpw Imcp-W-y-hp-amWv Ddq-_nsâ IY-I-fpsS apJ-ap-{Z. a\p-

jy \·-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-a-Ãm¯ Hcp IYbpw At±lw Fgp-Xn-bn-«nà F¶p Xs¶

]d-bmw. cm¨n-b-½bpw A¯-c-¯n-epÅ Hcp IY-bm-Wv. "a-\p-j-y-\-·-bpsS

L\o-`qXssh`-h-amb cm¨n-b½ Ddq-_nsâ IY-\-ssh-`-h-¯nsâ km£y]{X-

am-Ip-¶p.'þ (tUm: Iev]ä _me-Ir-jvW³ ae-bmf kmln-X-y-N-cn-{Xw). Bcpw

I­m t]Sn-t¨m-Sp¶ cm¨n-b-½-bpsS _mly-{]-Ir-X-¯nsâ hÀ®\ \S-

¯nb IYm-Ir¯v Ah-fpsS B´c{]Ir-X-¯nsâ kuµ-c-y-¯n \s½-¡qSn

56
hym-ap-Kv[-cm-¡p-¶p-­v. Ddq-_nsâ IY-I-fnÂsh¨v inÂ]-L-S\m ssh`hw

sIm­v Gä-hp-a-[nIw {i²n-¡-s¸« IYbpw cm¨n-b-½-bm-Wv. \oe-Kn-cn-bpsS

]Ým-¯-e-¯n Fgp-X-s¸« [mcmfw IY-I-fn H¶m-Wn-Xv. hÀj-§Ä¡p

tijw \oe-Kn-cn-bn-se-¯nb BJ-ym-Xm-hnsâ HmÀ½Ifn sXfn-bp¶ `qX-Im-

ehpw cm¨n-b-½-sbm-sSm-¸-apÅ A\p-`-h-§fpw Imew t]mIth Pohn-X-¯nÂ

kw`-hn¨ amä-§-fp-amWv IY-bnse DÅ-S-¡w. Akm-[m-cW hy-àn-X-z-apÅ Hcp

IYm-]m-{X-ambn cm¨n-b½ IY-bn \ndªp \n¡p-¶p. kv{Xobpw {]Ir-

Xnbpw H¶m-bn-¯o-cp¶ IY-\-ssh-`hw Cu IY-bn Ddq_v ImgvN-sh-bv¡p-

¶p.

Bscbpw IqkmsX Xtâ-S-t¯msS Häbv¡v Pohn-¨n-cp¶ kv{XobmWv

cm¨n-b-½. Icp-¯nsâ {]X-y-£-cq]-am-bn-cp¶ Ahcnse kv{XoX-zhpw Hc-Ûp-X-

am-bn-cp-¶p. IY-bnse BJ-ym-Xm-hns\ ]e\nebv¡pw klm-bn-¨n-«p-­m-bn-

cp¶p AhÀ. ac-W-¯nsâ ap³]n \n¶pw c£-s¸-Sp-¯nb A\p-`hw

AbmÄ¡p-­m-bn. hkqcn tcmKw h¶-t¸mÄ Ah-cmWv kz´w Btcm-Kyw

t]mepw t\m¡msX Abmsf ]cn-N-cn-¨-Xv. Xsâ acn-¨p-t]mb ktlm-Z-csâ

Øm\-amWv AhÀ AbmÄ¡p-\ÂIn-b-Xv. BJ-ym-Xm-hn\v cm¨n-b-½-tbmSv

tXm¶nb A`n-\n-th-is¯ AhÀ \ntj-[n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Hcn-¡epw hgn-]n-g-

bv¡n-söv Imhnse aªÄ{]-kmZw sXm«v A½-tbmSv kXyw sNbvXn-«p-­m-

bn-cp¶p cm¨n-b-½. tZhn-bm-bn, Imfn-bmbn Abm-fpsS ap¶n hcm-Zm-bn-\n-

bmbn {]X-y-£-s¸-«p-sIm-­n-cp¶p cm¨n-b-½. AbmÄ \m«n-te¡v Xncn¨v h¶v

]Xn-s\m¶p hÀjw Ignªv ho­pw \oe-Kn-cn-bn-se-¯p-t¼mgpw cm¨n-b½

Ahn-sS-bp-­m-bn-cp-¶p. At¸m-tg¡pw AhÀ Xsâ a\Êv amän-bn-cp-¶p. aªÄ

{]kmZw ambv¨p Ifªv AbmÄ¡p-th­n Im¯n-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p AhÀ.

Xsâ kz-s¯Ãmw Abm-fpsS aI-fpsS t]cn Fgp-Xn-sh-¨n-«p-­m-bn-cp-¶p.

Xsâ amä-¯nsâ Imc-W-ambn AhÀ ]d-bp-¶Xvþ ""-\-½Ä a\p-j-y-c-tÃ, a®p-

57
sIm-­p-­m-¡n-X-Ã-tÃm?'' F¶mWv. "Hcp Icn-¦Â¡p¶v {]k-hn-s¨-dnª

t]mse tXm¶n-¡p¶ B kv{XobpsS a\Êv F{Xtbm BÀ{Z-ambncp¶p

F¶m-Wn-hnsS hy-à-am-hp-¶-Xv. cm¨n-b-½-bpsS {]W-b-¯nsâ Hcp XoP-zme

A\p-`-hn-¨p-sIm-­mWv AbmÄ Xncn¨v t]mIp-¶-Xv. C§s\ A½-bmbpw

ktlm-Z-cn-bmbpw Imap-In-bm-bp-sams¡ cq]w amdp¶ kv{XoX-z-¯nsâ `n¶-`m-h-

§Ä cm¨n-b-½-bn-eqsS {]Im-in-X-am-hp-¶p. {]Ir-Xnbpw kv{Xobpw H¶m-bn-¯o-

cp¶ Hcp Nn{X-amWv cm¨n-b-½-bn-eqsS IYm-Ir¯v \ÂIp-¶-Xv. h\-y-amb {]Ir-

Xn-bpsS kuµ-cyw A\p-`-hn-¨p-sIm-­m-W-bmÄ Xncn-¨p-t]m-Ip¶Xv. {]Ir-Xn-

bpsS h\ykuµ-c-y-t¯m-SmWv cm¨n-b-½-bvt¡sd kmZr-i-yw. Hcp Icn-¦Â

{]Xna t]mse-bpÅ cm¨n-b½ Im«psNSn-IÄ hI-ªp-amän hcn-Ibpw t]mhp-

Ibpw sN¿m-dpÅXbmÄ HmÀ¡p-¶p. Ah-fpsS Idp¯p \o­ hnc¯p-¼p-

IÄ¡v A¼n-fn-Xp-­p-I-tfm-SmWv kmZr-iyw. s]m«n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ shÅ-¨m-«-§Ä

Abm-fn cm¨n-b-½-bpsS HmÀ½-I-fp-WÀ¯p-¶p. Zmcn-Isâ tNmc IpSn-¨-e-dp¶

Imfn-bmbpw Nne-t¸mÄ cm¨n-b½ amdp-¶p. kv{XobpsS `n¶-`m-h-§Ä-þ-BÀ{Z-X-

bpsS, kvt\l-¯nsâ, klm-\p-`q-Xn-bp-sS, Icp-X-en-sâ, {]W-b-¯nsâ F¶-

Xp-t]mse iàn-bp-sSbpw kwlm-c-¯n-sâbpw tZh-X-bmbn Ddªp XpÅm\pw

AhÄ¡p Ign-bpw. cm¨n-b-½-bpsS lrZ-b-¯n kq£n¨ \·-bp-sSbpw

kvt\l-¯n-sâbpw {]Imiw A\p-`-hn-¨-Xn-\m-emhmw Xncn-¨p-t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ Cu

temIw apgp-h³ {]Im-i-amÀ¶-Xmbn AbmÄ¡p tXm¶p-¶p. a\-Êp-IÄ amdp-

t¼m-gmWv {]Ir-Xnbpw amdp-¶-Xv. Ccp-«n \n¶pw shfn-¨-¯n-te¡p hcp¶

a\p-j-y\pw {]Ir-Xn-bp-am-Wn-Xn Hcp-t]mse {]Im-in-X-am-hp-¶Xv.

58
tNmZ-y-§Ä

1. tamXncw F¶ IY ]¦p-sh-¡p¶ hyXy-kvX-amb `mh-X-e-s¯-¡p-dn¨v

hni-Z-am-¡p-I.

2. km[m-c-W-a-\p-jysâ at\m-hn-Im-c-§sf Xpd-¶p-Im-«p-¶-Xn Im-cq-cn-

\pÅ kmaÀ°yw tamXncw F¶ IY-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯n ]cn-tim-

[n-¡p-I.

3. tamXncw F¶ IYbv¡v Hcm-kzm-Z\w Fgp-Xp-I.

