NEO Malayalam Paper 1

aebmfw
a-ebm-f `m-j-bp-sS B-Zn-a-apJw

bq-Wn-äv þ H-¶v (1)
{]-[m-\-s¸-« kn-²m-´§Ä: aq-e-{Zm-hnUw, X-angv, kw-kv-Ir-Xw
F-¶o `m-j-bnÂ \n¶pw B-hnÀ-`m-hw
t]-¸À 1 bq-Wnäv 1.1.Â `m-tjmÂ-¸-¯n-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]-Þn-Xm-`n-{]m-b-§-fm-Wv
]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-¶Xv. a-ebm-f `m-jb
- p-sS DÂ-]-¯n-sb-¡p-dn-¨v hy-Xykv-X A-`n-{]m-
b-§-fm-Wv ]-Þn-X-·mÀ-¡n-S-bn-ep-ÅXv. {Zm-hn-U-tKm-{X-¯nÂs]-« a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-sS
hn-Im-k-]-cn-Wm-a-§Ä-¡v A-\y-`m-j-IÄ ]-eXpw k-lm-b-I-am-bn-¯oÀ-¶n-«pv.
F¶mÂ B-Zy-Ime-¯v {]-[m-\-ambpw k-lm-bn-¨n-«pÅXv X-angpw kw-kv-Ir-X-hp-amWv.
A-Xn-\mÂ a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ DÂ-]-¯n-¡p Im-c-W-am-bn-¯oÀ-¶ `m-j-I-fm-Wn-h-sb-¶v
hy-Xy-kv-X-ho-£-W-¯n-eq-sS A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡m\pw A-Xn-\v D-t]m-Xv-_-e-Iam-b bp-àn-
IÄ D-¶-bn-¡m\pw \-½p-sS {]ap-J km-ln-Xy-]-Þn-X-·mÀ {i-an-¨n-«pv. kw-kv-Ir-X-
¯n-sâbpw X-an-gn-sâbpw kzm-[o-\i-àn a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ Im-Wp-¶-tXm-sSm-¸w kz-Xx-
kn-²a- m-bp-Å hyàn-Xzhpw a-e-bm-f-¯n-\pv. C-XnÂ \n-s¶Ãmw a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-sS
DÂ-`-h-s¯¸-än {]-[m-\-ambpw \m-ev hm-Z-§-fm-Wv D-m-bn-«p-ÅXv.
1. kw-kv-Ir-X-P-\y-hm-Zw
2. X-an-gv-P-\y-hm-Zw
3. an-{i-`m-jm-hm-Zw
4. aq-e-{Zm-hn-U-`m-jm-hm-Zw
I. kw-kv-Ir-X-P-\y-hm-Zw
tZ-h-`m-j-sb¶v bm-Ym-Øn-Xn-IÀ I-cp-Xn-t¸m-¶ kw-kv-Ir-X-¯nÂ \n-¶v P-\n-¨
`m-j-bm-Wv a-e-bm-f-sa-¶ A-`n-{]m-b-am-Wv kw-kv-Ir-X-P-\y-hm-Z-¯n-\-Sn-Øm\w.
kwkvIr-Xhpw a-e-bm-fhpw X½nÂ am-Xrþ]p{Xn _-Ô-am-Wv C-¡q-«À I-ev-]n-¨n-cn-¡p-
¶-Xv.
 eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³
kw-kv-Ir-X-P-\y-am-Wv a-e-bm-fw F-¶ [m-c-W B-Zy-am-bn Im-Wp¶-Xv eo-em-Xn-e-
I-¯n-emWv. a-ebm-f `m-j-bp-sS DÂ-]-¯n-sb¸-än {]-tXy-I-am-sbm-cp NÀ-¨ {]-kv-Xp-X-
{K-Ù-¯nÂ Im-Wp-¶n-sÃ-¦nepw kw-kvIr-tXm-Zv-`-h-§-fm-Wv a-e-bm-fw Xp-S§n-b {]m-
tZ-in-I-`m-j-IÄ F-¶ H-cp Nn-´mK-Xn eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c-\p-m-bn-cp¶p. eoem-Xne-Iw c-
mw-in-ev-]-¯nÂ “Du-l\o-b kw-kvIr-X {]-IrXn kw-kvIr-X `hm” F¶ 15þmw kq-
{X-¯nÂ B-Nm-cy³ C-¡mcyw kq-Nn-¸n-¡p¶p. kw-kvIr-X {]IrXn Du-ln-¡m-hp-¶
i-Ð-am-Wv kw-kv-Ir-X-`-hw F-¶m-Wv kq-{XmÀ-°w. C-¡mcyw C§-s\ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡mw:
kw-kv-Ir-Xw A-\m-Znbm-b `m-j-bmWv. a-äp-Å `m-j-bv-¡v B-Zn-bpv. A-h kw-kv-Ir-X-
¯nÂ \n¶pw D-m-b-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw. A-h-bnÂ Nn-e i-Ð-§-fnÂ {]-Ir-Xn kw-kv-Ir-X-
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amsW¶v Du-ln-¡m³ I-gn-bpw. Ch-sb kw-kv-Ir-X-`-h-§-fm-bn I-ev-]n-¡p¶p.
F¶mÂ aäp Nn-e i-Ð-§-fnÂ {]-IrXn Du-ln-¡m³ ]-äm-¯ co-Xn-bnÂ a-d-ªn-cn¡pw.
Ah-sb cq-V-§-sf-¶p ]-d-bp-¶p. tXhÀ, ]n-¨, I-apIv, ImSv, Ip-Xn-c ap-X-em-b-h kwkv-
Ir-X-`-h-§-fm-sW-¶v B-Nm-cy³ ]-d-bp¶p. Ch-bv-¡v {]-Ir-Xn tZ-h, `n£n, {I-ap-I,
ImSnIm, IpZp-c F-¶n-h-bm-Wv.
C§s\ a-e-bm-fw kw-kv-Ir-X-P-\y-sa-¶v hy-à-am-¡p-¶Xn-t\m-sSm-¸w X-s¶ a-e-
bm-fw kwkv-Ir-X-¯nÂ \n¶pw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-sW¶pw ]-e k-µÀ-`-§-fnÂ B-Nm-cy³
kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶pv. ‘`m-jm-kw-kvI-rX-tbmtKm a-Wn-{]-hmfw’ F-¶ kq-{X-¯nÂ
`mjm]-Zw tI-c-f-`m-jm-]-Z-am-sW-¶v hy-à-am-¡n-bn-«pv. Iq-Sm-sX tI-c-f`m-j {Zm-hn-
U-`m-j-I-fnÂ \n¶pw B-hnÀ-`-hn-¨-Xm-sW-¶v ]-d-bp-¶-Xn-eq-sS-bpw, enw-K-¯n-sâbpw
h-N-\-¯n-sâbpw Im-cy-¯nÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n\pw tI-c-f-`m-j-bv¡pw X-½n-ep-Å
hyXym-kw Im-Wn-¡p-¶ k-µÀ-`-¯nepw a-e-bm-fw kw-kv-Ir-X-¯nÂ \n-¶pw hyXy-kv-
X-am-sW-¶m-Wv eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³ kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv.
 tIm-hp-®n s\-Sp-§m-Sn
tI-c-f-Iu-ap-Zn F-¶ {K-Ù-¯nÂ tIm-hp-®n s\-Sp-§m-Sn aw-K-f-tÇm-I-am-bn
sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶ {]-kv-Xm-hw ]-e-scbpw sX-än-²-cn-¸n-¨n-«pv.
“kw-kvIr-X ln-a-Kn-cn K-fnXm
{Zm-hn-U-hm-Wo I-fn-µ-Pm-anfXm
tI-c-f-`m-jm-KwKm
hn-lc-Xp ta lrÂ km-c-kz-Zm-kwKm”
‘kw-kv-Ir-X-am-Ip-¶ ln-a-hm-\nÂ \n-¶v ]p-d-s¸-«v {Zm-hn-U hm-¡m-Ip-¶ Im-fnµn-tbm-Sv
tNÀ-¶v H-gp-Ip-¶ tI-c-f-`m-j-bm-Ip-¶ Kw-K, F-sâ lr-Z-b-am-Ip-¶ k-ap-{Z-¯nÂ hn-l-
cn-¡s«’ F-¶m-Wv ImhymÀ°w. a-e-bm-fw kw-kv-Ir-X-P-\y-am-sW-¶v hm-Zn-¡m³ h-S-
¡pw-Iq-dn-s\-t¸m-se-bp-Åh-sc t{]-cn-¸n¨-Xv tIm-hp-®n-bp-sS A-e-¦m-c-`m-j-bmWv.
“Ae-¦m-c-`m-j-bnÂ A-t±-lw B-ap-J-am-bn C§s\-sbm-¶p ]-d-ªp-sh-¶-XÃmsX,
CXnÂ A-t±-l-¯n-\pX-s¶ th-{X D-d-¸p-m-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶p tXm-¶p-¶nÃ” tIm-hp-
®n-s\-Sp-§m-Sn-bp-sS aw-K-f-tÇm-I-¯n-\v kw-kv-Ir-X-P-\y-]-£-]m-X-aÃ Im-Wp-¶-sX-¶v
‘km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw {]-Øm-\-§-fn-eq-sS’ F-¶ {K-Ù-¯nÂ C{]-Imcw
tUm.sI.Fw.tPmÀ-Öv hy-à-am-¡p¶p.
tI-c-f-Iu-ap-Zn-bnse ‘`m-jm-K-aw’ F-¶ A-[ym-b-¯nÂ tIm-hp-®n-s\-Sp-§m-Sn `m-
tjmÂ-`-h-s¯-kw-_-Ôn-¨v c-p-aq-¶v A-`n-{]m-b-§Ä tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«pv.
AsXÃmw kw-kv-Ir-P-\y-hmZs¯ F-XnÀ-¡p-¶-Xp-amWv. ‘kw-kvIr-tXm-¨mc-Ww
{]mbx...’ F-¶v Xp-S-§p-¶ tÇm-I-¯nÂ “D¨mc-Ww sIm-v kw-kv-Ir-t¯m-S-[n-Iw
tNÀ-¨-bp-m-bmepw `m-j-bp-sS co-Xnbpw aäpw X-an-gv-ap-d-bv-¡pX-s¶ F-¶-Xn-\p
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bmsXm-cp kw-ibhpw CÃ-Xm-\pw” F-¶n§-s\ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. C-Xv kw-kv-Ir-X-
P-\y-hm-Z-¯n-s\-Xncm-b h-kv-Xp-X-bmWv. AXp-t]mse, “B-cy-{Zm-hn-U-hm-Kv-Pm-Xm
tIcfo-tbm-àn-I-\yIm...” F-¶p Xp-S-§p-¶ tÇm-I-¯n-eq-sS kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-sâbpw
Xan-gn-sâbpw I-eÀ-¸nÂ \n-¶v a-e-bm-f`m-j D-Û-hn-¨-Xm-bn tIm-hp-®n s\-Sp-§m-Sn
A\p-am-\n-¡p¶p. “Cu tIcf-s¯ ]-c-ip-cm-a-t\m-Sv \oÀ-sIm-p IpSn-sIm--hcm-b
\-¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ B-cym-hÀ-¯-¯n-se B-cy-{_m-Ò-W-cpw, iq-{Zm-Zn-IÄ A-bÂ-tZ-i-§-
fnse X-angpw B-bn-cp¶p. taÂ-]-d-ª C-cp-Iq-«-¡m-cp-sSbpw `m-j-IÄ X-½nÂ I-eÀ-
¶v \-½psS Cu a-Wn-{]-hm-fhpw D-mbn” F-¶n§-s\ th-sdm-c-`n-{]m-bhpw
tImhp®n s\-Sp-§m-Sn \-S-¯n-bn-«pv. C-{]-Im-cw X-an-gv-P-\y-hm-Z-s¯bpw an-{i-`m-jm-
hm-Z-s¯bpw ]n-´m-§p-¶ A-`n-{]m-b-§Ä tI-c-f-Iu-ap-Zn-bnÂ Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw.
 h-S-¡pw-IqÀ cm-P-cm-P-hÀ½
kw-kv-Ir-X-P-\y-hm-Zw H-cp hm-Z-am-bn B-Zy-am-bn A-h-X-cn-¸n¨-Xv h-S-¡p-IqÀ cm-P-
cm-P-hÀ-½-bm-Wv. ‘km-ln-Xo-kÀh-kz’¯nse ‘`m-jm-kz-cq-]-\n-cq-]Ww’ F-¶ H--¶mw
{]-I-c-W-¯nÂ A-Xn-ZoÀ-L-am-bn A-t±lw Cu hnj-bw A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
hm¡p-I-fp-sS _-Ô-s¯-bm-Wv {]-[m\ -bp-àn-bm-bn A-t±-lw kzo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
`m-c-Xo-b-cp-sS hy-h-lm-c`m-j kw-kv-Ir-X-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw C-XnÂ \n-¶v k-I-e tZ-io-
b-`m-j-Ifpw D-m-sb¶pw A-t±-lw kn-²m-ń-¡p¶p. X-angpw a-e-bm-f-hp-sa-Ãmw
kwkv-IrX-¯nÂ \n-¶v D-Û-hn-¨-Xm-sW-¶m-Wv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ hmZw. a-e-bm-´-an-gv
hyh-lm-c-`m-j-bm-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶ P-\-k-aq-lw kw-kv-Ir-X¯n-sâ kzm[o-\-h-e-
b-¯nÂ-s]-«v A-Xn-sâ hÀ-®-am-ebpw ]-Z-k-©-b-hpw kzo-I-cn-¨-tXm-sS A-¶ph-sc D]-
tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶ `m-j-bp-sS co-Xn am-dn a-e-bm-f-am-bn Na-ªp F-¶ \n-K-a-\-¯n-em-Wv
hS-¡pw-IqÀ sN-s¶-¯p-¶Xv. Xsâ hm-Zw k-aÀ-°n-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn h-S-¡pw-IqÀ
apt¶m-«p-h-bv-¡p-¶ Im-cy§-sf C-{]-Im-cw kw{K-ln-¡mw.
1) A-Xn-Jcw, arZp, tLmjw, Du-jv-am-¡Ä, F-¶o A-£-c-§-fp-sS kzo-I-cW¯n-
eq-sS kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-sâ hÀ-®am-e a-e-bm-fw kzo-I-cn-¨p.
2) a-e-bm-fw ]n-´p-S-cp-¶ k-Ôn-hn-j-b-§Ä kw-kv-Ir-¯n-se t]m-se-bmWv.
3) kw-kv-Ir-¯n-se-t¸m-se `m-j-bnepw G-gv hn-`-àn-I-fpw A-h-bv-¡v {]-tXy-Iw
{]Xy-b-§-fp-apv.
4) k-am-k-hn-j-b-¯nepw `m-j-bv-¡v kw-kv-IrX-t¯m-Sv _-Ôw Im-Wp-¶pv.
5) IÀ-½-Wn{]-tbm-K-¯nÂ IÀ-½-¯n\pw IÀ-¯m-hn-\pw D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ hn-`-àn-
{]-Xy-b-§Ä kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-se co-Xn-bmWv.
6) hn-ti-j-W-hn-ti-jy-s¸m-cp-¯w a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ co-XnbÃ. kw-kv-Ir-¯n-sâ-
XmWv. N-¼p-¡-fnÂ \n¶pw D-®p-\o-en k-tµ-i-¯nÂ \n¶pw D-Zm-l-c-W-§Ä
D²-cn¨p-sIm-v hn-ti-j-W-hn-ti-jy-s¸m-cp-¯w `m-j kzo-I-cn¨-Xv kw-kv-Ir-X-
¯nÂ \n-¶m-sW-¶v h-S-¡pw-IqÀ Øm-]n-¡p¶p.
7) hy-mI-c-W-{K-Ù-§Ä an-¡-hmdpw kw-kv-Ir-X-hym-I-cW-s¯ A-\p-k-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-
\mÂ a-e-bm-fw kw-kv-Ir-X-P-\y-am-sW-¶v h-S-¡pw-IqÀ ]-d-bp¶p.
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8) a-Wn-{]-hm-fw H-cp {]-Øm-\-sa-¶-\n-e-bnÂ h-fÀ-¶p-]p-ãn-{]m-]n¨-Xv a-e-bm-f-
¯nÂ am-{X-amWv. C-Xn-\p Imc-Ww a-e-bm-fw kw-kv-Ir-X-P-\y-am-b-Xm-sW-¶v h-S-
¡pw-IqÀ ]-d-bp¶p.
taÂ-¸-d-ª \n-K-a-\-§-fn-eq-sS a-eb - mfw kw-kv-Ir-X-P-\y-am-sW-¶v Øm-]n-
¡m³ h-S-¡pw-IqÀ {i-an-¡p¶p. F-¶mÂ kw-kv-Ir-Xhpw a-e-bm-fhpw c-v tKm-{X-
¯nÂ-s]-Sp-¶ `m-j-I-fmWv. Hcp tKm-{X-¯nÂ-s¸-« `m-j a-säm-cp tKm-{X-¯nÂ-s¸-« `m-
j-bp-sS D-Û-h-¯n-\v Im-c-W-am-Ip-¶p F¶-Xv bp-àn-k-laÃ. hym-I-c-W-]-c-ambpw ]Z-
L-S-\m-]-c-ambpw kw-kv-Ir-Xhpw a-e-bm-fhpw hyXym-kw Im-Wn-¡p-¶p-v. hm-¡p-I-fp-
sS _-Ô-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bm-Wv a-e-bm-f`m-j kwkv-Ir-X-P-\y-am-sW-¶v h-S-¡pw-
IqÀ hm-Zn-¡p-¶Xv. F-¶mÂ `m-jm-NÀ-¨-bnÂ hm-¡p-I-fÃ, hymI-c-W L-S-\-bm-Wv
\nbma-Iw F-¶ A-Sn-Øm-\ X-¯z-s¯ A-t±-lw hn-«p-I-f-bp-¶p. ImÄ-sUzÂ,
G.BÀ.cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½, B-äqÀ Ir-jv-W-]n-jm-c-Sn, tKm-Z-hÀ-½ ap-X-em-b-hÀ A-t\-Iw
DZm-l-c-W-§Ä F-Sp-¯p-Im-Wn¨p-sIm-v kw-kv-Ir-Xhpw {Zm-hn-Uhpw `n-¶-tKm-{X-
¯nÂ-s¸-« `m-j-I-fm-sW¶pw a-e-bm-fw {ZmhnU tKm-{X-¯n-se H-cw-K-am-sW¶pw Øm-
]n-¨-tXm-sS kw-kv-Ir-P-\y-hm-Z-¯n\pw {]-k-àn-bnÃm-Xmbn.
II. X-an-gv-P-\y-hm-Zw
`m-tjm-Xv-]-¯n-sb-¸-än-bp-Å kn-²m-´-§-fnÂ G-ähpw {]-_-eam-b hm-Z-§fn-
sem-¶mWv Xan-gv-P-\y-hmZw. {Zm-hn-U-`m-j-I-fn-sem¶m-b X-an-gnÂ \n¶pw a-e-bm-fw DÛ-
hn-¨p F-¶ hm-Z-amWv X-an-gv-P-\y-hmZw. X-angpw a-e-bm-fhpw X-½nÂ am-Xrþ]p{Xn _-Ô-
am-sW-¶v C-¡q-«À I-ev-]n-¡p-¶Xv.
 F-^v.U»yp. FÃn-kv
a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-sS D-Û-h-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨v B-Zy-am-bn im-kv-{Xo-b-]T-\w \nÀ-Æ-
ln¨-Xv F^v.U»p. FÃn-km-Wv. 1816 se "A Dissertation on the Malayalam
Language" F-¶ {]_-Ôw `m-jm-N-cn-{X-]T-\-¯n-se hn-e-s¸-« H-cp tc-J-bmWv. “a-e-
bm-fw sN-´-an-gn-Â \n-¶v D-S-se-Sp-¯-Xm-sW”¶ A-`n-{]m-b-am-Wv `m-tjm-Xv-]-¯n-bp-
ambn _-Ô-s¸-«v FÃn-kn-\p-m-bn-cp-¶Xv. Z-£n-tW-ý³ `m-j-IÄ H-cp {]-tXyI tKm-
X-¯nÂ-s]-«-h-bm-sW-¶v B-Zy-am-bn I-s-¯nb-Xv FÃn-km-bn-cp-¶p. X-angv, sX-ep¦v,
I-¶-Sw, a-e-bm-fw F-¶o `m-j-IÄ kw-kv-Ir-X-`m-j-bnÂ \n-¶v D-Û-hn-¨-X-sÃ¶pw
F¶mÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-`m-j-bp-am-bp-Å Zr-V-_-Ô-¯n-sâ ^-eam-bn Cu `m-j-I-fnÂ
Nne-Xn-\v ]nÂ-¡me-¯v Nn-e-am-ä-§Ä h-¶n-«p-s¶pw FÃn-kv I-s¯n. a-ebm-f
`mj kw-kv-Ir-X-¯nÂ \n¶pw D-Û-hn-¨p F-¶ hn-izm-k-am-Wv FÃn-kn-sâ ]T-\-
§Ä¡p ap-¼p-h-scbpw s]m-Xp-sh D-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. F-¶mÂ a-ebm-f kw-kv-Ir-X-§Ä
X-½n-ep-Å _-Ôw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am¡n-b FÃnkv a-e-bm-fw kw-kv-Ir-X-P-\y-am-sW-¶
ap³-[m-c-W Xn-cp-¯n F-gpXn. a-e-bm-fhpw X-angpw X½nÂ Zr-Vam-b _-Ô-am-Wp-Å-
sX-¶v FÃn-kv D-d-¸n-¨p ]-d-ªp. temI-¯v a-säm-cp `m-j-tbmSpw CÃm-¯ B-ß_Ôw
a-e-bm-f-¯n-\v X-angn-t\m-Sv D-s¶pw FÃn-kv I-s¯n. a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ B-g-apÅ
th-cp-IÄ X-an-gnÂ I-s-¯m-sa¶pw FÃn-kv {]-Jym-]n¨p.
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 tdm-_À-«v ImÄ-sUzÂ (D-]-`m-jm-hmZw)
1856se ‘{Zm-hn-U-`m-j-I-fp-sS Xm-c-X-ay hym-I-c-Ww’ (A Comparative Grammer
of the Dravidian or South Indian Languages) F-¶ {K-Ù-¯nÂ X-angv, a-e-bm-f `mj-
I-fp-sS _Ô-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n ‘D-]-`m-jm-hmZw’ ImÄ-sUzÂ A-h-X-cn-¸n¨p.
CXp-{]-Imcw ‘X-an-gn-sâ H-cp D-]-`m-j-bm-Wv a-e-bm-fw’. D-]-`m-jm-hm-Zw C-{]-Im-c-am-Wv:
“F-sâ A-`n-{]m-b¯ - nÂ, a-e-bm-fw X-an-gn-sâ A-Xn-{]m-No-\am-b H-cp im-J-bmWv. ]pcp-
j-t`-Z-\n-cm-kw sImpw kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z{]-tbm-K-_m-lpeyw sImpw B-Wv C-t¸mÄ
A-Xp ap-Jy-ambpw X-an-gnÂ \n-¶p thÀ-Xn-cn-ªp \nÂ-¡p-¶Xv. AXp-sIm-v a-e-
bmfs¯ {Zm-hn-U-tKm-{X-¯nÂ-s¸-« H-cp kz-X-{´`m-j F-¶p IÂ-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¡mÄ
X-an-gn-sâ H-cp D-]-`m-j-sb-¶p I-cp-Xp-I-bm-Wv t`-Zw” X-an-gn\pw a-e-bm-f-¯n-\pw X-½nÂ
BZy-Im-e-¯p-m-bn-cp-¶ t\cn-b hy-Xym-kw Im-e-{Ita-W h-ep-Xm-sb-¦n-epw, ImÄ-
sUz-en-sâ A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ, X-an-gn-sâ h-f-sc-tb-sd am-äw-h-¶ H-cp im-J-X-s¶-bm-Wv
a-e-bmfw. X-an-gn-sâbpw a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâbpw B-´-c-L-S-\-bnÂ k-am-\-X-bp--s¶pw
ae-bm-fw X-an-gn-sâ ]p-{Xn-bm-sW¶pw ImÄ-sUzÂ hm-Zn-¡p-¶p. sX-ep¦v, I-¶-U
F¶o `m-j-I-sf-¡mÄ L-S-\-bnÂ a-eb - m-f-`m-j-bv-¡v X-angn-t\m-Sv _-Ô-ap-s-¶ A`n-
{]m-b-am-Wv ImÄ-sUz-en-sâXv. C-¡m-c-W-¯mÂ a-e-bm-fw X-an-gnsâ D-]-im-J-bm-
sW¶ \n-K-a-\-¯nÂ ImÄ-sUzÂ F-¯n-t¨À¶p.
FÃn-kn-sâ hm-Z-§-fp-sS Nph-Sv ]n-Sn-¨v a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ DÛ-hw X-an-gnÂ \n-¶m-
sW-¶v hmZn¨ ImÄ-sUzÂ X-sâ hm-Zw k-aÀ-°n-¡m³ ‘In-g¡v’ F-¶ ]Z-s¯ D-Zm-
l-c-W-am-bn F-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p¶p. X-an-gv-\m-«nÂ ]qÀ-Æ-Zn-¡n-s\ kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v
Ing¡pw ]-Ýn-a-Zn-¡n-s\ Ip-dn-¡m³ taÂ¡pw B-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv. X-an-gv-\m-Sns\
kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw In-g-t¡m«v t]mhp-I F¶p h-¨mÂ I-SÂ In-g-¡mb-Xp
sImpw B `m-K-t¯-¡v `q-an-bp-sS ap-IÄ-]c-¸v A-ev-]m-ev-]w Xm-Wp t]m-Ip-¶Xp-
sImpw Io-tgm-«v t]m-hp-I-bmWv. t\-sc a-dn¨v, tI-c-f-¯nÂ Ing-¡v D-bÀ-¶pw
taÂ¡v XmWpw In-S-¡p¶p. ]-t£ Zn-¡pI-sf Ip-dn-¡m³ X-an-gn-se A-tX ]-Z-§Ä
X-s¶-bm-Wv C¶pw D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv. tI-c-f-¯n-se B-Zn-a \n-hm-kn-IÄ X-an-gv-\m-«nÂ
\n¶pw Ip-Sn-tb-dn ]mÀ-¯-h-cmb-Xv sIm-mWv Cu X-an-gv ]-Zw k-am-\am-b AÀ-°-
¯nÂ tI-c-f-¯nepw D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-sX-¶v A-t±-lw hm-Zn-¡p¶p.
ImÄ-sUz-en-sâ hm-Z-§-sf G.BÀ. cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½, FÂ.hn. cm-a-kzm-an-A-¿À
F¶o `m-jm-]-Þn-X-·mÀ Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡p-¶pv. F-¶mÂ ImÄ-sUz-ensâ ‘In-g¡v’
‘taÂ¡v’ F-¶o ]-Z-§-fpsS \n-jv-]-¯n-¡v hy-Xy-kv-Xam-b a-säm-cp \n-jv]-¯n
s{]m^.kn.FÂ.Bâ-Wn \nÀ-t±-in-¡p-¶pv. ImÄ-sUzÂ ]-d-bp-¶-t]m-se `q-an-im-kv-
{X-]-cam-b {]-tXy-IX-I-sfm-¶paÃ Cu ]-Z-§-fp-sS \n-jv-]-¯n-¡p Im-cWw. kq-cy-sâ
D-Z-bm-kv-X-a-b§sf B-{i-bn-¨mWv Cu ]-Z-§-fp-m-bn-«p-Å-sX-¶v kn.FÂ.Bâ-Wn
hy-à-am-¡p¶p. kq-cy³ D-Zn-¡p¶-Xv Io-tg B-b-Xn-\mÂ D-Zn-¡p-¶ Zn¡v ‘Ing¡pw’
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 5

ta-te sN-¶v A-kv-X-an-¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ A-kv-X-an-¡p-¶ Zn¡v ‘taÂ-¡pw’ B-bn F-¶mWv
At±-lw A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv.
 G.BÀ.cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½ (sIm-Sp-´-an-gv hmZw)

1896em-Wv s{]m-^.G.BÀ.cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½-bpsS ‘tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\o-bw’ ]p-d-¯p-h-
¶Xv. AXnsâ ]oTn-I-bnÂ A¼-Xp ]p-d-§-fn-em-bn a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-sS DÂ-]-¯n-sb-
¡p-dn-¨v A-t±-lw khn-kvX-cw {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. {]mtb-W ImÄ-sUz-en-sâ amÀ-¤-
¯n-eq-sS-bm-Wv A-t±-lw k-©-cn-¡p-¶Xv. ImÄ-sUzÂ sX-sÃm-¶p kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-Itbm
hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p-Itbm sNbv-X ]-e kp{][m\ Im-cy-§fpw hn-Z-Kv-²-am-bn¯-s¶ tI-c-f-
]m-Wn-\n A-]-{K-Yn¨p.
Ncn{X]c-amb sXfn-hp-IÄ \nc¯n ae-bmfw XangvP\y-am-sW¶v sXfn-bn¨
`mjm-]-Þn-X-\mWv G.-BÀ.-cm-P-cm-P-hÀ½. asse-\m-Smb ae-bm-f-¯nse BZn-a-\n-hm-
kn-IÄ Xan-gcpw Ah-cpsS `mj Xangpw Bbn-cp¶p F¶v ]d-ªp-sIm-mWv G.-
BÀ.-Xsâ ‘sImSp-´-angv hmZw’ XpS-§p-¶Xv. “FÃm-¡m-e¯pw ‘{KÙ-`mj’ AsÃ-
¦nÂ hcsamgn ‘\mtSm-Sn-`mj’ AsÃ-¦nÂ hmsamgn Fs¶mcp hyXymkw FÃm
PohÂ`m-j-I-fnepw Dm-bn-cp-¶p. {KÙ-`m-jbv¡v ‘sNángv’ F¶pw \mtSm-Sn-`m-
jbv¡v ‘sImSp-´-angv’ F¶p-amWv t]cv. C§-s\-bp-m-bn-cp¶ ]e-Xcw sImSpán-
gp-I-fnÂ H¶v ae-bm-f-ambn ]cn-W-an¨p”. F¶mWv tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-bpsS A`n-{]m-bw.
Cu sImSp-ángn\v tZiy-t`-Z-§Ä (Hcp `mj-bv¡p-ÅnÂ \ne \nÂ¡p¶ `mjm-hy-
Xym-ks¯ tZiy-t`-Z-§Ä F¶v hnfn-¡p-¶p) Dm-bn-cp-¶p. thWm-Sv, Ip«\mSv, IpS-
\m-Sv, ]qgn-\mSv, IÀ¡m-\mSv XpS§n Xan-g-I-¯n-sâ-Xmb A©p \mSp-I-fnÂ kwkm-cn-
¨n-cp¶ sImSp-´-an-gp-I-fn-sem¶v ae-bm-f-ambn ]cn-W-an¨p F¶mWv G.-B-dnsâ A`n-
{]m-bw. C-¡mcyw k-aÀ-°n-¡m³ G.BÀ._m-ly-hpw B`y-´-c-hpam-b Im-c-W-§Ä
\n-c-¯p-¶p. {]kv-Xp-X-Imcyw hn-i-Z-am-bn bq-Wnäv 1.2.Â DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«pv.
 FÂ.hn. cm-a-kzm-an A¿À (]qÀ-Æ X-an-gvþa-ebm-f hmZw)

G.B-dn-s\-t¸m-se X-s¶ ImÄsUz-en-sâ \n-ba-s¯ Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡p-¶ ]-Þn-X-
\mWv FÂ.hn. cm-a-kzm-an A¿À. a-ebm-f `m-j-bp-sS DÂ-]-¯n-sb-¸-än-bp-Å kn-²m-
´-§-fnÂ {i-t²-bam-b H-¶m-Wv ]qÀ-Æ X-an-gvþa-ebm-f hmZw. ‘]qÀ-Æ-{Zm-hn-U-`m-j-
bnÂ \n-¶v I-¶-Uhpw sX-ep¦pw thÀ-]n-cn-ª-Xn-\p-ti-jw ]qÀ-Æ X-an-gvþa-e-bm-fw F-
¶ H-cp s]m-Xp-`m-jm Im-eL-«w D-m-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶mWv Cu kn-²m-´w Nq-n-¡m-
Wn-¡p-¶Xv’. ]qÀ-Æ X-an-gvþa-e-bmf-s¯ C-cp-`m-j-I-fp-sSbpw ]qÀ-Æ-L-«-am-bn hn-i-Zo-I-
cn-¡p-¶-h-cnÂ {]-ap-J-À FÂ.hn.BÀ, Im-anÂ kz-e-_nÂ, F-kv.hn. j×pJw F-¶n-h-
cmWv. Xm-c-X-aym-[n-jvTn-Xam-b {Zm-hn-U-`m-jm-]T-\-¯nÂ FÂ.hn.B-dn-sâ tkh\w
KW-\o-b-am-Wv. 'Evolution of Malayalam Morphology' F-¶ {K-Ù-¯n-em-Wv
At±lw {]-[m-\-ambpw a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ DZv-`-h-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
cq-]-\n-jv-]m-Z-\-¯n-sâ-bpw (Morphology) [z-\n-Im-cy-¯n-sâbpw (Phonetics) A-Sn-Øm-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 6
\-¯nÂ A-t±-lw X-an-gn-s\bpw a-e-bm-f-s¯bpw Xm-c-X-ay-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. Cu c-p
Imcy-¯nepw a-e-bm-f-¯n-\v C-X-c {Zm-hn-U-`m-j-I-fnÂ h-¨v G-ähpw Iq-Sp-XÂ A-Sp-¸w
X-angn-t\m-Sm-sW¶pw {]mNo-\ a-²y-Im-e-X-angpw ]-g-b a-e-bm-fhpw G-Xm-smcp-t]m-
se-bm-sW¶pw A-t±-lw k-aÀ-°n-¡p¶p. “a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ cq-]-\n-jv-]m-Z-\-]-cam-b
khn-ti-j-X-I-fn-e-[n-Ihpw {]mNo-\ a-²yIm-e X-angn-t\m-Sv G-ähpw A-Sp-¯p _-Ô-s¸-
«n-cn-¡p¶p. B-h-I-bnÂ ]e-Xn-sâbpw \n-jv-]mZ-\w [z-\n-Im-cy-¯n-sâbpw N-cn-{X-¯n-
sâbpw A-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ {]m-No-\-a-²y-Im-e-X-an-gnÂ \n¶pw km-[n-¡m-hp-¶-XmWv”.
F-¶n§-s\ A-t±-lw A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-sS DÛ-hw X-an-gnÂ \n-¶p-aÃ IÀ-®m-SIw, sX-ep-¦v ap-X-em-b-h-
sb-t¸m-se kz-X-{´-am-bn-«m-Wv F-¶p-Å A-`n-{]m-b-s¯ J-Þn-¨n-«v FÂ.hn.BÀ X-an-
gnÂ X-s¶ H-cp {]-tXy-IZ-i-tbm-Sm-Wv {]m-No-\-a-e-bm-f-¯n-\v k-am-\-`m-hw D-Å-sX-¶v
hy-h-Øm-]n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. G.Un. 5þmw iX-Iw h-sc-bpÅ kw-Lw Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ
ImWp¶ `mj-sb {]m-No-\-X-an-gv F¶pw A-Xn-\p-tijw 10þmw i-X-Iw-h-sc-bp-Å X-an-
gv-Ir-Xn-I-fn-se `mj-sb {]m-No-\-a-²y-Im-e-X-an-gv F¶pw FÂ.hn.BÀ X-cw-Xn-cn-¡p¶p.
C-XnÂ {]m-No-\-a-²y-Im-e-X-angn-t\m-Sv k-Zr-iam-b co-Xn-bnÂ a-e-bmfw h-fÀ-¶v ]-cn-W-
an-¡p-Ibpw A-`n-hr-²n-{]m-]n-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp-sh-¶v A-t±-lw A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
]qÀÆ-{Zm-hn-U-`m-j
I-¶-Sw sX-ep-¦v -]qÀ-Æ- X-an-gvþa-e-bm-fw
{]m-No-\-X-an-gv {]m-No-\-a-²y-Im-e-X-angv
X-an-gv a-e-bmfw
tUm.tKm-Z-hÀ-½sb-t]m-ep-Å ]-Þn-X-·mÀ FÂ.hn.B-dn-sâ hm-Z§-sf

tNmZyw sN-bv-Xn-«pv. a-e-bm-fw X-an-gnÂ \n-¶pw t\c-s¯ X-s¶ ]n-cnªp-t]m-bn-
«pÅ H-cp `m-j-bm-sW-¦nÂ AXnÂ X-an-gn-\p h-¶Xp-t]m-se ]-cn-Wm-a-§Ä kw-`-hn-
¨p-sh-¶pÅ-Xv bp-àn-k-l-aÃ. {]mNo-\ a²yIm-e X-an-gnÂ a-e-bm-f-¯n-\v km-cq-]-§-
fm-bn A-t±-lw {]-ZÀ-in-¸n-¨n-«p-Å cq-]-hn-ti-j-§Ä an-¡-hmdpw {]mNo-\ X-an-gnÂ
CÃm-¯-hbpw ]nÂ-¡me-¯v DZ-bw sN-bv-Xn-«p-Å-h-bp-am-Wv.
 ]n. i-¦-c³ \-¼ymÀ

FÂ.hn.B-dn-\p-ti-jw s]m-Xp-]qÀ-Æ-L-«-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v hy-àam-b H-cp hm-Zw ]pd-
s¸-Sp-hn-¡p¶-Xv ]n.i-¦-c³-\-¼ym-cmWv. aq-e-{Zm-hn-U`m-j Im-e-t`Zw, tZ-i-t`Zw, tbmK-
t`-Zw ap-Xem-b At\-Iw Im-c-W-§-fmÂ X-angv, IÀ-®m-SIw, Xpfp, sX-ep¦v, IpS-Iv
F¶n-§-s\ 5 {]-[m-\-im-J-I-fm-bn ]n-cn-bp-I-bm-Wp-m-bXv. C-XnÂ X-angv (ap-¯-angv)
cm-bn-¸n-cn-ª-XnÂ \n-¶m-Wv a-e-bm-f-ap-m-b-sX-¶m-Wv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ A-`n-{]mbw
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 7
“sN-´-an-gn-sâ hy-h-Øn-X-Im-e-¯n-\p ap³-]pXs¶ a-e-bm-fw H-cp {]-tXy-I `m-jm-Xz-
s¯ k-¼m-Zn-¨n-cp¶p” F¶pw “aq-e-{Zm-hn-U-Ip-Spw-_-¯nse H-cw-Khpw ap-¯-an-gn-sâ
]p-{Xnbpw sN-´-an-gn-sâ k-tlm-Z-cnbpw B-bn-«m-Wv a-e-bm-f`m-j \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶Xv”
F¶pw A-t±-lw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p¶p.
 X-an-gn-sâ D-]-`m-j-bm-Wv a-e-bm-fw F-¶p hm-Zn-¡p-¶-hÀ D-¶-bn-¡p-¶

{][m-\ \ym-b-§fpw A-h-bv-¡p-Å a-dp-]-Sn-I-fpw C-{]-Im-cw kw-{K-ln-
¡mw:
1. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se Nn-e ]-g-b Ir-XnIsf ‘X-angv’ iÐw-sIm-m-Wv hy-h-l-cn-¨p
h¶n-cp-¶Xv. I-®-È I-hn-I-fnÂ H-cmfm-b cm-a-¸-Wn-¡À F-gpXn-b ‘{_-Òm-Þ-
]pcm-W’¯-nÂ ‘C-Xm Rm³ X-an-gm-bn-s¡m--dn-bn-¡p-t¶³’ F-¶v {]-kv-Xm-hn-
¨n-cn-¡p¶p. cm-a-Ncn-X IÀ-¯mhv ‘X-an-gv-¡-hn’ B-Wv F-¶ {]-kvXmhw
{]kvXpX Im-hy-¯nÂ Im-Wp-¶pv. X-an-g-I-¯nÂ ]qÀ-h-Ime-¯v H-tc `m-j-bm-
Wv kw-km-cn-¨n-cp-¶Xv. C-X{tX X-angv. ‘X-angv’ F-¶ ]-Zw {ZmhnU `m-j-IÄ-¡v
sam-¯-¯nepw A-Xn-sâ sX-¡³ `m-j-IÄ-¡v {]-tXy-I-ambpw D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶-
Xm-bn a-\-Ên-em-¡mw.
2. Kr-ly-]-Z-§fpw `m-j-bp-sS {]m-cw-`-Ime-¯v D-m-bn-«p-Å a-äv A--Sn-Øm-\-]Z-§-
fpw (tNcn, Ducv, tImSv, tXmSv, tXm«w, Ipfw) X-an-gnepw a-e-bm-f-¯nepw H-¶p-X-
s¶-bmWv. `m-j-I-fp-sS ]-c-kv-]-c_-Ôw Im-Wn-¡m-t\ Cu A-`n-{]m-bw k-lm-
bn-¡p-¶p-Åq.
3. ]-Xn-äp-¸¯v, Nn-e-¸-Xn-Imcw, sF-¦p-dp-\q-dv ap-Xem-b kw-L-Im-e-Ir-Xn-IÄ
cNn¨Xv tI-cfo-b I-hn-I-fmWv. A-¶v \m-«nÂ D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶ `m-jm-cq-]-amWv
Cu Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv. Cu hm-Zhpw ZpÀ-_-e-amWv. tI-c-fo-bÀ kw-kv-Ir-X-
¯nepw Cw-¥o-jnepw Ir-Xn-IÄ c-Nn-¨n-«pv. A-XnÂ-\n-¶v tI-c-f-¯n-se `m-j
kw-kv-Ir-Xtam Cw¥otjm B-Ip-¶nÃ-tÃm.
4. in-em-im-k-\-§-fn-se `m-j X-an-gmWv. s]m-Xp-P-\-§Ä-¡p-th-n-bp-Å A-dn-bn-
¸p-IÄ A-h-cp-sSX-s¶ `m-j-bnÂ F-gp-Xm\-tÃ \ymbw? `-cW-Iq-S-¯n-sâ `m-j-
bm-bn-cp-¶p A-sX-¶{tX a-dp-]Sn. AÃm-sX P-\-§-fp-sS `m-jbÃ. kÀ-¡mÀ D¯-
c-hp-IÄ Cw-¥o-jnÂ h-cp-¶-X-p-sImv tI-c-f-b-cp-sS `m-j-bm-Wv Cw-¥o-jv F-¶p
]-d-bm-\m-hp-I-tam? C-Ã.
5. cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-se `m-j a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ B-Zn-cq-]w {]-Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p¶p. ]-t£
cma-N-cn-Xw A¶-s¯ km-[m-c-W `mj-sb {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶nÃ F-¶m-Wv
]Þn-X aXw. C-¸-dª Im-c-W-§-fmÂ X-an-gn-sâ D-]-`m-j-bÃ a-e-bm-f-sa-¶v
kn-²n-¡p¶p.
III. an-{i-`m-jm-hm-Zw
`m-tjmÂ-]-¯n-sb-¸-än-bp-Å kn-²m-´-§-fnÂ A-Sp¯-Xv an-{i-`m-jm-hm-Z-am-W.v
kw-kv-IrXw, X-an-gv F-¶o c-p `m-j-I-fp-sS tNÀ-¨-bnÂ \n¶pw a-e-bm-f-ap-m-bn
F¶ hm-Z-am-Wv an-{i-`m-jm-hm-Zw.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 8

 C-fw-Ip-fw
{]mNo-\ a-ebm-f `mj-sb N-cn-{X-¯nsâ ]-Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ ]cn-tim-[n-¡m³
BZy-am-bn {ian-¨ ]-Þn-X-\m-Wv C-fw-Ipfw. s{]m-^. C-fw-Ip-f-¯n-sâ A-`n-{]m-b-
¯nÂ, a-e-\m-«v X-an-gn-s\ ae-bm-f-am-¡nb-Xv kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-sâbpw {]m-Ir-X-¯n-
sâbpw t{]-c-W-bmWv. N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bn ]-d-ªmÂ, B-cy-·m-cp-sS B-K-a-\hpw B-[n-]-
Xy-hp-am-Wv a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ B-hnÀ-`m-h-¯n-\p Im-cWw. Cu kn-²m-´-¯n-sâ hn-i-Zo-
I-c-Whpw Øm-]-\-hp-amWv ‘tI-c-f-`m-j-bp-sS hn-Im-k-]-cn-Wm-a§Ä’ F-¶ {KÙw.
“C-hn-sS `m-j F-¶mÂ X-angv. tI-c-f-¯n-se km-am-\y`m-j F-¶À°w. AXpw kwkv-
Ir-Xhpw H-cp `m-j-sb-¶ \n-e-bnÂ Cãw-t]m-se C-S-I-eÀ-¯n {]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶-Xv `mjm-
an-{iw. kwkv-Ir-X-hn-`-ày-´-§Ä A-XnÂ [m-cm-f-ap-v. kw-kv-Ir-XoIr-X `m-jm{]-
tbm-K-§Ä \n-d-sb-ImWpw. \n-b-a-cm-ln-Xy-am-Wv `m-jm-an-{i-¯n-sâ \n-baw. Ir-{Xn-a-Xz-
am-Wv A-Xn-sâ kz-`m-hw” F¶n§-s\ `m-jm-an-{i-s¯ C-fw-Ip-fw hy-à-am-¡p¶p.
`mjm-]-cam-b Cu {]-tXy-I-XI-sf Øm-]n-¡m³ N-cn-{X-]-cam-b h-kv-Xp-X-Ifpw C-fw-
Ip-fw ap-t¶m-«p-h-bv-¡p¶p. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ A-`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ sImÃ-hÀ-jm-cw-`-¯n-\p
ap-¼v {_m-Ò-WÀ tI-c-f¯nÂ Ip-Sn-tb-dn-¸mÀ-¯n-cp¶p. A-¶p-ap-XÂ A-hÀ-¡v e-`n-¨
{]m-am-Wy-hpw 11þmw i-X-I-¯n-\p ti-jw e-`n-¨ cm-{ão-b {]m-_-eyhpw B-Wv a-e-\m-«v
X-an-gv H-cp {]-tXy-I `m-j-bm-bn am-dm³ Im-c-W-am-bXv. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-se-¶-t]m-se
`mjmþkw-kvIr-X ]-Z-§-fp-sS lr-Zyamb tbm-Kw `m-jm-an-{i-¯nÂ \nÀ-_-Ô-anÃ.
Bcy-·mÀ am-Xr-`m-jbm-b kw-kv-Ir-Xhpw X-t±-io-b-cp-sS hm-sam-gnbm-b X-angpw C-S-
IeÀ-¯n cq-]-s¸-Sp¯n-b an-{i-`mj-sb `m-jm-an-{i-sa¶pw hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡p¶p. B-Zy-
Im-e-im-k-\-§Ä, a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-XnIÄ, IqSn-bm-«w C-h-bn-seÃmw an-{i-`m-j-bp-sS
Aw-i-§Ä Im-Wm-hp-¶-Xm-sW-¶v C-fw-Ip-fw A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
C-fw-Ip-f-¯n-sâ an-{i-`m-jm-kn-²m´-s¯ G-sd-¡p-sd A-\p-Iq-en-¡p-¶-h-cp-
apv. ‘ssI-c-fn-bp-sS I-Y’bnÂ s{]m-^.F³.Ir-jv-W-]n-Å C-{]-Im-cw A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-
Sp-¶p. “\-¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ tI-c-f-¯n-se X-an-gn-s\ X-§-fp-sS B-hiyw {]-Xn -Zp-jn-¸n-¨-
Xnsâ ^-e-am-bn-«pm-b cq-]m-´-c-§-fm-Wv H-cp ]pXn-b `m-j-bv-¡v I-f-sam-cp-¡n-bXv.
kz-´w \m-«p-h-g¡-§-tfm-Sp-IqSn-b tI-c-f-¯-an-gv 700þm-am-n-\p ti-j-ap-Å 500 hÀ-j-
¯n\-Iw B-cy-`m-j-I-fp-sS {]-_-e-k-½À-±w \n-an-¯w a-säm-cp `m-j-bmbn D-cp-¯n-cn-bp-
Ibpw D-cp-¯n-cn-ª-tXm-sSm-¸w H-cp an-{i-`m-j-bm-bn-¯o-cp-Ibpw sN-bv-Xv a-e-bm-f-
ambn”.
`m-jm im-kv-{X-kn-²m-´-§Ä-¡v hn-cp-²am-b A-`n-{]m-b-am-bn `m-jm-an-{i-
hmZs¯ ]-Þn-X-·mÀ I-W-¡m-¡p¶p. “a-Wn-{]hm-f a-e-bm-f-¯n-se kw-kvIr-X
_mlpeyw I-p-{`-an-¨v {]m-am-Wn-I-·mcm-b {K-Ù-Im-c-·mÀ t]mepw kw-kv-Ir-X-¯nÂ
{Zm-hn-Uw I-eÀ-¶pm-b `m-j-bm-Wv a-e-bm-f-sa-¶v i-¦n-¡p-I-bp-m-bn-«p-s-¶v”
G.BÀ.cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½ tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\o-bw ]oTn-I-bnÂ tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. c-p `m-j-
I-fp-sS tNÀ-¨-bnÂ aq-¶m-a-sXm-cp `m-j B-hnÀ-`-hn-¡-bn-sÃ-¶m-Wv amIvkv ap-ÅÀ
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XpS§n-b `m-jm-im-kv-{X-Ú-·m-cp-sS A-`n-{]mbw. “c-p `m-j-I-fp-sS k-¼À-¡w-aqew
A-t\ym\yw ]-Z-k¼-¯v ssI-am-dp-Ibpw cpw ]p-ãn-s¸Sp-I F-¶p-ÅXpw kÀ-Æ-km-
[m-c-W-amWv. ]-s£, A-Xp-aq-ew c-p `m-j-I-fp-sSbpw hym-Ic-Ww C-S-I-eÀ-¶ aq-¶m-
a-sXm-cp `m-j D-m-hp-I F¶-Xv N-cn{Xtam `m-jm-im-kv{Xtam Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡p-s¶m-cp
kn-²m-áÃ”. F-¶v C-¡m-cy-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v tUm.sI.Fw.tPmÀÖpw hn-aÀ-in-¡p¶p.
aWn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fpÄ-s¸-« km-ln-Xo-hn-`m-K¯nÂ AÃm-sX km-am-\yw-hy-h-lm-c-
¯nÂ an-{i`m-j \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶pÃ.
IV. aq-e-{Zm-hn-U-`m-jm-hm-Zw
aq-e-{Zm-hn-U-sa-¶v t]cmb s]m-Xphm-b `m-j-bnÂ \n¶pw X-angv, sX-e¦v, I¶-Sw

F-¶o {Zmhn-U-`m-j-IÄ thÀ-s]«p-t]m-bXp-t]m-se kz-X-{´-am-bn a-e-bm-fhpw D-cp-¯n-
cn-ªp F-¶ hm-Z-am-Wv aq-e-{Zm-hn-U-`m-jm-hmZw. X-angpw a-e-bm-fhpw X-½nÂ k-tlm-
Z-c-_-Ô-am-Wv {]-kv-Xp-X-hm-Z-¡mÀ I-ev-]n-¡p-¶Xv. ]qÀ-Æ-{Zm-hnU-s¯ H-cp hr-£-am-bn
I-cp-Xn-bmÂ X-angv, sX-ep-¦v, IÀ-®mS-Iw Xp-S§n-b im-JIÄ-t]m-se Xm-bv-¯-Sn-bnÂ
\n-¶p t\-sc hn-I-kn-¨p-h-¶ H-cp kz-X-{´-im-J-bm-Wv a-e-bmfw. Xm-bv-¯-Sn-bm-b ]qÀ-
Æ-{Zm-hn-U-t¯m-Sm-Wv im-Jm-`m-j-IÄ-s¡Ãmw t\-cn-«p-Å _-Ôw. AXn-\mÂ im-Jm-hm-
Z-sa¶pw C-Xn-s\ hn-fn-¡mw.
 Kp-À«v
a-e-bm-f-`mj-sb kw-_-Ôn-¨v im-kv-{Xo-bam-b K-thj-Ww BZyw \-S-¯nb-Xv
tUm.Kp-À-«m-Wv. 1851Â {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨ ‘a-e-bm-f-`m-jm-hymI-c-W’¯n-sâ B-Zy-`m-K-
¯n-epw 1872 Â {]-kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯n-b ‘a-e-bm-fwþCw-¥o-jv \nL-p’hn-sâ B-ap-J-¯n-
ep-am-Wv A-t±-lw `-m-tjm-Xv-]-¯n-sb kw-_-Ôn-¡p-¶ X-sâ \n-co-£-W-§Ä A-h-X-
cn-¸n-¨n-«p-ÅXv. ‘a-e-bm-f-`m-jm-hym-I-c-W'¯nÂ At±-lw C§-s\ F-gp-Xp¶p:
“aebmf `m-jm {Z-an-fw F-¶p-Å X-an-gn-sâ H-cp im-J-bm-Ip¶p. AXp sX-ep¦v, IÀ-
®m-SIw, Xp-fp, Ip-S-Iv ap-Xem-b im-J-I-sf-¡mÄ A-[n-Iw X-an-g-cp-sS kq-{X-§-tfm-Sv
H¯p-h-cn-I-bmÂ, D-]-`m-j-b-t{X : F-¦nepw {_m-ÒWÀ Cu tI-cf-s¯ A-S-¡n-hmWv,
A\m-Nm-c§-sf \-S-¸m-¡n \m-«n-se iq-{Z-cp-am-bn tNÀ-¶p t]m-b-Xn-\mÂ, kwkvIr-X
i-Ð-§fpw hm-N-I-§fpw hf-sc \pg-ªp h¶v, `m-j-bp-sS aq-e-cq]-s¯ ]-e-hn-[-
¯nepw am-än-bn-cn-¡p¶p”. C-hnsS ‘{Z-anfw’ F¶ ]Zw-sIm-v X-angv, sX-ep¦v, IÀ-®m-
SIw, a-e-bm-fw F¶n-h hn-`-Pn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-\p ap-¼p-m-bn-cp-¶ `m-jsb (aq-e-{Zm-hn-
U-`m-jsb) B-Wv D-t±-in-¨n-cn-¡p-¶sX¶v aq-e-{Zm-hn-U-`m-jm-hm-Z-¡mÀ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-
Sp¶p. ‘a-e-bm-fwþCw-¥o-jv \nL-p’hn-sâ B-ap-J-¯nÂ Kp-À-«v ]-d-bp¶-Xv C-{]-Im-
c-am-Wv: “a-ebm-f i-Ð-§-sfbpw X-an-gv i-Ð-§-sfbpw thÀ-Xn-cn¨p-sIm-v H-c-XnÀ-
¯ntc-J h-c-bv¡p-I {]-bm-k-amWv. Cu c-p {]m-No-\-`m-j-Ifpw {]-tXy-I-`m-j-I-sf-
¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ {Zm-hn-U-tKm-{X-¯nÂ-s¸-« H-tc-`m-j-bp-sS D-]-`m-j-I-sf-¶ \n-e-bn-em-Wv
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hn-`n-¶-§-fmbXv”. C-{]-Im-cw aq-e-{Zm-hn-U-`m-jm-hmZ-s¯ ]n-´m-§p-¶ A-`n-{]m-b-am-
Wv Kp-À-«nÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv.
 B-äqÀ-Ir-jv-W-]n-jm-c-Sn (kz-X-{´-Xm-hmZw)
aq-e-{Zm-hn-U-`m-j-I-fp-sS H-cp kz-X-{´-im-J-bm-Wv a-e-bm-fw F-¶ A-`n-{]m-bw
{]_-eam-b Hc-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-Â B-Zy-am-b-n Ah-X-cn-¸n¨-Xv B-äqÀ-Ir-jv-W-]n-jm-c-Sn-
bmWv. ‘tI-c-f-`m-jm-N-cn-{Xw’ F-¶ {K-Ù-¯nepw ‘a-ebm-f `m-jbpw km-ln-Xy-
hpwþHcp ]T\w’ F-¶ {]-_-Ô-¯nepw ‘kz-X-{´-Xm-hm-Zw' DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«pv. IÀ-
®m-SIw, sX-ep¦v, X-an-gv ap-Xem-b `m-j-I-sf-t¸m-se ]qÀ-Æ-{Zm-hn-U-¯nÂ \n¶pw t\cn-
«p-Zv-`-hn-¨-Xm-Wv a-e-bm-fw F-¶-Xm-Wv kz-X-{´-Xm-hm-Z-¯n-sâ A-´-xk-¯. ]qÀ-Æ-{Zm-hn-
U-¯n-sâ H-cp kz-X-{´-im-J-bm-Wv X-an-sg-¦nÂ AXp-t]m-seX-s¶ Xn-I¨pw kz-X-
{ámb a-säm-cp im-J-bm-Wv a-e-bm-fw F-¶p kz-X-{´-Xm-hm-Zn-IÄ hn-iz-kn-¡p¶p.
B-äq-cn-sâ A-`n-{]m-b-a-\p-k-cn-¨v {Zm-hn-U-`m-j-IÄ-s¡Ãmw Iq-Sn H-cp aq-e`m-j
Dm-bn-cp¶p. A-Xn-s\ ap-¯-an-gv F-¶m-Wv hn-fn-¨n-cp-¶Xv. C-¶v X-an-gv F-¶-dn-b-s¸-
Sp¶ `mj aq-e-{Zm-hn-U-`m-j-bp-sS H-cp im-J- am-{X-amWv. B im-J-bp-sS hn-ti-j-t]À
sN-´-an-gv F-¶m-Ip¶p. {]m-tZin-I {Zmhn-U-`m-j-I-sf-sbÃmw X-anÄ F-¶p hn-fn-¨n-cp-
¶-Xn-\v sX-fnhmWv a-e-\m-«p-X-an-gv sX-ep-¦p-\m-«pX-an-gv I-cn-\m-«p-X-an-gv F-¶o {]-tbm-
K§Ä. eo-em-Xn-e-I-¯n-se X-an-Ä i-Ð-¯n-\v a-ebm-f `m-j F¶m-WÀ°w. Np-cp-¡-
¯nÂ B-Zn-Ime-¯v {Zm-hn-U-am-b-Xn-s\Ãmw ]-d-ªp-h-¶n-cp-¶ hm-¡m-Wv X-anÄ
F¶pw B i-Ðw sIm-m-Wv A¶-s¯ {Zm-hn-U-P-\-§Ä-s¡Ãmw-Iq-Sn-bp-Å `m-jbm-
b aq-e-{Zm-hn-U-`mj-sb kq-Nn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶-sX¶pw I-cp-Xmw. a-e-{Zm-hn-U-`m-jbm-b ap-¯-
an-gn-\v tZ-i-t`-Z-a\
- p-k-cn¨v hy-Xym-kw h-¶v ]-e im-J-I-fm-bn ]n-cnªp. `q-an-im-kv-{X-]-
chpw km-aq-ln-I-hpw kmw-kv-I-cn-I-hpam-b {]-tXy-I-X-I-fp-sS ^-e-am-bn aq-e-{Zm-hn-
U`mj kw-km-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ tZ-i-§-fnÂ A-h kzX-{´-`m-j-I-fm-bn h-f-cp-hm³
XpS§n. sX-ep-¦p-\m-«p X-an-gv sX-ep-¦mbn. I-cn-\m-«p X-an-gv I-¶-S-bm-bn Np-cp-§n. A-{]-
Im-cw X-s¶-bm-Wv a-e-bm-fhpw D-m-b-sX-¶v B-äqÀ hm-Zn-¡p¶p.
aqe-{Zm-hn-U-`m-j (ap-¯-angv)
a-e-\m-«p-X-an-gv sN-´-an-gv I-cn--\m-«p-X-an-gv sX-ep-¦p-\m-«pX-angv
a-e-bm-fw X-an-gv I¶-Sw sX-ep¦v

B-äq-cn-sâ hm-Z-ap-J-§-sf C-{]-Im-cw kw-{K-ln-¡mw:
(1) {Zm-hn-U-aq-e-`m-jbm-b ‘ap-¯-an-gv’ {Zm-hn-U-{]-tZ-i-§-fn-seÃmw km-am-t\y-\
{]-N-cn-¨n-cp¶p.
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(2) aq-e-{Zm-hn-U`m-j im-J-I-fm-bn ]n-cn-ª-t¸m-gpm-b tI-c-f-¯n-se {Zm-hn-U-
imJ-sb aqe-{Zm-hn-U-`m-j-bp-sS t]cm-b ‘X-angv’ kw-Ú-sIm-p hy-h-l-cn-
¨n-cp¶p.
(3) a-e-bm-f-¯n-se ]-Zm-´ ‘A’Im-cw X-an-gnse ‘sF’Im-c-s¯-¡mÄ {]m-No-\-`m-
jm-kz-`m-hw Iq-Sp-XÂ hn-izm-ky-am-bn \n-e-\nÀ-¯p¶p. C-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-Wm-bn
sXmÂ-¡m-¸n-b-¯n-sebpw \-¶q-en-sebpw kq-{X-§Ä B-äqÀ Nq-n-¡m-Wn-
¡p¶p.
(4) ]p-cp-j-{]-Xy-b-§Ä tNÀ-¶-hbpw tN-cm-¯-h-bpam-b {In-b-IÄ ]qÀ-Æþ{Zm-hn-
U-¯n-ep-m-bn-cp-¶-h-bnÂ, ]p-cp-j-{]-Xy-bw tNÀ-¶-h X-an-gpw, tN-cm-¯-h
ae-bm-fhpw \n-e-\nÀ-¯p¶p.
(5) ‘X-an-gm-bn-s¡m--dn-bn-¡p-t¶³’ F-¶p Xp-S§n-b {]m-No-\{]-tbm-K-§-fn-se
X-an-gn\v ‘`mj’ F-¶mWv, ‘sN-´-angv’ F-¶Ã AÀ°w.
(6) Kr-ly-]-Z-§-fn-se km-Zriyw `m-tjm-Xv-]-¯n-hm-Z-¯n-\p sX-fnhÃ.
(7) {]m-No-\-Ir-Xn-I-fn-se X-an-gv A-Xn-{]-k-c-¯n-\v A-h-bp-sS DÂ-]-¯n-tZ-i-
¯nse `m-jm-k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv Im-cWw. A-h-bnÂ A-[n-I-sa-®-¯n-
sâbpw cN-bn-Xm-¡Ä Z£n-W tI-c-fo-b-cm-bn-cp¶p. A-h-cp-sS am-Xr`m-j Xan-
gm-bn-cp¶p. Z-£n-W-tIc-fw X-an-g-cp-sS B{I-a-W-¯n\pw A-[o-i-Xz-¯n\pw
\n-c-´-cw hn-t[-b-am-bn-cp-¶p.
B-äq-cn-sâ bp-àn-I-tfm-Sv hn-tbm-Pn-¡p-¶ ]-Þn-X-·m-cpv. F-¦nepw A-t±-l-
¯n-sâ \n-K-a\-s¯ tUm.sI.Fw.tPmÀÖv, tUm.tKm-Z-hÀ-½, tNe--\m-«v A-Nyp-Xta-
t\m³ F-¶n-hÀ A-\p-Iq-en-¡p¶p.
 D-ÅqÀ F-kv ]-c-ta-iz-c-¿À

a-e-bm-fw aq-e-{Zm-hn-U-`m-j-bp-sS kz-X-{´-im-J-bm-Wv F-¶ hm-Zw D-ÅqÀ ‘tI-c-
f-km-ln-Xy-Ncn-{X-¯n’Â DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«pv. ]-g-´-an-gv F-¶v D-ÅqÀ \m-a-Ic-Ww
sNbv-X aq-e-{Zm-hn-U`m-j Im-em-´-c-¯nÂ D-¯-c-{Zm-hn-U-sa¶pw Z-£n-W-{Zm-hn-U-
sa¶pw c-p im-J-I-fm-bn ]n-cn-sª-¶v DÅqÀ ]-d-bp¶p. C-h-bnÂ D-¯-c-im-J-bnÂ-
s]-« `m-j-I-fm-Wv IÀ-®m-S-Ihpw sX-ep-¦pw. D-¯-c-{Zm-hn-Uw I-¶-S-sa¶pw sX-ep-
s¦¶pw c-m-bn ]n-cn-ª-t¸mÄ tNcþtNm-fþ]m-Þy cm-Pm-¡-·m-cp-sS `-c-W-¯n³
Io-gnÂ Z-£n-W-{Zm-hn-U`m-j Iq-Sp-XÂ hn-I-kn-¡p-I-bmWp-m-bXv. _n.kn. aq¶mw
\q-äm-tm-sS Z£n-W {Zm-hn-U-im-J-bnÂ km-lnXyw B-hnÀ-`-hn¨p. A-t¸mÄ A-Xn-\p-
th-n hymI-c-W-im-kv-{X-\n-_-²am-b sN-´-an-gv F-¶ Ir-{Xn-a-{K-Ù`m-j ]-Þn-X-
·mÀ-¡v hy-h-Øm]-\w sN-t¿-n-h¶p. A-Xn-\p ap-¼v ]-Ýn-a-L-«-¯n-\p In-g¡pw ]Sn-
ªm-dp-ap-Å {]-tZ-i-§-fnÂ H-tc `mj (Z-£-nW-{Zm-hnUw) X-s¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p kw-`m-j-
W-¯n-\p D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p h-¶-sX-¦nepw A-Xn-\v c-p Ø-e-§-fnepw kz-ev-]w hy-Xym-k-
§-fp-m-bn-cp¶p. tIc-f-¯n-se sIm-Sp-´-an-gv tNm-fm-Zn tZi-§-fn-se sIm-Sp-´-an-gnÂ
\n-¶p `n-¶-am-bn-cp-¶p. tNm-fm-Zn-tZ-i-§fn-se sIm-Sp-´-an-gv {Ita-W sN-´-an-gv-\m-«nÂ
sN-´-an-gn-sâ A-Xn-{]k-cw _m-[n-¨ hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bnÂ e-bn¨p-t]m-bn. F-¶mÂ
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tIcfw h-f-sc-¡m-e-t¯-¡v ]-g-b Z-£-n-W-{Zm-hnU-s¯ Nn-e hy-àn-Xz-§-tfm-Sp Iq-Sn
]p-eÀ-¯n-s¡m-p t]m¶p. B `m-j A\-´-c Im-e-§-fnÂ sN-´-an-gv-\m-«n-se hy-h-
lm-c-`m-j-bnÂ \n-¶v A[n-I-a-[n-Iw AI-¶v H-cp kz-X-{´-`m-j-bm-bn ]-cn-W-an-¨p F¶p-
am-Wv D-Åq-cn-sâ hmZw. C-¶v Xan-gv-\m-«n-se hy-h-lm-c-`m-jbm-b Cu ‘X-angv’ kz-X-{´-
am-bn cq-]-s¸-Sp-¶X
- n-\v ap³-]v X-s¶ aq-e-{Zm-hn-U-¯nÂ \n¶pw a-e-bm-fw thÀ-]n-
cnªn-cp-¶p F-¶v tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ D-ÅqÀ Øm-]n-¡p-¶pv. C-Xn-s\
Xmsg sIm-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶ a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ DÂ-]-¯ntc-J h-gn sh-fn-hm-¡mw.
aqe-{Zm-hn-U-`mj
D¯c{ZmhnU`mj Z£nW{ZmhnU`mj
sX-ep¦v I¶S Xangv ae-bmfw

a-e-bm-fw aq-e-{Zm-hn-U-¯n-sâ kz-X-{´-im-J-bm-Wv F-¶ hm-Z-¯n-\v D-Åq-À \-S¯n-b
]T-\-§-fp-sS sh-fn-¨-¯nÂ cq-]-s¸-« hm-Z-§Ä C-\n-¸-d-bp-¶-h-bmWv;
(1) ‘B-Xn-\n-â A-Im-cw sF-Im-c-am-bv Xn-cn-´Xp’ F-¶p sXm-ev-Im-¸n-bw F-gp-¯-Xn-
Im-cw 399þmw kq-{X-¯nÂ Im-Wp¶p. B-Zy-Ime-¯p i-Ð-§-fp-sS H-Sp-hnÂ
\n¶n-cp-¶ ‘A’Im-cw ]n-¶oSv X-an-gnÂ ‘sF’ Im-c-am-bn am-dn F-¶m-Wv
kq{XmÀ°w.
a-e-bm-fw þ a-e, X-e
X-an-gv þ a-sse, Xsse
C-{]-Im-cw a-e-bmfw Cu hn-j-b-¯nÂ ]qÀ-Æ-cq]-s¯ \n-e-\nÀ-¯p¶p.
(2) B, Cu F-¶o Np-s«-gp-¯p-IÄ X-an-gnÂ I-hn-X-bnÂ am-{X-ta h-cq F-¶m-Wv
sXmev-Im-¸n-b-cp-sS A-`n-{]mbw. a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ A-h-bv-¡v hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bnepw
{]-th-i-\-apv. C-Xv a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ {]-mà-\-X-bv-¡v sX-fn-hm-bn D-ÅqÀ ]-d-
bp¶p.
(3) ]qÀ-Æ-Ime-¯v X-an-gnÂ {In-bm-]Z-§-tfm-Sp enw-Kh-N-\ {]-Xy-b-§Ä tNÀ¡p-I
]-Xn-hnÃm-bn-cp¶p. sN-´-an-gnÂ C-Xv ]n-¶o-Sv h-¶p-tNÀ-¶-XmWv.
a-e-bm-fw þ A-h³ h¶p, A-hÀ t]mbn
X-an-gv þ A-h³ h-´m³, A-hÀ t]m-bmÀ
C-{]-Im-cw a-e-bm-fw enw-K-h-N-\-{]-Xy-b-¯n-sâ Im-cy-¯nepw aq-e-{Zm-hn-U-s¯-
bm-Wv ]n-´p-S-cp-¶Xv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 13
(4) kw-L-Ime¯v ‘D´p’ F-s¶m-cp hÀ-¯-am-\Im-e {]-Xy-bw D-m-bn-cp-¶p
F¶pw B {]-Xybw ]-cWÀ, tIm-hqÀ-In-gmÀ, \-¡o-cÀ ap-Xem-b ]-g-b I-hn-IÄ
{]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-s¶pw A-Xp a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ ‘D¶p’ F-¶ cq-]-¯nÂ C¶pw \ne-
\n-¶p t]m-cp-¶p-s¶pw ‘]p-d\m-\qän³ ]-g-ssa’ F-¶ {K-Ù-¯nÂ Im-Wp-¶-
Xm-bn D-ÅqÀ ]-d-bp¶p. I-¶-S-¯nÂ C-Xv ‘D¯p’hmbpw sX-ep-¦nÂ ‘DXp’
‘DXvNp’ F-¶o cq-]-§Ä kzo-I-cn¨pw Im-Wp-¶-Xm-bn DÅqÀ ]-d-bp¶p.
(5) Bbv-X F-gp-¯p sN-´-an-gnÂ {]-tXy-I-am-bn kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-se hn-kÀ¤-s¯
A\p-I-cn-¨p Iq-Sn-t¨À-¯Xpw ]-g-´-an-gnÂ CÃm-¯Xpw BWv. a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ
Bbv-X F-gp-¯v ]-Zy-¯nÂ-t]mepw ]pw C¶pw CÃ.
(6) ‘C’ F-¶ `q-X-Im-e-{]-Xy-b-¯n\p ‘b’Im-cmK-aw h-¶ ‘C-b’ F-¶ cq-]-am-Wv
]v X-an-gnÂ D-m-bn-cp-¶Xv. ‘\’Im-cmK-aw h¶ ‘C\’ F-¶ cq-]-am-Wv
C¶s¯ X-an-gnÂ {]m-tb-W {]tbm-Kn-¨p-Im-Wp-¶Xv. F-¶mÂ C-¡m-cy-¯nÂ
ae-bm-fw C¶pw ]n-´p-S-cp¶-Xv ]-g-b cq-]-am-Wv.
a-e-bm-fw þ ]-g-In-b, A-S¡n-b
X-an-gv þ ]-g-In-\, A-S¡n-\
(7) h-cp-hm³ t]m-Ip-hm³ ap-Xe-mb ]-Z-§-fn-ep-Å ‘B³’ F-¶ ]n³-hn-\-sb-¨
{]Xy-bw ]-g-´-an-gnÂ D-m-bn-cp-¶Xpw C¶-s¯ X-an-gnÂ {K-Ù-`m-j-bnÂ
am{Xw A-]qÀ-Æ-am-bn-Im-Wp-¶-Xp-amWv. F-¶mÂ a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ C-Xv kÀ-Æ-km-
[m-c-W-am-bn {]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p.
(8) a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ {]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ ‘aXn’ F-¶ ]-Zw ]-c-W-cp-sSbpw aäpw kw-L-Ir-
Xn-I-fnÂ ImWp-¶p-s-¦nepw ]nÂ-¡me-¯v B `m-j-bnÂ ep-]v-X-am-bn-t¸mbn.
F-¶mÂ A-Xp a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ C¶pw \n-e-hn-en-cn-¡p¶p. ‘sXÃv’ ap-Xem-b ]-Z-
§fpw C-¡q-«-¯nÂ DÄ-s¸-«-XmWv.
(9) \n-sâ F-¶ AÀ-°-¯nÂ ‘\n³’ F-¶p am-{X-ta ap³-Ime-¯p X-an-gnÂ {]-tbm-
K-ap-m-bn-cp-¶pÅq. ‘D³’ F-¶ cq-]w ]n-¶o-Sv h-¶-XmWv. a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ \n³
F-¶ ]-Zw am-{X-am-Wv C¶pw {]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv.
(10) AXp-t]m-se ]qÀ-Æ-`m-j-bnse ‘B-bn’, ‘B-hpw’ F-¶o {]-tbm-K-§Ä X-an-gnÂ
‘B-In’, ‘BIpw’ F-¶n-§-s\-bm-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv. F-¶mÂ C-¡m-cy-
¯nepw a-e-bm-fw aq-e-`m-j-sb-X-s¶-bm-Wv ]n-´p-S-cp-¶Xv.
(11) tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\n-bp-sS B-dp-\-b-§-fnÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp-¶ A-\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]-k-chpw
X-hÀ-t¤m-]-aÀ-±hpw Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡m³ _p-²n-ap-«m-sW¶pw sN-´-an-gn-sâ B-hnÀ-
`m-h-¯n\pw ap³-]pXs¶ Cu t`-Z-§Ä Z-£n-W-{Zm-hn-U-`m-j-bnÂ h-¶p tNÀ-
¶n-cp-¶p F¶pw A-\p-\mknI {]-[m-\-am-bn-cp¶ B `m-j-bn-se ]qÀ-Æ cq-]-§-
sf-bm-Wv a-e-bm-fw {]-ZÀ-in-¸n-¡p-¶-sX-¶pw I-\I-k-ss`-¸n-Å A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-
¶pv. Rp, Rm¬, Rm-bn-dp ap-Xem-b ]-Z-§Ä C¶pw X-an-gnÂ \-S-¸pv.
A-Xn-\mÂ sF´p, A©p, Ipâp, Ip¶p, \-c¼p, Rc-¼p F-¶o ]-Z-Zz-b-§-fnÂ
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 14

sF´p, Ipâp, \c-¼p C-h-bm-Wv {]m-No-\-§-sf-¶p J-Þn-¨p ]-d-bm-hp-¶XÃ.
F-¶v D-ÅqÀ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
(12) ‘d-d’ F-¶ hÀ-®-¯n-sâ ]-g-b D-¨mc-Ww C¶pw i-cn-bm-bn \n-e-\n-dp-¯n-t¸m-
cp¶-Xp a-e-bm-f-am-Ip¶p. X-an-gnÂ AXp ‘d-dv d’ F-¶p am-dn-t¸m-bn-cn-¡p¶p.
(13) \nem, a-ssg, sh-bnÂ, C-cpÄ F-¶o ]Z-§-tfmSv ‘A-¯p’ F-¶ C-S\n-e tN-cp-
sa-¶p sXm-ev-Im-¸n-b-¯nÂ hn-[n-bp-s-¦nepw B hn-[n A-\p-k-cn-¨p-Å {]-tbm-
K-§Ä C¶pw \-S-¸m-¡p¶-Xv a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ-am-{X-amWv.
(14) X-an-gÀ-¡v C¶pw tI-«mÄ ]-e-t¸mgpw \n-L-p-hn-sâ k-lm-bw Iq-Sm-sX a-\-Ên-
em-Im-¯-hbpw F-¶mÂ tI-c-fo-bÀ-¡p \n-tXym-]-tbm-K-¯n-en-cn-¡p-¶-hbpw X-
¶n-an-¯w A-\m-bmtk-\ {K-ln-¡m-hp-¶-h-bpam-b A-t\-Iw {]m-No-\-]-Z-§Ä ]-
g-b sN-´-an-gv-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶pv. D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n\v,
Xp-¶-¡mc³ (Xp-¶Â-¡m-c³), ]oSn-ssI (]o-Sn-I), A-¦mSn (A-§m-Sn), s]mXn
(`m-Þw), ]ämbw (]-¯m-bw), CuSp (]-W-bw), A-S-bv-¡, aq-cn, Nn-dp¡³
(sNdp¡³) I-fcn, tXmWn, Ip-¸mbw, NnXÂ, ]mbÂ.
 tUm.sI.tKm-Z-hÀ½
X-an-gnÂ \n-¶pw a-e-bm-f-ap-m-bn F-¶ hmZ-s¯ tUm.tKm-Z-hÀ-½ Aw-Ko-I-cn-
¡p-¶nÃ. a-e-bm-fw {Zm-hn-U-tKm-{X-¯nÂ \n¶pw ]n-cnªv a-e-\m-«nÂ {]-tXy-I-§fm-b
]-cn-Xx-Øn-Xn-I-fnÂ hfÀ-¶n-«p-Å-Xm-sW-¶ B-äq-cn-sâ A-`n-{]mb-s¯ tKm-Z-hÀ-½
Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡p¶p. tKm-Z-hÀ-½-bp-sS ‘tI-c-f-`m-jm-hn-Úm-\o-bw’ F-¶ Ir-Xn-bnÂ
`mtjmÂ-]-¯n-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å A-`n-{]m-bw DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«pv. H-cp Po-hÂ-`m-j-
bpsS ]qÀ-Æ-cq-]w \nÀ-®-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v {K-Ù-`m-j-tb-¡mÄ hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bm-Wv \mw
B-[m-c-am-t¡--sX¶v tKm-Z-hÀ-½ ]-d-bp¶p. F-¶mÂ hn-Zym-`ym-k-`m-j-bp-sS t`Zw-
sIm-v km-ln-Xy-{K-Ù-§-fnepw cm-Py-`-c-Wkw-_-Ôam-b Øn-Xn-hn-ti-j-§Ä-¡v
hnt[-b-am-bn {]Nm-cm-[n-Iy-ap-Å `m-j-bnÂ hn\y-kv-X-§-fm-bn-«p-Å in-em-im-k-\-§-
fnepw {K-Ù-h-cn-I-fnepw aäpw b-YmÀ-°am-b tZ-i-`m-j-bnÂ Im-Wm-¯ ]-e hy-Xn-bm-
\-§fpw kw-`m-hy-§-fm-I-bmÂ Ah-sb B-kv-]-Z-am-¡n `m-j-bp-sS ]qÀ-Æ-cq-]w hn-[n-
\nÀ®-bw sN-¿p¶-Xv an-¡-hm-dpw A-km-[y-am-sW-¶v tKm-Z-hÀ-½ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
“A-Xn-{]m-No-\am-b Im-e-¯nÂ-t]mepw tI-c-f-¯n-se `m-j a-e-bm-f-am-bn-cp-¶p
F¶Ãm-sX Xantgm X-an-gn-sâ H-cp D-]-im-Jtbm B-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v hn-Nm-cn-¡p¶-Xv A-
kw-K-X-amWv” F-¶n§-s\ A-t±-lw {]-kv-Xm-hn-¡p¶p. ‘X-angpw a-e-bm-f-hpw’ F-¶
ioÀ-j-¯nÂ A-t±-lw C§-s\ F-gpXn: “a-e-bm-fw a-äp {Zmhn-U `m-j-I-sf-¡mÄ
Xangn-t\m-Sp IqSp-XÂ NmÀ-¨ {]-ZÀ-in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p Imc-Ww a-e-bm-f-¯n\pw X-an-
gn\pw k-am-\am-b H-cp ]qÀ-Æ-Z-i-bp-m-bn-cp-¶p F-¶-Xn-sâ ^-e-a-t{X. ]nÂ-¡me-¯p
c-p `m-j-I-fn-em-bn ]n-cn-ª-Xn-\p-ti-jw hÀ-®-hn-Im-c-hn-j-b-I-am-bn X-an-gnepw a-e-
bm-f-¯nepw Nn-e hn-`-¶-kz-`m-h-§Ä {]-XnjvT t\-Sn-bn-«p-s-¶pÅ-Xp hn-kv-a-cn-¡m-
hp-¶XÃ”.
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hÀ®-hn-Im-c-hn-j-b-I-am-bn X-an-gn\pw a-e-bm-f-¯n\pw X-½n-ep-Å hy-Xym-k-§-Ä
1. ap³-hn-\-sb-¨-§-fp-tSbpw A¼v, ImSv, ]m-«v Xp-S§n-b \m-a-]-Z-§-fp-tS-bpw, sIm-v,
Hm-Sv XpS§n-b K-Xn-I-fp-tSbpw aäpw H-Sp-hnÂ D-¨-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ tI-{µo-Ir-X-kz-c-
¯n\v a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ X-an-gnÂ D-Å-Xn-s\ A-t]-£n-¨v Ip-d-¨p-Iq-Sn Xp-d-¶p-Å H-cp
\n-e Dv.
2. X-an-gnÂ ]-Zm-h-km-\-¯nÂ D-Å ‘sF-’Im-c-¯n-\v F-Xn-cm-bn a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ ‘A-’Im-
c-am-Wp ImWp-¶-Xv.
3. X-an-gnÂ A-\p-\m-kn-Iam-b hy-Rv-P-\-s¯-¯p-SÀ-¶v ]n¶m-te h-cp-¶ ‘I-’Im-chpw
‘N’-Im-chpw ‘X’Im-chpw a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ A-\p-\m-kn-Iam-b cq-]-¯nÂ A-h-Øm-\w
sN-¿p-¶-Xn-\v ]-e D-Zm-l-c-W-§fpw Dvv. a-cw-IÄ=a-c§Ä; am-¦=am-§; I-©n = I-
ªn
4. X-an-gnepw IÀ-®m-S-I-¯nepw hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bnÂ ‘g’Im-c-¯n-sâ Øm-\w Iq-Sn
‘f’Im-cw A-]-l-cn-¨p-I-gn-ªn-«pv. a-e-bm-f-¯n-emI-s« {]m-No-\am-b ‘g’-Im-cw
AtX-co-Xn-bnÂ¯-s¶ h-c-sam-gn-bnÂ am-{X-aÃ hm-sam-gn-bnepw ]p-eÀ-¶p-t]m-cp-¶p.
5. X-an-gnÂ ]-Sp-I, I-«p-I, F-¶o [m-Xp-¡Ä tNÀ-¶p-Å cq-]-§Ä-¡v F-Xn-cm-bn a-e-
bm-f-¯nÂ- s]Sp-I, sI«p, F-¶n§-s\ ‘A-’Im-c-¯n-\v ‘F’-Im-cw h-¶n-«p-Å cq-]-
§fm-Wv km-[m-c-W-am-bn \-S-¸n-en-cn-¡p-¶Xv. D-Zm:þ A-I-s¸«p, ]p-d-s¸«p, sI«n.
6. X-an-gnÂ {]-Xn-{Km-ln-Im-{]-Xy-bm-´-c-§-fm-bn A-h-s\bv, A-h-sfbv, a-c-s¯bv,
F¶n§s\ ‘sF-’Im-cw tNÀ-¯v F-gp-X-s¸-«p t]m-cp-¶ cq-]-§Ä-¡v a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ
A-hs\, A-hsf, Fs¶, ac-s¯ F-¶n§-s\ ‘F-’Im-cm-´-c-am-bp-Å H-cp co-Xn-
bmWv FÀ-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. h-kv-Xp-ØnXn-t\m-¡n-bmÂ X-an-gnÂ {]-Xn-{Km-ln-Xm-{]-
Xybw ‘Fbv’ F-¶-Xm-sW-¶v hn-i-Zo-`-hn-¡pw.
7. ]p-cp-j-{]-Xy-bm-´-§fm-b {In-bm-cq-]-§Ä hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bnÂ \-ã-s¸-«n-«p-Å H-cp
Zi-sb-bmWv a-e-bm-fw {]-ZÀ-in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.
8. tIÄ-¡p, hcp, sIm-Sp-¡p F-¶n§-s\ \n-tbm-P-I-{]-Im-c-¯nepw ‘I-S-bv-¡Â \-\-
¨m-te X-e-bv¡-cw s]m-Sn-¡p’, ‘sIm-Sp-¯m-te In-«p’ ‘IÅ-t\ IÅ-sâ A-S-h-
dnbq’, F-¶n-§s\ A-h-[m-c-WmÀ-°am-b ‘G’ F-¶ \n-]m-Xw tNÀ-¶p-Å hm¡n-
t\mSv A-\z-bn-¡p-¶ Ir-Xn-bnepw a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ Im-Wp¶ ‘Du’ X-an-gnÂ C-sÃ-¶p
Im-Wmw.
9. \n-tbm-P-I-{]-Im-c-¯n-sâ a-[y-a-_-lp-h-N-\-¯nÂ h-cp-hn³, h-cn³, D-®p-hn³,
D®n³ F-¶n§-s\ ‘C³’ tNÀ-¶p-Å cq-]w a-e-bm-f-¯n-eÃm-sX X-an-gnÂ Im-Wm-
hp-¶-XÃ.
10. A-\p-Úm-b-I-{]-Im-c-¯nÂ sN-¿-emw, h-c-emw, C-cp-¡emw F-¶n§-s\ X-an-gn-ep-
Å cq-]-§Ä-¡v F-Xn-cm-bn sN-¿mw, h-cmw, C-cn-¡mw F-¶n§s\ 'Bw' tNÀ-¶
cq]-§-fm-Wv km-[m-c-W-hy-h-lm-c-¯nÂ a-e-bm-fw {]-ZÀ-in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 16