4. kv{Xo]p-cp-j-·mÀ X½n-ep-Å ssa{Xn ssa{Xn-bv¡-¸pdw IS-¡m-Xn-cn-

¡m³ kv{Xobv¡p ]e-t¸mgpw kzm`m-hn-I-ambn km[n¡psa-¶m-sWsâ

hnizm-kw. Xosc Ipd-hm-Wv AXn\p Ign-bp¶ ]pcp-j-·mÀ þ koX-

bpsS Cu A`n-{]m-b-t¯m-SpÅ \n§-fpsS {]Xn-I-cWw hni-Z-am-¡p-I.

5. U_nÄ BIvSv F¶ t]cv Cu IYbv¡v F{X-am{Xw tbmPn-¡p-¶p­v

þ ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.-

6. Hcp kzX-{´kv{Xo F¶ \ne-bn koX F¶ IYm-]m-{Xs¯ Ah-X-

cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn IYm-Imcn hnP-bn-¨n-«pt­m þ NÀ¨-sN-¿p-I.

7. \½Ä a\p-j-y-c-tÃ? a®p-sIm-­p-­m-¡nbXÃ-tÃm? Cu hm¡p-I-fnÂ

cm¨n-b-½-sb¶ IYm]m-{X-¯nsâ hy-àn-Xzw {]I-S-am-¡m³ F{X-
t¯mfw km[n-¨n-«p-­v. NÀ¨-sN-¿p-I.

8. {]Ir-Xnbpw kv{Xobpw H¶m-bn-¯o-cp¶ Hcp Nn{Xw cm¨n-b-½-bn-eqsS

hy-à-am-hp-¶-sX-§n-s\?

9. kv{Xo kuµ-c-y-¯n\v Hcp ]pXnb am\w \ÂIm³ cm¨n-b½ F¶ IY-

bn-eqsS km[n-¨n-«p-s­m-þ? h-y-à-am-¡p-I.

59
-k-lm-b-I-{K-Ù-§Ä

1. Fw.-A-N-yp-X³, sNdp-IY, C¶-se, C¶v, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tIm«-bw,

2007.

2. Fw.-]n.-t]mÄ-þ-sN-dp-I-Ym-{]-Øm\w

3. tUm: Fw.-Fw.-_-joÀ, ae-bmf sNdp-IYm kmln-X-y-N-cn-{Xw.

4. tUm: sI.-sI.-in-h-Zmkv (F-Un.), s]¬IY-bpsS hÀ¯-am-\w, inJ

{KÙ-th-Zn, sImt­m-«n. 2013.

5. sI.-F-kv. chn-Ip-amÀ, IY-bpsS hmÀjnI he-b-§Ä, Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv,

tIm«-bw, 2015.

6. sI.-F-kv.chn-Ip-amÀ, IYbpw `mhp-I-X-z-]-cn-Wm-a-hpw,.

7. hn.-BÀ.kp[o-jv, Hä-¡-Xm-]-T-\-§Ä, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tIm«-bw, 2011.

8. sI.-]n.-A-¸³, IY BJ-ym-\hpw A\p-`-h-k-¯-bpw, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv,

tIm«-bw. 1999.

9. ImcqÀ, sXc-sª-Sp¯ IY-IÄ þ 1, 2, Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv, tIm«-bw, 2017.

60
 samUyqÄ þ4
DÅp-cp¡w

F³.-]n. apl-½Zv

tImgn-t¡mSv PnÃ-bnse Ip­p-§-en 1929 Pqsse-þ1 \v F³.-]n.-A-_p-

hn-sâbpw C¼n¨n ]m¯p-½-_n-bp-sSbpw aI-\mbn P\n-¨p. tImgn-t¡mSv `h-\-

\nÀ½mW kl-I-c-W-kwLw sk{I-«-dn, tIcf IuapZn dkn-Uâv FUn-äÀ

F¶o Øm\-§Ä hln-¨n-«p-­v. tIcf kmln-Xy A¡m-Zan \nÀÆm-lI

kanXn AwKw, tIcf kwKo-X-\m-SI A¡m-Zan `c-W-k-anXn AwKw,

tIcfkmln-Xy A¡m-Zan {]kn-Uâv F¶o \ne-I-fnepw {]hÀ¯n-¨p. tI{µ-

km-ln-Xy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv, tIcf kmln-X-y-A-¡m-Zan AhmÀUv, efn-Xmw-

_nI A´ÀP\w AhmÀUv, kakvX tIcf kmln-X-y-]-cn-j¯v AhmÀUv

F¶n-§s\ hnhn[ ]pc-kvIm-c-§Ä e`n-¨p. 2003-þ-P-\p-hcn 3 \v A´-cn-¨p.

IrXn-IÄ

IY--IÄ

{]kn-Uânsâ BZys¯ ac-Ww, \Ã-h-cpsS temIw, sXm¸nbpw X«-hpw,

sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-IÄ, ]pI-¡p-gepw kc-k-z-Xn-bpw, AhÀ \mep-t]À, \mhp-ap-dnª

Infn, Ifn-¸m-\o-kv, aµ-lm-k-¯nsâ au\-tcm-Z\w XpS-§n-bh

t\mhÂ

F®-¸m-Sw, acw, lnc-W-y-I-in-]p, Ad-_n-s]m¶v, (Fw.-Sn.-bp-sam-¯v),

]ns¶bpw F®-¸m-Sw, ssZh-¯nsâ I®v, XpS-§n-b-h.

DÅp-cp¡w

apÉow kap-Zm-b-¯n-\-Is¯ Pohn-Xm-hn-jvI-c-W-¯n _jo-dns\

]n´p-SÀ¶ Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\mWv F³.-]n.-ap-l-½-Zv. _jo-dn-s\-t]m-se-¯s¶

61
apÉow KmÀlnI Pohn-Xs¯ efn-X-ambpw \À½-a-[p-c-ambpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡m³

At±-l-¯n\p Ign-ªp. {]tX-y-In¨pw apÉow kv{XoPo-hn-X-¯nsâ DÅp-cp-¡-

§Ä Bhn-jvI-cn¨ IYm-Im-c-\mWv F³.-]n.- tcm-Kw, hmÀ²-I-yw, A\-y-h¡-

cWw F¶o {]ta-b-§Ä NÀ¨-sN-¿p¶ Hcp IY-bm-Wv DÅp-cp-¡w. IpjvT-

tcmKw Hcp amdm-hym[nbm-bn-cp¶ ka-b¯v AXv IpSpw-_-¯nepw hy-àn-I-fn-

ep-ap-­m-¡nb `n¶ {]Xn-IcW-§Ä Hcp Ip«n-bpsS I®n-eqsS Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-

I-bm-Wn-XnÂ. Ip«n-tam³ F¶ IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ I®n-eqsS ImWp¶ PohnX

ImgvN-I-fm-bmWv IY hnI-kn-¡p-¶-Xv. ""-I-c-ym-¯\pw ]ip-¡n-Smhpw sXmSn-

bn tabp-¶Xv I­-t¸m-gmWv Hc-¼-¸-¿ns\ In«m-\pÅ]qXn Ip«n-tam\v s]s«-

¶p-­m-b-Xv''þ F¶ hmI-y-t¯m-sS-bmWv IY-bm-cw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. Hcp Ip«n-bpsS

\njvI-f-¦-amb ImgvN-I-fn-eqsbmWv hmb-\-¡m-csâ DÅp-e-bv¡p¶ IYm-X-´p-

hn-tebv¡v IYm-Ir¯v \S-¶p-I-b-dp-¶-Xv. ¹mhn-e-sIm­v A¼-¸-¿-ns\ D­m-

¡n-s¡m-Sp-¯n-cp-¶Xv s]§-fmb ]m¯p-hm-Wv. ]m¯p-hns\ ImWmªv D½-

bpsS ASp¯p sNÃp¶ Ah-t\mSv "A-S§n ]m¯n-cp-t¶m!' F¶p ]d-bp-

t¼mÄ Ah³ Ic-ªp-sIm­v ]pd-t¯-¡n-d-§p-¶p. ]pds¯ ImgvN-I-fn-te-¡-

h³ Cd-§n-sN-Ãp-I-bm-Wv. hoSn-\p-sh-fn-bn ]pfn-am-hnsâ ASp¯v \mep-]mSpw

Hme-sIm-­p-a-d-¨, Hä-hm-Xn-epÅ Hcp IpSnÂ. AXn aq¯m-¸bpw A½-m-bnbpw

Ign-bp-¶p. At§m-«p-t]m-Im³ ]mSn-sö hne-¡p-­v. t]mbm Imsem-Sn-¨p-I-

f-bpw. Ah³ am{X-aà D½tbm ]m¯pthm Bcpw t]mIm-dn-Ã. Hcp ]Wn-bp-an-

Ãm¯ A½mbn Xsâ shÅm-c-¦-®p-ambn aq¯m-¸sb t\m¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

IpjvT-tcm-K-¯nsâ Ad-¸p-f-hm-¡p¶ ImgvN-I-fn-te¡v Ip«n sNs¶-¯p-¶p. ""-

I-«n-ensâ tNm«n Id-]n-Sn¨ tImfm¼n, tImfm-¼n-bn Hcp-]m-Sv XpWn-¡-­-

§Ä. XpWn-¡-­-§-fn tNmc-¸m-Sp-IÄ, AXn-\p-Npäpw BÀ¡p¶ aWn-b-\o-¨-

IÄ.''

62
 ]m¯p-hns\ ImWm¯ ØnXnbv¡v A½m-bn-sb-s¡m­v ]¿ns\ D­m-

¡n-¡m³ ¹mhn-e-IÄ Ah-cpsS I¿n sImSp-¡p-¶p. A§s\ \n¡p-t¼m-

gmWv ""-Iq¯-¨o....'' Fs¶mcp hnfn tIÄ¡p-¶Xpw A½m-bnbpw aq¯m-¸bpw

H¸w sR«p-¶-Xpw. D­m-¡nb Imf-I-sf-sbms¡ D½ hen¨p Iodn-¡-f-ªp.

H¶pw an­msX A½m-bnbpw aq¯m-¸bpw. F´n-\mWv D½ C§-s\-sbms¡

sN¿p-¶Xv F¶v Ip«nbv¡v a\-Ên-em-Ip-¶n-Ã. Ahs\ hen-¨n-g¨p sIm­p-t]m-

hp-t¼mÄ ]d-¦n-am-hn³ Nph-«n \n¶pw ]mªp-h-cp¶ ]m¯p-hn\pw In«p¶p

ASn. _me-y-¯nsâ IuXp-I-§Ä Hcp-h-i¯pw Pohn-X-¯nsâ ]cp-¡³

bmYmÀ°-y-§Ä adp-h-i¯pw sIm­p-h¶p \nÀ¯p-¶-Xn IYm-Im-c-\pÅ

anIhv A\-ym-Zriw Xs¶bmWv. Cu kµÀ`-¯n kX-y-Pn¯v dmbpsS ]tYÀ

]m©men F¶ temI {]ikvX kn\n-a-bnse Nne Zri-y-§fpsS Hcp hnZq-c-

Omb ImWm³ Ign-bp-¶p. IpSn-en t]mb-Xn\v Ip«n-Isf in£n-¡p-¶-XnÂ

D½-bpsS {Iqc-X-bà \mw ImWp¶Xv kml-N-c-y-§-fpsS k½À±-§Ä a\p-j-

ysc Fs´-Ãm-am¡n XoÀ¡p¶p F¶ \nÊ-lm-bm-h-Ø-bm-Wv. ""-N-h-§-Ä¡v

sh¨p-hn-f-¼-Ww... Hcm¬Xp-W-bpt­m Chn-sS... aq¸À¡v tImgn-t¡m«v _lp-

tIm-in... ChnsS Hcp-¯n-bp-s­¶p t\m«-an-Ã... Hcp aq¯mt¸w A½m-bow... Hcp-

¯n¡pw C½m-Xncn hn[n sImSp-¡tà ]S-t¨m-t\... Cu kqt¡Sv sImSp-¡tÃ

dtº... sâ a¡sf Im¡tW X¼p-cm-t\...'' F¶ {]mÀ°-\-bn B

kv{XobpsS DÅp-cp¡w \ma-dn-bp-¶p. ]m¯p-hnsâ kz-]v\-¯nse Dcp-In-ho-gp¶

a\p-j-ysâ I®v aq¯m-¸-bp-tS-Xm-sW¶v Xncn-¨-dn-bp-t¼mgpw tcmKw Cfw a\-

Êp-I-fn hcp-¯n-h-¨n-«pÅ BLmXw F{X-am-{X-am-sW¶v \mw a\-Ên-em-

¡p¶p.

]n¶oSv D½ Fgp-s¯-gp-Xp-¶Xpw _m¸ Imdn h¶v t\sc apdn-bnÂ

Ibdn D½bp-ambn hg-¡n-Sp-¶Xpw ]ns¶ hmXn Xpd¶v aq¯m-¸-bpsS IpSn-en-

te¡v t]mIp-¶Xpw aq¯m-¸sb Imdn Ibän Bip-]-{Xn-bn sIm­p-t]m-Ip-

63
¶-Xp-sams¡ Ah³ ImWp-¶p. _m¸ Xs¶ {i²n-¡m-¯-Xn-emWv Ah\v

k¦-Sw. A¶m-Z-y-am-bn, aq¯m-¸sb Ah³ \¶mbn ImWp-I-bm-Wv. "a-©m-Sn-

¡pcp t]mepÅ XSn¨ sNhn-¡p-änIÄ. Im¡-sIm-¯nb Iip-am-§-t]m-epÅ

aq¡v... Imen XpWn-Np-än-s¸m-Xn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. AXn\p aosX Cu¨-¡q-«w...''

Hcp-Im-e¯v ac-W-t¯-¡mÄ `bm-\-I-ambn I­n-cp¶ Cu tcmK-¯nsâ PpKp-

]vkbp-f-hm-¡p¶ AhØ IYm-Ir¯v hc-¨n-Sp-¶p. icn-bmb NnIn-Õ-bn-Ãm-Xn-

cp¶ Ime¯v C¯cw tcmKn-IÄ ISp¯ Hä-s¸-SÂ Xs¶-bmWv A\p-`-hn-¨n-cp-

¶-Xv. ico-c-¯n \n¶v AwK-§Ä AgpIn hoWp-t]m-Ip-¶, {hW-§Ä

\ndª Ah-Ø-bn kmaq-ln-I-amb Hä-s¸-S IqSn-bm-hp-t¼mÄ Ch-cpsS

PohnXw \c-I-Xp-e-y-am-hp-¶p. Ip«n-bpsS hm¡p-I-fn-eqsS am{X-amWv \mw aq¯m-

¸sb Adn-bp-¶-Xv. ]t£, Bip-]-{Xn-bn-te¡v t]mIp¶ ka-b¯v AbmÄ

]d-bp¶ Hcm-{Klw km[n-¡msX t]mIp-t¼mÄ \½psS DÅp-eªp t]mIp-

¶p.

""Cu kqt¡Sv ]ct¡m A_q....

]c-¡q-e, CZv B kpJ-t¡-S-Ã.

¶mev Hcp ]qXn.

G?

Rm³ Ip«n-tamsâ Xteev H¶v ssIsh-¨m-s«....

D½ ]dªXv ]Xps¡ Ic-ªn-«m-bn-cp-¶p: "th­ ¡m'. ]ns¶ aq¯m¸

H¶pw ]d-ªn-Ã.'' C{X-sbm-s¡-bmbn«pw aq¯m¸-bvs¡-´mWv F¶p-am{Xw

Ip«n-bv¡-dn-bp-¶n-Ã. Cu tcmKs¯ Bfp-IÄ F{X-am{Xw `b-s¸-«n-cp¶p F¶p

ImWn-¡p-¶-XmWv D½-bpsS s]cp-am-äw. tcmK-¯n-\pÅ \Ã NnInÕ sIm­p

am{X-aà kmaq-ln-I-amb t_m[-h¡-cWw sIm­p-Iq-Sn-bmWv IpjvT-tcmKw

C¶v A{X `oXnZa-Ãm-Xmbn XoÀ¶-Xv. kmln-X-yhpw kn\n-abpw t]mepÅ

64
am[y-a-§-sfms¡ CXnsâ t_m[-h¡-c-W-¯n-\mbn D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-

­v. BZyw \mS-I-cq-]-¯nepw ]n¶oSv kn\n-a-bp-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸« Ai-z-

ta[w t]mepÅ cN-\-IÄ kaq-ls¯ hen-b-tXm-Xn kzm-[o-\n-¨n-«p-­v.

H«p-sNSn

kn.-hn.-{io-cm-a³

ae-bm-f-¯nse {]apJ sNdp-I-Ym-Ir¯pw t\mh-en-Ìp-amWv kn.-hn.-{io-

cm-a³ 1931-þ-s^-{_p-hcn 7 \v Ip¶w-Ip-f¯v P\-\w. A`-bmÀ°n-Isf ]p\-c-[n-h-

kn-¸n-¡p¶ hIp-¸n DtZ-ym-K-Ø-\m-bn-cp-¶p. 2007 HIvtSm-_À 10 \v ac-Ww.

tI{µ kmln-Xy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv, tIcf kmln-Xy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv,

tIcf kwØm\ Ne-¨n{X AhmÀUv (hm-kvXp-lm-c), cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS

kphÀ® abqcw (Nn-Zw-_-cw) F¶nh e`n-¨p. {]hmk Pohn-X-¯nsâ hnhn[

hi-§Ä IY-I-fn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p.