{Zm-hn-`m-j-I-fnÂ a-e-bm-fhpw X-angpw X-½nÂ Iq-Sp-XÂ A-Sp-¸w {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡p-
t¼mgpw hÀ-®-hn-j-b-I-c-am-bn X-an-gn\pw a-e-bm-f-¯n\pw X-½nÂ G-sd hy-Xym-k-§-
fpv. X-an-gnÂ \n-¶m-Wv a-e-bm-fw D-m-b-sX-¶v ]-d-bp-hm³ th-n-S-t¯m-fw e-£y-
anÃ.
F-{XX-s¶ {]m-No-\am-b a-e-bm-f-tc-J-bnepw a-e-bm-f-¯n-\v X-an-gv ap-Xem-b a-äp
{Zm-hn-U-`m-j-I-fnÂ \n¶pw {]-tXy-Iam-b H-cp hy-ànXzw sX-fn-ªp-Im-Wp-IX-s¶ sN-
¿p-¶p. hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bp-sS {]m-No-\-Z-iI-sf an-¡-hmdpw ]-cn-c-£n¨p-t]m-cp¶
ssienIÄ, ]-g-s©mÃpIÄ, I-Sw-I-Y-IÄ ap-X-em-b-h a-e-\m-«p-`m-j-I-fp-sS {]-tXy-I-
XI-sf D-Zm-l-cn-¡p-hm³ a-tä-Xn-s\-¡mfpw Iq-Sp-XÂ {]-K-ev-`-§-fm-Wv F-¶-t±-lw
Nqn-¡m-«p¶p. F-¶n§-s\ a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ {]m-No-\X-sb hy-à-am-¡p-¶Xpw aq-e-
{Zm-hn-U-`m-jm-hmZ-s¯ ]n-´m-§p-¶Xpw a-äp-P-\y-hm-Z§-sf Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡m-¯-Xpamb
\n-e-]m-Sm-Wv `m-tjm-Â-]-¯n-bp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«v tKm-Z-hÀ-½ ap--t¶m«p-h-bv-¡p-¶Xv.
 kn.F-Â. Bâ-Wn
‘`m-jm-]T-\§Ä’ F-¶ hym-I-c-W-Ir-Xn-bnÂ s{]m-^.kn.FÂ.Bâ-Wn tI-c-f-
`m-j-bp-sS DÛh-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨v C-{]-Im-cw tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. “aq-e-{Zm-hn-U-¯nÂ
\n-¶pw sX-ep-¦p I-¶-S-§Ä thÀ-]n-cn-ªp-t]m-b-Xn-\p-ti-jw X-an-gv a-e-bm-f-§-fp-sS
Hcp ]qÀÆ-Z-i D-m-bn-cp¶p. C-Xns\ ]-g-´-an-gv A-sÃ-¦nÂ t{]m-t«m X-an-gv F-¶p hnfn-
¡mw. Cu ]-g-´-an-gnÂ \n-¶m-Wv a-e-bm-fhpw C-¶-s¯ X-angpw D-m-bXv. X-an-gv imJ-
bnÂ km-ln-Xy`m-j hn-I-kn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v ap-¼pÅ Im-e-amWv Cu ]-g-´-an-gv L«w.
F.Un. 3þmw \q-äm-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn X-an-gnÂ km-ln-Xy`m-j cq-]w {]m-]n-¨p-I-gnªp. B-bn-
\mÂ, {In-kv-Xz-Ð B-cw-`-L-«-am-bn-cn¡-Ww ]-g-´-an-gv Imew. Cu Im-ew ap-XÂ ae-
\m«p X-an-gv A-Xn-sâ h-gn¡pw tNm-fþ]m-Þn-¯-an-gp-IÄ A-Xn-sâ h-gn¡pw hn-Im-kw
B-cw-`n-¨n-cn-¡Ww.”.
“{In-kv-Xz-Ðm-cw-`-Im-e-L-«-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn ]-g-´-an-gnÂ \n-¶p kw-`m-j-W-X-e-¯nÂ
a-e-\m-Sp-X-an-gv D-cp-¯n-cn-ªp-sh¶pw kz-´w {]-tXy-I-X-I-sfÃmw tZ-iy-t`-Z-a-\p-k-cn-¨v
A-XnÂ Iq-Snbpw Ipdªpw {Ita-W hn-I-kn-¨p-sh¶pw D-Å kn-²m-´-am-Wv a-e-bm-f-
`m-j-bp-sS DÂ-]-¯n-sb kw_-Ôn-¨v im-kv-{X-k-½-X-am-Ip¶p” F-¶n§-s\
`mtjmÂ`-hw hy-à-am-¡p-¶ kn.FÂ.Bâ-Wn, `mj-bp-sS kw-{I-a-W Im-eL-«w
hyà-am-¡p-¶p. kw-`m-j-W-X-e-¯nÂ ]-g-´-an-gnÂ \n-¶pw a-e-bm-fw thÀ-Xn-cn-ªv
hnI-kn-¨n-cn-¡m-sa-¦n-epw G-sd-¡m-e-t¯-¡v km-ln-Xy`m-j sN-ántgm kw-kv-Ir-
Xtam B-bn-cp¶p. X-an-gv-\m-Sp-am-bp-Å _-Ôw X-an-gn-sâ {]m-am-Wy-¯n\pw B-cy-·m-cp-
am-bp-Å _Ôw kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-sâ DÂ-¡À-j¯n\pw Im-c-W-ambn. sImÃ-hÀ-
jmcw`-t¯m-sS tNm-f-cm-Py-t¯m-Sp-Å _-Ôw in-Yn-e-am-bn. A-Xn-sâ ^-e-am-bn cm-P-
`m-jbm-b sN-´-an-gn-te-¡p hy-h-lm-c`mj \p-g-ªp-I-b-dp-hm³ Xp-S-§p-Ibpw hy-h-
lm-c`m-j {Ita-W sN-´-an-gn-s\ A-Sn-a-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp. ]n-¶o-Sv kw-kv-Ir-
¯nsâ B-{I-a-W-¯n-\v hn-t[-bam-b `m-j kw-kv-Ir-X-s¯bpw tXmÂ-]n¨p-sIm-v
hy-ànXzw t\-Sp-I-bm-Wp-m-b-sX-¶v s{]m-^.kn.FÂ.Bâ-Wn A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
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F.Un. 9þmw \q-äm-p-h-sc-bp-Å Ime-s¯ ]-c-X-{´-L-«sa-¶pw 9 ap-XÂ 17 h-sc-bpÅ
\qäm-pI-sf kw-{I-a-W-L-«-sa-¶pw 17\p ti-jw kz-X-{´-L-«-sa¶pw C-t±-lw Xncn-
¡p¶p. C-Xm-Wv kn.FÂ. B-â-Wn-bp-sS `m-jm-kw-{I-a-W-hmZw.
 tUm.sI.Fw. tPmÀ-Öv
‘{Zm-hn-U-tKm-{X-¯nÂ \n¶pw ]n-cn-ªv tI-c-f-¯n-se {]-tXy-I ]-cn-Xx-Øn-Xn-I-
fnÂ cq]w-sIm-p h-fÀ-¶-Xpw, X-angv, sX-ep-¦v, I¶-Sw F-¶o `m-j-I-sf-t¸m-se
hyàn-Xzhpw A-XnÂ Ip-d-bm-¯ {]m-No-\-Xbpw A-h-Im-i-s¸-Sm-hp-¶-Xpam-b H-cp
`mj-bm-Wv a-e-bm-fw’ F-¶v `m-tjmÂ-]-¯n-sb-¡p-dn-¨v ‘km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw {]-Øm-\-
§-fn-eq-sS’ F-¶ Ir-Xn-bnÂ ‘a-ebm-f `m-j-bp-sS hyàn-Xzhpw {]m-No-\-X-bpw’ F-¶
A-²ym-b-¯nÂ tUm.sI.Fw. tPmÀ-Öv A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. CXn-\m-bn C-t±-lw \n-c-
¯p-¶ bp-àn-Ifpw sX-fn-hp-Ifpw C-{]-Im-cw kw-{K-ln-¡mw:
1. `m-j-bp-sS P-·-tlXp:- H-cp `m-j aq-e-Ip-Spw-_-¯nÂ \n-¶p thÀ-s]-«p hf-sc I-gn-
ª-ti-j-ta a-säm-¶m-bn A-Xp ]-cn-hÀ¯-\w sN-¿p-¶pÅq. A-Xph-sc kz-ám-b
AØnXzw `m-j-bv-¡p-m-bn-cn-¡nÃ. aq-e`m-j BZyw `m-jm-t`-Z-§-fmbpw ]n-¶o-Sv
hn`n-¶-`m-j-I-fmbpw Xo-cp¶-Xv G-dn-b-Iqdpw `q-an-im-kv-{X-]-cam-b Im-c-W-§-fmemWv.
k-ly-]À-Æ-Xhpw A-d-_n-¡-Sepw tI-c-f-¯nÂ IpSn-tb-dn-¸mÀ¯ P-\§-sf a-äp-Å-h-
cnÂ \n-¶pw Ipd-¨v A-I-än-\nÀ¯n. \n-c-´-cam-b k-¼À-¡-¯n-\v X-S-k-ap-m-Ip-t¼mÄ
`m-j-bnÂ {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ s]m-«n-¡n-fpÀ-¯v `m-jm-t`-Z-§-fm-bn ]-cn-W-an-¡p¶p. X-an-gv
F-¶ \n-e-bnÂ hym-I-c-W-kz-cq-]w i-cn¡pw D-d¨-Xv {In-kv-Xp-hÀ-jm-cw-`-¯n-\-Sp-¯m-
sW-¶m-Wv ]-Þn-Xm-`n-{]mbw. A-Xn-\v A-t\-Iw i-X-hÀ-j-§Ä ap-¼v a-e-\m-«nÂ a-\p-
jy-hm-k-ap-m-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\v G-sd sX-fn-hpv. A-Xn-\mÂ a-e-\m-«p-hm-knbm-b
{ZmhnUsâ ]qÀ-Æ-{Zm-hn-U-`m-j-bm-Wv a-e-bm-fw F-¶ hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bm-bn ]-cn-W-an-¨-
sX¶p K-Wn-¡p-I-bm-Wv `m-jm-K-a-kn-²m-´-¯n-\p tbm-Pn-¨-sX-¶v A-t±-lw hm-Zn-
¡p¶p.
2. eo-em-Xn-e-Iw:- a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-sS hy-àn-Xz-s¯ kv]ã-am-¡p-¶ ]-e {]-kv-Xm-h-\-
Ifpw eo-em-Xn-e-I-¯n-epv. “X-an-gva-Wn kw-kv-Ir-X-]-hn-gw tImÀ-¡n-tâ³ hr-¯am-\
sN-¶q-t·Â” F-¶-XnÂ X-an-gv F-¶Xp-sIm-v tI-c-f-`m-js - b-bm-Wv kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv.
Iq-SmsX “tI-c-fo-b-sc-bpw {Zm-hn-U-sc-¶p ]-d-bm-sa-¶p-ÅXp-sIm-v A-h-cp-sS `m-j-bv-
¡v {Zm-hn-U-]-Z-¯n-sâ A-]-{`w-iam-b X-an-gv F¶p t]-cv ]-d-bp¶p” F-¶v k-aÀ-°n-
¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. {]-kv-Xp-X-k-µÀ-`-¯nÂ tI-c-f-`m-jb - psS hy-ànXzw Im-Wn-¡m³
eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³ 14 D-Zm-l-c-W-§Ä Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶pv. tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n 6 \-b-
§-fn-em-bn Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¨ an-¡ hy-Xym-k-§-fpw 14þmw \q-äm-nÂ¯-s¶ eo-em-Xn-e-
I-Im-c³ kq-Nn-¸n-¨-XnÂ \n¶pw A-¶p a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ hym-Ic-Ww A-{X-bv-¡v D-d-
s¨¶p a-\-Ên-em-¡mw. ‘X-angv’ F-¶ {]-tbm-Kw km-am-\y-hm-Nn-bm-bn-«m-Wv A-t±-lw
{]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv. eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-e-¯n-\p hf-sc ap-¼pX-s¶ kw-kv-Ir-X-t¯m-Sv tN-c-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 18

¯¡ tbmKy-X e-`n-¡-¯-¡h-®w tI-c-f`m-j h-fÀ-¶n-cp-¶p-sh¶pw C-XnÂ \n¶pw
{K-ln-¡mw.
3. tI-c-f-¯n-se X-an-gÀ:þ tI-c-f-¯nÂ \m-\m-`m-K-§-fn-em-bn ho-«nÂ X-angpw sh-fn-bnÂ
a-e-bm-fhpw kw-km-cn-¡p-¶-h-cp-v. 8þmw i-X-I-¯n-\pw 10þmw i-X-I-¯n\pw CSbv¡v
‘`«À’ k-aq-lw tIc-f-¯nÂ {]-th-in-¨n-cp-¶-Xm-bn Fw. {io-\nhmk B-¿-¦mÀ A-`n-
{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. Iq-Sm-sX hn.\m-K-a-¿ F-gp-Xn-b ‘Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ tÌ-äv am-\p-h-enÂ’
Ahn-sS-bp-Å A-t\-Iw Pm-Xn-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨v ]cm-aÀ-in-¡p-t¼mÄ, X-an-gv-\m-«nÂ \n-¶p
h¶ X-«m³, X¨³, I-½mf³, I-¶m³, IÂ-¯-¨³ F¶n-h-sc-¡p-dn-¨p ]-d-bp¶p. Ch-
cp-sS-sbÃmw ]qÀ-Æn-I-·mÀ Ip-Sn-tb-dn-¸mÀ-¯ Ime-¯v tI-c-f-¯nse `m-jbpw A-h-
cpsS `m-jbpw H-¶p-Xs¶ (X-angv) B-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ, c-p X-c-¯n-ep-Å ]cn-Wm-a-§Ä
kw-`-hn-¡p-hm³ \n-hr-¯n-bnÃ. A-Xn-\mÂ 10 i-X-I-¯n-\p-ap-¼pÅ tNm-f-`m-jbpw
tIc-f-`m-jbpw c-m-bn-cp-¶p F-¶ \n-K-a-\-¯nÂ \mw F-¯p¶p.
4. ]-g-s©mÃp-Ifpw ssi-en-Ifpw:þ a-e-bm-f-¯nepw X-an-gnepw D-Å G-Xm\pw ]-g-
s©mÃpI-sf Xm-c-Xayw sN-bv-X-XnÂ \n¶pw a-\-Ên-em-¡p-¶ h-kv-Xp-X-IÄ C-hbm-Wv.
H-tc B-i-bhpw H-tc Bhn-jv-Im-c-k-{¼-Zm-b-hp-ap-Å ]-g-s©mÃp-IÄ X-an-gnepw a-e-bm-
f-¯nepw [m-cm-f-apv. `m-j-bnÂ am-{X-ta Ip-d-¨p-hy-Xym-k-apÅq. H-tc B-i-bhpw hn-
`n-¶am-b B-hn-jv-Im-c-k-{¼-Zm-b-hp-ap-Å ]-g-s©mÃp-Ifpw Dv. B-i-bhpw B-hn-jv-
Im-c-k-{¼-Zm-bhpw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-«p-Å hn-`m-K-hp-apv. Cu h-Ip-¸p-I-fn-seÃmw [m-cm-
f-am-bn ]-g-s©mÃp-IÄ D-Å-Xn-\mÂ c-p `m-j-IÄ¡pw ]-g-b Imew-apX-te kz-X-{´-
am-b h-fÀ-¨-bp-m-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v hy-à-am-Ip¶p. hym-I-c-W-]-cam-b Im-cy-§-fnÂ ae-
bm-fw ]-g-s©mÃpIÄ, X-angn-t\m-Sv H-cp X-c-¯nepw Iq-Sp-XÂ km-ao-]y-ap-Å-h-bmbpw
Im-Wp-¶nÃ. C¶-s¯ hm-Iy-LS-\-tbm-Sv FÃm-hn-[-¯nepw s]m-cp-¯-ap-Å H-cp co-Xn
]-g-s©mÃp-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶p-sh¶-Xv a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-sS {]m-No-\X-sb sX-fn-bn-¡p-¶
{]-[m-\-s¸-« L-S-I-amWv.
5. im-k-\-§Ä:þ ]-Xn-aq-¶mw-iX-Iw h-sc tI-c-f-¯nÂ D-m-bn-«p-Å im-k-\-§-fnÂ
G-Xm\pw ae-bm-fw im-k-\-§-fpv. Xn-cp-h-\-´-]p-cw ayq-kn-bw t¹äv, a-e-bm-fw en-]n-
bn-ep-Å B-äqÀ imk\w, Nm-¯-¶qÀ imk-\w C-h D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. X-an-gn-sâbpw
kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-sâbpw kzm-[o-\i-àn A-ev-]-sam-s¡ `m-j-bnÂ Im-Wp-¶p-v.
6. kÀ-Æ-\m-a-Nn-Ó-§-fp-sS A-`mhw:- A-h³ h-´m³, A-hÄ h-´mÄ, \o-¦Ä h-óÀ
F¶n§s\ X-an-gnÂ Hmtcm kÀ-Æ-\m-a-¯n\pw tN-cp-¶ Hmtcm {I-nbm-cq-]-apv. a-e-
bm-fw H-gn-¨pÅ a-säÃm {Zm-hn-U-`m-j-I-fn-sebpw Øn-Xn C-Xp-X-s¶-bmWv. a-e-bm-f-
¯nÂ {In-b G-I cq-]-am-bn \nev-¡p¶p. kÀ-Æ-\maNn-l-\-§-fpsS Cu A-`m-h-s¯-
bm-Wv tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\n a-e-bm-f-¯nse ‘]pcp-j-t`-Z-\n-cmkw’ F-¶p hy-h-l-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
aq-e-Ip-Spw-_-¯nÂ ]p-cp-j-{]-Xy-b-§Ä tNÀ-¡p-¶ k-{¼-Zm-bw km-am-\y-am-bn \n-c-¡p-
¶-Xn-\p-ap¼v, a-e-bm-fw A-hn-sS \n¶pw ]n-cn-ªp. ]-Zy-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ A-§n-§m-bn-
Im-Wp-¶ {]-tbm-K-§Ä X-an-gv km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ \n¶pw e-`n-¨ H-cp Ir-{Xn-a-X-bmWv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 19

AXn-\mÂ ]p-cp-j-t`-Z-\n-cm-k-sa-¶p ]-d-b-s¸-Sp-¶ hy-I-c-W-hy-h-Ø Hcp ‘\ncm-k’aÃ
`mj-bp-sS {]m-No-\X-sb sX-fn-bn-¡p-¶ Hcp ‘A-`mhw’ am-{X-amWv.
7. `m-j-bn-se kw-kvIr-X {]-`m-hw:þ {Zm-hn-U-`m-j-I-fnÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-{]-`m-hw G-ähpw
Iq-Sp-XÂ Im-Wp-¶ `m-j-bm-Wv a-e-bmfw. C-Xn-\p-Im-c-W-§Ä ]-e-XmWv. H-¶v a-e-bm-f-
¯n-sâ kzo-Im-cy k¶²-X. c-m-a-Xm-bn a-äp -{Zm-hn-U-`mj-I-tfm-fw k-¼p-ã-aÃm-Xn-cp-
¶ A-h-Ø-bnÂ kw-kv-IrXs¯ kzmK-Xw sN-¿m³ Iq-Sp-XÂ XmÂ-]-cyw `m-j {]-ZÀ-
in-¸n-¨n-cn-¡mw. F.Un. 5þmw i-X-I-¯n-\-¸p-d-am-Wv {Zm-hn-U-`m-j-I-fnÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-
sâ kzm-[o-\i-àn K-Wy-am-bn-¡m-Wp-¶Xv. a-e-bmfw Cu Im-e-L-«-¯n-\p-ti-j-am-Wv
X-an-gnÂ \n-¶v H-cp-]-im-J-bm-bn-¸n-cn-ª-sX-¦nÂ X-an-gn-s\-t¸m-se a-e-bm-fhpw kw-kv-
Ir-s¯ hÀ-Ön-¨p-I-gn-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. F-¶mÂ H-cp km-ln-Xy`m-j F¶ \n-e-bnÂ
hen-b h-fÀ-¨-{]m-]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ap-t¼ a-e-bm-fw kw-kv-Ir-X-hp-am-bn k-t½-fn-¨p-sh-¶p
hnNm-cn-t¡-n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. A-Xmb-Xv ]qÀ-Æ-{Zm-hn-U`m-j X-angv, I¶-Sw F-¶n§-s\
cq-]w-{]m-]n¨p hn-I-kn-¨-Xn-\p-ap-¼v a-e-bm-fw thÀ-]n-cn-ªp-sh-¶-Xn-\v kw-kv-Ir-X-{]-`m-
hhpw H-cp Nq-p-]-e-I-bmWv.
8. hÀ-®-hn-j-b-Iam-b ]-cnK-W\:þ a-e-bm-fhpw X-angpw X-½nÂ hÀ-®-hn-j-b-I-am-bn
]-e hyXym-k-§-fp-apv. an-¡ hy-Xym-k-§-fnepw a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ \n-e-bm-Wv {]m-No-\-
sa-¶p sX-fn-bn-¡m³ Ign-bpw.
• a-sse, Xsse F-¶p X-an-gnÂ sF-Im-cw tNÀ-¡p-¶n-S¯v, a-e-bm-fw a-e, X-e
F¶n§-s\ A-Im-cm-´-am-bn \nÀ-¯p¶p. ]qÀ-Æ-cq-]w A-Im-c-sa-¶p sX-fn-bn-
¡m³ I-gn-bpw.
• hÀ-¯-am-\-Im-e-Nn-Ów Ip-dn-¡p-¶ ‘D´p’ ]-g-b X-an-gn-epw, A-ev-]w cq-]-t`-Z-
t¯m-Sp-IqSn (D¶p) C-¶-s¯ a-e-bm-f-¯nepw Dv. ‘D¯vp’ F-¶v ]-g-b I-¶-S-
¯nepw ‘D-Xvp’ F-¶p ]g-b sX-ep-¦nepw Im-Wp¶Xv Cu {]-Xy-bw X-s¶-bm-Wv
C¶pw ]qÀ-Æ-cq-]w kw-c-£n-¨p-h-cp¶Xv a-e-bm-fw am-{X-amWv.
• sXmÂ-¡m-¸n-b-¯n-se Nn-e hym-I-c-W-hy-h-Ø-X-IÄ a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ Im-Wm³
I-gn-bpw. ‘A¯v’ F-¶ C-S-\n-e-tNÀ¯p-sImv ‘sh-bn-e¯v’ ‘a-g-b¯v’ F-¶n-
§-s\-bp-Å {]-tbm-Kw a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ kÀ-Æ-km-[m-c-W-amWv. C¶-s¯ X-an-gnÂ
CÃ. ]qÀ-Æ-cq-]-§-fnÂ ]-eXpw C¶pw a-e-bm-f-am-Wv kw-c-£n-¨p-h-cp-¶-Xv F-¶-
Xn-\p a-säm-cp sX-fn-hm-bn C-Xn-s\ KWn¡mw.
• Ip-fn-¡m³, t]m-Im³ F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å {]-tbm-K-§-fnse ‘B³’ {]-Xy-bw a-e-
bm-f-¯nÂ D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p-h-cp-¶pv. C-Xp X-an-gnÂ hf-sc ZpÀÃ-`-am-bn km-ln-Xy-
`m-j-bnÂ Im-Wp-sa-¶Ãm-sX kw-`m-j-W-`m-j-bnÂ CÃ. X-an-gnÂ \-in¨p-t]m-b
Cu {]-Xy-bw a-e-bm-fw C¶pw ]p-eÀ-¯n-h-cp¶p.
• ä F-¶ hÀ-®-¯n-sâ ]-g-b D-¨mc-Ww ip-²am-b \n-e-bnÂ C¶pw \n-e-\nÀ¯n-
t]m-cp¶-Xv a-e-bm-f-am-Ip¶p. C-c-«n-¡p-t¼mÄ ‘<’ Im-chpw ‘d’Im-chpw tNÀ-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 20

¯mWv X-an-gnÂ C-¶p-Å {]-tbmKw. CXp-t]mse ‘g’Im-c ‘\’Im-c-§Ä¡pw
ip²-am-b D-¨m-c-W-hy-h-Ø a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ-¯-s¶-bm-Wv Im-Wp-¶Xv.
9. Nn-e {]m-No-\-]-Z-§Ä:þ tI-c-f-¯nÂ \n-tXym-]-tbm-K-¯n-en-cn-¡p-¶-h-bpw, X-an-
gÀ¡p km-[m-c-W-K-Xn-bnÂ a-\-Ên-em-Im-¯-h-bpw, F-¶mÂ {]m-No-\-X-an-gv-km-ln-Xy-
¯nÂ {]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-Å-h-bpam-b Nn-e ]-Z-§-fpapv. ImWw, ]o-Sn-I, hnfn, ]p-gp-¡,
H-cp-]mSv, t\-cnXp, ]\n, ]Ån, ]p-ecn, Nm-thdv, \o-«v F¶n-h D-Zm-l-cWw.
10. kz-X-{´-kw-kv-Im-cw:þ A-t\-Iw \q-äm-p-IÄ kz-X-{´-am-bn I-gn-ªp-IqSn-b H-cp
k-ap-Zm-b-amWv tI-c-fo-bÀ F-¶-Xn-\p [m-cm-fw sX-fn-hp-I-fp-v. a-e-bm-fn-bp-sS h-kv-{X-
[m-c-Whpw Zm-b-{I-ahpw B-Nm-c-§fpw I-em-{]-I-S-\-§fpw ]-b-äp-ap-d-Ifpw Nn-In-Õm-
co-Xn-Ifpw a-äp ]-e Im-cy-§fpw hy-àn-Xzap-Å H-cp kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ Nn-e {]-Xn-^-e-
\-§Ä am-{X-amWv. A§-s\ kz-X-{´-ambn, h-fÀ-¶p-h-¶ H-cp P-\-X-bv-¡v kz-ám-b
Hcp `m-j-bn-Ãm-Xn-cn-¡p-I-bnÃ. Cu P-\-X ap-¸tXm A-Xn-e-[n-Itam i-X-hÀ-j-§-fn-em-
bn {Ita-W h-fÀ-¯n-s¡m-p-h-¶ H-cp hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bm-Wv a-e-bmfw.
 F-^v.U-»yp.FÃn-kv {Zm-hn-U-tKm-{X-]T-\-¯n\pw a-ebm-f ]T-\-¯n\pw

\ÂIn-b kw-`m-h-\IÄ
1. G-Xm-v 23 sImÃ-t¯m-fw C-ýbn-ep-m-bn-cp-¶ F-^v.U-»yp.FÃn-kv a-{Zm-kv
sk-âv tPmÀ-Pv tI-mtf-PnÂ {]n³-kn-¸-fm-bn-cn-s¡ hn-tZ-in-Ifm-b kn-hnÂ kÀ-
Æo-kv D-tZym-KØsc {]m-tZinI `m-jbm-b X-an-gv im-kv-{Xo-b-am-bn ]Tn-¸n¡p-I
F-¶ D-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯-am-Wv D-m-bn-cp-¶Xv. hnZymÀ-°n-I-sf im-kv-{Xo-b-am-bn
Xangv ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn FÃm Z-£n-tW-ý³ `m-j-I-sfbpw FÃn-kv ]T-\-hn-
t[-b-am¡n. H-¸w kw-kv-Ir-Xhpw A-t±-lw ]T-\-hn-t[b-am¡n. Z-£n-tW-ý³
`mj-I-tfm-sSm-¸w X-s¶ kw-kv-Ir-X-`m-j-bnepw Xn-I-ª ]mÞnXyw FÃn-kn-
\p-m-bn-cp¶p.
2. X-angv, sX-ep¦v, I-¶Sw, a-e-bm-fw F-¶o {]ap-J {Zmhn-U `m-j-I-sf-sbÃmw B-g-
¯nÂ ]Tn¨ `m-jm-im-kv-{X-hn-Z-Kv-[-\m-bn-cp-¶p {^m³-kn-kv ssh-äv FÃn-kv.
\ho\ `m-jm-im-kv-{X-ho-£-W-¯nÂ \n¶p-sIm-v Z-£n-tW-ý³ `m-jI-sf
B-Zy-am-bn ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am¡n-b ]-Þn-X-\mWv.
3. {Zm-hn-U-`m-jI-sf Ip-dn-¨v ]Tn-¨ B-Zy-s¯ Xm-c-X-aym-ß-I hymI-c-W ]-Þn-X-
\m-Wv FÃnkv. C-¡m-c-W-¯mÂ Xm-c-X-aym-ß-I {Zm-hn-U-`m-jm-im-kv-{X-¯n-sâ
]n-Xm-hv F-¶-t±-lw Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
4. a-ebm-f `m-j kw-kv-Ir-¯nÂ \n¶pw D-Û-hn-¨p F-¶ hn-izm-k-am-Wv FÃn-kn-
sâ ]T-\-§Ä¡p ap-¼p-h-scbpw s]m-Xp-sh D-m-bn-cp-¶Xv. F-¶mÂ a-e-bm-f-
s¯bpw kw-kv-Ir-X-s¯bpw B-g-¯nÂ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am¡n-b FÃn-kv a-e-bm-
fw kw-kv-Ir-X-P-\y-am-sW-¶ ap³-[m-c-W Xn-cp¯n.
5. X-angv, sX-ep¦v, I-¶Sw, a-e-bm-fw F¶o `m-j-IÄ kw-kv-Ir-X-`m-j-bnÂ \n-¶v
DÛ-hn-¨-X-sÃ¶pw F-¶m-Â kw-kv-Ir-X-`m-j-bp-am-bp-Å Zr-V_-Ô-¯n-sâ ^-e-
ambn Cu `m-j-I-fnÂ Nne-Xn-\v ]nÂ-¡m-e¯v Nn-e am-ä-§Ä h-¶n-«p-s¶pw
FÃn-kv I-s¯n.
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6. temI-¯v a-säm-cp `m-j-tbmSpw CÃm-¯ B-ß_-Ôw a-e-bm-f-¯n-\v X-angn-t\mSv
D-s-¶v FÃnkv I-s¯n. a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ B-g-ap-Å th-cp-IÄ X-an-gnÂ
Is-¯m-sa¶pw F-Ãnkv {]-Jym-]n¨p. C-¯-c-¯nÂ a-e-bm-fhpw X-angpw X-
½nÂ Zr-Vam-b _-Ô-am-Wv D-Å-sX-¶v FÃnkv Dd-¸n-¨p ]-d-ªp.
7. {ZmhnU `m-jI-sf A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bp-Å c-v {]-[m-\-s¸-« {]-_-Ô-§-fm-Wv
FÃn-kn-sâ kw`m-h-\-bm-bn e-`n-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. 1815þÂ A-t±-lw sX-ep-¦p `mj-sb
X-an-gvþI-¶-S `m-j-I-fp-ambn Xm-c-X-ay ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡n F-gpXn-b {]-_-Ô-am-
Wv H-¶m-a-t¯Xv. A Dissertation on the Malayalam Language F-¶ {]-_-Ô-am-
Wv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ c-ma-s¯ kw-`mh-\.
8. Z-£n-tW-ý³ `m-j-IÄ H-cp {]-tXyI tKm-{X-¯nÂ-s]-«-h-bm-sW¶v B-Zy-am-bn
I-s-¯nbXv FÃ-nkm-bn-cp¶p. Cu tKm-{X-¯n-\v {Zm-hn-U-tKm{Xw F¶v \m-a-
Ic-Ww sN-bv-XXpw FÃn-kmWv.
9. A Dissertation on the Malayalam Language F-¶ {K-Ù-¯nÂ a-ebm-f `m-j Xan-
gvP-\y-am-Wv At±-lw hm-Zn-¡p¶p. a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-sS D-Ûh-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨v
B-Zy-am-bn \-S¯n-b imkv-{Xo-b ]T-\-am-Wv {]-kvXp-X {]-_Ôw.
10. i-cnbm-b X-angv, sIm-Sp-´-angv, a-e-\m-«p-X-an-gv F-¶n§-s\ X-an-gn-sâ aq-¶v D-]-`m-
j-I-fn-se ]Z§sf Xm-c-X-ay-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-I-bm-Wv FÃn-kv sN-bv-XXv. C-{]-Im-
cw Xm-cX-ay ]T-\-¯n-\v hnt[-b-am¡n-b FÃn-kv sIm-Sp-´-an-gn-sâ ]-e cq-] L-
S-I-§-sfbpw a-e-\m-«p-X-an-gnÂ I-s-¯p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.
ap³ImehÀj tNmZy§Ä
1. `m-jmkw-{I-a-W-hm-Z-¯n-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\ X-Xz-§Ä ]cn-tim-[n-¡pI. (2017-C)
2. aq-e-{Zm-hn-U-¯nÂ \n-¶v t\-cn-«p ]n-cn-ªp h-¶-Xm-Wv a-ebm-f `m-j F-¶v Nn-e ]-
Þn-X-·mÀ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p-v. A-h-cp-sS hm-Z-§-fp-sS kzo-Imcy-X ]cn-tim-[n-
¡pI. (2016-C)
3. ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS DXv]-¯nsb Ipdn-¨pÅ DÅq-cnsâ A`n-{]mbw F´v? NÀ¨-
sN¿pI. (2015-C)
4. `mtjm-Xv]¯n NÀ¨-bnÂ ‘kwkvIrXP\y-hm-Z-¡mÀ’ D¶-bn-¡p¶ {][m\ hmZ-ap-
J-§Ä Fs´Ãmw? (2015)
5. aqe-{Zm-hn-U-`m-j-bpsS kzX-{´-im-J-bmWv ae-bmfw F¶v hmZn-¡p¶ ]Þn-X-
·mÀ Bscms¡? Ah-cpsS hmZw kw{K-ln-¡p-I. (2014)
6. `mtjm-Û-hs¯ Ipdn-¨pÅ tKmZ-hÀ½bpsS A`n-{]mbw hne-bn-cp-¯p-I.
(2013)
7. F^v.-U-»yp.FÃnkv {Zmhn-U-tKm-{X-]-T-\-¯n\pw ae-bmf ]T-\-¯n\pw \ÂInb
kw`m-h\ hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. (2012-C)
8. ae-bm-f-¯n-t\mSv HuXv]-¯n-I-ambn Xan-gn\v _Ôw IÂ¸n-¡m-\n-sÃ¶pw AXv
aqe-{Zm-hn-U-¯nÂ \n¶v t\cn«v ]ncnªv h¶-Xm-sW\¶pw Nne ]Þn-X-·mÀ
hmZn-¨n-«p-v. Ah-cpsS hmZ-§-fpsS kzoIm-cyX ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. (2010)
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9. Xangv-þa-e-bmf _Ô-s¯-¸än ]Þn-X-·mÀ D¶bn¨n«pÅ hn`n¶ aX-§Ä kqNn-
¸n¨v kzm`n-{]mbw hyà-am-¡p-I. (2009, 2007)
10. HuXv]-¯n-I-ambn Xan-gv-þ-a-e-bm-f-§Ä¡pÅ _Ô-s¯- Ip-dn¨v `n¶ \nco-£-W-
§fpw A`n-{]m-b-§fpw Dv. ]cym-tem-Nn-¡p-I. (2007)
11. ae-bmfw aqe-{Zm-hnU `mj-bpsS Hcp kzX-{´-im-J-bmtWm? D]-\y-kn-¡p-I.
(2004)
12. Xangvþa-e-bm-f-§Ä¡v kam-\-amb Hcp ]qÀÆZi Dm-bn-cp¶p F¶ A`n-{]mbw
hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. (2004)
13. {]mKv`mjm kz`m-h-§Ä Xan-gn-t\-¡mÄ ae-bm-f-¯n-emWv \ne-\nÂ¡p¶-sX¶pw
AXp-sImv ae-bmf`mj- aq-e-{Zm-hn-U-¯nÂ \n¶v t\cn«v thÀXn-cnªv
h¶XmWv F¶pw, Xan-gn-t\mSv AXn\v HuXv]-¯n-I-_Ôw IÂ¸n-t¡--XnÃ
F¶pw Nne `mjm]Þn-X-·mÀ B`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n«p-v. Cu \nco-£Ww F{X-
t¯mfw kzoIm-cy-amWv F¶v ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. (2003)
14. Z£n-W-{Zm-hn-U-¯nsâ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Nqn-¡m-Wn¨v ae-bmf `mj-bpsS
hymhÀ¯I e£-W-§Ä Fs´-Ãm-sa¶v hni-Z-am-¡p-I. (2002)
15. kwkvIr-X-P-\y-amWv ae-bmfw F¶ hmZw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨-Xmcv? AXn\v At±lw
sImSp-¡p¶ hni-Zo-I-c-W-§-tfh? (2001)
16. {Zmhn-U-`mjm tKm{X-¯nÂ Z£n-W-{Zm-hnUw Fs¶mcp D]-hn-`mKw IÂ¸n-¡p-¶-
Xn\v ASn-Øm-\-sa´v? Cu D]-hn-`m-K-¯nsâ `mjm-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-IÄ
Fs´Ãmw? (2000)
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t]¸Àþ H¶v sk£³ þ F-
a-ebmfw
bqWoävþH¶v (2)
Xangpw ae-bm-fhpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw:
tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-bpsS Bdv \b-§Ä
`m-j-bp-sS D-Û-h-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å hnhn-[ kn-²m-´-§-fm-Wv bq-Wn-äv H-¶v
(1) Â NÀ-¨-sN-¿p-¶Xv. taÂ-¸d-ª Cu kn-²m-´-§-fp-sS Iq-«-¯nÂ H-¶mWv
'X-an-gv P-\yhm-Zw'. C-¡m-cy-§-sfÃmw bq-Wo-äv H-¶v (1) Â hn-i-Z-am-¡n-b-XmWv.
C-hn-sS tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\n-bp-sS B-dv \-b-§fpw A-h-bp-sS hn-aÀ-i-\-§-fp-am-Wv ap-
Jy-ambpw hn-i-Z-am-¡p-¶Xv. a-e-bm-fhpw X-angpw X½n-ep-Å _-Ô-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v
G.B-dn-sâ A-`n-{]m-b-§Ä ImÄ-Uz-en-s\ ]n-´p-SÀ-¶p-m-b-XmWv.
 Xangpw ae-bm-fhpw X½n-epÅ _Ô-s¯-¡p-dn¨v G.-BÀ.cm-P-cm-P-

hÀ½bpsS \nco-£-W-§Ä
Ncn{X]c-amb sXfn-hp-IÄ \nc¯n ae-bmfw XangvP\y-am-sW¶v sXfn-
bn¨ `mjm-]-Þn-X-\mWv G.-BÀ.-cm-P-cm-P-hÀ½. asse-\m-Smb ae-bm-f-¯nse
BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-IÄ Xan-gcpw Ah-cpsS `mj Xangpw Bbn-cp¶p F¶v ]d-ªp-
sIm-mWv G.-BÀ.-Xsâ ‘sImSp-´-angv hmZw’ XpS-§p-¶-Xv. “FÃm-¡m-e¯pw
‘{KÙ-`mj’ AsÃ-¦nÂ hcsamgn ‘\mtSm-Sn-`mj’ AsÃ-¦nÂ hmsamgn
Fs¶mcp hyXymkw FÃm PohÂ`m-j-I-fnepw Dm-bn-cp-¶p. {KÙ-`m-jbv¡v
‘sNángv’ F¶pw \mtSm-Sn-`m-jbv¡v ‘sImSp-´-angv’ F¶p-amWv t]cv. C§-s\-
bp-m-bn-cp¶ ]e-Xcw sImSpán-gp-I-fnÂ H¶v ae-bm-f-ambn ]cn-W-an¨p”.
F¶mWv tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-bpsS A`n-{]m-bw. Cu sImSp-ángn\v tZiy-t`-Z-§Ä
(Hcp `mj-bv¡p-ÅnÂ \ne \nÂ¡p¶ `mjm-hy-Xym-ks¯ tZiy-t`-Z-§Ä
F¶v hnfn-¡p-¶p) Dm-bn-cp-¶p. thWm-Sv, Ip«\mSv, IpS-\m-Sv, ]qgn-\mSv,
IÀ¡m-\mSv XpS§n Xan-g-I-¯n-sâ-Xmb A©p \mSp-I-fnÂ kwkm-cn-¨n-cp¶
sImSp-´-an-gp-I-fn-sem¶v ae-bm-f-ambn ]cn-W-an¨p F¶mWv G.-B-dnsâ A`n-
{]m-bw. C¯-c-¯nÂ sImSp-´-angv ae-bm-f-ambn ]cn-W-an-¨-Xn\v {][m-\-ambpw
cv Xcw Imc-W-§-fp-s¶v G.-BÀ. ]d-bp-¶p.
1. _mly-Im-c-W-§Ä
2. B`y-´-c-Im-c-W-§Ä
_mlyhpw B`y-´-c-hp-amb Imc-W-§-sfbpw Imcy-§-sfbpw \nc¯n Xsâ
hmZ-K-Xn-Isf tIc-f-]m-Wn\n ‘tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw’ ]oTn-I-bnÂ kaÀ°n¡m³
{i-an-¡p¶p.
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I. _mly-Im-c-W-§Ä
1. ae-bm-f-tZ-i¯nsâ InS¸v Ingt¡ AXnÀ¯n-ap-gp-h³ hym]n-¡p¶
]ÀÆX]wàn-sImp aäp Xan-gv\m-Sp-I-fnÂ \n¶pw thÀs¸«v Hä-Xn-cn-
ªmbnt¸mb-Xv:-þ
{]mNo-\-Im-e¯v Z£n-tWý apgp-h³ BZn-{Zm-hnU `mj-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
Cu `mjbv¡v sImSp-´-an-gv, sNángv F¶n-§s\ cv hn`m-K-§Ä Dm-bn-cp-
¶p. Xangv kwkm-cn-¡p¶ ]{´v tZi-§-fnÂ Gsg®w kly-\-¸p-dhpw (tI-
cf-¯n\v ]pd-¯v) As©®w kly-\n-¸pdhpw (tI-cf-¯n-\-I-¯v) Bbn-cp-¶p.
IpSw, Ip«w, IÀ¡, th¬, ]qgn F¶o A©p \mSp-I-fnsem¶nse sImSp-´-
angv ae-bm-f-ambn ]cn-W-an-¨p. Ing¡v kly-]ÀÆ-X-¯n\pw ]Sn-ªmdv Ad-_n-
¡-S-en-\p-an-S¡v Hä-s¸«v InS-¡p¶ `q{]-tZ-iamWv tIc-fw. tIc-f-¯nsâ `qan-
im-kv{X-]-c-amb Cu {]tXy-I-X-bmWv Xangv kwkm-cn-¡p¶ CX-c-tZ-i§-fnÂ
\n¶pw tIc-fs¯ Hä-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xv. `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb C¡m-c-W-¯mÂ
ae\m«nse Xangv Ime-{I-a-¯nÂ Hcp kzX-{´-`m-j-bmbn ]cn-W-an-¨p-sh¶v G.-
BÀ. A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
2. adp-\m-«p-ImÀ¡n-Ãm¯ ]e hntij hn[n-Ifpw ae-bmf¯pImÀ¡p-m-
bn-cp-¶-Xn-\mÂ AhÀ¡v Hcp {]tXy-I-kw-L-ambn Xncn-bp-¶-Xn-\p-mb
kuIcyw:þ
acp-a-¡-¯m-bw, ap³Ip-Sp-a, app-Sp¸v apX-em-bh tIc-f-¯nse BNm-c-
§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. ‘]Xn-äp-¸-¯nÂ’ {]iw-kn-¡p¶ {]`p-¡-·mcpw cmPm-¡-·mcpw
acp-a-¡-¯mbw A\pjvTn¨n-cp-¶-h-cm-sW¶v B {KÙ-¯nÂ Xs¶ {]Xn-]m-Zn-
¨n-«p-v. Xan-gcpw ae-bm-fn-Ifpw X½nÂ \nXy-k-l-hm-k-ap-m-bn-cp¶ Ime¯v
C¯cw BNm-c-§Ä hnti-j-hn-[n-bmbn Xan-gÀ¡v tXm¶n-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. F¶p-am-
{X-aÃ Cu hI BNm-c-§-tfmSv AhÀ¡v Xr]vXn-¡p-dhpw Dm-bn-cp-¶p. C¡m-
c-W-¯mÂ “acp-a-¡-¯mbw apX-emb BNm-c-§Ä ae-bm-f-cm-Pys¯ Hä-Xn-cn-
¡p-¶-Xn\pw AXp-hgn ae-bm-f-`m-jsb Xan-gnÂ \n¶p-a-I-äp-¶-Xn\pw klm-
bn¨p” F¶v G.-BÀ. ]d-bp-¶p.
3. \¼q-Xn-cn-am-cpsS {]m_-eyhpw Bcy-{Zm-hn-U-kw-kvIm-chpw:þ
{InkvXp-hÀjm-cw-`-¯n\p ap¼p-Xs¶ {_mÒ-Wcpw, _u²cpw, ssP\cpw
Bb Bcy-·mÀ sXt¡ Cý-bn-te¡v IS¶n«pv. Bcy-{_m-Ò-WÀ {Kma-a-S¨v
tIc-f-¯n-te¡p IpSn-tb-dn-¸mÀ¡phm³ Bcw-`n-¨Xv Bdmw \qämp apX-em-
Wv. Xan-g-Is¯ P\-§fpw ae-\m-«nse P\-§fpw X½n-epÅ _Ôw \ne-bv¡p-
Ibpw ae-\m-«nse P\-§Ä¡v Bcy³amcp-am-bpÅ _Ôw hf-cp-Ibpw sNbvX-
tXm-Sp-IqSn Bcy-`mjbmb kwkvIr-Xhpw ae-\m-«p-X-angpw X½nÂ IqSn-¡-
eÀ¶v ae-\m-«nse Xangv Hcp kzX-{´-`m-j-bmbn ]cn-W-an-¨p. Bcy-·m-cp-sSbpw
{]mNo-\-hm-kn-I-fmb {Zmhn-U-cp-sSbpw hÀ¤§Ä¡v X½nÂ IqSn-¡-e-cp-¶-Xn-
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\p-th kml-N-cy-§Ä tIc-f-¯n-ep-m-bn-cp-¶p. acp-a-¡-¯mbw apX-emb
tIc-fob BNm-c-§Ä DZm-l-c-W-ambn ]d-bmw. Cu Bcy-{Zm-hn-U-kw-Kaw tIc-
f-`m-j-sbbpw \Ã-co-Xn-bnÂ kzm[o-\n-¨p. CXn-s\-¡p-dn¨v G.-B-dnsâ A`n-
{]mbw CXm-Wv. “cpw IqSn-t¨À¶v Hcp Ijm-b-am-bn. tbmKw \¶mbn
tNÀ¶Xn\mÂ Ijm-b-¯n\v hocyw kzbta IqSp-X-em-bn-cp-¶p. t]msc-¦nÂ
\{kmWn {InkvXym-\n-IÄ AXn\v Hcp tas¼m-Snbpw tNÀ¯p. AXp tkhn-¡-
bmÂ tIc-fob e£van¡v ico-c-]p-jvSnbpw _p²n-hn-Im-khpw HmPÊpw
hÀ²n¡pIbpw sNbvXp” C¯-c-¯nÂ Bcy-·m-cpsS BK-a-\hpw kwkvIr-X-
`mjm k¼À¡hpw ae-\m-«nse Xangns\ kzX-{´-`m-j-bm¡n amän.
II. B`y-´-c-Im-c-W-§Ä
tZiy-t`-Z-§sf sImv am{Xw ae-bm-fhpw Xangpw X½n-epÅ hyXymkw
hyà-am-¡m-\m-hn-sÃ¶ v a\-Ên-em-¡nb G.-BÀ. `mjm-im-kv{X-]-chpw hymI-c-
W-]-c-hp-amb {]tXy-I-X-IÄ¡-Sn-Øm-\-am¡n Bdp \b-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-
¶p. Xan-gnÂ \n¶pw ae-bmfw hyXym-k-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-\pÅ s]mXp-hm-b-\n-b-a-
§Ä \nc¯n ae-bm-f-¯n\v kzX-{´-`m-j-sb¶ Øm\w \ÂIp-I, sImSp-´-
angv ae-bm-f-ambn ]cn-W-an-¨-Xn-\pÅ \ymb-§Ä shfn-hm-¡p-I, F¶o cv
e£y-§-fmWv tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-bpsS Bdp \b-§Ä¡p-Å-Xv.
a-e-bm-fw X-an-gnÂ \n¶pw thÀ-Xn-cn-¡p¶ 6 \-b-§Ä C-h-bmWv:

1. A\p-\m-kn-ImXn {]kcw
2. Xme-hym-tZiw (X-hÀt¤m]aÀ±w)
3. kzc-kw-h-cWw
4. ]pcp-j-t`-Z-\n-cmkw
5. Jntem-]-kw-{Klw
6. AwK-`wKw
1.A\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]-kcw
 Hcp A\p-\m-kn-I-hÀ®w (M, R, W, \, a F¶n-h-bmWv ae-bm-f-
¯nse A\p-\m-kn-I-§Ä) X\n¡v ]n¶mse hcp¶ hÀ®w Jc-am-sW¦nÂ
(I, N, S, X, ] F¶n-h-bmWv ae-bm-f-¯nse Jc-§Ä) AXns\ IS-¶m-{I-an¨v
A\p\m-kn-I-am¡n amäp-¶p.
DZm-l-cWw: \nMv+IÄ = \n§Ä
 A\p-\m-knIw ap¼pw Jcw ]n¶n-ep-ambn Iq«-£cw h¶mÂ A\p-
\m-knIw Cc-«n¨ êw sN¿pw. Jc-¯nsâ D¨m-cWw thÀXn-cn¨v
tIÄ¡m\mhm-sXbpw hcpw.
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DZm-l-cWw: h\v+Xm³ = h´m³ -= h¶m³
amMv+Imbv = am¦mbv = am§m
2. Xme-hym-tZiw (X-hÀt¤m]aÀ±w)
 Xme-hy-kz-c-¯n\p tijw (A, C, F, sF F¶n-h-bmWv Xme-
hykzc-§Ä) Zý-hy-RvP\w h¶mÂ (X, \, ¯, ¶, ´ F¶n-h-bmWv Zý-
hy-RvP-\-§Ä) Zý-hy-RvP\w amdn Xme-hy-hy-RvP\w hcpw. (N, R, ¨, ª,
© F¶n-h-bmWv Xme-hy-hy-RvP-\-§Ä) F¶ \nb-a-amWv Xme-hym-tZiw. Xan-
g-£-c-am-e-{]-Imcw Zý-hy-RvP-\-§Ä X, \ F¶n-h-bmWv Chsb X½nÂ
Iq«n-tbm-Pn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ In«p¶ ¯, ¶, ´ F¶nhbpw Zý-hy-RvP-\-§Ä
Xs¶-bm-Wv. At¸mÄ Zý-hy-RvP-\-§Ä X, \, ¯, ¶, ´ F¶n-h-bm-Wv.
Xan-g-£-came {]Imcw Xme-hy-hy-RvP-\-§Ä N, R F¶nh-bm-Wv. Chsb
X½nÂ Iq«n-tbm-Pn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ In«p¶ ¨, ª, © F¶n-hbpw Xme-hy-hy-
RvP-\-§Ä Xs¶-bm-Wv. At¸mÄ Xme-hy-hy-RvP-\-§Ä N, R, ¨, ª, ©
F¶n-h-bm-Wv. Hmtcm Zý-hy-RvP-\-¯n\pw AXm-Xnsâ Xme-hy-hy-RvP\w
BtZ-i-ambn hcpw. AXm-bXv Jc-¯n\p Jcw A\p-\m-kn-I¯ - n\v A\p-\m-
knIw F¶n-§s\. C¡mcyw C{]-Imcw {Iao-I-cn-¡mw.
Zýw Xmehyw
X N
\ R
¯ ¨
¶ ª
´ ©
DZm-l-cWw: ]nSn-¯m³ = ]nSn-¨m³
Adn-´m³ = Adn-©m³ = Adn-ªm³
3. kzc-kw-h-cWw
 kzc-§sf Xpd-¶p-¨-cn-¡msX AS-¨p-¨-cn-¡p¶ coXn-bmWv kzc-kw-
h-cWw. Xan-gnÂ Xpd¶v D¨-cn-¡p¶ Nne hÀ®§sf ae-bm-f-¯nÂ AS¨v
D¨-cn-¡p-¶p. Xan-gnse hnhrX ‘D’Imcs¯ ae-bmfw kwhrX ‘D’Imc-am¡n
amäp-¶p. ‘D’Imcs¯ thn-S-t¯mfw hn«v Xpd¶v D¨-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-bmWv
hnhr-tXm-Imcw F¶v ]d-bp-¶-Xv. CXmWv Xan-gnsâ coXn. F¶mÂ ae-bm-f-
¯nsâ coXn D Imcs¯ AS-s¨m-Xp¡n¸nSn¨v D¨-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. CXns\
kwhr-tXm-Imcw F¶v ]d-bp-¶p.
DZm-l-cWw: thep = thev
N¦p = N¦v
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 4
{]Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw {]Xy-b-§-fp-sSbpw HSp-hnÂ hcp¶ ‘sF’Imcw Npcp§n
‘A’Imc-am-Ipw.
DZm-l-cWw: Xangv = assg, Csse

ae-bmfw = ag, Ce
4. ]pcp-j-t`-Z-\n-cmkw
 {Inb-IÄ¡v IÀ¯m-hn-t\m-SpÅ s]mcp¯w kqNn-¸n-¡p-hm-\mbn
Xan-gnÂ Ah-tbm-Sp-IqSn enwK-h-N-\-{]-Xy-b-§Ä tNÀ¯v cq]-t`Zw hcp-¯m-dp-
v. ae-bmfw AXv ]msS Dt]-£n-¨p. kwkvIr-X-`mj kwkm-cn-¡p¶ \¼q-Xn-
cn-amÀ CXn\p klm-bn-¨n-cn-¡-Ww. ImcWw kwkvIr-X-¯nÂ \ma-¯n\p
tNÀ¡p¶ enwK-{]-Xy-b-§Ä {Inb-b¡pw IqSn BhÀ¯n-¡p¶ kz`mhw CÃ.
kwkvIr-X-¯nsâ Cu kz`m-h-amWv ae-bm-fhpw kzoI-cn-¨-sX¶v tIc-f-]m-
Wn\n A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
DZm-l-cWw: Xangv ae-bmfw
Ah³ Ah³
h´m³ h¶p
AhÄ AhÄ
h´mÄ h¶p
AhÀ AhÀ
h´mÀ h¶p
5. Jntem-]-kw-{Klw
 Jnew F¶mÂ {]tbm-K-¯n-en-Ãm-¯-Xv F¶mWv AÀ°w. Hcp
Ime¯v {]tbm-K-¯n-en-cp-¶Xpw ]nÂ¡me¯v {]tbm-Kn-¡msX Dt]-£n-¨-Xp-
amb {]Ir-Xn-I-sfbpw {]Xy-b-§-sfbpw ae-bmfw Ct¸mgpw {]tbm-K-¯nÂ
\ne-\nÀ¯p¶p. `mhn-{In-b-sb-¡p-dn-¡p¶ ‘B³’ F¶ {]Xybw DZm-lcWw.
Ct¸mgpw C¯cw cq]-§Ä {]Nm-c-¯n-ep-v.
DZm-l-cWw:
Xangv ae-bmfw
Ipfn¡ ht´³ Ipfn-¡m³ h¶p
hmNn¡ t]mIn-td³ hmbn-¡m³ t]mIp¶p
6. AwK-`wKw
 Nne ]gb {ZmhnU {]Ir-Xn-I-sfbpw {]Xy-b-§-sfbpw ae-bm-f-`mj
kuI-cy-¯n\p thn A£-c-tem]w sNbvXv Npcp¡n D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 5
CXns\ AwK-`wKw F¶v ]d-bp-¶p. DZm-l-c-W-¯n-\v, ‘¡p’ F¶ Dt±-in-Im-hn-
`àn {]Xy-bs¯ ‘D’ F¶pw ‘DSb’ F¶ kw_-ÔnIm hn`àn {]Xy-bs¯
‘DsS’ F¶pw A£cw tem]w sNbvXv {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
DZm-l-cWw: Ah³ = Ah-\p¡v = Ah\v
Ah-fp-sSb = Ah-fpsS
taÂ¸-dª Bdp \b-§-fpsS hni-Zo-I-c-W-¯n-eqsS G.-BÀ.-cm-P-cm-P-
hÀ½ Øm]n-¡p¶ Imcy-an-Xm-Wv. ]v Xangv `mjbv¡pw ae-bm-f-¯n\pw Htc
kz`m-ha- mWv Dm-bn-cp-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ ]nÂ¡me¯v kwkvIr-X-kzm-[o\w
sImv ae-bmfw ]e ]gb kz`m-h-§fpw Dt]-£n¨p kzX-{´-`m-j-bm-bn. ae-
bmfw Xan-gnsâ Hcp-]-im-J-bmWv F¶v ImÂUz-ensâ hmZ-K-Xnsb AwKo-I-cn-
¡p¶ tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n, ‘tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw’ ]oTn-I-bnÂ B`y-´-chpw _mly-
hp-amb sXfn-hp-IÄ bpàn-`{Zw \nc¯n Xsâ hmZs¯ kaÀ°n-¡m³ {ian-
¡p-¶p.
Bdp-\-b-§-fpsS hnaÀi-\-§Ä
sImSpángv ae-bm-f-ambn ]cn-W-an-¡m-\pÅ Bdp \b-§Ä \mw hni-Z-
am-¡n-I-gn-ªp. Chbv¡v ]n¶oSv ]e hnaÀi-\-§-fp-ap-m-bn-«p-v. kzc-kw-h-c-
Ww, ]pcp-j-t`-Z-\n-cm-kw, A\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]-kcw F¶o \b-§-fnÂ bpàn-
¡p-\n-c-¡m¯ Nne-h-kvXp-X-IÄ ]n¶o-SpÅ sshbm-I-c-W-·mÀ Is-¯p-¶p-
v.
I. kzc-kw-h-cWw
cp ]cn-Wm-a-§-fmWv G.-BÀ. kzc-kw-h-cWw F¶ \b-¯nÂ DÄs¸-
Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ah C{]-Im-c-amWv:
1. DImcw kwhr-X-am-bXv
2. sF Imcw AIm-c-am-bXv
cnepw D¨m-c-W-am{X Ipd-bp-¶p-v. F¶mÂ kwhr-tXm-Im-c-¯n\v th{X
Øm\w `mj-bnÂ \ÂIm³ G.-B-dn\v km[n-¡msX t]mbn. ]n¶oSv h¶
sshbm-I-c-W-·mÀ kwhr-tXm-Im-c-¯n\v kzc-]-Zhn \ÂIp-¶pv. tIc-f-]m-Wn-
\n¡p DIm-c-¯nsâ hIt`ZamWp kwhr-tXm-Im-cw. F¶mÂ kn.-FÂ.-
BâWn B[p-\n-I-[z\n-hn-Úm-\o-b-¯nsâ shfn-¨-¯nÂ kwhr-tXm-Im-cs¯
Hcp kzX-{´-kz-c-ambn Iev]n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
asse, Xsse, hsse XpS-§nb Xangv cq]-§-fnse ‘sF’ Imcs¯ ae-

bmfw kwh-cWw sNbvXv ‘A’Imc-ambn D¨-cn-¡p-¶-Xmbn tIc-f-]m-Wn\n tcJ-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 6
s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. Xan-gnÂ \n¶pw ae-bm-f-ap-mbn F¶p hmZn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mWv tIc-
f-]m-Wn\n C¯-c-samcpZml-cWw ]d-bp-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ bYmÀ°-¯nÂ CXv
aqe-{Zm-hn-U-`m-jm-hm-Zs¯ ]n´m-§p-¶-Xm-Wv. Imc-Ww, aqe-{Zm-hn-U-`m-j-bnÂ
D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ ‘A’Imc-amWv ae-bmfw ]n´p-S-cp-¶-Xv. aqe-{Zm-hn-U-¯nÂ
\n¶pw thÀ]n-cn-ª-Xn-\p-tijw ae-bmfw aqe-{Zm-hn-U-¯nsâ kz`m-hs¯
]n´p-SÀ¶-t¸mÄ Xangv ‘sF’Imcs¯ ]n¶oSv Ft¸mtgm Iq«n-t¨À¯p. C¶v
Xan-gnÂ ImWp¶ ‘sF’Imc-cq-]-§Ä C{]-Imcw h¶p-tNÀ¶Xm-Wv.
‘B-Xn-\n-â A-Im-cw sF-Im-c-am-bv Xn-cn-´Xp’ F-¶p sXm-ev-Im-¸n-bw F-gp-¯-Xn-

Im-cw 399þmw kq-{X-¯nÂ Im-Wp¶p. B-Zy-Ime-¯p i-Ð-§-fp-sS H-Sp-hnÂ
\n¶n-cp-¶ ‘A’Im-cw ]n-¶oSv X-an-gnÂ ‘sF’ Im-c-am-bn am-dn F-¶m-Wv
kq{XmÀ°w.
a-e-bm-fw þ a-e, X-e
X-an-gv þ a-sse, Xsse
C{]-Im-cw ‘tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X’-¯nÂ D-ÅqÀ tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.
C¯-c-¯nÂ kzc-kw-h-c-W-¯nÂ kwhr-tXm-Im-c-¯n\v th-{X-Øm\w
\ÂIm³ Ign-bm-¯Xpw ‘sF’Imcw ‘A’Imc-am-b-Xnse bpàn-`w-Khpw ]n¶o-
Sp-h¶ sshbm-I-c-W·mÀ kqNn-¸n¨ hnaÀi-\-§-fm-Wv.
II. ]pcp-j-t`-Z-\n-cmkw
‘]pcp-j-t`-Z-\n-cmkw Hcp \ncmkw Xs¶tbm’ F¶ teJ-\-¯nÂ
tUm.sI.Fw.-tPmÀÖv aqe-{Zm-hn-U-`m-j-bnse {In-bm-cq-]-§Ä¡v ]pcpjt`Z-ap-
m-bn-cp-¶nÃ F¶v kaÀ°n-¡p-¶p. sI.Fw.-tPmÀÖnsâ A`n-{]m-bs¯
C{]-Imcw kw{K-ln-¡mw.
1. aqe-{Zm-hn-U-`m-j-bnse {Inbm-cq-]-§Ä¡v ]pcp-j-t`-Z-ap-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
2. aqe-{Zm-hn-U-`m-j-bnse [mXp-¡-fnÂ ]pcp-j-{]-Xy-b-§Ä tNÀ¯v
XpS§p¶Xn-\p-ap¼v ae-bmfw Xd-hmSv hn«v t]m¶v kzX-{´-ambn hnI-kn-
¡m³ Bcw-`n-¨p.
3. aäp imJ-IÄ aqe-`m-j-bn-Ãm¯ ]pcp-j-{]-Xy-b-§sf ]e L«-§-fn-embn
hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¯p.
4. ‘kw`m-j-W-a-e-bmf’¯nepw ]g-s©m-Ãp-I-fnepw \mS³]m«p-I-fnepw ]pcp-j-
{]-Xy-b-§Ä ImWp-¶n-Ã. ]pcp-j-t`-Z-\n-cm-k-am-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ {]Xy-b-§-fpsS
GsX-¦nepw Ah-injvSw hmbvsam-gn-bnÂ ImtW--Xm-bn-cp-¶p.
5. aqe-{Zm-hn-U-`m-j-bn-en-Ãm¯ ]pcp-j-{]-Xy-b-§Ä ae-bm-f-¯nÂ hnI-kn-¨n-Ã.
X·qew ]pcp-jt`Z\ncm-k-a-Ã, ]pcp-j-t`Z A`m-h-amWv ae-bm-f-s¯-¸än ]d-
bp-t¼mÄ icn.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 7

CXnÂ\n¶pw {]mNo-\-X-an-gnÂ AXm-bXv aqe-{Zm-hn-U-`m-j-bnÂ IÀ¯m-
hn\pw {Inbbv¡pw enwK-{]-Xybw tNÀ¡p¶coXn Dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã F¶v hyà-
amWv. CtX coXn-bmWv ae-bm-f-`m-jbpw ]n´p-S-cp-¶-Xv. `mj-bnepw IÀ¯m-
hn\pw {Inbbv¡pw enwK-{]-Xybw tNÀ¡p¶ coXn CÃ. Xan-gnÂ \maw, {Inb
F¶n-h-bnÂ Hcp-t]mse enwK-{]-Xybw tNÀ¯pImWp-¶p. Ah³ h´m³,
AhÄ h´mÄ, AhÀ h´mÀ F¶n-§s\ XangnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ ae-
bmfw enwK-{]-Xybw {Inb-bnÂ \n¶p-t]-£n¨v Ah³ h¶p, AhÄ h¶p,
AhÀ h¶p F¶n-§s\ {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. ]pcp-j-t`Z \ncmkw Hcp \ncm-k-aÃ
A`m-h-am-sW¶v \ncq-]-IÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv C¡m-c-W-¯m-em-Wv.
C{]-Imcw sImSp-´-an-gnÂ \n¶pw ae-bm-f-ap-mbn F¶p kqNn-¸n-¡m³
tIc-f-]m-Wn\n \nc-¯p¶ bpàn-I-fnÂ ]eXpw Xangv P\y-hm-Z-¯n-t\-¡m-f-
[nIw aqe-{Zm-hn-U-`m-jm-hm-Z-s¯-bmWv ]n´m-§p-¶-Xv. CXv G.-B-dnsâ \b-
§Ä¡pÅ t]mcm-bva-bmbn ]e `mjm-]-Þn-X-·mcpw Nqn-¡m-«p-¶p.
III. A\p\mkn-ImXn{]kcw
tIc-f-]m-Wn\n ]d-bp¶ A\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]-kcw {][m-\-ambpw _m[n-¨n-
cn-¡p-¶Xv ¦, ©, ´ F¶o Iq«-£-c-§Ä¡mWv. ‘d’Imc-¯n\v A\p-\m-kn-Im-
Xn-{]-kcw _m[-I-am-sW¶v ImWn-¡p-hm³ tIc-f-]m-Wn\n Hâp>H¶v,
Ipâp>Ip¶v F¶n-§s\ DZm-l-c-W-§Ä sImSp-¡p-¶p-v. F¶mÂ ChnsS
A\p-\m-knI kwkÀ¤-¯n\v tij-amWv A\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]-kcw \S-¡p-¶-
sX¶v kn.-FÂ.-BâWn hyà-am-¡p-¶p.
‘Hcv’ F¶ {]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp-IqSn ‘Xp’ {]Xybw tNÀ¶mWv kwJym-\maw Dm-Ip-

¶-Xv. C¡mcyw kn.-FÂ.-BâWn hyà-am-¡p-¶Xv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv.
 Hcv+Xp F¶-Xn\v ]c-k-hÀ®\w kw`-hn¨v A\p-\m-kn-I-kw-
kÀ¤¯neqsS ‘H´p’ F¶mIp-¶p. (A\p-\m-kn-I-an-Ãm¯ {]Ir-Xn-bntem
]Z-¯ntem Hcp A\p-\m-kn-I-hÀ®¯n\v {]th-i\w \ÂIp¶Xv
A\p\mkn-I-kw-kÀ¤w).
 H´p F¶Xv A\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]-k-c-¯n-eqsS ‘H¶v’ F¶mbn amdp-¶p.
(]Z-§-fnse Hc-\p\mknIw AXnsâ ]mÀiz¯nepÅ asämcp
hÀ®¯nsâ taÂ kzm[o\w sNep¯n AXn-t\bpw A\p\mkn-I-
am¡n¯oÀ¡p¶ {]{In-b-bmWv A\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]-k-cw).
IV. A\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]-k-chpw Xm-e-hym-tZ-ihpw

tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\n-bp-sS B-dp \-b-§-fn-se A-\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]-k-chpw X-hÀ-
t¤m-]-aÀ-±hpw D-ÅqÀ tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ hn-aÀ-i-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-
¶pv. “sN-´-an-gn-sâ B-hnÀ-`m-h-¯n-\p ap³-]pXs¶ Hu-Zm-ko-\y-\ym-b-a-\p-k-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 8
cn¨v Cu t`-Z-§Ä Z-£n-W-{Zm-hn-U-`m-j-bnÂ h-¶p tNÀ-¶n-cp-¶p F¶pw A-\p-
\m-kn-I-{]-[m-\-am-bn-cp¶ B `m-j-bn-se ]qÀ-Æ cq-]-§-sf-bm-Wv a-e-bm-fw {]-ZÀ-
in-¸n-¡p¶-sX-¶p-am-Ip¶p. an. I-\I-k-ss`-]n-Å-bp-sS A-`n-{]m-bw Rp,
Rm¬, Rm-bndp, ap-Xem-b ]-Z-§Ä C¶pw X-an-gnÂ \-S-¸pv. AXp-sImv
sF´p, A©p, Ipâp, Ip¶p, \-c¼p, R-c¼p Cu ]-Z-Zz-b-b-§-fnÂ sF´p,
Ipâp, \c-¼p C-h-bm-Wv {]m-No-\-§-sf-¶p J-Þn-¨p ]-d-bm-hp-¶-XÃ”
F¶n§s\ D-ÅqÀ ]-d-bp-¶-Xn-eq-sS aq-e-{Zm-hn-U`- m-j-bp-sS kz-`m-h-am-Wv a-e-
bm-fw ]n-´p-S-cp-¶Xv F-¶v hy-à-am-¡p¶p.
V. Jntem-]-kw-{Klw
“h-cp-hm³ t]m-Ip-hm³ ap-Xe-mb ]-Z-§-fn-ep-Å ‘B³’ F-¶ ]n³-hn-\-sb-¨
{]-Xy-bw ]-g-´-an-gnÂ D-m-bn-cp-¶Xpw C¶-s¯ X-an-gnÂ {K-Ù-`m-j-bnÂ
am{Xw A-]qÀ-Æ-am-bn-Im-Wp-¶-Xp-amWv. F-¶mÂ a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ C-Xv kÀ-Æ-km-
[m-c-W-am-bn {]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p” F-¶n§s\ ‘tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-‘¯nÂ
DÅqcpw, “Ip-fn-¡m³, t]m-Im³ F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å {]-tbm-K-§-fnse ‘B³’
{]-Xy-bw a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p-h-cp-¶pv. C-Xp X-an-gnÂ hf-sc ZpÀÃ-`-am-
bn km-ln-Xy-`m-j-bnÂ Im-Wp-sa-¶Ãm-sX kw-`m-j-W-`m-j-bnÂ CÃ. X-an-gnÂ
\-in¨p-t]m-b Cu {]-Xy-bw a-e-bmfw C¶pw ]p-eÀ-¯n-h-cp¶p” F-¶n§s\
‘km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw {]-Øm-\-§-fn-eqsS’ F-¶ {K-Ù-¯nÂ sI.Fw.tPmÀÖpw
]-d-bp-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw ‘Jn-tem-]-kw{K-l’sa-¶v G.BÀ. hy-à-am-¡p-¶ \-bw
sIm-Sp-´-an-gv hm-Z-s¯-¡mÄ aq-e-{Zm-hn-U-`m-jm-hmZ-s¯ ]n-´m-§p-¶-Xm-sW-¶v
hy-à-am-Ip¶p.
C{]-Imcw G.-B-dnsâ \b-§Ä hnaÀi-\-¯n\v hnt[-b-am-bn-«p-v.
sImSp-´-angvhmZ’s¯¡mÄ G.-B-dnsâ \b-§Ä ]eXpw ‘aqe-{Zm-hn-U-`m-jm-
hmZs¯’ ]n´m-§p-¶-Xm-Wv. C-¯-c-¯nÂ \yq\-X-IÄ DÅt¸mgpw ae-bm-f-
s¯bpw Xan-gn-s\bpw X½nÂ thÀXn-cn-¡m³ klm-b-I-am-b-h-bmWv Cu
Bdp-\-b-§Ä F¶-XnÂ kwi-b-an-Ã.
A\p-_Ôw þ 1
tNc ]Ã-hÀ
Xan-gIw tNmf aqh-c-iÀ
]mÞy shtZ-in-Im-{I-aWw Nmeq-IyÀ
êw
Xan-gIw ]c-kv]-c-kw-kÀK-¯n\n-c-bm¡n
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 9
taÂ¡m-Wn¨ {]Imcw Xangv cmPyhpw ae-bm-f-cm-Pyhpw Htc cmPm-hnsâ
IognÂ Ccp-¶n-S-t¯mfw Imew Xangv `mjbpw ae-bm-f-`m-jbpw H¶p-X-s¶-bm-
bn-cp-¶p. ‘Nne-¸-Xn-Imcw’ Xan-gnse ]©-a-lm-Im-hy-§-fn-sem-¶mbn C¶pw ]d-
ªp-h-cp-¶Xp DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
A\p-_Ôw þ 2
Jcw AXn- arZp tLmjw A\p\m
Jcw knIw
I J K L M
N O P Q R
S T U V W
X Y Z [ \
] ^ _ ` a
Zý-hy-RvP\w Xme-hy-hy-RvP\w
ap³Im-e-hÀj tNmZy-§Ä
1. tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\n D-¶-bn-¡p-¶ ‘B-dp\-bw’ ‘eo-em-Xn-e-I’¯nse ‘Iq-´Â
hmZ’hpam-bn Xm-c-Xayw sN-bv-Xp ]-cn-tim-[n-¡pI. (2017-C)
2. a-e-bm-fw X-an-gnÂ \n¶pw D-S-se-Sp-s¯-¶ hm-Z-¯n-sâ sX-fn-hp-I-fm-bn