IrXn-IÄ

hmkvXp-lm-c, Ccn-¡-]n-Þw, NnZw-_-cw, A\m-bm-tk\ ac-Ww, £pc-k-

y-[m-c, kp\n-am. H«p-sN-Sn, dbnÂth ]mf-§Ä

ae-bmf sNdp-I-Y-bpsS B[p-\nIL«-¯nsâ D¨m-h-Ø-bn Fgp-Xm-

\m-cw-`n¨ Hcp IYm-Ir-¯mWv kn.-hn.-{io-cm-a³. ]t£, B[p-\n-I-X-sIm-­p-

h¶ k¦oÀ®-Xbpw ZpÀ{K-l-Xbpw aäp cN-\m-]-c-amb ]co-£-W-§-fp-sam-¶p-

an-ÃmsX Pohn-X-¯nsâ hy-X-y-kvX-amb A\p-`-h-tem-I-§sf kX-y-k-Ô-ambpw

EPp-hp-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p-sIm­v ae-bm-f-I-Y-bn ]pXn-sbmcp `mhp-I-Xzw

krjvSn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. kn.-hn.-{io-cm-a³ "hmkvXplm-c' F¶ IY-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-

bmWv At±lw klr-Zb {i²-bm-IÀjn-¡p-¶-Xv. At±-l-¯nsâ IY-I-sfÃmw

Xs¶ thdn-s«mcp i_vZw tIĸn-¡p-¶p-s­-¦nepw A`-bmÀ°n Pohn-Xm-hn-

jvImcw \S-¯p¶ hmkvXp-hm-c, H«p-sNSn apX-emb cN-\-I-fmWv IqSp-XÂ

65
Xo£vW-amb a\p-j-y-_-Ô-§-fpsS BJ-ym-\-§-fm k¼-¶-amb cN-\-IÄ

F¶p-Im-Wmw. tPmen-bp-ambn _Ôs¸«v A`-bmÀ°n Pohn-X-¯nsâ t\À¡m-

gvN-IÄ ImWm-\n-S-bm-bXpw hnZq-c-Ø-amb {]tZ-i-§-fnse sshhn-[-y-amÀ¶

a\p-j-ym-h-Ø-IÄ A\p-`-hn-¨-dn-bm³ CS-bm-¡n-bXpw B IYm{]]-©s¯ hf-

sc-b-[nIw kzm-[o-\n-¨n-«p­v F¶v ImWmw. H«p-sNSn F¶-IY A¯-c-¯nÂ

hy-X-y-kvX-amb Hc-`-bmÀ°n Pohn-X-¯nsâ Bhn-jvIm-c-am-Wv.

C´-ym-hn-`-P-\-¯nsâ ^e-ambn ]m¡n-Ømsâ `mK-ambn amdnb Ing-

¡³ _wKm-fn \n¶pw (C-t¸m-gs¯ _w¥m-tZ-iv) ]Ýn-a-_w-Km-fn-se-¯nb

A`-bmÀ°n-Isf ]p\-c-[n-h-kn-¸n-¡m³ \nbp-à-\mb ae-bm-fn-bmb D-tZ-ym-K-

Ø-\mWv IY-bnse BJ-ym-Xm-hv. hn`-P-\-¯n-\n-c-bmbn FÃmw \jvS-s¸« a\p-

jy-cpsS \nÊ-lm-bm-h-Ø-bn Aen-hpÅ Bfm-bn-cp¶p AbmÄ. `mc-ybpw

`À¯m-hp-a-S-§p¶ IpSpw-_-§Ä¡v B´-am³-þ-\n-t¡m-_mÀ Zzo-]p-I-fn `qan

]Xn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p¶ Hcp ]²Xn \ne-hn-ep-­m-bn-cp-¶p. hn`-P-\-¯n `À¯m-

hns\ \jvS-s¸«v c­v s]¬a-¡-fp-ambn A`-bmÀ°n Iym-¼n-se-¯nb Hcp

kv{Xo klm-b-¯n-\mbn \nc-´cw Abmsf tXSn-h-cp-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]t£,

AbmÄ XoÀ¯pw \nÊ-lm-b-\m-bn-cp-¶p. HSp-hn AbmÄ Hcp t]mwhgn

Is­-¯n. Ahsft¸mse-¯s¶, `mc-y-\-jvS-s¸« Hcp ]pcp-j\pw Xsâ Ip«n-I-

fp-ambn AhnsS klm-b-¯n-\mbn h¶n-cp-¶p. \nbaw IW-¡n-se-Sp-¡msX

Xsâ taep-t±-ym-K-Øsâ FXnÀ¸v Ah-K-Wn-¨p-sIm­v Cu c­p IpSpw-_-§-

sfbpw H¶m¡n B³U-am-\n-te-¡-b-¡m³ AbmÄ k¶-²-\m-bn. Iym-¼nÂ

h¨p-Xs¶ AhÀ CW-§n-¡-gn-bp¶ ImgvN AbmÄ I­p. Ahsc A³U-am-

\n-te-¡-b¨v AbmÄ kwXr-]vX\m-hp-¶p. Iptd hÀj-§Ä¡p-tijw Zzo-]p-IÄ

kµÀin-¡m-s\-¯nb DtZ-ym-K-س Xsâ HmÀ½-I-fn-eqsS Cu IY-sbms¡

HmÀs¯-Sp-¡p-I-bm-Wv. AhnsS h¨bmÄ Xm³ H¶m-¡nb B IpSpw-_s¯

ImWp-¶p. ImÀjn-I-hr-¯n-bn-eqsS Hcp-hn[w k¼-¶-amb IpSpw_w \Ã-co-Xn-

66
bn Pohn-¡p-¶Xv Abmsf kt´m-j-hm-\m-¡p-¶p. t]mIp-t¼mÄ Hcp

t]t¡m-e-am-bn-cp¶ B kv{Xo XSn-¨p-sIm-gp¯ Hcp kpµ-cn-bmbn amdn-bn-«p-­m-

bn-cp-¶p. \¶mbn k¡-cn¨v Abmsf bm{X-bm-¡m-\mbn `À¯mhv IqsS h¶

ka-b¯v Hcp Imcyw IqSn Abmsf Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. kv{XobpsS BZy `À¯mhv

F§-s\tbm tXSn-¸n-Sn¨v Ahsf ImWm³ h¶Xpw AhÄ Abmsf ImWm³

hnk-½-Xn-¨-Xp-amb hkvXp-X-IÄ. BZy `À¯m-hn-t\mSv bmsXmcp hntcm-[hpw

tXm¶m¯ Ct¸m-gs¯ `À¯m-hv _ntiz-izÀ Kcm-antbm-Sv AhÄ ]d-ª-Xn-

§-s\-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ""-Fsâ Pohn-X-¯nsâ Gähpw ZpcnXw ]nSn¨ \mfp-I-fnÂ

ssZhw t]mse-bpÅ B a{Zm-kn-_m-_p-hmWv \s½ Iq«n-bn-W-¡n-b-Xv. Cu

Pohn-X-¯n F\n¡o _Ôw aXn.'' F{X-am{Xw am\-knI thZ-\bpw [À½-k-

¦-Shpw A\p-`-hn-¨m-bn-cn¡pw AhÄ AXp ]d-ªn-«p-­m-hpI F¶mWv BJ-

ym-Xm-hmb DtZ-ym-K-س Nn´n-¡p-¶-Xv. Abm-fpsS I®p-IÄ Adn-bmsX \nd-

ªp-t]m-bn. Zp:Jw sIm­pÅ I®o-cm-bn-cp-¶nà AXv, Xm³ \«p-]n-Sn-¸n¨ H«p-

sN-Sn-bpsS hodn-s\-Ip-dn-t¨mÀ¯pÅ B\-µm-{ip-¡-fm-bn-cp-¶p. H«p-sNSn F¶

ioÀjIw Cu IY-bpsS aÀ½-s¯-bmWv kv]Àin-¡p-¶-Xv. kzm-`m-hn-I-ambn

hf-cp¶ sNSn-I-tf-¡mÄ H«p-sN-Sn-IÄ¡v ]e-t¸mgpw HmPÊpw ^e-k-ar-²nbpw

IqSpw. Xm\n-W¡n tNÀ¯ B _Ô-¯nsâ Cg-b-Sp¸w I­v hnkva-b-`-cn-X-

\m-hp-I-bmWv BJ-ym-Xm-hv. ""-a-\p-j-y-Po-hn-Isf \n§Ä¡v hym-Jym-\n¡mw

]t£, a\p-j-y-Po-hn-Xs¯ hym-J-ym-\n-¡m-\m-hn-Ã.'' F¶ ZmkvKp-]-X-_m-_p-

hnsâ \nco-£Ww Cu IYsb kw_-Ôn¨v kX-y-ambn Xocp-¶p. kn.-hn.-{io-cm-

asâ IY-I-fn sXfn-bp¶ PohnXho£Ww Xs¶-bmbn B hmIyw amdp-¶p-

­v.

67
Jsc _mbvsc

KoXm-ln-c-W-y³

sIm«m-c-¡-c-bv¡-Sp¯v tIm«-h-«¯v 1958-þ P\n-¨p. Kh¬saâv

tImtfPv A[-ym-]n-Ibpw Ihnbpw IYm-Ir-¯p-am-bn-cp-¶p. KoXm-t]män F¶

t]cn-emWv BZ-y-Im-e¯v Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-¶-Xv. Fgp-¯p-Im-c\pw Ihn-bp-amb lnc-

W-y-\m-bn-cp¶p `À¯m-hv. 2002-þ Xsâ \m¸-¯n-\memw hb-Ên KoXm-ln-c-

W-y³ A´-cn-¨p. 1979-þ amXr-`qan BgvN-¸-Xn-¸n \S-¯nb hnjp-]-Xn¸v

IYm-a-Õ-c-¯n ZoÀLm-]mw-K³ F¶ IYbv¡v t{]mÕm-l\ k½m\w e`n-

¨p. Häkv\m¸n HXp-¡m-\m-hnà Hcp P·-k-Xyw F¶ BZy IYm-k-am-lmcw

1999-þ {]kn-²o-Ir-X-am-bn. AXn-\n-S-bv¡pÅ \o­ 20 hÀj-§Ä AhÀ Fgp-

¯n \n¶pw hn«p-\n-¶p. Ip©p-]nÅ kvamcI ]pc-kvIm-cw, A¦Ww ]pc-

kvIm-cw, Sn.-]n.-In-tjmÀ ]pc-kvIm-cw, Pn.-i-¦-c-¡p-dp¸v P·m-i-Xm_vZn ]pc-

kvImcw F¶nh e`n-¨p.

sNdp-IYm kam-lm-c-§Ä

Hä-kv\m-¸n HXp-¡m-\m-hn-à Hcp P·-k-X-yw, Akw-L-Sn-X, KoX-ln-c-W-ysâ

IY-IÄ

teJ\w

C\nbpw hoSm¯ lrZ-b-¯nsâ ISw.

Jmsc _mbvsc

Imen-I-amb Pohn-X-k-µÀ`-§sf Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn {i²-]-Xn-¸n¨

IYm-Imcnbm-bn-cp¶p KoXm-ln-c-W-y³. ]mcm-b-W-£-a-X-bpÅ cN-\-I-fn-eqsS

ae-bmf sNdp-I-Ym-tem-I¯v Ipd-ª-Imew sIm­p-Xs¶ kz-´-amb HcnSw

t\Sn-sb-Sp-¯p. IYm-c-N-\-bn \ne-hn-ep-­m-bn-cp¶ kmt¦-Xn-I-X-z-¯nsâ

68
sI«p-]m-Sp-I-fn \n¶pw tamN\w t\Snb cN-\-I-fm-bn-cp¶p Ah-cp-tS-Xv.

bmsXmcp _l-f-§-fp-ap-­m-¡m¯ im´-amb Iem-]-§-fm-bn-cp¶p B cN-\-

IÄ. ]pdsa {]im-´-kp-µ-c-amb \Zn-t]mse tXm¶n-¡p-sa-¦nepw Bg-¯nÂ

a\p-j-ym-h-Ø-bpsS Ccp­ Npgn-Isf hln-¡p¶ IY-I-fmWv KoXm-ln-c-W-y-

tâ-Xv. kvt\l-¯nsâ ]e-Xcw `mh-am-ä-§-fmWv B IY-I-fpsS B[m-c-{ip-Xn-

bm-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. D®n-¡p-«sâ A½-bpsS Hcp-Zn-h-kw, Ccp-«nsâ Nnd-sIm-¨-IÄ,

Akw-L-Sn-X, sshäv luknsâ IY, IYm-h-y-kn-\n, N´n-sXm-gp-I³, hmb-\m-Zn-

t\m-kÀ, GIm´ hy-k-\n-XÀ, tImam-fn-\n, Lsc _mbvsc F¶n-§s\ hn]p-

ehpw sshhn-[-yhpw Hcp IYm-{]-]©w Xs¶ AhÀ XoÀ¯n-«p-­v.

hnh-c-W-t¯-¡mÄ kw`m-j-W-¯n\v {]m[m-\yw IÂ]n-¨p-sIm-­pÅ

BJ-ym-\w, \m«p-`m-jm-em-fn-Xyw IeÀ¯n-s¡m-­pÅ Fgp¯v coXn, Pohn-X-

¯nsâ cl-k-yhpw ]c-k-y-hp-amb temI-§-fpsS Bhn-jvIm-cw, hnZ-ym-

`ymkapÅhfpw kmln-X-y-hm-k-\-bp-Å-h-fp-amb kv{Xobv¡v hnI-kn-¡m³ Ign-

bm¯ kml-N-c-y-§-fpsS kX-y-k-Ôhpw [z-\n-km-{µ-hp-amb Ah-X-c-Ww,

Imhym-ß-IX Xpfp-¼p¶ `mj F¶n-§s\ KoXm-ln-c-W-y³ IY-I-fpsS khn-

ti-j-X-I-sfÃmw DÄs¡m-Åp¶ Hcp IY-bmWv Lsc _mbvsc. KoXm-ln-c-

Wy³ Xsâ IY-IÄ¡p sImSp-¡p¶ t]cp-IÄ t]mepw Ah-cp-sSXp am{X-amb

Hcp kz-X-zs¯ {]I-S-am-¡n-s¡m-­mWv F¶v ImWmw. ae-bm-fn¡v A]-cn-Nn-X-

amb Hcp hm¡mWv Cu IY-bpsS Xe-s¡-«v. Hcp ASn-¡p-dn-¸nsâ klm-b-

t¯m-Sp-IqSn am{Xw \ap¡v a\-Ên-em-hp¶ H¶v Jsc _mbvsc (ho-«nepw ]pd-

¯pw). -Jtc _mbvtc F¶ t]cn _wKmfn `mj-bn cho-{µ-\mY SmtKmÀ

Fgp-Xnb Bß-I-Ym-]-c-amb Hcp IY AtX t]cn k-X-y-PnXv tdmbv kn\n-a-

bm-¡n-bn-«p-­v. Home and the Wolrd F¶ t]cn IY-bpsS Cw¥ojv

hnhÀ¯-\-ap-­v. kv{XobpsS hntam-N\w Ah-tcmSpw Ahsc kvt\ln-¡p¶

]pcp-j-·m-tcmSpw F´p sN¿p¶p F¶ At\-z-j-W-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. kaq-l-

69
¯nse an¡ kv{XoI-sfbpw t]mse `À¯m-hns\ AÔ-ambn Bcm-[n-¡p¶

_nae F¶ Hcp IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ hm¡mbn ""`À¯m-hnsâ Imense s]mSn

Ahs\ DWÀ¯msX FSp-¡p-¶p'"-F¶p ]d-bp-¶p-­v AXnÂ.

Cu IY-bnepw Htc-k-abw c­v temI-§-fn (A-I¯pw ]pd-¯pw)

c­p coXn-bn Pohn-t¡-­n-h-cp¶ Hcp ho«-½-bpsS IY-bmWv IYm-Imcn ]d-

bp-¶Xv. t]cp ]d-bmsX ho«½ F¶p Xs¶-bmWv Ah-sc Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-

Xv. ""-G-Xm­v Hcp aWn-¡qÀ ap¼v Ccp¼p]mfn-IÄ tNÀ¯S¨v tKän-\-¸pdw

Xm³ ]pd-¯m-¡n-bXv CjvS-§-fpsS Hcp cmP-y-s¯-bm-sW¶v ho«-½bv¡p

tXm¶n. Xncn¨p ]nSn-bv¡p-hmt\m Dds¡ hy-k-\n-¡p-hmt\m km[n-¡m¯ Hcp

cmP-y-\-jvSw.'' F¶m-cw-`n-¡p¶ IY Cc-¼p¶ Hcp IS-ens\ Hcp XpÅnbpw

]pd¯pImWn-¡msX DÅn-e-S-¡p¶ Hcp ho«-½sb ImWn¨pXcp-¶p. Xsâ-

Xmb Hcp kz-Im-cy cmP-y-¯nsâ \jvSw BtcmSv ]d-bm-\m-Wv? A§ns\ Hcp

cmPyw DÅXp Xs¶ Adn-bp-¶-h-cà Bcpw, ]n¶-btà AXnsâ \jvSw?