F.BÀ. cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½ \n-c-¯p-¶ B-dp \-b-§Ä F-s´m-s¡-bmWv? B
sX-fn-hp-IÄ ]cym-]v-Xam-tWm? (2016-C)
3. ae-bmfw Xan-gnÂ \n¶p-ap-m-b-Xm-sW¶Xnsâ sXfn-hp-IÄ IW-¡m-¡-p-
hm³ tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-bpsS Bdp-\-b-§Ä ]cym-]vX-amtWm? (2015)
4. ae-bmf `mj-bpsS DÂ¸-¯n-sb-¡p-dn¨v G.-BÀ cmP-cm-P-hÀ½ cq]-s¸-Sp-
¯nb Bdp-\-b-§Ä Gh? hnh-cn-¡pI. (2014-C)
5. tIc-f-]m-Wn\nbpsS Bdp-\-b-§Ä Xangpw ae-bm-fhpw X½n-epÅ hyXym-k-
§Ä hyà-am-¡p-¶p-þ-i-cntbm? F´p-sImv? (2013)
6. ]pcp-j-t`-Z-\n-cmkw F´v? F§s\? (2012)
7. ae-bm-f`- m-j-bpsS DÂ]-¯n-sb-¸-än-bpÅ NÀ¨-bnÂ tIc-f-]m-Wn\n Ah-X-cn-
¸n-¡p¶ Bdv \b-§Ä GsXÃmw? DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw hni-Z-am-¡p-I.
(2011-C)
8. A©p-\m-Sp-IÄ DÄs¸-Sp¶ tIc-f¯ - nse sImSp-´-angv ae-bm-f-ambn ]cn-W-
an-¨-Xv F¶ hmZ-¯n\v Ah-ew-_-ambn G.-BÀ cmP-cm-P-hÀ½ Ah-X-cn-¸n¨
_mlyhpw B`y-´-c-hp-amb sXfn-hp-IÄ Fs´Ãmw? Cu sXfn-hp-IÄs¡-
Xnsc ]nev¡me `mjm-K-th-j-IÀ D¶-bn¨ bpàn-I-tfh? Ccp-]-£-s¯bpw
hmZ-ap-J-§Ä hnaÀi-\-Zrãym ]cn-tim-[n-¡pI. (2010)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 10

9. ae-bm-fs¯ Xan-gnÂ \n¶pw thÀXn-cn-¡p-¶-h-bmbn tIc-f-]m-Wn\n Ah-X-
cn-¸n¨ \b-§Ä Gh? ]pXnb \nco-£-W-§-fpsS shfn-¨-¯nÂ Cu \b-§-
fnÂ Nne-h-sb-¦nepw ]p\:]cn-tim-[-\bv¡p hnt[-b-am-t¡--Xptm? ]cn-
Nn-ń-¡pI? (2008)
10. G.-BÀ cmP-cm-P-hÀ½ Ah-X-cn-¸n¨ Bdp-\-b-§Ä sImSp-ángv ae-bm-f-
ambn ]cn-W-an-¡p-¶-Xns\ IrXy-ambn kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶ptm? (2005)
11. ‘AX-Ã-dn-t´\Wnhm-\-\-¦Â
aSn-´q-ssh-t¯mcp Ipdn-©n-amsse’
Cu ]Zy-`mKw ae-bm-f-am-I-W-sa-¦nÂ GsXÃmw `mjm-]-cn-Wm-a-§Ä Bh-
iy-amWv? B ]cn-Wm-a-§-fpsS kmt¦-XnI kwRvP-IÄ \ÂIn hnh-cn-
¡pI? (2000)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 11

a-ebmfw
bqWnäv 1 (3)
]m-«v {]-Øm-\w : \nÀ-Æ-N\w, cm-a-N-cnXw, ]nÂ¡m-e ]m-«v
Ir-XnIÄ: \nc-Ww Ir-XnIÄ, Ir-jv-WKmY
I. ]m-«v {]-Øm-\w
]m-s«¶pw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-sa¶pw c-p ssI-h-gn-I-fn-em-bn-«m-Wv a-ebm-fIhn-X
hn-I-kn-¨n-«p-ÅXv. C-XnÂ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-bn NÀ-¨-sN-¿p-¶
hymI-c-W{K-ÙamWv ]-Xn- \memw \q-äm-n-sâ D-¯-cmÀ-²-¯nÂ hn-c-Nn-Xam-b
‘eo-em-Xne-Iw'. F-«p in-ev-]-§-fmWv Cu {K-Ù-¯n-ep-ÅXv. kq-{Xhpw
hr-¯n-bp-am-bn-«m-Wv c-N-\ \nÀ-Æ-ln-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-sâ \nÀ-Æ-N-\hpw
hn-i-Zmw-ihpw hn-h-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³ ]m-«-ns\-¡p-dn-¨v ]-d-bp¶p.
em-em-Xne-Iw H¶mw in-ev-]w ]Xn-s\m¶mw kq-{X-¯nÂ {K-Ù-Im-c³ ]m-«n-s\
\nÀ-Æ-Nn-¡p-¶pv. A-Xv C-{]-Im-c-amWv:
“{Zan-U kw-Lm-Xm-£-c \n_²þ

saXpI tam-\ hr-¯-hn-ti-j-bp-àw ]m«v”
{Zm-hn-Um-£-c-§Ä am-{X-ap-]-tbm-Kn-¨p-ÅXpw F-Xp-I, tam-\ F-¶o {]m-k-§Ä
DÄ-s¸-Sp- ¯n-bn-«p-ÅXpw h-k-´-Xne-Iw Xp-S-§n-b kw-kvIr-X hr-¯-§-fnÂ \n¶pw
`n-¶am-b {Zmhn-U hr-¯-§-fnÂ c-Nn-¡p-¶-Xpam-b Km-\m-ß-I Im-hy-am-Wv ]m«v.
1. {Zan-U kw-Lm-Xm-£-c \n_-²w

]m-«n-sâ \nÀÆ-N-\{]-Im-cw G-ähpw {]-[m-\-s¸-« `m-K-am-Wn-Xv. ]m-«v
{Zm-hn-Um-£-c-§Ä sIm-p am{Xw \n-_-²n-¨n-cn-¡-W-sa-¶m-Wv C-hn-sS
D-t±in-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
{Zmhn-U A-£-c-§Ä : 30 (12 kz-c-§Ä + 18 hy-RvP\§Ä)
kz-c-§Ä : 12
A, B, C, Cu, D, Du, F, G, sF, H, Hm, Hu
hy-Rv-P-\-§Ä : 18
I, M, N, R, S, W, X, \, ], a, b, c, e, h, f, g, d, \
{Zmhn-U A-£-c-am-e-bn-ep-Å A-£-c-§Ä I-eÀ-¶p h-cp-¶ kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z§-sf

X-Õ-a-§-fm-bn X-s¶ D-]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. AÃm-¯h-sb X-Û-h-am-¡n th-Ww
D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-hm³. C-¡mcyw hn-i-Z-am-¡p-hm³ eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³ \Â-Ip-¶
D-Zm-lc-Ww C-{]-Im-c-amWv.
“X-c-X-e-´m-\f-´m ]nf-´m s]m-¶³--
X-\-I-sN-´mÀ h-cp-´m-aÂ h-m-W³ X-s¶
I-c-a-cn-´m s]m-cp-´m-\-h-·m-cp-sS
I-c-sf-cn-´m ]p-cm-t\ ap-cm-co IWm”
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 1

C-hn-sS ap-cmcn, Icw ap-Xem-b kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§Ä X-Õ-a-§-fm-bn kzo-I-cn-¨n
-cn-¡p¶p. Imc-Ww Ch {Zm-hn-U-hÀ-®-L-S-\-bn-ep-Å A-£-c-§-fm-Wv. [-c-Xew,
Zm-\-h³ F-¶o kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§Ä {Zmhn-U A-£-c-am-e-bn-enÃm-¯-Xn-\mÂ Ah-sb
b-Ym-{I-aw X-c-Xew, Xm-\-h³ F-¶n§-s\ X-Û-h-§-fm-bn
kzo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. ]-Z§-sf XÀ-Ö-a-sN-bv-Xpw ]m-«nÂ D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶pv.
D-Zm-l-c-W-ambn, ‘ln-c-Wy³' F-¶-Xn-sâ XÀ-Ö-a-bmWv ‘s]m-¶³'.
2. FXpI
Zzn-Xo-bm-£-c-{]m-k-¯n-\v Xp-eyam-b H-cp {]m-k-amWv ‘F-XpI'. am-{X-I-fnÂ
‘F-Xp-I' kmayw \n-jv-IÀ-jn-¡p-¶pv. A-XmbXv Hmtcm ]m-Z-¯n-sebpw c-ma-s¯
A-£-chpw B-Zym£-c-¯n-sâ am-{Xbpw Hcp-t]m-se h-cp-¶-Xm-Wv F-Xp-I.
X-¶n-cn-¡p-¶ D-Zm-l-c-W-¯nÂ "X-c-X-e-´m-\-f´m’ F-¶p Xp-S-§p-¶ H-¶ma-s¯
h-cn-bnepw "I-c-a-cn´m’ F-¶p Xp-S-§p-¶ c-ma-s¯ h-cn-bnepw c-ma-s¯
A-£-cam--b ‘c' B-hÀ-¯n-¨n-«pv. Iq-Sm-sX B-Zym-£-c-¯n-sâ am{X-tbm-Sv
km-ay-hp-apv.
3. tam\
tam-\-bv-¡v ]m-ZmÀ-²mZn-{]m-k-sa-¶p ]-d-bp¶p. H-cp h-cn c-m-bn-¯n-cn-¨mÂ
B-Zy]-Ip-Xn-bn-se B-Zym-£-chpw cmw]-Ip-Xn-bn-se B-Zym-£-chpw Hcp-t]m-se
h-cp-¶ hy-h-Ø-bm-Wv tam-\. X-¶n-cn-¡p-¶ D-Zm-l-c-W-¯nÂ "X-c-X-ew....hm-W³
Xs¶’ F-¶ h-cnbnse B-Zy-]-Ip-Xn-bnepw cmw]-Ip-Xn-bnepw B-Zym-£-cam-b ‘X'
B-hÀ-¯n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
tam-\, FXp-I F-¶o c--e-¦m-c-§Ä Iq-Sm-sX A-´m-Zn-
{]m-khpw ]m-«p-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ km-[m-c-W Im-W-s¸-Sp¶p. H-cp ]-Zy-¯n-sâ
A-h-km\-s¯ ]Zw (hm¡v) sIm-p X-s¶ A-Sp-¯- ]Zyw B-cw-`n-¡p-¶
A-e-¦m-c-am-Wv A-´m-Zn-{]mkw. A¨-Sn A-{X-t¯m-fw {]-Nm-c-anÃm-Xn-cp-¶
Ime-¯v ]m«v HmÀ-½-bnÂ kq-£n-¡m³ A-´m-Zn-{]m-kw k-lm-bn-¡p¶p.
4. hr-¯-hn-ti-jw
a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯nÂ {]-kn-²am-b h-k-´-Xn-eIw, a-µm-{Im-´ Xp-S§n-b kw-kvIr-X
hr-¯-§-fnÂ \n-¶v `n-¶am-b {Zm-hn-U-hr-¯-§-sf-bm-Wv ‘hr-¯-hn-ti-jw'
F-¶p ]-d-bp-¶Xv. am-{Xm-{]-[m-\-§fm-b {Zm-hn-U-hr-¯-§-sf-bm-Wv ]m-«p-I-hn-IÄ
c-N-\-bv-¡v kzo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
II. cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-se `mj

]m-«n-sâ e£-Ww ap-gp-h³ ]qÀ-®-am-bn {]-ZÀ-in-¸n-¡p-¶ H-cp {K-Ù-am-Wv
cm-a-N-cn-X-w. cm-a-N-cn-X¯n-sâ \n-kv-Xp-ey {]m-[m-\y-s¯ ]-Þn-X{i-²-bnÂ
B-Zy-am-bn sIm-p-h¶-Xv PÀ-½³ an-j-\-dn-bm-bn-cp¶ tUm. Kp-À-«m-Wv. 12þmw
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 2

\q-äm-n-sâ D-¯-cmÀ-²¯n-tem 13þmw \q-äm- n-sâ ]qÀ-ÆmÀ-²¯ntem F-gp-X-s¸-«
Ir-Xn-bm-WnXv. cm-a-N-cn-X-IÀ-¯m-hv H-cp No-cm-a -I-hn-bm-sW-¶v {K-Ùm-h-km-\-¯nÂ
kq-Nn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. 1814 ]m-«p-I-sf 164 ]-S-e-§-fn-em-bn DÄ-s¡m-Ån-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
hm-ev-ao-In-cm-amb-Ww bp-²-Im-Þ-¯n-sâ XÀ-Ö-a-bm-Wv cm-a-N-cnXw.
‘Du-gn-bnÂs¨-dn-b-hÀ-¡-dn-bp-am-dp-c-sN-b-vhm--þ-'s\-¶v I-hn ]-d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶-XnÂ
\n¶pw km-[m- c-W-¡mÀ-¡v th-n-bm-Wv Im-hyc-N-\ F-¶v hyàw. eo-em-Xne-Iw
\Â-Ip-¶ ]m-«n-sâ \nÀ-Æ-N \-s¯ ]qÀ-®-ambpw A-\p-k-cn-¡p-¶ Ir-Xn-bm-Wv
cm-a-N-cnXw. C-Xv F-{X-t¯m-f-sa-¶v D-Zm-l- c-W-§-fn-eq-sS t\m-¡mw.
Xmcn-W-¦n\ Xssg¡pgÂ aeÀ¯¿Â apsseþ
¯mhf¯n-en-f-sIm-Åp-a-c-hn-´-\-b\m!
BcW§fnse§pw ]c-a-tbm-In-I-fp-gþ
âmep-saâp-a-dn-hm-\-cnb Rm\-s]mcptf!
amcn h´sXmcp ama-e-sb-Sp¯p XSbpw
ambt\! bcN\mbv \nNn-N-cmXn]Xnsb
t]mcnÂ \o ap¶w apSn-¯-a-sb-Sp¯p ]pIgvhm³
t]mIn-t]m-I-Nb\m! Ihnsb\¡cpÄ sNt¿!
 {Zan-U kw-Lm-Xm-£-c \n_²w

taÂ-¸dª hn-jv-Wp-kv-Xp-Xn h-cn-I-fnÂ {Zmhn-U A-£-c-am-e-bn-ep-Å
hÀ-®-§Ä am-{X-ta DÅq. {Zmhn-U A-£-c-am-e-bn-se ap¸-Xp A-£-c-§Ä sIm-v
F-gp-Xm-hp-¶ kw-kvIr-X]-Z§-sf A-tX]-Sn I-hn-X-bnÂ D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v ‘\-b\m’ F-¶ ]Zw. X-Û-h-ambpw X-Õ-a-ambpw ]-Z§-sf
kzo-I-cn-¡p¶-XpIq-Sm-sX XÀ-Ö-a-sN-bv-Xpw cm-a-N-cn-X-Im-c³ ]-Z-§-sf
kzo-I-cn-¨n-«pv. cm-a-N-cn-X¯n-se c-ma-s¯ ]m-«nÂ (k-c-kz-Xn h-µ\w)
‘hm-Kv-tZho' F-¶ hm-¡n-s\ XÀ-Ö-a sN-bv-Xv ‘C-\n-b -sNmÂ \m-bn-I' F-¶m-¡n
am-än-bn-cn-¡p¶p. {Zm-hn-Uo-I-c-W-{]-{In-b-bv-¡v [m-cm-fw D-Zm-l-cW-§Ä ]mT-`mK-¯v
Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw.
\n-in-N-cm-Xn-]-Xn þ \n-Nn-N-cm-Xn]Xn
tbm-Kn þ tbmIn
t`m-K þ t]m-I
t`m-Kn þ t]mIn
i-b-\m þ Nb\m
A-c-hn-µ-\-b\m þ A-c-hn-´-\b\m
A-[n-]-Xn þ A-Xn]Xn
C-{]-Im-cw eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³ ]m-«n-\p \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶ \nÀ-Æ-N-\-¯n-sâ
A-SnØm-\ L-S-Iam-b {Z-an-U-kw-Lm-Xm-£-c-\n_-²w F-¶ \nb-aw
cm-a-N-cn-X-Im-c³ ]qÀ-®-ambpw A-\p-k-cn-¡p- ¶-Xp-Im-Wmw.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 3

 F-Xp-I
Zzn-Xo-bm-£-c-{]m-k-¯n-\v Xp-eyam-b H-cp {]m-k-amWv ‘F-Xp-I'. am-{X-I-fnÂ
‘F-Xp-I' kmayw \n-jv-IÀ-jn-¡p-¶pv. A-XmbXv Hmtcm ]m-Z-¯n-sebpw c-ma-s¯
A-£-chpw B-Zym-£-c-¯n-sâ am-{Xbpw Hcp-t]m-se h-cp-¶-Xm-Wv F-Xp-I.
X-¶n-cn-¡p-¶ D-Zm-l-c-W-¯nÂ FÃm ]-Z-§-fnepw ‘c’ F-Xp-I-bm-bn h-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p.
{Zm-hn-U-I-hn-IÄ F-Xp-I-bv-¡p-Å {]m-[m\yw tam-\-bv-¡v IÂ-]n-¡m-dnÃ.
 tam\
tam-\-bv-¡v ]m-ZmÀ-²m-Zn-{]m-k-sa-¶p ]-d-bp¶p. H-cp h-cn c-m-bn-¯n-cn-¨mÂ
B-Zy ]-Ip-Xn-bn-se B-Zym-£-chpw cmw]-Ip-Xn-bn-se B-Zym-£-chpw Hcp-t]m-se
h-cp-¶ hy-h-Ø-bm-Wv tam-\. cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-se FÃm ]m-«p-I-fnepw tam-\ F-¶
i-Ðm-e-¦m-cw I-s-¯m³ I-gn-bpw. D-Zml-c-W ]-Zy-`mK¯n-se
\m-ep ]m-Z-§fpw ]cn-tim-[n-¨mÂ C-¡mcyw hy-à-am-Ipw. Cu ]m-«nÂ
B-Zy-]m-Z-¯n-se B-Zym-£-chpw B-Zy-]m-ZmÀ-²-¯n-se B-Zym-£-c-hpw ‘Xm’
X-s¶-bmWv. C-Xm-Wv tam-\. Xp-SÀ-¶p-Å h-cn-I-fnepw C-¯-c-¯nÂ tam-\
Zo-£n-¨n-«pv.
C§-s\ eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³ ]m-«n-sâ e-£-W-§-fm-bn I-ev-]n-¡p-¶ c-v
i-Ðm-e-¦m-c-§-sfbpw cm-a-N-cn-X-Im-c³ X-sâ Im-hy-¯nÂ AÂ-]w t]mepw
am-ä-anÃm-sX D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw.
 hr-¯-hn-ti-j-bp-àw
h-k-´-Xn-eIw, a-µm-{Im-´ XpS-§n a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯nÂ {]-kn-²am-b kw-kvIr-X
hr-¯-§-fnÂ \n-¶v `n-¶am-b {Zm-hn-U-hr-¯§-sf-bm-Wv ]m-«nÂ
D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv. ]m-«n-sâ e-£-W-ambn eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³ Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶
Cu \n-b-a-am-Wv hr-¯-hn-ti-jb- p-àw F-¶-Xn-eq-sS AÀ-°-am-¡p-¶Xv.
{Zm-hn-U-hr-¯-§-fp-sS hen-sbm-cp k-hn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv Ah am-{Xm- {]m-[m-\-§-fm-Wv
F-¶Xv. ‘\nc-b-ssi-B-in-cnb-¸' F-¶ X-an-gv hr-¯-am-Wv No-cm-a³ cm-a-NcnX ¯nÂ
D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. C-¶v {]-Nm-c-¯n-ep-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ ]-e hr-¯-§-fp-sSbpw
{]m-Kvcq-]-§-fm-Wv cm-a-N-cn-X¯nÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv. C-{]-Im-cw hr-¯hn-ti-j-bp-àw
F-¶ \n-b-ahpw cm-a-N-cn-X-Im-c³ ]n-´p-S-cp¶p.
taÂ-¸-d-ª hn-hc-W-§-fnÂ \n¶pw {Z-an-U-kw-Lm-Xm£-cw F-¶
A-£-c-\n-b-a-s¯bpw F-Xp-I, tam\ F-¶o i-Ðm-e-¦m-c- \n-b-a-§-sfbpw
hr-¯-hn-ti-j-bp-àw F-¶ hr-¯-\n-b-a-s¯bpw cm-a-N-cn-X-Im-c³ ]qÀ-®-ambpw
A-\p-k-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw.
 A-´m-Zn-{]m-kw
F-Xp-I, tam-\ F-¶n-h-bv-¡p ]pdsa ‘A-´m-Zn-{]m-k-hpw' cm-a-N-cn-X-Im-c³
\n-bta-\ {]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p. H-cp ]m-«n-sâ A-h-km-\-¯n-ep-Å G-sX-¦nepw H-cp ]-Zw
sIm-p-th-Ww A-Sp-¯ ]m-«m-cw-`n-¡p-hm³ F-¶p-Å-Xm-Wv A-Xn-s\-kw-_-Ôn¨
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 4
hn[n. A-´m-Zn-{]m-kw A¨-Sn CÃm-Xn-cp-¶ Ime-¯p P-\-§-fp-sS [m-c-Wm-i-àn-sb
k-lm-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n {Zm-hn-U-I-hn-IÄ I-p-]n-¨ H-cp D-]m-b-am-hmw.
cm-a-N-cn-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ ]m«v, ‘Rm-\-s]m-cptf' F-¶ ]-Z-¯nÂ
A-h-km-\n-¡p-Ibpw c-ma-s¯ ]m«v, ‘Rm-\-sa-¦ev' F-¶p B-cw-`n-¡p-Ibpw
sN-¿p¶-Xv A-´m-Zn-{]m-k-¯n-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.
III. ]m-«n-se ]m-Þy-`m-jm km-cq]yw

a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bnÂ I-hn-IÄ ]m-«v F-¶ hn-`m-K-¯nÂ {K-Ù-§Ä c-Nn-¡p-t¼mÄ
A-h {]mtb-W sN-´-an-gn-se ]m-«p-IÄ t]m-se tXm-¶p-sa-s¶m-cp sNmÃv
Im-Wp-¶pv. A-Xv C-{]-Im-c-amWv;
“]m-Þy-`m-jm km-cq]yw _m-lp-tey-\ ]m-«nÂ tI-c-f-`m-jbmw `-hXn”
B-Zy-Ime-¯v tI-cfo-b `m-jm-I-hn-IÄ sN-´-an-gnÂ X-s¶-bm-Wv Im-hycN\

\-S-¯n-bn-cp-¶Xv. hym-I-cWw, \n-L-p ap-Xem-b e-£-W-{K-Ù-§Ä¡pw A-hÀ-¡v
sN-´-an-gn-s\-bm-Wv B-{i-bn-t¡-n-bn-cp-¶Xv. ]m-«n-sâ
e-£-W-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v ]-d-bp-¶ H-¶mw in-ev-]w 11þmw kq-{X-¯n-sâ hr-¯n-bn-em-Wv
taÂ-¸-d-ª-{]-Im-cw eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv.
“X-c-X-e-´m-\-f-´m, ]nf-´m s]m¶³” F-¶p Xp-S-§p-¶ h-cn-IÄ ]m-«n-\v
D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³ \Â-Ip¶p. {]-kvXp-X h-cn-I-fnÂ X-c ([cm)
hmW³ (_m-W³) Xm-\h³ (Zm-\h³) Xmaw ([maw) ap-Xem-b ]-Z-§Ä
B-cn-b-¨n-ssXhv (A-cy-¨p-Xhv) X«n-b cq-]-§-fmWv. C-{]-Im-cw
{Zm-hn-Uo-I-c-W-{]-{In-b \-S-¸n-em¡n-b Im-hy-§-fnÂ ]m-Þy-`m-jm-km-cq]yw
_-lp-e-am-bn Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw. C-¡m-c-W-¯m-em-Wv eo-em-Xn-e-I-¯nÂ
tc-J-s¸-Sp¯n-b “X-c-X-e-´m-\-f´m” F-¶ ]m-«v sN-´-angn-t\m-Sv Iq-Sp-XÂ
tNÀ-¨-bp-Å-Xm-bn tXm-¶p-¶Xv.
IV. cm-a-Ncn-X `m-jþ {]-ap-J-]-Þn-Xm-`n-{]m-b§Ä
12þmw \q-äm-ntem A-Xn-\p-ti-jtam cq-]w-sIm- B-Zy-s¯ ]m-«p-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv
cm-a-N-cnXw. Ihn, Im-ew F-¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn-s¨m-s¡ XÀ-¡w \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶Xp-t]m-se
cm-a-N-cn-X¯n-se `m-j-sb-¡p-dn¨pw hn-hn-[ A-`n-{]m-b-§Ä \n-e-hn-epv.
cm-a-N-cn-X-s¯-¡p- dn-¨p-Å ]-Þn-Xm-`n-{]mb-s¯ {]-[m-\-am-bpw 5 B-bn
X-cw-Xn-cn¡mw. A-h,
1. cm-a-N-cn-Xw {]mNo-\ `m-jm-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv
2. cm-a-N-cn-Xw H-cp X-an-gv Ir-Xn-bm-Wv
3. cm-a-N-cn-Xw an-{i-`mjm Ir-Xn-bm-Wv
4. cm-a-N-cn-Xw Ir-{Xn-a-`m-jm Ir-Xn-bm-Wv
5. cm-a-N-cn-Xw A-Xpm-b Ime-s¯ kmlnXy`m-j-bnÂ hn-c-Nn-Xamb Ir-Xn-bm-Wv
1. cm-a-N-cn-Xw {]mNo-\ `m-jm-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv

NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 5
“a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bn-se G-ähpw {]m-No-\am-b Ir-Xn cm-a-N-cn-X-amWv” F-¶
Kp-À-«n-sâ A-`n-{]m-b-¯n-\v h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw {]-Nm-cw -e-`n-¨n-«pv.
“kw-kv-Ir-Xm-£-cam-e a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p ap-¼p-ÅXpw `m-j-bp-sS
{]m-à-\kz-`m-hw DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶-Xp-am-Wv cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-se `m-j” F-¶v Kp-À-«v
A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. tUm. ImÂ-Uz-epw, ]n. tKm-hn -µ-]n-Åbpw Kp-À-«nsâ Cu
A-`n-{]mb-s¯ ]n-´m-§p-¶-h-cm-Wv. “cm-a-N-cn-Xw a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ ]qÀ-Æm-Ir-Xn-¡v
H-cp e-£y-am-Ip¶p. Cu {K-Ùw C-t¸mÄ a-e-bm-f-¯n-ep-Å FÃm
{K-Ù-§-sf-¡mfpw ]-g-¡-ap-Å-Xm-Ip-¶p” F-¶m-Wv ]n. tKm-hn-µ-]n-Å-bp-sS
A-`n-{]mbw.
{Zmhn-U A-£-c-am-e-bn-se A-£-c-§-fp-]-tbm-Kn-¨v F-gp-Xm³ ]-äp-¶
kw-kvIr-X]-Z-§Ä X-Õ-a-§-fm-bn cm-a-N-cn-X-¯nÂ kzo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. a-äp
kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z§-sf X-Û-h-am-¡n cm-a-N-cn-X-`m-j-bnÂ kzo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. A-Xmb-Xv
cm-a-N-cn-X-¯nÂ kw-kvIr-X]-Z-§Ä X-Õ-a-§-fmbpw X-Û-h-§-fm-bpw Im-Wp¶p.
am-{X-aÃ kw-kv-Ir-X-Im-hy]m-c-¼-cy-¯n-sâ Xp-SÀ-¨bm-b
hn-ti-j-Whn-ti-jys]mcp-¯-ap-Å hm-Iy-L-S-\bpw cm-a-N-cn-X-¯nÂ I-s-¯mw.
kw-kv-Ir-X-`m-j-bp-am-bn C-{X-am{Xw B-ß_-Ôw ]p-eÀ-¯p-¶ cm-a-N-cn-Xw
kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-sâ A-\p-{]-th-i-¯n-\p ap-¼v hn-c-Nn-Xam-b Ir-Xn-bm-sW-¶v
hm-Zn-¡p-¶-XnÂ {]k-àn CÃ. A-t¸mÄ kw-kv-Ir-Xm-[n-]-Xy-¯n\pw {]-Nm-c-¯n\pw
ap³-]v c-Nn-¡-s¸-« Im-hy-am-bn cm-a-N-cnX-s¯ I-W-¡m-¡m-sa-¶ Kp-À-«n-sâ hm-Zw
sX-äm-sW-¶v hy-à-am-Ip¶p.
2. cm-a-N-cn-Xw H-cp X-an-gv Ir-Xn-bm-Wv
cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-se G-Xm\pw ]-S-e-§Ä hm-bn¨p-t\m-¡n-b-ti-jw än.F.
tKm-]n-\m-Y-dm-hp-hpw, sI.Pn.ti-j¿-dpw cm-a-N-cn-X`m-j X-an-gm-sW-¶v
A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. “C-Xv X-an-gv Imhytam a-e-bm-f-Imhytam F-¶v
XoÀ-¨-s¸-Sp-¯p-hm³ \n-hr-¯n-bnÃ. Nn-e {]-tbm-K-§Ä a-e-bmf-s¯
A-\p-k-cn-¡p¶X-psImpw DÂ-]-¯n-Øm-\w tI-c-f-am-bXp-sImpw a-e-bm-f-
Im-hy-sa-¶p ]-d-bm-sa-¦nepw kq-£v-a-am-bn ]cn-tim-[n-¨mÂ C-Xn-se `m-j
X-an-gm-sW-¶p {io-{L-am-bn t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¶-Xm-Wv” F-¶m-Wv än.F. tKm-]n\m-Y-dm-hp
A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv.
Cu A-`n-{]mb-s¯ D-ÅqÀ hn-aÀ-in-¡p-¶pv. X-an-gv ]-Z-§-sf-t¸m-se
{]-Nm-c-¯n-ep-Å \n-ch-[n kw-kvIr-X]-Z-§fpw cm-a-N-cn-X-¯nÂ Im-Wmw. X-an-gv
Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ hym-]-I-am-bn Im-W-s¸-Sp-¶ ]p-cp-j-{]-Xy-b-§Ä tNÀ-¶ cq-]-§Ä
cm-a-N-cn-X-¯nepw ]c-s¡ Im-W-s¸-Sp-¶p F-¶v tKm-]n-\m-Y-dmhp
Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¡p¶p. F-¶mÂ s]m-cp-Xm-Inâv, t]m-bn-cn¸-Xv
F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å ]p-cp-j-{]-Xy-bw tN-cm-¯ cq-]§-sf Nq-n-¡m-«n
tKm-]n-\m-Y-dm-hp-hnsâ hm-Z-K-XnI-sf a-lmI-hn D-ÅqÀ J-Þn-¡p¶p. C-{]-Im-cw
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 6

cm-a-N-cn-Xw H-cp X-an-gv-Ir-Xn-bm-sW-¶ hm-Z-¯n-\v C-¶v {]-k-àn G-Xm-v
Ip-d-ªn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.
3. cm-a-N-cn-Xw an-{i-`mjmIr-Xn-bm-Wv
“tNm-f-`m-jbpw a-e-bm-f-`m-jbpw I-eÀ-¶ an-{i-`m-j-bn-em-Wv cm-a-N-cn-Xw
c-Nn-¨-Xv” F-¶ A-`n-{]m-bw BÀ.\m-cm-b-W-¸-Wn-¡-cp-tS-XmWv. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ
A-`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-se `m-j A-¡me-s¯ a-e-bm-f-`mj-sb
D-Zm-l-cn-¡p-¶nÃ. Im-e-{Ita-W kw-kv-Ir-Xw a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bnÂ kzm-[o-\w
sN-ep-¯m³ Xp-S§n. A-tXm-sS tNm-f-`m-j-bp-sS kzm-[o-\w ae-bm-f¯nÂ
Ip-d-ªp-h¶p. A-Xn-\mÂ Cu am-Xn-cn an-{i`m-j A-[n-Iw hÀ-²n-¡p-¶Xn-t\m
hym-]-cn-¡p-¶Xnt\m C-S-h-¶n-«nÃ. ‘cm-a-I-Y-¸m«v’ ‘C-c-hn-¡p-«n-¸nÅ t]m-cv’
‘Ip-©p-X-¼n¡-Y’ C-hbpw an-{i-`m-j-bnÂ F-gp-X-s¸-« Ir-Xn-I-fmWv. F-¶mÂ
C-h-bn-te-ähpw ]-g-¡-apÅXv ‘cm-a-Ncn-X’¯n-\m-sW-¶v BÀ.\m-cm-b-W-¸-Wn-¡À
A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. C-t±-l-¯nsâ Cu hm-Zs¯ B-äqcpw Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡p¶p.
“sN-´-angpw a-e-bm-fhpw I-eÀ¯n-b an-{i-`m-jm-Ir-Xn-bmWv cm-a-N-cn-X”sa-¶v B-äqÀ
A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. F-¶mÂ D-ÅqÀ Cu hm-Z-K-Xn-sb F-XnÀ¯p-sIm-v C-{]-Im-cw
A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. cm-a-I-Y¸
- m-«vþC-c-hn-¡p-«n-¸n-Å-t]m-cv ap-XÂ
t£-{X-{]-th-i-\-hn-fw-_-c-]m-«v h-sc Xn-cp-hnXmwIq-dn-sâ Z-£n-W-`mK-¯p
{]-N-cn-¨n-cp-¶ \m-tSm-Sn-X-an-gnem-Wv \nÀ-½n-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. C-h-bn-sebpw
cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-sebpw `m-j-bv-¡v hn-]p-eam-b A-´-c-apv.
4. cm-a-N-cn-Xw Ir-{Xn-a-`m-jmIr-Xn-bm-Wv
cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-se `m-j- Ir-{Xn-a-`m-j-bm-sW-¶v BZyw A-`n-{]m-b-s¸«-Xv
tKm-Z-hÀ-½-bmWv. km-ln-Xy-¯n-\v A-Xn-tâXm-b H-cp Ir-{Xn-a-`m-j-bp-s-¶p-Å
hn-izm-k-amWv Cu A-`n-{]m-b-¯n-\p ]n-¶nÂ. FÃm-¡m-e¯pw km-ln-Xy-c-N-\-bv-¡v
H-cp Ir-{Xn-a-`m-j-bp-s¶pw tKm-Z-hÀ-½ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ
A-`n-{]m-bw C-{]-Im-c-am-Wv “km-ln-Xy- {]-W-b-\-¯n-\p-th-n sX-¡³
Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ A-¡me-s¯ Aw-Ko-Ir-Xam-b {]-Øm-\-hn-ti-jw ap³
\nÀ-¯n-bmWv cm-a-N-cn-Xw c-Nn-¨n-«p-ÅXv”. ]q-\w \-¼q-Xncn, F-gp-¯-Ñ³ ap-Xem-b
I-hn-IÄ km-ln-Xy-hym-]m-c-¯n-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-Å `m-j A-h-cp-sS Ime-s¯
hy-h-lm-c-`m-jbÃ. a-dn-¨v hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bnÂ-\n¶pw A-ev-]w Nn-e hy-Xym-k-§Ä
h-cp¯n-b Ir-{Xn-a-`m-j-bmWv. AXp-t]m-se X-angpw a-e-bm-fhpw
C-S-I-eÀ-¯n ]m-«p-e-£-W-{]-Im-cw c-Nn-¨n-«p-Å cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-se `m-jbpw
Ir-{Xn-a-amWv. k-µÀ-`-¯n-sâ ku-I-cy-a-\p-k-cn-¨m-Wv No-cm-a³ X-an-gv ]-Z-§Ä
D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-Ibpw D-t]-£n-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xn-«p-ÅXv. Xm-e-hym-tZ-iw h-¶
cq-]-§fpw h-cm-¯ cq-]-§fpw k-µÀ-`-a-\p-k-cn-¨v cm-a-N-cn-X-Im-c³ am-dn am-dn
D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶pv. C§-s\ t\m-¡n-bmÂ cm-a-N-cn-Xw H-cp Ir-{Xn-a-`m-jbnÂ
hn-c-Nn-Xam-b Ir-Xn-bm-sW-¶v I-W-¡m-¡msa¶v tKm-Z-hÀ-½- A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
5. cm-a-N-cn-Xw A¶-s¯ km-ln-Xy-`m-j-bnÂ c-Nn-¡-s¸-« Ir-Xn
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 7
“cm-a-N-cn-Xw A-Xpm-b Ime-¯v a-e-bm-fw ]m-«nÂ D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶
km-ln-Xy-`m-j-bnÂ F-gp-Xn-b-XmWv” F-¶ A-`n-{]m-bw D-Åq-cn-sâ-XmWv.
s{]m-^.]n.hn.Ir-jv-W³ \mbÀ, tUm.sI.F³.F-gp-¯Ñ³,
tUm.Fw.F-w.]pcp-tjm-¯-a³ \m-bÀ F-¶nhÀ Cu A-`n-{]mb-s¯
A-\p-Iq-en-¡p-¶-h-cmWv. B-[p\n-I `m-jm-im-kv{X-t_m-[-¯n-sâ sh-fn-¨-¯nÂ
cm-a-N-cn-X-`mj-sb B-g-¯nÂ ]cn-tim-[n-¨ `m-jm-]-Þn-X-·mÀ cm-a-N-cn-Xw
A-¡me-s¯ km-ln-Xy-`m-j-bnÂ F-gp-X-s¸-« Ir-Xn-bm-sW-¶v A-h-Im-i-s¸-Sp¶p.
C-{]-Im-cw cm-a-N-cn-X-Ime-s¯ km-ln-Xy`m-j cm-a-N-cn-X-`m-j-bv-¡p
k-am-\-am-sW-¶p hn-iz-kn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv bp-àn-k-l-am-bn-«p-Å-Xv.
III. \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-IÄ

]m-«p-{]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ c-mw-L-«¯n-epm-b al-XvIr-Xn-I-fm-Wv
\nc-WwIr-Xn-IÄ. 14þmw i-X-I-¯n-sâ D-¯-cmÀ-²w ap-XÂ 15þmw
i-X-I-¯n-sâ ]qÀ-ÆmÀ-²w h-sc-bm-Wv \nc-Ww I-hn-I-fp-sS Imew. cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-\p
ti-jw \nc-Ww I-hn-I-fp-sS Im-ew h-sc ]m-«p-km-ln-Xy-¯n-\v A-Xy-[n-Iw
h-fÀ-¨-bp-m-bnÃ. a-Wn-{]mhm-f km-ln-Xy-¯n\v Cu Im-e-b-f-hnÂ hen-b h-fÀ-¨
D-m-bn-«pv. `m-jm-]-chpw km-ln-Xy- kw-_-Ô-hpam-b ]-cn-Wm-a-{]-{In-b Cu
L-«-¯nÂ \-S¶p-sIm-n-cp¶p. Cu k-ab-¯v ]m-«p km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ ]pXn-b
am-ä-t¯m-sS {]-Xy-£-s¸-« I-hn-I-fm-Wv I-®-È-·mÀ AY-hm \nc-WwI-hn-IÄ. aq-¶v
t]-cm-Wv \nc-WwI-hn-I-sf-¶v A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. am-[-h-¸-Wn¡À, i-¦-c-¸-Wn¡À,
cm-a-¸-Wn¡À. ]v, C-hÀ \n-c-W-¯p-Im-cm-bXp-sIm-m-Wv A§-s\
hn-fn-¡p-¶-sX-¶v I-cp-Xn-bn-cp¶p. ]n-¶oS-Xv Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS h-rss¯-Iy-s¯
ap³-\nÀ-¯n-bm¡n.
 \nc-Ww Ir-XnIÄ
{]-[m-\-ambpw B-dv Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-I-sf-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv.
1. `m-jm-`-Kh-Zv KoX þ
am-[-h-¸-Wn-¡À
2. `m-c-X-ame þ i-¦-c-¸-Wn-¡À
3. I-®-È cm-amb-Ww þ cm-a-¸-Wn-¡À
4. I-®-È `m-cXw þ cm-a-¸-Wn-¡À
5. I-®-È `m-K-hXw þ cm-a-¸-Wn-¡À
6. in-h-cm{Xn am-lmßyw þ cm-a-¸-Wn-¡À
C-h-Iq-Sm-sX ko-Xm-kz-bw-hcw, Xr-¡-¸m-eo-iz-c-kv-tXm-{Xw, {io-hÃ-`-IoÀ-¯\w,
{_-Òm-Þ -]p-cm-Ww KZyw F-¶n-hbpw I-®-È-¸-Wn-¡-cp-sS Ir-Xn-I-fm-sW-¶v
hn-iz-kn-¡-s¸-Sp¶p.
 ]m-«p-`m-jþcm-a-N-cn-X-¯nÂ \n¶v I-®-È-·m-cn-te-¡v
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 8

]m-«p-`m-j-bp-sS e-£-Whpw A-Xn-sâ hn-i-Zo-I-c-Whpw hy-à-am-¡n-
I-gn-ª-XmWv. ]m-«n-sâ \nÀ-Æ-N-\-¯n-se FÃm-e-£-Whpw Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡p-¶
Ir-Xn-bm-Wv cm-a-N-cnXw. cm-a-I-Y-¸m«v, Xn-cp \n-gÂam-e F-¶n-hbpw ]m-«n-sâ
e-£-W-§Ä Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡p-¶ Ir-Xn-I-fmWv. cm-aN-cn-X-¯nÂ \n-¶v
I-®-È-Ir-Xn-I-fn-te-s¡-¯p-t¼mÄ ]m-«n-sâ e-£-W-¯n-\v kw-`-hn-¨
hn-Im-k-]-cam-b ]-cn- Wm-a-§-fm-Wv C-hn-sS hy-à-am-¡p-¶Xv.
1. {Z-an-U-kw-Lm-Xm-£-c-\n_-²w
]m-«n-sâ e-£-W-¯nÂ kÀ-Æ-{][m-\am-b H-¶m-Wv A-Xv {Z-an-U-kw-Lm-Xm-£-c
\n-_-²-am-bn-cn-¡-W-sa-¶Xv. F-¶mÂ A-Xv X-Ån-¡-f-bp-I-bm-Wv I-®-È-·mÀ
sN-bv-XXv. Im-hy ¯n-se hÀ-®-L-S-\-bnÂ A-Xo-h-kzm-X-{ýw I-®-È-·mÀ
ssI-sImp. ‘{Zan-U kw-Lm-Xm -£-c-§'fnÂ Dd-¨p\n-¶ cm-a-N-cn-X-`m-j-bnÂ \n-¶v
\nc-WwIr-Xn-I-fn-te-¡v h-cp-t¼mÄ {Z-an-U-kw-Lm-X-¯nÂ DÄ-s¸-Sm-¯ A-Xn-Jcw,
arZp, tLm-jw, Du-jv-am-¡Ä F-¶n-h-bp-sS X-Ån-¡b-äw X-s¶-bp-mbn.
C-¡m-c-W-¯mÂ kw-kv-Ir-XX-Õ-a i-Ð-§-fp-sS [m-cm-fn-¯w I-®-È-·m-cnÂ
Im-Wmw. {Zm-hn-U-¯nÂ CÃm-¯ A-£-c-§Ä am-{X-aÃ Iq-«-£-c-§fpw C-XnÂ
Im-Wmw. C-h cm-a-N-cn-X-¯nÂ Im-Wm-\m-hnÃ. ]m-«p-I-fnÂ C-h D-]-tbm-Kn-¡-cp-sX-¶v
eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³ h-ne-¡n-bn-«p-s-¦nepw I-®-È-·mÀ {]-kvXp-X \nb-aw ew-Ln-¨p
Im-Wp¶p.
2. F-Xp-Ibpw tam-\bpw
]m-«p-I-fnÂ ]m-en-¨p Im-Wp-¶ i-Ðm-e-¦m-c-§-fm-Wv F-Xp-Ibpw tam-\-bpw.
{]m-No-\-]m-«p-I-fnÂ C-h \nÀ-_-Ô-am-bpw ]m-en-¨n-cp-¶p-sh-¶v eo-em-Xn-e-I-¯nÂ
Im-Wp¶p. cm-a-N-cn-X-¯nepw I-®-È-Ir-Xn-I-fn-epw C-h an-¡-hmdpw ]m-en-¨n-«pv.
3. hr-¯-hn-ti-jw
{Z-mhn-U-hr-¯-§-sf-bm-Wv hr-¯-hn-ti-jw F-¶-Xn-eq-sS eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³
AÀ-°-am-¡p-¶Xv. cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-se hr-¯-hn-ti-j§ - Ä X-an-gv ]m-c-¼-cy-¯n-\v
\n-c-¡p-¶-Xm-sW-¦nepw tI-c-fo-b-cp-sS Km-\-ssi-en-I-fnÂ \n-¶v A-I-¶p-
I-gn-ªn-«p-s-¶p hy-àw. A-Xp-sIm-m-bn-cn¡-Ww \n-c-Ww-I-hn-IÄ A-¶p
{]-Nm-c-¯n-en-cp-¶ hr-¯-§fn-sem¶m-b ZoÀ-L-X-cw-Kn-Wn kzo-I-cn-¨Xv. ]n-¶o-S-Xn-\v
\nc-Wwhr-¯w F-¶p t]-cp-h¶p. C-¯-c-¯nÂ kwkv-Ir-tX-X-chr-¯w
Im-hy-c-N-\-bnÂ kzo-I-cn-¨-Xn-eq-sS hr-¯-hn-ti-jw F-¶ \n_-Ô-\ I-®-È-·mÀ
\-S-¸n-em-¡n- bn-cp-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw.
4. A-´m-Zn-{]m-kw
cm-a-N-cn-Xw kÀ-Æ-{X-Zo-£n-¨p Im-Wp-¶ ]m-«n-sâ kz-`m-h-am-Wv A-´m-Zn-{]mkw.
F-¶mÂ C-Xv hf-sc ZpÀÃ-`-am-bn-t« I-®-È-·mÀ ]n-´p-S-À¶p Im-Wp-¶pÅq.
5. ]m-Þy-`m-jm km-cq]yw
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 9

]m-Þy-`m-jm km-cq]yw AY-hm X-an-gv kzm-[o-\w ]m-«p-I-fnÂ G-dn-bn-cn-¡p-sa-¶v
t\c-t¯ kq-Nn-¸n-¨n-«p--tÃm, F-¶mÂ cm-a-N-cnX-s¯ A-t]-£n-¨v
I-®-È-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ X-an-gv kzm-[o-\w Ip-d-hmWv. X-an-gv kzm-[o-\-¯nÂ ]m-«n-sâbpw
a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-sâbpw a-[y-hÀ-¯n-bm-bn \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-IÄ \n-e-sIm-Åp¶p
6. hn-`-ày-´ kw-kv-Ir-X]-Zw
kw-kv-Ir-X-hn`-àn{]-Xy-b-§Ä hf-sc Ip-d-ª-tXm-Xn-em-Wv ]m-«nÂ
kzo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. I-®-È-·m-cmI-s« hn-`-ày-´-kw-kv-Ir-Xw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-se
t]m-se [m-cm-fw D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p- Im-Wp¶p.
I-®-È-Ir-Xn-I-fn-se `m-j-sbbpw ]m-«p-`m-j-sbbpw X-½nÂ Xm-c-X-ay-s¸-Sp-¯n
tUm.Fw.eo-em h-Xn A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶-Xv C-{]-Im-c-amWv: “]m-«n-sâ
{Z-an-U-kw-Lm-Xm-£-c \n_-²w F-¶ \nÀ-Æ-N-\mw-iw C-hn-sS In-gn-¨p-I-f-bWw.
hr-¯-hn-ti-j-bp-àw F-¶Xpw F-Xp-I, tam-\ ap-X-e-bm-b-hbpw ti-jn-¡p-¶p”.
C-¯-c-¯nÂ ]m-«n-sâ {]-[m-\-e-£W-s¯ \nc-WwI-hn-IÄ \n-cm-I-cn-¡p¶-Xp
Im-Wmw. F-Xp-Ibpw tam-\bpw tIh-ew i-Ðm-e-¦m-c-§Ä am-{X-amWv. A-h
kzo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶-Xp hen-b {]m-[m-\y-aÀ-ln-¡p-¶ Im-cyaÃ. am-{X-aÃ
kw-kvIr-X{]-`m-hw I-®-È-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ Im-Wm\pw km-[n-¡p¶p. C-XnÂ \n-s¶Ãmw
\nc-WwIr-Xn-IÄ- `m-jm km-ln-Xy-¯n-se A-Xn-{]-[m-\am-b
H-cp ]-cn-hÀ-¯-\-L-«-¯n-sâ {]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fmsW¶v hy-à-am-Ip¶p.
 ]m«pw a-Wn-{]-hm-fhpw \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ

]m«v, a-Wn-{]-hm-fw F-¶n-§-s\ c-v ssI-h-gn-Ifm-sbm-gp-In-bn-cp-¶ a-ebm-f
I-hn-Xm-km-ln-Xy-s¯ B-Zy-am-bn Iq-«n-t¨-À¯-Xv \nc-WwI-hn-I-fmWv. -C¯-c-¯nÂ
c-v Im-hy-{]-Øm-\-s¯bpw Iq-«n-t¨À-¯p-sIm-p-Å H-cp ]pXn-b Im-hy`m-j
\nc-WwIr-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS kw-Pm-X-ambn. b-YmÀ-°-¯nÂ C-Xv `m-jm-]-cam-b
hn-¹-h-amWv. C-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨v tUm.Fw. eo-emh-Xn A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-
{]-Im-c-amWv: “hn-j-b-kz-`m-h-¯nepw hr-¯-kz-`mh- ¯nepw ]m-«n-sâ ]m-c-¼cyw
Xp-S-cp-Ibpw `m-jm-co-Xn-bnÂ am{Xw a-Wn-{]-hm-f- kw-kv-Im-cw
B-hm-ln-¡pI-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p \nc-Ww I-hn-IÄ B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¨ hn-¹hw”.
C¶-s¯ am-\-I-a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-sS ]qÀ-Æ-cq-]w ]qÀ-®-am-bn-Im-Wp¶-Xv
F-gp-¯Ñ-sâ Ir-Xn-I-fn-em-sW-¦nepw \nc-WwIr-Xn-I-Ä- A-Xn-\v DZ-bw \ÂIn-b
{]m-{Kvcq-]w DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶pv. F-gp-¯-Ñ-sâ Ir-Xn-IÄ-¡pm-b {]-Nm-c-am-Wv
tI-c-f-¯n-se am-\-I-`m-j-bv-¡v G-I-`m-hw \Â-In-bXv. “ss{X-hÀ®n-I `m-j-bnÂ
A-`n-c-an-¡m³ k-¶-²-cÃm-Xn-cp-¶ km-[m-c-W-¡mÀ-¡v
C-ã-s¸-Sp-I-bn-sÃ-¶-dnªp-sIm-v Xs¶, B h-gn-t¡ km-ln-Xy-¯n-\v h-fÀ-¨-bp-Åp
F-¶v I-v ]m-«nÂ ]pXn-b Nm-ep Io-dn-b-h-cmWv Cu I-hnIÄ” F¶v ‘ssI-c-fn-bp-sS
I-Y'bnÂ F³.Ir-jv-W-]n-Å A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 10

\nc-Ww Ir-Xn-I-fn-se ]m-«p-`m-jm-kz-`m-h-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v \mw hn-i-Zam-¡n-b-XmWv.
C-hn-sS I-®-È-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ a-Wn-{]m-f-¯n-sâ G-sXÃmw k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ
Im-Wp-¶p-sh-¶v hy-à-am-¡mw.
1. \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶ G-ähpw hen-b a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-sâ
kzm-[o-\-sa-¶v ]-d-bp¶-Xv hÀ-®- hy-h-Ø-bnÂ \-S¯n-b am-ä-amWv. {Zm-hn-U-
A-£-c-am-e-tbm-sSm-¸w kw-kv-Ir- Xm-£-c-§Ä Iq-Sn `m-j-bnÂ kzo-I-cn-¨-Xn-\mÂ
[m-cm-fw X-Õ-a-cq-]-§Ä `m-j-bnÂ kzo-I-cn-¡-s¸«p.
2. “]p-jv-I-c-]-{X-a-t\m-l-c-t\-t{X” F-¶n-§-s\ kw-kv-Ir-X-hn-`-ày-´]-Z-§Ä
D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p -¶-XnÂ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-s¯-bm-Wv ]n-´p-S-cp-¶Xv.
3. `m-jm-i-Ðhpw kw-kv-Ir-Xhpw hy-h-ln-X-k-am-k-co-Xn-bnÂ kw-tbm-Pn-¸n-
¡p-¶-Xnepw a-Wn -{]-hm-f-I-hn-I-sf-¯-s¶-bm-Wv A-\p-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
4. kw-kv-Ir-X-hym-I-c-Whpw `m-jm-hym-I-c-Whpw Iq-«n-¡-eÀ-¯p-I-sb-¶
kzm-X-{ýhpw a-Wn-{]-hm-fI-hn-I-sf-t¸m-se \n-c-WwI-hn-IÄ ssI-sIm-n-«pv.
“kw-kvIr-X cq-]-§Ä D-t]-£n-¨mÂ ]n-s¶-¡n-«p-¶ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-kz-cq-]-am-Wv

`m-jbv-¡p ]-än- b-sX-¶v I-p-]n-Sn-¨-Xm-Wv I-®-È-·m-cp-sS h-en-b-t\«w. B
Im-e-t¯m-fw a-Wn-{]hm-f- ¯n-eÃm-sX `m-jm-kw-kvIr-X]-Z-§-fp-sS
kz-X-{´-k-t½f-\w a-äpX-cw km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn- I-fnÂþ]m-«nÂþAw-Ko-I-cn-¡
-s¸-«n-cp-¶nÃ. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯nÂ `m-jm-hn-j-b-I-am-bn kw-`-hn-¨
`w-Kn-ap-gp-h³þ`m-jm-]-Z-§-fp-sSbpw kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§-fp-sSbpw k-t½f-\w
sIm-p-h-cp-¶ ku-µ-cy-saÃmwþ Cu I-hn-IÄ ]m-«n-te-¡p kw-{I-an-¸n¨v,
a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-se kw-kv-Ir-X- cq-]-§-fp-t]-£n-¨v `m-j-bv-¡p kz-X-{´K-Xn
\Â-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]n-¶o-Sv \q-äm-p-I-Ä-sIm-v Nn-e am-ä-§Ä
`m-j-bv-¡p-m-sb-¦nepw s]m-Xp-hnÂ ]-d-ªmÂ I-®-È-·m-cpsS Cu co-Xn-bm-Wv
`m-j-bp-sS A-Sn¯-d” F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å iq-c-\m-«p Ip-ª³-]n-Å-bp-sS A-`n-{]m-bw
I-®-È-Ir-Xn-I-fn-se a-Wn-{]-hm-f-kzm-[o-\w hy-à-am-¡p¶p.
 \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-I-fn-se `m-jm-]-cam-b k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ

1. {Z-an-U-kw-L-Xm-£-c-\n-_-Ô-aÃm-¯ i-Ð-§fpw Im-hy-c-N-\-bv-¡v kzo-I-cn¨p.
2. X-Õ-a-cq-]-§Ä [m-cm-f-am-bn kzo-I-cn-¡m³ XpS-§n
3. kw-kv-Ir-X-¯nÂ \n¶pw ]-Z-§Ä kzo-I-cn-¨v Ah-sb X-Û-h-§-fm-¡n
{]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ k-{¼-Zm-bw \n-e-hn-encp-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw.
Zni > Xn-N
Úm-\w > Rm\w
AP³ > Ab³
cm-Pm > A-c-N³
ln-Xw > CXw
4. {In-b-I-fp-sS A-h-km\w ‘Xp' tNÀ-¡p¶ a-²yIm-e `m-jm-{]h-W-X A-hn-S-hn-sS
Im-Wmw.
DZm: I-SÂ-t]m-emÀ-¯n-Xp Iuc-h-ssk\yw
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 11
5. ‘G' F¶-Xv hm-Iym-e-¦m-c-am-bn [m-cm-fw D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«pv. C-Xv Im-hy-`w-Kn-¡v
th-n-bm-bn-cn-¡Ww \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS ap-Jap-{Z-bm-bn CXv
I-W-¡m-¡-s¸-Sp¶p.
DZm: hn-tcm-[n-¡p-¶-h-sct¶, i-am-án-bn-\m-te
6. c, e F-¶o A-£-c-§Ä-sIm-v ]-Z-§Ä B-cw-`n-¡m-sX A-h-bv-¡p ap-¼nÂ
kz-c-§Ä tNÀ-¡p-¶ co-Xn A-Xy-]qÀ-Æ-am-bn \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ Im-Wmw.
DZm: C-c-l-kyw, Cc-v
7. c, e F-¶o A-£-c§Ä-sIm-v ]-Z-§Ä B-cw-`n-¡m-sX A-h-bv-¡p ap-¼nÂ
kz-c-§Ä tNÀ-¡p-¶ co-Xn `q-cn-`m-Khpw D-t]-£n¨p.
C-cma³ > cma³
C-e-¡W³ > e-£v-a-W³
8. M, S, W, c, e, g, f, d, \ F-¶o H¼-Xv A-£-c-§Ä ]-Zm-Zn-bnÂ h-cn-I-bn-sÃ-¶v
eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³ ]-dª-Xv I-®-È-·m-cp-sS Im-eam-bt¸m-tg¡pw
hy-Xym-k-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p.
DZm: \-c-]m-e-IÀ Nn-e-c-Xn-\p hn-d-¨mÀ
\-e-ap-sS Pm\-In k-t´m-jn-¨mÄ
9. ]p-cp-j-t`-Z-\n-cm-k-sam-gn-sI-bp-Å tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\n-bp-sS \-b-§Ä {]-hÀ-¯n-¨p
Xp-S-§n-b-Xm-bn ImWmw
10. hn-PmXo-b {]-tbm-K§Ä
\-c-Iv > \cIw
F-®v > F-®w
B-S > A-Sp-t¼mÄ
11. hÀ-®-hn-Im-c-§-fn-se {]-tXy-I-XIÄ
]n-d-s¸-Sp-I > ]p-d-s¸Sp-I
]-cnjw > ]-cpjw
IqS > Iq-sS
12. {Zm-hn-U-hr-¯ kzo-Ic-Ww
13. F-Xp-I, tam-\ F-¶o i-Ðm-e-¦m-c-§f - p-sS kzm-[o-\w
14. hn-`-ày-´-kw-kvIr-X cq-]-§Ä
DZm: ]pjv]u, D-`tbm
15. kw-kvIr-X k-am-k-cq-]§Ä
DZm: N-cm-N-c-Kpcp, In-cW-a-t\m-l-c-Xn-cp-apJw
16. k-Ôn, hym-I-c-W-kz-cq]w, ]-ZL-S-\ F-¶n-h-bnÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-kzm-[o-\w Im-Wmw.
17. \n-tj-[{]-tbm-K-§Ä I-®-È-·m-cnÂ [m-cm-fw Im-Wmw.
DZm: hm-S-anÃm ckw
18. F§Ä, Rm§Ä, Xmw, X-t½m-Sv Xp-S§n-b kÀ-Æ-\m-a-cq-]-§Ä Im-Wp¶p.
19. kw-kv-Ir-X-kÀ-Æ-\m-a§Ä
DZm: a-a, tX
20. a-e-bm-f-{]-Xy-bw tNÀ-¶ kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z§Ä
DZm: j-×p-J³, A-Nyp-X³
21. hn-ti-j-W-hn-tijy-s]m-cp¯w
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 12
DZm: Xp-eu \-c-hocu
22. {]m-No-\-]-Z§Ä
kw-kvIr-X {]-`m-h-¯m-Â \-ã-s¸«p-t]m-bXpw {]-Nm-c-ep-]v-X-§-fpam-b [m-cm-fw
{]m-No-\-]-Z-§Ä I-®-È-·m-cnÂ Im-Wmw
sIm-äh³ > cm-Pm-¡-·mÀ
A¿w > `n£
Iq-d > h-kv-{Xw
N-cXw > k-Xyw
23. an-{i`mj
‘`m-jm-an-{i-an-sXânI-gmsX
]-c-ta-iz-c-`-àym-hÃ-h-cpw’
F-¶v in-h-cm-{Xn-am-lm-ßy-Im-c³ ]-d-bp-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw an-{i-`m-jb - m-Wv
s]m-Xp-sh Im-Wp-¶-sX-¶v a-\-Ên-em-Ip¶p. X-an-gvþa-e-bm-f-§-fp-sSbpw
kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-sâbpw k-½n -{i-Wam-b ‘`m-jm-an-{i'am-Wv C-h-cnÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv.
kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§Ä `m-jm-{]-Xy-b-§Ä tNÀ-¯v `m-jm-]-Z-§-fm-¡n am-äp-Ibpw
hn-`-ày-´ kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§-sfbpw {Zmhn-U ]-Z-§-sfbpw [m-cm-f-am-bn
D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-Ibpw sNbv-X I-®-È-·m-cnÂ `m-jmþkw-kvIr-X ]-Z-§Ä
hn-IrX-am-bn Iq-Sn-tNÀ-¶pm-b H-cp ssi-en-bm-Wv Im-W-s¸-Sp-¶Xv.
“`m-jm-co-Xn-sb kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw ‘an-{iw’ F-¶p-Å h-Ip-¸n-em-Wv
\nc-WwIr-Xn-IÄ tN-cp-¶”sX-¶v tUm.tKm-Z-hÀ-½-bpw A-`n -{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶pv.
C-¡m-c-W-¯mÂ \nc-Ww-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ ]m-«n-sâbpw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-sâbpw
kz-`m-h-§Ä I-p-h-cp¶p. `m-j-bp-sS ]-cn-{I-a-W-L-«-s¯-bm-Wv
\nc-WwIr-Xn-IÄ {]-Xn-\n -[m\w sN-¿p-¶Xv.
24. \m-«p-`m-j-bp-sS kzm-X-{ýw
km-am-\y P-\-§Ä X-§-fp-sS Ir-Xn hm-bn-¨m-kz-Zn-¡-W-sa-¶v B-{K-ln-¨
I-®-È-·mÀ G-h-À¡pw a-\-Ên-em-Ip-¶ H-cp Im-hy`m-j kzo-I-cn-¨p. [m-cm-fw
kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z§-sf `m-jm-{]-Xy-b-§Ä tNÀ-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.
cm-a-N-cnX-s¯ A-t]-£n-¨v I-®-È-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâbpw
kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-sâbpw kzm-[o-\i-àn Iq-Sp-X-em-bn Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw.
ap³-s]§pw \m-«p-`m-j-bv-¡v In-«n-bn-«nÃm-¯ H-cp kzm-X-{ýw I-®-È-`m-j-bnÂ
e-`y-am-bn.
 Fgp-¯-Ñ-sâ ap³-Km-anbm-b I-®-È-·mÀ

]-eXp-sImpw a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hm-bn \mw I-W-¡m-¡p¶-Xv
F-gp-¯-Ñ-s\-bmWv. C-¡mcyw ‘In-fn-¸m-«v' bq-Wn-änÂ hn-i-Z-am-bn NÀ-¨-sN-¿p-¶
Im-cy-amWv. F-¶mÂ C-{X-tb-sd {]m-[m-\y-hÂ-¡-cn-¡p-¶ F-gp-¯Ñ-\v amÀ-¤-ZÀi-\w
\ÂIp-I F-¶ N-cn-{X-]-cam-b ZuXyw \-S-¸m-¡nb-Xv I-®-È-·m-cmWv. ]m«v,
a-Wn-{]-hm-fw F-¶o Im-hy-k-c-Wn-I-fn-em-bn {]-h-ln-¨n-cp-¶ a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy-s¯
H-¶n-¸n-¨v kÀ-Æ-kzo-Im-cyam-b H-cp {]-hm-l-am-¡n am-äm³ km-[n¨-Xv F-gp-¯-Ñ-\mWv.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 13

F-¶mÂ {]-kv-Xp-X-Im-hy-k-c-WnI-sf G-I-{]-hm-l-am-¡n BZyw am-änb-Xv
I-®-È-·m-cmWv. ]m-«p-{]-Øm-\-¯nÂ \n-¶v F-Xp-I, tam-\ F-¶o A-e-¦m-c-§-sfbpw
{Zm-hn-U-hr-¯-§-sfbpw kzo-I-cn-¨ I-®-È³ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯nÂ \n-¶pw
Im-hy-`m-jbpw kzo-I-cn¨p. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-IÄ-¡v ssI-h-¶n-cp-¶ {]-Nm-chpw
kzm-[o-\-hpw, {Z-an-U-kw-Lm-Xm-£-c-¯nÂ am{Xw hn-c-Nn-Xam-b cm-a-N-cnXw-t]m-ep-Å
Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS \yq-\-X-bp-amImw I-®-È-·m-sc C¯-c-sam-cp hn-¹-h-¯n-\v t{]-cn-¸n-¨-Xv.
C-{]-Im-cw ]m-«n-sâ-bpw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-sâbpw k-a-\z-b-Im-e-L-«-¯n-\v A-hÀ
Xp-S-¡-an«p. a-ebm-f I-hn-X-bnÂ I-®È-·mÀ Xp-S-§n-sh-¨ Cu
hn¹-hw ]qÀ-¯n-bm-Ip¶-Xv F-gp-¯-Ñ-\n-emWv. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯nÂ \n¶pw Cu
A-£-c§-sf ]m-«p-`m-j-bn-te-¡v I-S-¯n-hn-«p a-ebm-f Im-hy-`m-j-bp-sS
hÀ-W-X-e-¯nÂ hen-sbm-cp-]-cn-hÀ¯-\w kr-ãn¨-Xv I-®-È-·m-cmWv.
Cu ]-cn-hÀ¯-\w a-ebm-f Im-hy-`m-j-bp-sS ]-Zþhm-Iy AÀ-°-X-e-§-fn-te¡pw
hym-]n-¸n-¡p-hm³ I-®-È-·mÀ-¡v km-[n¨p. Im-hy-`m-j-bp-sS L-S-\-bnÂ I-®-È-·mÀ
Xp-S-§n-sh-¨ Cu ]-cn-hÀ¯-\w A-tX]-Sn ]n-´p-S-cp-I-bm-Wv F-gp-¯-Ñ³
sN-bv-XXv. ]m-«p-þa-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-sâ k-a-\z-bw I-®-È-·mÀ Xp-S-§n-sb-¦nepw
kw-kvIr-X a-ebm-f hym-I-c-W-an-{iam-b A-h-cp-sS Imhy-ssi-en th--{X
Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡-s¸«nÃ. A-hy-h-Øn-X¯zw \n-d-ª I-®-È-Im-hy-`m-j-bnÂ,
kw-kv-Ir-Xm-£-c-am-e-bp-sS kzo-I-c-W-¯n-eq-sS X-Õ-a§sf kzo-I-cn-¨-t¸mÄ
X-Û-h§-sf H-g-nhm-¡n-bn-cp-¶nÃ F-¶Xpw {i-t²-b-amWv.
I®È-Ir-Xn-I-fn-se `m-j-sb-¡p-dn-¨v {]ap-J ]-Þn-Xm-`n-{]m-b-§Ä

1. tUm.Fw.eo-emhXn
“\nc-Ww I-hn-IÄ ]m-«p-]m-c-¼-cyhpw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-`m-jm-co-Xnbpw t_m-[-]qÀ-Æw
Iq-«n-¡-eÀ-¯n.... A-h-cm-hn-jv-I-cn-¨ Cu hn¹-hw a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ ap-JÑm-b amän.
C-¶s¯ am-\-I-a-e-bm-f -`m-j-bp-sS ]qÀ-Æ-cq-]w ]qÀ-®-am-bn Im-Wp¶-Xv
F-gp-¯Ñ-sâ Ir-Xn-I-fn-em-sW-¦nepw \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-IÄ A-Xn-\v DZ-bw \Â-Inb
{]m-Kv-cq-]w DÄ-s¡m-Åp¶p. F-gp-¯Ñ-sâ Ir-Xn-IÄ-¡pm-b {]-Nm-c-am-Wv
tI-c-f-¯n-se am-\-I-`m-j-bv-¡v G-I-`m-hw \Â-In-bXv”
“{]-hm-NI-sâ h-c-hn-\p hgn-sbm-cp-¡m³ h¶ tbm-l-¶m-s\-t¸m-se C-hÀ

h-gn-sX-fn-bn-¡m³ h-¶-h-cm-bn-cp¶p. tI-cfo-bP-\X-sb H-«m-sI X-sâ
h-gn-¡m-IÀ-jn-¡m³ F-gp-¯Ñ-\v ]nÂ -¡me-¯p I-gn-ªp-sh-¦nÂ P-\-K-Wa-\w
A-Xn-\p k-¶-²am-b \n-e-am-¡n-¯oÀ¯Xv Cu aq-h-cm-Wv F-¶ h-kvXp-X
hn-kv-a-cn-¨p-IqSm”
2. s{]m-^.F³.Ir-jv-W-]n-Å
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 14

“kw-t£-]-W I-e-bn-se H-cp a-lm-Ûp-X-sa-¶p hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡-s¸-« F-gp-¯Ñ-sâ
`mc-Xw In-fn-¸m«n-\v H-cp ‘Un-ssk-\pw' ‘kv-sI-¨pw' D-m-¡n-s¡m-Sp-¯-Xv
i-¦-c-¸-Wn-¡-cmWv”
“b-YmÀ-°-¯nÂ ]m-«n-\v H-cp Im-hy`m-j kr-ãn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p I-®-È-·mÀ. Cu

Im-hy- `m-j-bv-¡p-m-Ip-¶ A-Sp-¯ ]-cn-hÀ-¯-\-am-Wv F-gp-¯-Ñ³ ]m-«p-I-fnÂ
Im-Wp-I. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n\pw ]m-«n\pw X-½nÂ hr-¯-¯n-\Ãm-sX ]-¯p ]-Xn-\-©p
i-X-am-\w hy-Xymk-ta I-ãn-¨p-Åq F-¶ A-h-Ø-bmWv Cu I-hn-I-fp-sS
Ir-Xn-Ifn-ep-Å-Xv. B hy-Xym-kw Iq-Sn- \o-§n c-p {]-Øm-\-§fpw `m-jm-]-c-am-bn
A-ssZz-Xm-h-Ø {]m-]n-¡p-¶p F-gp-¯-Ñ-\n-se-¯p-t¼mÄ”
“Cu Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS am-aqÂ-¸n-Sn-¯w hn-Sp-¯Â AY-hm hÀ-²-am-\am-b kw-kv-Ir-X-

k-amth-i-¯n-\p Io-g-S-§Â ss{X-hÀ-Wn-I-`m-j-bnÂ A¶pw A-`n-c-an-¡m³
k-¶²-cÃm-Xn-cp-¶ km-[m-c-W-¡mÀ-¡v C-ã-s¸-Sp-I-bn-sÃ-¶-dnªp-sIm-p Xs¶,
B h-gn-t¡ km-ln-Xy-¯n-\p h-fÀ¨-bp-Åq F-¶v I-v ]m-«nÂ ]pXn-b Nm-ep
Io-dn-b-h-cm-Wv Cu I-hn-IÄ”
3. tUm.sI.Fw.tPmÀÖv
“Xn-I¨pw a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ k-´m-\-§fm-b Ir-jv-W-]m«pw In-fn-¸m«pw
B-hnÀ-`-hn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p hgn-sbm-cp¡n-b H-cp ]-cn-hÀ-¯-\-L-«-am-Wv \nc-Ww
Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv”
4. s{]m^.tKm-]n-\m-Y-]nÅ
“cm-a-I-Y-¸m«pw Xn-cp-\n-gÂ-am-ebpw ]m-«n-sâ e£-Ww A-tX]-Sn A-\p-k-cn-¡p¶p.
I-®-ÈIr-Xn-IÄ {Z-an-U-kw-Lm-Xm-£-c-\n-_-Ô-]-Z-§-Ä, kw-kv-Ir-X-X-Õ-a§Ä,
X-Û-h§Ä, hn-`-ày-´ kw-kvIr-X ]-Z-§-Ä, a-e-bm-f-{]-Xy-bw tNÀ-¶
kw-kvIr-X ]-Z-§Ä F¶n-h C-S-I-eÀ-¶ H-cp an-{i-`m-j-bn-em-Wv c-Nn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv”
5. s{]m-^.F-cp-ta-en ]-c-ta-iz-c³-]n-Å
“a-e-bm-fw sN-´-an-gn-sâ ]-Sn-bnÂ \n-¶v Ip-sd-¡q-Sn k-¼-¶am-b kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-sâ
ssI-I-fn-te¡v DuÀ-¶pho-W ]-cn-hÀ-¯-\Zi-sb Ip-dn-¡p-¶p \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-I-fn-se
`m-j”
6. tKm-Z-hÀ-½
“a-ebm-f ]-Z-§Ä-¡v {]m-[m-\yhpw X-an-gv ]-Z-§Ä¡pw kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§Ä¡pw
Aw-K-`m-hhpw c-N-\m-hn-j-b-¯nÂ I-ev-]n-¡-s¸-«n-«p-Å H-cp `m-jmkm-¦-cy-am-Wv
\n-c-Ww-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp¶Xv”.
IV. Ir-jv-WKmY
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 15
“a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy-\-t`m-ho-Yn-bn-se ]-cn-]qÀ-®-am-b i-c-¨-{µ-_nw-_w”
F-¶m-Wv Ir-jv-W-KmY-sb D-ÅqÀ hn-ti-jn-¸n-¨n-«p-ÅXv. sN-dp-tÈ-cn \-¼q-Xn-cn-bp-sS
c-N-\-bm-b Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS Im-ew 15þmw \q-äm-m-sW-¶v I-cp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p. 1446
ap-XÂ 1465 h-sc tIm-e-¯v-\m-Sv `-cn-¨n-cp-¶ D-Z-b-hÀ-½-bp-sS B-Ú-b-\p-k-cn-¨m-Wv
Ir-jv-WKm-Y c-Nn-¨n-cn-¡p¶-Xv F-¶v Im-hy-¯nÂ X-s¶ kq-Nn-¸n-¨n-«pv. Km-Y
F-¶mÂ ]m-«v F-¶m-WÀ°w. Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bv-¡v Ir-jv-W-]m-«v F¶pw AÀ-°-apv.
Nne ssh-tZin-I Km-\-§Ä¡pw {]mIr-X Km-\-§Ä¡pw Km-Y F-¶ t]-cpv.
Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bv-¡v ap³-]pX-s¶ tI-cfo-b Ihn-IÄ Km-Y c-Nn-¨n-cp¶p. F-¶mÂ Km-Y
F-¶ t]-cp-am-bn tI-c-fo-bÀ ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp¶-Xv Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv.
Ir-jv-W- Km-Y-bp-sS {]-Nm-c-t¯m-sS Km-Y-bv-¡v ]m-«v F-¶ AÀ-°w \-ã-s¸-Sp-Ibpw
a-Rv-P-co-hr-¯w F-¶ k-hn-ti-jmÀ-°w ssI-h-cn-Ibpw a-Rv-P-co-hr-¯ hn-c-Nn-Xam-b
Ir-Xn-bm-Wv Km-Y F-¶v AÀ-° -tim-jWw kw-`-hn-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.
 ]m-«n-sâ e-£-Whpw Ir-jv-W-Km-Ybpw

]m-«n-sâ e-£-W-¯nÂ G-ähpw {]-[m-\-s¸«-Xv A-Xv {Z-an-U-kw-Lm-Xm-£-c
\n-_-²-am-bn-cn- ¡-W-sa-¶-Xm-W-tÃm... Cu {][m-\e£-Ww ]-cn-]qÀ-®-am-bn
ew-Ln¨p-sIm-p-Å H-cp `m-jm-co-Xn-bm-Wv Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv.
“X-¶n-se \-®n-\mÄ a³-a-Y-am-epäp

k-\ym-kn-bÃn-Xp \nÀW-bw Xm³
F-¶p-sS am\-kw Jn-¶-am-¡o-Sp-hm³
O-¶-\m-bv h-s¶m-cp Im-a-\t{X”
F-¶ D-Zm-l-c-W-¯nÂ \n-¶pw C-Xv hy-à-am-W-tÃm.
FXp-I an-¡-hmdpw Zo-£n-¨p-Im-Wp-¶pv. F-Xp-I-bv-¡p-Å {]m-[m\yw tam-\-bv-¡v
e-`n-¡p-¶nÃ. an-¡-hmdpw k-µÀ-`-§-fnÂ Zzn-Xo-bm-£-c-{]m-k-sa-¶ \n-e-bnÂ FXp-I
Zo-£n-¨p-Im-Wp-¶pv. F-¶mÂ ]m-ZmÀ-²m-Zn-{]m-kamb tam-\ Xm-c-X-tay-\ Ip-d-hm-Wv
Im-Wp-¶Xv. hr-¯-hy-h-Ø-sb-¡p-dn-¨v ]-d-bp-t¼mÄ {Zm-hn-U-hr-¯-co-Xn X-s¶-bm-Wv
Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv. Km-\mß-I-X ap-¶n-«p \nÂ-¡p-¶ ‘a-Rv-Pcn'
hr-¯-am-Wv Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ kzo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. cm-a-N-cn-X-Im-c³
kmÀ-Æ-{Xn-I-ambpw I-®-È-·mÀ an-¡-hmdpw D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p Im-Wp-¶ A-´m-Zn-{]m-kw
Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ ]n-´p-SÀ-¶p Im-Wp-¶nÃ. ]m-Þy-`m-jm-km-cq-]yhpw
Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ Im-Wp-¶nÃ. C-{]-Im-cw ]m-«n-sâ e-£-W-¯nÂ \n¶pw
G-sd-¡p-sd am-ä-§Ä-¡v hn-t[-bam-b `m-j-bm-Wv Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv.
 ]m«pw a-Wn-{]-hm-fhpw Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ

]m-«n-sâ \nÀ-Æ-N-\-¯n-\v Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bn-se-¯p-t¼mÄ F-{X-t¯m-fw ]-cn-
hÀ-¯-\-§Ä kw-`-hn-¨p-sh-¶v hn-i-Z-am-¡n- I-gnªp. ]m-«p-{]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ a-äp
k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ Ir-jv-W- Km-Y-bnÂ F-{X-t¯m-f-ap-s-¶v ]cn-tim-[n-¡mw.
]p-cm-W-I-Ym-]p-\-cm-Jym-\-]-c-am-b {]-tabw, `-àn{]-Øm-\-]-¦m-fn¯w,
‘In-fn-¸m«vv', ‘h-©n-¸m«v' F-¶o ]m-«p-Ir-Xn-I-tfm-Sv tNÀ¶p-t]m-Ip-¶ X-c-¯n-ep-Å
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 16
‘Ir-jv-¸m«v' F-¶ Hm-a-\-t¸cv, km-[m-c-W-¡mÀ-¡n-S-bnÂ t\Sn-b {]-Nm-cw F¶n-h
Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ-s¯-fn-ªp Im-Wp-¶ ]m-«p- {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ a-äp
k-hn-ti-j-X-bmWv.
X-Õ-a-]-Z-§Ä [m-cm-f-am-bn kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xp h-gn ]-Z-k¼-¯p hÀ-²n-¸n¡p-I
F-¶ [À½w Ir-jv-W-Km-Ym-Imc-\p ap³-t] I-®-È-·mÀ \-S-¸m-¡n-b-XmWv. Cu co-Xn
X-s¶-bmWv Ir-jv-W -Km-Y-bnepw Im-Wp-¶Xv. C-Xv a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-sâ co-Xn-bmWv.
Xm-c-X-tay-\ Np-cp-¡-am-sW-¦nepw A-§n-§p Im-Wp-¶ hn-`-ày-´
kw-kvIr-X ]-Z-§Ä, X-Ûh-amtbm X-Õ-aamtbm kw-kv-Ir-X-¯nÂ \n-¶v
C-S-X-S-hnÃm-sX {]-h-ln-¡p-¶ ]-Zm-hen, {Zan-U kw-Lm-Xm£-c-§-sf-¶ ]-cn-an-Xn-sb
A-Xn-ew-Ln-¨v A-Xn-J-c-ar-ZptLm-j-§Ä-¡v {]-thi-\w \Â-Inb hÀ-®am-e,
hÀ®-\-IÄ-¡v \Â-Ip-¶ {]m-[m\yw C-h-sbÃmw Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bn-se kw-kvIr-X
{]-`m-h-¯n-sâ kzm-[o-\-§-fmWv.
C-¯-c-¯nÂ ]m-«n-sâbpw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-sâbpw `m-jm-]-cam-b k-a-\z-bw
Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ Im-Wmw. C-h-tbm-sSm-¸w X-s¶ \m-S³-]m-«n-sâ Kp-W-§fpw
Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw.
 Ir-jv-W-Km-Ybpw \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-Ifpw