F¶mWv Ah-Ä Nn´n-¡p-¶-Xv. Xsâ Hcp Iq«p-Im-cn-bpsS ASp-t¯-bvs¡¶

hym-tP\ Imap-Isâ ASp-¯p-t]mbn h¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p ho«-½. Ah-fpsS

kvt\lw tXSn-bpÅ bm{X-bn AhÄ Is­-¯nb asämcp temIw. ]t£,

AXpw h©-\-bpsS Hcp temI-am-sW-¶-dn-ªn«pw AXns\ \nc-kn-¡mt\m

Xncn-¨p-]n-Sn-¡mt\m BhmsX hnj-a-hr-¯-¯nÂs¸«p t]mhp¶ \nÊ-lm-b-bm-

W-hÄ. Ah-cpsS [À½-k-¦-S-§Ä¡v Hcp ]cn-lmcw \nÀt±-in-¡p-hm³ B

ho«n Bsc-bmWv Xm³ kao-]n-t¡-­-Xv-þ-Xsâ F«p-h-b-ÊpÅ aI-\tbm

AtXm Sn.-hn.-kn-\n-a-I-fpsS ASn-a-bmbn«pÅ Ah-cpsS ktlm-Zco]p{Xn-

tbtbmþA-Xp-aÃþX-\n-s¡mcp a\-Êp-s­¶pw kvt\lhpw emf-\bpw sImXn-

¡p¶ Hcp lrZ-b-ap-s­¶pw Adn-ªn-«n-Ãm¯ F³Pn-\o-b-dmb `À¯m-hn-

s\tbm F¶n-§s\ Ah-fpsS Nn´-IÄ k©-cn-¡p-¶p. ho«-½-bpsS Zpc-´-

70
¯n\v At±-lhpw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯m¯ Hcp Imc-W-amWv F¶v IYm-Imcn HmÀ½n-

¸n-¡p-¶p-­v.

ho«½-sbm-gn-¨pÅ B aq¶pt]À Ah-c-h-cpsSXmb temI-§-fn am{Xw

Pohn-bv¡p-¶p. F«p-h-b-Êmb aI³, A½ ]pd-t¯-¡p-t]m-b-t¸mÄ Xs¶

sIm­p-t]m-Im-¯-Xn-epÅ CuÀj-y apgp-h³ Ah-tcmSv XoÀ¡p-I-bm-Wv. Ah-

cpsS \m¯qsâ aI-fmb s]¬Ip-«nbpw Ah-cpsS `À¯mhpw hfsc Xmev]-c-y-

]qÀÆw ImWp¶ _wKmfn kn\n-a-bn-te¡v Ah-cpsS {i²-t]m-Ip-¶p. Jsc

_mbvsc F¶v kn\n-a-bpsS t]cv tI«-t¸mÄ AhÀ AZv`p-X-s¸«p t]mbn. "h-

Ãm-s¯mcp t]cv? "´m CXnsâ Hcp AÀ°w?' F¶ tNmZ-y-¯n\v `À¯mhmWv

D¯cw \ÂIn-b-Xv-þ"-ho-«nepw ]pd-¯pw'. _wKmfn kn\n-a-bpsS AÀ°-sam¶pw

AhÄ¡v a\-Ên-em-hp-¶n-sÃ-¦nepw AXnse \mbnI IqÀ¯ A{K-§-fp-ff

shÅn sNcn-¸n«v h[p-hmbn `À¯r-ho-«n-te¡p aµw aµw hcp¶ cwKw AhÀ

kmIqXw ho£n-¡p-¶p. B IqÀ¯ A{K-§-fp-ff sNcn¸v hcm-\n-cn-¡p¶ NXn-

¡p-gn-I-fpsS kqN-\-bm-Im-sa-¶-hÀ Nn´n-¡p-¶p-­v. am{X-aà Hcp aWn-¡qÀ

ap¼v Xm³ tKä-S-¨Xpw CjvS-§-fpsS cmPyw ]pd-¯m-bXpw C\n AXn-te¡pw

Xncn-¨p-t]m-hn-sö kqN-\-t]mse Xm³ kzÀ®-\n-d-¡p-Sp-¡-I-fpÅ sNcn¸v

sjUn FdnªpIf-ªXpw ho«½ kam-´-c-ambn HmÀ¡p-¶p-­v.

C§s\ kn\n-abpw IY-bnse Pohn-Xhpw ]e-t¸mgpw tNÀ¶p t]mhp-

¶-Xnsâ Nn{X-§Ä IYm-Imcn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. AXn-en-Sbv¡v ho«-½sb

kn\n-a-Im-Wm³ A\p-h-Zn-¡msX aI³ ie-y-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-­n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ah\v

\mc-§m-shÅw FSp-¡m-\mbn ASp-¡-f-bn-te¡p t]mIp-t¼mÄ kn\n-a-bnse

\S³ F´mWv ]d-ªn-«p-­m-hpI Ft¶mÀ¡p-I-bm-Wv. \mc§ apdn-¡p-t¼mÄ

X\n-¡-dn-bp¶ `mj-bn Hcp Ub-temKv krjvSn¨v AXv Bcpw tIÄ¡msX

]d-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.þ ""-Fsâ kvt\lw kzm-`m-hnI hfÀ¨ apc-Sn-¸n¨ Hcp

Ipų Ac-bm t]mse'' þ aq¶v¥mÊv \mc-§m-sh-Å-hp-ambn AhÄ F¯p-

71
t¼m-sg¡pw kn\na Hcp-]mSv Zqcw ]n¶n-«n-cp-¶p. kzm-X-{´-y-Zm-ln-IÄ Xe-sb-

dnªp s]m«n¨ Hcp aZm½bm-bn-cp¶p At¸mÄ kv{Io\nÂ. C´-y-bpsS

tZiob kzm-X-{´-y-t]m-cm«w IqSn hnj-b-am-Ip¶ Hcp kn\n-a-bmWv kXy-Pn¯v

tdmbpsS Jsc _mbvsc

Ahsc Ahn-sS-bn-cp¯n s]mdp-¸n-¡m-¯-a-«n aI\v hminIqSn¡qSn

h¶p. A½ Hcp IÅn-bmWv F¶v ]d-ªp-sIm­v Ah³ apJw-sIm­v

tZl¯v Ip¯m\pw CSn-¡m-\p-sams¡ XpS-§n. "F-´p-\Ã aWam A½bv¡v

F¶p ]dªv {LmW-i-àn-Iq-Sp-X-epÅ aI³ aq¡p hnSÀ¯n-b-t¸mÄ AhÀ

t]Sn-¨p-t]m-bn. Abm-fpsS B^vSÀ tjhv temjsâ aWw Xsâ NÀ½-¯n-\p-

ta AZr-iy-amb Hcm-h-c-W-ambn ]än-In-S-¸p-­m-hptam F¶ `b-am-bn-cp¶p

AhÀ¡v.

"Rm-\n¶p \½sS lcn-Zm-knsâ ho«nepw t]mbn'þ F¶n-§s\ Xm³

Imap-Isâ ho«n t]mb Imcyw `À¯m-hn-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶p-­v. Xm³ Hcp IÅn-

X-s¶-bmWv F¶m aI³ ]dbpw t]mse apgp-¡-Ån-b-Ã. AÀ²-k-X-y-§Ä

Xm³ ]d-bp-¶p-­tÃm F¶m-W-hÀ Xt¶m-Sp-Xs¶ ]d-bp-¶-Xv. ]t£,

C§s\ IÅw ]dªv Xm³ t\Snb Hcp kz-Im-cy temIw XsâXsöpw

AXv asäm-cmfp-sS-Xm-sW¶pw Xncn¨dnbp-t¼mÄ AhÄ Xt¶m-Sp-Xs¶ Ie-ln-

¡p-I-bm-Wv. C\nta Xsâ Imap-I-t\mSpw ]d-bm³ t]mIp¶ Akw-Jyw

\pW-IÄ sa\-bp-¶-Xn-\pÅ X¿m-sd-Sp¸p \S-¯p¶ ho«-½sb Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p-

sIm­v IY Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

X´-¯mgv

{]tamZv cma³

sNdp-I-Ym-Ir¯pw am[-ya {]hÀ¯-I-\p-amb {]tamZv cma³ 1969-þÂ

ImkÀtKmUv PnÃ-bnse cmh-tW-i-z-c-¯mWv P\n-¨-Xv. tIc-f-{]kv A¡m-Z-an-

72
bn \n¶pw ]T\w Ignªv Hcp ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I-\mbn tPmen Bcw-`n-¨p.

Gjym-s\-äv, C´-ym-hn-j³, at\m-c-a-\-yqkv F¶o Nm\-ep-I-fn {]hÀ¯n-¨n-«p-

­v. 2009-þ BZy IY {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p. sNdp-I-Ym-k-am-lm-c-§Ä cXn-am-Xm-

hnsâ ]p{X³, ZrjvSn-¨m-t]À, ac-W-am-kv. Ipam-c-\m-imsâ Pohn-Xs¯ Bkv]-

Z-am¡n sI.-]n.-Ip-am-c³ kwhn-[m\w sNbvX "Ihn' F¶ kn\n-a-bn A`n-\-bn-

¨n-«p-­v. aqÀt¡m¯v Ipam-c³ F¶ IYm-]m-{X-s¯-bmWv Ct±lw Ah-X-cn-¸n-

¨-Xv. B[p-\n-tIm-¯c ae-bmf sNdp-I-Y-bnse thdn-«Xpw ià-hp-amb i_vZ-

amWv {]tamZv cma-sâ-Xv. ka-Im-enI Pohn-X-¯nsâ Xo£vWbmYmÀ°y§sf

Poh-Êpä `mj-bn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn Gähpw hnP-bn¨ Hcp IYm-Ir-¯m-

W-t±-lw.

""-k-a-Im-en-I-X-bpsS tNmc-¸p-f-b-ep-IÄ {]tamZv cmasâ IY-I-fn-ep-­v.

hn«p hogvNbv¡p X¿m-d-Ãm¯ [oc-\mb Hcp IYm-Ir-¯nsâ Xo{h-bm-YmÀ°-y-

§-fn-eq-sS-bpÅ k©m-c-§-fmWv Cu IY-IÄ Hmtcm IYbpw Hcp AS-¡n-¸n-

Sn¨ \ne-hn-fn-bm-Wv. Cu \ne-hn-fn-IÄ tNÀ¯p-sh-bv¡p-t¼mÄ ka-Im-enI ae-

bm-f-I-Y-bpsS XpSÀk-©m-c-§Ä shfn-s¸-Sp-¶p''.þ F¶n-§s\ Fw.-ap-Ip-µ³

A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p-ÅXv {]tamZv cma³ IY-IÄ¡v Gähpw tbmPn-¡p-¶p.

X´-¯mgv

`b-hpw Icp-Wbpw PpKp-]vkbpw Df-hm-¡p¶ Hcp IY-bmWv X´-¯m-gv.

a\p-j-ysâ a\-Êns\ A{X efn-X-ambn \nÀÆ-Nn-¡m-\m-hnà F¶v Cu IY

ià-ambn \s½ HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p. a\p-j-y-a-\-Ênsâ \nKq-VX kq£n¨v

kq£n¨v hcp¶ Hcp coXn-bn \½-psS DÅnepw `b-¯nsâ t\À¯ Nnd-ISn

tIÄ¡p-¶p. AXv PpKp-]vk-bn-eqsS hfÀ¶v Ah-km\w Icp-W-¯n sNs¶-

¯p-¶p. then-Xs¶ hnfhv Xn¶p-¶, c£n-Xmhv Xs¶ A´-I-\m-hp¶ Ime-

¯nsâ ssh]-co-Xys¯ \¶mbn AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p­o IY. ]pcp-j³

73
Xsâ hnI-e-amb ssewKnIIma-\-bv¡p-th­n kz´w cà-¯nsâ s]mSn-¸n-s\-

t]mepw hy-`n-N-cn-¡p¶ {Iqc-amb ImgvN Hcp sR«-tem-sS-b-ÃmsX \ap¡v

hmbn-¡m³ Ign-bn-Ã. ]pdwtemI-¯nsâ Icn-¼-S-§fpw \J-§fpw {ZwjvS-Ifpw

am{X-aà Ahsf `b-s¸-Sp-¯m-\p-ÅXv hoSp-I-fn¯s¶ c£-Isâ apJw-aq-Sn-

b-Wnª ]nim-Np-¡-fp-s­¶ Xncn-¨-dn-hn \nÊ-lm-b-bm-hp¶ km£n-sb¶

s]¬Ip-«n-bpsS \nÈ-_vZ-amb \ne-hnfn Ipd-s¨m-¶p-aà \½sf Akz-Ø-am-¡p-

¶-Xv. IY hmbn-¨p-I-gnªpw hfsc t\c-t¯¡v AXnsâ BLm-X-¯n \mw

s]«p-t]m-Ip-¶p. {]tamZv cmasâ khn-ti-j-amb IYm-J-ym-\-X{´w BZ-y´w

IYsb Poh-Êp-ä-Xm-¡p-¶p-­v.

""-C-cp-fm³ XpS-§p¶ `qan-sb-t¸mse km£nsb t]Sn-¡p¶ asäm-¶n-Ã.

h©-\-bpsS apJ-apÅ Btcm apä-¯p-h¶p \n¡p¶ t]mse tXm¶pw. ""-

F¶ BJ-ym-\-t¯m-sS-bmWv IY Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. sNdp¸w apXÂ s]¬Ip-

ªp-§Ä¡v ho«n \n¶p In«p¶ ]cn-io-e\w FÃm-än-s\bpw `b-¡m-\p-Å-Xm-

W-tÃm-? km£nbpw Ipªm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ apXÂ ]pd-¯p-Å-Xn-s\-sbÃmw `b-

¡m-\mWv ioen-¡p-¶-Xv. {]tX-y-In¨pw Ah-fpsS A½-bn \n¶v. Ah-fpsS

A\p-P³ ic¬ Ipªm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ apXÂ hoSnsâ ap³h-is¯ hmXnÂ

Ft¸mgpw AS-¨n-Sm³ A½ \njvIÀjn-¡pw. Bsc-¦nepw h¶v Hcp anTmbn

sImSp-¯m Ah³ IqsS t]mIpw F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p Ah-cpsS `bw. km£n

hep-Xm-b-¸mÄ AhÄ¡pw AXn Bi-¦-bm-bn. ap³h-is¯ hmXnepw P\-ep-

Ifpw Ft¸mgpw AS-¨n-Sm³ AhÀ {i²n-¨p. ho-«p-ISw XoÀ¡m³ A½

KÄ^n t]mb-Xn-\p-tijw ]ns¶ 15 hb-Êmb Ah-Ä¡mWv IpSpw-_-¯nsâ

FÃm D¯-c-hm-Zn-¯-§-fpw. AtXmsS Ah-fpsS ]Tn-¯hpw \n¶p H¼Xmw

¢mtÊmsS. KÄ^n Hcp I¼-\n-bn kzo-¸À tPmen-¡pÅ Ah-kcw h¶-

t¸mÄ AÑ-\m-bn-cp¶p \nÀ_-Ôn¨v A½sb tPmen-bv¡v Ab-¨-Xv. Ip«n-I-fpsS

Imcyw ]dªv A½ Hgnªp amdm³ {ian-s¨-¦nepw ""-F´m A{X s]mSn-¸n-

74
tÅ-cmtWm c­pw? km£n-bnt¸m hep-Xm-bn-tÃ?'' F¶p \ymbw ]dªv

Aѳ A½sb k½-Xn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

A½ t]mbn«v Hcp hÀjw Ign-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. t]mIp-¶-Xn\p ap¼v

hoSnsâ kpc-£n-X-X-z-¯n-\mbn A½ AÑ-t\mSv ]dªv IS-h-§m«p \n¶v

Hcp Xmgv hm§n-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. ""-]-¨n-cp-¼nsâ B Xmgv]n-Sn¨v A½ ]d-ªp: "C-

Xn\v Hc-Ñsâ _e-ap­v CXnsâ t]cmWv X´-¯m-gv.''

kvIqfn t]mb ic¬ cm{Xn F«p-a-Wn-bm-bn«pw F¯m-¯-Xn\

XpSÀ¶mWv IY-bnse kw`-h-§Ä Ac-t§-dp-¶-Xv. \K-c-¯nse kcnK

_mdn tPmen-sN-¿p¶ Aѳ hcm³ ]Xn-s\m-¶p-aWn Ign-bpw. Cub-h-k-c-

¯n-emWv Ccp«ns\ At§-bäw t]Sn-bpÅ km£n- Xsâ A\p-P-s\-t¯Sn

Ccp-«n-te-¡n-d-§p-¶-Xv. hnf-¡p-Im-ensâ shfn-¨-¯n AhÄ HmSp-I-bm-bn-cp-

¶p. tdj³ IS-bn t]mIm³ Ah-t\mSv ]d-ªn-cp-¶-Xn-\m AhÄ BZyw

AhnsS t]mbn t\m¡n F¶m IS ]q«n-bn-cp-¶p. At¸m-tg¡pw Idâpw

t]mbn. Ccp-«n AhÄ Xs¶ Xs¶ I­p ]nSn-¡m³ ssI\o«n. ]e-]e

Bfp-I-fp-sSbpw kwkm-c-§Ä Ah-fpsS sNhn-bn-se-¯n. bmN-Icpw sXmgn-em-

fn-Ifpw Xan-gcpw lnµn-¡m-cp-sams¡ Iq«-¯n D­v.-A-\p-Ps\ ImWmsX

tdj³ IS-bp-ff sI«n-S-¯nsâ hcm-´-bn F´p sN¿-W-sa-¶-dn-bmsX

\n¡p-I-bmWv km£n. ""-Xm³ Cu Ah-Ø-bn \n¡p-I-bm-sW¶v Adn-

bmsX Aѳ tPmen sNbvXp-sIm-­n-cn-¡p-I-bm-WtÃm F¶Xpw Ahsf k¦-

S-s¸-Sp-¯n'' F¶mWv Cu kµÀ`-¯n IY-bn ]d-bp-¶-Xv. `b-¯m Nqfn

\n¶ Ahsf Xos¸-«n-¡-¼nsâ shfn-¨-¯n Hcp Hmt«m ss{UhÀ ImWp-¶p.