`m-jm-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bv-¡v sXm-«p-ap³-]p-Å-Xm-Wv
\n-c-Ww-Ir-Xn-IÄ. ]m-«p-{]Øm-\-¯n-sâ c-mwL-«w \n-c-Ww-Ir-Xn-I-fnepw
aq-¶mwL«w Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnepw Im-Wmw. ]-cn-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-\p-
hn-t[-bam-b ]m-«p-`m-j-bmWv Cu L-«-¯nepw Im-Wm³ I-gn-
bp¶Xv. ]m-«p-{]Øm-\-¯n-se {Z-an-U-kw-Lm-Xm-£-c-\n-_-²-sa-¶ `m-jm-]-cn-an-Xn
I-®-È-·mÀ-¡v t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-Ibpw kw-kv-Ir-Xm-£-c-§Ä kzo-I-cn-¨v a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ
hÀ-®-hy-h-Ø hn-]p-e- s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. C-tX-co-Xn X-s¶-bmWv
Ir-jv-W-Km-YmIm-c\pw ]n-´p-SÀ-¶Xv. ]m-«p- {]-Øm-\-¯n-se G-ähpw {][m-\
e-£W-s¯ A-Xn-ew-Ln-¡p-t¼mgpw {Zm-hn-U-hr-¯-kzo-Ic-Ww C-cpL-«-¯nepw
\-S-¯p¶pv. F-Xp-I, tam-\ F-¶n-h-bv-¡v I-®-È-·mÀ \Â-In-bn-cp-¶ {]m[m-\yw
Ir-jv-W-Km-Ym-Im-c³ \ÂIp-¶nÃ.
G-Xm-v H-tc Im-e-L-«-¯n-sâ kr-ãn-I-fm-Wv \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-I-fpw,
Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bpw. F-¦n-epw Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bn-se `m-jbpw \n-c-Ww-Ir-Xn-I-fn-se
`m-jbpw X-½nÂ G-sd A-´-c-apv. “k-am-\-Im-e-L-«-¯n-sâ kr-ãn-IÄ F-¶
\n-e-bv-¡v Ah-sb k-ao-]n-¡p-t¼mÄ A-h-bp-sS ssh-Pm-Xy-s¯ hym-Jym-\n-¡m³
tZ-i-t`-Z-sa-¶ H-cp-]m-[n-bÃm-sX a-sä-s´-¦n-ep-ap-m-Ip-sa-¶p tXm-¶p-¶nÃ”
F-¶n§-s\ C-¡mcyw tUm.Fw.eo-emh-Xn hy-à-am-¡p¶p.
C-{]-Im-cw {]m-tZin-I-`m-jm-t`-Z-§-fm-Wv {]-kvXp-X hy-Xym-k-¯n-\p
Im-c-W-sa-¶v \n-cq-]-I ]£w. Ir-jv-W-Km-Y a-e-_mÀ U-b-e-Iväv, \nc-Ww Ihn-X
a-[y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ U-b-e-Iv-äv F-¶n-§-s\ -{]-[m-\-s¸-« c-v {]m-tZ-in-I-t`-Z-§-fnÂ
Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS U-b-e-Iv-ämWv ]nÂ -¡me-¯v a-e-bm-f-am-bn h-fÀ-¶Xv. sN-´-an-gv
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 17
k-t¦-Xw kzo-I-cn-¨-Xn-\m-em-Wv \n-c-Ww -Ir-Xn-IÄ k-Zr-iy-§-fm-bXv. \m-S³
km-ln-Xy-k-t¦-Xw Iq-Sp-X-em-bn kzo-I-cn-¨-Xm-Wv Ir-jv-WKm-Y hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Im-\p-Å
Im-cWw.
“kw-kv-Ir-XþsN-´-an-gv cq-]§-sf tamcpw ap-Xn-c-bp-sa-t¶m-Ww

Iq-«n-¡-eÀ¯n-b am-[y-a-¯n-eq-sS hn-f-¼n-s¡m-Sp-¡p-¶ Bi-bw F-{X a-l¯pw
a-t\m-l-c-am-bmepw ^-e-anÃ a-e-bm-fn-¡-Xp ]n-Sn-¡nÃ.... a-e-bm-fn-I-fp-sS
a-t\m-`mh-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨ DÄ-¡m-gv-N, \nÀ-`m-Ky-h-imÂ, \nc-Ww I-hn-IÄ¡pw
CÃm-sX t]mbn; sN-dp-tÈ-cn-¡v B DÄ-¡m-gv-N-s¯-fn-¨w thp-thm-fw
D-m-bn-cp-¶pXm-\pw” C-¡m-cy-¯n-\v tUm.hn.BÀ.{]-t_m-[-N-{µ³ \nÀ-t±-in-¡p-¶
Imc-Ww C-{]-Im-c-amWv.
‘â' {]-tbm-K§Ä, a-Wn-{]-hm-f-ssi-en-bn-ep-Å hy-h-ln-X-k-am-k§Ä,

‘D-f-\m-bv’ ap-X em-b ]nÂ-¡me-¯v Jn-eam-b {]-tbm-K§Ä, \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ
A-Xn-km-[m-c-W-am-bn Im-Wp-¶ ‘Kp-cp-hn-\ptS ]-Xv\n-¡pw', ‘]n-Xm-hn-\p-tS I-Y'
C-{]-Im-c-ap-Å kz-c-ZoÀ-Lo-Ic-Ww F-¶n-h-sbm-¶pw Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ Im-Wp-¶nÃ.
‘`m-jm-an-{i-'am-Wv X-sâ `m-j-sb-¶v I-®-È³ hy-à-am-¡p-¶p-v. C-¯-c-¯nÂ
‘`m-jm-an-{i'sa-¶p hn-h-cn-¡m-hp-¶n-S-t¯m-fw a-Wn-{]hmfssi-en Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-
bn-enÃ. F-¶mÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§Ä H«pw hÀ-Ön-¨n-«p-anÃ. `m-jm- em-fn-Xyhpw
hm-sam-gn-h-g-¡hpw Im-hy-c-N-\-bv-¡v B-Zy-´w D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p F¶-Xv sN-dp-tÈ-cn-sb
I-®-È-\nÂ \n¶pw hy-Xy-kv-X-\m-¡p-¶ `m-jm-]-cam-b ta-·-bmWv.
I-®-È-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ Im-Wm-hp-¶ ZÀi-\-t_m[w Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ Im-Wp-¶nÃ.
`-àn-tb-¡mÄ irw-Km-c-¯n\pw lm-ky-¯n\pw {]m-[m\yw \Â-Im-\m-Wv sN-dp-tÈ-cn
{i-²n-¨n-«p-ÅXv. \n-c-Ww-Ir-Xn-IÄ I-hn-X-bnÂ sF-Xn-lm-kn-Iam-b Kuc-hw
\Â-Ip-t¼mÄ kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-se a-lm-Im-hy-§Ä-s¡m-c-\p-Ic-Ww X-sâ Ir-Xn-¡p
\Â-Im-\m-Wv sN-dp-tÈ-cn {i-an-¨n-«p-ÅXv.
 Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS `m-jm-]-cam-b k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ

1. Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS G-ähpw {]-[m-\-s¸-« `m-jm-]-cam-b {]-tXy-I-X A-Xv ip-²hpw
e-fn-X-hp-am-sW-¶-XmWv. kzÀ¤m-tcm-l-W-samgn-I Ir-jv-WKm-Y ap-gp-h³
ip-²-am-b-Xpw e-fn-X-am-b-Xpam-b tI-c-f-`m-j-bn-em-Wv c-Nn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. "Km-Y-bm-bv
sNmÃp-¶p `m-j-bmbn’ F-¶v I-hn X-s¶ Im-hy-¯nÂ hy-à-am-¡p-¶pv.
2. kw-kvIr-X ]-Z-§-fp-sS kzo-Ic-Ww

efn-X kw-kvIr-X ]-Z-§Ä D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«pv. an-¡-hmdpw k-µÀ-`-§-fnÂ efn-X
kw-kvIr-X ]-Z-§-Ä X-Õ-a-am-bn kzo-I-cn-¨n-«pv. {]m-k-¯n-\p-th-n Nn-e
A-{]-kn-² kw-kvIr-X ]-Z-§fpw kzo-I-cn-¨n-«pv.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 18

3. X-Û-h ]-Z§Ä
{]-Nmcw-sIm-v ]-gIn-b X-Û-h cq-]-§Ä Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ Im-Wmw. ]-e-t¸mgpw
{]m-k-¯n-\p-th-n-bm-Wv Cu X-Û-h-cq-]-§-fp-sS kzo-I-cWw.
A¡n > Aán
Aàn > AØn
apIw > ap-Jw
4. {]mNo-\ ]-Z-{]-tbm-K§Ä
h-f-sc-tb-sd {]mNo-\ ]-Z{]-tbm-K§Ä Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ Im-Wmw. A-h ]-eXpw
{]m-tZin-I ap-{Z-bp-Å-h-bmWv. \m-tSm-Sn-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâbpw
{Km-ao-W-kw-`m-j-W-¯n-sâbpw Po-h³ Xp-Sn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv Km-Y-bn-se
-C¯-cw ]-Z{]-tbm-K§Ä
hoS³ > `À-¯mhv
BäÂ > Hm-a-\bm-b
tXmbpI > \-\bp-I
amSw > amfnI
5. {In-b-bp-sS B-hÀ¯-\w
“th-K-s¯-¸q-p hn-d-¨p-\n-¶o-Sp-¶
\mK-§-sfm-s¶m-t¶ ho-sg-hosg” þ F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å {In-b-bp-sS B-hÀ¯-\w
sIm-v AÀ-°- am-\-§Ä kr-ãn-¡p¶-Xv I-hn-bp-sS {]-tbm-K-ssh-Nn-{Xy-¯n-\v
D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.
6. i-Ðm-e-¦m-c§Ä
sN-dp-tÈ-cn [m-cm-fw A-e-¦m-c-§Ä Im-hy-¯n-ep-]-tbm-Kn-¨p Im-Wp¶p.
Zzn-Xo-bm-£-c-{]m-kw [m-cm-f-am-bn sN-dp-tÈ-cn {]-tbm-Kn-¨p Im-Wp¶p. a-äp
{]m-k-§Ä-s¡m-¸w Nn-e Zn-¡nÂ Xr-Zo- bm-£-c-{]m-khpw Ir-jv-W-Km-Ym-Im-c³
Zo-£n-¡p-¶pv.
“tN-a-ńtI, \Ã ]q-a-c-§Ä-¡n¶p
ko-a-´-am-b-Xp \o-b-tÃm-Xm³
tl-a-´-Ime-s¯ hm-cn-Pw t]m-se-bmbv
\m-a-ń-tI h-¶p \n-¶Xpw Im¬”
A-\p-{]m-khpw \Ã-co-Xn-bnÂ Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ Im-Wm³ I-gn-bp¶p.
“AÃn-s\ shÃp-hm³ hÃq-a-¸q-©mbÂ
hnÃn-s\ shÃp-hm³ hÃpw NnÃn”
C-¯-c-¯nÂ i-Ð-¯n-sâ B-hÀ-¯-\-kp-J-¯nÂ ap-gp-Ip-¶ {]-Xn`sb
Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ Im-Wmw.
7. am-[p-cy-amÀ-¶ `m-j
Rv-P, µ, §, Þ, ¼, ¦, © F-¶o Iq-«-£-c-§-fp--Å-Xpw, ImÀ-¡iyw
tXm-¶n-¡m-¯Xpw, A-[n-Iw k-am-k-§Ä CÃm-¯-Xpam-b `m-j
am-[p-cy-Kp-W-amÀ-¶X
- mWv. C-{]-Im-cw am-[p-cy-Kp-W-amÀ-¶ `m-j-bm-Wv
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 19

Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv. Im-hy-¯n-se `m-j D-S-\o-fw IÀ-¡iyw
tXm-¶n-¡m-¯-XmWv. _r-l¯m-b k-am-k-§fpw CÃ. taÂ-¸-d-ª
Iq-«-£-c§Ä-sIm-v a-t\m-l-c-hp-am-Wv Im-hy-`mKw. D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n\v,
“aRv-Po-cw X-¶p-sS a-Rv-Pp-fam-sbm-cp
in-Rv-Pn-Xam-sbm-cp lw-k-\mZw”
8. \m-S³{]-tbm-K-§fpw ]-g-s©mÃp-Ifpw
 “H-äss¡ X-¶nÂ \o sh-®-h-ö-Sp-t¼mÄ
atässI I-n-«p tI-gp-a-tÃm”
 “A-§m-Sn-t¯m-en-b§-½-tbm-Smbv”
 “t]m-¡-ä h-¼p-en ]pÃp-ta-bpw”
C-¯-c-¯nÂ \m-S³{]-tbm-K-§-fpw ]-g-s©mÃp-Ifpw sIm-v B-i-b-N-a-Xv-Im-cw
kr-ãn-¡m³ sN-dp-tÈ-cn-¡v A-km-am-\yam-b I-gn-hpv.
9. kw-kv-Ir-X-hn-`-ày-´-cq-]§-sf Xo-sc hÀ-Ön-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
10. ‘hÂ' [m-Xp-hnÂ \n-¶v D-m-bn-«p-Å hÃo-e, hÃ-¯pXp, hÃq, hÃp-thm³ F-¶o
cq-]-§-fpw, HÂ [m-Xp-hnÂ \n-¶p-m-bn-«p-Å cq-]-§-fpw Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ
am{Xw Im-Wp-¶-h-bm-Wv.
11. I-fn-¨pp (I-fn-¨n-«p-v), h-¶pp (h-¶n-«p-v), h-¶m-\pw (h-t¶s\) ap-Xem-b
cq-]-§Ä Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS {]-tXy-I-X-bmWv.
12. hm-sam-gn cq-]-§Ä [m-cm-f-am-bn-ImWmw
kw-km-c-`m-jm-cq-]-§Ä A-tX]-Sn {]-tbm-Kn-¨p Im-Wp¶p. Im-Nym-]mÂ,
Nncn-t¡-thq, I-¿o-¶p, B-tc-epw, sIm-¶v F¶n-h D-Zm-l-c-W-§Ä
13. B-Ipw, t]m-Ipw, ]q-Ipw, NmIpw F-¶n-h-bn-se I Im-cw tem-]n-¨pm-b Bw,
t]mw, ]qw, Nmw F-¶nh Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ kp-e-`-am-bn Im-Wp¶p. Ch-sb
k-¦p-Nn-X{In-bm-cq-] -§-sf-¶p ]-d-bp¶p.
14. 'F-¶v Np-cp¡w' F-¶ AÀ-°-¯nÂ 'F-t¶-th-q', 'F-t¶-bmhq'
F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å {]-tbm-K-§Ä Im-Wp¶p.
15. B-Imw-j-sb kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶ 'B-hq' tNÀ-¶ cq-]§Ä
DZm: ap-IÀ-¶q-Xmhq, h-¶mhq, I-m-hq
16. hn-ti-j-AÀ-°-sam-¶p-anÃm-sX 'A§q' tNÀ-¯p-Im-Wp-¶p. I-eÀ-¶§q, am\-kw
X-s¶-b§q, sIm-§q, t\-c¯§q
17. B-[p\n-I `m-j-tbm-Sp-Å km-Zriyw
]m-«n-s\bpw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-s¯bpw k-a-\z-bn-¸n¨p-sIm-p-Å co-Xn I-®-È-·m-cnÂ
Im-Wmw. F-¶mÂ H-tc ka-bw X-\n-{Zm-hn-U-¯n-sâbpw
X-\n-kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-sâbpw ]-cn-an-XnI-sf I-S-¯n-sh-«m³ I-gn-hp-Å
a-e-bm-fn-¯-ap-Å ]-Z-k¼-¯v sN-dp-tÈcn-tbm-fw B-cnepw I-s-¯m³ km-[yaÃ.
sN-dp-tÈ-cn-¡-hn-X-bnÂ `m-jm-]-cam-b-\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶ B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS
A-Sn-¯-d-bm-WnXv.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 20

Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bn-se `mj-sb A-Xn-\p-ap-¼p-Å `m-jm-kz-cq-]-§-fnÂ \n-¶v
thÀ-Xn-cn-¡p- ¶-Xv A-Ir-{Xn-a-Xz-amWv. Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bv-¡v ap-¼p-Å a-äv
`m-jm-kz-cq-]-§-fn-seÃmw (hm-g-¸n-Ån imk-\w ap-XÂ I-®-È-Ir-Xn-IÄ hsc)
Ir-{Xn-a `m-jm an-{i-Ww Im-Wmw. Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ `m-jm-an-{i-Ww CÃ.
X-\n-\m-S³ a-ebm-f ]-Z-§-Ä-s¡m-¸w kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§Ä {]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«pv.
F-¦nepw A-h a-ebm-f ]-Z-§-tfm-Sv \-¶m-bn tNÀ-¶p t]m-Ip-¶-h-bmWv.
{]m-No-\-X-bp-sS e-£-W§Ä Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ Im-Wp-¶p-s-¦nepw
an-¡-`m-K-§fpw B-[p-\n-I -a-e-bm-f-t¯m-Sv km-Zriyw tXm-¶p-¶-h-bm-Wv.
“Im-fn-µo-Xo-c-s¯ Im-hp-IÄ Im-Wp-t¼mÄ
Hm-fw Xp-fp-¼p-¶ th-Z-\IÄ”
C-{]-Im-cw Ime-s¯ I-hn-ªp \nÂ-¡p-¶ B-[p-\n-I-X-bmWv Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ
Im-Wp-¶Xv.
Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bn-se `m-j-sb-¡p-dn-¨v {]ap-J ]-Þn-Xm-`n-{]m-b-§Ä

1. tUm.Fw.eo-emhXn
“D-]-am-Zy-e-¦m-c§-sf an-X-ambpw `m-thm-±o-]-I-ambpw {]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶
C-Xnlm-k ]mc-¼- cy-s¯ \nc-Ww I-hn-Ifpw F-gp-¯-Ñ\pw B-tÇ-jn¨p.
hÀ-®-\I-sf km-taymàn-bp-sSbpw tÇ-tjm-àn-bp-sSbpw k-¦oÀ-®am-b
\q-em-am-e-I-sf-s¡mpw D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p-]-tbm-Kn-¨p \n-dw-sI-« Dàn-ssh-Nn-{Xy-
§-sf-s¡mpw k-µÀ-`-¯n-\p-Nn-X-ambpw AÃm-sXbpw {]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ A-Xyp-
àn-aq-ew Øm-\¯pw A-Øm-\-¯p-ap-f-hm-Ip-¶ lm-kyw-sImpw P-Sn-e-am-¡n-
¯oÀ-¡p-¶ Im-fn-Zm-tk-X-c a-lm-Im-hy-]m-c-¼-cy-s¯ sN-dp-tÈ-cn B-{i-bn¨p. D-Zm-¯
I-hn-X-bp-sS am-\-Z-Þ-§Ä h-¨p t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bv-¡p-m-Ip-¶
I-\-¡p-d-hn-\p Im-c-W-an-XmWv.”
2. Nm-¯-\m-¯v A-Nyp-X-\p-®n
“Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS `m-jm-in-ev-]w a-Wn-{]-hmfw, ]m«v, \m-S³-]m-«v F-¶o aq-¶p
km-ln-Xy -[m-c-W-I-fp-sS-bpw kw-tbm-P-\-¯nÂ \n-¶v D-bnÀ-sIm- \q-X-\am-b H-cp
cq-]-kw-hn-[m-\-am-Ip¶p”.
3. s{]m-^.F-cp-ta-en ]-c-ta-iz-c³-]n-Å
“em-fn-Xyhpw am-[p-cy-hp-ap-Å ]-Z-§Ä H-cp-an-¨v tNÀ-¯v BÀ-P-hhpw
ssN-X-\y-hp-ap-Å `mjm-ssi-en-bm-Wv Ir-jv-W-Km-Yb - nÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv. a-®n-sâ
ho-cyhpw ku-µ-cyhpw \n-d-ª {Kmao-W ]-Z-§Ä-¡p Im-hy-¯n-eq-sS \n-Xy-\q-X-\Xzw
\Â-Im³ sN-dp-tÈ-cn X-¿m-dmbn”
“X-«nbpw ap-«nbpw C-S-bv-¡n-sS s]m-«n-¨n-cn¨pw H-gn-In-t¸m-hp-¶ Im-«-cp-hn-bm-Wv
a-Wn-{]-hm-f-`m-j-sb-¦nÂ, im-eo-\am-b {Km-a-¯n-eq-sS sh-×-WÂ]-c-¸n-\p
Ip-fnÀ-½ ]-IÀ-¶v H-gp-In \o-§p-¶ i-c-Xv-Im-e X-Sn-\n-bm-Wv Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bn-se `mj”
4. ]n.sI.]-c-ta-iz-c³ \mbÀ
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 21

“A-¢n-ã-tIm-a-fam-b c-N\m-ssh`-hw X-s¶-bmWv Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS G-ähpw
{]-[m-\-s¸-« a-l-¯zw. k-c-fhpw E-Pp-hpam-b B `mjm-ssi-en-bnÂ A-hy-à-X-bp-sS
em©-\-t]m-ep-anÃ. B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS e-£-W-§Ä a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bnÂ BZyw
kv-^p-cn-¸n-¨-Xpw A-t±-l-amWv”
5. s{]m-^.]-·-\ cm-a-N-{µ³ \mbÀ
“]-Xn-\©mw \q-äm-nse Cu a-lm-Imhyw I-\-¯-Imcyw \-\p-¯-
hm-¡nÂ ]-IÀ-¯n-b e-fn-Xhpw k-c-fhpw AÀ-°-KÀ-`-hpam-b c-N-\-bm-Wv”
6. Sn.]n._m-e-Ir-jv-W³ \mbÀ
“{]u-V a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Im-e-¯m-Wv Po-hn-¨-sX-¦nepw sN-dp-tÈ-cn F-gp-Xnb-Xv H-cp
P-\Io-b Im-hy-amWv. F-fn-b`m-j, F-fn-b-hcp-sS Po-hnXw, D-¯-c-tI-c-f-¯n-sâ
\m-S³ ssienþ C-h-sbÃmw Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ ImWmw”
7. s{]m-^.Un.]-Zv-a-\m-`-\p®n
“e-fn-X-§fm-b kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§Ä [m-cm-f-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-s-¦nepw
a-e-bm-f-`m-j- sIm-p ssI-Imcyw sN-¿p-¶ hn-j-b-¯nÂ Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-sb
A-Xn-i-bn-¡p-¶ H-cp Ihn-X a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ D-m-bn-«n-sÃ-¶p XoÀ-
¯p-]-d-bm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv”
8. tUm.F³.ap-Ipµ³
“X-an-gv kzm-[o-\w hf-sc Ip-d-ªXpw a-ebm-f `m-j-bp-sS X\n-a sX-f-nªp
-\nÂ-¡p-¶Xpw G-sd-¡p-sd B-[p-\n-IXzw A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶-Xpam-b A-Xn-se
`m-j-bm-Wv ]-Þn-X-·m-sc A¼-cn- ¸n-¡p-¶Xv”
“I-hn-Xma-Þe-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨v A-Npw-_n-X-am-bn-cp-¶ \m-tSm-Sn-`m-j-bp-sS

ku-c-`yhpw \m-tSm-Sn-hr-¯-¯n-sâ lr-Z-b-kv-]À-in-X-bpw a-\-Ên-em-¡n
DÄ-s¡m-Ån-¨-Xm-Wv sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bp-sS t\«w”
]m-«p-`m-jþcm-a-N-cn-Xw ap-XÂ In-fn-¸m-«p-h-scþH-cp Xm-c-Xayw
\ ]m«p-`mj cma-NcnXw \ncWw IrXn-IÄ IrjvW-KmY Infn-¸m«v
¼ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ (12-þ13 \qäm-v) (14-þ15 \qäm-v) (15-þmw (16-þmw
À \qämv) \qämv)
1 {ZanUkw \nÀ_Ô-ambn AÃ AÃ AÃ
Lm-Xm-£cw ]men-¡p¶p
2. FXp-I, tam\ \nÀ_Ô-ambn \nÀ_ÔaÃ FXp-I CÃ
]men-¡p¶p kpe-`-amWv Ipd-s¨ms¡
ImWmw. tam\
Ipdhv
3. hr¯w {ZmhnU {Zmhn-U-hr-¯-amb {Zmhn-U-hr-¯- Infn-¸m«v
hr¯w ZoÀL-X-cw-KnWn amb hr¯-§-sf
[mcm-fambn aRvP-cn¡v ¶v ]n¶oSv
ImWp¶p {]mapJyw {]kn-²-amb
{Zmhn-U-hr-
¯-§Ä
4. hn`-ày´ A]qÀÆw kpe`w ZpÀÃ`w Dv
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 22

kwkvIrXw
5. A´m-Zn-{]mkw \nÀ_Ôw ZpÀÃ`w CÃ CÃ
6. XÕ-a-§Ä {Zan-U-kw-Lm kpe`w kpe`w kpe`w
-Xm-£-c-\n-_-
Ô-amb
XÕ-a-§Ä
7. XÛ-h-§Ä kpe`w kpe`w hfsc CÃ
A]qÀÆw
8. ]mÞy-`m-jm- kpe`w Ipd-hmWv hfsc CÃ
cq]w A]qÀÆw
9. ]g-s©m-Ãp-IÄ CÃ A]qÀÆw kpe`w kpe`w
ssien-IÄ
10. ckw `àn/hocw `àn/im´w `àn/ `àn/X¯z-
irwKmcw Nn´
1. ]m-«p-e£-Ww ]qÀ-W-ambpw tbm-Pn-¡p-¶ Ir-XnbmtWm cm-a-N-cnXw? hn-e-bn-cp-¯pI.
(2017-C)
2. `m-jm-km-ln-Xy-¯n-se sX¡pw h-S¡pw t`-Z-§-sf I-®-È-Ir-Xn-Ifpw Ir-jv-W-Km-Ybpw
{]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶p-tm? (2017)
3. Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bn-se `m-j-bp-sS kz-`m-hw hy-à-am-¡p-I. B `m-j A-¡me-s¯ a-äp
Im-hy-§-fnÂ \n¶pw hy-XykvX-am-hp¶-Xv F-§-s\? (2016-C)
4. cm-a-N-cn-X-¯nÂ \n-¶v I-®-È-Ir-Xn-I-fn-te-bv-¡v h-cp-t¼mÄ A-h-bp-sS `m-j-bv-¡v h-cp-¶
am-ä-§Ä hn-i-Z-am-¡pI. (2016)
5. ]m-«n-sâ e-£-W-¯n-\v {I-an-I-am-bpm-b ]-cn-Wm-a-§Ä-¡v \n-ZÀ-i-\-amWv
‘I-®-È-cm-am-bWw' þ \n-cq-]n-¡p-I. (2015)
6. a[yIm-e a-ebm-f `m-jb - n-epm-b kw-kvIr-X hym-]-\-am-Wv B-[p\n-I a-e-bm-f-¯n-\v cq-]w
sIm-Sp-¯-sX-¶p-Å A-`n-{]m-bw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. (2015)
7. cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-sâ `m-j-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å {]ap-J ]-Þn-X-·m-cp-sS A-`n-{]m-b-§Ä
kw-{K-ln-¡p-I. (2015)
8. Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bn-se `m-j-bp-sS kz-`m-hw hy-à-am-¡p-I. B `m-j A-¡me-s¯ a-äp
Im-hy-§-fnÂ \n¶pw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Ip-¶-sX-§-s\? (2014-C)
9. ]m-«n-\v eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³ \Â-Ip-¶ \nÀ-Æ-N-\-sa-´v? cm-a-N-cn-X-¯nÂ \n-¶v \nc-Ww
Ir-Xn-I-fn-te-¡p h-cp-t¼mÄ ]m-«p-`m-j-bv-¡v kw-`-hn-¡p-¶ ]-cn-Wm-aw F-s´m-s¡?
(2014)
10. ‘{Z-an-U-kw-Lm-Xm-£-c-\n_-²’sa-¶ hy-h-Ø ]m-«p-{]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ auen-I
e-£-Wam-tWm? (2013-C)
11. a-ebm-f `m-j-bp-sS h-fÀ-¨-bnÂ kw-kv-Ir-Xw h-ln-¨ ]-s¦´v? (2013)
12. ]m«pw a-Wn-{]-hm-fhpw `m-jm-{]-Øm\-§tfm km-ln-Xy-{]-Øm\-§-tfm? (2012)
13. ‘Ir-jv-WKm-Y'bn-se `m-j B-[p\n-I a-e-bm-f-t¯m-Sv km-ao]yw ]p-eÀ-¯p-¶p -tm-sb-¶v
tkm-Zm-lc-Ww ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. (2011)
14. `m-jm -km-w-kv-Imcn-I cw-K-§-fnÂ \nc-Ww I-hn-IÄ Xp-S-§n- h-¨ ]-cn-jv-Ic-Ww ]qÀ-®-X-bnÂ
F-¯p¶-Xv F-gp-¯-Ñ-\n-emWv þ NÀ-¨-sN-¿p-I. (2010)
15. "Ipd-¨p ]d-ªp Iq-Sp-XÂ [z-\n-¸n-¡p-IbÃ; Iq-Sp-XÂ ]-d-ªp Ipd-¨p [z-\n-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv
sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bp-sS ssi-en’þ Cu \n-cq-]Ww ]qÀ-®-ambpw i-cnbm-tWm? (2010)
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 23

16. \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS `m-jm-]-cam-b {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ ]-cn-K-Wn-¨v ]m-«p -{]-Øm-\-¯nÂ
A-h-bp-sS Øm-\w F-s´-¶v \nÀ-®-bn-¡p-I. (2009)
17. Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS `m-jm-]-cam-b k-hn-ti-jX
- -IÄ tkm-Zm-lc-Ww hn-i-Z-am-¡p-I.
(2009)
18. ]m-«n-sâbpw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-sâbpw `m-jm-]-c-am-b hy-Xym-k-§Ä tkm-Zm-lc-Ww
k-aÀ-°n-¡p-I. (2008)
19. \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS `m-jm-]-cam-b k-hn-ti-jX - -IÄ Nq-n-¡m-«p-I. (2008)
20. I-®-È-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS `m-jm-]-cam-b k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ Nq-n-¡m-«p-I. (2007)
21. Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS a-l-Xz-¯n-\p \n-Zm-\w I-hn-bp-sS B-Jym-\-]m-S-haÃ. A-Xn-se lr-Zyam-b
a-ebm-f `m-j-bm-WvþkzaXw Øm-]n-¡p-I. (2007)
22. cm-a-N-cn-X-¯nÂ \n-¶pw I-®-È-Ir-Xn-I-fn-te-bv-¡v I-S-¡p-t¼mÄ `m-jb - v-¡p kw-`-hn-¡p-¶
]-cn-Wm-a-§Ä hn-h-cn-¡p-I. (2006)
23. ]m-«n-sâ \nÀ-Æ-N-\-sa´v? ]m-«n-sâ e£-Ww ap-gp-h\pw Im-W-s¸-Sp-¶ Ir-XnbmtWm
cm-a-N-cnXw? ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. (2006)
24. tI-c-f-¯n-se km-[m-c-W P-\-§Ä-¡p-th-n kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Þn-X-·m-cÃm-¯ I-hn-IÄ c-Nn-¨
Im-hy-§-fm-Wv ]m-«p-km-ln-Xyw. ]-cym-tem-Nn-¡p-I. (2004)
25. \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ ]m-«n-sâbpw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-sâbpw e-£-W-§Ä F-{X-t¯m-fw
I-eÀ-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p F-¶v ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. (2002)
26. \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-I-fn-se `m-j F§-s\ cm-a-N-cn-X-`m-jbn-Â \n¶pw hy-Xy-kv-X- am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
(2001)
27. ‘]m-Þy `m-jm-km-cq]yw tI-c-f-`m-j-bn-se ]m-«nÂ _m-lp-tey-\ D-m-bn-cn¡pw'. Cu
{]-kv-Xm-h-\-bp-sS AÀ-°-hn-h-£ D-Zm-l-c-W-k-ln-Xw hy-à-am-¡p-I. (2000)
28. Ir-jv-W-Km-Ybpw \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-Ifpw G-Xm-v H-tc Im-e-L-«-¯n-epm-b Ir-Xn-I-fm-
sW-¦nepw C-h-bn-se `m-j Xn-I¨pw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cn-¡p¶p. C-Xn-\p Imc-Ww F-´m-hmw?
(2000)
29. ‘{Z-an-U-kw-Lm-Xm-£-c-\n-_-Ô saXpI tam-\ hr-¯-hn-ti-jb - p-àw ]m-«v’. ]m-«nsâ Cu
e£-Ww hn-h-cn-¨v a-e-bm-f-¯n-se ]nÂ¡m-e ]m-«p-Ifm-b \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-IÄ Ir-jv-W-Km-Y,
In-fn-¸m-«v ap-X-em-b-h-bv¡v Cu e-£-W-¯nÂ \n-¶pm-b hn-Im-k-]-cn-Wm-a-§Ä G-h-sb-¶p
hn-i-Z-am-¡p-I. (2000)
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 24

a-ebmfw
bqWnäv c-v (1)
- aWn-{]-hmfw: \nÀ-Æ-N\w, {]mNo-\ a-Wn-{]hm-f Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS `m-j--
N¼p¡Ä, k-tµ-i-Im-hy-§-Ä, N-t{µm-Õhw, a-Wn-{]-hm-f -e-Lp-Im-
hy-§Ä, ]nÂ¡m-e a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-IÄþa-²yIm-e N-¼p¡Ä,
B«-¡Y
I a-Wn-{]-hmfw : \nÀ-ÆN-\w
]-Xn-\memw i-X-I-¯nÂ \-ap-¡v e-`yam-b a-Wn-{]hm-f e-£-W-{K-Ù-am-Wv
eoem-Xn-eIw. A¶s¯ a-Wn-{]hm-f `m-j-bp-sS hn-Im-kþ]-cn-Wm-a§-sf h-kv-Xp-\n-
jvT-am-bn a-\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xn\v eo-em-Xne-Iw t]m-se-sbm-cp {]-am-W{K-Ùw th-sd-bnÃ.
a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-sâ e-£-Whpw `m-jm-]-camb {]tXy-I-Xbpw km-ln-Xy-]-cam-b
{]tXy-I-X-bp-saÃmw eo-em-Xn-e-I-¯nÂ hn-i-Z-am-¡p¶p.
“`m-jm kw-kv-Ir-X-tbmtKm a-Wn-{]-hmfw”
F-¶m-Wv eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³ a-Wn-{]-hmf-s¯ \nÀ-Æ-Nn-¡p-¶Xv. Cu \nÀ-Æ-N-\-{]-
Imcw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-sâ {]-tXy-IXI-sf C-{]-Im-cw t{Im-Uo-I-cn-¡mw.
1. `mj
`m-j F-¶mÂ tI-c-f-`m-j-bm-Wv eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³ AÀ-°-am-¡p-¶-Xv. tI-c-f-
¯n-se km-am-\y-hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bm-b a-e-\m-«p X-an-gn-\p A-¶v c-v cq-]-§Ä D-m-
bn-cp¶p. D-Xv-Ir-ã-`m-jbpw. A]-Ir-ã-`m-j-bpw. C-XnÂ D-Xv-Ir-ã`m-j ss{X-hÀ-®n-
IÀ kw-km-cn-¨n-cp-¶-XmWv. ss{X-hÀ-®n-tI-Xcpw, kw-kv-Ir-Xm-\-`n-Ú-·m-cpam-b ]m-a-
c-·mÀ kw-km-cn-¨n-cp-¶-Xm-Wv A-]-Ir-ã-`m-j. A-]-Ir-ã-`m-j-bnÂ ]m-n-¯-an-gn-sâ
kzm-[o-\w \n-e-\n-¶n-cp¶p. tX¦m, am¦m, IpXnssc F-¶n§-s\ ]mÞy-`m-jm-km-cq-
]y-ap-Å ]m-a-c-`m-j-bnÂ \n¶pw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv ss{X-hÀ-®n-I-cp-sS `m-j. A-Xv
tX§m, am§m, IpXn-c F-¶n§-s\ ]-cn-Wm-a-§Ä-¡v hn-t[-b-am-b-XmWv. C-{]-Im-cw
]m-Þy-`m-jm-km-cq-]y-anÃm-¯ tI-c-f-`m-jbm-b D-Xv-Ir-ã-`m-j-bm-Wv C-hn-sS D-t±-in-
¨n-cn¡p-¶Xv.
2. kw-kv-Ir-Xw
a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯nÂ tNÀ-¡p-¶ kw-kv-Ir-Xw hf-sc e-fn-Xam-b kw-kv-Ir-X-am-bn-
cn-¡Ww. IqSmsX a-Wn-{]-hm-fw tIÄ-¡p-t¼mÄ `m-j F-¶ {]-Xo-Xn-bp-m-IWw.
kw-kvIr-X {]-Xo-Xn D-m-I-cpXv. AXp-sIm-v kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§Ä `m-jm-]-Z§-sf
A-t]-£n-¨v Ip-d-ªn-cn-¡Ww. aq-¶m-a-Xm-bn hn-`-ày-´-kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§fpw D-m-
bn-cn-¡Ww. kw-kvIr-X hn-`àn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb kw-kvIr-X ]-Z-§-fm-Wv hn-`-ày-´-kw-
kv-IrXw. C-Xv a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯nÂ H-gn-¨p Iq-Sm³ h-¿m-¯-XmWv. F-{XX-s¶
`mjoIrX kw-kv-Ir-Xw tNÀ-¯mepw hn-`-ày-´ kw-kv-Ir-X]-Zw t]-cn-s\-¦nepw
tNcp-t¼m-tg `m-j a-Wn-{]-hm-f-am-Iq F-¶m-Wv eo-em-Xn-e-I-Imc-sâ A-`n-{]m-bw. H-cp
Im-hy-¯nÂ FÃm tÇm-I-¯nepw hn-`-ày-´ kw-kv-Ir-Xw th-W-sa-¶nÃ. A-hn-
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 1

ShnsS D-m-bmepw aXn. hn-`-ày-´ kw-kv-Ir-Xw Xo-sc-bnÃm-¯Xp-sIm-m-Wv
\¼ym-´-an-gv a-Wn-{]-hm-fw F-¶ t]-cn-\v AÀ-l-am-Im-sX t]m-bXv.
3. tbm-Kw
‘tbm-K’-¯n-\v tNÀ-¨, tbm-Pn-¡Â F-¶m-Wv AÀ°w. X-½nÂ thÀ-Xn-cn-¡m³
I-gn-bm-¯ hn[w a-ebm-f kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§Ä tN-cWw. A-t¸m-tg B tNÀ-¨ a-t\m-
l-chpw lr-Zyhpw B-hp-I-bpÅq. C-{]-Im-cw k-lr-Z-b-lr-Zb-s¯ B-IÀ-jn-¡-¯-
hn-[-ap-Å k-¶m-l-am-Wv tbmKw. am-Wn-Iy-hpw ]-hn-ghpw sN-¶q-enÂ tImÀ-¯m-se-
¶-t]m-se Xn-cn-¨-dn-bm³ I-gn-bm-¯ hn-[-am-bn-cn¡-Ww a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯nÂ a-ebm-f
kw-kvIr-X ]-Z-§Ä hn-\y-kn-t¡-Xv.
Np-cp-¡-¯nÂ a-Wn- (ap¯v) BIp-¶ a-e-bm-f-]-Z-§-fp-sS-bpw {]-hmfw (]-hngw)
B-Ip¶ kw-kv-IrX-]-Z-§-fp-sS-bpw lr-Zyamb tbm-Pn-¸nÂ \n-¶p-m-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv
aWn-{]-hmfw.
II tI-c-f-¯n-se a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-sâ {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ

tI-c-f-¯nÂ F-¶p-ap-XÂ-¡m-Wv a-Wn-{]-hm-fw km-ln-Xy-]-Z-hn-bn-te-¡v h-¶-
sX¶v hy-àambn ]-d-bm³ km-[yaÃ. cq]-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am¡n-t\m-¡n-bmÂ a-Wn-
{]-hm-f-¯n-\p tI-c-f-¯n-\p ]p-d¯pw kzm-[o-\-ap-s-¶p Im-Wmw. F-¶mÂ D-Å-
S¡s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ tI-c-f-¯n-se a-Wn-{]-hm-fw a-äp a-Wn-{]-
hm-f-§-fnÂ \n¶pw `n-¶-amWv. tI-c-f-¯n-se a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ
Xm-sg-¸-d-bp-¶-h-bmWv:
1. `m-jman-{i-W-¯n-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-emWv a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-sâ {]-kn²n. F-¶mÂ
Cu an-{i-W-k-{¼-Zm-bw a-äp-`m-j-I-fn-se an-{i-W-k-{¼-Zm-b-¯nÂ \n¶pw hy-Xy-kv-
X-amWv.
2. tI-c-f-¯n-se a-Wn-{]-hm-f-w O-µ-kmÂ-Ir-X-km-ln-Xy-am-Wv. kw-kv-Ir-X-hr-¯-am-Wv
ap-gp-h³ D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-ÅXv. C-X-c `m-j-I-fnse a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-IÄ O-µ-kmÂ-
Ir-X-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ {]-kn-²aÃ. an-¡-hmdpw K-Zy-¯n-em-Wv A-hnSs¯ a-Wn-{]-
hm-f-§Ä.
3. kv-{Xo-hÀ-®-\bpw irw-Km-c-hÀ-®-\bpw sIm-v a-äp-km-ln-Xy-§-fn-se a-Wn-{]-hm-f-
§-fnÂ \n¶v C-h hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cn-¡p¶p. tI-c-f a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-IÄ a-ln-fm-
fn-a-lm-kv-]-Z-§-fmWv.
a-Wn-{]-hm-f-w `m-jm-{]-Øm-\-sa-¶ \n-e-bn-em-Wv B-cw-`n-¨Xv. `m-jm-an-{i-W-¯n-
sâ A-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-emWv a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-sâ {]-kn-²n. ss{X-hÀ-®n-I-cp-sS hy-h-lm-
c-`m-jbm-b `m-jm-an-{i-W-¯nsâ \-ho-Ir-Xhpw a-t\m-l-c-hpam-b `m-jm-cq-]-sa-¶-Xn-
s\-¡mÄ, K-Wn-Im-{]-i-kv-Xn ]m-Sp-¶ H-cp {]-tXy-I-Im-hy-cq-]-am-bn C-X-dn-b-s¸«p.
`mjm {]-Øm-\-sa-¶ \n-e-bnÂ a-ebm-f `m-j-bp-sS hn-Im-k-]-cn-Wm-a-§-fnÂ a-Wn-
{]-hm-f-¯n-\p-Å Øm-\w h-ep-XmWv. C-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨v tUm.Fw.eo-emhXn A-`n-{]m-b-
s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-{]-Im-c-amWv: “a-Wn-{]-hm-f-sa-¶ ]-Zw {]m-cw-`-¯nÂ `m-jm-an-{iW-s¯
tZym-Xn-¸n-¡p¶ e-£-W-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw ]n-¶o-Sv A-Xn-\v km-ln-Xy-]-cm-aÀ-iI-
amb H-cp AÀ-°w h-¶p-tNÀ¶p. A-XnÂ X-s¶ ‘a-ln-fm-fn-a-lm-kv]-Zm’ F-¶
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 2

asämcp k-¦-ev-]hpw I-eÀ-¶p. k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-sâ ap-IÄ-¯-«nÂ hÀ-¯n-¨n-cp-¶-hcpw
D-¶-X {_m-Ò-WÀ¡pw £-{Xn--bÀ¡pw am{Xw hn-t[-b-I-fm-bn-cp-¶-h-cpam-b a-ln-
fIsf ]m-Sn-¸p-I-gv-¯m³ th-n F-gp-X-s¸-« Ihn-X F-s¶m-cÀ-°w hn-I-kn¨p”.
III. {]mNo-\ a-Wn-{]hm-f Ir-Xn-IÄ

‘ssh-in-I-X-{´’-¯n-sâ c-N-\m-Im-ew ap-XÂ ]-Xn-\©mw \q-äm-p-h-sc-bp-Å
Im-e-L-«-¯nÂ H-ä-tÇm-I-§-fmbpw Im-hy-§-fmbpw [m-cm-fw a-Wn-{]hm-f Ir-Xn-IÄ
D-mbn. C-h-sb-bmWv {]m-No-\-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-sa-¶Xp-sIm-v D-t±-in-¡p-¶Xv. ssh-in-
I-X-{´w, D-®n-b-ö-N-cnXw, D-®n-bm-So-N-cnXw, D®n-¨n-cp-tX-ho-N-cnXw (N-¼p-¡Ä),
A\-´]p-chÀ-®\w, D-®p-\o-eo-k-tµiw, tIm-I-k-tµiw, sN-dn-b¨n, C-f-b¨n,
sNÃqÀ-\m-Y-kv-Xhw, hm-kp-tZ-h-kv-Xhw, A-h-X-c-W-Z-iIw, `-{Z-Im-fnkvX-hw ap-X-em-b-
h-bm-Wv {]mNo\a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-XnIÄ.
1. ssh-in-I-X-{´w
\-ap-¡v In-«n-bn-«pÅ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Im-hy-§-fnÂ h-¨v G-ähpw {]m-No\w ssh-in-I-
X-{´-amWv. t]-cp-kq-Nn-¸n-¡pw-t]m-se H-cp th-iym-hn-h-c-W-Im-hy-am-WnXv. th-iy-
bpsS Po-hn-X-ho-£-Whpw k-{¼-Zm-bhpw hn-h-cn-¡p-¶ Cu IrXn F.Un.12, 13 i-X-I-
¯n-em-Wv c-Nn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-sX-¶v ]-Þn-X-·mÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. A-\w-Ktk-\ F-¶
sN-dp-a-IÄ-¡v ssh-in-I-hr-¯n X-¯-z-§Ä ap¯-Èn D-]-tZ-in-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv C-Xn-
hr¯w.
“F-·p-¯n-bmÂ sN-hn-bn-se ap-Xp-ap-¯n-Xm\pw
sNmÃn-s¡m-Sp-¯-h-fp-sa³ P-\-\n¡p-sNmÃn
ssI-sIm- tbm-K-an--Xns\ Xn-¡-hÄ sNmÃn-bnâp
Rm\pw \n\-¡p ]-Zn-im-an Kp-cp-{I-taW”
F-¶n-§-s\-bm-Wv ssh-in-I-X-{´-¯n-se `m-jm-coXn.
`m-jm-]-cam-b k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ
1. kÀ-Æ-e-£-W-§-fp-a-S§nb a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-bm-WnXv.
2. hn-`-ày-´-kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§Ä Dv.
DZm: D-]-Zn-im-an Kp-cp-{ItaW
3. `m-jbpw kw-kv-Ir-Xhpw \-¶m-bn Iq-Sn-t¨À-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p
4. k-tµ-i-Im-hy-§-fnÂ [m-cm-f-am-bn-¡m-Wp-¶ ‘â’ {]-tbm-Kw sshin-I X-{´-
¯nÂ Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw.
DZm: sNmÃn-bnâp
5. A-\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn{]k-cw kw-`-hn-¨ cq-]-§fpw ssh-in-I-X-{´-¯nÂ Im-Wmw.
DZm: ‘th-iym-[p-cw hn-j-sa-¶p hn-Z-Kv-²-hm-Nm’
6. kw-kv-Ir-XoIr-X `m-jm-]-Z-§-fp-sS km-¶n[yw
DZm: D¸p-t]m-se I-do-jp
7. {]mNo-\ ]-Z-§fpw {]-tbm-K-§epw Cu {K-Ù-¯nÂ kp-e-`-amWv.
DZm: I-gIw (kZ-Êv), hn-¨ (hn-Zy), \-½-fmÀ (\-½Ä), Np-h (c-kw), sN½v
(`wKn), h-fpkw (\pW) ap-X-emb-h.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 3
8. B-{in-¸pXp, A-g-¡p-I, A-gp-Xp-I ap-X-em-b-h {In-bm-cq-]-§Ä sshin-IX-{´-
¯n-se am-{Xw `mjm-]-cam-b {]-tXy-I-X-I-bmWv.
2. {]m-No-\-N-¼p-¡Ä
cq-]-]-cam-b {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ aäp a-Wn-{]-hm-f-I-hn-X-I-fnÂ \n¶pw N-¼p¡-sf
hy-Xy-kv-X-am-¡p¶p. K-Zyhpw ]-Zyhpw C-S-I-eÀ-¯n-sIm-p-Å c-N-\-bm-Wn-Xn-sâ
khn-ti-j-kz-`m-hw. {]-[m-\-ambpw aq-¶v {]mNo-\ N-¼p-¡-fm-Wv \-ap-¡v e-`y-am-bn-«p-
ÅXv. D-®n-b-ö-N-cnXw, D-®n-¨n-cp-tX-ho-N-cnXw, D-®n-bm-So-N-cn-Xw F-¶n-h-bmW-h.
B-`y-´-chpw _m-ly-hpam-b L-S-I-§-fnÂ A-Xy-´w km-Zr-iy-ap-Å-h-bm-Wn-h.
2.1 D-®n-b-ö-N-cn-Xw
{]m-No-\-N-¼p-¡-fnÂ h-¨v \nÀ-½m-W-Im-ew sIm-v {]-Y-a-K-W-\obw D-®n-b-ö-
N-cn-X-am-Wv. 13þmw i-X-I-¯n-sâ D-¯-c-`m-K-¯n-em-Wv D-®n-b-ö-N-cn-X-¯n-sâ cN-\.
IÀ-¯m-hv H-cp tZ-h³ {io-Ip-am-c-\mWv. Xn-cp-a-cp-XqÀ t£-{X-¯n-se \À-¯-In-bm-bn-
cp¶ D-®n-b-¨n-bm-Wv \m-bn-I. Ahsf ImWm³ sIm-Xn-¨p `q-an-bn-se¯n-b H-cp
KÔÀÆ-s\ H-cp N-«³ A-h-fp-sS tIm-h-ne-I-t¯-¡v Iq-«n-s¡m-p t]m-Ip¶p. bm-{X-
¡n-S-bnÂ h-gn-bnÂ I- H-c-§m-Sn-bp-sS hÀ-®-\-bp-apv Im-hy-¯nÂ. Im-hy-¯n-sâ
{]-I-Sam-b e£yw tZ-h-Zm-ko-kp-µ-cnbm-b \m-bnI-sb kv-Xp-Xn-¡p-¶-Xp-Xs¶.
`m-jm-]-cam-b {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ
1. {]m-km-\p-{]m-k-Zo-£-bnepw i-Ð-\n-jvT-bnepw Xm-f-\n-_-Ô-¯nepw {i-²m-ep-hm-
Wv Ihn.
DZm: “am-X-hn-ame-Xn Pm-Xn k-tIX-In
]m-Xn-cn-Xm-Xn-cn hoXn-sbm-cn-¯n-cn”
2. kw-kv-Ir-Xhpw a-e-bm-fhpw Cãw-t]m-se Iq-«n-¡-eÀ-¯p-¶ `m-jm-bm-Wn-XnÂ
Im-Wp-¶Xv. C¡m-c-W-¯mÂ cq-]-]-cam-b A-hy-h-Øn-XXzw Im-Wmw.
3. `m-jm-]-c-am-bn am-{X-aÃ ssi-eo-]-cam-b A-hy-h-Øbpw D-v
4. hr-¯-K-Ônbm-b K-Zy-§-fpw, kw-kv-Ir-X-tÇm-I-§fpw ImWmw
5. K-Zy§-sf A-t]-£n-¨v ]-Zy-§Ä Ip-d-hmWv.
6. X-an-gv ]-Z-§Ä [mc-fw I-p h-cp¶p.
DZm: Du-¼p-I (Ip-Sn¡pI), ]n-cm³ (ssZ-hw), A¬-]n-\ (tNÀ¶)
7. Nq-em-äÃv (Nq-emÂ XÃv) ap-Xem-b k-Ôn-cq-]-§Ä D-®n-b-ö-N-cn-X-¯nÂ
ImWp-¶pv.
2.2 D-®n-¨n-cp-tX-ho-N-cn-Xw
13þmw i-X-I-¯n-sâ A-ý-L-«-¯n-epm-b D-®n-¨n-cp-tX-ho-N-cn-X-¯nÂ h-Åp-
h-\m-«n-se tNmIn-cw {Km-a-¯n-se s]m-bne-¯v tXm-«p-hm-bv-]-Ån-bn-se D-®n-b-¸n-Å-
bp-sS a-Ifm-b D-®n-¨n-cp-tX-hn-bm-Wv \m-bnI. D-®n-¨n-cp-tX-hn-bnÂ tZ-th-{µ³ A-\p-c-
à-\m-hp-Ibpw B kp-µ-cn-sb k-µÀ-in-¡m³ `q-an-bn-Â h-cp-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p.
1. A-hy-h-Øn-Xam-b `mjm-ssi-en Im-Wmw. `m-j-sbt¶m kw-kv-Ir-X-sat¶m
hnthN-\w IqSmsX X-¶n-ãw t]m-se ]-Z§-sf tNÀ-¯v k-am-kn-¡p-¶p.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 4
DZm: A-Xn-e-fn-X-I-f-ar-Zp-Ip-g-sem-en-I-_fnX
2. Nn-ä-§m-Sn-bn-se A-Sn-a-s¸-®p-§-fp-sS kw-`m-j-W-c-N-\-bn-se `m-jm-ssi-en-bp-sS
bm-YmÀ°y-t_m-[w {i-t²-b-amWv.
DZm: “\n-ss¶-¨p-«p I-pgn-¸q”
3. {]m-No-\-]-Z{]-tbm-K§Ä
C-©p-I (A-h-km-\n-¡p-I) A-®p-I (tN-cp-I) D-an-gp-I (Xp-¸p-I) h-fpkw
(\pW) a-dpX-e (i{Xp) ]§v (sF-iz-cyw) ap-X-emb-h.
4. `m-jm-]-Z-§-fnÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-hn-`-àn-t¨À-¡p-¶ k-{¼-Zmbw
DZm: aq-{X-¡p-gow (aq-{X-¡p-gn-bnÂ) sam-gn-`nx (sam-gn-I-fmÂ)
5. `m-jm-]-Z§-sf kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-sâ i-Ð-hy-h-Øn-Xn-bn-te-¡p-bÀ-¯p-hm-\p-Å
{i-aw Im-Wmw. kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-am-bn D-bÀ¶- hÀ-¤-¯n-sâ `mj-sb kmw-kv-Im-cn-
I-am-bn Xm-gv-¶ hÀ-¤w A-\p-I-cn-¡p-¶ kzm-`m-hn-I -{]-{In-b-bm-WnXv. C¯-cw
{]-tbm-K-§-fp-sS ]n-d-InÂ I-hn-bp-sS ên-X `m-h-\-bpv.
tLm-kv-{Xw (tKm{Xw), K-f-kv-{Xw (I-f-{Xw), K-Um-jvIw (I-Sm-£w) {`m-ÒW³
({_m-ÒW³)
6. i-Ðm-e-¦m-c-§Ä D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-v
7. hr-¯-\n-_-Ô-aÃm-¯ K-Zy-§-fp-v
8. H-cp B-cym-tÇm-I-sam-gn-¨v _m-¡n ap-gp-h³ K-Zy-amWv.
2.3 D-®n-bm-So-N-cn-Xw
D-®n-bm-Sn F-¶ tZ-h-Zm-kn-kp-µ-cnsb \m-b-I-bm¡n-sIm-v c-Nn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶
{]mNo-\-N-¼p-hm-Wv D-®n-bm-So-N-cn-Xw. 14þmw i-X-I-am-Wv Im-e-L«w. Zm-tam-Z-c-Nm-Iym-
cm-Wv Ihn. N-{µ-s\ a-b¡n-b {]m-hr-Sv F-¶ K-ÔÀ-Æ kpµ-cn tcm-ln-Wn-bp-sS im-]w
aq-ew a-\p-jy hÀ-¤-¯nÂ ]nd¶p. A-h-fm-Wv D-®n-bmSn. H-cp-\mÄ `q-an-bnÂ
\ns¶mcp ]m-«p-tI-«v A-XnÂ B-Ir-ã\m-b N-{µ³ A-Xn-s\-¸-än-b-dn-bm³ c-p-t]-sc
`q-an-bn-te-¡-b-¡p-¶p. A-hÀ-¡v D-®n-bm-Sn-sb¸-än ]-dªp-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶Xpw A-h-
fpsS h-k-Xn-bn-te-¡v B-\-bn-¡p-¶-Xpw I-hn-Xs¶. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS s]m-Xp
ap-J-ap-{Z-bm-bn-¡m-Wp-¶ A-§m-Sn-hÀ-®-\ C-Xn-ep-apv.
1. A-hy-hØn-X `mj
“`m-jbpw kw-kv-Ir-Xepw tamcpw ap-Xn-cbpw t]m-se tNÀ-¯n-«p-Å A-\p-`-h-
amWv H-cp A-\p-hm-NI\v Cu Ir-Xn-bnÂ \n-¶p e-`n-¡p-¶-sX-¶v”
tUm.]n.hn.th-em-bp-[³ ]n-Å A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv C-¡m-c-W-¯m-emWv
2. {]m-k-\n-jvT-hpw, i-Ð-\n-jvT-hpw, Xm-f-\n-_-Ô-hp-am-Wv C-Xn-sebpw `mj
3. Cu IrXn-bpw C-¶v a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ {]-tbm-K-ep-]v-X-am-bn-¯oÀ-¶n-«p-Å A-\h-[n
]-Z-§-fpsS B-Im-c-am-sW-¶p ]-d-bmw.
]c-h (k-ap-{Zw), ]-ehv (]-e-Xv), a«v (tX³), s\-cn¸v (Xo-bv)
4. D-®n-¨n-cp-tX-hoN-cn-X-t¯-¡mÄ kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-_-lp-e-am-Wv D-®n-bm-So-N-cn-Xw
5. K-Zy-¯n-\p-X-s¶-bm-Wv {]m-[m-\y-sa-¦nepw ]-Zy-§fpw [m-cm-f-apv.
6. hr-¯-\n-_-Ô-am-Wv K-Zyhpw ]-Zyhpw
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3. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-e-Lp-Im-hy-§Ä
a-Wn-{]-hm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯n-se `m-h-Im-hy-§-fmWv a-Wn-{]-hm-f-e-Lp-Im-hy§Ä.
Ch-sb ]-Zy-c-Xv\w I-hn-X-I-sf-¶pw A-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p. `q-cn`m-Kw Im-hy-§-fp-sSbpw
Aw-Knbm-b c-kw irw-Km-cw Xs¶. \m-bn-Im-hÀ-®-\-Ifpw hn-{]-ew`-irw-Km-c-hÀ-W-\-
I-fp-am-Wv A-[nIw. sN-dn-b¨n, aÃn-\n-em-hv, Iu-tWm¯-c, D-¯-cm-N-{µn-I, C-fb-¨n
apXem-b \m-bn-I-am-cp-sS IoÀ-¯n h-fÀ-¯m³ F-gp-X-s¸-« eLp-Im-hy§Ä a-Wn-{]-
hm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯n-se H-cp-hen-b hn-`m-K-amWv. \n-jv-IÀ-jam-b Im-eK-W-\ Ch-bv-¡v
km-[yaÃ.
aÃn-\n-em-hv, C-f-b-¨n F-¶n-h-bnse `m-jm-]-cam-b {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ
1. A-hy-hØn-X `mj
2. {]mNo\a-Wn-{]-hm-f- Im-hy-§-fp-sS i-Ð-ku-µ-cyw C-h-bn-epapv.
3. kv-{Xo-hÀ-®-\ ap-Jy-hn-j-b-am-b-Xn-\m-Â ‘aÃn-\n-em-hv’ Im-hy-¯n-se FÃm
tÇmI-§-fnepw Aý-¯nÂ kw-t`m-[-\m-cq-]w ImWmw
4. hn-`-ày-´ kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§-fpv
DZm: \n-P-I-cm-ss{Kx
5. ‘¶’-bv-¡v ]I-cw ‘â’ cq-]-§Ä ImWmw
DZm: C-µp-hn-s¯â t]mse
6. ¶ cq-]-§fpw A-¡me-¯v {]-tbm-K-¯n-ep-m-bn-cp¶p
DZm: a-[p-]-hn-cp-X-sa¶pw
7. k-a-kv-X-]-Z-cq-]§Ä
DZm: In-c-W-hn-in-JPm-sse-c-Ô-Im-tc-cq i{Xq³
8. {]m-No-\-]-Z{]-tbm-K-§Ä
DZm: hn-¨ Im-«p-¶-hmdv (hn-Zy-Im-«p¶-Xv), ]m§v (k-lm-bw)
9. a-e-bm-f-]-Z-§t- fm-Sv kw-kv-Ir-X-{]-Xy-bw tNÀ-¡p-¶ coXn
DZm: Xm-cm-a-Wm-fx
4. k-tµ-i-Im-hy-§Ä
kw-kv-Ir-X-Im-hy-s¯ A-\p-I-cn-¨v a-e-bm-f-¯n-epm-b a-säm-cp Im-hy-{]-Øm-
\-am-Wv k-tµ-i-Im-hyw. hn-c-lnbm-b Im-ap-I³ \m-bn-I-bv-¡v k-tµ-i-l-c³ h-gn \Â-
Ip-¶ t{]-a-k-tµ-i-am-Wv k-tµ-i-Im-hy-§-fn-se ap-Jy-{]-tabw. k-tµ-i-Im-hy-¯n-\v
km-[m-c-W-bm-bn ]qÀ-Æ-`m-K-sa¶pw D-¯-c-`m-K-sa¶pw c-v J-Þ-§-fp-m-Ipw. ]qÀ-
Æ-`m-K-¯nÂ k-tµ-iw A-b-bv-¡m-\pÅ Im-c-Ww, k-tµ-i-hm-lI-s\ I-s¯n-b
kµÀ`w, amÀ-K-hn-hc-Ww C-h-bpw D-¯-a-`m-K-¯nÂ \m-bn-I-bp-sS hm-k-Ø-e-
hÀ®\, \m-bn-Im-hÀ®-\, k-tµ-iw C-hbpw DÄ-s¸-Sp-¶p. a-äp {]mNo-\ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-
§-sf-t¸m-se Aw-Knbm-b c-kw irw-Km-cw Xs¶.
4.1 D-®p-\o-en-k-tµ-iw
D-®p-\o-en-k-tµ-i-am-Wv B-Zy-s¯ a-ebm-f k-tµ-i-Im-hyw. 14þmw i-X-I-¯n-sâ
D-¯-cmÀ-²-am-Wn-Xn-sâ Im-e-L«w. I-Sp-¯p-cp-¯n-bn-se `-h-\-¯nÂ \m-bn-I-
tbmsSm¸w D-d-§n-¡n-S¶ \m-bI-s\ B-Im-i-Nm-cn-Wnbm-b H-cp-hÄ F-Sp-¯p-
sImp t]m-hp-¶-Xpw, A-bmÄ \-c-knw-l-a{´w P-]n-¨v {io ]-ß-\m-`-t£-{X-k-hn-[-
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 6
¯nÂ ]-Xn-¡p-¶-Xpw, {io-]-ß-\m-`- ZÀ-i-\-¯n-s\¯n-b B-Zn-Xy-hÀ½-sb ktµ-i-l-
c-\m-¡p-¶Xpw ]-Xv-\n-¡v k-tµ-iw A-b-bv-¡p-¶-Xp-am-Wv Im-hy-¯n-se C-Xn-hr¯w.
ktµ-i-lc-\v {]m-[m\yw \Â-Im-sX \mbn-Ibv¡v {]m[m\yw \ÂIp¶p D-®p-\o-en-
k-tµi¯nÂ. {]mNo-\ N-¼p-¡-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶ {]-tXy-I-X-bm-WnXv.
1. `m-jm-]-Z-§-fp-sSbpw hn-`-ày-´-kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§-fp-sSbpw k-lr-Z-blr-Zbm-
Ëm-Z-I-camb tbm-Kw D-®p-\o-en-k-tµ-i-¯nÂ Im-Wmw. A-XmbXv D-®p-\o-en-k-
tµ-i-¯n-se `m-j G-sd-¡psd a-Wn-{]-hm-f-`m-j-bm-Wv ]n-´p-S-cp¶-Xv
2. “kq-cy-N{µu” F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å hn-`-ày-´ kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§Ä ImWmw
3. hn-`-ày-´ kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§-fpw, hn-`-ày-´ a-ebmf-]-Z-§fpw H-tc tÇm-I-
¯nÂ C-SI-eÀ-¯n {]-tbm-Kn-¨p Im-Wp¶p.
4. \n-{Zm-bt´, A-t`-Xn, A-\p-bm-Xx F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å kw-kvIr-X {In-bm-cq-]-
§Ä
5. a-ebm-f {In-bm-cq-]-§Ä ]p-cp-j-{]-Xy-b-k-ln-X-am-bpw (\nÀ-¯³, Nn-cn-¨m³)
]p-cp-j-{]-Xy-b-cln-X-am-bn-«pw (th-dn«p, Iq-dn«v, D-mbn) {]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
6. ‘¶’-bv-¡v ]I-cw ‘â’ cq-]-§Ä Im-Wmw.
DZm: I-fn-¡n-tâ-Sw
7. i-Ð-ku-µ-cyhpw Xm-f-t_m-[-hp-ap-Å `mj
8. kwkvIr-Xo-Ir-X-`mjmcq]-§Ä
DZm: amS-¼o-\mw, D®p-\oeow
9. hnti-j-WmÀ°s¯ Ipdn-¡p¶ ‘G’ A]qÀÆ-ambn am{Xw {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
10. ‘AcpXv’ F¶Xv ‘{]bmkw’ F¶ ]gb AÀ°-¯n-emWv {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv.
11. hn`-àn-{]-Xybw tNcp-t¼mÄ ]Z-§Ä¡p-m-Ip¶ cq]-amäw
‘R§Ä’ F¶ cq]-¯nt\mSv hn`-àn-{]-Xy-b-§Ä tNcp-t¼mÄ ‘F§Ä’
BIp-¶p. ‘Ah’ F¶-Xn-t\mSv hn`àn{]Xy-b-§Ä tNcp-t¼mÄ ‘Ah-bnäv’
F¶m-Ip-¶p.
12. ‘sN¿mw’ F¶ ae-bmf cq]hpw ‘sN¿emw’ F¶ Xangv cq]hpw {]tbm-Kn¨p
ImWp-¶p.
13. ‘Hcn-¡Â’ F¶-Xnsâ ]g-b-cq-]-amb ‘Hcn-¡mÂ’ (ZoÀL-t¯mSv IqSn-bXv)
ImWmw.
5. A-\-´-]p-c-hÀ®-\w
s]m-Xphm-b a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Im-hy-§-fnÂ \n-¶v hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn tZ-h-Xm-kv-Xp-Xn-]-c-
§-fpw, cm-P-kvXp-Xn-]-c-§-fpw, tZ-i-hÀ-W-\m-{]-[m-\-§-fpam-b Ir-Xn-I-fp-ap-m-bn-
«pv. A-\-´-]p-c-hÀ-®\w, hmkp-Z-h-X-kv-Xhw, Z-im-h-X-mc-N-cnXw, `-{Z-Im-fn-kv-X-hw
F¶n-h D-Zm-l-c-W-§-fm-Wv. 13þmw \q-äm-nsâ A-h-km-\-tam 14þmw \q-äm-n-sâ
]qÀ-ÆmÀ-°tam B-Wv C-Xn-sâ c-N-\m-Imew. k-tµ-i-¯nsâ N-«-¡q-SnÃm-¯ H-cp
Ø-hÀ-®-\m-Ir-Xn-bm-WnXv. t]-cp kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶pXp-t]m-se Xn-cp-h-\-´-]p-c-am-Wv hÀ-
®y-hn-jbw.
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1. A\-´-]p-c-hÀ®\¯nse `mjm-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-I-fn-te¡v IS-¡p-t¼mÄ,
‘Xangpw kwkvIr-Xhpw sImv sI«nbn«pÅ Hcp C-am-e-bmWv A\-´-]p-c-
hÀW\w’ F¶v 8þmw tÇmI-¯nÂ Ihn {]kvXm-hn-¨n«p-v. A¶s¯ tIc-f-
`m-j-sb-bmWv Xangv F¶v ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. AXv an¡-hmdpw C¶s¯ ae-
bm-f-`m-j-tbmSv ASp¯v \nÂ¡p¶-XmWv.
2. tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\n-]-d-bp¶ 6 \-b-§-fnÂ A-\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]k-cw, Xm-eym-tZ-iw,
Xp-S§n-b Im-c-W-§Ä `m-j-bn-Â kw-`-hn-¨p I-gn-ª-Xn-\v ti-j-am-Wv C-Xn-sâ
cN-\. F-¶mÂ ‘â’ cq-]-§fpw ‘sF’ Im-c-cq-]-§fpw Ir-Xn-bnÂ [m-cm-f-am-bn
Im-Wmw.
DZm: F-âp-Å, \n-ssd-¸nXp, \nss¶
3. [mc-fw ]-g-b ]-Z-§-fn-Xn-epv
]§v (`w-Kn), A®³ (tZ-h³), Hmw]n (Hm-a-\n-¨v), A-cnNn (A-cn), F-\¡v
(F\n-¡v), C-cv (c-v), ]m-¯p-I (]-Xp§pI), ap-X-emb-h.
4. A-\p-Úm-b-I {]-Xy-bamb ‘Bw’ h-tc-nS-¯v ‘Aemw’ F-¶p h-¶n-cn-
¡p¶p.
DZm: Im-W-emw, h-W-§-emw, tIÄ-¡emw
5. a-ebm-f ]Z-§-tfm-Sv kw-kvIr-X {]-Xy-b-§Ä tNÀ-¶ cq-]w C-Xn-enÃ. tI-c-f-`m-
j-bv-¡mWv Cu Ir-Xn-bnÂ Iq-Sp-XÂ {]m-[m-\yw.
6. X-\n-kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§Ä h-f-sc-Ip-d-hmWv (X-Õ-a§Ä). hn`-ày-´-kw-kvIr-X-
]-Z-§fpw Gdn-b-tXm-Xn-en-Ã.
DZm: lc-tb \-ax
7. `m-jm-]-cam-b k-hn-ti-j-X-bnÂ {]-[m-\-s¸-«-Xv C-XnÂ hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bp-sS
aqeyw \-ap¡v e`n-¡p-¶p-v F-¶-XmWv. km-am-\y-P-\-§-fp-sS kw-`m-j-W-§-fp-
sS k-Po-ham-b Nn{Xw \-ap-¡n-Xn-Â Im-Wmw. kmam-\y-P-\-§-fpsS `mjm-hy-h-
lmc-co-Xnsb ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-t¼mÄ, Cuim\ aÞ]¯nÂ hmWn-b-cpsS
t]iepw ao³sX-cphnse kw`m-j-W-§-fp-amWv hne-bn-cp-t¯-Xv. H¸w
Xs¶ A\-´-XoÀ°-¯n-\-Sp-¯p-m-bn-cp-¶ cmh-W-t{iWn (B-]-W-
t{iWn)bnse ]e-X-c-¡m-cpsS kw`m-j-Whpw ]cn-K-W-\o-b-am-Wv. “tX§m
Xmshän-e-bv¡v, am§m Xcp-sh³”, “Nc-¡n\v Acn-Xtc³ Rm³” F¶nh
kw`m-j-W-`m-jbv¡v DZm-l-c-W-amWv.
8. X-Û-h-cq-]-§Ä ImWmw
Xp-emkv ({Xm-kv), No-e (ioe), hnbw (hy-bw), hm-Wn-bw (hm-Wn-Pyw) HmWw
({im-hWw)
9. sImtS³, Xtc³ apX-emb \ntj-[-{In-bm-cq-]-§Ä ImWmw.
6. N-t{µmÕ-hw
a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-sâ B-`y-´-chpw _m-ly-hpam-b FÃm e-£-W-§fpw k-a-\z-
bn-¡p-¶ `m-h-\m-kp-µ-cam-b H-cp Im-hy-am-Wv N-t{µm-Õ-hw. 14þmw i-X-I-¯n-sâ A-h-
km-\-am-b-t¸m-tg¡pw tI-c-f-¯nse k-·mÀ-K \n-e-hm-cw hf-sc A-[x-]-Xn¨p-t]mbn.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 8
kp-µ-cn-am-sc ]p-I-gv-¯m-\m-Wv I-hn-IÄ Imhy-c-N-\-\-S-¯n-bn-cp-¶Xv. C-{]-Im-c-ap-Å
aWn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-tfmSpw A-h-sb t]m-jn-¸n-¨ k-aq-l-t¯m-Sp-ap-Å i-àam-b {]-Xn-
I-c-W-am-Wv N-t{µm-Õhw. F.Un. 1500 t\m-S-Sp-¯m-Wv (15þmw \q-ämv) C-Xn-sâ
cN\. N-t{µmÕ-hw H-cp D-]-lm-k-I-h-\-am-sW-¶ A-`n-{]m-bhpw A-sÃ-¶ F-Xn-c-`n-
{]m-bhpw \n-e-\nÂ-¡p¶p.
1. “\oÀ-t¸m-f-t]m-te h-f-cp-¶ tZlw
t]mbv-t]m-In-em-Im ]-gp-tX h-[q\mw”
F-¶n§-s\ e-fn-Xam-b `m-jm-co-Xn-Im-Wm-sa-¦nepw s]m-Xp-th kw-kv-Ir-X-{]-Np-
cam-b `m-jm-co-Xn-bm-Wv N-t{µmÕ-hw ]n-´p-S-cp-¶Xv.
2. “Ip-tµ-µp-kp-µ-c-an-f-¦p-fpÀ-sh-®n-em-hn³
I-tÃm-eam-e Nn-X-dn-s¸m-Sn-bp¶ t]mse”
C-¯-c-¯nÂ i-Ð-ku-µcyw Xn-I-ª `m-jm-co-Xn-bm-Wv Im-hy-¯nÂ
3. efn-X hn-`-ày-´ kw-kv-Ir-X{]-tbm-K-§Ä ImWmw
DZm: [m-{XoX-te
4. {In-b-bnÂ ]p-cp-j-{]-Xy-b-§Ä Ipd-ª-tXm-Xn-Â ImWmw
DZm: ]q-hnÃ-h³ sN-¶p sXm«p-t]m-¶m³
IV ]nÂ¡m-e a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-IÄ
15þmw \q-äm-n-se N-t{µmÕ-hw h-sc-bp-Å a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS `m-jm-]-
cam-b {]-tXy-I-X-I-Ä I-p-I-gn-ªp. 16þmw \q-äm-p ap-XÂ-¡p-m-b a-Wn-{]hm-f
N¼p-¡-fm-Wv a-²yIm-e a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fn-se {]-[m-\-s¸«-h.
1. a-²y-Im-e-N-¼p-¡Ä
a-Wn-{]-hm-f-sa-¶-Xn-\v ]pXn-sbm-cp Ku-c-hhpw AÀ-°-hym-]v-Xnbpw h¶-Xv
a²yIm-e N-¼p-¡-fn-eq-sS-bmWv. aWn-{]-hmfw a-ln-fm-fn a-lm-kv-]-Z-¯nÂ \n¶pw
]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-tI-{µ-am-b-Xm-Wv C{]-Im-c-sam-cp am-ä-¯n-\v Im-c-W-w. 16þmw \q-äm-
pÄ-s¸-sS c-p \q-äm-p Im-e-¯n-\n-S-bnÂ N-¼p-{]-Øm-\w X-g-¨p-h-fÀ¶p.
cmamb-Ww N¼p (]p-\w \-¼q-Xncn) `mcXw N¼p, ss\j-[w N¼p (a-g-aw-Kew)
F¶n-h-bm-Wv a-²yIme N-¼p-¡-fnÂ {]-[m-\-s¸«-h. C-h-bnÂ {]m-No\-X-sImpw
hen-¸w sImpw {]-Y-a-Øm-\w AÀ-ln-¡p-¶ Ir-Xn cm-ambWw N-¼p-hmWv. ]m-«p-{]-
Øm-\-Ir-Xn-I-sf-t¸m-se ]p-cm-W-I-Y-IÄ B-kv-]-Z-am-¡n `-àn-{]-[m-\-am-bn F-gp-Xn-
bn-«p-Å Ir-Xn-bm-Wv cm-ambWw N-¼p. ]m«p-co-Xn-bnÂ \n¶pw {]-tNm-Z-\-apÄ-s¡m-
mh-Ww ]p\w Cu co-Xn kzo-I-cn-¨Xv. ]n-¶o-Sv 19þmw \qäm-ph-sc a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-
Xn-IÄ Cu co-Xn-bm-Wv ]n-´p-S-À¶-Xv. N-¼p-Im-hy-§-fnÂ ]p-\-¯n-sâ cm-amb-Ww
Ign-ªmÂ `mK-h-X IY-sb B-kv-]-Z-am-¡n-bp-Å a-g-aw-K-e-¯n-sâ ss\-j-[-am-Wv
{]Y-a-Øm-\-¯n-\À-l-am-bn-«p-ÅXv.
a-²yIm-e N-¼p-¡-fpsS `m-jm-]-cam-b {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ
1. an-¡-hmdpw {]u-Vam-b a-Wn-{]-hm-f-`m-j-bm-Wv Im-Wp-¶Xv.
2. kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z{]-tbm-K-_m-lpeyw
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 9
3. A-[n-Iw kw-kvIr-X ]-Z-§Ä-sIm-p \nÀ-½n-¨ ]-Zy-§-fp-sS C-S-bnÂ Ht¶m
ctm a-ebm-f ]-Z-§Ä tNÀ-¡p-¶ co-Xn Ip-h-cp-¶p.
DZm: “iX-tim-hn-`n-¶-]-Y-a-Y-ku-a-tX-b-X-Xn-l-b-amÀ-¤Wm-b \-S-sImp”
4. {]u-Vam-b a-Wn-{]-hm-f-`m-j-tbm-sSm-¸w e-fn-X-a-Wn-{]-hm-fhpw I-p-h-cp¶p.
5. {In-bm-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä I-p h-cp¶p.
“am-\-aI-¶p h-knö-sem-cph³
am-\-I-em-kp N-Xnö-sem-cph³
]-c-[-\-cm-in I-hÀ¶o-sem-cph³
]-c-]-cn-hm-Z-an-b¶o-sem-cph³
hym-[n-]n-Sn-¨p-In-S¶o-sem-cph³
hym-P-anf-¡n \-S¶o-sem-cp-h³”
6. taÂ-¸-d-ª co-Xn-bnÂ ]-Zm-hÀ-¯-\hpw {]m-k-§fpw ]nÂ-¡m-e-a-Wn-{]hm-f
IrXn-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶p-s-¦nepw s]m-Xp-sh a-²yIm-e N-¼p-¡-tf-¡mÄ {]m-No-\
N-¼p-¡-fm-Wv i-Ðm-e-¦m-c-§-fnÂ ap-¶nÂ \nÂ-¡p-¶Xv.
7. a-t\m-l-c-§fmb ssi-en-Ifpw {]-tbm-K-§-fpw
B-\-s¸m-fn, I-fn-¸n-¡p-I, sh-Sn-bn-f-¡p-I, K-W-]-Xn-¡p-h-bv-¡p-I, ]-cn-h«w-
sImÅpI
8. k-Ôn-c-ln-X-§fm-b ]-Z§Ä
A-I-Im¼v, a-\-Im-¼v
9. hr-¯-K-Ônbm-b K-Zy-§Ä
10. km-aq-ly-`m-jm-t`Zw
hn-hn-[-]-cn-X-Øn-Xn-bnÂ h-fÀ-¶-h-cp-sS kw-`m-j-W-§-fn-se `m-j A-h-c-hÀ-¡v
tbm-Pn-¨-Xm-¡m³ ]p-\w {i-²n-¨n-«pv. D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n\v, Im-«nÂ ]-cn-jv-Im-cn
AÃm-sX h-fÀ-¶ {io-cm-a-]p{X\m-b eh³ e-£v-a-W-]p-{X\m-b N-{µ-tI-Xphn-t\m-Sv
]-d-bp-¶ k-µÀ`w.
11. ]-g-b{]-tbm-K§Ä
s]m-Xp-sh ]-d-ªmÂ, B-[p-\n-I-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-am-sW-¦nepw ]p-\-¯n-sâ N-¼p-¡-
fnÂ Nn-e ]-g-b {]-tbm-K-§fpw Im-Wmw. cm-amb-Ww N-¼p Xp-S-§p-¶-XpX-s¶
“hm-So-Sm-bn-¶ cm-Kw ap-lpc-]n hfcpw Nm-cp-sN-´m-cnÂ am-Xn³” F-¶ tÇm-I-
t¯m-sS-bmWv. ‘hm-So-Smbn-\’ F-¶pÅ-Xv B-[p-\n-I-¯n-te-¡v F-¯p-t¼mÄ
‘hmSo-Sm-¯’ F-¶m-tI--XmWv. am-gn-Io-Sm-bn-¶ (am-gv-Io-Sm¯), hnc¬ (sIm-Xn),
Xm¨n (-{]-l-cn¨p) I-¼n (IÀ-®m-`cw) Xp-S-§n-b-h D-Zm-l-c-W-§Ä
12. ip-²-kw-kv-Ir-Xw [m-cm-f-am-bn Im-Wmw. F-¶mÂ kw-kv-Ir-XoIr-X`m-j an-¡-
hmdpw Im-Wp-I-bnÃ.
13. A-]qÀ-Æam-b Nn-e kw-kvIr-X X-Û-h-§Ä ImWmw
DZm: sXm-®n-¸q (Z-Þn-¸q), Xn-hXw (Zn-h-kw)
14. I-Sp-¯ kw-kv-Ir-Xhpw ]-¨ a-e-bm-f-hpw bm-sXm-cp- hy-Xym-k-h-p-anÃm-sX Iq-«n-
t¨À¯v \Ã H-gp-¡p-Å I-hn-X-IÄ F-gp-Xp-¶-Xn-\v N-¼q-Im-c³amÀ-¡v \Ã hn-cp-
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Xpv. “a-[p-c-a-[p-c-`m-jm-kw-kv-Ir-Xm-t\ym-\y-k-t½-f-\kp-c-`n-e-” sa-¶v C-¡m-
cys¯ h-S-¡p-IqÀ cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½ hn-ti-jn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
15. `mjm-]-c-amb Ahy-h-Øn-XXzw IqSn-b-tXm-XnÂ ImWmw.
16. ‘B-bv-s¡m-v’ F-¶ {]-tbm-Kw k-À-Æ-km-[m-c-W-amWv.
DZm: t]m-cn-\m-bv-s¡m-v ]p-d-s¸«p, A-h-\m-bv-s¡m-v ]-d-ªp
17. F-gp-¯-Ñ³ Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ Im-Wp¶ ‘t]m¡Â’ (]¡Â) F-¶ K-Xn cq-]w N-¼p-¡-
fnepw Im-Wmw.
18. ]m-¼-·mÀ, a-I-fÀ ap-X-em-b ]-g-b _-lp-h-N-\-cq-]-§Ä Im-Wmw.
19. ‘R-§Ä’ F¶-Xv hn`-àn {]-Xy-bw tNÀ-¡p-t¼mÄ ‘F-§Ä’ F-¶v am-dp¶p.
20. hn-ti-j-hn-ti-jy-§Ä-¡v hn-`-àn-s¸m-cp-¯w Im-Wmw.
DZm: kp-µcn-tbm-Sv ko-X-tbm-Sv
21. ‘A-cp-Xv’ F-¶-Xn-\v ‘{]-bm-kw’ F-¶À-°w
DZm: ]p-I-g-cpXv
22. ]p-cp-j-t`-Zw ]-Zy-`m-K-§-fnÂ kp-e-`hpw K-Zy-`m-K-§-fnÂ ZpÀ-e-`-hp-amWv.
23. G-tX-\pw, F-t§-\pw, B-tc\pw Xp-S§n-b cq-]-§Ä Im-Wmw.
2. B«-¡Y
a-e-bm-f-¯n-se {]-ap-Jam-b km-ln-Xy-im-J-I-fn-sem-¶m-Wv B-«¡-Y. I-YI-fn
F-¶ Zr-iy-I-e-bv-¡p-th-n-bm-Wv B-«-¡-Y-IÄ D-m-bn-«p-ÅXv. I-Y-I-fn-bp-sS
kmln-Xy-cq-]-am-Wv B-«¡Y. AXnsâ Zr-iy-cq-]w I-Y-I-fn-bpw. C-{]-Im-cw Zr-iym-hn-
jv-¡-c-W-¯n-\p ]än-b cq-]-¯nÂ c-Nn-¡-s¸-« Im-hy-§-fm-Wv B-«-¡-YIÄ. B«-
¡Y ]m-Sm³ th-nbpw A-`n-\-bn-¡m³ th-nbpw F-gp-Xn-b-XmWv. A-Xn-\mÂ D-Xv-
Ir-ã-§fm-b B-i-b-§Ä DNn-X ]-Z-§-fn-eq-sS B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv I-hn-IÄ
sN¿p-¶Xv. B B-i-b-§Ä ap-{Zm-`n-\-b-¯n\pw `m-hm-`n-\-b-¯n\pw tbm-Pn-¨-Xm-hp-
Ibpw thWw. C§-s\ {Xnam-\ c-N-\m-e£yw t\-Sn-bm-te B«-¡-Y \-¶mhq.
H-¶mas¯ B-«-¡-Y _m-e-ho-c-tI-c-f-hÀ-½-bp-sS cm-a-\m-«-am-sW-¶v hn-iz-kn-
¡p¶p. cm-a-\m-«-¯n-\p tijw B-«-¡-Ym-km-ln-Xy-¯n-\v hn-e-s¸-« kw-`m-h-\-IÄ
\Â-Inb-Xv tIm«-bw X-¼p-cm-\mWv, A-t±-l-¯n-sâ \mevB-«-¡-Y-IÄ ]p-d-¯ph-¶-
tXm-sS I-Y-I-fn-bv¡pw A-Xn-sâ km-ln-Xy-¯n\pw hy-h-Øm-]n-X-cq-]-ap-m-bn.
]nÂ¡me¯v B-«-¡-Y-I-sf-gp-Xn-bn-cp-¶-h-cnepw ]-¨-irw-Km-c-§Ä ImWm³ I-gn-bpw.
C-XnÂ \n¶pw hy-Xy-kv-Xam-b I-h-\-amÀ-¤w kzo-I-cn¨-Xv D-®m-bn-hm-cycpw hn.Ir-jv-
W³-X¼n-bp-amWv. I-Y-I-fn-bp-sS kp-hÀ-®-bp-Kw B-cw-`n-¡p¶-Xv ImÀ-¯n-I-Xn-cp-\m-
fn-sâ Im-e-¯m-Wv. IY-I-fn-b-c-§n\pw B«-¡-Ym-km-ln-Xy-¯n\pw ku`mKyw ]nd-
¶Xv Cc-bn-½³ X¼n-bpsS Ime-¯m-Wv.
2.1 tÇm-Ihpw ]-Zhpw
tÇm-I-w, ]Zw, Z-Þ-Iw F¶n-h C-S-I-eÀ-¶-Xm-Wv B-«-¡-Y-bp-sS kz-cq]w.
tÇm-I-§Ä {]mtb-W kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-epw, ]-Z-§Ä a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-ep-am-Wv \n-_-Ôn-
¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. ‘tÇm-Iw’ Ihn- hm-Iyhpw ‘]-Zw’ I-Ym-]m-{X-hm-Iy-hp-amWv. cwK-¯v
Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m-sX ]-Z-§Ä-¡n-S-bnÂ hn-«p-I-f-ª I-Ym-`m-Kw Np-cp-¡n-¸-d-ªv t{]-
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£I-sc k-lm-bn-¡m-\p-Å-Xm-Wv tÇm-I§Ä. C-h ]-Z-§-fn-eq-sS-bp-Å I-Ym-h-X-c-W-
¯n-se C-S-¡-®n-I-fm-sW-¶p ]-d-bmw. Np-cp-¡n-¸d-ªp XoÀ¡p-I F-¶ Cu co-Xn-
bnÂ \n-¶m-hWw ‘tÇm-I-¯nÂ I-gn-¡p-I’ F¶ ssi-en -h-¶Xv. \-S-¶Xpw \-S-
¡m³ t]mIp-¶-Xpam-b Im-cy-§Ä A-dn-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw I-Ym-]m-{X§-sf A-h-X-cn-¸n-
¡p-¶-Xn\pw a-äp-am-Wv tÇmI-§Ä D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. \S-sâ cw-K-{]-th-i-¯n-\p-ap³-
]m-Wv tÇm-Iw sNmÃp-¶Xv. `m-K-h-XÀ tÇm-Iw sNmÃn-¯oÀ-¶m-ep-S³ Xn-cÈo-e \o-¡n
\-S³ {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp¶p. `m-K-h-XÀ ]-Zw sNmÃp-t¼mÄ ]-Zw {]-mtb-W I-Ym-]m-{X-
hmIy-am-b-Xn-\mÂ \-S³ A-Xn-sâ ap-{Z-Im-Wn¨v A-`n\-bw Xp-S-§p¶p. C-¯-c-¯n-
em-Wv I-Y-I-fn-bp-sS km-ln-Xy-cq-]w \n-_-Ôn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. a-dn¨pw hn-c-f-am-bn
ImWm-dpv. A-`n-\-bn-t¡- Nn-e tÇm-I-§fpw B-«-¡-Y-bn-epv. \-f-N-cn-X-¯nse
‘Du-Wn-¶m-Ø Ip-dªp’ F-¶ tÇm-Iw cwK-¯v A-`n-\-bn-t¡--Xm-Wv. tÇm-I-¯n-\v
H-cp D-Zm-lc-Ww:
tÇm-Iw:þ “ku-µcyw Z-a-b-ýmþ
Êu-`mKyw ss\-j[-ky `m-Ky-Ý
{ipXzm kp-tc-{µ-hmNm
k Zzm-]-c-a-kl-\x Ienx t{]mtN”
Z-a-b-ń-bp-sS ku-µ-cy-s¯bpw \-f-sâ A-kp-e-`-Zm-¼-Xy-s¯bpw `m-Ky-s¯bpw
tZth-{µ-sâ hm-¡n-\mÂ tI-«n-«v k-ln-¡m³ h-¿m¯ B I-en Zzm]-c-t\m-Sv ]-dªp
F¶m-Wv tÇm-I-¯n-sâ AÀ°w. C-Xv I-Ym-]m-{X-hm-IyaÃ. I-hn-hm-Iy-amWv. A-Xn-
\mÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-¯nÂ tÇm-I-cq-]-¯nÂ ]-d-ªn-cn-¡p¶p.
I-Ym-]m-{X- hm-Iy-am-Wv ]Zw. Xm-f-¯n-se am-{X-IÄ-¡p-Å hy-Xym-kw A-\p-k-cn-
¨v ]Z-s¯ aq-¶m-bn Xn-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
1. ]-Xn-ª]-Zw
2. C-S-a-«p]-Zw
3. ap-dp-In-b]-Zw
irw-Km-c-¯p\pw I-cp-W-¯n\pw ]-Xn-ª-]Zw, hocw, cu{Zw C-h-bv-¡v ap-dp-In-b-]Zw.
km-[m-c-W kw`m-jWw, hn-Nm-cw Xp-S-§n-b-h-bv-¡v C-S-a-«p-]-Zw C-§-s\-bm-Wv km-am-
\y-am-bn ]-Z-§-fp-sS hn\n-tbmKw. ]-Z-¯n-\v H-cp D-Zm-l-c-Ww:
]-Zw:þ “t]m-bvh-cp-t¶-\-Ise; \o k-{¼Xn
t]m-h-Xn-sX-§p-Ite”
Z-a-b-ó-kz-bwh-cw I-gn-ªv a-S-§p-¶ C-{µ³ Ien-tbm-Sv tNm-Zn-¡p¶ tNm-Zy-am-WnXv.
I-Ym-]m-{X-hm-Iy-am-b-Xn-\mÂ {]mtb-W `m-jm-]-Z-§Ä [m-cm-fw tNÀ¯p-sIm-p-Å
a-Wn-{]-hm-f-`m-j-bm-Wn-XnÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv.
H-cp ]m-Z-¯nÂ 26 ap-XÂ 48 h-sc A-£-c-§-fp-Å `m-K-am-Wv B-«-¡-Y-bn-se
ZÞIw. kw-Ko-Xm-ß-Iam-b \o- ]-Zy-am-Wv Z-ÞIw. an-¡-hmdpw I-hn-hm-Iy-§-fm-
Wv Z-Þ-I§Ä. I-Y-bp-sS kwt£-]Ww, hÀ®-\, Nn-e kw-`-h-§Ä Xp-S-§n-b-h-bm-
Wv Z-Þ-I-¯nÂ DÄ-s¡m-Ån-¡p-¶Xv. C-c-bn-½³-X-¼n-bp-sS Io-N-I-h-[-¯n-se
ssk-c-{Ôo-hn-jmZ-s¯ hn-h-cn-¡p¶-Xv a-t\m-l-cam-b Z-Þ-I-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv.
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A-`n-\-bmw-i-¯nÂ am-{X-aÃ km-ln-Xy-]-c-ambpw I-Y-I-fn-¡v Iq¯n-t\m-Sv km-Zr-
iy-apv. Iq¯p ]-d-bp-t¼mÄ Nm-IymÀ I-Ym-k-µÀ-`w kq-Nn-¸n-¡p¶-Xv tÇm-I-§-fn-
eq-sS-bmWv. B-«-¡-Y-I-fnepw tÇm-I-§-fp-sS Øm-\w {]mtb-W C-Xp-X-s¶-bmWv.
tÇm-I-¯n-\p-ti-jw Nm-Iym-·mÀ \-S-¯p¶ {]-`mj-Ww `m-j-bn-emWv. B-«-¡-Y-bn-
emI-s« tÇm-I-¯n-\p-ti-jw `m-jm-]-Z-§Ä [m-cm-f-am-bn-t¨À-¯p-Å ‘]-Z’-§Ä
ImWmw. hÀ-®-\-IÄ-¡p-th-n Nm-Iym-·mÀ ZÞ-Iw D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp¶p. B-«-¡-Ym-
Im-c-·m-cpw B k-{¼-Zm-bw ssI-sImp. F-¶mÂ B-«-¡-Y-I-fn-se ZÞ-Iw hÀ-®-
\-bv-¡p-th-n am-{X-aÃ D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv F-s¶m-cp k-hn-ti-j-X-bpv.
2.2 \-f-N-cnXw B-«-¡-Y-I-Y-bp-sS `m-jm-]-cam-b k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ
kp-µ-chpw kz-X-{´hpw kz-Ñ-µ-hpam-b H-cp Im-hy-`m-j{]-tbm-Kn-¨v hnP-bw
ssI-h-cn-¨ I-hn-bm-Wv D-®m-bn-hm-cyÀ. A-Xv ]m-«p-Im-sc-bpw B-«-¡m-scbpw B-kzm-Z-
I-scbpw hym-Jym-Xm-¡-sfbpw Nn-´m-Ip-g-¸-¯n-em¡n-b \-nc-¦p-i-`m-j-bm-bn-cp¶p.
\f-N-cnXw B-«-¡-Y-bv-¡v ‘Im-´m-c-Xmc-Iw’ F-¶ hym-Jym-\w X-¿m-dm-¡n-b G.BÀ.
cm-Pm-cm-P-hÀ-½- A-Xn-se `m-j kw-kv-Ir-X-am-Ip-¶ sN¼pw a-em-bm-f-am-Ip-¶ sh-fp-
¯o-bhpw tNÀ-¯p-cp¡n-b sh-¦-e-¡q-«m-sW-¶v A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«pv.
1. an-{i`mj
bm-sXm-cp hy-h-Øbpw Iq-Sm-sX `m-jm-kw-kv-Ir-X§-sf Iq-«n-¡-eÀ-¯n {]-tbm-Kn-
¡p-¶-XmWv D®m-bn-hm-cy-cp-sS an-{i-`m-j. t\À-¶ t\À-¨-I-fpw, X-cp-h-tc-jp-X-c-ph-
tc-jp ]q-PIÄ, bm-an-Rm-\-h-sf-bm-\-bn-¸-Xn\p, C-{]-Im-cw ip-²-`m-jm-]-Z-§-fpw
hm-epw X-ebpw I-f-ª kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§fpw X-¶n-ãw t]m-se {]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«pv.
2. {]m-k{]-tbm-K _m-lpeyw
{]m-k{]-tbm-K-¯n-sâ _m-lp-ey-am-Wv a-säm-cp k-hn-tij-X. B-Zn-{]mkw, A-ý-
{]mkw, Zzn-Xo-bm-£-c-{]m-kw, Xr-Xo-bm-£-c-{]m-kw C-sXÃmw hÃ`-\p ]pÃp-am-bp-
[-sa-¶-a-«nÂ {]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«pv.
“Io-c-hm-Wn, ss`-c-hm-Wn kmc-h
t^-c-hmWn-tLm-c-Im-\-\m\n-N”
F-¶n§-s\ {]m-k-Zo-£-sIm-v AÀ-°-{Kl-Ww ZpÀ-{K-l-am-Ip-¶-`m-K-§-fp-apv.
3. ]-Z-§Ä-¡p h-cp-¯p-¶-cq-]-t`Zw
{]m-k-Zo-£-bv¡pw hm-Iy-`w-Kn¡pw th-n- ]-Z-§Ä ap-dn¨pw N-X¨pw {]-tbm-Kn-
¡m\pw I-hn-bv-¡v a-Sn-bnÃ. hm-Wmtf, tI-Wmtf, B-Wm-tf F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å
]Z-§Ä D-Zm-l-cWw. “HmÀ-¸-s\-\n-¶-g-seÃmw tNÀ¸-t\ \n-s¶-Im-´-t\m-Snt-¸mÄ”
C-hn-sS HmÀ-¡p-¶pv, tNÀ-¡p-¶p-v F-¶o-]-Z-§Ä cq-]-t`-Zw-h-cp-¯n {]-tbm-Kn-
¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
4. `m-jm-kw-kv-Ir-X-§-fp-sS hn-Ir-Xam-b tNÀ-¨
`m-jm-]Z-§-tfm-Sv s]m-cp-¯-s¸-Sm-¯ kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§fpw {]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dp-v.
as¿m-cp-`À-¯r-`àn (a-bn+Hcp) C-hn-sS `m-jm-kw-kv-Ir-X-§-fp-sS tNcp-h hn-Ir-X-
amWv.
5. {Km-ay-]-Z§-sf km-ln-Xy-`m-j-bnÂ {]-tbm-Kn¨p.
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{Km-ay-]-Z-§-sf-Sp-¯v km-ln-Xy-`m-j-bnÂ {]-tbm-Kn-¨-Xm-Wv a-säm-cp {]-tXyI-X.
tImtf, C-sÃ-·m-\nÃ F¶n-h D-Zm-l-c-W§Ä. \-f-N-cn-X-¯n-se hn-e-£-W
{]tbm-K-§-fm-Wn-hbpw.
6. tÇm-I-§-fnepw ]-Z-§-fnepw Im-Wp-¶ kzm-X-{ýw
tÇm-I-§Ä I-hn-hm-Iyhpw ]-Z-§Ä I-Ym-]m-{X- hm-Iy-hp-amWv. F-¶mÂ, hm-cyÀ
I-Ym-]-m-{X-hm-Iyhpw tÇm-I-¯nÂ \n-_-Ôn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-Im-Wmw. “t]-Sn-t¡-
hcp-h-\-cn-tI-h³ sImSpw Im«p-Xo-bnÂ Nm-Sn-s¡mm-sem-cp `-b-sa-\n-¡nÃ Rm³
sXm-«-hÀ¡pw” F-¶p-]-dªv \-f³ kÀ-¸-cmP-s\ tXm-fn-te-än c-£n-¡p-¶
kµÀ`w D-Zm-l-cWw.
7. tÇm-I-§-fp-sSbpw ]-Z-§-fp-sSbpw `m-j-bn-ep-Å kzm-X-{ýw
B-«-¡-Y-bn-se tÇm-I-§Ä kw-kv-Ir-X-¯nepw ]-Z-§Ä a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-ep-amWv.
hm-cyÀ CXpw ew-Ln-¨p-Im-Wp¶p. “F-¶p sNmÃn-bp-S-\-\y-cm-cp-a-dn-bm-sX tXÀ
Ib-dn aq-hcpw” _m-lpI-sâ tXcn-te-dn E-Xp-]À-®³- hn-ZÀ-`-bn-te-¡v ]p-d-s¸-«-
Imcyw X-\n a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. A-tXk-abw, “h-k h-kkq-X
a-a \n-e-tb-kp-Jw _m-lp-I-km-[pa-tX” F-¶v E-Xp-]À®³ _mlpI-s\ kzo-I-cn-
¡p¶-Xv ip-²-kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-em-Wv. Im-hy-c-N-\-bnÂ FÃmhn-[ kzm-X-{ý-hp-a-\p-`-
hn-¨ hm-cyÀ `m-jm{]-tbm-K-¯nÂ kzmX{ýw Iq-Sp-XÂ {]-tbm-Kn¨p.
8. ZoÀ-L-k-am-k-§Ä \-f-N-cnXw B-«-¡-Y-bnÂ ImWmw
DZm: Im-\-\-{`m-´-ss\j-[-tcm-jnWn
A-e-a-e-A-Xn-N-]-e-hn-e]n-X hn-e-kn-Xw
9. ]-Z-§Ä-¡v \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶ AÀ-°-am-\§Ä
A-Y, l-´, _-X Xp-S-§n-b A-hy-b-§Ä I-hn-IÄ hr-¯-]q-c-W-¯n\pw {]m-k-
`wKn¡pw tNÀ-¡p-I-bm-Wv ]-Xnhv. \-f-N-cn-Xw B-«-¡-Y-bnÂ \n-cÀ-°-Iam-b H-cp
i-Ðw t]m-ep-anÃ. DÄ-s¡m-Åm³ I-gn-bm-¯-hn-[w AÀ-°w h-ln-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv
\f-N-cn-X-¯n-se ]-Z§Ä.
10. hn-ti-j-W-hn-ti-jy-s¸m-cp¯w
“\-e-ap-sÅm-cp \-h-Kp-W-]-cn-a-fs\, \-f-s\-s¶m-cp-\r]-s\ A-hÄ h-cn-¨p”
C-hn-sS kw-kv-Ir-X-co-Xn-bv-¡v hn-ti-jW- -hn-ti-jy-§-fnÂ H-tc hn`-àn {]-tbm-Kn-
¨n-cn-¡p¶p. hnti-j-W-¯n-\v hn-ti-jys¯-t]m-se {]-Xy-bw tNÀ-¡p-¶ co-Xn
`mj-bnÂ CÃ.
11. ssi-enIÄ
“tX-Sn-bh-Ån Im-enÂ Np-än” F-¶ a-e-bm-fn-IÄ-¡v Nn-c-]-cn-Nn-Xamb ssi-en
“anfn-Xw ]-Z-bpK-tf \n-K-fn-X-bm-amÀ-¤n-X-bm-eX-bm” F-¶p {]u-Vkw-kv-Ir-X-
¯nÂ \-f-N-cn-X-¯nÂ D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-v.
12. X-¯z-Nn-´m-{]-[m-\am-b `m-j
“A-\À-°-saÃmÀ-¡p ap-tIZm
_p-²n-bp-a-t¸mÄ tam-lnXm
amªp-t]m-a-t¸mÄ kv-t\-lnXm”
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 14

F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å X-¯z-NnÍÄ \-f-N-cn-X-¯n-epv.
13. k-µÀ-`-¯n-\-\p-k-cn-¨p-Å `m-jm{]-tbmKw
Z-a-b-ń-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å kz-]v-\-§-fp-am-bn Ah-sf hn-hm-lw sN-¿m³ sIm-Xn-¨v
t]m-hp-I-bmWv Ien. “\o t]m-h-Xn-sX-§p I-te” F-¶ C-{µ-sâ tNm-Zy-¯n-\v,
“`-qan-X-¶n-ep-p ò-a-kp-X-sb-s¶m-cp
Im-an-\o Ia-e-temN\m”
F-¶n§-s\ Ien a-dp]-Sn ]-d-bp¶p. Z-a-b-ń-bp-sS ku-µ-cy-hpw, Ah-sf kz-´-am-
¡m³ t]m-Ip-¶-Xn-ep-Å A-`n-am-\-hpw, FÃmw XnI-ªp \nÂ-¡p-¶ a-t\m-l-
camb ]-Z-§-fn-eq-sS-bmWv Cu adp-]Sn. kz-bwh-cw I-gn-ª hr-¯m-´w C-{µ-\nÂ
\n-¶-dn-ª-tXm-sS I-en-bp-sS `m-hw-amdn. t{Im[hpw ]-Ibpw \n-cm-ibpw ]-cn-lm-
khpw sh-dp¸pw D-ÅnÂ Xn-§n A-Xn-sâ {]-hm-lw `m-j-bn-eq-sS ]p-d-¯p-h-cp¶p.
“I-\-s¡-s¡m-Xn-I-eÀ-¶p-an-gn-¨p ]m-hI-sf
IW-s¡ \n-§fpw I--§n-cn¡sh
a-\-Ên-ep-d-t¸m-S-hÄ ]-c¡pw P-\w \-Sp-hnÂ
a-\p-jy-¸p-gp-hns\tbm h-cn¨p-t]mÂ”
V {]m-No-\þa-²yIm-e a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fn-se `m-jþXm-c-Xayw

N-t{µmÕ-hw h-sc-bp-Å {]m-No-\-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n\pw `m-jmN-¼p ap-X-emb
a²y-Im-e-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n\pw `m-jm-]c-ambamb hy-Xym-kw hf-sc h-ep-XmWv.
1. A\y-`m-jm-kzm-[o\w
kw-kv-Ir-¯n-sâbpw AÂ-¸mÂ-¸-am-bn {]m-IrXw, I-¶Sw, Xp-fp F-¶o `m-j-I-fp-
sSbpw hym-I-c-W-¯n-sâ I-eÀ-¸v N-t{µmÕ-hw h-sc-bp-Å a-Wn-{]-hm-f-{K-Ù-§-
fnÂ Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw.
NqemÂ+XÃv þ Nq-emäÃv
hmÄ+taÂ þ hm-t×Â
IÂ+Ip-fw þ IÀ-¡pfw
F-¶n§-s\ X-an-gv co-Xn-b-\p-k-cn-¨p-Å {]-tbm-K-§fpw {]mNo-\ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-
I-fnÂ ImWmw.
‘hp’ tNÀ-¯p-Å \-]pw-k-I-_-lp-h-N-\-cq-]-§Ä a²y-Im-e-{]-hm-f-¯nÂ ImWp-
¶n-Ã. AXphp, Ahp, Ghp, F-¶n§-s\ I-¶-S-¯n-se t]m-se hp tNÀ-¯p-Å
\]pw-k-I-_-lp-h-N-\-cq-]-§Ä CÃm-Xmbn.
2. kÔn-I-fnÂ kw`-hn¨ hyXymkw
`m-jm+_-Ôw þ `m-j_Ôw
D¯-cm+N-{µnI þ D-¯-c-N-{µn-I
F-¶n§-s\ kw-kv-Ir-X-\n-b-a-§Ä A-\p-k-cn-¡m-sX-bp-Å k-Ôn-IÄ N-t{µm-Õ-
h-¯n-\p ti-jw a²y-Im-e-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯nÂ \n-e¨p
3. kwkvIr-Xo-Ir-X-cq-]-§Ä Nt{µm-Õ-h-¯n-\p-tijw a²y-Im-e- aWn{]-hm-f-¯nÂ
\ne-¨p.
4. ‘¶’bv¡v ]Icw ‘â’ {]tbm-K-§Ä {]mNo-\-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯nsâ {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.
Ah a²y-Im-e-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯nÂ hnc-f-am-Wv.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 15
5. BZy-Im-e-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯nsâ `mj D¯-a-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-am-Wv. a²yImea-Wn-{]-hm-
fIrXn-I-fnÂ D¯-aaWn{]-hm-fhpw efn-X-a-Wn-{]-hm-fhpw Ip-h-cp-¶p.
`mjbv¡p {]m[m\yw \ÂIp-¶Xpw, kwkvIr-X-¯n\v {]m[m\yw \ÂIp-¶-Xp-
amb cp cN\mcoXn-Ifpw a²y-Im-e-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯nÂ ImWmw.
6. Ahy-Øn-X-`mj
{]mNo-\-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯nÂ, sshin-I-X-{´-¯nÂ \n¶pw ]cn-hÀ¯\§Ä¡v
hnt[-b-ambmWv aWn-{]-hm-f-`m-j Hmtcm L«-¯nepw ImWp-¶-Xv. AXn-\mÂ
Ahy-h-Øn-XXzw Ip-h-cp-¶p. `mjm-]-c-amb Ahy-h-Øn-XXzw a²y-Im-e-a-Wn-
{]-hm-f-am-Ip-t¼m-tg¡pw DbÀ¶-tXm-Xn-em-Ip¶p. {]uV-aWn-{]-hm-f-`m-j, apgp
kwkvIr-X-`m-j, efn-X-a-Wn-{]-hm-fw, kwkvIrX-{]m-Ir-Xw, `mjm-{]m-Ir-Xw, ]ä-e-
bm-fw F¶n§s\ XnI¨pw Ahy-h-Øn-X-amb `mj-bmWv a²y-Im-e-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-
¯nÂ ImWp-¶-Xv.
7. {]mk-¯nÂ hcp¶ hyXn-bm\w
{]mNo\aWn-{]-hm-f-¯nÂ \n¶pw a²y-Im-e-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-se-¯p-t¼mÄ {]mk-
\n-jvS-bnÂ hyXymkw hcp-¶p-v. cp L«-§-sfbpw Xmc-Xayw sN¿pt¼mÄ
Xmf-_-Ô-am-bXpw, {]mk-\n-jvS-am-bXpw i_vZ-kuµcyw IqSp-X-ep-ÅXpw a²y-
ImeaWn-{]-hm-f-s¯-¡mÄ {]mNo-\-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-em-Wv.
8. {]mNo-\-]-Z-{]-tbm-K-§Ä ]nÂ¡me aWn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ hn-c-f-amWv.
ap³-Im-e-hÀ-j-tNm-Zy§Ä
1. a-Wn-{]-hm-fw F-¶m-se´v? G-sX-¦nepw H-cp a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-sb B-kv-]-Z-am-¡n A-Xn-sâ `m-jm-]-
cam-b {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡pI. (2016)
2. {]mNo-\ a-Wn-{]-hm-f Ir-Xn-I-fn-se `m-jm-]-cam-b k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ hn-i-Z-am-¡pI. (2015)
3. a-Wn-{]hm-f `m-j-bp-sS G-ähpw anI-¨ am-Xr-I-bm-bn Im-Wm³ I-gnbp-I D-®p-\o-en k-tµ-i-s¯-
bmWvþ icntbm? (2015)
4. aWn{]hmfw F¶mÂ F´v? {]mNo\ aWn{]hmf¯nsâ `mj a²y-Ime a-Wn-{]-hm-f¯nÂ \n¶v
hyXy-kvX-am-Ip-¶ptm? hnh-cn-¡pI? (2014)
5. {]mNo\ a-Wn-{]-hmf N¼p-¡-fpsS `mjm-]-c-amb khn-ti-jXIÄ Fs´Ãmw? (2013)
6. B«-¡-Y-bnse tÇmIhpw ]Zhpw X½n-epÅ hyXymkw F´v? (2012-C)
7. tI-c-fob ktµiImhy-§-fpsS khn-ti-jX F´v? (2012)
8. ]m«pw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-hpw `m-jm {]-Øm\-§tfm km-ln-Xy {]-Øm\-§tfm? (2012)
9. B«¡Y F¶m-se´v? ae-bmf`mjbpsS hfÀ¨bnÂ AXn-\pÅ Øm\w \nÀ®bn-¡pI?
(2011-C)
10. aWn{]hm-fw F¶m-se´v ? GsX-¦epw Hcp aWn-{]-hmf IrXnsb Bkv]Z
- -am¡n aWn{]hmf `mj-
bpsS {]tXy-I-X-IÄ hni-Z-am-¡pI? (2011)
11. a-Wn-{]-hmf¯nse `mj A]-ma-c-P-\hÀ¯nbm-bn-cn-¡Ww F¶v \njvIÀjn¨Xnsâ {]kàn
F´v? (2010)
12. ]m«ntâbpw a-Wn-{]-hm-f¯ntâbpw `mjm]-c-amb hyXymk§Ä tkmZm-l-cWw kaÀ°n¡pI?
(2008)
13. aWn{]hmfw F¶m-se´v ? BZy-Ime a-Wn-{]-hmf IrXn-I-fpsS `mjm-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-IÄ
hyà-am-¡pI? (2006)
14. {]mNo\ N¼p¡fnÂ \n¶pw ]nÂ¡me aWn{]hmf N¼p¡Ä hyXy-kvX-am-Ip-¶-sX-§s\?
(2005)
15. aebm-f `m-j-bp-sSbpw `m-jm-N-cn-{X-¯n-sâbpw ]T-\-¯nÂ eo-em-Xn-e-I-¯n-\p-Å {]m-[m\yw \nÀ-®-
bn-¡pI. (2000)
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 16

a-ebmfw
bqWnäv 2.2
\m-tSm-Sn-hn-Úm-\o-bw : sX-¡-³ ]m-«p-I-Ä, h-S-¡³
]m-«pIÄ, am-¸n-f-¸m-«p-IÄ
G-sXm-cp P-\-X-bp-tSbpw X\-Xp ]m-c-¼-cyhpw kw-kv-Im-chpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-
¡p-¶ ssh-Úm\n-I im-J-bm-Wv ‘t^m-IvtemÀ’. {Kmao-W Po-hn-X-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸«
]p-cm-X-\hpw kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-hpam-b hn-Úm-\-am-WnXv. ‘t^m-Iv-temÀ’ F-¶
Bibs¯ ]qÀ-®-ambpw DÄ-s¡m-Åm³ I-gn-bp-¶ H-cp ]-Zw a-ebm-f `m-j-bn-enÃ.
\m-tSm-Sn-hn-Úm-\obw, \m-«-dnhv, P-\-hn-Úm-\w, P-\-Po-hn-X-]T-\w F-¶n-h-sbm-s¡
C-Xn-\p k-am-\-]-Z-§-fm-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p-h-cp¶p. \m-tSm-Sn-hn-P-Rm-\-¯n-sâ hm-Mv-a-b
kw-kv-Im-c-¯nÂ (Oral culture) A-[n-jvTn-Xam-b {]-[m\-s¸-« im-J-bm-Wv \m-S³
kmln-Xyw. C-Xv hm-sam-gn-bm-bn a-\-Êp-I-fnÂ \n¶pw a-\-Êp-I-fn-te-¡v ssI-am-äw
sNbvXp-t]m-¶n-«p-Å-h-bmWv. \m-tSm-Sn hm-Mv-a-b-c-q]-§-fnÂ ap-Jy-am-Wv \m-S³-]m-
«pIÄ. {Km-ao-W-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ Xp-Sn-¸p-Ifm-b C-h e-fn-Xam-b B-hn-jv-¡m-c-§-fmWv.
sam-gn-am-ä-¯n-eq-sS hym]-\w sN-¿-s¸-Sp-¶ Cu ]m-«p-IÄ X\n-a \-ã-s¸-Sm-sX \n-e-
\n¶p-t]m-cp¶p.
hy-h-Øm]n-X \n-b-a-§-fpw N-«-¡q-Sp-Ifp-sam-s¡ \n-b-{ń-¨ D-]-cn-hÀ-¤-km-ln-
Xy-¯n-\v k-am-´-c-am-bn \m-«n³-]p-d-§-fnÂ sXm-gn-ep-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-t«m, A-\p-ãm-\-§-
fp-sS `m-Kam-tbm, hn-t\m-tZm-]m-[n F-¶ \n-e-bvt¡m B-Wv \m-S³-]m-«p-IÄ h-f-À-¶Xv.
{Kmao-W kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ A-Sn-th-cp-Ifm-bn I-W-¡m-¡n-h-cp-¶ Cu ]m-«p-I-sfÃmw
\n-jv-I-f-¦-X-bp-sS B-hn-jv-¡m-c-§-fmWv.
Imew, tZ-iw F-¶o L-S-I§-sf A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bm-Wv ap-Jy-ambpw \m-S³-]m-
«pI-sf hn-`-Pn-¨p-Im-Wp-¶Xv. ]m-Sp-¶h - -cp-sS Pm-Xn, ]m-«pm-b tZ-iw, ]m-Sm-dp-Å
Imew, ]m-«n-\v D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ D-]-I-cW-§Ä F-¶nh-sb B-[m-c-am-¡n a-e-bm-f-
¯nÂ ]-e ]m-«p-IÄ¡pw kw-Ú \Â-I-s¸-«n-«pv. Cu A-fhp-tIm-ep-IÄ-s¡Ãmw
A-h-bp-tSXm-b ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fpv. ]n. tKm-hn-µ-¸n-Å, BÀ \m-cm-b-W-¸-Wn-¡À F¶o
N-cn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ ap-Jy-ambpw Ime-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-am-¡n-bm-Wv hn-`P-\w \-S-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-
¶Xv. a-lmI-hn D-ÅqÀ tZi-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bpw. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se \m-S³-]m-
«pIsf ku-I-cy-¯n-\p-th-n P-·-tZ-i-¯n-sâ {]-tXy-I-X I-W-¡n-se-Sp¯v, sX-¡³-
]m«v, a-[y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se \m-tSm-Sn-¸m-«pIÄ, h-S-¡³ ]m-«v F-¶n§-s\ hn-`-
Pn¡mw. t]-¸À H-¶v sk-£³ F-bnÂ bq-Wn-äv c-nÂ sX-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ, h-S-¡³-
]m«pIÄ, am-¸n-f-¸m-«p-IÄ F-¶n-h-bp-sS `m-jm-]-cam-b {]-tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv ap-Jy-ambpw
]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-¶Xv.
 sX-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ
tI-c-f-¯n-sâ sX-¡³ {]-tZi-¯v cq-]-s¸-«-Xn-\m-em-Wv C-h-bv-¡v sX-¡³-]m-«p-
IÄ F-¶v t]-cp-m-bXv. Xn-cp-h-\-´-]p-cw ap-XÂ I-\ym-Ip-am-cn h-sc-bp-Å {]-tZ-i-§-
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 1
sf-bm-Wv s]m-Xp-sh sX-¡³ F-¶Xp-sIm-v C-hn-sS hn-h-£n-¡p-¶Xv. Xn-cp-h-\-´-
]pcw PnÃ-bnÂ-s¸-« Xn-cp-h-\-´-]p-cw-, s\-¿m-än³-I-c Xm-eq-¡p-Ifpw X-an-gv\m-Sn-sâ
`mKam-b I-\ym-Ip-am-cn PnÃbpw DÄ-s¸-« {]-tZi-¯v {]-Nm-c-¯n-ep-Å ]m-«p-I-Y-I-fmWv
sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-YIÄ. Cu {]-tZi-s¯ tZ-iy-`m-j-bn-em-Wv C-h c-Nn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-
¶Xv. Kp-À-«n-sâ \n-L-p-hnÂ 'sX¡³' F-¶ ]-Zw Dv. \n-L-p-\nÀ-½m-W-¯n\p
ap³]pw sX-¡³ F-¶ {]-tbm-Kw \m-«nÂ \n-e-hn-ep-m-bn-cp-¶p F-¶v hyàw.
I. sX-¡³ ]m-«p-I-fn-se `mj
sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fn-se in-ev-]-`w-Kn-sb-¡p-dn-¨v Nn-ń-¡p-t¼mÄ A-h-bn-se `m-j
Gsd _p-²n-ap-«p-m-¡p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. sX-¡³ ]m-«p-I-fn-Â Im-Wp-¶ `m-jm-]-
camb {]-tXy-I-XI-sf C-{]-Im-cw kw-{K-ln-¡mw:
1. X-an-gv þ a-ebm-f an-{i`mj
a-äp-\m-tSm-Sn-¸m-«p-I-sf-t¸m-se sX-¡³-]m-«p-Ifpw cq-]-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶-Xv B
{]tZis¯ km-[m-c-W-P-\-§-fp-sS kw-`m-j-W-`m-j-bn-emWv. tI-c-f-¡-c-bnÂ hn-ti-
jn-¨v th-Wm-«nÂ (sX-¡³-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ) kw-kv-Ir-Xhpw X-angpw sIm-Sn-Ip-¯n-
hm-gp-¶-Ime-¯v \m-«p-Im-cp-sS kw-km-c-`m-j-bv-¡v bm-sXm-cp Øm-\hpw I-ev-]n-¨n-cp-
¶nÃ. ]-Þn-X-·mÀ kw-kv-Ir-X-¯nepw X-an-gnepw Im-hym-kzm-Z-\hpw I-em-kzm-Z-\hpw
\-S-¯p-t¼mÄ ]m-a-c-·mÀ A-h-cp-sS `m-j-bnÂ (kw-km-c-`m-j-bnÂ) km-ln-Xy-`w-Kn-IÄ
I-W-¡m-¡m-sX Ir-Xn-IÄ c-Nn-¨n-cp¶p. sX-¡³ ]m-«p-I-fnÂ A-[n-Ihpw C-§-s\-bp-
m-b-XmWv. tI-c-f-¯n-sâ Z-£n-W-`mK-¯v X-an-gn-sâ A-Xn-{]k-cw {]m-No-\-Im-ew
apXÂ \n-e-\n-¶n-cp¶p. kw-km-c-`m-j-bnÂ A-bÂ-\m-«n-se X-an-gn-sâ A-Xn-{]-k-
ciàn A-hnS-s¯ FÃm hn-`m-Kw k-ap-Zm-b-¯nÂ DÄ-s¸-« P-\-X-bnepw th-cq-¶n
Dd¨p. C-{]-Im-c-ap-Å km-[m-c-W P-\-hn-`m-K-¯n-\v a-\-Ên-em-I-¯-¡-co-Xn-bnÂ B-kz-
Zn-¡m³ A-hn-sS-bp-Å A¶-s¯ B-im-·mÀ (I-hnIÄ) ]p-cm-W-§-sfbpw N-cn-{X-§-
sfbpw A-h-ew-_-am-¡n c-Nn-¨-h-bm-Wv I-Ym-Km-\-§-fm-b sX-¡³-]m-«pIÄ. C§s\
Cu P-\-hn-`m-K-§Ä B-i-b-hn-\n-a-b-¯n-\m-bn X-angpw a-e-bm-fhpw C-S-I-eÀ-¶ Hcp
an{i-`m-j-bm-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶Xv.
sX-¡³]m-«p-I-Ä cq-]-s¸-Sp-¶ Ime-¯v a-e-bm-fw t]mepw X-an-gv en-]n-bnÂ F-gp-
X-s¸-«n-cp-¶p F-¶-Xn-\v \-½p-sS in-em-im-k-\-§Ä X-s¶ sX-fn-hv \Â-Ip¶p. ‘C-c-hn-
¡p-«n-¸n-Å-t¸mcv’ F-¶ sX-¡³ ]m-«p IrXn X-an-gv en-]n-bn-em-Wv hn-c-Nn-X-am-bXv.
`mjm-]-cam-b Cu an-{i-kz-`m-hw sX-¡³-]m«p- I-YI-sf C-X-c-{]-tZ-i-§-fn-ep--Å P-\-
§-fp-sS B-kzm-Z-\-¯nÂ \n¶pw H-cp ]-cn-[nh-sc A-I-än-\nÀ¯n. X-an-gvþa-ebm-f an-{i-
`m-j-bm-b-Xn-\mÂ a-e-bm-fn-IÄ¡pw AXp-t]m-se X-an-gÀ¡pw Htc-t]m-se {]-bm-k-ap-
m-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fn-se `m-j. “sX-¡³ ]m-«p-IÄ a-e-bm-fw AÃ F-¶v
a-e-bm-fn-I-fpw \Ã X-an-gv AÃ F-¶v X-an-gcpw ]-d-ªp {Xn-i-¦p-kzÀ-¤-¯nÂ X-Ån-
hn«p” F-¶v a-lmI-hn D-ÅqÀ ‘tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy N-cn-{X’¯nÂ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
“\m-Smfpw th-´-cn-« Im-h-W-¯nse
\Ã s]-cp-amÄ F-gp-´-cp-fp-hmcmw
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 2
tImSm-tIm-Sn s]¬-IÄ sNâp-s\-cp-¦
sIm-Sn-bn-S-bmÄ-amÀ-Ifpw Iq-Sn-t¨cpw
sF-hÀ Xn-cp-¯-¦-bm-\-tXmÀ s]¬-sIm-Snsb
Nq-cn-b¸-«p ]-cph-«w NmÀ-¯n-\mÀ” (D-e-Ip-S-b-s]-cp-amÄ-¸m-«v)
a-e-bm-fn-I-fp-sS B-Nm-c-{I-a-a-\p-k-cn-¨p \-S-¡p-¶ hn-hm-l-am-Wv D-e-Ip-Sb-s]-cp-amÄ
]m-«nÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv. I-hn-bv-¡v a-e-bm-fw \Ã-t]m-se kzm-[o-\-am-bn-cp-¶p F-¶v taÂ-¸-
dª h-cn-I-fnÂ \n¶pw a-\-Ên-em-¡mw. {]-kv-Xp-X ]m-«n-se \m-Sm-fpw, Im-hWw, s]-cp-
amÄ, tIm-Sm-tImSn, Iq-Sn-t¨-cpw, Nq-cn-b-¸«v, ]-cp-h«w, NmÀ-¯n-\mÀ F-¶o ]-Z-§Ä
ip² a-e-bm-f-amWv. CXn-t\m-sSm-¸w X-an-gv ]-Z-§fpw tNÀ-¶ an-{i-`m-j-bm-Wv sX-¡³-
]m-«n-se `m-jm-kz-`mhw.
2. ‘g’ F-¶ A£-cw {Zmhn-U A-£-c-am-e-bn-ep-Å A-£-c-am-b-Xn-\mÂ C-Xv a-e-bm-f-
¯nepw X-an-gnepw Im-Wp-¶p. F-¶n«pw ]m-«p-I-fnÂ ‘f’Imcw ‘g’ Im-c-¯n-\p ]I-cw
D]-tbm-Kn-¨p Im-Wp¶p. F-s´-¶mÂ ‘f’ F¶-Xv km-[m-c-W-¡mc-sâ {]-tbm-K-amWv.
CXp-t]m-se [m-cm-fw D-Zm-l-c-W-§Ä ]-d-bp-hm³ km-[n-¡pw. C-XnÂ \n¶pw km-[m-c-
W-¡mc-sâ `m-j-bm-Wv. sX-¡³ ]m-«p-I-fnÂ {]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p¶-Xv F-¶v hy-à-amWv.
“Fâp sNmÃn ]mÀ-h-Xnsb
C-fw I-pf-hn-bm-¡n ssh-¯mÀ-” (Np-S-e-am-S³ IY)
C-hn-sS {]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶ ‘C-fw Ipf-hn’bv¡v ‘C-fw Ip-ghn’ F-¶m-Wv AÀ°w.
3. ip-²am-b a-ebm-f ]-Z-§-fp-sS {]-tbm-Kw sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ Im-Wp¶p. taÂ-{]-
kv-Xm-hn-¨ ‘D-e-Ip-S-b-s¸-cp-amÄ-]m-«n’se D-Zm-l-c-W-¯nÂ G-sd a-e-bm-f-]-Z-§Ä
ImWp-¶pv. Im-hWw, Nq-cn-b¸-«v F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å {]-tbm-K-§Ä Xn-I-¨pw tI-c-fo-
bamb {]-tXy-I-X-I-sf-bm-Wv kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.
4. hm-sam-gnÂ \n-¶p- hen-b am-ä-anÃm-sX h-c-sam-gn-bn-te-¡p Ip-Sn-tbdn-b C-h-bn-se
`mj-bnÂ \m-S³ a-e-bm-f-]-Z-§Ä Im-Wp-¶Xp-t]m-se X-s¶ \m-S³ X-an-gv ]-Z-§fpw
I-p-h-cp¶p. I-cp-h-e-¦Ä, ]m-¸m³, ]-bv-s´m-Sn-bmÄ, N-¿n-g-bmÄ, Xn-«-\sh, A-gp-Xp
F-¶n§-s\ \maw, hn-ti-jWw, Ir-Xn F-¶o hn-`m-K-§-fn-seÃmw- \m-S³ X-an-gn-se
hm¡p-IÄ Im-Wm³ I-gn-bp¶p.
5. ‘â', ‘¦' cq-]-§-fp-sS B-[n-Iyw

‘â’ cq-]-§fpw ‘¦’cq-]-§fpw sX-¡³-]m-«nÂ D-S-\o-fw Im-Wp¶p. Fâv, \nâ, Fs¦,
]-X-I-¦Ä F-¶n-h-bp-Zm-l-cWw.
6. hÀ-® hn-Im-c-§-fn-se amäw
A Im-c-¯n-\v F Im-cw X-eþXse
A Im-c-¯n-\v sF Im-cw apd þ apssd
B Im-c-¯n-\v Hm Im-cw Xm-cm-«n þ tXm-cm«n
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 3

C Im-c-¯n-\v A Im-cw s]m-¶n-d-¯mÄ þ s]m-¶-dp-¯mÄ
C Im-c-¯n-\v DIm-cw ]n-fÀ-¶v þ ]pf´v
C Im-c-¯n-\v F Im-cw ]nd þ s]d
D Im-c-¯n-\v H Im-cw Ip-ch þ sImch
E Im-c-¯n-\v Cdp Ir] þ Indp]
F Im-c-¯n-\v A Im-cw s]SpI þ ]SpI
¨ Im-c-¯n-\v \ Im-cw sR-cn-¨m³ þ s\-cn-¯m³
\ Im-c-¯n-\v W Im-cw Xp-\n-Rm³ - Xp-Wn-Rm³
] Im-c-¯n-\v I Im-cw X-]w þ XIw
h Im-c-¯n-\v I Im-cw cm-hp þ cm-Ip
C-{]-Im-cw hÀ-®-§-fnepw A-£-c-§-fnepw ]-Z-§-fn-epw hm-Iy-§-fnepw Im-Wp-¶
`mjm-k-¦-c-¯n-sâ Kp-W-§Ä sX-¡³-]m-«v Ir-Xn-I-fp-m-b tZ-i-¯n-sâ {]-tXy-I-X-
bm-bn-th-Ww A-\p-am-\n-¡m³.
7. Xan-gn-se-bpw a-e-bm-f-¯n-sebpw kÀ-Æ-\m-a§Ä
kÀ-Æ-\m-a-§Ä a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ \n-¶pw X-an-gnÂ \n¶pw kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-. hn-th-N-I-kÀ-
Æ-\m-a-§fm-b A, C, F F-¶n-h-bv-¡p Xp-ey-am-bn A-´, C-´ F¶n-h D-]-tbm-Kn-
¡p¶p. D-¯-a-]p-cp-j\m-b Rm³, \m³ Bbpw G³ Bbpw D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p.
8. _-lp-h-N-\-{]-Xyw C-c-«n-¨p {]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p. ‘A-hÀ-IÄ’, ‘X-e-bm-cn-amÀIÄ’
F¶o {]-tbm-K-§Ä D-Zm-l-cWw.
9. B-dp-\-b-§-fp-sS kzm-[o-\w
A-\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]-kcw, kz-c-kw-h-cWw, ]p-cp-j-t`-Z-\n-cmkw, Xm-e-hym-tZ-iw
F¶nh kw-`-hn-¡m-¯ cq-]-§-fm-Wv A-[n-Ihpw sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ I-p-h-cp-¶Xv.
sIâm-epw, h-bv-¯n-cp-´m-epw (A-\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]-kcw) ap-ssd, Ip-g-ss´ (kz-c-kw-h-
cWw) C-cp-t´³, C-cp-´mÄ, tXmân-\mtf (]pcp-j {]-Xybw) ssh-¯, Ip-fn-¯p
(Xme-hym-tZiw) F¶n-h D-Zm-l-c-Ww.
10. X-Û-hþX-Õ-a cq-]§Ä
X-an-gv a-e-bm-f-§-fp-sS kw-K-a-`q-an-bm-b Zzn-`m-jm-{]-tZ-i-¯m-Wv sX-¡³ ]m-«p-IÄ
P\n¨v {]-N-cn-¡p-¶Xv. AXpw hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bnÂ. A-Xn-J-c-arZp-tLm-j-§fpw Du-jv-
am-¡-fp-anÃm-¯ X-an-gv A-£-cam-e D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p a-e-bm-fw F-gp-Xn-b-Xn-\mÂ sX-¡³
]m-«p-I-fnÂ X-Û-hþX-Õ-a-§Ä Im-Wp¶p. ‘ln-c-Wy³’ CcWn-b\pw ‘C-£Ww’ C-¨-
Whpw ‘{Zhyw’Xn-c-hn-b-hp-am-Ip¶p. X-an-gv A-£-c-§-fnÂ DÄ-s¸-Sm-¯ ‘i’Im-cw A[n-
I-am-bn {]-tbm-Kn-¨p Im-Wp¶p. ‘k’Im-cw F-®-¯nÂ Ip-d-hm-sW-¦nepw amwkw,
kÀ¸-W, Xn-e-kw XpS-§n th-n-S¯pw th-m-¯n-S¯pw {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp¶p. hn-jw,
k-t´m-jw ap-Xem-b hm-¡p-I-fnÂ ‘j’-Im-chpw ‘]-ÞnX³’ t]m-se Nn-e-bnS¯v
‘U’Im-cm-Zn A-£-c-§fpw Im-Wp¶p.
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11. {]m-No-\-]-Z-§-fp-sS B-[n-Iyw
C-t¸mÄ {]-Nm-c-¯n-enÃm-¯ A-t\-Iw {]m-No-\-]-Z-§Ä sX-¡³ ]m-«p-I-fnÂ
ImWp¶p.
D-dpXp-sam-gn = k-Xy-hmNIw B-Xm-fn = _l-fw
Ip-äp-bnÀ = A-ev-]m-bpÊv IS-bw = h-f
Nm¯nc = bm-{X sI-fnÀ = Ipªv
Nm-¯n-cw = im-kv{Xw I-c-I = \o-e-I-WvT³
B£ = Bgv-N A-®m-hn = B-im³
sZgw = tZjyw s]m¡-Ww = `mÞw
I-ªn-A\¸v = I-ªn-shÅw Iq-cw = aqÀ-¨
12. A-hy-h-Øn-Xam-b `m-j
hÀ-®-§fpw hÀ-®-hn-Im-c-§fpw a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ ap-d-bv¡pw A-]qÀ-Æ-am-bn X-an-gn-sâ
co-Xnbv¡pw Im-Wp-¶p. X-Õ-aþX-Û-h cq-]-§Ä C-¡m-c-W-¯m-em-Wv Im-Wp-¶-Xv.
‘sIm--dn-bp-t¦m’ F-¶p {]-tbm-Kn-¨-Xn-\-Sp-¯p Xs¶ ‘F-Sp-¯p-s¡mSp-t]m-bv’F-¶v
Im-Wm³ km-[n-¡p¶p. ‘_lp’ F¶Xv ‘shIp’ hmbpw ‘Zm\w’ F¶Xv ‘Xm-\’ambpw
D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p. C-{]-Im-cw X-Û-h-§Ä kzo-I-cn-¡p-t¼m-gpw ‘]-ÞnX³’ t]m-ep-Å
X-Õ-a-§fpw I-p-h-cp¶p. C-sXÃmw `m-jm-]-cam-b A-hyh-Øn-X-Xz-amWv Im-Wn-¡p-
¶Xv.
13. A-Sp¡p-sam-gn-I-fp-sS {]-tbmKw
]-Z-§-fpsStbm A-£-c-§-fpsStbm B-hÀ-¯-\-am-Wv A-Sp¡p-samgn. {i-h-W-kp-J-
§fm-b ]Z-§-tfm A-£c-§tfm B-hÀ-¯n-¡p-I F¶-Xv {]m-[m-\y-tadn-b Im-cy-
amWv. hm-sam-gn-bm-bn {]-N-cn-¡p-¶ ]m-«p-I-fnÂ Xm-c-X-tay-\ C¯-cw co-X-nIÄ-¡v
{]m[m-\y-ta-sd-bpv.
“\m-Sp-I-mÂ \Ã-\m-Sp þ \Ã-\mSp
\m-h-eÀ-IÄ ]p-Igpw \m-Sp þ ]p-Igpw \mSp
sIm-gp-´p-]n-¨n-]q¡pw \m-Sp þ ]q¡pw \mSp
Ip-fnÀ-´-sXâÂ hoNpw \mSp hoNpw \mSp
a-´m-sc apssÃ ]n-¨n þ apssÃ ]n¨n
a-Ww s]cp-I hmgpw \m-Sp þ hmgpw \m-Sp” (h-en-b-tI-in¡-Y)
14. \n-IÀ-¯p-I-sam-gn-I-fp-sS {]-tbm-Kw
\n-IÀ¯p-sam-gn-IÄ F-¶-Xn-s\ \n-IÀ-¯p-No-cp-IÄ F¶pw ]-d-bm-dpv. {]-tXy-In-¨v
AÀ-°-sam-¶p-an-sÃ-¦nepw h-cn-IÄ ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡p-¶-Xn-\v th-n D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ ]Z-
§-fm-Wnh.
“Hm-Xn-b-tXmÀ F-® Xss\
H-sâm-Sn-¡v Xm³ sIm-Sp-¯mÄ
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an-©n-b-tXmÀ F-® Xss\
ta-\n-sbÃmw Xm³ XSh”
Cu h-cn-I-fnÂ HmÀ, Xm³, Xss\ F-¶n-h \n-IÀ¯p-sam-gn-I-fmWv. Hm-Xn-bv-X, F-®
F-¶o ]-Z-§Ä am-{Xam-Wv H¶mw ]m-Z-¯n-ep-ÅXv. HmÀ, X-ss\ F-¶o \n-I-¯p--sam-gn-
I-fp-sS k-lm-b-¯mÂ H-cp ]mZw ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶p.
15. {]m-No\À ‘sX-½m¦p’ F-¶p ]-d-ªn-cp-¶ \m-tSm-Sn-cm-K-co-Xn sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ
Im-Wmw. cm-K-¯n-\p {]m-[m-\y-ap-Å Cu co-Xn sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ I-p h-cp¶p. H-cp
]m-Z-¯n-\v c-p No-cp-Im-Wpw. B-Zy-s¯ BÄ H-cp ‘I®n’ ]m-Sp-t¼mÄ A-Sp-¯-bmÄ
A-Xv G-äp-]m-Sp¶p. {]m-No-\am-b H-cp k-{¼-Zm-b-am-Wn-Xv.
“\mSm-\ \m-S-Xnse
\Ã-]p-I-gv-tX-N-a-XnÂ
tX-N-am-\ tX-N-¯nse
sN-â ]ssS ho-S-Xnse
sNâ ]ssS ho-S-Xnepw
Xn-cp-h-\-´-]p-c-a-Xnepw
Xn-cp-h-\-´-]p-c-a-Xnepw
Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-tIm-S-Xn-epw” (h-en-bX-¼n Ip-©p-X-¼n-IY)
 h-S-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ
h-S-¡³ tI-c-f-¯nÂ \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶Xpw C¶pw Ip-än-b-än-«nÃm-¯-Xpam-b I-Ym-
Km-\-§-fm-Wv h-S-¡³-]m-«pIÄ. G-sd-¡p-sd D-¯-c-tI-c-f-¯nÂ ap-gp-h³ h-S-¡³
]m«p-IÄ-¡v {]-Nm-c-ap-s-¦nepw A-h-bp-sS tI-{µ-Øm-\-am-bn I-W-¡m-¡p¶-Xv I-S-
¯-\m-Sn-s\-bmWv. h-S-¡³-]m-«v F-¶ t]-cv kn-²n¨-Xv tI-c-f-¯n-sâ h-S-¡³-{]-tZ-i-
§fnÂ ]m-Sn-h-cp-¶Xp-sImpw B {]-tZ-i-§-fn-se kw-`-h§-sf {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶-
XpsIm-p-amWv. h-S-¡p-Å ]m-«p-IÄ F-¶m-Wv h-S-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ F-¶Xp-sIm-À-°-
am-¡p-¶-Xv. h-S-¡³ a-e-_m-dnÂ {]-Nm-c-¯n-ep-Å ]m-«p-IÄ-¡v h-S-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ F¶
t]-cv \Â-Inb-Xv tN-e-\m-«v A-Nyp-Xta-t\m-\mWv.
tI-c-f-¯n-se ho-c-I-Ym-Km-\-§-fnÂ G-ähpw {]-ap-J-amb-Xv h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-fm-
Ip¶p. B-tbm-[-\-{]-[m-\am-b H-cp Im-e-L-«-¯nÂ GXp Po-hn-X-{]-iv-\-hpw, ho-c-]-cm-
{I-ahpw bp-²-\n-]p-W-X-bpw-sIm-v Xo-cp-am-\n-¨n-cp-¶ km-aq-ly-\n-e-sb-¡p-dn-¡p-¶
Hcp Km-\-kw-ln-X-bm-Wv A-h. ]qÀ-Æn-Iam-b ]-cm-{I-an-I-fp-sS ho-c-km-l-k-{]-hr-¯n-I-
fp-sSbpw t{]-a-Nm-]-ey-§-fp-sSbpw Nn-{Xo-Ic-Ww A-h-bnÂ Im-Wmw. h-S-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ
A-Xpm-b Im-e-L-«-¯n-se P-\-Po-hn-X-s¯bpw kw-kv-Im-c-s¯bpw hn-izm-k-§-
sfbpw B-Nm-c-§-sfbpw {]-Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p¶p. “hS-t¡ a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ ]p-cm-X-\-Im-e-
§-fnÂ ho-cy-iu-cy-§Ä-¡p hn-f-\n-e-§-fm-bn-cp-¶ Nn-e ]pcp-j tI-k-cn-I-fp-sSbpw
h\n-Xm c-Xv-\-§-fp-sSbpw A-]-Zm-\§-sf {]-IoÀ¯-\w sN-¿p-¶ \m-tSm-Sn-¸m-«p-IÄ-
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¡m-Wv h-S-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ F-¶p t]À ]-d-ªp-h-cp-¶Xv” F-¶n§-s\ tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy-
N-cn-{X-¯nÂ D-ÅqÀ tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.
h-S-¡³-]m-«pI-sf X-t¨m-fn-¸m-«pIÄ, ]p-¯q-cw ]m-«pIÄ, H-ä-¸m-«p-IÄ
F¶n§s\ aq-¶m-bn X-cw-Xn-cn-¡p¶p. h-S-¡³ ]m-«pI-sf ‘sXm-cw-]m-«pIÄ’ F¶pw
]d-bpw. Ir-jn-bp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-« ]-Wn-IÄ sN-¿-p-t¼m-gm-Wv C-h ]m-Sp-¶Xv. A-Xn-
\mÂ \m-«n-¸m«v, s]m-cn-¸m«v, I-f-¸m-«v F-¶o t]-cp-I-fnepw h-S-¡³ ]m-«p-IÄ A-dn-b-s¸-
Sp¶p.
I. h-S-¡³ ]m-«p-I-fn-se `mj
h-S-¡³ tI-c-f-¯n-se hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bn-em-Wv h-S-¡³ ]m-«p-Ir-Xn-IÄ h-nc-Nn-X-
am-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. ip-²-a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ {Km-ao-Wam-b ap-Jw h-S-¡³-]m-«p `m-j {]-Xn-\n-
[m-\w sN-¿p¶p. sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bpsS ‘Ir-jv-W-Km-Y’bn-eq-sSbpw a-äpw a-e-bm-fn-I-fp-sS
a\-ÊnÂ Øn-c{]-Xn-jvT- t\-Snb-Xv h-S-¡³-]m-«n-se Im-hy-`m-j-bm-Wv. h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-
fp-sS `m-jm-]-cam-b {]-tXy-I-XI-sf C-{]-Im-cw kw-{K-ln-¡mw.
1. e-fn-X-am-b `mj
A-Xy-´w e-fn-Xam-b `m-j-bm-Wv h-S¡³ ]m-«nÂ s]m-Xp-sh Im-Wp-¶Xv. ]p-¯q-
cw-]m-«n-se B-äp-½-W-t½Â D-®n-bmÀ-¨-bp-sS Na-bw Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶ `m-Kw D-Zm-l-c-
W-am-bn sIm-Sp-¡p¶p.
“N-µ-\-¡Ãn-sâ-b-cn-tI sN¶p
N-µ-\-ap-c-kn-¡p-dn h-c¨p;
I-®mSn-t\m-¡n-¯ne-Iw sXm«p;
]o-en-¯n-cp-ap-Sn sI-«nh¨p;
AÚ-\w sIm--hÄ I-s®-gpXn;
Ip-¦p-aw sIm--hÄ s]m-«p-Ip¯n”
C-{]-Im-cw hn-kv-X-cn-¨p-Å hÀ-®-\-bnÂ D-S-\o-fw e-fn-X-`m-j-bm-Wv Im-Wp-¶Xv.
2. hS¡³ ]m-«p-I-fn-se kw-kv-Ir-XI-¼w
\mS³-sam-gnI-sf kw-kv-Ir-X-am-¡m-\p-Å I-¼w h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ ]-te-S-
¯pv. tIm-e-¯ncn, sh-Åm-«n-cn F-¶nh-sb tIm-em-kv{Xn sh-Åm-kv{Xn F-¶n§-s\
am-äp-¶Xpw \m-W-t¡Sv, am-\-t¡-Sv F-¶n-h-bv-¡v \m-Wn-`-¡päw, am-\n-`-t¡-Sv F-¶v
Kuchw Iq-«p-¶Xpw Cu I-¼w sIm-mWv. A-c-¸-« F-¶ AÀ-°-¯nÂ ]-g-b in-h-
kv-Xp-Xn-I-fnepw aäpw Im-Wp-¶ ]pe-¨w F-¶ hm-¡v ]p-ekyw F-¶v kw-kv-Ir-Xo-I-
cn¨pw h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ {]-tbm-Kn-¨p Im-Wp¶p.
3. Nn-e ]-g-b{]-tbm-K§Ä
X-t¨m-fnþ]p-¯q-cw ]m-«p-I-fnÂ kmÀ-Æ-{Xn-I-am-bn \n\-¨p F-¶ AÀ-°-¯nÂ \n\-´p
F-¶ ]-g-b {]-tbm-K-am-Wv Im-Wp-¶-Xv. (hy-Im-c-W-Im-cy-§-fnepw ]-g-b Nn-e a-«p-IÄ
Im-Wmw. aq¸pw C-f-abpw F-¶ AÀ-°-¯nÂ ap-t¸m-Sn-f-a F¶pw C-cp¼pw Xp-¼bpw
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F-¶ AÀ-°-¯nÂ C-cp-s¼m-Sp-Xp-¼m F¶pw ]-d-bp¶-Xv D-Zm-l-cWw. C-{]Imw "HmSv"
F-¶ kw-tbm-Pn-Im {]-Xy-bw k-ap-¨-bmÀ-°-¯nÂ {]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p.)
4. kw-tbm-Pn-Im-{]-Xy-bw k-ap-¨-bmÀ-°-¯nÂ {]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p.
5. Nn-e hm-¡pI-sf ]-c-¯n{]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p.
‘h-cpw' F-¶-Xn\v ‘h-cp-Ipw' F-¶p ]-d-bp-¶Xpw I-tm-t« I-gn-tªm-t« F-¶-Xn\v
‘Ipw tIm-t«', ‘I-gn-ªpw-tImt«' F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶Xpw hm-¡pI-sf B-h-iy-¯n-e-
[nIw ]-c-¯n-¸-d-bp-¶-Xn-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.
6. ]-Zm-hÀ¯-\w
\m-S³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS s]m-Xphm-b `m-jm-]-cam-b k-hn-ti-jX- -bm-Wv ]-Zm-hÀ-¯\w.
B-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä¡v Xm-c-X-tay-\ {]m-[m-\yw Iq-Sp-X-emWv. HmÀ-¯p-h-bv-¡m-\p-Å F-fp-
¸-¯n-\m-bn ]-Zm-hÀ¯-\w \mS³ ]m-«p-I-fnÂ I-p-h-cp¶p. ImÀ-jn-I-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ
`m-K-am-bn h-fÀ-¶n-«p-Å-Xm-Wv Ir-jn-¸m-«pIÄ. h-S-¡³-]m-«n-epÄ-s¸-Sp-¶ H-cp Ir-jn-¸m-
«n-se Im-f-bp-sS hÀ-®-\ C-{]-Im-c-amWv:
“\m-ep-Im-en-¸p-Ån þ \m-¡m-en-¸pÅn
s\-än-¡p-]p-Ån þ ap-Xp-sI-¸pÅn
N-¦n-\p-]p-Ån þ a-e-tc-¸pÅn
Im-Xn-\p-]p-Ån þ Im-Xm-S-bv-¡p-]pÅn
sIm-¼n-\p-]p-Ån þ sIm-f-¼n-\p-]pÅn”
F-¶n§-s\ ‘]pÅn’ F-¶ ]-Zm-hÀ¯-\w sIm-v a-t\m-l-c-am-Wv {]-kv-Xp-X-Km\w.
7. Xm-fm-ßI-X/ hm-bv-¯m-cn
Xm-fm-ß-I-X-bm-Wv h-S-¡³-]m-«n-sâ a-säm-cp-k-hn-tij-X. “hn-Im-c-§-fpw B-i-
b-§fpw {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ A-h-bv-¡-\p-kr-X-am-bn cq-]-s¸-«-Xm-Wv C-h-bp-sS Xmfw”
F-¶n§-s\ C-¡mcyw cm-L-h³ ]-¿-\m-Sv hy-à-am-¡p-¶pv. H-cp hy-àn-bp-sS
ssZ\wZn-\ {]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fnÂ \n-¶p-m-Ip-¶ im-cocn-I N-e-\-§fpw Xmf-s¯ D-m-
¡p¶p. \m-S-³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ Xm-f-s¯-¡p-dn-¡p¶-Xv hm-bv-¯m-cn-I-fmWv. hm-bv-¯m-cn-I-
fp-sS Xm-f-{I-a-¯n-em-Wv \m-S³-]m-«p-IÄ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. s]m-Xp-sh \n-cÀ-°-I
iÐ-§-fmWv ‘hm-bv-¯m-cn’bnÂ D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv.
 sX¿¶w X¶mtcm sX¿-¶w X¶mtcm
sX¿-¶w sX¿-¶w sX¿-¶w X¶m-tcm...
 sX-¿m-Xn-\-t´m-Xn-\-ń-\t´m
sX-¿-m¯n-\-t´m-Xn-\-ń-\t´m
8. ]m-Z]q-c-W-¯n-\m-bn ]m-Z-¯n-sâ Xp-S-¡-¯nepw H-Sp-¡-¯nepw hm-bv-¯m-cn-IÄ
{]tbm-Kn-¡p¶p.
 “I-¡S shm-S ]n-¨m-¯n-sb-Sp-¯v
I-¡-S I-S-shm-S Ip-dp-h-Sn-sh-«n
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I¡-S I-S-shm-S am-§m-s\-dnªp
I-¡-S I-S-shm-S am-§p-hoWv”
 “ap--S-¸mS-s¯ \m-X³-Ip-tª X-I-Xm-sXbv
ap-Iw sIm-¿pt¼m-sf-hn-Sn-cn¡pw X-I-Xm-sXbv”
9. \n-IÀ¯p-sam-gn-IÄ
Hmtcm h-S-¡³ ]m-«n\pw \nÀ-®o-Xam-sbm-cp L-S-\-bpv. B L-S-\-bn-te-¡v
]mSm-\p-Å ku-I-cy-¯n-\p-th-n s]m-Xphm-b Nn-e ]-Z-§Ä tNÀ-¯v h-bv-¡p¶p.
Hma-\, t\À, Ipªn, Ip«n, \Ã Xp-S§n-b ]-Z-§Ä B-h-iym-\p-kc-Ww {]-tbm-Kn-
¡p¶p. C¯-cw ]-Z§sf ‘\n-IÀ-¯p-sam-gnIÄ’ F-¶p hn-fn-¡p¶p. AÀ-°-anÃm-¯
Nn-e ]-Z-§fpw Cu hn-[w \n-IÀ-¯p-sam-gn-I-fm-bn h-cp-¶p.
 “X-d-bn-« amhpw C-S-IS¶p
X-t¨m-fn-¸m-Sw C-S-I-S¶p” F-¶o h-cn-I-fn-se ‘C-S-I-S¶p’ F-¶-Xn-\v {]-tXy-In-¨v
H-cÀ-°hpw Im-Wp-¶nÃ.
10. {Km-ao-W-`m-jm-]-Z-§Ä
km-aq-ly-]-chpw hy-àn-]-c-hpam-b hn-Im-c-§-fp-sS Ip-s¯m-gp-¡v ]-e \m-S³
]m«p-I-fnepw {]-Xn-^-en-¡p-¶pv. \n-b-{ń-¡m-\m-hm-¯ hnIm-c {]-I-S-\-§Ä-¡v D-]-
tbm-Kn-¡p¶-Xv km-[m-c-W P-\-§-fp-sS kw-km-c-`m-j-bmWv. Xn-I¨pw {Km-ay`m-jbpw
ssi-enbpw h-S-¡³-]m-«p-Ifp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-bmWv. a-\-ÊnÂ tXm-¶p¶-Xv A-tX
hnIm-c-t¯m-sS {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡m-\p-X-Ip-¶ `m-j-bm-Wn-XnÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv. C-¡m-c-W-¯mÂ
{Km-ao-W-`m-jm-]-Z-§Ä an-¡ h-S-¡³ ]m-«p-I-fnepw Im-Wm³ I-gn-bp¶p.
“C-¶-setb-s\m-cp sNm¸-\w It
]m-f-]-bn-¯p N-W-t¦m-sS hotW
s]-bym-s-\n-s¡m-cp t]mb-¯w ]¨n
]m-t¨m-sd-®w sNmÃn ]-bw-Xo-«w Xnt¶
Rm-\p-saâ-fn-b\pw I-fn-Im-am³-t]m-tby
A-hn-sS sh-¨-fnbs\ ‘sh-b-aq¡³’ sXmt«
A-hn-Sp-s¶â-fnb-s\ sI-b-t¡m-s«-Sp-t¯
A-hn-Sp-s¯-sh-b-hm-cnb-hn-sS-bnÃmªp
A-hn-Sp-s¶â-fnb-s\ sX-t¡m-s«-Sp-t¯
A-hn-Sp-s¯-sh-b-hm-cn A-hn-sS-bnÃmªp
Ahn-Sp-s¶â-fnb-s\ Ip-bn-b-t¡m-s«-Spt¯
sX-¡p-h-S-¡m-bn Ip-bn-b-§p-sh«n
A-hn-Sp-s¶â-fn-b-s\-¡p-bn-bnepw sht¨”
Cu-sbm-cp ]m-«v {Km-ay ]-Z-§-fmÂ k-¼-¶-amWv. G³, sNm-¸-\w, ]m-f, ]-bn¯p,
sNW-t¦msS, hmtW, s]-bymv, t]m-b¯w, ]¨n, ]m-t¨mdv, ]-bw-Xo«w, Im-am³,
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 9
shb-aq¡³, sI-b-t¡m«v, sh-b-hmcn, Ip-bn F-¶n-h-sbm-s¡ {Km-ao-W-P-\-X-am{Xw
D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ `m-jm-]-Z-§-fmWv.
11. sX-t¡ a-e-_m-dn-se \m-tSm-Sn-hm-¡p-I-fp-sS kzm-[o-\w
hm-sam-gn-h-g-¡-¯n-ep-Å h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ sX-t¡ a-e-_m-dnÂ Im-Wp-¶ Nn-e
\m-tSm-Sn-hm-¡p-IÄ Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw. tI-c-f-¯n-sâ sX-¡³ {]-tZ-i-§-fn-ep-Å-hÀ¡v
a-\-Ên-em-¡m³ {]-bm-k-ap-Å ]Sp-sam-gn-IÄ X-t¨m-fn-¸m-«p-I-fnÂ Im-Wp¶p.
B-S (A-hn-sS), Cu-S (C-hn-sS), G-S (F-hnsS) ªn (\o), C-\¡v (\n\-¡v), \n-§
(\n§Ä), Csâ (\n-sâ), _-cp¯w (Zo-\w), _-´qcw (H¨), A-Sn-am¨n (NqÂ), sI-cv
(In-WÀ), sXmcw (]-Wn), sIm-c-«¯v (I-hn-fnÂ), I-s¡m¯n (IÃp-sIm-¯p-Im-c³),
Io-bp-I (C-d-§pI), an-¶w an¶w (B-Zyw)
12. kw-`mj-W-ssi-en
kw-`m-j-W-cq-]-¯n-ep-Å I-Ym-Jym-\-ssi-en h-S-¡³ ]m-«n-sâ a-säm-cp k-hn-ti-
j-X-bmWv. C-h I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä ]-d-bp-¶-Xm-bn aq-¶m-a-sXm-cmÄ A-\p-hm-NI-sc
t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ co-Xn-bn-ep-Å-XmWv.
1. A-¸-d-bp-¶p am-Xp-¡-«n
2. A-¸-¸-d-bp-¶p s]-täm-c½
3. amXp-t\m-Sm-bn ]-d-bp-¶pt
F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å kw-`m-j-W-i-e-I-§Ä C-S-bv-¡n-sS ]m-«n-ep-m-Ipw. Ip-d-h\pw Ip-d-
¯nbpw X-½n-ep-Å kw-`m-j-W-Km-\w G-sd {]-Nm-c-¯n-ep-Å-XmWv.
‘\n-§-sS-\m-«n-seÃmw F-´p-]-Wn-bm-sW-So’ (Ip-dh³)
‘R§-sS \m-«n-se-Ãmw I-¶p-]q-«-emsWtSm’ (Ip-d¯n)
‘I-¶p-]q-«-se-§-s\-So tam-Xn-c-¡p-d-¯n’ (Ip-dh³)
‘I-¶p-]q-«-e-§-s\ ]n-¶n§-s\ ]n-¶-§-s\’ (Ip-d¯n)
C-{]-Im-cw G-sd k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ ]p-eÀ-¯p-¶ h-S-¡³ ]m-«p-IÄ \m-S³ ]m-«p-
im-J-bn-se A-aq-ey-c-Xv-\w X-s¶-bmWv.
 sX¡³-]m-«n-sebpw h-S-¡³-]m-«n-sebpw `m-j-bp-sS km-PmXy-ssh-Pm-Xy-
§Ä
`m-jm-]-c-ambpw C-Xn-hr-¯-]-c-ambpw Gsd hy-Xy-kv-X-X-IÄ h-S-¡³-]m-«nepw
sX-¡³-]m-«nepw Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw. F-¶mÂ hS-¡³-]m-«n-s\bpw sX-¡³-]m-«n-
s\bpw X-½nÂ hy-Xy-kv-X-am-¡p-¶ L-S-I-§fnÂ G-ähpw apJyw A-h-bn-se `m-j
Xs¶-bmWv. C-¡m-c-W-¯mÂ km-Pm-Xy-§-sf-¡mÄ A-[n-Iw ssh-Pm-Xy-§-fm-Wv h-S-
¡³-]m-«n-sebpw sX-¡³-]m-«n-se-bpw `m-j-IÄ X-½nÂ Im-Wm³ km-[n-¡p-¶Xv.
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sX-¡³ ]m«v h-S-¡³ ]m«v
 X-an-gvþa-ebm-f an-{i-`m-j  ip-²-a-e-bm-f`m-j
 ]mT-t`-Z-§Ä Im-Wp¶p.  ]mT-t`-Z-§Ä Im-Wp¶p
 \n-IÀ¯p-sam-gn-IÄ Im-Wp¶p  \n-IÀ¯p-sam-gn-IÄ Im-Wp¶p
 A-Sp¡p-sam-gn-IÄ Im-Wp¶p. A-Xn-  \m-S-³ a-e-bm-f-]-Z-§Ä Im-Wp¶p.
\mÂ ]-Zm-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-eq-sS-bp-Å sX-t¡ a-e-_m-dn-se \m-tSm-Sn-hm-
iÐ-`w-Kn Dv. ¡pIÄ
 {]m-No-\-]-Z-§-fp-sS B-[nIyw  ]-Zm-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-eq-sS {]m-k-`w-Kn
ImWm³ km-[n¡pw hcp-¯p¶p
 ‘sX-½m-¦p’ F-¶p ]-d-bp-¶ Km-\-co-Xn  {Km-ay-]-Z{]-tbm-K-§Ä Im-Wm³ I-gn-
I-p-h-cp¶p. H-cp ]m-Z-¯n-\v c-v bp¶p.
Nocp Im-Wpw. B-Zy-s¯ BÄ H-cp  kÀ-Æ-\m-a-cq-]-§Ä an-¡-hmdpw
FÃmw a-e-bm-f-¯n-te-Xp-X-s¶-bmWv.
‘I-®n’ ]m-Sp-t¼mÄ A-Sp-¯-bmÄ
 kw-kv-Ir-XI-¼w `m-j-bnÂ Im-Wp¶p
AXv G-äp-]m-Sp-¶p.
 sXm-gn-ep-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«v Ir-jn-¸m-«p-
 {]m-No-\-a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bnÂ Im-Wp-¶
IÄ h-S-¡³-]m-«nÂ [m-cm-f-am-bn
_-lp-hN-\w C-c-«n-¨p {]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶
ImWp-¶-Xn-\mÂ kw-`m-j-W`m-j
co-Xn sX-¡³ ]m-«p-I-fn-epv.
[mcm-f-am-bn Im-Wp-¶p.
 A-Xn-J-c-ar-Zp-tLmj-§fpw Du-jv-am-
 s]m-Xp-sh \n-cÀ-°-I i-Ð-§fm-b
¡-fp-anÃm-¯ {Zm-hn-U A-£-c-ame-
hm-bv-¯m-cn-IÄ h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ
sIm-v a-e-bm-f-sa-gp-Xp-¶-Xn-\mÂ
[m-cm-fw Im-Wp¶p.
XÛ-hþX-Õ-a-cq-]-§Ä Im-Wmw.
 \m-S³ a-e-bm-f- ]Z-§-tfm-sSm-¸w
Xs¶ \m-S³ X-an-gv ]-Z-§fpw
ImWp¶p.
 ‘â’, ‘¦’ ‘’ cq-]-§-fp-sS B-[nIyw
Im-Wm³ I-gn-bp-¶p.
 A-\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]-kcw, kz-c-kw-h-
cWw, Xm-e-hym-tZ-iw F¶n-h kw-`-
hn-¡m-¯ cq-]-§Ä [m-cm-f-am-bn-Im-
Wp¶p.
 a-e-bm-f-¯n-sebpw X-an-gn-sebpw kÀ-
Æ-\m-a-§Ä Im-Wp¶p.
 A-hy-h-Øn-Xam-b `mj
 C-S-\m-S³ Km-\§Ä
tI-c-f-¯n-sâ a-[y-PnÃ-Ifmb tIm-«-bw, B-e-¸p-g, F-d-Wm-Ipfw, ]-¯-\w-Xn-«
{]tZ-i-§-fnÂ \n¶pw cq]w-sIm- ]m-«p-I-sf-bm-Wv s]m-Xp-sh a-²y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-
dnse ]m-«p-IÄ AY-hm C-S-\m-S³ Km-\-§Ä F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶Xv. Ip-«-\m-«nepw ]-cn-k-c
{]-tZ-i-§-fnepw {]-N-cn-¨n-cp-¶ hm-sam-gn-h-g-¡-¸m-«p-I-fp-sS k-ar-²nbpw ssh-hn-[yhpw
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 11
C-S-\m-S³-Km-\-§-fn-eq-sS a-\-Ên-em-¡m³ km-[n-¡p¶p. Iogm-f k-ap-Zm-b-¯nÂ-s¸-«
ho-c-]p-cp-j-·m-cp-sS A-]-Zm-\-§-fm-Wv ]m-«p-I-fnÂ hm-gv-¯n-¸m-Sp-¶Xv. sN-§-¶qÀ
BXn, CS-\mS³, B-Xn-bm-cp-]n-Å, ho-c-¸-\-c-b³ Xp-S§n-b ho-c ]p-cp-j-·m-sc-¡p-dn-
¨p-Å-Xm-Wv C¯-cw ]m-«pIÄ.
a-[y-tI-c-f-¯n-se ]-d-b-k-ap-Zm-b-¡m-cp-sS ho-c-]p-cp-j\m-b sN-§-¶qÀ BXn
(Ip-ªm-Xn)sb Ip-dn-¨p-Å ]m-«m-Wv C-XnÂ {]-[m-\-s¸-«Xpw G-sd {]-Nm-c-¯n-ep-
ÅXpw. sN-§-¶q-cm-Xn-bp-sS _m-eyhpw hn-Zym-`ym-khpw A-Xn-c¼pg tIm-«-bnÂ t]mb
I-Y, ]m-ep-hw s]-®n-s\ hn-hm-lw I-gn-¨ I-Y F-¶n§-s\ ]m-«n-\v aq-¶v `m-K-§-fpv.
]m-«p-I-sfÃmw s]m-Xp-sh Zo-À-L-§-fmWv.
I. C-S-\m-S³ ]m-«p-I-fn-se `mj
1. e-fn-Xam-b `m-j
h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶Xp-t]m-se A-Xy-´w e-fn-Xam-b hm-sam-gn`m-j X-s¶-
bmWv C-S-\m-S³ Km-\-§-fnepw Im-Wp-¶Xv.
“]mÂ-sh-®-t]m-sem-cp s]¬-In-Smhv
]m-ep-hw s]-®n-s\ Rm³ B-in¨p-t]mbv”
2. ]-Zm-hÀ¯-\w
\m-S³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS s]m-Xphm-b `m-jm-]-cam-b k-hn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv ]-Zm-hÀ-¯\w.
BhÀ-¯-\-§Ä-¡v Xm-c-X-tay-\ {]m-[m\yw Iq-Sp-X-emWv. HmÀ-¯p-h-bv-¡m-\p-Å F-fp-
¸-¯n-\m-bn ]-Zm-hÀ¯-\w \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ I-p-h-cp-¶p.
“]m-ep-hw tZi-¯p t]m-bn-h-tcWw
]m-ep-hw tIm-bn-sb-I-p-h-tcWw
]m-ep-hw s]-®n-s\ am-e I-gn¡Ww”
3. Xm-fmß-IX
4. X-Û-h-cq-]-§Ä
h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ Im-Wp¶-{X kw-kv-Ir-XI-¼w C-S-\m-S³ Km-\-§-fnÂ Im-Wp-
¶nÃ. kw-kvIr-X ]-Zw X-Õ-a-am-bn X-s¶-bm-Wv s]m-Xp-sh ]m-«p-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv.
Nn-e-k-µÀ-`-§-fnÂ kw-kv-Ir-X]-Zw X-Û-h-am-bn Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¨p-Im-Wmw.
“tI-«mepw tI-sf-Sm sN-§-¶q-cmXn
F-\n-s¡-sâ sN-dp-tX-i-s¯-bv¡p-t]m-Ibpw thWw
\n-sb-s¶ c-£n-s¨-Sm sN-§-¶q-cmXn
\n\¡mtcm hn-¨-Ifpw Rm³ h-¨p-X-cm-saSm
C-hn-sS-§m³ I-f-cn-sbm-m-Sm sN-§-¶q-cmXn”
 \mS³]m-«p-I-fn-se ]mT-t`-Z-§Ä
G-sXm-cp \m-S³ ]m-«n-sâbpw hy-àam-b N-cn-{Xw, D-Û-h-Øew, Im-ew F-¶n-h
A-t\z-jn-¨p- I-s¯p-I {]-bm-k-I-c-amWv. G-Xp Im-e-L-«-¯nÂ F-hn-sS cq-]-s¸«p,
F-hnsS-sbm-s¡ {]-N-cn¨p, b-YmÀ-°-]mTw G-Xm-Wv Xp-S§n-b Im-cy§Ä, A-t\z-jn-
¡p¶-Xv \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS ]T-\w G-sd k-¦nÀ-®-am-¡p¶p. \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 12
Gähpw {]-[m-\-s¸-« k-hn-tij-X, A-h hm-sam-gn-bn-eqsS hym]-\w sN-¿-s¸-Sp-¶p
F¶p-Å-XmWv. ‘]mSpI, tIÄ¡p-I tI«-Xv hopw ]p-\x-kr-ãn-¡p-I’ F-¶-Xm-Wv
hym-]-\-coXn. tI«-Xv A-tX-co-Xn-bnÂ X-s¶ ]p-\x-kr-ãn-¡-s¸-S-W-sa-¶nÃ. A-{X-bv-¡v
A-b-ª L-S-\ \m-tSm-Sn-¸m-«p-IÄ-¡pv. hy-àn-]-cam-b k-hn-ti-j-XIÄ Cu ]p\x-
kr-ãn-sb kzm-[o-\n-¡mw. AXp-sIm-v ]mT-t`-Z-§Ä D-m¡p-I F-¶p-ÅXv, \m-S³
]m-«p-I-fp-sS H-cp k-hn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. ‘C-hn-sS b-YmÀ-°-]mTw’ G-Xm-sW-¶p hy-à-am-
¡m-t\ I-gn-bnÃ.
sIm-¨p-Ip-«nI-sf I-fn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v ap-XnÀ-¶-hÀ ]m-Sp-¶ H-cp ]m-«v Xm-sg sIm-Sp-¡p¶p.
1. “Xt¸m Xt¸m X-¸m-Wn
X-¸p-Ip-Sp-t¡-se-´pv
ap¯-Èn X-s¶m-cp ap-¯pv
ap-¯n-\p ap-§m³ tX-\pv
tX³ Ip-Sn-bv-¡m³ h-pv
h-n-\n-cn-bv-¡m³ ]q-hpv
]q Nq-Sm-\m-b-½-bpv
A-½-bv-t¡mÀ-¡m³ Ip-ªp-v”
C-Xn-sâ H-cp ]mT-t`-Zw C-§-s\-bmWv;
2. “Xt¸m Xt¸m X-¸mWn
X-¸v In-ep-In-epw Xm-fw In-ep-Inepw
X-¸m-Wn sIm-«n h-e-ªp-h-cpt¼m
A-¸w NpSm-s\m-c-½-bpv
\p-Ån-¯cm-s\m-c-Ñ-\pv
X-«n-¸-dn-bv-¡ms\m-tc-«-\pv
C¯ncn-Ipª-s\ hm-cn-sb-Sp-¯n-s«mþ
cp-½ Xcm-s\m-cp s]-§-fpv”
C-Xn-sâ X-s¶ th-sdm-cp ]mTw;
3. “Xt¸m Xt¸m X-¸mWn
X-¸p-Ip-Sp-t¡-se-´pv
\m-gy-cn ]-tg-cn tNm-dpv
\m-cm-b-W³ sh-¨-I-dn-bpv
\m-Wn-b-c-s¨m-cp N½ń
Ipªn-sbm-cp¡n-b s\-¿pv
A-½ Ip-g-¨p-X-¶mev
A-Ñ³ h-¶m-ep®m-tem”
Cu hn-[w H-cp \m-S³-]m-«n-\v Im-e, tZ-i t`-Z-§Ä-¡-\p-k-cn-¨v ]mTm-´-c-§Ä D-m-
Ip¶-Xv kÀ-Æ-km-[m-c-W-amWv. \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS cq-]-a-\p-k-cn-¨v A-b-ª L-S-\-sb-
bm-Wv C-Xv kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 13