]cp-¡³ kz-`m-h-am-sW-¦nepw AbmÄ Ahsf Aѳ tPmen sN¿p¶ kcnK

_mdn F¯n-¡p-¶p. AbmÄ t\cn«p Xs¶ hnh-cw ]d-bm³ AI-t¯¡p

t]mIp-¶p. A\p-Ps\ Aѳ Xs¶ taem-¨n-d-bn-epÅ _Ôp-ho-«n Ab-¨-Xm-

sW¶pw Ah-tfmSv ]d-bm³ hn«p-t]m-b-Xm-sW¶pw DÅ hnh-chp-am-bmW-bmÄ

75
h¶-Xv. Aѳ DSs\ ht¶m-fp-sa¶pw Ahsf Xncn¨v ho«n sIm­p-hn-Sm-

\pÅ ]Ww \ÂIn-sb¶pw AbmÄ ]d-bp-t¼mÄ AsXmcp Ipcp-¡m-sW¶v

sXän-²-cn-¡p-I-bm-W-hÄ. Hmt«m-¡m-csâ iIm-c-¯n AaÀ¶n-cp¶pt]mb

AhÄ hosS-¯n-bXpw ]nSn-hn« ]q¨-sb-t¸mse Cd§n HmSp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

""\o Hä-bv¡-tÃ... Ipd¨v t\ct¯ Cd§n' F¶pw ]dªv I¿n ]g-

§fpw A½-bpsS ]Wbwh¨ ame-bp-ambn BWv Aѳ A¶v h¶-Xv. Ahsf

I«n-en ]nSn-¨n-cp¯n B ame Ah-fpsS Igp-¯n-e-Wn-bn-¨p. ]t£, Ipªp-

\mÄ sXm«v AÑsâ aSn-bn-en-cn-¡m-\pÅ tamlw At¸mgpw Ah-fn _m¡n-

bp-­m-bn-cp-¶p. "k-zÀ®-'an«t¸m \nsâ Ie-ymWw Ign-ª-Xp-t]m-e-­v....' F¶p

]d-ªp-sIm-­-bm-fpsS ssIIÄ Ah-fpsS ico-c-¯n-eqsS k©-cn-¡m³ XpS-

§n-bn-cp-¶p. X´-bn-Ãmbva ImWn-¡p¶ Abm-fpsS hnc-ep-IÄ Hcp `oa³ Nne-

´n-bm-sW-¶-hÄ¡p tXm¶n. kqNn-¡p-t¯ä tNmc-ss¸-X-ensâ sXm­

]nfÀ¶ I®p-I-tfmsS AhÄ AÑs\ t\m¡n. At¸mÄ Abm-fpsS Kf-\m-f-

¯n \n¶pw Hcp \mhp aÕyw shfn-bn h¶v Ah-fpsS sNhn-¡p-g-bn-e-g-

ªpþ ""-t]-Sn-t¡-­. ap³h-is¯ hmXn Xmgn-«n-«p-­v.'' Iuam-c-¡m-cn-bmb

km£n a\-Ên sIm­p \S¶ hni-zm-k-¯n-sâ, kpc-£-bpsS "X-´-¯m-gv'

DS-ªp-Nn-Xdn t]mIp¶ ImgvN-bm-Wn-hn-sS. kpc-£-bv¡m-bpÅ N§-e-IÄ

Xs¶ hcnªv izmkw ap«n-¡p-t¼mÄ DS-ªn-Ãm-Xm-hp¶ Pohn-X-§Ä

C¶nsâ t\À¡m-gvN-I-fmbn \s½ th«-bm-Sp-¶p. s]¬Ip-ªn\v hoSpw kpc-

£n-X-a-Ãm-Xm-Ip-t¼mÄ ]ns¶ Fhn-sS-bmWv AhÄ¡v c£? F¶ tNmZyw

IqSp-XÂ iàn-tbmsS Cu IY D¶-bn-¡p-¶p-­v. `b-¡m-\Ã Ahsf ioen-¸n-

t¡­sX¶pw Fhn-sS-bm-bmepw kzbw {]Xn-tcm-[-¯nsâ DuÀÖw Bbp-[-

am-¡m³ Ahsf ]Tn-¸n-t¡-­-Xp-s­¶pw IqSn HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p­o IY.

76
tNmZ-y-§Ä

1. F³.-]n.-ap-l-½-Znsâ IYm-I-Y\ssh`hw DÅp-cp¡w F¶ IYsb

ap³\nÀ¯n hni-Z-am-¡p-I.

2. DÅp-cp¡w F¶ t]cv Cu IYbv¡v F{X-am{Xw tbmPn-¡p-¶p.-þ-]-cn-

tim-[n-¡p-I.

3. tcmKw sIm­p-­m-Ip¶ A\-y-h¡-cWw Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn Cu

IY hnP-bn-¨n-«p-t­m? NÀ¨-sN-¿p-I.

4. Cu IYsb kw_-Ôn¨v H«p-sNSn F¶ t]cnsâ kmwK-Xyw ]cn-tim-[n-

¡p-I.

5. ae-bmf sNdp-I-Ym-km-ln-X-y-¯n thdn-s«mcp i_vZw tIĸn¨ IYm-

Ir-¯mWv kn.-hn.-{io-cm-a³þ hy-à-am-¡p-I.

6. Xo£vW-amb PohnX aplqÀ¯-§-sf Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn kn.-hn.

{iocm-a-\pÅ NmXp-cyw hni-Z-am-¡p-I.

7. Jsc _mbvsc F¶ t]cv B IYbv¡v \ÂIn-b-Xnsâ HuNnXyw ]cn-

tim-[n-¡p-I.

8. kwLÀj-`-cn-X-amb Hcp kv{XoPo-hn-Xs¯ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn Jsc

_mbvsc F{X-am{Xw hnP-bn-¨n-«p-­v. ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

9. "C-Xn\v Hc-Ñsâ _e-ap-­v. CXnsâ t]cmWv X´-¯m-gvþ F¶n-§s\

IY-bpsS XpS-¡-¯n kpc-£n-X-X-z-¯n-sâbpw hni-zm-k-¯n-sâbpw

NnÓ-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Xmgn\v IY-bpsS Ah-km-\-¯nÂ

kw`-hn-¡p¶ AÀ°-]-cn-Wmaw hni-Z-am-¡p-I.

77
10 "X-´-¯m-gv' F¶ IYsb ka-Im-enI bmYmÀ°-y-§-fpsS ]Ým-¯-e-

¯n hne-bn-cp-¯p-I.

11. ]pdw-tem-Ihpw AIw temIhpw F¶n-§s\ c­p-tem-I-§sf hy-h-tÑ-

Zn¨p \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶-Xnepw `bw F¶ hnIm-cs¯ BZ-y´w sIm­p-

t]m-Ip-¶-Xnepw IYm-Ir¯v ImWn-¡p¶ kq£-va-]m-Shw X´-¯mgv

F¶ IYsb ap³\nÀ¯n NÀ¨ sN¿p-I.

78
klm-bI {KÙ-§Ä

1. Fw. AN-yp-X³, sNdp-I-Yþ C¶-se, C¶v, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tIm«-bw,

2007.

2. KoX lnc-W-y³, KoX-ln-c-W-ysâ IY-IÄ, Idâv _pIvkv, XrÈqÀ, 2009.

3. {]nb.-hn.(-F-Un.) sNdp-I-Y: Fgp-¯-\p-`-hhpw hmb-\m-\p-`-h-hpw,

enJnXw _pIvkv, I®qÀ, 2015.

4. {]tamZvcma³, cXn-am-Xm-hnsâ ]p{X³, amXr-`qan _pIvkv, tImgn-t¡m-Sv,

2011.

5. {]tamZv cma³, ZrjvSn-¨mthÀ, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«-bw, 2014.

online Ref: - wikipeida. org, kavym sugeyamblog.spot.com.

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