 am-¸n-f-¸m-«v `mj
tI-c-f-¯n-se ap-Éow-I-fp-sS C-S-bnÂ {]-Nm-c-¯n-ep-m-bn-cp-¶ ]m-«p ]m-c-¼-cy-
am-Wv am-¸n-f-¸m«v. a-e-_m-dn-se am-¸n-f-amÀ Po-hn-X-k-¦-ev-]-§Ä¡pw a-X-]-cam-b Nn-´-
IÄ¡pw Du-¶Â \Â-In A-h-cp-sS hm-sam-gn-bnÂ c-Nn-¡-s¸-« ]-Zy-Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv am-¸n-
f-¸m-«p-IÄ-. C-Xv A-d-_nþa-e-bm-f-¯nÂ sI-«n-bp-m¡n-b ]m-«p-I-fmWv. tI-c-f-¯n-se
ap-Éo-IÄ-¡v kz-´-am-bn H-cp en-]n k-{¼-Zm-b-ap-m-bn-cp¶p. C-Xn-s\-bm-Wv A-d-_n-a-e-
bm-fw F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶Xv. Ad-_n en-]n-bnÂ NnÃ-d Nn-Ó-§Ä GÀ-s¸-Sp-¯n a-e-bm-fw
F-gp-Xp-¶ co-Xn-bm-WnXv. Cu en-]n-am-e-bnÂ A-d-_n-bn-sebpw a-e-bm-f-¯n-sebpw
A£-c-§Ä F-gp-Xp-hm³ km-[n-¡pw. A-d-_nþa-e-bm-f-¯nÂ tc-J-s¸-«p-In-S-¡p-¶
km-ln-Xys¯ ‘A-d-_nþkm-ln-Xyw’ F-¶p hn-fn-¡p¶p. C-XnÂ K-Zyhpw ]-Zyhpw D-v.
C-¡q-«-¯n-se ]-Zy-im-J-bm-Wv ]cs¡ ‘am-¸n-f-¸m«v' F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. am-¸n-f-¸m-«v
t]cp-sIm-v am-¸n-f-am-cp-sS ]m-«m-sW-¦nepw ]m-Sp-¶hÀ, ]m-«n-sâ [À-½w F-¶n-h-
sImv A-Xv am-¸n-f-am-cp-sS am{Xw ]m-«Ã. tI-c-fo-b-Iq-«mbv-a Hcp-t]m-se B-kz-Zn-
¡p¶ Km-\-]m-c-¼-cy-am-bn C-¶v A-Xv am-dn-bn-cn-¡p¶p. tI-c-f-¯n-sâ km-aqln-I kmw-
kv-Imcn-I Po-hn-X-hp-am-bn CW-§n tNÀ-¶ {]-_-e-k-ap-Zm-bam-b am-¸n-f-amÀ, A-h-cp-
tSXm-b kw-`m-h-\-IÄ a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯n\pw tI-c-f-kw-kv-Im-c-¯n\pw \Â-In-bn-
«pv.
am-¸n-f-¸m-«n-\v ]-e hn-`m-K-§-fpv. kn-²-·mcpw c-à-km-£n-I-fpam-b hn-ip-²-
·msc {]-IoÀ-¯n-¡p-¶ am-e-¸m-«pIÄ, bp-²-N-cn-{X-§Ä hn-h-cn-¡p-¶ ]-S-¸m-«pIÄ,
[mÀ½n-I \nÀ-t±-i-§-f-S§n-b D-dp-ZnIÄ, kv-Xp-Xn-{]-[m-\-§fm-b hn-cp-¯§Ä, I-ev-]n-
X-I-Y-Ifpw hn-ip-²-N-cn-X-§fpw A-S-§p-¶ In-ÊIÄ, t{]-a-s¯bpw ho-c-s¯bpw
ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bp-Å sI-Êp-IÄ, I-¯p-]m-«pIÄ, I-eymWm-tLmj-s¯ hÀ-Wn-
¡p¶ I-eym-W-¸m-«p-IÄ XpS-§n am-¸n-f-¸m-«n-\v ]-e-hn-`m-K-§-fpv. I-Y-Ifpw hn-izm-
k-§fpw ZÀ-i-\-§fpw Po-hn-X-{]-Xn-^-e-\hpw N-cn-{X-hp-saÃmw Km-\-§-fn-eq-sS
kzmwio-I-cn-¡-s¸-«-Xm-Wv am-¸n-f-¸m-«pIÄ.
am-¸n-f-¸m-«p-I-fnse Cu-W-¯n-sâ Xm-f-{Iaw ‘CiÂ' F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
sXm¦Â, sIm¼v, I-¸-¸m«v, H-¸-\-NmbÂ, H-¸-\-ap-dp¡w, hn-cp-¯w Xp-S§n-b t]-cp-I-
fnÂ A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶ \q-dp-I-W-¡n-\v C-i-ep-I-fpv. B-Zy-Ime-s¯ C-i-ep-I-fnÂ
Ad_n Km-\-co-Xn-bp-sS kzm-[o-\w hf-sc {]-I-S-amWv. F-¶mÂ C-i-ep-I-fp-sS A-Sn-
Øm-\w an-¡-t¸mgpw {Zm-hn-U Km-\-co-Xn-I-fmWv. D-Zm-l-c-W-ambn, ‘sXm-¦Â’ F-¶
CiÂ ‘am-th-en-\m-Sp-hm-WoSpw Imew’ F-¶ a-«n\pw ‘B-Zn A´w’ F-¶ CiÂ ‘Hma-
\-¡p-«³ tKm-hn-µ³’ F-¶ a-«n\pw ‘]p-I-bn-\mÀ’ F-¶ C-iÂ ‘h-©n-¸m-«n\pw’ k-Zr-
iy-amWv. C-{]-Im-cw Ad_n Cu-Whpw {Zmhn-U Xm-fhpw am-¸n-f-¸m-«n-sâ kw-Ko-X-
¯nÂ k-a-\z-bn-¡-s¸-Sp¶p.
am-¸n-f-¸m-«p-I-fnÂ kw-Ko-X-¯n-\m-Wv ap³-Xq¡w. H-cp ]m-«v am-¸n-f-¸m«mtWm
F¶v Xo-cp-am-\n-¡m-\p-Å D-]m-[n-IÄ {]-[m-\w A-Xv ]m-Sn-t¡Ä-¡p-I-bmWv. kw-Ko-Xw
hf-sc {]-[m-\-am-bXp-sIm-v am-¸n-f-¸m-«nÂ {]m-k-\n-_-Ô-\-IÄ IÀ-¡-i-am-Wv. C-h
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 14
km-[m-c-W-bmbn ‘I-¼nbpw I-gp-¯pw’ F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p. ]m-«m-hm³ ‘I-¼nbpw
Igp¯pw H-¡-W’sa-¶v am-¸n-f-amÀ ]-d-bm-dpv. I¼n, I-gp¯v, hm-Â-¡¼n, hm-ep-½Â
I-¼n F-¶n-h-bm-Wv am-¸n-f-¸m-«n-se {][m-\ {]m-k-hy-h-ØIÄ. Km-\mß-I-X am-¸n-f-
¸m-«n-sâ k-hn-ti-j-X-bmWv. C-¡m-c-W-¯mÂ _p-²n-tb-¡m-tf-sd lr-Z-b-¯n-\v h-g-
§p-¶-h-bm-Wv C-h. Km-\-co-Xn-bv-¡v {]m-[m\yw \Â-Ip-¶ ]m-«p-I-fm-bXp-sIm-v
]m«pI-sf ]m-Sn \o-«nbpw Ip-dp-¡nbpw Cu-W-¯nÂ am-äw h-cp-¯m-dpv.
am-¸n-f-¸m-«p-IÄ-¡v XpS-¡w Ip-dn-¨ ‘ap-lvbp-±o³ am-e’bmWv A-d-_nþa-e-bm-f-
¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ ]-Zy-Ir-Xn F-¶v hn-iz-kn¨p-t]m-cp¶p. {K-Ù-Im-c³ tIm-gn-t¡m-«p-
Im-c\m-b Jm-kn-ap-l½-Zv BWv. c-Nm-\-Im-ew sImÃ-hÀ-jw 782 (F.Un 1607) BWv.
A-d-_n-a-e-bm-f-¯n-se G-ähpw {]-[m-\-s¸-« I-hn tam-bn³-Ip-«n ssh-Zy-cmWv. _-Z-dpÂ
ap-\oÀþlp-kv-\pÂ P-amÂ, _-ZÀ-]-S-¸m«v, D-l-Zp-]-S-¸m«v, ln-Pv-d, a-e-¸p-dw ]-S-¸m-«v
XpS§nb ssh-ZyÀ Ir-Xn-IÄ A-d-_nþa-e-bm-f-¯n-se O-µ-Ên-\v `-{Zam-sbm-cp A-Sn-
¯d ]-WnXp-sIm-Sp¯p.
am-¸n-f-¸m-«v H-cp P-\-k-aq-l-¯n-sâ H-gn-hp-th-f-bp-sS hn-t\m-Zw -am-{XaÃ. A-h-
cpsS \n-Xy-Po-hn-X-¯n-se k-µÀ-`-§-fp-ambn Cu ]m-«p-IÄ-¡v A-Sp-¯_-Ôw Dv.
DZm-l-c-W-am-bn {]-Ir-Xn-\m-i-§fpw \-S-¸p-Zo-\-§fpw Zq-coIcn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thn
‘\S¸v au-eqZv’ \-S-¯m-dpv. ]-Ån-bnÂ \n-¶v hn-f¡pw ]n-Sn-¨v H-cp kw-L-am-bn Cd-
§n kv-Xp-Xn-Ko-X-§Ä ]m-Sn-s¡m-v cm-{Xn-k-ab-¯v {Km-a-¯n-\v Npäpw \-S-¡p-I-bmWv
‘\S-¸v au-eq-Zv’. _o-Un-sX-dp-¡p-t¼mgpw tXm-Wn Xp-g-bp-t¼mgpw Im-fh-n sX-fn-¡p-
t¼mgp-sam-s¡ am-¸n-f-amÀ ]m-Sm-dpv. B AÀ-°-¯nÂ Ch Nn-e-t¸mÄ ‘th-e-¸m-
«pIÄ’ Iq-Sn-bm-bn-¯o-cp-¶p. Hä-¡v H-cm-fp-sS au-\-hm-b-\-bv-¡v th-n-bÃ an-¡-
t¸mgpw am-¸n-f-¸m-«v c-Nn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. G-sX-¦nepw co-Xn-bnÂ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-hm³
thn-bmWv. A§-s\ {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡p-t¼m-tg am-¸n-f-¸m-«v A-Xm-bn am-dp-¶pÅq. A-
t¸mÄ am-{X-ta B K-m-\im-J A-Xn-sâ ap-gp-h³ km-[y-Xbpw I-s-¯p-¶pÅq. am¸n-
f-¸m-«p-IÄ B \n-e-bv-¡v {]-I-S-\-I-e-bmWv.
tIh-ew hm-bn-¨v c-kn-¡p-¶-hbÃ am-¸n-f-¸m-«p-IÄ F-¶v hy-à-am-¡n-¡-gnªp.
A-h D-¨-¯nÂ ]m-Sp-¶ ]m-«p-I-fmWv. ssh-b-àn-Iam-b B-kzmZ-\w e-£y-am-¡n-bÃ
Ch c-Nn-¡p-¶Xv. H-cp Iq-«m-bv-a-bp-sS ]-¦p-Im-sc e-£y-am-¡n-bmWv. A-Xmb-Xv H-ä-sbm-
ä hy-àn-I-sf-bÃ A-h-cp-sS kw-Lm-Xam-b k-aq-l-s¯-bm-Wv am-¸n-f-¸m-«p-IÄ e-£y-
am-¡p-¶Xv. B Aw-i-¯nÂ H-cp \m-tSm-Sn-kz-`m-hw am-¸n-f-¸m-«v F¶pw \n-e-\nÀ-¯n-
t¸m-cp-¶pv.
am-¸n-f-¸m-«n-se `m-jm-]-c-am-b {]-tXy-I-XIÄ
1. hÀ-®am-e
A-d-_n-hÀ-®-§Ä-¡p ]pd-sa a-e-bm-f-¯n-se F, G, H, Hm, K, M-, N, R, S, W, c,
j, f, g, K, j F-¶n-hbpw tNÀ-¶-Xm-Wv am-¸n-f-¸m-«n-se hÀ-®-am-e. C-¯-c-¯nÂ ae-
bm-f-¯n-enÃm-¯-Xpw A-d-_n-bn-ep-Å-Xp-am-b hÀ-®-§-fp-sSbpw A-d-_n-bn-
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 15
enÃm¯Xpw a-e-bm-f-¯n-ep-Å-Xpam-b hÀ-®-§-fp-sSbpw Iq-Sn-t¨-c-em-Wv A-d-_n-a-e-
bm-f-¯n-se hÀ-®-am-e-bnÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv.
2. Ad-_n a-e-bm-fw F-¶ ]p-Xn-b-en]n
Ad-_nen-]n-bn-enÃm-¯ a-e-bm-f-¯n-se A-£-c-§Ä¡v Ad-_n en-]n-bnÂ ]-cn-jv-
Imcw h-cp¯n ‘A-d-_n-a-e-bmfw’ F-¶ ]p-Xn-b-en-]n B-hn-jv-I-cn¨p. A-d-_n-bnÂ ‘]’
A-£-c-anÃ. ]Icw ‘_’ F-¶ Ad-_n en-]n-bp-sS Xm-sg H-cp ]p-Ån-¡v ]I-cw aq-¶v
]p-Ån-IÄ tNÀ¯v ‘]’ F-¶ A-£-c-ap-m¡n. AXp-t]mse ‘d’ F-¶ A-£-c-¯n\p
Nph-sS H-cp ]p-Ån tNÀ¯v ‘c’ F-¶ A-£-c-ap-m¡n. C-{]-Im-camWv Ad-_n a-e-
bm-fw F-¶ ]p-Xn-b-en-]n B-hn-jv-I-cn-¨Xv.
3. hÀ-® hn-Im-c§Ä
G-sd hÀ-®-am-ä-§Ä Ad-_n a-e-bm-fw `m-j-bnÂ kw-`-hn-¡p-¶pv. A-h-bnÂ {]-[m-
\-hÀ-®-am-ä-§Ä C-h-bmWv:
 ]-Zm-ý-¯n-se A-Im-c-¯n-\p kw-`-hn-¡p-¶ hÀ-®-hn-Imcw
A- Imcw ‘F’ Im-c-am-bn am-dp-¶p þ Im-¡þIms¡, a-eþase
A -Imcw ‘C’ Im-c-am-bn am-dp-¶p þ ]-d-bp-Iþ]-dnbp-I
 C- Im-c-¯n-\v kw-`-hn-¡p-¶ hÀ-®-hn-Imcw
C- Imcw ‘D’ Im-c-am-bn am-dp-¶p þ ]n-f-cp-Iþ]p-fcp-I
 D- Im-c-¯n-\p kw-`-hn-¡p-¶ hÀ-®-hn-Imcw
D -Imcw ‘C’ Im-c-am-bn am-dp-¶p þ D-½ÀþC½À
D -Im-cw ‘H’ Im-c-am-bn am-dp-¶p þ IpSþsIm-S, ap-JwþsamIw
 hmbv-sam-gn-bnÂ ]-Zm-Zn-bn-se kz-cw tem-]n-¡p¶p.
C-sX-´mþsX´m
D-vþv
F-¶mÂþ¶m
 ]-Z-a-[y-¯nÂ h-cp-¶ I Im-chpw b Im-c-hpw tem-]n-¨v ]I-cw kz-cw ZoÀ-Ln-¡pw.
]-äp-I-bnÃþ]äq-e
I-gn-bp-I-bnÃþI-gnbq-e
 A-d_n, t]À-jy³, D-dp-Zp `m-j-I-fnse kh, q a-e-bm-f-¯n-se J, K, L F-¶n-h-bv-
s¡Ãmw ]I-cw I Im-cw h-cp¶p.
sam-Iw _mIw, I-I-\w F¶n-h D-Zm-l-c-W§Ä
 ] Im-cw A-d-_n-bnse fa B-bn am-dp¶p
]p-S-hþ^p-Sh
4. hn`-àn {]-Xy-b-§-fnÂ h-cp-¶ am-ä§Ä
kw-tbm-Pn-Im-{]-Xy-bamb ‘HmSv’, tem-]n¨v ‘Sv’ am-{X-am-bn-am-dp¶p.
_m-¸-tbm-Svþ_m-¸mSv
C-¡-tbm-SvþC-¡m-Sv
kw-tbm-Pn-Im-{]-Xy-b-¯n-\v ]I-cw B-[mcn-I {]-Xy-bw tNÀ-¡p-¶ co-Xnbpw I-p-h-
cp¶p.
amctcm-Sv sNmÃp-¶p þ am-c-cnÂ sNmÃp-¶p
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 16
5. X-\n-tI-c-fo-bam-b ]-Z-§Ä cq-]-am-äw h-cp-¯n {]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p
A-Xn-\vþA-bn\v
sXmþsXmÅ
6. A-\y-`m-jm-]-Z-§-fp-sS kzm-[o\w
A-d_n, DÀZp, X-angv, sX-ep¦v, Cw-¥o-jv Xp-S§n-b `m-jm-]-Z-§-fp-sS kzm-[o-\w am-¸n-f-
¸m-«v `m-j-bnÂ Im-Wp¶p. aq-ko-_-¯v, dm-l¯v, ap-l-º¯v, JÂ_v, lm-P¯v, Jp-Zvd-
¯v F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å A-d-_n-]Z-§tfm A-h-bp-sS X-Ûh-§tfm B-Wv am-¸n-f-¸m-«p-
I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv. a-ebm-f `m-j-bnÂ {]-Nm-c-¯n-ep-Å [m-cm-fw ]-Z-§Ä C§-s\
Ad-_n-bnÂ \n-¶v I-S-¶p-h-¶-XmWv. I¯v, ap³-kn^v, Xm-knÀ-ZmÀ, h-¡oÂ, h-¡m-
e¯v, Aao³ Xp-S-§n-b-h D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
A-d-_n-`m-jm-]-Z-§-fp-sS kzm-[o-\w Im-Wp-¶Xp-t]m-se X-an-gv kzm-[o-\hpw Ad-_n ae-
bm-f-¯nÂ Im-Wp-¶p-v. ]m-«n-sâ X-an-gv h-g-¡-§fpw ]m-Þy-`m-jm-km-cq-]yam-b
cq]-§fpw I-®-È³ ]m-«n-se-¶-t]m-se am-¸n-f-¸m-«n-ep-apv. X-\n-¯-angpw c-N\m-k-t¦-
X-§Ä-¡v C-W-§p-am-dv kzÑ-µw am-äw h-cp-¯n-bXpw hm-sam-gn-¯-an-gn\pw h-c-sam-gn-¯-
an-gn\pan-W-§m-¯-Xpam-b ]m-Þy-`m-jm-km-cq-]y-§fpw X-an-gv¨p-h h-cp-¯nb \m«p-
sam-gnbpw H-s¡ am-¸n-f-¸m-«nÂ h-cpw. A-ssa¯p, D¦Ä, tIm³, ]pIÄ, s]cn-tbm³,
]-hn-fw F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å X-an-gv `m-jm-]-Z-§Ä am-¸n-f-¸m-«p-I-fnÂ Im-Wp¶p.
7. k-¦-c`m-j
hm-sam-gn-bnÂ h-I-t`-Zw h-¶ a-e-bm-f-]-Z-§fpw A-\y-`m-j-bnÂ \n-¶v P-\yam-b ]-Z-
§fpw Iq-Sn-¡pg-ªv am-¸n-f-am-cp-sS kw-km-c`m-j cq-]w sIm-p. C-¯-c-¯nÂ H-cp
k-¦-c-`m-jm-kz-`m-hw am-¸n-f-¸m-«p-I-fnÂ Im-Wp¶p. t]m-cn-i, sam©v, e-¦p-I, D-bnXw,
am-ªmfw, No-cWn, No-cm¸v, tNmdv, s_-bv-¡p-I, Ip-¯n-cn-¡p-I, s\-«m-ćw, Hu-ayw,
sNm-dp-¡v ap-Xem-b ]-Z-§Ä D-Zm-l-cWw.
8. kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§-fp-sS A-an-X-kzm-[o\w
tam-bn³Ip-«n ssh-Zy-cp-sS an-¡ Ir-Xn-I-fnepw Ad-_n ]-Z-§-sf-t¸m-se X-s¶ kw-kv-
Ir-X-]-Z-§fpw C-S-I-eÀ-¶n-«pv. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ {]-ikv-X Im-hy-am-b ‘a-e-¸p-dw ]-S-
¸m-«nÂ' kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§-fp-sS A-Xn-{]k-cw Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw.
“P-K-Z-c-J¬-[m\mw ]p-cw _oPw
P-\-c-Wy-X-c-\\mw kr-ãn\mw
P-\-I-{K-W-kv-X-\p-cń-b ZqXmþ
{]-Y-a-Xn-k-Nnhm”
F-¶n§-s\ kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§-fp-sS A-Xn-{]k-cw A-¡me-s¯ am-¸n-f-¸m-«nÂ
ImWp¶p. ssh-ZyÀ-¡p ti-jw h-¶ ]-e am-¸n-f-¡-hn-Ifpw X-§-fp-sS c-N-\-I-fnÂ
kwkvIr-X-]-Z-§Ä {]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-XnÂ ss\-]pWyw {]-ZÀ-in-¸n-¨-h-cm-Wv.
“\n-[n-a-Xn-am³ P-K-Xn-hn-f§pw a-Wn\-_n ln-Pv-d-¯n³ k-a-c-nÂ
\n-d d-a-fm-\-Xne-Xn kp-Ir-X-¸-S-bn-Xv s]m-cp-Xp-I-bmbv
C-Xn-\p-sS hm-k-c-hn-j-b-¯nÂ N-XpÀZ-i-sbm-Sp-]-©-a-Zn-\-sa¶pw
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 17

C-Xn-s\-Xn-cm-bv C-cp-\-h-sa¶pw Nn-e-sam-gn-I-fnÂ h-c-hmbv”
9. ]-Z-kzo-I-c-W-¯nÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-¯n-sâ X-Û-h-i-Ð-§Ä Im-Wp¶p
Xm-\wþØm\w
N-XvÀþNXp
tNm-XnþtPymXn
]p-hnþ`q-an
10. kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§Ä X-Õ-a-am-bn kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶p
\n[n, P-KXv, kp-Ir-Xw, N-XpÀZ-i, ]-©aw, \-hw F-¶n§-s\ [m-cm-fw X-Õ-a kw-kv-
Ir-X-]-Z-§Ä B-ZyIm-e am-¸n-f-¸m-«p-I-fnÂ G-sd kp-e-`-am-bn-cp¶p.
11. hn-`-ày-´ kw-kv-Ir-X-cq-]-§-Ä
P-K-Z-c-J-Þm-\mw, kr-ãn-\mw, A-ln-kp-jn-tc C-{]-Im-cw hn-`-ày-´ kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-
§Ä B-Zy-Im-e-am-¸n-f-¸m-«p-`m-j-bp-sS {]-tXy-I-X-bmWv.
12. kw-`m-j-W-coXn
kw-`m-j-W-co-Xnbpw am-¸n-f-¸m-«p-I-fnÂ I-p h-cp-¶pv.
“Ip-cp-Ip-cpa-¨w s]-®ptm?
Ip-ªm-ena-¨w s]-®ptm
km-a-k-dp-¡m s]-®ptm
kÀ-¡m-cv _o-hn-sâ am-c-\n¡v?
Ip-cp-Ip-ca-¨w s]-®nÃm
Ip-ªm-ena-¨w s]-®nÃm
km-a-k-dp-¡m s]-®nÃ
kÀ¡m-cv _n-hn-sâ am-c-\n¡v”
13. hr-¯-kzo-I-c-W-¯nÂ Im-Wp-¶ {]-tXy-I-XIÄ
“am-¸n-f-¸m-«p-Ifn-se C-i-ep-IÄ AY-hm a-«p-IÄ A-sÃ-¦nÂ hr-¯-§Ä ]cn-tim-[n-
¨mÂ A-h {Zm-hn-U-hr-¯-¯n-ep-Å Ko-X-§-fp-sS A-\p-I-c-W-§-fm-sW-¶p Im-Wmw.
C-h-bv-¡v ]pd-sa A-d-_n-bn-se I-hnX-I-tfmSpw A-h-bv-¡v kz-ev-]w km-Zr-iy-apv.
tII, Im-Ifn, a-Rv-Pcn, ]m-\, \--tXm¶X, Hm-«w Xp-ÅÂ F-¶o hr-¯-§-fp-sS am-Xr-
I-IÄ am-¸n-f-Ko-X-§-fn-epv. Iq-SmsX sF-hÀ I-fn-¸m«v, tImÂ-¡fn, ]-cn-N-ap«v, D-Sp¡v-
sIm«v, ]p-Åph³, I-fw-]m«v, {Xn-]p-S, \nc-Ww Ir-XnIÄ, Ip-d-¯n-¸m-«v Xp-S§n-b
\m\mX-cw ]m-«p-I-fp-sSbpw A-\p-I-c-W-§Ä {]-kv-Xp-X-Km-\-§-fn-ep-v” F-¶n§-s\
am-¸n-f-¸m-«n-se hr-¯-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v kn.sI -A-ÐpÂ-JmZÀ ‘am¸n-f km-lnXyw AY-hm
tN-äp-hm-bn- ]-co-¡p-«n’ F-¶ {K-Ù-¯nÂ hy-à-am-¡p¶p. C-{]-Im-cw hy-Xykv-X
hr¯-co-Xn-IÄ am-¸n-f-¸m-«nÂ Im-Wp¶p. am-¸n-f-¸m-«n-se hr-¯w \m-tSm-Sn-hr-¯-tam,
`m-jm-hr-¯-tam, X-an-gv hr-¯tam B-bmepw A-h-bpsS Cu-W-¯n-\v a-äp Km-\-io-ep-I-
fnÂ \n-¶v A-ev-]w am-ä-ap-m-Ipw.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 18

14. {]m-kZo-£
am-¸n-f-¸m-«nÂ kw-Ko-Xw hf-sc {]-[m-\-amWv. AXp-sIm-p X-s¶ {]-m-k-\n-_-Ô-\-
IÄ IÀ-¡-i-amWv. C-h km-[m-c-W-bm-bn ‘I-¼nbpw I-gp¯pw’ F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
‘]m«m-hm³ I-¼nbpw I-gp¯pw H-¡-W’-sa-¶v am-¸n-f-amÀ ]-d-bm-dpv. I¼n, I-gp¯v,
hmÂ-¡¼n, hm-ep-½Â¡-¼n F-¶n-h-bm-Wv am-¸n-f-¸m-«n-se {]-[m-\-s¸-« {]m-k-hy-h-
ØIÄ. B-Zym-£-c-{]m-k-am-Wv I¼n. ]m-ZmÀ-²m-Xn-{]m-kw X-s¶ a-e-bm-f-¯n-se
]m«p-{]-Øm-\-¯n-se ‘tam-\’bm-WnXv. \m-e-Sn-bnÂ Xp-SÀ-¨-bm-bn FÃm sam-gn-bp-
sSbpw c-ma-s¯ A£-cw k-am-\-am-bn-cn¡-Ww F-¶ \n-_-Ô-\-bm-Wv I-gp¯v.
ZznXo-bm-£-c-{]m-kw Xs¶. ]m-«p-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ ‘F-Xp-I’ F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xp-Xs¶.
A-ým-£-c-§Ä-¡v h-cp-¶ k-am-\-X-bm-Wv hmÂ-¡¼n. A-ým-£-c-{]m-kw Xs¶.
A-d-_n-Km-\-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ kÀ-Æ-km-[m-c-W-am-bn C-Xv I-p-h-cp¶p. hm-ep-½Â¡-¼n
F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶-Xv H-cp J-Þw A-h-km-\n-¨ ]-Ztam ]-Z-§tfm sIm-v A-Sp-
¯JÞw B-cw-`n-¡p-¶ Nn-«-bm-Wv X-an-gv-Ir-Xn-I-fnepw a-e-bm-f-¯nse ‘]m-«n’epw
`mjm-N-¼p-K-Zy-§-fnep-sam-s¡ Im-Wp-¶ ‘A-´m-Zn-{]mkw’ X-s¶-bm-Wv hm-ep-½Â-
¡¼n.
an-I-hp-sä _-Z-dpÂ ap-\o-dn-s\¯-¶m
an-\pZ-¸q A-co-inÂ InS-¯n \-¶mbv
A-I-t\-i-¡p-fÂ Xm³ C-cn-´v A-cnsI
A-h³ X-sâ k-Zvdqw ]p-dw X-SssI
ap-InÂ \o-§n-s¯-fnbpw \p-Pp-av t]mse
ap-Iw I®pw Xp-d´-¦v D-WÀ-´-Zmse
kp-Ip-apssä kp-ss^-dm-apI-s¯ Iv
skm-d-W-¨p-v A-\-¡n-¨n-dn¯pw sImv
Nn-dn-¯v F-fp-´v C-cn-´-¸Ä _-´v C-imdm
Nn¦m-c X-Jv-¯v C-Zv F-sZ-v ssl-dmbv
15. hm-IyLS-\
{]-tXy-I-co-Xn-bn-ep-Å kz-cm-LmXw, hÀ-®-hn-Imcw, ]-Z§-sf Xn-cn-¨-dn-bm-¯-hn-[w
Npcp-¡n I-f-bp-¶ k-{¼-Zmbw, ]-c-`m-jm-]-Z-§Ä {Km-ay-§fpw {]-Nm-c-ep-]v-X-§-fpam-b
]-Z-§Ä F-¶n-h-tNÀ-¶v hy-Xy-kv-Xam-b hm-Iy-L-S-\-bm-Wv am-¸n-f-¸m-«nÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv.
DZm: s_cow tam-eym-sc Ip-¯r-¡ow (h-cn³ ap-Éym-sc C-cn-¡n³)
16. {]mtZ-in-I-ambn \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶am¸n-f-a-e-bm-f-¯n-tâXv am{X-amb i_vZ§fpw
{]tbm-K-§fpw ssien-Ifpw ]g-s©m-Ãp-Ifpw.
DZm: Ineiw (tcm-Kw), FXn-cp-t]m¡v (]n-im-Nnsâ D]-{Z-hw), s_S-¡m¡n X\n-¡m-
¡pI (\Ã hkvXp No¯-bm-sW¶v DSa-Øs\ sXän-²-cn-¸n¨v kz´-am-¡p-I), lem-
¡nsâ sImSn Ip¯pI (\mi-a-S-bp-I), C¶-es¯ ^¡oÀ C¶s¯ kpÂ¯m³
\mfs¯ ^¡oÀ ankvIzo³ (sFizcyhpw k¼¯pw F¶pw Hcm-fnÂ \ne-\nÂ¡nÃ)
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 19

aäp {]mtZ-inI hg-¡-§Ä Xmsg ]d-bp-¶p.
 C¯ncn IpSn-¨m³ IpSn¨m þ Aev]w shÅw IpSn-¨mÂ sImÅmw (Ip-Sn-¡m³-
þ-sh-Åw)
 Imbn \tÃmWw X¦-cn-¨sW – ]Ww \Ã-h®w kq£n-¡-tW.
 Iq«n¸S-¨Xv AX-bn¡pw þ Hcp-an¨p tNÀ¯pkrjvSn-¨Xv A§-s\-bm-bn-cn-¡pw.
 sImXn¨-X-ÃtÃm _nZn-¡ev þ B{K-ln-¨-X-ÃtÃm ssZhw hn[n-¡p-¶-Xv.
 {]tXylw H¶q-em¶p Iq«n-t¡mfn þ {]tXy-In¨v H¶pw kw`-hn-¨n-sÃ¶v hnNm-
cn-¨p-sIm-Åq.
 \sÃmcp _nimbw ]dªm þ H¶p \¶mbn kwkm-cn-¡q.
 ]ns¶ Rms\-´m-¡Ww þ ]ns¶ Rm³ F´p sN¿Ww
 Iev_nev sZ¯¦nepw IpSp-§ymev ad-¡m³ _bvt¡m þ a\-Êns\ Fs´-
¦nepw _m[n-¨mÂ AXp ad-¡m³ km[n-¡ptam
 §fp ]d-ªXv l¡mWv þ \n§Ä ]d-ªXp bYmÀ°-amWv
 ]n¶ sZ¯mSm Im«n-¡mcw þ ]ns¶ F´m-sWtSm Hcp t]mwhgn
 §fv k_q-dm-¡o¶v þ Xm¦Ä £an-¨mepw
1. h-S-¡³-]m-«n-sâbpw sX-¡³-]m-«n-sâbpw `m-jm-]-cam-b k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ Xm-c-
Xayw sN-bv-Xp hn-i-Z-am-¡pI. (2017-C)
2. am-¸n-f-¸m-«p-I-fnÂ {]-I-S-am-Ip-¶ `m-j-bp-sS hn-ti-j-kz-`m-hw hy-à-am-¡p-I.
(2017)
3. am-¸n-f-¸m-«n-se `m-j-bp-sS {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ hn-h-cn-¡pI. (2016C)
4. am¸n-f-]m-«p-I-fpsS `mj-bnÂ {]mtZ-inI kzm[o\w Gdn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. icntbm?
(2015C)
5. hS¡³ ]m«p-I-fn-sebpw sX¡³ ]m«p-I-fn-sebpw `mj-IÄ¡p X½n-epÅ
hyXymkw FSp¯p Im«p-I. (2015)
6. sX¡³ ]m«n-sebpw hS-¡³ ]m«n-sebpw `mj Xmc-Xayw sN¿pI. (2014C)
7. am¸n-f-¸m-«nse `mj-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-IÄ Nqn-¡m-Wn-¡pI (2013C)
8. \mtSm-Sn-km-ln-Xy-¯n-se {]-[m-\-s¸-« {]-Øm-\-§Ä G-h? tkm-Zm-lc-Ww ]-cn-N-
b-s¸-Sp-¯p-I? (2012)
9. A-d-_n-bnÂ \n¶pw a-e-bm-fw ISw-sIm- A-©p hm-¡p-IÄ ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-I.
(2012)
10. ‘`àn-bp-sSbpw hocm-cm-[-\-bp-sSbpw Hcp-Xcw hgn-sªm-gp-I-emWv \mS³ ]m«p-
IÄ’þ \ncq-]Ww sN¿pI. (2011)
11. `mjm-]-c-amb Ahy-h-Øn-X-Xz-§fpw Abª LS-\bpw BWv ae-bm-f-¯nse
\mS³]m«p-I-fpsS hyXn-cn-à-Xbv¡v \nZm\w F¶p ]d-bmtam? tkmtZm-l-cWw
hyà-am-¡p-I. (2008)
12. ae-bm-f-¯nse am¸n-f-¸m-«p-IÄ `mjm-]-c-amb \nc-h[n tNcp-h-I-fpsS krjvSn-bm-
Wv-þ-hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-I. (2007)
13. hS¡³ ]m«p-I-fn-sebpw sX¡³ ]m«p-I-fn-sebpw hyXy-kvX-am-¡p-¶Xv Ah-
bnse `mj-bm-Wv-þ-i-cntbm? (2006)
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 20

t]-¸Àþ1 sk-£³þF
aebm-fw
bq-Wn-ä-v cv (aq¶v)
{]mNo-\ a-ebm-f K-Zy-§Ä: `m-jm-Iu-S-eobw, {_-Òm-Þ-]p-cmWw,
B-«-{]-Im-cw, {I-a-Zo-]n-I, \-¼ym-´-an-gv
]-{´mw \q-äm-n-se-gp-X-s¸-«p F-¶v I-cp-Xp-¶ cm-a-N-cn-X-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv ae--bm-
f-¯nÂ ]-Zy-km-ln-Xy-ap-S-se-Sp-¯-sX-¶m-Wv km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-
Sp¶Xv. F-¶mÂ A-Xn\pw F{Xtbm ap³-]pX-s¶ enJn-X ]m-c-¼-cy-¯nÂ K-Zy-Ir-Xn-
IÂ DZ-bw sN-bv-Xn-cp¶p. in-em-im-k-\-§fpw sN-t¸-Sp-I-fp-saÃmw C-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-
amWv. {]mNo-\ a-ebm-f K-Zy-`m-j-bp-sS hn-i-I-e-\-amWv Cu bq-Wn-änÂ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-
am-¡p-¶Xv. a-ebm-f K-Zy-¯n-sâ hn-Im-k-Zi-sb {]-[m-\-am-bpw 4 L-«-§-fm-bm-Wv km-
ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-Im-c³-amÀ hn-`n-Pn-¡m-dp-Å-Xv.
1. im-k-\-KZyw
2. ln-µp-KZyw
3. an-j-W-dn-KZyw
4. a-X-\n-c-t]-£-KZyw
F-¶o \m-ev L-«-§-fnÂ {]mNo-\ a-e-bm-f-K-Zy-`m-j-bp-sS hn-i-I-e-\-¯n-\m-bn H¶pw
cpw L-«-§s-f-bm-Wv ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-¶-Xv.
I. im-k-\-KZyw
hy-àn-IÄ-¡pw t£-{X-§Ä¡pw C-X-c-Øm-]-\-§Ä¡pw ]-Whpw h-kv-Xphpw
Zm-\w sN-¿p-¶Xpw `-c-W-Im-cy-§Ä hy-h-Ø -sN-¿p-¶Xpw aäpw ]-sm-s¡ cm-Pm-¡-
·mcpw {]-`p-¡-·mcpw D-tZym-K-Ø-·m-cp-saÃmw tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp¶-Xv Xmfn-tbm-e-
bnepw sN-¼p-X-In-Snepw IÃn-ep-am-bn-cp¶p. C-{]-Im-cw IÃv, sN¼v, X-InSv, ]\-tbm-e
Xp-S-§n-b-h-bnÂ F-gp-Xn-sh-¨ {]m-No-\-tc-J-I-sf-bm-Wv im-k-\-§Ä F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶Xv.
C-h-bn-se `m-j `m-jm-N-cn-{X-Im-·mÀ-¡v {]-tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯m-hp-¶ ap-Jyam-b D-]m-Zm-\-
amWv. t£-{X-§-fnepw tIm-hn-e-I-§-fnepw {][m-\ X-d-hm-Sp-I-fnepw Ahsb kw-_-
Ôn-¨ hn-h-c-§-fpw A-hn-sS \-S-¡p-¶ kw-`-h-§fpw A-¸-t¸mÄ F-gp-Xn-h-bv-¡p-¶ ]-
Xn-hp-m-bn-cp¶p. Cu tc-J-IÄ-¡v {K-Ù-h-cn-IÄ F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p t]-cv. sIm¨n, sIm-
Sp-§ÃqÀ, X-e-tÈcn, Xn-cp-h-\-´-]p-cw Xp-S§n-b Ø-e-§-fn-se {K-Ù-h-cn-IÄ kp-{]-[m-
\-§-fmWv. “{]m-No-\-`m-jm-kz-cq-]w a-\-Ên-em-¡p-¶Xn-\v km-ln-Xy-{K-Ù-§-tf-¡mÄ
sNdn-b sNdn-b hm-N-I-§-fnÂ A-Xm-Xv Øe-s¯ `m-j-bnÂ F-gp-Xn-bn-«p-Å im-k-\-
§-fm-Wv Iq-Sp-XÂ D-]-I-cn-¡p¶Xv” F-¶n§-s\ C-fw-Ip-fw Ip-ª³-¸n-Å A-`n-{]m-b-
s¸-Sp¶p.
N-cn-{X-\nÀ-½n-Xn-¡p-Å B-Im-c-§-sf-¶ \n-e-bnÂ im-k-\-§Ä-¡v Nne ssh-in-
ãy-§-fp-v. a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-sS {]m-No-\-cq-]w a-\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xn-\v \-ap-¡v e-`n-¨n-«p-Å
G-ähpw hn-e-s¸-« tc-J-I-fm-Wv in-em-im-k-\-§fpw sN-t¸-Sp-I-fpw. an-¡-hmdpw FÃm
im-k-\-§fpw ]-IÀ-¸p-I-fm-bn-«Ã aq-e-tc-J-I-fm-bn X-s¶ \-ap-¡v In-«n-bn-«pv. AXp-
sIm-v ]-IÀ-¸p-I-fn-eq-sS h-cm-hp¶ tZm-j-§Ä im-k-\-§-fnÂ Ip-d-hm-bn-cn-¡pw. am-
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 1
{X-aÃ ]-e im-k-\-§-fnepw c-N-\m-Im-ew tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-m-Ipw. A-Xn-\mÂ Ir-
Xyam-b Im-eK-W-\ km-[y-amWv. c-N-\m-Ime-s¯ `m-jm-kz-`m-hw A-tX a-«nÂ A-dn-
bm³ I-gn-bp¶p. C-Xv `m-jm-N-cn-{X-\nÀ-½n-Xn-¡v C-X-c-tc-J-I-sf-¡mÄ {]-tbm-P-\-s¸-
Spw. km-ln-Xy-IpXp-In-IÄt¡m ]-Þn-X-·mÀt¡m th-n-bÃ im-k-\-§Ä tc-J-s¸-
Sp-¯p-¶-Xv-; an-¡-hmdpw km-[m-c-W-P-\-§Ä-¡v th-n-bmWv. A-Xp sIm-p-Xs¶, `m-
h-\m-kr-ã-§fmb ssh-Nn-{Xy-§-fnÃmsX, Im-cy-am-{Xam-b A-h-Xc-W-ssi-en-bm-bn-
cn¡pw im-k-\-§Ä-¡p-ÅXv. CXpw h-kv-Xp-X-I-sf-¶ \n-e-bnÂ, A-h-bn-se `m-jm{]-
tbm-K-§Ä-¡p-Å hn-izmky-X hÀ-²n-¸n-¡p¶p. `-c-W-`m-j-bp-sS kzm-[o-\w im-k-\-§-
fnÂ Im-Wp-¶p-s-¦nepw {]mNo-\ a-ebm-f hm-sam-gn-bp-sS sNdn-b sNdn-b Xp-Sn-¸p-
IÄ im-k-\-K-Zy-¯nÂ A-hn-S-hn-sS-bm-bn I-s-¯mw. tUm.F.kn.tiJÀ, s{]m-^.C-
fw-Ip-fw Ip-ª³-]n-Å, s{]m-^.kn.FÂ.Bâ-Wn F-¶n-h-cm-Wv im-k-\ `m-j-sb-¡p-
dn-¨v hn-iZam-b ]T-\w \nÀ-Æ-ln-¨ `m-jm-]-Þn-X-·mÀ.
taÂ-¸-d-ª hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-§-fnÂ \n¶pw im-k-\-`m-j-bp-sS km-am-\y-kz-`m-h-§-sf C-
{]-Im-cw t{Im-Uo-I-cn-¡mw:
 im-k-\`m-j an-¡-hmdpw c-N-\m-Ime-s¯ `m-jm-kz-`m-hw Im-Wn¡pw
 ]IÀ-¸p-I-fn-eq-sS h-cm-hp¶ tZm-j-§Ä im-k-\-`m-j-I-fnÂ Ip-d-hm-bn-cn-¡pw.
 a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-sS {]m-No-\-cq-]w a-\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xn-\v \-ap-¡v e-`n-¨n-«p-Å G-
ähpw hn-e-s¸-« tc-J-I-fm-Wv in-em-im-k-\-§fpw sN-t¸-Sp-I-fpw.
 A-¡m-e-s¯ hm-sam-gn-bp-sS kz-`m-h-§Ä Im-Wn-¡p-¶n-sÃ-¦nepw km-am-\y P-\-
§Ä-¡v a-\-Ên-em-hp-¶ co-Xn-bn-em-bn-cn¡pw im-k-\-`m-j.
 Hu-]-Nmcn-I kz-`m-h-ap-Å-Xn-\mÂ, A¶s¯ Hu-tZym-Kn-I-`m-jbm-b sN-´-an-gn-
sâ kzm-[o-\w A-Xn-ep-m-bn-cn-¡pw.
 km-ln-Xy-kr-ãn-I-sf-¡mÄ `m-jm-N-cn-{X-c-N-\-bv-¡v im-k-\-§-fm-Wv Iq-Sp-XÂ
D]-I-cn-¡pI.
 im-k-\-§-fp-sS `m-jm-]-cam-b {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ
1. G.B-dn-sâ B-dp \-b-§Ä kw-`-hn-¨Xpw kw-`-hn-¡m-¯-Xpam-b cq-]-§Ä
ImWp¶p.
9þmw i-X-I-¯nÂ Xm-e-hym-tZ-iw kw-`-hn-¨p-Im-Wp-¶p. (Ip-S-h¨p, A-©p h-®wþX-cn-
km-¸Ån) A-\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn{]-kcw 9þmw i-X-I-¯nÂ kw-`-hn-¨ cq-]-§Ä Ip-d-hmWv
(B-cmªp, X-§ÄþX-cn-km-¸Ån) A-\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]k-cw kw-`-hn-¡m-¯ cq-]-§Ä
B-ZyIm-e im-k-\-§-fnÂ Im-Wmw. (A-¦mSn, h-´pþX-cn-km-¸-Ån), kz-c-kw-hc-Ww h-
cm-¯ cq-]-§Ä A-[n-I-am-bn Im-Wp¶p (sF´p, C-ssd-bpwþX-cn-km-¸Ån) ]-Xn-
\memw \q-äm-tmsS ‘sF'Im-c-§-sfÃmw kz-c-kw-hc-Ww kw-`-hn-¨v ]qÀ-®-ambpw
‘A'Im-c-am-bn am-dp¶p.
2. k-ap-¨-b{]-tbm-K-¯nÂ h-¶ ]-cn-Wmaw
k-ap-¨-b-{]-Xy-bam-b ‘Dw' tN-cp-t¼mÄ ]-Zm-´-¯n-se A-\p-kzm-cw a-Im-c-am-bn¯-s¶
\n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶ co-Xn-bm-Wv B-Zy-Im-ei- m-k-\-`m-j-bnÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv. ]-Xn-\memw \q-äm-
n-sâ A-h-km-\-am-Ip-t¼m-tg¡pw Cu am-äw ]qÀ-W-am-bn a-Im-cw h-Im-c-am-bn amdn.
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3. k-Ôn-cq-]-§-fnÂ h-¶ ]-cn-Wmaw.
aq-¶v ]-g-b k-Ôn-cq-]-§Ä B-Zy-Im-e-im-k-\-§-fnÂ Im-Wm³ I-gn-bp-¶p. (C-Æo-g-
hÀþX-cn-km-¸-Ån) F-¶mÂ ]-Xn-\m-ew i-X-I-t¯m-sS C-hbpw A-{]-Xy-£-ambn.
4. hn-`-àn-{]-Xy-b-§-fnÂ h-¶ ]-cn-Wmaw
H¼-Xp ap-XÂ ]-Xn-\memw \q-äm-p-h-sc-bpÅ im-k-\-§-fnÂ hn-`-àn-{]-Xy-b-§Ä-¡v
Im-cyam-b am-äw kw-`-hn-¡p-¶p-v. ]Xn-s\m¶mw \q-äm-n-sâ A-h-km-\w h-sc {]-Xn-
{Km-ln-Im{]-Xybw ‘sF' BWv. A-Xn-\p-tijw ‘A' B-Ip-¶p. (]Ån-ssb-bpwþX-cn-
km-¸Ån)
5. kÀ-Æ-\m-a-§-fnÂ h-¶ ]-cn-Wmaw
kÀ-Æ-\m-a-§-fnÂ henb tXm-XnÂ am-äw D-m-bn-«nÃ. ‘\m³' ‘Rm³' B-Ip-¶-Xpw
‘AhcÄ' ‘Ah-ä' F¶n-h ‘A-hÀ', ‘A-h' B-Ip-¶Xpw Im-Wmw.
6. hÀ-¯-am-\-Im-e-{]-Xy-b-¯nÂ h-¶ amäw
]Xn-s\m¶mw \q-äm-n-sâ A-h-km-\w hsc ‘Câp/B-\nâp' F-¶Xm-Wv hÀ-¯-am-
\Im-e{]-Xy-bw. (th-Wm-Sp hm-gv-InâþX-cn-km-¸-Ån) ]-{´-mw i-X-I-am-b-t¸m-tg¡pw
‘D¶p' {]-Xy-bw {]-tbm-K-¯nÂ h-cp-¶p-v.
7. \n-tj-[-{In-b-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶ {]-tXyI-X
B-ZyIm-e {]-Xy-b§-fnÂ \-Sp-hn-\-sb-¨-t¯mSv ‘s]dm' tNÀ-¯m-Wv \n-tj-[-{In-b-IÄ
D-m-¡n-bn-cp-¶Xv. ]-¯m-w \q-äm-nÂ ‘AÃ' tNÀ-¶ cq-]-§fpw {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp¶p
(sIm-Å-s¸-dmÀþX-cn-km-¸Ån)
\n-e-hm-c-s¸-« KZy-ssi-en-b-p-sS A-`mhw, Hu-]-Nm-cn-I-X F¶n-h i-mk-\-`m-j-
bnÂ ]-e X-c-¯n-ep-Å A-kz-`m-hn-I-X-IÄ kr-ãn-¨n-«pv. {Ita-W A-sXÃmw am-dn B-
[p\n-I KZy-ssi-en-tbm-S-Sp-¡p-¶ {]-h-W-X ]nÂ¡m-e im-k-\-§-fnÂ Im-Wmw. `m-jm-
]T-\-¯n-\p-Å D]m-[n-I-sf-¶ \n-e-bnÂ im-k-\-§Ä hn-e-s¸-«-h-bmWv. F-¶mÂ tI-
c-f-`m-j-bp-sS hn-Im-k-N-cn{Xw im-k-\-§-fn-eq-sS-am{Xw hm-bn-¨-dn-bp-hm³ km-[yaÃ.
 ]-¯m-w \q-äm-n-\p ap-¼p-Å en-Jn-X-am-Xr-I-IÄ
G.Un. 9þmw i-X-I-¯n-\p-ti-jw am-{X-am-Wv tI-c-f-¯n-se h-c-sam-gn-bp-sS G-sX-
¦nepw cq-]w \-ap-¡v In-«p-¶Xv. in-em-im-k-\-§-sfbpw sN-t¸-Sp-I-sfbpw A-h-ew-_n-
¨p-Å `m-jm-]T-\-¯n-\v H-cp hen-b {]-Xn_-Ôw A-h-bnÂ ]-e-Xn-sâbpw Im-ew C-
Xph-sc A-k-µn-Kv-²-am-bn \nÀ-®-bn-¨p I-gn-ªn-«n-sÃ-¶p-Å-XmWv. X-·q-ew Ime-s¯
kw-_-Ôn-¨v A-{X-tbsd A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-anÃm-¯ im-k-\§-sf C-¡m-cy-¯nÂ
kzo-I-cn-t¡-n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. G.Un.9þmw \q-äm-n-sâ B-Zy-Z-i-I-§-fnÂ tIc-fw `-cn-¨n-
cp-¶ cm-P-ti-J-c-tâbpw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ A-\-´-c-Km-anbm-b Øm-Wp-c-hn-bp-sSbpw
im-k-\-§-fm-Wv \-ap-¡v In-«n-bn-«p-Å-XnÂ h-¨v G-ähpw {]m-No-\-§Ä.
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hm-g-¸-Ån imk-\w:þ a-tlm-Z-b-]p-cw B-Øm-\-am¡n-b tN-c-cm-Pm¡-·m-cp-tS--Xm-bn tI-
c-f-¯nÂ \n¶pw I-s-¯p-¶ G-ähpw ]-g-b in-em-im-k-\-am-Wv hm-g-¸-Ån-im-k\w.
G.Un. 830 B-Wv C-Xn-sâ c-N-\m-Imew. Ip-e-ti-J-c-·m-sc-¡p-dn-¨v hn-h-c-§Ä \-ev-Ip-
¶ hn-e-s¸-« tc-J-bm-WnXv. ‘kz-kv-Xn-{io' F-¶v a-äp ]-e im-k-\-§fpw Xp-S-§p-t¼mÄ
hm-g¸-Ån imk\w ‘\-a-Èn-hm-b' F-¶v Xp-S-§p¶p. F«mw iX-Iw ap-XÂ tI-c-f-
¯nepw X-an-gv\m-«nepw \n-¶v e-`n-¨n-«p-Å en-Jn-X-§Ä h-s«-gp-¯n-ep-Å-h-bmWv. F-
¶mÂ C-¡m-e¯pw kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§Ä {K-Ùm-£-c-¯n-em-Wv F-gp-Xn-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
“\-a-Ènhm-b {io cm-P-cm-Pm-[ncm-P ]-c-taiz-c `-«m-c-I-cm-P-ti-J-c-tZ-hÀ¡v” F-¶v {K-
Ùm-£-c-¯n-em-Wv hm-g-¸-Ån-imk-\w B-cw-`n-¡p-¶Xv. Xn-cp-hm-äp-hm-bv t£-{X-¯n-se
\n-Xy_-en hn-e-¡p-¶-hÀ s]-cp-amÄ-¡v \q-dp-Zo-\m-cw ]n-g sIm-Sp-¡-W-sa-¶ Xo-cp-am-\-
am-Wv C-XnÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
X-cn-km-¸-Ån-im-k-\-§Ä:þ Ip-c-ti-J-c-cm-Pmhm-b Øm-Wp-c-hn-s¸-cp-am-fnsâ 5þmw `-c-
W-hÀ-jw (F.Un.849) A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Io-gn-ep-Å th-Wm-«n-se `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cnbm-b A-
¿-\-Sn-IÄ Xn-cp-h-SnIÄ, amÀ-k-]o-cv Cutim sImÃ-¯p \nÀ-½n-¨ X-cn-km-¸-Ån-¡v A-
[n-Im-cm-h-Imi-§-tfm-sS H-cp {]-tZ-iw Zm-\w \Â-InbXn-sâ tc-J-bmWv Cu sN-¼p ]-
«-b-§-Ä. A-©p-h®w, a-Wn-{Km-aw F-¶o hm-Wn-Py-kw-L-\-S-I-sfbpw A-dp-\q-äh-cv F-
¶ \q-äq-Iq-«-s¯bpw sXm-gnÂ \n-IpXn, hn-ev-]-\ \n-IpXn, hm-l-\ \n-Ip-Xn F-¶n-h-
sbbpw Ip-dn-¨v C-XnÂ ]-cm-aÀ-i-ap-v. (C-h-bp-sS `m-jm-]-cam-b {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ im-k-
\-`m-j-bnÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-v).
II. ln-µp-KZyw
a-e-bm-f-K-Zy-¯n-sâ hn-Im-k-Z-i-bn-se c-mw-L-«-am-WnXv. `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-bw, {_-
Òm-Þ-]p-cmWw, B-«-{]-Imcw, {I-a-Zo-]n-I F-¶o Ir-Xn-I-fmWv Cu L-«-¯n-epÄ-s¸-
Sp-¶Xv. a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-sS hn-Im-k-]-cn-Wma-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw G-ähpw {]-
[m-\-s¸-« L-«w Iq-Sn-bm-WnXv.
 `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-bw
Iu-Sn-ey-sâ ‘AÀ-°-im-kv-{X-’¯n-\v 15 A-[n-I-c-W-§-fpw 180 {]-I-c-W-§-fp-
apv. {]-kv-Xp-X-Ir-Xn-bv-¡v `m-c-X-¯nÂ B-Zy-am-bpm-b hn-hÀ-¯-\-am-Wv `m-jm-Iu-
S-eo-bw. 1 ap-XÂ 7 h-sc-bpÅ A-[n-I-c-W-§Ä-¡p-Å hn-hÀ-¯-\-am-Wv \-ap-¡v e-`y-am-
bn-«p-ÅXv. AÀ-°-im-kv-{X-¯n-\v C-{X hn-kv-X-cn-s¨m-cp hym-Jym-\w a-säm-cp `m-j-bnepw
D-m-bn-«nÃ. `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-¯n-sâ Im-ew 1150 \pw 1225 \pw C-S-bv-¡m-sW-¶v D-
Åqcpw C-fw-Ip-fhpw sI.F³.F-gp-¯-Ñ\pw A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p-v. 12þmw \q-äm-n-sâ
A-h-km-\-L-«-¯n-se-gp-X-s¸-«p F-¶p hn-iz-kn-¡p-¶ Cu Ir-Xn tI-c-f-`m-j-bn-se B-
Zy-K-Zy-Ir-Xn-bmWv. `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-¯n\pw cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n\pw CSbnÂ \o- Im-e-b-f-
hnÃ. F-¶m-epw, Cu c-v Ir-Xn-I-fn-sebpw `mj-sb H-tc co-Xn-bnÂ k-ao-]n-¡m-\m-
hnÃ. `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-bw t]m-ep-Å im-kv-{X-{]-Xn-]m-Z-\-¯nÂ Ir-{Xn-aXztam km-t¦-XnI-
Xtbm I-e-cp¶-Xv km-[m-c-WaÃ. Imc-Ww hnh-c-W {]-[m-\am-b Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ kzm-`m-
hn-I-K-Zy-am-Wv sX-fn-ªp-Im-Wp-¶Xv.
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 `m-jm-]-cam-b k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ
1. -EPphpw Im-cy-am-{X{]-k-à-hpam-b `m-j-bm-Wv `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-¯nÂ D-S-\o-fw Im-
Wp-¶Xv.
2. `m-jm-kw-{I-a-W-Im-e-s¯ sN-´-an-gn-se hm-IyL-S-\ Gdn-b Iqdpw Iu-Seo-b `m-j-
bnÂ Im-Wmw.
3. tI-c-f-hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bp-sS kw-{I-a-Ww-aq-ew sN-´-an-gv A-[x-]-Xn-¡p-I-bpw X-·q-ew
A-_-²-cq-]-§Ä H-t«-sd A-XnÂ I-S-¶p-Iq-Sp-Ibpw sN-bv-X-Im-e-¯mWv Cu Ir-Xn
hn-c-Nn-X-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
4. a-e-\m-«p X-an-gv H-cp kz-X-{´-`m-j-bm-bn ]-cn-W-an-¡m³ sh-¼Â sIm-Åp-¶-Xn-sâ
sX-fn-hp-I-Ä C-XnÂ {]-I-S-amWv. cm-P-`m-jbm-b X-an-gn-sâbpw ]-Þn-X-`m-jbm-b
kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-sâbpw k-½À-±-§Ä-¡v hn-t[-b-amWv Cu `m-j.
5. kw-{I-a-W-Ime-s¯ `m-j-bm-b-Xn-\mÂ hym-I-c-W-]-cam-b Xn-I-ª A-cm-P-I-Xzhpw
A-hy-h-Øn-X-Xzhpw CXnÂ Im-Wmw.
6. hn`-àn {]-Xy-b§Ä, hÀ-®-hn-Im-c-§Ä, ]-Z-§Ä F-¶n-h-bp-sS {]-tbm-K-§-fn-
seÃmw Cu A-hy-h-Øn-XXzw {]-I-S-amWv.
7. A-\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]k-cw kw-`-hn-¨Xpw kw-`-hn-¡m-X-¯pam-b cq-]-§Ä C-XnÂ Im-
Wmw.
kw-_-Ô-saâmÂ, C§-s\ C-cp´, tXmâpw
8. Xm-e-hym-tZ-iw kw-`-hn-¨Xpw kw-`-hn-¡m-¯-Xpam-b cq-]-§Ä Dv.
ssh-¯p
9. kz-c-kw-hc-Ww h-cm-¯-Xpw h-¶-Xpam-b cq-]-§Ä Im-Wp-¶p
X¶p-ssSb, Assh, Xss¶, _-e-kw-ssJy
10. ]-pcp-j-t`-Z-\n-cm-kw kw-`-hn-¨Xpw kw-`-hn-¡m--¯Xpam-b cq-]-§Ä Im-Wp¶p
t]m-bmÄ, ]q-Pn-¨mÀ
11. Jn-tem-]-kw-{K-lw h-¶Xpw h-cm-¯-Xp-am-b cq-]-§Ä Im-Wp-¶p.
Xn-·m³
12. Aw-K-`w-Kw h-¶Xpw h-cm-¯-Xpam-b cq-]-§Ä Im-Wp¶p
sN-¿-thpw þ sN-t¿pw
hm-gv-Inâ þ hm-gp¶
Hm-tcm-thmtcm þ Hm-tcmtcm
13. kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§fpw a-ebm-f{]-Xy-b-§-fpw a-e-bm-f-]-Z-§fpw a-ebm-f{]-Xy-b-
§fpw tNÀ-¶ hm-Iy-c-N-\-bm-Wv `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-¯n-sâ k-hn-tij-X.
14. [m-cm-f-am-bn kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§Ä X-Õ-a-§-fm-bn kzo-I-cn-¨p Im-Wp¶p. kw-kv-IrX-
]-Z k-ar-²n CXn-se `mj-sb ¢n-ã-am-¡n-bn-«pv.
amÀ-Öm-c, D-{ãw, ln-cWyw
15. kw-kvIr-X X-Õa-§-tfm-sSm-¸w X-Û-h-§fpw Z-À-in-¡m-\m-hp¶p.
C-e-¨n-\-tam-Xn-cw þ e£-W-tam-Xncw
\-«-I³ þ \À-¯I³
D-Zn-cw þ cp-[n-cw
16. im-k-\-§-fnÂ \n¶pw hn-`n-¶-am-bn ‘E' F-¶ kz-cw kz-X-{´-cq-]-¯nÂ D-]-tbm-Kn-
¨p Xp-S§n
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DZm: EXp, E-Ww
17. {]mNo-\ ]-Z{]-tbm-K-§Ä [m-cm-fw Im-Wmw.
tX-äw þ B-{Klw
ap-¶w þ ap¼v
H-¸-\hpw þ A-e-¦m-chpw
]-«m-§v þ kXyw
]n-gbpw C-dbpw þ ]-ngbpw \n-Ip-Xnbpw
]n-dÀ þ A-\yÀ
I-Sp-Ip þ\-¶m-bn
18. BSn, Bh-Wn Xp-S-§n-b X-an-gv am-k-t¸-cp-I-fm-Wv C-XnÂ {]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-ÅXv. A-Xn-
\p-ap-¼p-m-bn-cp-¶ im-k-\-§-fnÂ ‘ta-S RmbÀ' ‘I-¶n hn-bmgw' Xp-S§n-b t]-cp-
I-fm-bn-cp-¶p {]-Nm-c-¯n-ep-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv.
19. â, ¦ {]-tbm-K-§f - p-sS B-[nIyw Im-Wmw.
]-£¦Ä, hÀ-W-¦Ä-¡pw, B-{i-a-¦Ä-¡pw, h-\y-¦-fm-bp-Å, N-S¦v, B-lm-c-saân-h,
Fâp-Å
20. ‘BsX' tNÀ-¶ \ntj-[ cq-]w {]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. Iq-SmsX 'B' tNÀ-¶ cq-]-
§fpw Im-Wmw
ZpÀÖ-\w \n-µn-bm-sX, an-msX, hm-cm
21. Du-¶Â {]-Xy-bw ‘G' {]-tbm-Kn-¨p Im-Wp¶p.
Cc-t þ c-p-am{Xw
Z-Þ-\o-Xn H-tâ hn-Zy þ Z-Þ-co-Xn H-¶p-am{Xw hn-Zy
22. X-an-gv co-Xn-bn-ep-Å enw-K-h-N-\-cq-]-§-fm-Wv km-[m-c-W-bm-bn Im-Wp-¶Xv. aI³, A-
Sn-b³ F-¶n§s\ ‘A³' F¶ ]pÃnw-K {]-Xy-bw tNÀ-¶ cq]-§-tfm-sSm-¸w ]pÃnw-
K-anÃm-bnS¯v ‘A³' tNÀ-¯ bp-àn-¡v \n-c-¡m-¯ cq-]-§fpw Im-Wmw. D-Zm-l-c-
Ww:þ {Iu©³
AÄ, C F-¶n-h-bm-Wv kv-{Xo-enw-K-{]-Xy-b-§Ä
\-]pw-k-I-enw-K-ambn ‘Aw' \n-e-\nÂ-¡p¶p.
23. AÀ, amÀ, IÄ F-¶n-h-bm-Wv s]m-Xp-hm-bn Im-W-p¶ _-lp-h-N-\-{]-Xy-b-§Ä
AhÀ, s]-®p-§Ä F¶n-h D-Zm-l-cWw.
‘A-hÀIÄ' F-¶n§-s\ _-lp-hN-\w C-c-«n-¨-cq-]hpw I-s-¯mw. H-¶n-e-[n-Iw _-
lp-h-N-\-{]-Xy-b-§Ä tNÀ-¶ ‘A-hÀIÄ' F-¶ ]-Z-¯n-\p ]I-cw ]¯mw i-X-I-
¯n-\p ti-j-ap-Å im-k-\-§-fn-Â {]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xp-t]mse ‘A-hcÄ' cq-]-
hpw I-s-¯mw.
D-Zm:þ A-h-cÄ sNmÃp-aÀ-°w
24. hn-`-àn-{]-Xy-b-§-fp-sS Im-cy-¯nepw ]-e k-hn-ti-j-X-Ifpw I-p-h-cp¶p. D-t±-in-
I-bp-sS {]Xy-b-am-bn ¡p, ¶p F¶n-h {]-tbm-Kn-¨p-Im-Wp-¶p.
kw-_-Ôn-I-bp-sS {]-Xy-b-am-bn D-ssS-b, DS-b, DsS, C-sS F-¶n-h- {]-tbm-Kn-¨p-Im-
Wp¶p.
B-[m-cn-I-bp-sS {]-Xy-b-am-bn CÂ, IÂ, taÂ F-¶n-hbpw {]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p.
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25. k-ap-¨-b {]-Xy-b-ambn ‘apw', ‘hpw', ‘bpw' F-¶n§s\ ‘b'Im-c ‘h'Im-c B-K-a-
t¯m-Sp-IqSn-b cq]-§Ä {]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
D-Zm-l-c-Ww:- Pm-Xn-bpw, tKm-{X-hpw, E-Xp--apw, am-k-apw H-s¡ {]-tbm-Kn-¨p-Im-Wp-¶p.
26. hn-I-ev-]-{]-Xy-bamb ‘Hm' tNÀ-¡p-¶-Xn-\p ]Icw ‘Xm³' tNÀ-¯ cq-]-§Ä D-Zm-lc-
Ww:þ ‘H-cp-¯-ssc-Xm³ C-cp-h-ssc-Xm³'
27. I-Sp-hnXp, F-gp-Xp-hnXp, sNmÃp-hnXp, C-cn-¸n-Xp F-¶n§-s\ C-Xp F-¶ ]q-c-I-A-
hy-bw tNÀ-¯ ]qÀ-®-{In-bm-cq-]-§Ä kmÀ-Æ-{Xn-I-am-bn I-p-h-cp¶p.
28. ‘c’Im-cw ‘e’Im-cw F-¶n-h-bnÂ Xp-S-§p-¶ ]-Z-§-fp-sS B-cw-`-¯nÂ kz-cw-tNÀ-
¡p-¶ co-Xn Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw.
C-chp-tNmdp (cm-t¨mdp)
C-cm-{Xn-sb-bpw (cm-{Xn-sb-bpw)
C-c-mw (c-mw)
Ce¨n-\-tam-Xncw (e£-W-tam-Xncw)
29. ]-g-b-k-Ôn-\n-b-a-§Ä X-cn-km-¸-Ån-im-k-\-¯nÂ Im-Wp-¶Xp-t]m-se `m-jm-Iu-S-
eo-b-¯nepw Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw. Np-s«-gp-¯p-IÄ-¡v ti-jw kz-cw-h-cp-t¼mÄ ‘h'
Im-cmK-aw hcpw F-¶ k-Ôn-\nb-aw c-nepw ]m-en-¨p Im-Wp¶p.
‘C-Æn-c-n-\pS-b' F¶-Xv D-Zm-l-cWw.
30. hÀ-®-hn-\n-a-b-¯n-ep-Å hy-Xym-k-§Ä
• ‘\’ Im-c-¯n-\v ]Icw ‘a’ Imcw > Xm-t\ þ Xmta
`m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-¯n-se Xm-ta F-¶ ]-Z-¯n-\v Xm-t\ F-¶m-WÀ°w. ‘\’ Im-c-
¯n-\p ]I-cw a-Im-cw sh-¨v am-dp-¶Xv 9þmw \q-äm-n-se in-em-im-k-\-§-fnÂ I-
p-h-cp-¶ {]-tXy-I-X-bmWv.
• ‘F’ Im-c-¯n\v ‘A’Im-cw > H-cpw-s]-«n-Xp þ H-cpw-]-«nXp
• ‘D’ Im-c-¯n\v ‘H’ Im-cw > D-mIptam þ H-mtam
• ‘h’ Im-c-¯n\v ‘a’Imcw > sNm-¶-h-bmÂ þ sNm-¶-a-bmÂ
31. Np-s«-gp-¯n-\v ti-jw h-cp-¶ hyRvP-\w C-c-«n-¡p-¶ {]h-W-X km-[m-c-W-amWv.
DZm: C+h-®w = CÆ-®w
32. B-h-iym-\p-kc-Ww ]-Z-§Ä kr-ãn-¡m\pw {]-tbm-Kn-¡m\pw A¶-s¯ `m-j-bv-¡v
A-\m-Zr-iamb ssh-`-h-ap-m-bn-cp¶p. ssI-¡qen, tX-h-cq«v, taÂ-I-§mWn (No-^v
sk-{I-«-dn), ta-t\m¡n (kq-{]-v), AIw-tIm-bnÂ (A-´x-]p-cw), A-¨p-X¸v (I-Å-
\mW-bw), A-c-bÀ-s]-cp-s´-cphv (cm-P-hoYn) F-¶n-h D-Zm-l-cWw.
33. hÀ-¯am-\ cq-]-§fm-b ‘Câp', ‘Inâp' F-¶Xn-t\mSv ‘AXv' tNÀ-¯p {]-tbm-Kn-¨p-
Im-Wp¶p. t]m-Inâp F-¶-Xn-\p ]I-cw t]m-Inâ-Xp F-¶m-Wv {]-tbm-Kn-¨p-Im-Wp-
¶-Xv. t]m-InâXp, h-cp-Inâ-Xp C-§-s\-bp-Å X-an-gv cq-]§Ä Cu L-«-¯nÂ kv-a-
c-Wo-b-§-fmWv.
34. eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³ lo-\-Pm-Xn-¡m-tc D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I-bp-Åq F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶ ‘´' cq-
]-§fpw Iu-S-eo-b-Ime-¯v ss{X-hÀ-Wn-Icpw D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp¶p. C-§-s\ C-cp-´,
X-´m-´½p-ssS-b F¶nh D-Zm-l-cWw.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 7

C-{]-Im-cw `m-jm-]-c-am-bn G-td {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ \n-d-ª `m-j-bm-Wv `m-jm-Iu-S-
eo-b-¯nÂ Im-Wp-¶-Xv. kw{I-a-W-Im-e-L-«-¯n-se `m-j-bm-b-Xn-\mÂ tI-c-f-hy-h-lm-
c-`m-j-bp-sS kw-{Ia-Ww aq-ew sN-´-an-gv A-[x-]-Xn-¡p-Ibpw X-·q-ew A-_-²-cq-]-§Ä
H-t«-sd A-XnÂ I-S-¶p-Iq-Sp-Ibpw sNbv-X Im-e-¯mWv Cu Ir-Xn c-Nn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. cm-
P-`m-jbm-b X-an-gn-sâbpw ]-Þn-X-`m-jbm-b kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-sâbpw k-½À-±-§Ä-¡v
hn-t[-b-am-Wv Cu `m-j. C-¡m-c-W-¯mÂ hym-I-c-W-]-cam-b Xn-I-ª A-cm-P-I-Xzhpw
A-hy-h-Øn-X-Xzhpw C-XnÂ Im-Wmw. C§-s\ [m-cm-fw ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fp-s-¦nepw A-¶p
\n-e-hn-en-cp-¶ H-cp K-Zy-`mj-sb A-Xym-hiyw th- ]-cn-jv-I-cW-§-tfm-sS H-cp km-
ln-Xy-`m-j-bm-bn hn-I-kn-¸n-s¨-Sp-¡m³ ]-cn-{i-an-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-
Imc³. AÀ-°-im-kv{Xw t]m-se _-lp-X-e-kv-]À-inbm-b hn-j-b-kz-`m-h-ap-Å H-cp im-
kv-{X-{KÙ-s¯ hym-Jym-\n-¡m³ ]m-I-¯n-\v 12þmw \q-äm-n-se a-e-bm-f-KZyw ]-cym-]v-
X-am-bn-cp¶p. {]m-No-\-a-e-bm-f-K-Zy-`m-j-bp-sS ]q-À-®-X sh-fn-hm-¡m³ ]-cym-]v-Xam-b
i-ànbpw Hm-PÊpw \n-d-ª `m-j-bm-Wv `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-¯n-Â Im-Wp-¶Xv. A-Xn-¶-
t±-lw kw-kv-IrX-`mj-sb hen-sbmc-f-thm-fw B-{i-bn-¨p. A-Xph-gn `m-jm-KZyw Iq-Sp-
XÂ i-àn-{]m-]n-¡p-I-bpw A-Xn-sâ {]-XypÂ-¸m-Z-\-£aX (Productivity) hn-I-kn-¡p-
Ibpw sN-bvXp. am-\-Io-I-c-W-¯n-te-¡v \o-§n-s¡m-n-cp-¶ a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-sS B-Zy-
L-«-am-Wv `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-¯nÂ ZÀ-in-¡m-hp-¶Xv.
 `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-bw hn-hÀ¯-\tam hym-Jym-\-tam?
aq-e-Ir-Xnbm-b AÀ-°-im-kv-{X-¯n-se kq-{X-¯n-sâ AÀ-°hpw A-Xn-sâ hn-i-
Zo-I-c-Whpw DÄ-s¸-Sp-¶-Xm-Wv `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-¯n-se B-Jym-\-coXn. A-Xn-\mÂ `m-
jm-Iu-S-eo-bw hn-h-c-Wm-ß-I-K-Zy-¯n-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn tUm. \-Sph-«w tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-
W³ Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¡p¶p. hr-²kw-tbm-Kx F-¶ {]-Y-am-[n-I-c-W-¯nÂ hr-²kw-tbm-
Kx F-¶ kq-{X-s¯ `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-Im-c³- hym-Jym-\n-¡p-¶-Xv C-{]-Im-c-amWv-: “hr-
²kw-tbm-Kx F³-]n-Xp kq-{Xw. hr-²hm-thmÀ A-\zo-£n-Iym-Zn-hn-Zym-hn-¯p-¡Ä.
Ah-c-tfm-Sp in-jym-Nm-cy-e-£-W-am-sbm-Å kw_-Ôw sNmÃn-âsX³-]n-Xp kq-
{XmÀ°w. kw-_-Ô-am-hn-Xpþhn-Zym-k-ap-t±-iw. Io-gv sNmÃnXp hn-Zym-[n-K-a-¯p¡p B-
Nm-cy³ th-p Inâ-a-bmÂ B-Nm-cykw-tbm-Kw sNmÃp-Inâ-Xp”.
C-¯-c-¯nÂ aq-e-Ir-Xn-bn-se kq-{X-s¯ hym-Jym-\n-¡p-¶ co-Xn-bm-Wv `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-
b-¯nÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv.
Iu-S-eo-b-¯n-sâ kw-kv-Ir-X-aq-e-]mTw A-kp-cþtZ-h-Kp-cp-¡-·m-sc \-a-kv-I-cn¨p-
sIm-m-cw-`n-¡p-t¼mÄ B-Nm-cy-Nm-W-Iy-sâ AÀ-°-im-kv-{X-s¯ \nÀ-Æ-Nn¨p-sIm-
m-Wv `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-bw Xp-S-§p-¶Xv. tIh-ew hn-hÀ-¯-\-aÃm-¯-Xn-\mÂ `m-jm-Iu-
S-eo-b-¯nÂ tI-c-f-kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ co-Xn sX-fnªpw a-dªpw Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw.
“sNuÀ-t®-b-am-hn-Xp a-e-\m-«nÂ ap-c-Nn-B-In-sâ ]-«-\-¯n-¶-cn-sI Nq-À-®n-bm-än-ep-f-
hm-ahq” F-¶ {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bnÂ ap-c-Nn-]-«-Ww 12þmw \q-äm-nepw D-m-bn-cp-¶p F-¶
A-dn-hv \-ap-¡v e-`y-am-Ip¶p. {]-I-c-Ww 87se Hm-W-¸pS-h-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]-cm-aÀ-ihpw
{i-t²-b-amWv. A-²y-£-{]-Nm-c-¯nÂ K-Wn-Im-[y-£x F-¶ kq-{X-¯n-sâ hy-Jym-\-
¯nÂ K-Wn-I-IÄ AÀ°-s¯ K-Wn-¡p-¶-h-cmWv. A-h-cm-Wv th-iyIÄ. Ah-sc
t\m-¡n A-¨v F-¶ \mW-bw I-c-am-bn Np-a-¯p-¶ ta-t\m-¡nbm-Wv K-Wn-Im-[y-£-s\-
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 8
¶v ]-d-bp¶p. C-hn-sS A-¨v F-¶ tI-c-fo-b-\m-W-bs¯bpw ta-t\m-¡n-sb-¶ tI-cfo-
b Pm-Xn-k-aq-l-s¯bpw ]-cm-aÀ-in-¨p Im-Wp¶p. ‘hy-h-lm-c-Øm-]-\'¯nÂ hm-kv-Xp-
Iw F-¶ kq-{X-¯nÂ CÃ-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]-cm-amÀ-i-apv. tI-c-f-¯n-se \-¼q-Xn-cn
Kr-l-§Ä-¡v s]m-Xp-sh ]-d-bp-¶ t]-cm-Wv CÃw. C-¯-c-¯nÂ `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-¯nÂ
{]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶ tI-c-fo-b-Xbpw kq-Nn-¸n-¡p¶-Xv `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-bw tIh-ew hn-hÀ-¯-
\-aÃ hym-Jym-\-am-sW-¶mWv.
 `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-¯n-se `m-j-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å Nn-e ]-Þn-Xm-`n-{]m-b-§Ä
 “A-\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]-kcw, Xm-e-hym-tZiw, kz-c-kw-h-cWw, ]p-cp-j-t`-Z-\n-cmkw,
Cu \-b-§-fp-sS {]-hÀ¯-\w Iu-S-eo-b-¯nÂ {]-I-S-am-bn Im-Wmw. eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-
c³ lo-\-Pm-Xn-¡m-tc D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I-bp-Åq F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶ ‘´' cq-]-§fpw Iu-S-
eo-b-Ime-¯v ss{X-hÀ-Wn-Icpw D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp¶p” (C-fw-Ip-fw Ip-ª³-]n-Å)
 “hym-I-c-W-]-cam-b Xn-I-ª A-cm-P-I-Xzhpw A-hy-h-Ø-bp-am-Wv A-¡m-e-¯n-sâ
{]-tXyIX. Cu hy-h-Øm-cm-lnXyw Iu-S-eo-b-¯n-se hn`-àn{]-Xy-b§Ä, hÀ-W-
hn-Im-c§Ä, ]-Z-§Ä F-¶n-h-bp-sS {]-tbm-K-¯n-seÃmw D-S-\o-fw Im-Wmw”
(kn.FÂ. BâWn)
 “]Zw, ssien, hym-I-c-W-Imcyw Xp-S-§n-b-h-bnÂ X-an-gp-am-bpÅ A-Sp-¸w {i-t²-b-
am-sW-¦nepw a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ kz-ám-b kz-`m-h-§Ä [m-cm-fw {K-Ù-¯nÂ {]-Xy-
£-s¸-Sp-¶pv. A-Sn-Øm-\-]-cam-b sI-«pw a«pw FÃmw a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ X-s¶. kw-
kv-Ir-X-¯n-sâ aq-i-bnÂ `mjm-ssi-en hmÀ-s¯-Sp-¡m-\p-Å {i-a-ap-v”
(sI.F³. F-gp-¯Ñ³)
 “A-¡me-s¯ im-k-\-§-fn-epw 12þmw i-X-I-¯nÂ c-Nn-Xam-b Iu-S-eo-b-¯n-epw hy-
h-lm-c-`m-j-bp-sS {]-I-Sam-b hym]-\w Im-Wmw. Iu-S-eo-b-¯n-se hmIy-ssi-en-bpw
hn-`-àn-{]-Xybm-Zn-I-fpw k-Ôn-Im-cy-§fpw a-äp hym-I-c-W-Im-cy-§fpw C-Xn-\v
th-{X sX-fn-hmWv. G-Xm-bmepw sN-´-an-gnÂ \n¶pw hy-Xy-kv-Xam-b H-cp `m-j
tI-c-f-¯n-ep-s-¶v k-½-Xn¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-I-bm-Wv Iu-S-eo-b-XÀÖ-a-sIm-v X-Xv-IÀ-
¯m-hv sN-bvX-Xv”. (]n.hn. th-em-bp-[³-]n-Å)
 “kw-kv-Ir-¯-Xn-se ]-e ]-Z-§fpw A-¸m-sS-sb-Sp¯pw ]-e ]-Z-§Ä¡pw cq-]-t`-Zw
h-cp-¯nbpw A-t\-Iw ]-Z-§Ä-¡v Xp-ey-§fm-b a-e-bm-f-]-Z-§Ä I-p-]n-Sn-¨p-am-
Wv Iu-S-eo-b-¯n-sâ IÀ-¯m-hv `m-jm´-cw sN-bv-Xn-«p-ÅXv. A-t±-lw F-Sp-¯p-s]-
cp-am-dp-¶ a-e-bm-f-]-Z-§-fnÂ \Ã H-cw-iw C¶-s¯ a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ CÃ... hm-Iy-LS-
\m k-{¼-Zm-bw C-¶-t¯-XnÂ-\n¶pw hf-sc hy-Xy-kv-X-am-sW-¶v H-ä t\m-«-¯nÂ a-
\-Ên-em-¡mw”. (F³.Ir-jv-W-]n-Å)
 “k-¦oÀ-W-hm-Iy-§-fp-sS c-N-\-bnÂ em-fnXyw Zo-£n-¡m³ `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-Imc-\v
I-gn-ªn-«nÃ. ZoÀ-L-hm-Iy-§-fn-se-¯p-t¼mÄ k-ap-¨-b-hn-I-ev-]-§fpw IÀ-Xr-IÀ-a-
_-Ô-§fpw X-In-Sw a-dn-bp¶p. ‘bm-h-s\m-cp-¯³ Adn-thm³ A-dnh³' a-«n-ep-Å
kw-kv-Ir-X-ssi-enbpw ‘]m-¼p I-hp-sImÂ-hnXp' co-Xn-bn-ep-Å X-angv-ssi-enbpw
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 9

I-Ym-Im-e-t£-]w \-S-¯p-t¼m-gp-Å Nm-IymÀ-ssi-enbpw ZoÀ-L-hm-Iy-§-fnÂ A-
§n-§p ImWmw”. (\-Sph-«w tKm-]m-e-Ir-jvW³)
 “AÀ-°-im-kv{Xw t]m-se _-lp-X-ek - v-]À-in-bmb hn-jb- -kz-`m-h-ap-Å H-cp im-kv-
{X-{KÙ-s¯ hym-Jym-\n-¡m³ ]m-I-¯nÂ 12þmw \q-äm-n-se a-e-bm-f-KZyw {]m-]v-X-
am-bn-cp-s¶-¶ h-kvXp-X hn-kv-a-cn¨p-sIm-m-Wv K-tZymZ-bw tX-Sn Nn-eÀ an-j-\-dn-K-
Zy-¯n-sâ amÀ-¤-¯nÂ sN-¶p-s]-«-Xv” (\-Sph-«w tKm-]m-e-Ir-jvW³)
 “eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³ \nÀ-h-Nn-¡p-¶ ‘a-Wn-{]-hm-f`m-j' K-Zy-¯nepw {]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-
¶p-sh-¶v `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-bw ]Tn-¡p-t¼mÄ hy-à-am-Ipw”
(F-kv Kp-]v-X³-\mbÀ)
 “]qÀ-Æ-am-Xr-I-I-Ä CÃm-¯ \n-e-bnÂ, im-kv-{X-hn-j-b-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å H-cp {K-Ùw
kz-`m-j-bnÂ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ D-m-tb-¡m-hp-¶ hy-Xn-N-e-\-§-tf Iu-S-eo-b-
`m-j-bn-epÅq, `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-¯n-se K-Zyw, am-\-Io-I-c-W-¯n-te-¡v \o-§n-s¡m-
n-cn-¡p-¶ K-Zy-`m-j-bp-sS B-Zy-L«-s¯ {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-¿p-¶p F-¶v ]-dbmw”.
(sI.Fw. {]-`m-I-c-hm-cn-bÀ)
 Iq-¯pw Iq-Sn-bm-«-hpw
kn.FÂ. Bâ-Wn-bp-sS `m-jm-kw-{I-a-W-hm-Z-¯nÂ hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bp-sS kw-{I-
a-W-¯mÂ cm-P-`m-jbm-b sN-´-an-gv A-[x-]-Xn-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨pw, sN-´-angpw hy-h-
lm-c-`m-jbpw tNÀ-¶v c-n-s\bpw {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-¿m-¯ H-cp hn-Ir-X-km-ln-Xy-`m-
jm-cq-]w B-hnÀ-`-hn-¨-Xmbpw hy-à-am-¡p-¶p-v. Cu \-]pw-k-I-`m-jm-cq-]-¯n\v
‘\oN-cm-P`m-j' F-¶m-Wv A-t±-lw t]-cv \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. {]-kv-Xp-X-\o-N-cm-P-`m-j-
sb km-[m-c-Wo-I-cn-¡m\pw km-lnXy-tbm-Ky-am-¡m\pw kmw-kv-Im-cn-Ihpw km-aq-Zm-bn-
I-hpam-b {]-hÀ-¯-\§Ä hf-sc k-lm-bn-¨n-«pv. A-h-bnÂ G-ä-hpw {]-[m-\-s¸-«-
Xm-Wv Iq¯pw Iq-Sn-bm-«-hpw. ]-Þn-Xm-`n-{]m-b-a-\p-k-cn-¨v Iq-¯pw Iq-Sn-bm-«hpw s]m-
Xp-P-\-§-fp-sS I-e-bm-bn-¯oÀ¶-Xv F.Un. 9þmw \q-äm-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn \-S-¶ Ip-e-ti-J-c-
hÀ-½-bp-sS ]-cn-jv-Ic-Ww ap-X-ev-¡mWv. A-Xph-sc tI-cfo-b {_-mÒW-sc am{Xw D-t±-
in-¨v \-S-¶ {]-kvXp-X I-e-I-fnÂ hn-Zq-j-I\pw aäp Nn-e I-Ym-]m-{X-§fpw a-e-bm-f-
¯nÂ kw-km-cn-¡m-sa-¶v h-¶p. Iq¯pw Iq-Sn-bm-«hpw C-{]-Im-cw \o-N-cm-P-`m-j-
sbbpw kw-kv-Ir-X-s¯bpw ]n-cn-¨p-Iq-«p-¶-Xn-\pw sN-´-an-gn-sâ cm-P-Io-b-{]m-_eyw
A-Xn-th-Kw \-in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw D-XIn.
Iq¯pw Iq-Sn-bm-«hpw `m-jm-kw-{I-a-W-Ime-¯v ]-e K-Zy-Ir-Xn-I-sfbpw tI-c-f-`m-
jm-km-ln-Xy-¯n-\v {]-Zm-\w sN-bv-Xn-«p-v. “Nm-IymÀ-Iq-¯nÂ \n-¶p `m-j-bv-¡p-m-
bn-«pÅ Kp-W-K-W-§Ä ko-am--X-oXam-Ip¶p” F-¶p-Å BÀ.\m-cm-b-W-¸-Wn-¡-cp-sS
A-`n-{]m-bhpw “\o-N-cm-P-`m-j-bn-te-¡v kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-\v {]-th-iw \ÂIn, H-¶v c-v
\q-äm-tm-fw \n-e-\n-¶ H-cp K-Zy-`m-jm-co-Xn sI-«n-¸-Sp-¡m\pw kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-k¼-¯v
`m-j-bv-t¡-In A-Xn-s\ ]cn-t]m-jn-¸n-¡p-hm\pw Nm-IymÀ-Iq-¯v A-Xy-´w k-lm-bn-¨n-
«p-s-¶v k-½-Xn-t¨ Xocq” F-¶ kn.FÂ Bâ-Wn-bp-sS A-`n-{]m-b hpw kzo-I-cy-
amWv.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 10

 B-«-{]-Im-chpw {I-a-Zo-]n-Ibpw
Iq¯pw Iq-Sn-bm-«-hp-w h-gn D-S-se-Sp-¯ K-Zy-co-Xn-bnÂ a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bv-¡v kn-²n-
¨n-«p-Å Ir-Xn-I-fnÂh-¨v {]-Y-a-Øm-\-aÀ-ln-¡p¶-Xv B-«-{]-Im-chpw {I-a-Zo-]n-I-bp-
amWv. C-Xn-sâ c-N-bn-Xm-hv Ip-e-ti-J-c-hÀ-½-bp-sS k-Z-ky-\m-bn-cp¶ tXm-e-\m-sW-¶v
hn-iz-kn-¨p t]m-cp¶p. Iq¯v, Iq-Sn-bm-«w Xp-S§n-b I-em-cq-]-§Ä cwK-¯v A-h-X-cn-
¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ Hmtcm I-Ym-]m-{Xhpw Im-Wn-t¡- Bw-Ky-ap-{Zm-`n-\-b-co-XnI-sf hn-h-cn-
¡p-¶ Ir-Xn-bm-Wv B-«-{]-Imcw. A-`n-\-b-¯nÂ D-]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-«ph-cp-¶ \m-Sy-{]-_-
Ô-§-fn-se I-Ym-]m-{X§-sf F-§-s\-bm-Wv A-h-X-cn-¸n-t¡--sX-¶ \nÀ-t±-i-§Ä
C¯-cw Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ A-S-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. \m-Sy-{]-_-Ôm-Zn-I-fn-se ]mTy-§-sfbpw
Ah-sb hn-«v \S³ AY-hm \-Sn {]-ZÀ-in-¸n-t¡- a-t\m-[À-½-§-s-fbpw B-«-{]-Im-c-
{K-Ù-§Ä k-µÀ-`m-\p-kc-Ww hn-h-cn-¡p-¶p. a-{´m¦w, a-¯-hn-emkw, iqÀ-¸-W-
Jm¦w, A-tim-I-h-\n-Im-¦w, XpS-§n ]-e B-«-{]-Im-c-§fpw \-ap-¡v e-`y-am-bn-«p-v. A-
¡me-s¯ a-äp km-ln-Xy kr-ãn-I-fnÂ, sN-´-an-gnsâtbm kw-kv-Ir-X¯n-sâtbm c-
n-sâbpw IqSntbm A-Xn-{]k-cw s]m-Xp-sh Zr-iy-am-sW-¶n-cns¡, kz-X-{ám-b H-
cp hy-h-lm-c`m-j kr-ãn-¡m-\pÅ b-Xv\w Cu B-«-{]-Im-c-§-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶p F¶-Xv
F-Sp-¯p ]-d-bm-hp-¶ k-hn-ti-j-X-bmWv. A-`n-\-bn-t¡- hn-[w hn-h-cn¡p-I F-¶
Imcy-t_m[-\w am-{X-am-Wv B-«-{]-Im-c-§Ä e-£y-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. C-¡m-c-W-
¯mÂ hen-b km-ln-Xy {]-[m-\-aÃm-¯-Xm-bn-cp-¶p B-«-{]-Im-c-¯n-se `m-j. hy-h-lm-
c-`m-j-bp-sS kw-{Ia-Ww aq-ew B-hnÀ-`-hn-¨ \o-N-cm-P-`m-jm-co-Xn-sb-¡mÄ B-«-{]-Im-c-
¯n-se K-Zy-¯n-\v hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bp-am-bn A-Sp-¸-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. BbXn-\mÂ G-Xv hn-
Zym-`ym-k ]-Ým-¯-e-¯n-ep-Å-bmÄ¡pw hy-à-am-bn a-\-Ên-em-¡m³ I-gn-bp-¶ {K-Ù-
§-fm-Wn-h.
{]m-No-\-kw-kv-Ir-X-\m-S-I-§Ä-¡v B-«-{]-Im-c-§-sf-t¸m-se X-s¶ \-S-·m-cp-sS D-
]-tbm-K-¯n-\p-th-n Dm-b {K-Ù-§-fm-Wv {I-a-Zo-]n-Ibpw. \m-S-I-IÀ-¯m-hv ]-d-bm-
¯Xpw \-S-·mÀ A-hiyw A-dn-ªn-cn-t¡--Xpam-b _m-ly-hn-j-b§-sf D-]-tZ-in-¡p-
¶-Xm-Wv {I-a-Zo-]n-I. C-Xv K-Zy-co-Xn-bn-ep-Å-XmWv. th-jh- n-[m-\w, {]-th-i-\co-Xn Xp-
S§n-b D-]-tZ-i-§-sfÃmw C-XnÂ-s¸-Sp-¶p. hn-Zq-j-I³ \nÀ-Æ-ln-t¡- N-S-§p-Ifpw
{I-a-Zo-]n-I-bnÂ hn-kv-X-cn-¡p¶p. th-j-hn-[m-\-¯n-\p-Å km-a-{KnIÄ, th-j-§-fp-sS
{]-tXy-I-XIÄ, \-S-¯w, C-cn-¸v, t\m-«w c-k-`m-hm-Zn-{]-Im-i-\-¯nÂ Aw-Ko-I-cn-t¡-p-
¶ {]-Im-i-hn-ti-j§Ä, hm-¡p-¨-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ kzo-I-cn-t¡-p-¶ kz-c-hn-ti-j§Ä,
hn-¡p-I, sIm-ªp-I, C-gbp-I XpS§n-b D-¨m-cW ssh-Nn-{Xy§Ä, \r-¯-t`-Z-§Ä
XpS-§n \m-Sym-Nm-cy³ D-]-tZ-in-t¡- Im-cy-§-sfÃmw {I-a-Zo-]n-I-bnÂ h-cp¶p. Iq-Sm-
sX \-S-\pw a-äp-ap-Å {]-Xn-^-e-¯n-sâbpw A-h-Im-i-§-fp-sSbpw hn-h-c-§fpw C-XnÂ
DÄ-s¸-Sp¶p. C-{]-Im-cw C-Xn-hr-¯-hn--j-b-¯nÂ B-«-{]-Im-c-hpw {I-a-Zo-]n-Ibpw hy-
Xy-kv-X-s¸-«p-\nÂ-¡p¶p. B-«-{]-Im-c-¯nÂ hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bp-sS i-àn-Im-Wm³ km-
[n-¡p-t¼mÄ {I-a-Zo-]n-I-bnÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-a-b-am-Wv ZÀ-in-¡m-\m-hp-¶Xv. {I-a-Zo-]n-I-IÄ
C-S-I-eÀ-¶ B-«-{]-Im-c-§fpw B-«-{]-Im-c-§Ä DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶ {I-a-Zo-]n-I-I-fp-am-Wv
A-[n-Iw Im-Wp-¶Xv. ip-²am-b {I-a-Zo-]n-I-IÄ Im-Wp¶-Xv B-Ý-cy-Nq-Vm-a-Wn, {]-Xn-
a, A-`n-tj-Iw F-¶o cm-am-b-W \m-S-I-§Ä-¡mWv. C-{]-Im-c-saÃmw hy-Xykv-XX ]p-
eÀ-¯p-t¼mgpw Iq-¯v Iq-Sn-bm-«w F-¶o cw-K-I-e-I-fp-sS km-ln-Xy-cq-]-am-Wv B-«-{]-
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 11

Im-c-hpw {I-a-Zo-]n-Ibpw F¶-Xv C-h X-½n-ep-Å km-Pm-Xy-§-fmWv. AXp-t]m-seX-s¶
C-h cpw \-S-·mÀ-¡m-bp-Å A-`n-\-b \nÀt±-i{K-Ù-§fp-am-Wv.
a-{´m-¦w ap-XÂ A-tim-I-h-\n-Im-¦w h-sc-bp-Å B-«-{]-Im-c-§-fn-se `m-j-IÄ-
¡v X-½nÂ G-sd A´-cw Im-Wm³ I-gn-bp-¶p. A-Xn-\mÂ Iq-Sn-bm-«-¯n-\p thn `m-
jm-kw-{I-a-W-Ime-¯v ]-e L-«-§-fn-em-bn ]-e I-hn-IÄ c-Nn-¨-XmWv {]-kvXp-X B-«-
{]Im-c-§-sf-¶v I-cp-Xp-¶-Xmhpw bp-àn-bpàw. X-·q-ew G.Un. 9þmw \q-äm-v ap-XÂ
15þmw \q-äm-v h-sc-bp-Å Im-e-L-«-¯n-em-bn-cn¡pw A-h-bp-sS \nÀ-½n-Xn-sb-¶v km-am-
\y-am-bn ]-d-bmw. B-«-{]-Im-c-§-fnÂ h-¨v a-{´m-¦-¯n-\m-Wv ]g-¡w Iq-Sp-X-se-¶v a-
lmI-hn D-ÅqÀ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. A-`n-\-bn-t¡- {I-aw hn-h-cn-¡p-¶ {K-Ù-am-bXp-
sIm-v hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bp-sS kw-{I-aw aq-ew B-hnÀ-`-hn¨ B \o-N-cm-P-`m-jm-co-Xn-sb-
¡m-Ä B-«-{]-Im-c-¯n-se K-Zy-¯n-\v hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bp-am-bn A-Sp-¸-ap-m-bn-cn-¡Ww.
“tamZ-Iw sIm-p ap-¼nÂ tXh-sc h-¨p tX-hm-cn-¨p \n-e-¯n-cp-¶ C-cp-fw
sNmÃn B-`y´-cw B-Sn-s¡mÅq; ]n-s¶b-t\ym-\y-ta-¯-an-«v D-·-¯-I³ Nm-cn Iq-Sn
B-Sn-ap-Sn-¨p {]mth-in-Iw-Im-«n ]n³-t\m-¡n hm-§n Iq¯pw ap-Sn¸q. ]n-s¶ cmw Znh-
kw sIm-«n-¯p-S-§n-bmÂ Pm-Xn-bnÂ h-¶p apâp-sS {]m-th-in-Iw Im-«n....” (a-{´m¦w)
a-{´m-¦-¯nse Cu `m-j-bnÂ \n¶pw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv A-tim-I-h-\n-Im-¦-¯n-se `m-
j. \m-e-©p-Z-i-I-§-fp-sS hy-Xym-kw C-h X-½nÂ Im-Wp¶p.
“]oTw \o-¡n-bn«pw D-¯-co-bw A-c-bnÂ sI-«n t]m-bn \-Jhpw sI-«n Nm-Sn A-
cbpw X-ebpw ap-dp-¡n N-{µ-lm-kw sXm-«p X-e-bnÂsh-¨p taÂ-¸-«-bv-¡v F-dn-ªp ]n-
Sn-¨p hn-f¡-¯p Nm-cn-\n-¶v ‘AtÃ, iqÀ-¸-WtJ, \n-¿v tX-cnÂ Ib-dn-bm-epw' F-¶p
Im-«n h-e-t¯m-t«-bv-¡p Xn-cn-ªp \n-¶v F-S-t¯m«p-t\m-¡n......”(A-tim-I-h-\n-Im¦w)
C-¯-c-¯n-em-Wv A-tim-I-h-\n-Im-¦-¯n-se `m-j. C-XnÂ \n¶pw a-{´m-¦-¯n-se `m-
jm-co-Xn B-«-{]-Im-c-B-Zy-co-Xn-bp-sS ap-I-fn-se-¸-Sn-bmbpw A-tim-I-h-\n-Im-¦-¯n-te-Xv
Xm-g-s¯-¸-Sn-bmbpw ]-cn-K-Wn-¡mw.
B-«-{]-Im-c-§-fn-se `m-jm-]-cam-b Im-cy-§sf C-{]-Im-cw t{Im-Uo-I-cn-¡mw.
 kw-{I-a-W-Ime-s¯ hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bm-Wv s]m-Xp-hm-bn Im-Wp¶Xv
 k-a-Im-e-Ir-Xn-I-fn-Â Im-Wp-¶Xp-t]m-se sN-´-an-gn-sâ A-Xn-{]k-ctam kw-kv-
Ir-X-`m-j-bp-sS A-an-X-kzm-[o-\tam Im-Wm³ I-gn-bp-¶nÃ.
 tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\n-bp-sS \-b-§Ä kw-`-hn-¨-Xpw kw-`-hn-¡m-¯-Xpam-b cq-]-§Ä
Im-Wm-³ I-gn-bp¶p.
Xm-e-hym-tZ-iw kw-`-hn-¨ cq-]w þ {]m-]n¨p, sh¨p
kz-c-kw-hc-Ww kw-`-hn-¨ cq-]w þ sh¨p, B-\
A-\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]k-cw kw-`-hn-¨Xpw kw-`-hn-¡m-¯-Xpam-b cq-]-§Ä Im-Wp-
¶p þ {_-mÒ-W-s\âp hn-fn-¡n³, \n-e-¯n-cp¶v, Pm-Xn-bnÂ h-¶
 ]p-cp-j-{]-Xy-b-k-ln-Xam-b {In-bm-cq-]§Ä
\n-cq-]n-¨mÄ, A-dn-bn-¨m³, sNm-¶m³
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 12

 a-[y-Im-e-a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ s]m-Xp-k-hn-ti-jXbmb ‘â' cq-]-§Ä hym-]-I-am-bn
{]-tbm-Kn-¨p-Im-Wp-¶p.
sNâp, \nâp
 X-an-gv ]-Z-§fpw {]-tbm-K-§fpw Im-Wp¶p
A-dn´p
 B-Zn-kz-cmK-aw h-¶Xpw h-cm-¯-Xpam-b cq-]-§Ä Im-Wp¶p.
Cc-v þ cv, C-cm-Pm-hv þ cm-Pmhv
 kw-kv-Ir-X-hm-Iy-L-S-\-bp-sS kzm-[o-\-ap-Å-Xn-\mÂ ZoÀ-L-§fm-b hm-Iy-§Ä
{]-tbm-Kn-¨p-Im-Wp¶p.
 B-[p\n-I a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâXm-b hn-`-àn{]-tbm-K-§Ä Im-Wp-¶p
“sN-´-an-gn-sâbpw kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-sâbpw kv]À-iw A-[n-I-anÃm-sX hy-h-lm-
c`m-j kr-ãn-¡m³ {i-an-¨ kz-X-{´-km-ln-Xy-`m-j-bp-sS B-Zy-s¯ cq-]-am-bn B-«-{]-
Im-c-¯n-se K-Zy-s¯ K-Wn-¡m-hp-¶-XmWv” F-¶ kn.FÂ. Bâ-Wn-bp-sS A-`n-{]mb-
s¯ km-[q-I-cn-¡m³ ]-cym-]v-X-am-Wv B-«-{]-Im-c§Ä. “C-¯-c-¯nÂ h-¼n¨ tXm-Xn-
Â H-cp K-Zy-km-lnXyw `m-j-bv-¡v Iq-Sn-bm-«w h-gn ]-pX-s¶ e-`n-¨n-«p-v.... `mj-sb
kw-_-Ôn-¨v H-cp h-kvXp-X \n-Êw-i-b-am-bn sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-
¯n\pw B-Zy-s¯ B-«-{]-Im-c-{K-Ù-§Ä¡pw X-½nÂ c-p i-X-I-¯nÂ Iq-Sp-XÂ
Im-e-hy-Xym-k-anÃ F-¶n«pw B-Zy-t¯Xp X-an-gv-a-b-am-bpw c-m-a-s¯ C-\-¯nÂ s]-
«h X-an-gv¨p-h I-gn-hp-Ån-S-t¯m-fw ]-cn-l-cn¨pw \nÀ-½n-¡-s¸-«p Im-Wp¶-Xv A-h X-an-
gv hn-{]-Xn]-¯n tXm-¶n-¯p-S-§n-bn-cp-¶ \-¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ kw-`m-j-W-`m-j-tbm-S-Sp-¸n-¨v c-
Nn-¨-Xn-\m-em-sW-¶v H-cp hn-[w XoÀ-¨-s¸-Sp-¯m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv” F-¶n-§-s\-bpÅ D-Åq-
cn-sâ A-`n-{]m-bw B-«-{]-Im-c-§-fn-se hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bn-te-¡mWv Du-¶p-¶Xv. cm-P-`m-
jbm-b sN-´-an-gnÂ \n-¶pÅ tam-N-\-am-Wv B-«-{]I-c-¯nepw {I-a-Zo-]n-I-bnepw Im-
Wp-¶Xv. C-h-bn-se `m-jm-N-cn-{X-{]m-[m-\y-am-Wv C-Xv hy-à-am-¡p-¶Xv.
 \-¼ym-´-an-gv
13þmw i-X-I-t¯m-sS ]pcm-W I-YI-sf hm-Nn-I-am-bn A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶ ‘]mT-Iw'
B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡-s¸«p. kw-kv-Ir-X-`m-jm-\`n-Ú-·mcm-b Im-Wn-IÄ t£-{X-I-e-I-fnÂ
Xm-Xv-]cyw {]-I-Sn-¸n-t¡ ip-²-kw-kv-Ir-X-`m-jm-]-Z-§Ä H-gn-hm-¡n \m-«p-`mjm-KZyw
{]_-Ôw ]-d-¨n-en-\v kzo-I-cn¨p. tI-c-f-`m-j-bp-sSbpw kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-sâbpw H-cp an-
{i-cq-]-am-Wv \-¼ym-´-angv. H-cp X-cw X-an-gv X-s¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p A-h-bn-se `m-j. \-¼ym-
·m-cm-Wv \m-«p-`m-jm-K-Zy-¯nÂ C¯-cw Ir-Xn-IÄ c-Nn¨-Xv F-¶Xp-sIm-v Chsb ‘\-
¼ym-´-angv' F-¶ t]-cv hn-fn-¡p¶p. ar-Zw-Ktam angmthm sIm-«p-¶ amÀ-±w-Kn-I-cm-Wv \-
¼ym-·mÀ F-¶-Xn-\mÂ A-h-cp-sS `m-jm -c-N-\Isf ‘amÀ-±w-Kn-I-·m-cp-sS X-angv' F-¶m-
Wv eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³ hn-ti-jn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
Nm-Iym³-am-cp-sS Iq-¯n\pw Iq-Sn-bm-«-¯n\pw ]pd-sa km-am-\y-P-\§-sf D-t±in-
¨v \-¼ym-·mcpw aäpw \S¯n-bn-cp¶ ]p-cm-W-I-Ym-IY-\w G.Un. 14þmw \q-äm-n-sâ
]qÀ-ÆmÀ-²-¯n-se-¦nepw B-cw-`n-¨n-cn-¡Ww. F-s´-¶mÂ B \q-äm-n-sâ D-¯-cmÀ-
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 13
²-¯nÂ hn-c-Nn-Xam-b eo-em-Xn-e-I-¯n-sâ {]-Y-a-in-ev-]-¯nÂ amÀ-±w-Kn-I-·m-cp-sS X-an-
gn-s\ ]-än {]-kv-Xm-hn-¨p-Im-Wp-¶p-v. “`m-jm-kw-kv-Ir-X-tbm-tKm-a-Wn-{]-hmfw” F-¶
a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-sâ \nÀ-Æ-N-\-a-\p-k-cn-¨v t]-cn-s\-¦nepw hn-`-ày-´-kw-kv-Ir-X]-Zw
\nÀ-_-Ô-am-sW-¶v B-Nm-cy³ hy-à-am-¡p¶p. kw-kv-Ir-Xw hn-`-ày-´-am-bn-«nÃm-¯-
Xn-\mÂ B-Nm-cy³ \-¼ym-´-an-gn-s\ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-hn-`m-K-¯nÂ-s]-Sp-¯p-¶nÃ. C-Xm-Wv
\-¼ym-´-angpw a-Wn-{]-hm-fhpw X-½n-epÅ {]-[m-\-hy-Xym-kw. taÂ-¸-d-ª-XnÂ
\n¶pw \-¼ym-·mÀ I-Ym-I-Y-\-¯n-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶ hn-ti-j-hy-h-lm-c`m-j kw-
kvIr-X ]-Z-§Ä [m-cm-f-am-bn-t¨-À-¶ \o-N-cm-P-`m-j-bn-em-sW-¶v hy-à-am-Ip¶p. F-
¦nepw Nm-IymÀ-Iq-¯ph-gn k-t½-fn-¨v cq-]-sa-Sp-¯ an-{i-km-ln-Xy-`mj-sb kaÀ-°-am-
bn km-[m-c-Wo-I-cn-¡m³ \-¼ym-·m-cp-sS ]mT-I-¯n-\v I-gn-ªp. Cu \-¼ym-´-an-gv
G.Un. 14þmw \q-äm-n-sâ a-[y-L-«w-ap-XÂ 17þmw \q-äm-n-sâ B-cw-`-Im-ew-h-sc-bp-Å
kw-{I-a-W-Im-e-L-«-¯nÂ G-sd ]-cn-hÀ-¯\-§-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn K-Zy-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS \nÀ-½m-
W-¯n-\p-th- km-ln-Xy-`m-j-bm-bn \n-e-\n-¶n-cp¶p. X-·qew F.Un. 14 ap-XÂ 17þmw
\q-äm-p-h-sc-bp-Å `m-jm-kw-{I-a-W-Im-e-§-fn-se K-Zy-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ \-¼ym-an-gn-sâ hn-
hn-[-cq-]-§-fm-Wv Im-Wp-¶Xv. \-¼ym-´-an-gv Ir-Xn-I-fm-bn \-ap-¡v In-«n-bn-«pÅ-Xv {_-Òm-
Þ-]p-cmWw, Aw-_co-tjm-]m-Jym\w, \-tfm-]m-Jym\w, tZ-ho-am-lm-ßyw, kp-{Ko-h-m`n-
tj-Iw F-¶n-h-bmWv.
kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-sâ t{]-c-Wm-i-àn-b-[n-I-anÃm-sX \-¼ym-´-an-gnÂ \nÀ-½n-X-am-bn-
«p-Å K-Zy-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv tZ-ho-am-lm-ßyw. G.Un. 14þmw \q-äm-n-se im-k-\-§fn-sebpw
{_-Òm-Þ-]p-cm-Wm-Zn K-Zy-Ir-Xn-I-fn-sebpw `m-jm-coXn-tbmSv Cu Ir-Xn-¡v A-Sp-¯ _-
Ô-apv. X-·qew Cu {K-Ùw G.Un. 14þmw i-X-I-¯nÂ X-s¶ hn-c-Nn-X-am-sb-¶p I-
cp-Xm-hp-¶-XmWv. \-¼ym-´-an-gn-se `m-jm-]-c-am-b Im-cy-§Ä a-\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-
thn Cu Ir-Xn-bn-se `m-Kw Xm-sg D-²-cn-¡p¶p:
“C-Æ®-ta B-\bpw tXcpw Im-em-fp-aw-Kc-£-tbmSpw Iq-S-¯n-¶n-â Ime-¯p k-
Ôp-¡fpw X-e-tbmSpw Iq-S-\p-dp-§nâ-Im-e-¯pm-In-tâm-scm-¨-sb-Æ-®-sa-¦nÂ {]m-
hrÄ-¡m-e-¯p sh-Ån-Sn-sh-«pw IW-s¡ tIÄ-¡m-InânXp. _m-lp-¡-fmÂ-¨n-ehp-
sImp i-c{]-tbm-Kw sh-®nâq. B-\-sb-Sp-¯-dn-ªp tXÀ \p-dp-¡nâq, Ip-Xn-c-sIm-
cp-[n-cw Ip-Sn-¡nâq. B-ss\-sb-Sp-¯-½m-\-bm-Snâq. Imem-ssf-s¡âm-cm-[n-Inâq..
C-{]-Imc-sa `-{Z-Im-fn-bp-sS hn-kva-bw I-p tZ-h-IÄ \nân-Xp.”
\-¼ym-´-an-gnÂ A-¡me-¯p Im-Wp-¶ {]-tXy-I-X-I-fnÂ-\n-¶v H«pw am-dn-\nÂ-¡p-
¶nÃ Cu Ir-Xn-bpw. ‘cm-Pm-hp-f³', ‘A-h-â-¶p-sS', ‘G-tX\p-sam-cp Zpx-Jw', ‘tIÄ-
t¸mbmI', ‘`-£n-¸q-sXâ-[y-h-kn-¨v', ‘C-Xp-Im-Wm', ‘_m-es¨-dn-b-\mÄ', ‘I-\ym-hv',
‘Rm§Ä' Xp-S§n-b {]-tbm-K-§fpw cq-]-§fpw X-s¶ A-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-§Ä - .
1. kw-kv-Ir-X-kzm-[o-\w hy-à-am-Wv
2. kw-kv-Ir-X-kzm-[o-\w \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-t¼mgpw \m-«p-`m-j-bp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ ap-¶n-
«v \nÂ-¡p¶p.
DZm. sh-Ån-Sn-sh«pw
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 14
3. tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\n-bp-sS B-dp-\-b-§-fnÂ an-¡Xpw {]-mhÀ-¯n-I-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p
4. a-[y-Im-e-a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ {]-[m\-k-hn-ti-j-Xbm-b ‘â' {]-tbm-K-§Ä [m-cm-f-am-bn
Im-Wm³ I-gn-bp-¶p
DZm: tIÄ-¡nânXp, Ip-Sn-¡nâp, \p-dp-¡nâp
5. kz-c-kw-hc-Ww kw-`-hn-¡m-¯ cq-]-§-fpw, A-\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]k-cw kw-`-hn-¡m-
¯ cq-]-§fpw Im-Wp-¶pv.
B-ss\-sb-Sp-¯-½m-\-bm-Snâp, \nânXp
6. `m-j-bp-sS hÀ-®-X-e-¯nÂ Xn-I-ª A-hy-h-Øn-XXzw \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶p
7. enw-K-{]-Xy-§Ä B-[p-\n-I-`m-j-bnÂ \n¶pw G-sd hy-Xy-k-anÃm-sX \n-e-\nÂ-
¡p¶p. ‘A\p' ]pÃnw-K-{]-Xy-bam-bpw ‘AÄ' kv-{Xo-enw-K-{]-Xy-b-ambpw \n-e-\nÂ-
¡p-¶p
8. h-N-\-{]-Xy-§Ä-¡v C¶-s¯ `m-j-bnÂ \n¶pw hen-b hy-Xym-k-anÃ.
9. hn-`-àn-{]-Xy-§Ä B-[p\n-I a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ \n¶pw G-sd `n-¶-aÃ
10. \m-a-]-Z-§-fnepw {I-nbm-]-Z-§-fn-epw tI-c-f-`m-j-bp-sS kzm-[o-\-am-Wv Im-Wm³ I-gn-
bp-¶Xv.
11. kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-sâ hm-Iy-L-S-\m-kzm-[o-\w C-XnÂ {]-I-S-amWv. A-e-¦m-c-§fpw hÀ-
®-\-Ifpw k-a-kv-X-]-Z-§fpw A-Sp-¡n-t¨À-¯v hm-Iy-¯n-\v ssZÀLyw hÀ-²n-¸n-¡p-
¶ co-Xn C-XnÂ {]-I-S-amWv.
12. k-ap-¨-b-{]-Xybw ‘Dw' X-s¶-bm-Wv
13. hn-Iev-]{]-Xy-b-ambn ‘Hm'bv-¡p ]Icw ‘Xm³' \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶p
14. h-¨n-S¯p, h-t¨-S¯p, D-v, Hv, A-tÃm, FtÃm F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å hm-sam-gn-h-g-
¡-§Ä Im-Wp¶p.
C-{]-Im-cw `m-jm-]-c-ambpw hym-I-c-W-]-c-ambpw {]mNo-\ a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ kz-`m-h-§Ä
{]-ZÀ-in-¸n-¡p-¶ Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wn-h. kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-sâ-bpw X-an-gn-sâbpw kzm-[o-\-t¯m-
sSm-¸w X-s¶ C-h B-[p\n-I a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ kz-`m-h-§fpw {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡p¶p.
 {_-Òm-Þ-]p-cm-Ww
`m-jm-Iu-S-eo-bw H-ä-s¸-« K-Zy-am-Xr-I-bmWv. A-Xn-se `m-jm-kz-`m-hw {]-ZÀ-in-¸n-
¡p-¶ Ir-Xn-IÄ th-sd-bnÃ. `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-¯n-\v ti-jw K-Zy-¯n-sâ h-fÀ¨-sb Im-
Wn-¡p¶-Xv {_-Òm-Þ-]p-cm-Ww t]m-se-bp-Å \-¼ym-´-an-gv Ir-Xn-I-fmWv. {_-Òm-Þ-
]p-cm-Ww kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-se A-tX t]-cn-ep-Å Ir-Xn-bn-se H-cp `m-K-¯n-sâ hn-hÀ-¯-
\-am-Wv 14þmw \q-äm-n-sâ A-h-km-\-am-bn-cn¡-Ww c-N-\m-Imew. \nc-Ww I-hn-Ifn-sem-
cmfm-b cm-a-¸-Wn-¡-cm-Wv IÀ-¯m-hv F-s¶m-cp A-`n-{]m-b-apv. K-Zy-hn-Im-k-¯n-sâ H-
cp {]-[m-\-L«-s¯ {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-¿p-¶p F-¶ \n-e-bnÂ Cu Ir-Xn-¡v `m-jm-N-cn-
{X-¯nÂ {i-²mÀ-lam-b Øm-\-apv.
“{_-Òm-Þ-]p-cm-W-¯n-se `m-jm-co-Xn `q-X-hm-Iy-¯n-se coXn-tbm-fw kw-kv-Ir-
X-]-Z-_-lp-eaÃ. \-¼ym-´-an-gn-se k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ A-XnÂ-sX-fn-ªv Im-Wp-¶p-
apv.” F-¶n§-s\ kn.F-Â. BâWn A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-\v,
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 15

“]-c-ip-cm-a\pw `-K-hm-s\ \-a-kv-I-cn-¨p hn-P-b-am-Inâ hn-Â-]q-t«-In tXÀ-ta-te-dn
cm-Pm-hp H-tÅ-S-¯p t\m-¡n-\-S-¶m³. A-¡me-¯p C-cma-s\ Im-Wpâ cm-Pm-hp ImÀ-
¯-ho-cymÀ-Öp-\³ tIm-]-t¯mSpw Iq-Sn t\m-¡n-s¨m-¶m³: ‘`r-Kp-hw-i-PmX\m-sbm-
Å {_m-Ò-W-s\âp \n-s¶-s¡mÃm-sX hn-«n-Xp {]m-W-t\m-Spw. B-In-â-a-bmÂ
CcmaXpw Rm-s\m-sÅ-S-¯p h-¶p Nm-In-â-bm-InÂ sImÃn-s\p. {_-Ò-l-Xy-bnÃ
\n-t¶-s¡mân«p. \obpw \n-sâ \n-Xy-IÀ-aw sN-bv-X-shm-cp-¯³ AÃ. B-bp-[w ssI-
¿mepw bp-²w sN-bv-I-bmepw FâmÂ A-t\-I-am-bn-cw £-{Xn-b-sc-s¡mâp ho-c-l-¯n
\n-s¶-s¡mâp [À-a-§Ä sN-bv-Xp sIm-Ån-s\-p”.
1. A¶v {]Nm-c-¯n-ep-m-bn-cp¶ ‘{ZanU kwLm-Xm-£c \n_²-amb
hÀ®amebnÂ \n¶v hyXy-kvX-ambn {ZmhnU hÀ®§Ä¡p ]pdta kwkvIrX-
¯nÂ \n¶pÅ hÀ®§fpw IqSn tNÀ¯mWv {_Òm-WvU-]p-cmWw KZyw cNn-¨n-
cn-¡p-¶Xv.
2. tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\n-bp-sS \-b-§Ä A-[n-Ihpw {]-mhÀ-¯n-I-am-bn-cn-¡p¶-Xp ImWmw
3. Xm-e-hym-tZ-iw h-¶ cq]-§s-f C-Xn-epÅq
{]m]-n¨p, h-¨p
4. B-ss\, ssh-¯p F-¶o cq-]-§-fÃ a-dn-¨v B-\, sh-¨p F-¶n§-s\ kz-c-kw-hc-
Ww h-¶ cq-]-§-fm-Wv C-XnÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv.
5. A-\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]k-cw kw-`-hn-¡m-¯Xpam-b cq-]-§Ä Im-Wp¶p. ‘\n-¶p-sS',
‘k-¶²³' ap-Xem-b ]-Z-§-fnÂ ‘¶' F-gp-Xn Im-Wp-¶p-s-¦nepw {In-bm-]-Z-§-
fnÂ ‘sNâp, \nâp' F-¶n§s\ ‘â' tNÀ-¶ cq-]-§fpw Im-Wp-¶pv. ‘sN-¶m³'
t]m-ep-Å cq-]-§fpw Im-Wp¶p.
6. ]p-cp-j-t`-Z-\n-cm-kw ]qÀ-®-ambpw C-XnÂ kw-`-hn-¨p-I-gn-ªn-«nÃ. \n-cq-]n-¨mÄ, A-
dn-bn-¨m³, sNm-¶m³ F-¶n§-s\ ]p-cp-j-{]-Xy-§-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn {In-bm-cq-]-§-fm-Wv
Iq-Sp-X-em-bn Im-Wp-¶Xv.
7. a-[y-Im-e-a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ k-hn-ti-j-Xbm-b ‘â' cq-]§Ä Cu Ir-Xn-bnÂ hym-]-I-
am-bn {]-tbm-Kn-¨p I
- m-Wp¶p.
sNâp, \nâp F-¶n§s\ ‘â' tNÀ-¯ {In-bm-]-Z-§Ä-¡m-Wv ap³-Xq¡w.
8. \m-a-]-Z-§fpw {In-bm-]-Z-§-fpw tI-c-f-`m-j-bp-sS kz-`m-hw {]-I-Sn-¸n-¨p Im-Wp¶p.
AÀ, IÄ F-¶o _-lp-h-N-\-§Ä tNÀ-¯v A-hÀ-IÄ F-¶ ]q-P-I-_-lp-hN-\w
{]tbm-Kn-¨p Im-Wp-¶p
9. ‘A³' X-s¶-bm-Wv ]pÃnw-K-{]-Xy-bw
ZqX³, ]p-{X³
10. B-Zn-kz-cmK-aw h-¶Xpw h-cm-¯-Xpam-b cq-]-§Ä Im-Wp¶p. ‘C-cma³' F-¶ ]-Z-
¯nÂ X-an-gv co-Xn-b-\p-k-cn-¨v ]qÀ-Æ-kz-cw tNÀ-¯n-cn-¡p¶p. F-¶mÂ ‘cm-Pmhv'
F¶ ]-Z-¯nÂ tN-cp-¶nÃ.
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11. kw-kv-Ir-X-co-Xn-bn-ep-Å hm-IyL-S-\ C-XnÂ ]-e-bn-S¯pw Im-Wmw. cm-Pm-hn-\p-WÀ-
¯p-I. Atbm-²ysb {]m-]n¨p, cm-Pm-hn-\mÂ tXmÂ-¡-s¸-«p, cm-Py-¯n--¶p sNâp
ap-Xem-b {]-tbm-K-§Ä A-Xm-Wv Im-Wn-¡p-¶Xv.
12. hn-`-àn-{]-Xy-b-§Ä an-¡-hmdpw B-[p-\n-`m-j-bn-te-XpX-s¶ {]-Xn-{Km-ln-Im-{]-Xy-
bam-b ‘F' (cm-Pm-hns\, \-K-cs¯) D-t±-in-Im-{]-Xy-bam-b ‘¡pv' ‘¶v' (Xn-cp-h-Sn¡v,
cm-Py-¯n¶v) kw-_-Ôn-Im {]-Xy-bam-b ‘D-sS' (cm-Pm-¡-fpsS) {]-tbm-Pn-Im-{]-Xy-
bam-b ‘BÂ' (cm-Pm-hn-\mÂ) F-¶o hn-`àn-{]-Xy-b-§Ä tNÀ-¶ cq-]-§-fm-Wp
kmÀ-Æ-{Xn-I-am-bn Im-Wp-¶-Xv.
13. H-Å, F-Sw F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å hm-sam-gn cq-]-§Ä
14. B-Inâ-a-bmÂ, Nm-Inâ-bm-InÂ, sN-bv-shm-cp-¯³ F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å hn-e-£-W-cq-
]-§Ä Im-Wp¶p.
15. k-ap-¨-b-{]-Xybw ‘Dw' X-s¶-bm-Wv
16. hn-I-ev-]-{]-Xy-bamb ‘Hm'bv-¡p ]-I-cw ‘Xm³' B-Wv km-[m-c-W {]-tbm-Kn-¨p Im-
Wp-¶-Xv.
a-cn-¡-Xm³
17. H-«p-hf-sc kw-kvIr-X ]-Z{]-tbm-K-§fpw ssi-en-Ifpw ImWmw---hkv-{X-i-b-\m-Zo\n,
hn-kv-X-tc-W-Iq-Xp-l-en¨p.
18. A-]qÀ-Æ-§fm-b ]-Z{]-tbm-K-§Ä D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p Im-Wp¶p
Df³, IpiÂ, s]-cp-aw, ]n-gp-Ip-I, ]-em-Xn
19. X-an-gv ]-Z{]-tbm-K-§Ä D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p Im-Wp¶p
ap-Snbp-tam, F-\¡p, A-dn´p, \n-ssd-´p
20. B, B-sX F¶n-h tNÀ-¯v \n-tj-[-{In-b-IÄ D-m-¡p-¶p.
hmcm, A-dn-bmÀ, a-d-hm-sX
21. Rm§Ä, F§Ä, Xmw, Ahp, A-hcÄ, A-hn-ä F-¶n-h-sbm-gn-¨p-Å kÀ-Æ-\m-a-
§Ä C¶-s¯ `m-j-bn-teXp-t]m-se-Xs¶.
22. k-ap-¨-b-{]-Xy-bam-b ‘Dw' tN-cp-t¼mÄ ‘a'Imcw ‘h' Im-c-am-bn am-dp-¶ k-Ôn-hn-
Im-cw {_-Òm-Þ-]p-cm-Ww `m-j-bnÂ kw-`-hn-¨p-Im-Wp¶p. hw-i-hpw, B-bp-[-hpw
F-¶nh D-Zm-l-cWw.
{_-Òm-Þ-]p-cm-Ww `m-j-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]-Þn-Xm-`n-{]m-b-§Ä
“..........C-Xn-se {Zm-hn-U-]-Z-{]m-Np-cyw B-Ëm-Z-{]-Zhpw B-tem-N-\m-]-c-hp-am-Wv... ssIc-
fn {Zm-hn-U-n-bp-sS ]-Sn-bnÂ \n-¶v ]-Xp-s¡-¸-Xp-s¡ AI-¶p ssKÀ-hmWn-tbm-sSm-¯n-
W-§n-¯p-S§n-b H-cp L-«-¯n-em-Wv {_-Òm-Þ-]p-cm-W-¯n-sâ D-Xv-]-¯n...Cu K-Zy-
Ir-Xn {]m-No-\-K-Zy-km-ln-Xy-¯n-se þX-an-gv {]-`m-h-Ime-s¯ þ H-cp A-aq-ey-\n-[n-
bmWv....” (Sn.Fw.Np½À)
“`m-jm-Iu-S-eo-bm-Zn-I-fp-sS Im-ew I-gn-ªv {]-Xy-b-]-c-ambpw a-äp-am-bn a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ
D-m-b {]-[m-\-am-ä-§-fp-sS km-am-\y-kz-cq-]w {_-Òm-Þ-]p-cm-W-¯nÂ \n-¶-dn-bmw.
F-¶mÂ, 15þmw i-X-I-¯n-sâ B-Zy-]m-Z-¯nÂ þ A-XmWv Cu Ir-Xn-bp-sS D-Xv-]-¯n-
Im-e-sa-¶v I-ev-]n-¨mÂ X-s¶ þ C-tX K-Zy-co-Xn-bn-em-Wv FÃm hn-j-b-§fpw F-gp-Xm³
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 17
B-fp-IÄ D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶-sX-¶v I-cp-Xn-¡q-Sm. K-Zy-Ir-Xn-IÄ c-Nn-¸m³ ]-Þn-X-·mÀ
D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶ H-cp D-bÀ-¶X-cw km-ln-Xy-`m-j-bm-bn-cn¡-Ww C-Xn-e-S-§p-¶Xv, A-
Xv kw-kvIr-X {]-Np-am-sW¶-Xv Xn-I¨pw kzm-`mhn-I-am-Wp-Xm\pw”.
(sI.F³.F-gp-¯Ñ³)
“....ln-µp-K-Zy-sa-¶v A-\y-Ym hn-fn-¡m-hp-¶ a-[y-Im-e-K-Zy-¯n-sâ k-am-\y-kz-`m-h-§-
sfÃmw [m-cm-fw Im-Wn-¡p-¶ H-cp \-¼ym-´-an-gv {K-Ù-am-Wv {_-Òm-Þ-]p-cmWw”.
(]n.hn.th-em-bp-[³ ]nÅ)
 a-ebm-f`m-j -`m-jmIu-S-eo-b-¯nepw {_-Ò-Þ-]p-cm-W-¯nepw
cm-P-`m-jbm-b X-an-gn-sâbpw ]-Þn-X-`m-jbm-b kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-sâbpw k-½À-±-
§Ä-¡v hn-t[-bam-b `m-j-bm-Wv `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-¯nÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv. C-¡m-c-W-¯mÂ
hym-I-c-W-]-cam-b Xn-I-ª A-cm-P-IXzhpw A-hy-h-Øn-X-Xzhpw C-XnÂ Im-Wmw.
C§-s\ [m-cm-fw ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fp-s-¦nepw AÀ-°-im-kv{Xw t]m-se _-lp-X-e-kv-]À-
inbm-b hn-j-b-kz-`m-h-apÅ H-cp im-kv-{X-{KÙ-s¯ hym-Jym-\n-¡m³ ]m-I-¯n-\v
12þmw \q-äm-n-se a-ebm-f KZyw ]-cym-]v-X-am-bn-cp¶p. a-ebm-f K-Zy-`m-j `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-
b-¯nÂ \n-¶v {_-Òm-Þ-]p-cm-W-¯n-te-s¡-¯p-t¼mÄ G-sd am-ä-§Ä kw-`-hn-¨-Xm-
bn Im-Wmw.
1. tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\n-bp-sS B-dv \-b-§Ä kw-`-hn-¨ cq-]-§fpw kw-`-hn-¡m-¯ cq-]-
§fpw `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-¯nÂ Im-Wmw. B-dp \-b-§-fp-sS Im-cy-¯nÂ Im-Wp-¶ \n-
d-ª A-hy-h-Øn-X-Xz-¯n-\v G-sd am-äw {_-Òm-Þ-]p-cm-Ww K-Zy-¯nÂ F-¯p-
t¼mÄ Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw. tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\n-bp-sS \-b-§-fnÂ A-[n-Ihpw kw-`-hn-¨
cq-]-am-Wv C-XnÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv.
2. k-ap-¨-b-\n-]m-Xam-b a-Im-cw h-Im-c-am-Ip-¶ C¶-s¯ co-Xn `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-Ime-
¯v \-S-¸n-em-bn-cp-¶nÃ. ‘]-Sbpw `m-Þm-c-hpw- sImv' F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å `m-jm-co-
Xn-bm-W-XnÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv. F-¶mÂ {_-Òm-Þ-]p-cm-W¯nÂ ‘a’-Im-c-¯n-\v ‘h-’Im-
c-¯nsâ k-Ônhn-Im-cw kw-`-hn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. hw-ihpw B-bp-[hpw F¶n-h D-Zm-l-
cWw.
3. {]-Xn-{Km-lnIm {]-Xy-b-am-bn ‘sF' D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xp-t]mse \ne-hm-c-s¸-Sm-¯
hn`-àn {]-Xy-b-§fm-Wv 12þmw \q-äm-nÂ Im-W-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. F-¶mÂ 14þmw \q-äm-
n-se {_-Òm-Þ-]p-cmW-`m-j-bnÂ B-[p-\n-I-`m-j-tbm-Sv kmayw tXm-¶p-¶ X-c-
¯n-ep-Å hn-`-àn-{]-Xy-b-§-fm-Wv Im-Wm³ km-[n¡p-¶Xv. {]-Xn-{Km-ln-Im-{]-Xy-
bam-b ‘F' (cm-Pm-hns\, \-K-cs¯) D-t±-in-Im-{]-Xy-bam-b ‘¡pv' ‘¶v' (Xn-cp-h-Sn¡v,
cm-Py-¯n¶v) kw-_-Ôn-Im {]-Xy-bam-b ‘D-sS' (cm-Pm-¡-fpsS) {]-tbm-Pn-Im-{]-Xy-
bam-b ‘BÂ' (cm-Pm-hn-\mÂ) F-¶o hn-`àn-{]-Xy-b-§Ä tNÀ-¶ cq-]-§-fm-Wp
kmÀ-Æ-{Xn-I-am-bn Im-Wp-¶-Xv.
4. ]-g-b-k-Ôn-\n-b-a-§Ä X-cn-km-¸-Ån-im-k-\-¯nÂ Im-Wp-¶Xp-t]m-se `m-jm-Iu-S-
eo-b-¯nepw Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw. Np-s«-gp-¯p-IÄ-¡v ti-jw kz-cw-h-cp-t¼mÄ ‘h'
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 18

Im-cmK-aw hcpw F-¶ k-Ôn-\nb-aw im-k-\-§-fnepw `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-¯nepw ]men-
¨p Im-Wp¶p.
‘C-Æn-c-n-\pS-b' F¶-Xv D-Zm-l-cWw.
F-¶mÂ C-{]-Im-c-apÅ k-Ôn-\n-b-a-§Ä {_-Òm-Þ-]p-cm-Ww K-Zy-¯nÂ Im-Wp-
¶nÃ.
5. â, ¦ {]-tbm-K-§f - p-sS B-[nIyw `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-¯nÂ Im-Wmw. D-Zm-l-c-Ww ]-
£¦Ä, hÀ-W-¦Ä-¡pw, B-{i-a-¦Ä-¡pw, h-\y-¦-fm-bp-Å, N-S¦v, B-lm-c-saân-h,
Fâp-Å. F-¶mÂ A-\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn{]k-cw kw-`-hn-¨ cq]-§fpw `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-
¯nÂ Im-Wp-¶p Im-Wp-¶p-s-¦nepw ]Z§-fnÂ A-\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]k-cw kw-`-
hn-¨v Im-Wp-¶p-s-¦nepw {In-bm-]-Z-§-fnÂ a-²yIm-e-a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-sS {]-tXy-I-
Xbm-b ‘â' cq-]-§Ä {_-Òm-Þ-]p-cm-W-¯nÂ hym-]-I-am-bn Im-Wmw.
6. {_-Òm-Þ-]p-cmW-s¯ A-t]-£n-¨v {]-No-\-]-Z{]-tbm-K-§Ä Iq-Sp-X-em-bn-¡m-
Wp¶-Xv `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-¯n-emWv.
7. im-k-\-§-fnÂ \n¶pw `n-¶-ambn ‘E' F-¶ kz-cw kz-X-{´-cq-]-¯nÂ `m-jm-Iu-S-
eo-b-¯nÂ {]-tbm-Kn¨p Im-Wp¶p. C§-s\ hÀ-®-am-e-bnÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-kzm-[o-\w
Im-Wp-t¼mgpw X-Û-h-cq-]-§fpw `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-¯nÂ Im-Wmw. ]-Z-§fpw ssi-en-
I-fpw {]-tbm-K-§-fp-saÃmw X-an-gn-sâbpw kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-sâbpw tI-c-f-`m-j-bp-
sSbpw ap-d-bv-¡mWv. {_-Òm-Þ-]p-cm-W-¯n-te-s¡-¯p-t¼mÄ `m-j Ip-sd-¡q-Sn
sN-´-an-gnÂ \n-¶I-¶v kw-kv-Ir-X-t¯m-Sv A-Sp-¡p¶-Xp Im-Wmw.
C-{]-Im-cw a-[yIm-e a-e-bm-f-K-Zy-¯n-se `m-j `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-¯nÂ \n¶pw hy-
Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cn-¡p¶p. “A-¡me-s¯ im-k-\-§-fn-epw 12þmw i-X-I-¯nÂ hnc-Nn-Xam-
b Iu-S-eo-b-¯n-epw hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bp-sS {]-I-Sam-b hym]-\w Im-Wmw. Iu-S-eo-b-¯n-
se hmIy-ssi-en-bpw hn-`-àn-{]-Xybm-Zn-I-fpw k-Ôn-Im-cy-§fpw a-äp hym-I-c-W-Im-cy-
§fpw C-Xn-\v th-{X sX-fn-hmWv”. F-¶n§-s\ ]n.hn th-em-bp-[³ ]n-Å A-`n-{]m-
b-s¸-Sp-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw im-k-`m-j-tbm-Sv km-Zriyw ]p-eÀ-¯p-¶ `m-jm-co-Xn-bm-Wv `m-
jm-Iu-S-eo-b-¯nÂ Im-Wp-¶-sX-¶v hyàw. CXv {]m-No-\ a-e-bm-f-K-Zy-km-ln-Xy-¯n-
sâ kz-`m-h-am-Wv Im-Wn-¡p-¶Xv. C-XnÂ \n¶pw Xn-I¨pw hn-`n-¶am-b cmw L-«-am-
Wv {_-Òm-Þ-]p-cm-Ww K-Zy-¯nÂ Im-Wm³ I-gn-bp-¶Xv. a-[yIm-e a-e-bm-f-K-Zy-¯n-
sâ km-am-\y -kz-`m-h-§-sfÃmw [m-cm-fw Im-Wn-¡p-¶ Ir-Xn-bm-Wv {_-Òm-Þ-]p-
cmWw. “`m-jm-Iu-S-eo-bm-Zn-I-fp-sS Im-ew I-gn-ªv {]-Xy-b-]-c-am-bpw a-äp-am-bn a-e-bm-
f-¯nÂ Dm-b {]-[m-\-am-ä-§-fp-sS km-am-\y -kz-cq-]w {_-Òm-Þ-]p-cm-W-¯nÂ \n-
¶-dn-bmw”. C-{]-Im-cw sI.F³.F-gp-¯-Ñ³ ]-d-bp-¶-Xn-eq-sS C-cp Ir-Xn-Ifpw c-p
Im-e-L«-s¯ Ip-dn-¡p-¶ K-Zy-Ir-Xn-I-sf-¶v hy-à-am-Ip¶p. C-{]-Im-cw `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-
bhpw {_-Òm-Þ-]p-cm-Whpw a-e-bm-f-K-Zy-hn-Im-k-¯n-sâ {]m-No-\L-«-s¯bpw a-²y-
Im-e-L-«-s¯bpw {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p¶p.
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ap³Im-e-hÀj-tNm-Zy-§Ä
1. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ K-Zy-Ir-Xn-bm-bn I-cp-Xn-h-cp-¶ '`m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b'¯n-se
`m-j-sb-¡p-dn-¨v NÀ-¨-sN-¿pI. (2017)
2. \-¼ym-´-an-gn-se `m-jm-]-cam-b k-hn-ti-j-X-I-sf-s´Ãmw? (2017)
3. a-ebm-f K-Zy-¯n-sâ h-fÀ-¨-bp-sS H-cp kp-{]-[m-\-L-«-s¯-bm-Wv `m-jm-Iu-S-eo-bw {]-Xn-
\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv. NÀ-¨-sN-¿pI. (2016)
4. `mjm-Iu-S-eo-b-¯nse KZyw am\-Io-I-c-W-¯n-te¡v \o§n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p¶ `mj-bpsS
BZy-L-«-s¯-bmWv {]Xn-\n-Zm\w sN¿p¶Xv F¶ A`n-{]mbw kzoIm-cy-amtWm?
(2015)
5. a[yIm-e a-ebm-f `m-j-bn-epm-b kw-kvIr-X hym-]-\-am-Wv B-[p\n-I a-e-bm-f-¯n-\v cq-
]w sIm-Sp-¯-sX-¶p-Å A-`n-{]m-bw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. (2015)
6. `mjm-Iu-Seo-b-¯n-tâbpw {_Òm-WvU-]p-cm-W-¯n-tâbpw `mjm]c-amb {]tXy-I-X-
IÄ hnh-cn-¡pI? (2014)
7. B«-{]-Im-c-¯n-tâbpw {Ia-Zo-]n-I-bp-tSbpw `mjm-N-cn-{X-{]m-[m-\y-sa´v? (2013-C)
8. \¼ym-´-an-gnsâ `mjm-kz-`mhw hni-Zo-I-cn-¡pI? (2013-C)
9. G.Un ]¯mw \qäm-n\p ap¼pÅ enJn-X-am-Xr-I-IÄ ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯pI? (2013)
10. ‘`mjm-Iu-S-eobw’ IuS-eo-b-¯nsâ hnhÀ¯-\tam hymJym-\tam? (2013)
11. a-ebm-f `m-j-bp-sS h-fÀ-¨-bnÂ kw-kv-Ir-Xw h-ln-¨ ]-s¦´v? (2013)
12. ]mÝm-Xy k-¼À-¡-¯n-\p ap-¼pX-s¶ a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ Im-cy-ti-jn-bp-Å KZyw hn-I-kn-¨n-
cp-¶p F-¶p A-h-Im-i-s¸Sm-tam? F-´p-sIm-v? (2012)
13. B«-{]-Im-cw, {Ia-Zo-]nI Ch-bpsS kmay-hy-Xym-k-§Ä hyà-am¡n, ae-bmf KZy-kzcq-
]-hp-ambn Ch F§s\ _Ô-s¸-Sp-¶p-sh¶v ]cn-tim-[n-¡pI? (2011-C)
14. a[y-Ime ae-bmf KZy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS `mjm-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-IÄ hnh-cn¨v Cu `mj,
`mjm-Iu-Seob `mj-bnÂ \n¶pw hyXn-cn-à-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv F{]-Im-c-sa¶v Nqn-¡m-
Wn-¡pI? (2010)
15. ae-bmf KZy-¯nsâ hfÀ¨-bnse Hcp kp{]-[m-\-L-«-s¯-bmWv ‘`mjm-Iu-S-eobw’
{]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. NÀ¨ sN¿pI? (2009, 2007)
16. `mjm-IuS-eo-bhpw {_Òm-WvU-]p-cm-Whpw ae-bmf KZy hnIm-k-¯nsâ cp L«-
§sf {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p¶p F¶ hmZw icn-bmtWm? (2008)
17. `mjm-Iu-S-eobw {]mNo\ ae-bmf KZy-`m-j-bpsS ]qÀ®X sh-fn-hm-¡p¶p F¶v
kaÀ°n-¡pI? (2007)
18. a-ebm-f hn-Im-k-¯n-sâ c-p L-«-§-sf-bmWv ‘`m-jm-Iu-S-eo-b-hpw' {_-Òm-Þ-]p-cm-W
K-Zyhpw kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. k-aÀ-°n-¡p-I. (2006)
19. `m-jm-kw-{I-a-W-hm-Zw F-¶Xp-sIm-v s{]m-^. kn.FÂ. Bâ-Wn hn-h-£n-¡p-¶-sX-´v?
(2006)
20. \¼ym-´-angpw aWn-{]-hm-fhpw X½n-epÅ hyXymkw NÀ¨ sN¿pI? (2005)
21. `mjm-Iu-S-eobw ae-bmf KZy-`m-j-bpsS {][m-\-s¸« \mgn-I-¡-Ãm-sW¶v kaÀ°n-
¡pI? (2002)
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a-ebmfw
bqWoävþaq¶v (1)
`mjm-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-IÄ: ]m\, Infn-¸m-«v, XpÅÂ
]m\
ae-bm-f-¯nse {]mNo\ Imhy-§-fpsS Iq«-¯nÂ kam-Z-c-Wo-b-amb Hcp
Øm\w ]m\-¸m-«p-IÄ¡p-v. tIc-f-¯nse t£{Xm-\p-jvSm-\-§-fnÂ {][m-\-s¸«
H¶mWv ]m\-¸m-«v. XpÅ-emWv AXnsâ apJy-amb NS§v. ]m\-¡mÀ XpÅp-t¼mÄ
kvtXm{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dp-v. XpÅ-ensâ Xmf-¯n\v CW-§p¶ B kvtXm{X-
amWv ]m\. B coXn-b-\p-k-cn¨v ]nev¡m-e¯v cNn-¡-s¸-«ncn¡p¶ IrXn-I-fmWv
]m\-IÄ. ae-bm-f-¯nÂ Cu {]Øm-\-¯nÂ BZy-ambn Imhy-c-N\ \S-¯n-bXv
]q´m-\w \¼q-Xn-cn-bm-Wv.
 tIc-f-¯nsâ kmwkvIm-cn-I-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ ]q´m-\-¯nsâ Øm\w
IoÀ¯-\-km-ln-Xy-¯nsâ D¯-a-am-Xr-I-bmb ]m\-¸m-«p-I-fpsS D]-Úm-Xm-
hmWv ]q´m-\w. taÂ¸-¯qÀ \mcm-b-W-`-«-Xn-cn-bpsS ka-Im-en-I-\mb ]q´m\w 1547
apXÂ 1640 hsc-bpÅ Ime-L-«-¯n-emWv Pohn-¨n-cp-¶-sX¶mWv ]ÞnXaXw. `àn-
{]-Øm-\-¯n\v I\¯ kw`-h-\-sNbvX ]q´m\w Fgp-¯-Ñsâ IqSn ka-Im-en-I-\m-
bn-cp-¶p. ]m\-cq-]s¯ kzoI-cn-¨p-sImv ]q´m\w cNn¨ BZy-IrXn ‘Ipam-cm-l-
cWw (k-´m-\-tKm-]m-ew) ]m\-bm-Wv. ‘Ipam-c-l-cWw ]m\’, ‘Úm\-¸m\’,
IrjvWm-h-Xm-c-I-Y-IÄ aWn-{]-hm-f-ssi-en-bnÂ hÀ®n¡p¶ ‘`mjm-IÀ®mar-Xw’,
IqSmsX At\Iw kvtXm{X-§fpw At±-l-¯n-tâ-Xm-bp-v. `àn-{]-Øm-\-¯nsâ
DZ-b-Im-e¯pw hfÀ¨-bnepw tIc-f-¯n-ep-mb kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ ]cn-tim-[n-¨mÂ
Ahsb aq¶m-bn-¯n-cn-¡mw.
1. AXn-K-l-\-§fpw kwkvIr-X-am-{Xm-hn-c-Nn-X-§-fp-amb IrXn-IÄ
DZm: taÂ¸-¯q-cnsâ ‘\mcm-b-Wobw’.
2. Kuc-h-¯n-I-hpÅ `mjm-Ir-Xn-IÄ
DZm: Fgp-¯-Ñsâ Infn-¸m-«p-IÄ
3. efn-X-`m-jm-\n-_-Ô-§-fmb eLp-IoÀ¯-\-§Ä
DZm: ]q´m-\-¯nsâ ‘Úm\-¸m\’.
C§s\ Fgp-¯-Ñ-\pÄs¸Sp¶ `àn-{]-Øm-\-¯n-epÄs¸-Sp-t¼mgpw Ab-Xv\-e-fn-X-
amb `mj-bnÂ `ànbpw X¯z-Nn-´bpw Bhn-jv¡-cn¨ Ihn-bmWv ]q´m-\w. “Id-
I-fª `àn-Im-hy-§-fmbn ae-bm-f-¯nÂ GsX-¦nepw Ihn-bpsS IrXn-Isf Nqn-
¡m-Wn-¡m-sa-¦nÂ BZyw Imt«-Xv ]q´m-\-¯nsâ IrXn-I-sf-bmWv”. F¶ F³.-
Ir-jvW-]n-Å-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ ]q´m-\-¯nsâ `àn kv]jvS-amWv. A\n-b-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 1

{ń-X-amb irwKm-c-hÀ®\IÄ hmcn-hn-X-dp¶ aWn-{]-hm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯n\v ]n¶m-se-
bmWv `mj-bnÂ `àn-km-ln-Xy-¯nsâ hfÀ¨.
{]mNo-\-I-hn-I-sf-¸-än-sb-¶-t]mse ]q´m-\-s¯-¸-änbpw \ap-¡pÅ Gähpw
henb Adnhv GXm\pw sFXn-ly-§-fm-Wv. C¡m-cy-¯nÂ ]q´m\w Xmc-X-tay\
k¼-¶-\p-am-Wv. Cu sFXn-ly-§-fnÂ kXy-¯nsâ Awiw Ds-¦nepw CsÃ-
¦nepw, Hcp P\-X, X§-fpsS Bcm-[y-]p-cp-j-·mcnÂ AÀ¸n-¡p¶ BZ-c-hnsâ sXfn-
hmbn sFXn-ly-§sf ]cn-K-Wn-¡m-sa-¦nÂ, ae-bm-f-¯nsâ {]mNo-\-I-hn-I-fnÂ,
kam-\y-P-\-§Ä Gä-hp-a-[nIw BZ-cn-¨n-cp-¶Xv ]q´m-\-¯n-s\-bm-sW¶v ImWmw.
]q´m-\-¯nsâ IrXn-I-fnÂ emfn-Xy-ambpw {]km-Z-ambpw am[p-cy-ambpw sXfn-bp-
¶Xv P\-Io-b-amb `mjm-hy-h-lm-c-§-tfm-SpÅ Ah-bpsS tNÀ¨bmWv.
 DÛ-h-Im-cWw
aWn-{]-hm-f-I-hn-IÄ Ihn-X-bnÂ Im«nb [qÀ¯pIÄ¡pw `mh-Nm-]-ey-
§Ä¡pw Aan-X-amb irwKm-c-lm-kym-k-àn¡pw Pohn-X-t¯mSp ]peÀ¯nb eoem-
a-t\m-`m-h-¯n\pw Hs¡-bpÅ adp-]-Sn-I-fmbn DS-se-Sp-¯-h-bmWv ]q´m-\-¯nsâ
IrXn-IÄ.
 Úm\-¸m\
]q´m-\-¯n-sâ G-ähpw {]-kn-²hpw {]-Ir-ã-hpam-b Ir-Xn-bm-Wv Úm-\-¸m-\.
Úm-\-sa-s´¶pw A-Xn-sâ {]m-[m-\yw F-{X-t¯m-f-sa¶pw km-am-\y-P-\§-sf D-Zv-
t_m-[n-¸n-¡m³ D-t±-in¨p-sIm-v A-Xn-e-fn-X-am-bn c-Nn-¨n-«p-Å Im-hy-am-WnXv. Úm-
\-¯n-te-s¡-¯n-t¨-cm-\p-Å ^-e-{]-Zhpw F-fp-¸-hpam-b am-À-¤w \m-a-k-¦oÀ-¯-\-cq-
]am-b `-àn-bmWv. Úm-\¸m-\ \m-a-cq-]-¯n-eq-sS ssI-h-cp-¶ `-àn-bp-sS Km-\-
amWv. tIhew 349 hcn-IÄam{Xw DÄs¡m-Åp¶ X¯z-Nn-´m-{]-[m-\-amb IrXn-
bmWv Úm\-¸m-\.
 Úm\-¸m\-:- `m-jm-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-IÄ
1. Ign-bp-¶n-S-t¯mfw ITn\ kwkvIr-X-]-Z-§Ä Hgn-hm-¡p-Ibpw Bh-iyw- hcp¶
kµÀ`-§-fnÂ am{Xw efnX kwkvIr-X-]-Z-§Ä Xnc-sª-Sp¯v {]tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-
¡p¶p.
2. ae-bm-f-]-Z-§-fpsS iànbpw kuµ-cyhpw Is¯n AXns\ At§-bäw
{]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-mWv ]m\-¸m-«p-IÄ hnc-Nn-X-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
“C°-tam-tcm¶p Nnń-¨n-cn-¡th
N¯p-t]m-Ip¶p ]mhw, inh! inh!”
3. ]Z-am-[p-cy-amWv asämcp khn-ti-j-X. a[p-c-]-Z-§sf tImÀ¯n-W-¡n-s¡mv
A\p-hm-NIlrZ-b-§sf ]nSn-¨p-\nÀ¯m³ ]q´m-\-¯n\v Ign-ªn-«p-v.
“Ip-I--§n-cn¡pw P\-§sf
In-sÃ¶p hcp-¯p-¶Xpw `hm³
cp-\mepZn\w- sIm-sm-cp-¯s\
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Xn-te-än-\-S¯p-¶Xpw `hm³”
4. Km\m-ß-I-Xbpw Xmf-k-ar-²nbpw
5. sIm¨p-Ip-«n-IÄ¡p-t]mepw Hä-hm-b-\bv¡v AÀ°w hyà-am-Ip¶Xc-¯n-epÅ
efn-X-amb BJym-\-ssi-en.
6. `mj-bpsS kc-fX
hnZym-k-¼-¶tcm km£-ctcm AÃm-Xn-cp¶ _lp-`qcn]£w hcp¶ km[m-cW
P\-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ, {]tXy-In¨pw kv{XoIÄ¡pw Ip«n-IÄ¡p-an-S-bnÂ, BkvXn-Iy-
t_m[w \ne-\nÀ¯nbXv ]m\-¸m-«p-IÄt]m-epÅ eLp-IoÀ¯-\-§-fm-Wv. AXn\v
{]m]vX-am¡n-bXv `mj-bpsS kmc-fy-Kp-W-am-Wv.
7. \ntj-[{]-tbm-K-§Ä Úm-\-¸m-\-bnÂ Im-Wp¶p.
“AÀ-Y-sa-{X h-f-sc-bp-m-bmepw
Xr-]v-Xn-bm-Im a-\-Ên-s¶m-cp-Imew”
8. BZn-{]m-kw, ZznXo-bm-£-c-{]mkw apX-emb {]mk-Zo-£-sImv k¼-¶-amb `mj
“]¯p-amkw hb-änÂ Ign-ªp-t]mbv

]¯p-]-ó-cm-p-®n-bm-bn«pw t]mbv”
9. ]Z-§-fpsS BhÀ¯-\-¯n-epÅ kuµcyw
“F{X-P·w Pe-¯nÂ Ign-ªXpw

F{X-P·w ae-¯nÂ Ign-ªXpw
F{X-P-·-§Ä a®nÂ Ign-ªXpw
F{X-P·w ac-§-fmbv \n¶Xpw”
10. {]hr¯n kqN-\IÄ \ndª Imhy-`mj
“Øm\-am-\-§Ä sNmÃn-¡-e-ln¨p
\mWw-sI«p \S-¡p-¶nXp NneÀ
aZ-aÕcw Nnń¨p Nnń¨p
aXn-sI«p \S-¡p-¶nXp NneÀ
N©-em-£n-amÀ hoSp-I-fnÂ ]q¡p
Ip©n-cm-a³ Ifn-¡p-¶nXp NneÀ”
ChnsS {]hr¯n kqN-\-IÄ \ndª `mj-W-amWv ImWm³ Ign-bp-¶-Xv. kzm`m-
hn-I-ambpw CXv IÀ½-¯nsâ hen¸w apX-emb X¯z-Nn-´m-hy-h-lm-c-§-fn-te¡v
\ofp-¶p. Ch-sbm¶pw ]pdw temI-¯n\v ]pdw Xncn-ªpÅ X¯z-hn-Nm-c-§-f-Ã.
adn-¨v, ]pdw-tem-I-§sf DÅ-S-¡n-s¡m-pÅ `mj-W-§-fm-Wv. hÀW\mßI-Nn{X-
§Ä¡p-]-Icw {]hr-¯n-kq-N-\-IÄ sImmWv Cu A\p-`hw D-¡p¶Xv.
]m\-bpsS P\-Io-bm-Sn-¯-d-bpsS Imc-W-ambn CXp- am-dp-¶p.
11. efn-Xam-b ZmÀ-i-\n-I-X, \n-jv-I-f-¦am-b `-K-h-Xv-`-àn F-¶n-h-bv-¡n-W-§p-¶
hr¯-kzo-I-cWw. ]m-\-hr-¯-sa-¶v ]nÂ-¡me-¯v {]-kn-²am-b {Zp-X-ImI-fnhr-¯-
am-Wv kzo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
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 Úm\-¸m\-:- kmlnXy]c-amb {]tXy-I-X-IÄ
1. ZmÀ-i\n-I Imhyw
a-Wn-{]-hm-f-I-hn-I-fp-sS `m-h-Nm-]-ey-§Ä¡pw A-an-Xam-b irw-Km-c-lm-kym-k-
ànbv¡pw F-Xn-cm-bn D-S-se-Sp-¯ ]q-´m-\w Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ ZmÀ-i-\n-I-X \n-d-ªp-
\nÂ-¡p¶p. km[m-c-W-¡m-csâ ZmÀi-\n-I-Im-hy-amWv Úm\-¸m\. Ien-bp-K-
¯nÂ \c-P·w t\Snb FÃm-hcpw ]Þn-X-]m-a-c-t`-Z-sat\y Cuiz-c-\m-a-k-
¦oÀ¯\¯nÂ apgpIn kmbqPyw t\Sp-I-sb¶ AXn-e-fn-Xhpw Ab-Xv\-km-²y-
hp-amb ]c-a-Úm-\-amWv ]q´m\w tIc-f-¯nse kmam-\y-P-\-§Ä¡v ‘Úm\-
¸m\’bneqsS \ÂIp-¶-Xv.
2. IoÀ-¯-\ kz-`mhw
`-àn km-ln-Xy-¯n-se ap-Jyim-J IoÀ-¯-\-amWv. ZmÀi-\n-I- Ir-Xn-bm-sW¦nepw
Imhy-cq-]-¯nsâ emL-hw-sImpw Km\m-ß-I-X-sImpw Úm\-¸m\ IoÀ¯-
\-§-fpsS Iq«-¯n-emWv KWn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. IoÀ¯-\-§-fpsS ASn-Øm\ kz`m-h-
§-fmb `ànbpw Km\m-ß-I-Xbpw sImv k¼-¶-amWv Úm\-¸m-\. Úm-\-¸m-
\-bp-sS D-ÅS-¡w ap-Jy-ambpw \m-a-P-]-¯n-sâ am-lm-ßy-hÀ-®-\-bm-Wv.
“Xn-cp-\m-a-§Ä \m-hn-t·-se-t¸mgpw
]n-cn-bm-sX-bn-cn-¡-Ww, \-½psS
\-cP-·w k-^-e-am-¡o-Sp-hm³” þ F-¶n§-s\ B-Zy-`m-K-¯pw
“Xn-cp-\m-a-am-lmßyw ]-d-ªXp
Xn-cp-hp-Å-amtI-sâ `-K-hm-t\” þ F¶pw hy-à-am-¡n-bn-«p-Å-XnÂ-\n-¶v I-hn-bp-sS
c-N-t\m-t±iyw a-\-Ên-em-¡mw.
3. kmaqln-I hn-aÀi\w
ka-Im-enI kaq-l-¯nsâ PoÀ®-X-IÄ ià-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ Hcp Imhyw
IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv. tIc-fo-b-cnÂ Hcp hn`m-K-¯nsâ PohnXw F´p-am{Xw sI«gnª-
Xm-bn-cp¶p F¶ kqN-\bpw Ah-cpsS kmwkvIm-cn-Im-[-]-X-\-s¯-]än asämcp
Ihnbpw Hcn-¡epw ]d-ªn-«n-Ãm¯ Xc-¯nÂ AXn-\n-in-X-amb ]cm-aÀihpw
Úm¸m-\-bnÂ ImWmw.
“Øm\am\§Ä sNmÃn-¡-e-ln¨p
\mWw-sI«p \S-¡p-¶nXp NneÀ;
aZ-aÕcw Nnń¨p Nnń¨p
aXn-sI«p \S-¡p-¶nXp NneÀ;
N©-em-£n-amÀ hoSp-I-fnÂ ]p¡p
Ip©n-cm-a-\m-Sp-¶nXp NneÀ” þ C§s\ Ip©³\-¼ym-cpsS
I¿nÂ In«p-t¼mÄ s]mXnscXÃp-ta-Sn-¡p¶ Bfp-I-fpsS hn{In-b-I-Ä ]q´m\w
]d-bp¶Xv Aen-thmSpw k¦-S-t¯m-Sp-sam-s¡-bm-Wv.
4. D]-a-t]m-epÅ AÀ°m-e-¦m-c-§-fpsS km¶n[yw
“Ip¦pa-¯nsâ hmk-a-dn-bmsX
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 4

Ip¦paw Npa¡pw t]mse KÀ±`w”
hnZy-bpsS ]ctamt±iw Adn-bmsX hnZzm-s\¶p \Sn-¡p-¶-hsc Ip¦p-a-¯nsâ
kpKÔw {Kln-¡msX Ip¦paw Npa-¡p¶ Igp-X-sb-t¸m-se¶v D]-an-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
aWn-{]-hm-f-Im-hy-§-fnÂ \n-¶pw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn A-e-¦mc-s¯ Ip-¯n-\n-d-bv-
¡msX B-h-iy-¯n-\p-am{Xw AÀ-°m-e-¦m-c-§Ä {]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ co-Xn-bm-Wv
]q´m-\-¯nÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv.
5. X¯z-Nn´
“\oÀt¸m-f-t]m-se-bp-sÅmcp tZl-¯nÂ
hoÀ¸p-am-{X-ap-n-§s\ ImWp¶p”
shÅ-¯nse Ipan-f-t]mse ZpÀº-e-amb Cu DS-enÂ Bb-pÊp -\n-e-\nÀ¯p¶Xv
Hcp t\À¯ {]mW\mWv. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ £Wn-I-X-bmWv ChnsS AÀ°-
am-¡p-¶-Xv.
“IqSn-bÃm ]nd-¡p¶ t\c¯pw
IqSn-bÃm acn-¡p¶ t\c¯pw
at²y-bn-§s\ ImWp¶ t\c¯p
aÕ-cn¡p-¶-sXń¶p \mw hrYm?”
a\p-jy-Po-hn-¯nsâ \nÊm-c-X-Xs¶-bmWv Chn-sSbpw ImWp-¶-Xv. P\n-¡p¶
ka-b¯pw acn-¡p¶ ka-b¯pw \t½m-sSm¸w euI-nI-amb {à-§-sfm¶pw
Xs¶-bn-Ã. P·-]-c-¼-c-I-fn-eq-sS-bpÅ AXn-ZoÀL-amb bm{X-bnÂ, CS-bn-sem-cn-
¡Â, ]c-kv]cw Ip-ap-«nb Cu \nan-jmÀ²-¯nÂ, hmÕ-eym-Zn-IÄt¡m, aÕ-
cymZn-IÄt¡m bmsXmcp {]m[m-\y-hp-an-sÃ¶ X¯z-Nn-´-bmWv Cu hcn-I-fpsS
kmcw. C¯-c-¯nÂ hÀWn¨p \nd-bv-¡p¶ coXn-bÃ ]q´m-\-¯n-\p-Å-Xv. adn-¨v,
AXym-hiy LS-I-§Ä kv]Àin¨v A\p-`-h-ap-m-¡p¶ coXn-bm-Wv. Cu coXn-
bmWv X¯z-Nn-´-bpsS Imcy-¯nepw At±lw kzoI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
6. \mtSm-Sn-¯-t¯mSv CW-§n-t¨-cp¶ sNmÃp-IÄ
{]m-tZin-I `m-jbm-b a-e-bm-fw D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p F-¶p am-{XaÃ, A-XnÂX-s¶
\mS³-`m-jm-cq-]-§fpw sNmÃp-I-fpw b-tY-ãw I-eÀ-¯p-hm\pw ]q-´m-\-¯n-\v
Xmev-]-cy-ap-m-bn-cp¶p. B-i-b-k-¼p-ãam-b \mS³-sNmÃp-IÄ [m-cm-fw kµÀ-t`m-
Nn-X-am-bn {]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-v.
♦ “H-cp tIm-]w sIm--t§m-«p Nm-Sn-bmÂ
C-c-p-tIm]w-sIm-n-t§m-«p t]mcmtam”
♦ “Ip-¦p-aw Np-a¡pw t]m-se KÀ±-`w”
♦ “AÀ-Y-sa-{X-h-f-sc-bp-m-bmepw
Xr-]v-Xn-bm-Im a-\-Ên-s¶m-cp Imew”

C{]-Imcw \mtSm-Sn-¯-t¯mSv CW-§n-t¨-cp¶ sNmÃp-IÄ ]q´m-\-¯nsâ Imhy-
ssi-en-bpsS Hcp apJy-L-S-Iam-Wv. kaq-l-¯nsâ hnth-I-amWv sNmÃmbn ]cn-
W-an-¡p-¶-sX¶p ]d-bmw.
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7. AI-f-¦-amb `K-hXv `àn-bmWv ]m\-¸m-«p-I-fnÂ \nd-ªp-\nÂ¡p¶-Xv. Ihn-
bpsS Id-]p-c-fm¯ hnjvWp-`-ànsb ]qÀ®ambpw {]Im-in-¸n-¡m-\p-X-Ip¶ Hcp
Imhy-`m-j-bmWv ]m\-¸m-«p-I-fnÂ ImWp¶-Xv. CXn-\mbn Ihn {ZpXIm-Ifn hr¯-
amWv kzoI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. IrjvW-Km-Y-bpsS F¶t]mse ]m\-bp-sSbpw
hr¯w `àn¡v Gähpw tbmPn-¨-Xp-X-s¶.
“D®n-Ir-jvW³ a\-ÊnÂ Ifn-¡p-t¼mÄ
D®n-IÄ aäp thWtam a¡-fmbv”
8. Aßmw-i-{]-[m\w
Úm\¸m-\ H-ä-t\m-«-¯nÂ h-kv-Xp-\n-jvTam-b th-Zm-´-Ir-Xn-bm-sW-¦nepw Im-hy-
¯n-te-¡v B-gv-¶n-d-§p-t¼mÄ A-\p-`-h-k-¼-¶\pw tem-I-\n-co-£-W-]-Sphpw ]-c-a-
t{]-a-tem-ep-]-\pam-b H-cp I-hn-bp-sS B-ß-`m-hm-hn-jv-Im-cw Iq-Sn-bm-Wv A-sX-¶v
\-ap-¡p t_m-[y-am-Ipw. ]p-{X-Zpx-J-¯n-sâ tX-§-ep-Ifpw D-®n-¡r-jv-W³ a-\-
ÊnÂ I-fn-¡p-t¼mÄ th-sd D-®n-IÄ kz-´-am-sb-ń-s\-¶p-Å B-izm-k-¯n-sâ
am-säm-enbpw Cu Ir-Xn-bnÂ ap-g-§n-t¡Ä-¡mw. Zpx-J§-sf F§-s\ Io-gv-s¸-Sp-
¯-W-sa-¶v kzm-\p-`-h-§-fn-eq-sS I-hn hn-\o-X-am-bn DÂ-t_m-[n-¸n-¡p-¶ H-cp Im-
hy-sa-¶ \n-e-bnepw Úm-¸m-\-bv-¡v {]m-[m-\y-apv. C-Xn-se th-Zm-´-X-¯z {]-Xn-
]m-Z\w, ZpÀ-{K-ltam hnc-ktam ip-jv-Itam B-Im-¯-Xn-\v H-cp ImcWw Cu
Bßmw-i-¯n-sâ I-eÀ-¸mWv.
X¯z-Nn-´, ]pcm-W-I-Ym-{]-Xn-]m-Zyw, Pohn-Xm-hn-jvI-c-W-N-Xp-cX F¶n-§-s\-
bpÅ Imc-W-§-fnÂ Fgp-¯-Ñ-t\mSv kmZriyw ]peÀ¯p-¶p-s-¦nepw `mjm-em-
fnXyw F¶ KpW-¯n-emWv ]q´m\w hyXy-kvX-\m-Ip-¶-Xv. PÀa-\n-bnse Syq_n-
§³ kÀÆ-Iem-im-e-bnÂ \n¶v Is-Sp-¯-Xpw, KpÀ«nsâ ssIsb-gp¯v {KÙ-
ti-J-c-¯nÂ DÄs¸-«-Xp-amb ‘Úm\-¸m\’bpsS hyXy-kvX-]mTw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p-
sImv kvIdnbm k¡dnb Fgp-Xp¶p: “Úm\-¸m\ ]q´m-\-¯nsâ kz´w IrXn-
b-tÃ, AsX-§s\ \m«m-cpsS kz¯mIpw? ]q´m-\-¯nsâ `mh-\-bnÂ ebn-¨p-
tNÀ¶ P\-Io-b-Km-b-IÀ AXp kz´-sa¶p IcpXn Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn¨p
t]mcp-¶-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ amä-§-fp-mbn”. A§s\ P\-Iob Kmb-IÀ¡v ebn-¨p-tN-
c¯¡ LS-\-bmWv ]q´m-\-¯nsâ IrXn-I-fptSsX¶p Icp-Xmw. AXv A¡m-
es¯ N¼p-¡-fp-sStbm Infn-¸m-«p-I-fp-sStbm LS-\-bnÂ \n¶v hyXy-kvX-am-Wv.
C¡m-cy-§-sfÃmw kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv Úm\-¸m-\-bpsS kzoIm-cy-Xbpw ae-bm-f-`m-j-
bpsS am\-Io-I-c-W-¯nÂ ]m\-bv¡pÅ {]m[m-\y-s¯-bp-am-Wv.
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]q´m-\-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hnhn-[-]-Þn-Xm-`n-{]m-b-§Ä
tUm.-]n.-hn.-th-em-bp-[³]nÅ hnjm-Z-`-àn-bpsS Ihn-bmWv ]q´m\w
tUm.-]n.-tkm-a³ ]q´m-\-¯n-sâ a\-Ênse ùXn-I-Po-hn-X-c-Xn-bpsS
_lnÀkv^p-c-W-am-bn-cp¶p ]p{Xm-`n-em-jw. ZpxJ-
I-c-amb Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-§ÄsImv Pohn-X-cX
- nsb
]q´m\w \nc-kn-¡m³ {ian-¨-t¸m-gmWv am\-knI
hnkvt^m-S\w Pohn-X-¯nÂ Dm-bXv
DÅqÀ ae-bm-f-¯nsâ aÀ½w I Ihn
tUm.-Fw.-eo-em-hXn 1. ]q´m-\-¯nsâ IrXn-I-fn-em-I-s« `àn-¡mWv
BZym-\-h-km-\-th-jw. AX-\p-k-cn¨v X\n-ip-{`-
km-cfyw At±-l-¯nsâ `mj-bpw
ssIsImp BÀ`mS§fnÃ. I¯nbpw
Nph¸pw Xosc-bn-Ã. ]¨ Nne-t¸mÄ shÅ-
Xs¶ {][m-\w.
2. Ihn-X-bn-eqsS P\-§sf I©m-hp- Ip-Sn-¸n-¡p-
I-bmWv th-sX¶v Nne aWn-{]-hm-f- Ihn-
IÄ sXän-²-cn-s¨-¦nepw Ihn-X-bn-eqsS P\-
§sf DZv_p-²-cm-¡pI F¶ IrXyw Gsä-Sp-
¡m³ ]q´m-\-s¯-t¸mse Npcp¡w NneÀ
{_mÒW-Ihn-I-fpsS CS-bn-ep-m-bn.
3. `àn-sb¶t]mse ]q´m-\-¯nsâ Ihn-X-Isf
]qt´-\m-¡n-¯oÀ¡p¶ asämcp `mh-[m-c-
bmWv timIw. Pohn-X-¯nsâ Ømbn-bmb
timIm-ß-I-X-sb-¸-än-bpÅ Ah-t_m-[w,
k´m-\-tKm-]mew ]m\-bnepw Úm\-¸m-\-
bnepw kvtXm{X-Ir-Xn-I-fn-ep-saÃmw A\p-c-
W\w sN¿p¶p
tUm. Iev]ä _me-Ir-jvW³ Id-I-fª `àn-sImv `mj-sb-¯s¶ ip²o-I-
cn-s¨-gpXnb ip²-I-hn-bmWv ]q´m\w
kn. ANyp-X-ta-t\m³ 1. kmaq-ln-I-amb _Ôw ssIhn-«p-t]m-Im-sX-
bpÅ Bßm-hn-jvIm-c-amWv ]q´m\w Ihn-
XIÄ. hyàn-K-X-amb A\p-`-h-§sf kmaq-ly-
hÂ¡cn¡p¶ \b-amWv Ah-bnÂ ImWp-
¶Xv.
2. ]q´m-\-¯nsâ {]Xn` IqSp-X-embpw `mh-Km-b-
I-tâ-Xn-t\mSv ASp¯p \nÀ¡p¶p
F³.-Ir-jvW-]nÅ 1. Hcp ]¨-bmb ]m«p-I-hn-bmWv ]q´m\w
2. ]Xn-hmbn Krl-§-fnÂ sNmÃm-dpÅ kmam\yw
t`Z-s¸« GXv IrjvW-kvtXm-{X-¯n-sâbpw
IÀ¯m-hm-cm-sW¶p tNmZn-¨mÂ, sXÃp-
t]mepw kwi-b-an-ÃmsX ]q´m-\-sa¶v Bfp-
IÄ adp-]Sn ]d-bp-¶n-S-t¯m-fw, B ]Zw
IoÀ¯-\-¯nsâ ]cym-b-am-bn-«p-v.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 7
Infn-¸m«v
Infn-sb-s¡mp ]mSn-¡p-¶-]m-«mWv Infn-¸m-«v. F¶mÂ CXnepw IqSp-XÂ
AÀ°-hym]vXn Infn-¸m-«n-\p-v. ]£n-ar-KmZnIsf-sImv IY]d-bn-¡p¶ coXn
]t DÅ-Xm-Wv. IYm-k-cn-Xvkm-K-cw, hn{I-am-Zn-Xy³I-Y-IÄ, XpS-§nb IYm-k-ap-¨-
b-§Ä CXn\v sXfn-hm-Wv. Xangv kmln-Xy-¯nepw InfnZqXv (In-fn-hn-Sp-Xv) F¶
k{¼-Zmbw Dm-bn-cp-¶p. A[ym-ß-cm-am-bWw Infn-¸m-«n-sâbpw alm-`m-cXw Infn-
¸m-«n-sâbpw cN\tbmSp-Iq-Sn-bmWv ae-bmf Imhy-§-fnÂ {]ap-J-h-àm-hmbn Infn
cwK-{]-th-i\w sN¿p¶Xv. Fgp-¯-Ñ-t\m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv Infn-¸m«p {]Øm\w Adn-b-
s¸-Sp¶Xpw k¼-¶-am-Ip-¶-Xpw. Infn-sb-s¡mp ]mSn-¡p-¶-Xmbn Iev]n-¡s¸«n-«p-
Å-Xpw,- lw-km-Zn-I-fmb aäp Pohn-I-sf-s¡mp ]mSn-¡p-¶-Xpw, ap³]-dª IrXn-I-
fnse hr¯-§Ä kzoI-cn¨v Fgp-X-s¸-«-Xpw, {]Xn-]m-Z-\m-Zn-I-fnÂ AtX amXrI
]n´p-S-cp-¶Xpw F¶mÂ Hcp Pohn-sb-s¡mpw ]mSn-¡m-¯-Xp-amb ]m«p-Ifpw
Infn-¸m«p {]Øm-\-¯nÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¶p.
Hmtcm {]Øm\w hfÀ¶p hnI-kn-¡p-t¼mgpw AXnÂ khn-ti-jamb `mh-]-cn-
thjw Nqgv¶p \nÂ¸pmhpw. DZm-l-c-W-¯n-\v, aWn-{]-hm-f-¯n\v irwKm-cw, XpÅ-
en\v lmkyw F¶n-§-s\. CXp-t]mse Infn-¸m-«nsâ kz`mhw `àn-bmÂ BÀ{Z-
amb A[ym-ßnI Nn´sb¶v ]d-bmw. ]ptcm-tW-Xnlm-k-§sf hnhÀ¯\w
sNbvtXm Bi-b-]-cm-hÀ¯\w sNbvtXm `mj-bn-te¡v `ànbpw A[ym-ßn-I-Nn-
´bpw ]IÀ¶p \ÂIp¶ coXn-bmWv Infn-¸m-«p-{]-Øm-\-¯n-tâ-Xv.
 DÛ-h-Im-cWw
Fgp-¯-Ñsâ Ime-¯n\v sXm«p-ap³]p-ff tIc-f-¯nÂ ùXnIkpJm-kzm-Z-
\mkàn-bnÂ apgp-In-bn-cp¶ {_mÒ-WcpsS ]X\w \ap¡v ImWmw. Bcm-[-\m-
tI{µ§sfÃmw Zqjn-X-§-fm-bn-¯oÀ¶p. tZh-]q-Pbv¡v kv{XoIÄ \ntbm-Kn-¡-s¸-«n-
cp¶ tZh-Zmko k{¼-Zm-bhpw A[:]Xn-¨p. Cu A[:]X-\-§-sfÃmw Xs¶
A¶s¯ aWn-{]-hmf Ihn-X-I-fnÂ ImWmw. Ihn-Xm-cw-Ks¯ Cu Ah-Ø-sb-
¡mÄ Akzm-Øy-P-\-I-am-bn-cp¶p A¶s¯ cmjv{SobmhØ. C§s\ Hcp
hi¯v sslµ-h-X-Xz-§Ä Ihn-X-bn-eq-sSbpw aäpw {]k-cn-¸n¨v P\-§Ä¡v
km³amÀKnIt_m[w \ÂtI--hÀ A§s\ sN¿msX kpJ-tem-ep-]-X-bnÂ
apgpIn £bn-¡p-Ibpw adp-h-i¯v \nÀ_Ôn¨v aX]cnhÀ¯-\-¯n-eqsS sslµh
kaq-ls¯ {hWn-X-cm-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-t¸mÄ kwPm-X-amb Akzm-ØyamWv Fgp-
¯-Ñ-\nse BNm-cy-s\bpw Ihn-sbbpw DWÀ¯n-b-Xv.
 `mjm-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-IÄ
`mjm-]-cn-Wm-a-¯nÂ Fgp-¯-Ñsâ IrXn-IÄ al-¯mb tkh\w \ÂIn-bn-
«pv. `mjbv¡v X\-Xmb Hcp hymI-cW {KÙw CÃm-Xn-cp¶ t]mcmbva ]cn-l-cn-¨-
XmWv B tkh-\w. Xan-gv`m-j-bnÂ ‘sXmÂ¡m-¸nb’hpw ‘\¶qepw’ \qäm-p-I-fmbn
\ne-\nÂ¡p¶ hymI-cW {KÙ-§-fm-Wv. ae-bm-f-¯n-em-Is« 19-þ10 \qämnsâ
D¯-c-`m-K-¯mWv KpÀ«v ae-bm-f-`mjm hymI-cWw {]Im-in-¸n-¨-Xv. AXp-hsc ae-
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bm-f-`m-jm-hym-I-c-W-]-T-\-¯n\v B{i-bn-¡m-hp¶ hymI-cW {KÙ-§-fpsS Ipdhv
\nI¯nt¸m¶Xv Fgp-¯-Ñsâ IrXn-I-fm-Wv. `mjm {]tbm-K-§-fpsS km[pX Fgp-
¯-Ñsâ IrXn-Isf B{i-bn¨p \n¶n-cp-¶p.
1. 30 A£-c-§Äam-{X-ap-m-bn-cp¶ ]m«p-`m-j-bnÂ hÀ®Zmcn{Zyw Gsd A\p-`-h-
s¸-«n-cp-¶p. kwkvIr-X-]-Z-§sf {Zmhn-Uo-I-cn¨v hnI-e-am-¡n-bmWv ]m«nÂ Ah-X-
cn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ kwkv-Ir-X-¯nÂ \n¶pw hÀ-®am-e kzo-I-cn-¨v a-e-bm-f-
`mj-sb hÀ-®-Zm-cn-{Zyw CÃm-sX-bm-¡nb-Xv I-®-È-·m-cmWv. C-{]-Im-cw hn-¹-h-I-
cam-b H-cp am-äw `m-j-bnÂ \-S-¸m-¡n-b-Xn-eq-sS a-ebm-f Im-hy-c-N-\-bnÂ ]-Z-
k¼¯v hÀ-²n-¸n-¡m³ I-®-È-\v I-gnªp. F-¦nepw {Zm-hn-Uo-I-c-W-{]-{In-b ]qÀ-
®-am-bn H-gn-hm-¡m³ I-®-È-·mÀ-¡v I-gn-ªnÃ. kwkvIr-X-¯nÂ \n¶pw h¶ 23
hÀ®§Ä Iq«n-t¨À¯v Imhy-c-N\ \nÀÆ-ln¨ Fgp-¯-Ñ³ ae-bm-f-`m-j-bnse
hÀ®Zmcn-{Zy¯n\v Adp-Xn-h-cp-¯n. C§s\ ae-bmf `mj AXnsâ {]Xyp-Xv]m-Z-
\-£-a-X-bpsS (productivity) ]qÀ®XbnÂ F¯n-t¨À¶p. 53 hÀ®§Ä
sImv krjvSn-¡m-hp¶ ]Z-§sf apgp-h³ Fgp-¯-Ñ³ krjvSn-¨p. C¯-c-
¯nÂ ae-bmf `mj-bpsS ]Z-k-¼¯v hÀ²n¸n¨p.
hÀ®kwJy þ 53
kzc-§Ä þ 16
A, B,- C, Cu, D, Du, E, ൠ, ഌ, ൡ, F, G, sF, H, Hm, Hu
hyRvP-\-§Ä þ37
Jcw AXn-Jcw arZp tLmjw A\p-\m-knIw
I J K L M
N O P Õ R
S T U V W
X Z Z [ \
] ^ _ ` a
a[y-a-§Ä Dujvam-¡Ä tLmjn
b, c, e, h, f, g, d ijk l
2. Fgp-¯-Ñ\v ap³]v ae-bmf hÀ®hyh-Øsb kw_-Ôn¨v XnIª Ahy-h-Øn-

X-X-Xz-am-bn-cp¶p Dm-bn-cp-¶-Xv. kÔn-Im-cy-§-fnse t]mcm-bva-IÄ, A£-c-
§Ä tem]n-¸n¨p ]d-bpI, F¶n-§s\ XnI¨pw Ahy-h-Øn-X-am-bn-cp¶ ae-bm-f-
`m-j-bpsS hÀ®Xes¯ hyh-Ø-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xv Fgp-¯-Ñ-\mWv. Fgp-¯-Ñsâ
Imhy-`mj kÀÆ-kzoIm-cy-amb hÀ®hyh-Øbv¡v ASn-Øm-\-an-«p.
2.1 ‘¶’ tNÀ¡p¶Xn\p ]Icw ‘â’ cq]-§Ä
‘hâm³’, ‘\nâm³’ XpS-§nb cq]-§Ä aWn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ kpe-`-am-Wv. Ch
Fgp-¯-Ñ-\n-te¡v h¶-t¸m-gmWv ‘h¶p’, ‘\n¶p’ F¶n-§s\bpÅ cq]-§-fm-
bXv.
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2.2 IqSp-XÂ A£cw tNÀ¯v ]Zs¯ ]c-¯n-¸-d-bp¶ coXnsb ‘t]mbn-Xmbn’
F¶v IrjvW-Km-Ym-Im-c³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ ]Z-§Ä ‘t]mbn’ F¶mWv Fgp-¯-
Ñ-\nÂ ImWp-¶-Xv.
3. `mj-tb-dn-h-cp¶ aWn-{]-hm-f-ssien
“CSn-sh-«oSpw h®w hnÂap-dn-sªm-¨-tI«p
\Sp§o cmPm-¡-·m-cp-c-K-§-sf-t¸mse”
eoem-Xn-e-I-Im-c³ aWn-{]-hm-f-¯n\p e£Ww IÂ¸n-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse Ign-bp-
¶{X `mjm-]-Z-§-sfbpw kµÀ`w Bh-iy-s¸-«mÂ efn-X-hn-`-ày´ kwkvIr-X-
]Z-hp-amWv Fgp-¯-Ñ³ kzoI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
4. efn-X-hn-`-ày´ kwkvIr-X-]-Z-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¨p.
5. ip²-a-e-bmf ]Z-§Ä¡v {]m[m\yw \ÂInb Fgp-¯-Ñ³ ImemXn-hÀ¯nIfpw
tZim-XnhÀ¯nIfp-amb ]Z-§sf Xnc-sª-Sp-¯p-]-tbm-Kn-¨p.
“\ndª ]oen-IÄ \nc-¡sh Ip¯n
s\dp-I-bnÂ IqSn Xnd-sam-Sp-sI«n
Icn-ap-In-sem¯ NnIp-c-`m-chpw
aWn-IÄ an¶nSpw aWn-¡n-co-Shpw”.
6. {Zmhn-Uo-I-cW {]{Inb an¡-hmdpw Dt]-£n-¨p.
7. ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS X\na t{ZymXn-¸n-¡p¶ ]Z-{]-tbm-K-§Ä Fgp-¯-Ñ-\nÂ
ImWmw.
“ZpxJn¡-cp-sXmcp PmXn-bp-an-§ns\
c£-n¸-Xn-\pv R§-f-dnI \o”
8. kakvX kam-k-]-Z-§-fpsS D]-tbmKw
“\otem-ev]-e-Z-f-iym-af hn{K-l³ \otem-ev]-e-Z-e-teme hntem-N³”
9. `mh-¯n-\-\p-k-cn-¨pÅ ]Z-§-fpsS sXc-sª-Sp¸v (sk-£³ _n Infn-¸m«v
kmlnXyw ImWpI)
10. {Inbm-]-Z-§sf kwtbm-PI kap-¨-b-amb ‘Dw’ sImp kap-¨-bn-¸n¨v cwK-¯n\v
sImgp-¸p-Iq-«p¶ L«-§Ä \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv Xp©³Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ.
“]ns¶-bp-WÀ¶n-cp¶pw, InS-¶pw, aI³
Xs¶-tbmÀ¯pw, Ic-ªpw, ]d-ªpw kZm”
11. {Inbm-]-Z-§-fpsS XpSÀ¨-bmb {]tbmKw
“FSp¯p Nm]w s]mSn-Xp-S¨p Ipe-¨p-S³
sXmSp¯p _mW-a©pw hen¨p b{´-sabvXp
apdn¨p PnX-{iaw.......”
C¯-c-¯nÂ {Inbm-]-Z-§sf XpSÀ¨-bmbn {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv kµÀ`s¯ {it²-
bhpw DuÀÖ-kz-e-hp-am-¡p¶ coXn-bm-Wv. hymI-cW {]tbm-K-§Ä HuNn-Xy-
]qÀÆw kzoI-cn-¨pw, ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS ]Z-X-e-¯n\v Hcp \ne-hm-c-s¸-Sp-¯Â \S-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 10
¯n-bpw, ae-bmf Imhy-`m-j-bpsS ]Z-Xew Fgp-¯-Ñ-\n-se-¯p-t¼mÄ AXnsâ
{]Xyp-Xv¸m-Z-\-£-a-Xsb ]qÀ¯nbm¡n hyàn-Xzhpw ]qÀ®Xbpw {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-
¶-Xmbn ImWmw.
12. {]mk-Zo£
i_vZm-e-¦m-c-¯nÂ Fgp-¯-Ñ³ kmam\yw XmXv]-cy-apÅ Iq«-¯n-em-Wv. {Zmhn-U-
co-Xn-b-\p-k-cn¨v ZznXo-bm-£-c-{]m-khpw kwkvIrX coXn-b-\p-k-cn¨v A\p-{]m-
khpw At±lw BZ-cn¨p ImWp-¶p. AÀ°-t¢iw t\cn-Sp¶ hn[-¯nÂ {]mkw
At±lw D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«n-Ã.
“shÅ-¯n-se-¯n-c-¯-Åp-¶-Xp-t]mse
XpÅn \S-¡p¶ shÅ-¡p-Xn-c-IÄ.” (A-\p-{]m-kw)
13. IÀ¯r-{]m-[m-\-apÅ hmIy-L-S\
ae-bm-f-hm-Iy-L-S-\sb kw_-Ôn¨v XnIª Ahy-h-Øn-X-Xz-amWv Fgp-¯-Ñ\v
ap¼v \ne-\n-¶p-t]m-¶-Xv. IÀ¯r-{]-[m-\hpw IÀ½-{]-[m-\hpw {Inbm-{]-[m-\-hp-
amb hmIy-§sf bmsXmcp hnth-N-\-hp-an-ÃmsX amdn-amdn {]tbm-Kn-¨p-t]m¶
]qÀÆ-Ihn-IÄ ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS hmIy-X-e-¯nÂ XnIª Ahy-h-ØnXzw
krjvSn-¨p. IÀ¯mhv+IÀ½w+{Inb, F¶n-§s\ IÀ¯r-{]-[m-\-amb Hcp hmIy-
L-S-\-bmWv ae-bm-f-¯nÂ kÀÆ-kzoIm-cy-ambn«pÅ-Xv. kÀÆ-kzoIm-cy-amb Hcp
hmIy-L-S-\bv¡v ae-bm-f-Im-hy-`m-jb - nÂ ASn-¯d ]mIn-bXv Fgp-¯-Ñ-\m-Wv.
Fgp-¯-Ñ³ IrXn-I-fnse hmIy-L-S\ GXmv Dd-¨-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.
“ssaYnen abnÂt¸S t]mse kt´mjw ]qmÄ” F¶ hcn DZm-l-c-Ww.
14. IÀ¯r-{]-[m-\-amb hmIy-L-S\ Xs¶-sb-¦nepw bp²cwKw hÀ®n¡pt¼mgpw
aäpw {Inbm-]-Z-§sf H¶n\p apI-fnÂ H¶mbn Iq«n-bn-W¡n bp²m-´-co£w
krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Fgp-¯-Ñ³ CS-bv¡n-Sbv¡v {Inbm-{]-[m-\§-fmb hmIy-§fpw
D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xmbn ImWmw.
“NmSn-¸-Xn-¡bpw IqsS-¡p-Xn-¡bpw
amSn-¯-Sp-¡bpw IqsS-s¡m-Sp-¡bpw
HmSn-¡-fn-¡bpw hmSo-hn-bÀ¡bpw
amSn-hn-fn¡bpw tIm]n-¨-Sp-¡bpw”
B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-`m-j-bnÂ \n¶pw Gsd hyXym-k-an-Ãm¯ Hcp AÀ°-X-e-amWv
Fgp-¯-Ñsâ Imhy-`m-j-bv¡p-ÅXv. Imem-Xo-Xhpw tZim-Xo-X-hp-amb ]Z-§sf
t_m[-]qÀÆw Xnc-sª-Sp¯v \ne-hm-c-s¸« Hcp Imhy-`m-j-bnÂ IrXn-IÄ cNn¨
Fgp-¯-Ñ³ A©p-\q-ämv Ign-ªn«pw GhÀ¡pw kÀÆ-kzoIm-cy-\mbn \ne-
\nÂ¡p¶p.
tIc-f-hym-k-\¶ _lp-a-Xn-¡Àl-\mb Ipªn-¡p-«³ X¼p-cm³ `mjm-co-Xn-bpsS
Imcy-¯nÂ B{ibw Fgp-¯-Ñ-\m-sW¶v ]d-bp-¶p.
“\ap-s¡-gp-¯-Ñ-s\-Sp¯ `mjmþ
{Ia-¡-Wt¡ ic-Ww, P\-§Ä
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ka-kvXcpw k½-Xn-bmsX In
ÊaÀ°-t\m-Xn-sÃmcp hm¡p-t]mepw”
Fgp-¯-Ñsâ hmIy-L-S-\-bpsS kÀÆ kzoIm-cy-X-bm-Wn-hnsS hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xv.
`mj-bpsS ]nXr-Øm-\hpw Fgp-¯-Ñ\pw
ae-b-f-`m-j-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-¯n-sâbpw Gähpw {]^p-Ã-amb L«-sa¶v
hnti-jn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv Fgp-¯-Ñsâ Ime-am-Wv. 1500 apXÂ 1580 hsc-bmWv Fgp-
¯-Ñsâ Ime-sa¶v IW-¡m-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. (16-þmw \qäm-nsâ D¯-cmÀ²w). ‘ae-bm-
f-`m-j-bpsS ]nXmhv’ F¶v Fgp-¯-Ñ³ hntijn-¸n¡s¸Sm-dp-v. Fgp-¯-Ñ³ Ihn-
X-bpsS Ncn-{X-]-c-amb {]m[m-\y-s¯-bmWv Cu hnti-jWw kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.
‘Bcy Fgp¯p \S-¸n-em¡n’ F¶ sXämb kw`m-h-\-bpsS t]cn-eÃ C§s\
sImm-Sp-¶-Xv. At±lw ]pXnb `mjtbm ]pXnb en]n-hy-h-Øtbm cq]s¸-Sp¯n
F¶-Xn\v sXfn-hp-I-fn-Ã. Ihn-X-bpsS `mjbv¡v Hcp \ne-hmcw Dm-¡n-sb-¶-XmWv
Fgp-¯-Ñsâ t\«w.
ae-bm-fhpw aWn-{]-hm-fhpw ka-c-k-s¸-«p-t]m-Ip-¶p. Ch X½n-epÅ
tNÀ¨bnÂ \n¶mWv \½psS Imhy-`m-j-cq-]-s¸-«Xpw hfÀ¶-Xpw. C¯-c-¯nÂ
]m«n-s\bpw aWn-{]-hm-f-¯n-s\bpw ka-\z-bn-¸n¨v ae-bm-f-Im-hy-c-N-\bv¡v Hcp am\-
Io-Ir-X-`m-jm-ssien cq]-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Ignªp F¶-XmWv At±-l-¯n-sâ `mjm-]-c-
amb kw`m-h-\-bmbn Icp-tXXv.
C{]-Im-c-ap-sÅmcp ka-\z-b-{iaw sNdp-tÈ-cnbnepw I®-È-·m-cnepw \ap¡v
ImWm³ Ign-bpw. Cu cp coXn-Ifpw kzmwio-I-cn-¨mWv Fgp-¯-Ñ³ Xsâ
ZuXyw ]qÀ¯nbm¡n-b-Xv. A§s\ ]m«p-]m-c-¼-cy-¯nsâ {]mtZ-in-I-Xzhpw aWn-{]-
hm-f-]m-c-¼-cy-¯nsâ sshtZ-in-I-Xzhpw Fgp-¯-Ñ³ Ihn-X-bnÂ thÀXn-cn-¨p-Im-
Wm³ Ign-bm-¯-hn-[-¯nÂ H¶n-¡p-¶p.
Fgp-¯-Ñ\v ap¼p-Å- I-hn-I-fnÂ ae-bm-fn-¯hpw ZmÀi-\n-I-amb DZm-¯-Xbpw
tNÀ¶hcn-Ã. I®-È-·m-cnÂ kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb DZm-¯-ho-£-W-ap-v. F¶mÂ
Fgp-¯-Ñ-t\mfw ae-bm-fn¯w CÃ. sNdp-tÈ-cnbn-em-sW¦nÂ ae-bm-fn¯w [mcm-f-
apv þ F¶mÂ ZmÀi-\n-I-ho-£Ww Ipd-hp-am-Wv. aWn-{]-hmf Ihn-I-fn-em-sW¦nÂ
Ch cpw CÃ. Fgp-¯-Ñ³ Ihn-X-I-fnÂ Ch cpw ImWp-¶Xv F¡m-e-¯pw,
Imhym-kzm-Z-Isc BIÀjn-¡p-¶p. kwkvIm-c-ip-²n-bpÅ Pohn-X-ho-£-W-¯n-
sâbpw `mjm-]-c-amb ae-bm-fn-¯-¯n-sâbpw k¦-e-\-amWv Fgp-¯-Ñ³ Ihn-Xsb
DZm-¯-hÂ¡cn¡p-¶-Xv.
\ncWw Ihn-I-fpsS ZoÀL-X-cw-Kn-Wn¡pw sNdp-tÈ-cnbpsS aRvP-cn-¡pw, cma-
]p-c-¯p-hm-cy-cpsS \tXm-¶-X-bv¡pw, ]q´m-\-¯nsâ {ZpX-Im-I-fn-¡pw, Ip©³
\¼ym-cpsS Xcw-Kn-Wn¡pw Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sm³ h¿m-¯-XmWv Infn-¸m«v hr¯-§-fn-
eqsS Fgp-¯-Ñ³ Bhn-jvI-cn¨ ka-{K-Po-hn-X-Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-km-[y-X. Fgp-¯-Ñ³
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Infn-¸m-«p-I-fnÂ D]-tbm-Kn¨ `mjm-hr-¯-§-fmWv Infn-¸m-«p-hr-¯-§Ä F¶
t]cnÂ Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. Fgp-¯-Ñ³ {]m[m\yw \ÂIn-bXv apJy-ambpw \mev
hr¯-§Ä¡m-Wv. IqSmsX hr¯-ssh-Nn-{Xy-¯n-\p-th-nbpw At±lw hr¯-§Ä
D]-tbm-Kn-¨p. Bi-b-§-fpsS ka-{K-Xbpw hnhn-[Xcw hnIm-c-§-fpsS k¼qÀW-
Xbpw {]Xn-^-en-¡p-¶-Xn\v `mjm-hr-¯-§sf kaÀ°-am-¡n-¯oÀ¡p¶XnÂ In-fn-
¸m«p hr¯-§Ä¡v {][m-\-]-¦p-v. aln-tXm-Pz-e-amb Pohn-X-aq-ey-§sf Kuc-h-
]qÀWamb `mj-bnÂ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡pI F¶Xv Infn-¸m-«p-I-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-kz-`m-h-
am-Wv. C{]-Imcw GXp-`m-hhpw Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m³ `mjm-hr-¯-§sf k¼¶-am¡n
F¶ A]qÀÆ-amb t\«w Fgp-¯-Ñ-tâ-Xm-Wv. ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xbv¡v cq]-ssh-hn[yw
Xpd¶v sImSp¯Xv Fgp-¯-Ñsâ Infn-¸m«v hr¯-§-fm-Wv. C¯-c-¯n-Â `mjbv¡v
Hcp \ne-hm-c-ap-m¡ns¡mSp-¡p-Ibpw Imem-XnhÀ¯nbmb `mj cq]-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\v
ae-bm-f-`m-jsb kÖ-am¡p-I-bp-amWv Fgp-¯-Ñ³ sNbvX-Xv. C¡m-c-W-§-fmÂ
C¶pw `mj-bpsS ]nXm-hmbn Fgp-¯-Ñ³ Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
Fgp-¯-Ñ\pw ]q´m-\hpw Hcp Xmc-X-ay-hn-Nmcw
In«n-bn-S-t¯mfw ]Þn-Xm-`n-{]mbw A]-{K-Yn-¡p-I-bm-sW¦nÂ Fgp-¯-Ñ\pw
]q´m-\hpw ka-Im-en-I-sc¶v hyà-am-Ipw. Ime-K-W-\m-{I-a-¯nÂ Fgp-¯-Ñ\v (1500-
þ1580) tij-amWv ]q´m\w (1547þ1640). `àn-{]-Øm-\-¯n-epÄs¸-Sp¶ IrXn-I-fmWv
Infn-¸m-«v {]-Øm-\-¯nsâ D]-Úm-Xmhmb Fgp-¯-Ñ\pw ]m\-¸m«v {]Øm-\-
¯nsâ D]-Úm-Xm-hm-b -]q-´m-\hpw cNn-¨n-cn-¡p¶Xv F¶-XmWv Ccp-h-scbpw
Xmc-X-ay-s¸-Sp-¯m-hp¶ hkvXp-X. `ànbpw X¯z-Nn-´-bp-amWv Ccp-h-cp-sSbpw
IrXn-I-fnÂ ImWm-\m-hp-¶-Xv.
“D®n-Ir-jvW³ a\-ÊnÂ Ifn-¡p-t¼mÄ

D®n-IÄ aäp-th-Wtam a¡-fmbv”
C¯-c-¯nÂ Ign-bp-¶n-S-t¯mfw ITn-\-kw-kvIr-X-]-Z-§Ä Hgn-hm-¡p-Ibpw
Bh-iyw -h-cp¶ kµÀ`-§-fnÂ am{Xw efn-X-kw-kvIr-X-]-Z-§Ä sXc-sª-Sp¯v
{]tbm-Kn-¡p¶ coXn-bmWv ]q´m-\-¯nÂ ImWp-¶-Xv. Ihn-bpsS hnjvWp-`-ànsb
]qÀ®ambpw {]Im-in-¸n-¡m-\p-X-Ip¶ Hcp Imhy-`m-j-bmWv ]m\-¸m-«nÂ kzoI-cn-¨n-
cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ZpxJ-Ñm-b-bpÅ `àn-bmWv \ap¡v ImWm-\m-Ip-¶-Xv.
Fgp-¯-Ñ-\n-te¡v hcp-t¼mÄ efnX ae-bm-f-]-Z-§Ä am{X-aÃ ImWm-\m-hp-
¶Xv. AhnsS kµÀ`m-\p-k-cWw kwkvIr-X-{]-`m-h-ap-ÅXpw aWn-{]-hm-f-`m-jbpw
X\n-a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-saÃmw amdn-am-dn-h-cp-¶-Xp-Im-Wmw. CXn-t\m-sSm¸w Xs¶ `mjm-
hr-¯-¯nepw hyXymkw kw`-hn-¡p-¶p. “\nd¶ ]oen-IÄ \nc-¡-sh-Ip¯n” F¶
]mÀ°kmc-Yn-hÀ®\bnÂ ae-bm-f-¯nsâ emfnXyw ImWmw. F¶mÂ CjvS-tZ-
hXmkvXpXn-Ifnse `mj-bpsS coXn kwkvIr-X-tam, kwkvIr-X-{]-[m-\-amb aWn-{]-
hm-ftam BWv. kµÀ`-¯nsâ Kuc-h-¯n-\-\p-k-cn-¨mWv Fgp-¯-Ñ-\nÂ Cu amäw
ImWp¶Xv.
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X¯z-Nn-´m-]-c-ambn ]q´m-\-¯n-s\bpw Fgp-¯-Ñ-s\bpw kao-]n-¡p-I-bm-
sW¦nÂ, Ccp-h-cnepw X¯z-Nn´ Imhy-¯n-ep-S-\ofw ImWm³ Ign-bpw. a\p-jy-Po-
hn-X-¯nsâ £Wn-I-X-sb-¡p-dn¨v cv Ihn-Ifpw ]d-ªn-«p-v.
“\oÀt¸mft]m-se-bp-sÅmcp tZl-¯nÂ
F¶v ]q´m\w ]d-ªn-cn-¡p¶ Imcyw Xs¶-bmWv
“hÓn k´]vX teml-Ømw-_p-_nµp\m
k¶nZw aÀ¯yP·w£W-`w-Kpcw”
F¶v Fgp-¯-Ñ\pw ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. shÅ-¯nse Ipan-f-t]mse ZpÀ_-
ehpw \nÊm-c-hp-amWv a\p-jy-Po-hnXw F¶v ]q´m\w ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶-Xnse X¯z-
Nn´ Xs¶-bmWv Np«p-]-gp¯ teml-¯nÂ hogp¶ shÅ-¯nsâ Ah-Ø-bnÂ
Fgp-¯-Ñ\pw hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xv. CXn-\mbn Hmtcm-I-hnbpw kzoI-cn-¨n-¡p¶
`mjbv¡v hyXym-k-ap-p-Xm-\pw. X¯z-Nn-´-bnepw emfXyw apJ-ap-{Z-bmbn
]q´m\w kzoI-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ, X¯z-Nn-´-bnÂ kwkvIrX {]`m-h-apÅ `mj Ign-
hXpw kzoI-cn-¡p-I-bmWv Fgp-¯-Ñ³ sN¿p¶Xv.
Fgp-¯-Ñ-s\-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hnhn-[- ]-Þn-Xm-`n-{]m-b-§Ä
sI.F³. Fgp-¯-Ñ³ 1. “Fgp-¯-Ñsâ Infn-¸m-«p-IÄ eoem-Xn-e-I-a-\p-k-cn-¨p-Å-
]m-«p-a-Ã. aWn-{]-hm-f-hp-a-Ã, ae-bm-f-¯nÂ hymI-c-W-kz-
cq-]-¯nÂ ASn-bp-d-¨Xpw kwkvIr-X-]-Z-§Ä¡v kzmKXw
\ÂIp-¶-Xp-amb Hcp kzX{´ {]Øm-\-amWv KmY-bnepw
Infn-¸m-«nepw ImWp-¶-Xv. bYmÀ°-¯nÂ kwkvIr-X-{Zm-
hn-U-§-fpsS DNn-X-amb kwtbm-P-\-¯nsâ hnP-b-amWv
\man-hnsS ImWp-¶-Xv. CXmWv Fgp-¯-Ñsâ `mj-bpsS
\ho-\-Xzhpw”.
2. “Ihn-bpsS A´-cm-ßm-hnsâ {]Xo-I-amWv Infn. Xangv
kmln-Xy-¯nÂ Infn-tbmSv ]mSm³ ]d-bp¶ ]Xnth
DÅp. ae-bm-f-¯nÂ Infn- ]m-Sp-I- Xs¶ sN¿p¶p”.
kn.-sI. N{µ-ti-J-c³ “aWn-{]-hmf ssiensb Cuc-Sn-bn-em-hn-jvI-cn-¡pI F¶
\mbÀ ]pXpa XpS-§n-h-¨Xv Fgp-¯-Ñ\mWv. Xan-gv Nmbvhnsâ
Awi-§sf sXm®q-säm³]Xp iX-am\hpw \ncm-I-cn¨v
_rl¯mb Xsâ Imhy-§Ä cNn-¡m³ At±-l-¯n\v
km[n-¨p. CXt{X Fgp-¯-Ñsâ `mjbv¡v ]pXp-a- sIm-Sp-
¡p¶ khn-ti-jX”.
tUm.-sI.tKmZ-hÀ½ “hiy-h-¡mb B Ihn-h-cysâ IrXn- klr-Z-bm-Zcw t\Sn-
bXv Ah-bnse `mjm khn-ti-j-X -sImp Xs¶-bmWv”
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G.-BÀ. cmP-cm-P- “kwkvIr-X-Ñ-µ-im-kv{X-¯nse hÀW\nba-t¯-bpw, am{Xm-
hÀ½ \n-b-a-t¯bpw Xangv hr¯-§-fnÂ¡qSn {]th-in-¸n¨v ]pXp-
Xmbn Infn-¸m«v apX-emb ae-bm-f-hr-¯-§sf \S-¸nÂ
hcp¯n.
DÅqÀ 1. “]qÀÆ-kqcn-IÄ {]tbm-Kn¨ hr¯-§sf ka-RvP-k-ambn
hyh-Øm-]\w sN¿pIbpw A¶-\S CZw {]Y-ambn Iq«n-
t¨À¡p-IbpamWv Fgp-¯-Ñ³ `mjm-hr-¯- hn-j-b-
¯nÂ hcp-¯nb ]cn-jv¡m-c-sa¶pw ka-jvSn-bmbn
]dbmw”
2. “tIc-f-¯nse BZn-a-a-\p-jy-cpsS Bßm-hnse `àn,
timIw F¶o hnIm-c-§-fmWv Infn-¸m«p hr¯-§-fm-
bXv”
kmln-Xy-]-©m-\³ “A[ym-ß-cm-am-b-W-¯nsâ ckw A\p-`-hn-¨p- sN-bvXn«pÅ
]n.-sI.\mcm-b-W- Hcp XÀÖ-a-bmWv \½psS Infn-¸m-s«¶v \nÊw-ibw
]nÅ
]dbmw”.
tUm.-Fw.-eo-em-hXn “Bcy Fgp¯v A£-c-am-e-bnÂ IeÀ¯n-btXm aWn-{]-hm-
f-`m-jm-coXn ]m«nÂ hne-bn-¸n-¨tXm At±lw hcp-¯nb
]cn-jvIm-c-a-Ã. F¶n«pw B _lp-aXn \evI-s¸-«-Xnsâ
clkyw At±-l-¯nsâ IhnX Hcp A`q-X-]qÀÆ-amb iàn-
t{km-X-Êm-bn-cp¶psh¶-XÃmsXm-¶p-aÃ”
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 15

Xpf-fÂ
tIcfobsâ BZys¯ atX-Xc P\-Iob \mSy-thZn Xpf-fÂ¯dbm-Wv.
t£{X-a-Xn-en\p ]pd¯v Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸« Xpf-fÂ XnI¨pw P\-Io-b-amb Hcp Iem-
cq]w Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ]S-b-Wn¡pw aäpw D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp¶ Xpf-fÂ ]m«p-ItfmSv
kap-Zm-b-¯nse DbÀ¶ \ne-bn-ep-ff Bfp-IÄ B`n-apJyw ImWn-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã. AXn-
\mÂ B hI Xpf-fÂ ]m«p-IÄ kz`m-hn-I-am-bn-Xs¶ Ah-K-Wn-¨p-t]m-¶p.
the³Xp-f-fepw aäpw NnecpsS D]-Po-h-\-amÀ¤-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ am{Xw hÀ¯n¨ncp-
¶-Xp-sImv AXpw kmln-Xy-sa¶ \ne-bn-tebv¡v DbÀ¶n-Ã. Xangv kmln-Xy-¯n-
ep-apv ‘Xpf-fÂ’. AwK-hn-t£-]-t¯m-Sp-IqSn ]mSp¶ ]m«mWv Xangnse ‘Xpf-fÂ’.
auenI-ambn Cu AÀ°w Xs¶-bmWv Chn-Ss-bpw. IqSmsX Xan-gnse Xpf-f-en\v D]-
tbm-Kn-¨n-cp¶ ]m«p-IÄ¡v Hm«³Xp-f-fÂ ioep-I-tfmSv kmay-hp-apv. tNe-\m«v
ANyp-X-ta-t\m³ ]d-bp-¶Xp t]mse “]cn-jv¡-cn¨v DbÀ¶ kap-Zm-b-¡m-scbpw
Xr]vXn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ Hcp Iem-cq-]-am-I-¯-¡-h®w an\p-k-s¸-Sp-¯n-bXp”
apXÂ¡mWv Hcp {]Øm-\sa¶-\n-ebv¡v Xpf-fÂ DbÀ¶Xv.
 Ip©³ \¼ymcpw Xpf-fÂ{]Øm-\hpw

{]mNo-\- I-hn-{X-b-¯nÂs]« Ip©³ \¼ymcpsS Ime-L«w 1705
þmammsW¶v (18-þmw \qämv) Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p. Infn-¸m«v Fgp-¯-Ñ\pm¡n
F¶p ]d-bpw-t]mse \ncÀ°IamWv Xpf-fÂ Ip©³ \¼ymcpm¡n F¶p ]d-
bp-¶-Xpw. F¶mÂ t]mepw ]tcm-£mÀ°¯nÂ ChÀ¡p cp-t]À¡pw CXnsâ
D]-Úm-XrXzw Dv. NmIym-cmÂ A]-l-kn-¡-s¸« \¼ymÀ XpffÂ¡YIÄ
\nÀ½n¨v NmIymsc eÖn-¸n¨p F¶ sFXolyw kp{]-kn-²-amWv. Cu
sFXnlyIYIÄ \ne-\nÂs¡¯s¶ kmln-Xy-]-©m-\\³ Xpffensâ DÛ-h-
s¯-¡p-dn¨v C{]-Imcw ]d-bp¶p: “Z£³ Bt£-]n-¨-Xp-sImv tIm]n-jvT\mb
inh³ PS \ne-¯-Sn-¨-t¸mÄ hoc-`-{Z³ NmSn-ho-W-Xp-t]mse, NmIym-cmÂ A[n-£n-
]vX\mb \¼ymÀ ]ntä-Zn-hkw A¼-e-¸pg Ifn-¯«nÂ¡bdn- \n-¶-t¸mÄ Xpf-f-en-\p-
th kI-ekma{KnIfpw h¶pIqSn F¶p hmZn-¡p-¶Xp `mj-bpsS ]qÀÆN-cn-{X-
s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-ff Zb-\o-b-amb AÚ-Xsb {]ZÀin-¸n-¡p-¶-Xm-Ip¶p”. C¯-c-¯nÂ
Xpf-f-ensâ DÛh sFXo-lys¯ ]WvUn-X³amÀ hnaÀin¡p-¶p-v.
]d-b-cp-sSbpw ]pe-b-cp-sSbpw IWn-bm-·m-cp-Ss-bpw CS-bnÂ {]Nmc¯nencp¶
Xpf-f-ep-I-fmWv \¼ymÀ ]cn-jvI-cn¨v D¶-X-cpsS a²y-¯n-te-¡m-\-bn-¨-Xv. km[m-
cWP\§fpsS CS-bnÂ {]Nm-c-¯n-ep-m-bn-cp¶ Iem-amXrI-Isf kwkv¡-cn¨v
]pXnb Xpf-fÂ cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-XnÂ NmIymÀ Iq¯nsâ t{]c-Wm-iàn
{]hÀ¯n¨n«p-v.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 16

 DÛ-h-Im-cWw
Fgp-¯-Ñsâ IrXn-I-fmb Infn-¸m-«p-I-sfbpw Ccp-]-¯n-\m-ep-hr¯w apXem-b-
h-sbbpw amXr-I-bm¡n Infn-¸m-«p-Ifpw aäpw \nÀ½n¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p A¡m-es¯
Ihn-X-bpsS apJy-cq-]w. kwkvIr-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw hfsc {]m_ey¯n-en-cp¶p. sIm«m-
c-¡-c-cm-Pm-hn-sâbpw tIm«-b-¯p-cm-Pm-hn-sâbpw aäpw IY-I-fn-¸m-«p-IÄ hfsc
{]Nm-c-¯n-en-cp-¶p. C§s\ \¼ymcpsS Imew hsc cp ssIh-gn-I-fm-bmWv Iem-
kmw-kvI-mcnI cwK-§-fnÂ kzm[o\w sNep¯n-t¸m-¶-Xv. kmln-Xy-¯nÂ Fgp-¯-
Ñsâ Infn-¸m-«p-IÄ IemcwK-thZnbnÂ IYIfn. Fgp-¯Ñsâ IrXn-I-fnse `àn-]-
c-amb Kuc-h-`mhw A\`ykvX-cn-te¡v th{X Cd-§n-s¨-¶n-Ã. IY-I-fn-bm-Is«
BVy³am-cpsS CSbnÂ am{X-hp-am-bn. NSp-e-amb `mj {]tbm-Kn-¡m³ ]äp-¶Xpw
\mS-ImZn-Isft¸mse {]Xy-£-ambpw {]_-e-ambpw Ip-c-kn-¡-¯-¡-hn-[-¯nÂ
ck-]pjvSn- h-cp-¯p-hm³ ]äp-¶-Xp-amb kzX-{´-kr-jvSn-sb¶ \ne-bv¡mWv
Xpffensâ DÛhw. NSpe`mj Infn-¸m-«n\p Ign-bp-sa-¦nepw AXn\v Zrir-
Iem\p`hapm-Ip-¶n-Ã. B«-¡Y Ip-c-kn-¡m³ B«-¡m-c\pw ImWm³ sNÃp-
¶-h\pw A`ymkw th-Xm-Wv. NmIymÀIq¯n-\m-sW¦nÂ {ihtW{µnbamb
kwKoXckw teiwt]mepw CÃm-¯Xpw ]dªpXocp-¶-tXm-Sp-IqSn AXv \in-bp-¶-
Xp-am-Wv. C¡p-d-shÃmw \nI¯nsImWv Xpf-f-ensâ DÛhw.
\¼ymÀ Adp-]-¯n-\mep Xpf-f-ep-IÄ cNn-¨n«p¶v sFXolyw. kyaÍw,
tLmj-bm{X, Incm-Xw, \f-N-cn-Xw, ]m{X-N-cn-Xw, ioem-h-Xo-N-cn-Xw, XpS§n Ccp-]-
¯n-H¶v Hm«³Xp-f-fepw Ieym-W-ku-K-Ôn-Iw, kptµm-]-kptµm]mJym-\w, KW-]-
Xn{]mXÂ, {[ph-N-cnXw XpS-§n ]Xn-s\m¶v ioX-¦\pw {Xn]p-c-Z-l-\w, ]m©m-eo-kz-
bw-h-cw, \mfm-b-Wo-N-cn-Xw, k`m-{]-thiw XpS§n H³]Xp ]d-b-\p-amWv
\¼ymcpsS t]cnÂ Ct¸mÄ ]d-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.
Ip©³ \¼ymcpsS `mjm-]-c-amb {]tXyI-XIÄ
]m«v, aWn-{]-hmfw F¶o hyXykvX ]mc¼cy§fn-embn \ne-\n¶ ae-bmf
Imhy-`m-jsb kwtbm-Pn-¸n¨v ]pXnb cN\mssien cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-bXv Fgp¯Ñ\m-
bn-cp-¶p. Fgp-¯-Ñ-sâ CtX Imhy-]-Ùmhp Xs¶-bmWv \¼ymcpw ]n´p-SÀ-¶-Xv.
efn-X-a-Wn{]hmf ssien-bn-emWv \¼ymcpsS `mjm-sb¶v ]d-bmw. Xsâ `mjm-sb-
¡p-dn¨v \¼ymÀ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv C{]-Im-c-amWv:
“`S-P-\-§-sS \Sp-hnep-sÅmcp ]S-b-Wn-¡nl tNcphm³
hSn-hn-b-s¶mcp Nmcp-tI-cf `mj-Xs¶ NnXw hcp
ISp-]sS¸SpI-Tn-\-kw-kvIrX hnI-S-I-Sp-Ihn tIdnbmÂ
`S-P-\-§Ä [cn-¡-bnÃ Xncn-¡p-sam-s¡bptaäp-S³;
`mj-tb-dn-h-cp¶ \Ã aWn-{]-hm-f-a-sX¦ntem
ZqjWw hcp-hm-\p-anÃ hnti-j-`q-jW - -am-bvhcpw
thj-kw-K-Xn-tbm-Sp-tNÀs¶mcp `mj-th-W-a-sX¦nte
tij-apÅ P\-¯n\pw ]cn-tXm-j-sa¶p hcq ZrVw”
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 17
CXnÂ \n¶pw km[m-c-W-¡m-cnÂ km[m-c-W-¡m-cmb Bfp-IÄ¡v thnbpÅ
XmWv Xsâ `mj-sb¶v \¼ymÀhy-à-am-¡n-bn-«p-v. IqSmsX ‘Nmcp-tI-cf-
`mj’sb¶v ae-bm-f-`m-jsb hnti-jn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv {it²-b-am-Wv. CXn\v Gsd
AÀ°-hym-]vXn-bp-v. ae-bm-f-a-®nÂ asäm-cp-`m-jbv¡pw Øm\-anÃ F¶
hywKymÀ°w CXnÂ [z\n-¡p-¶p-v.
 \¼ym-cpsS XpÅÂ `mj-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Isf C{]-Imcw kw{K-ln¡mw:
1. D¯-a-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-ssi-en-bn-emWv XpÅÂIr-Xn-IÄ cNn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. C¯cw
`mjm-ssi-en-bnÂ `mjm-]-Z-§Ä Gdn-bpw, kwkvIr-X-]-Z-§Ä (e-fn-X-hpw,
hn`ày-´-hpw) Ipd-ªp-an-cn-¡pw.
“]p{X-an-{X-I-f-{X-sa¶ he-bv¡-I¯p he-bv¡-bmÂ
C{X X¯z adn-ªn-SmsX ]nW§pta _lp-km-lkw”.
2. io{L-K-Xn-bn-epÅ Xmfm-[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp Imhy-ssi-en-bmWv XpÅn-en-te-Xv.
CXn-\mbn XcwKnWn hr¯-amWv Ihn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. ênX
]cnlmk§Ä¡-\p-tbm-Py-amb NSp-e-X-kr-jvSn-¡p-¶Xv CXn-eq-Ss-bmWv.
3. efn-Xhpw kmc-fy-hp-amb `mj- Im-hy-c-N-\bv¡v kzoI-cn-¨p.
4. \m«p-`m-j-tbmSv Gähpw ASp¸w ]peÀ¯p¶ temtIm-àn-Ifpw ]g-s©m-Ãp-Ifpw
ssien-I-fp-saÃmw \¼ymÀ Imhy-c-N-\bv¡v kzoI-cn-¨p. Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn {]tbm-K-
¯n-ep-ÅXpw D]-tZi-kz-`m-h-ap-ÅXpw ]e-t¸mgpw \Àa-ckw IeÀ¶Xp-amb
kw£n-]vX{]kvXmh\ IqSn-bmWv ]g-s©m-Ãp-IÄ. aebmf¯nÂ Gähpw IqSp-
XÂ ]g-s©m-Ãp-IÄ {]tbm-Kn-¨p-Im-Wp-¶Xv \¼ym-cm-Wv. kmam-\y-P-\-§-fp-ambn
CS-]-g-In-¡-gn-bm-\pÅ kµÀ`w e`n¨XpsImpw, XpÅÂ¡-Y-IÄ km[m-c-W-P-
\-§sf Dt±-in¨v Dm¡nbp«pÅ Imhy-§-fm-bXp-sIm-p-amWv \¼ym-cpsS
XpÅÂ¡-Y-I-fnÂ C{X-b-[nIw ]g-s©m-Ãp-IÄ¡pw temtIm-àn-IÄ¡pw
Øm\w ssIh-¶-Xv.
‘KXn-sI«mÂ ]pen-]pÃpw Xn¶pw’
‘I\Iw aqew Iman\n aqew Ielw ]e-hn-[-ap-e-InÂ kpe`w’
5. \m«n³]p-d-§-fnse kmam-\y-P-\X kwkm-cn-¡p¶ ‘hmsamgn’ Imhy-
`mjbnte¡v \¼ymÀ IS-¯n-hn-«p. km[m-c-W-¡m-c-\mb XpÅ-em-kzm-Z-Isc Dt±-
in-¨mWv CXv -sN-bvXXv.
‘]«n-Wn-sb-¶Xp \½psS ]ntÅÀ-þ
s¡m«pw Xs¶ kln-¸m³ taem”
6. hyàn-`mjm {]tbmKw
Hmtcm IYm-]m-{X-§Ä¡-\p-k-cn¨v kw`m-j-W-¯nÂ amäw hcp-¯n-bn-cp-¶p.
\mS³ IYm-]m-{X-§Ä¡v {]th-i\w \ÂIn-b \¼ymÀ Ah-sc-s¡mp ]dbn¨
`mjbpw \mS\mbncp¶p. ‘koXm-kz-bw-hc’¯nÂ tLmjw ImWm³ IqSnb
\m«p-s]-®p-§-fpsS hÀ¯am\w C{]-Im-c-am-Wv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 18

“IªnIp-Sn-¸m-\n-sÃ¶mepw
ImÂ hÀ¡¯pÅ-hs\-¶mþ
en§-s\-sIm-Åm, aXp-an-Ãmªmþ
se§s\s]®n\p Xe-s]m-t¡q
\n§-fn-Xmcpw t_m[n-öte
kwK-Xn-h-s¶mcp \mcn ]dªq
asämcp \mcn-]-d-ªm-f-t¸mÄ
amt¡m-¨m-cpsS aI-fpsS IqsS
Im¡-c-\m-bcp tNÀ¨ XpS§n”
{Kmao-WÀ kwkm-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ Ah-cp-sS-ssien F§-s\tbm AXp-t]m-
sebpw {]uV-IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS kw`m-j-W-th-f-bnÂ Ah-cp-sS`mj F§-
s\tbm AXp-t]m-sebpw Ccn-¡-W-sa¶p \¼ymÀ hyà-am-¡n-bn«p-v. tIhew
`S³·m-sc-t¸m-setbm A¨n-am-sc-t¸m-setbm AÃ, {ioIr-jvW\pw Zptcym-[-
\\pw Za-b-ń-bp-sams¡ kw`m-jWw \S-¯p-¶-Xv. XnIª Kucht¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-
bmWv A¯cw cwK-§Ä Ihn tNÀ¯n«p-Å-Xv, ‘cpIvanWn kzbwhc’¯nÂ
hn¡-sâ -`mj \¼ymÀ DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ÅXv C{]-Im-c-amWv;
“an¡-Xp-sam-cp-h\p e£w tÇmIsamþ
cn¡Â tI«me§p {Kln¡pw
hn¡p-IÄsIm-Xp ]d-hm³h-ln-bm,
kÂ¡Yh-f-sc-b-dn-sªmcp tZlw
II-II Iwk³ InInIn IrjvW³
]p]p]q ]qX\ F¶mw IY-bnÂ”
IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS PmXn, \ne, kwkvImcw F¶n-h-b-\p-k-cn-¨p-Xs¶

AhÀ s]cp-am-d-W-sa¶pw hÀ¯am\w ]d-b-W-sa¶pw \¼ymÀ¡p-m-bn-cp¶
\nÀ_ÔamWv ]«-sc-s¡mp s]m«-¯n-an-gn-epw, tKmkm-bn-sb-s¡mp
lnµpØm-\n-bn-epw, X]-Ên-teÀs¸« cmh-W-s\-s¡mv kwkvIr-X-¯nepw kw`m-
jWw sN¿n¡m³ At±-ls¯ t{]cn-¸n-¨-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-¯n-\v,
“sI«nsÃ¶? IÏnss¨ Da-s¡¶ ae-bmfn
In«n-hmcpw; \mS-tijw sI«pt]mt¨ F¶ sibvth³
i¯p-t]m-\m-se-¶I - mcyw i¯ Zqcw hgn ht¶m
]S-bnÂ ]«-cp-s¡¶m timZy-sa-¶-X-dn-bm-aÂ...”
7. {]mk-Zo£
AÀ°-Ku-c-hw-sImpw [z\n- {]tbm-K-§Ä sImpw am{Xw kmam\y-
cmb Bfp-Isf ckn-¸n-¡pI km[y-a-Ã. {]mkw Ahsc hÃmsX BIÀjn-¡pw.
C¡m-c-W-¯mÂ \¼ym-cpsS IrXn-I-fnÂ {]mk-Zo£ [mcm-f-am-bn- Im-Wm³ Ign-
bpw.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 19
“tIm´-t¨-«\p Ip´w t]mbn
tImń-¡-h-\psS sImSp-hmÄ t]mbn”
C¯-c-¯nÂ BZn-{]m-k-hpw, ZznXo-bm-£-c-{]m-k-hpw, Aý-{]m-khpw \¼ymÀIr-
Xn-I-fnÂ kpe-`-am-Wv.
“NncptX! tIm]n-¡-cptX shdpsX
s]cptX \n¶psS [qfn¯-§Ä”
F¶ hcn-bnÂ A\p-{]m-k-¯nsâ km[y-X-Ifpw \ap¡v ImWm³ Ignbpw
8. \¼yÀ¡hnX-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-fn-sem-¶mWv hmNm-e-X. H¶n-s\bpw HXp-¡n-¸-d-
bm-\Ã \¼ymÀ CjvS-s¸-«n-cp-¶Xv ]c-¯n-¸-d-bm-\m-Wv.
9. i_vZ\njvT^-en-X-{]-tbmK NmXpcyw
ênXw cpX-c¯n-epv AÀ°-\n-jvT-^-en-Xhpw, i_vZ\njvT^-en-Xhpw
cnepw Hcp-t]mse kaÀ°-\mWv \¼ymÀ. CXnÂ i_vZ\njvT^-enXw
`mjbpsS {]tXy-I-X-bm-bn-h-cp-¶-Xm-Wv.
“sImSp-sh-bnÂ X«n-¨p« Ij-n-bn-semcp
]nSn-s\-ÃmÂ ae-cp-s]m-cn¡mw”
F¶ hcn-bnse ‘X«n-¨p« Ij-n’ F¶ {]tbmKw i_vZ\njvT^-en-X-{]tbmK-
¯n\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
10. kwt_m-[-\m-cq-]-§-fpsS D]-tbmKw \¼ymÀ¡-hn-X-bnÂ [mcm-fw-Im-Wm³
Ignbpw. ‘FtSm’ F¶ kwt_m-[-\m-cq]w \¼ymÀ [mcm-f-ambn D]-tbm-Kn¨p
hcp-¶p.
“B\-IÄ X§-fnÂ ]mª-Sp-¯-§s\
Im\\w Ip¯n-¯-IÀ¯p XnanÀ¯psIm-
m\\w Ip¯n-¸n-fÀ¡p¶Xp-sImnþ
§m\-µ-a-Ãm-sX\ns¡m¶p-an-sÃtSm!
Iqä\pw Iqä\pw X½nÂ ]nW§p¶
tXmäw atlm-Õhw Xt¶ \ap-s¡tSm”
11. kÀÆ\ma§-fpsS D]-tbmKw
Hcp kmln-Xy-Ie F¶p am{X-sam-Xp-§msX Zriy-I-e-bpsS Bkzm-Z\
Xe§sf¡qSn Xr]vXn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\m-em-hWw \¼ym-cpsS IrXn-I-fnÂ
kwt_m-[-\m-cq-]-§fpw AXp-t]mse kÀÆ\ma§fpw ImWp-¶-Xv.
“tN¼pInf¨p \Sp-t¼mÄ \½psS
N§m-Xn-s¡mcp Xp¼m-t]mbn”
“tI«oetbm \n§-fp-¯m-\-]m-Zsâ
ho«n-se-t¡m-em-l-e-§-fn-s¶m-¡th?”
“A§p-an§pw t\m¡n-h-ÃXpw Im«nbm
Kl-\-am-sc¶p hbv¡bn-tÃj Rm³”
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 20
12. kw`m-jW `mjm-{]-tbmKw
kw`mjW `mjbpw \¼ym-cpsS IrXn-I-fnÂ ImWm³ Ign-bpw. DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v
“hmSn-Xn-tem-¯ta! \nsâ apJ-sam¶p
hmSo-Sp-hm-s\-´p-Im-cWw sNmÂsItSm”
“Bbp-[w-Iq-SmsX Xms\-s´tSm Im«nÂ
\mbm-«n-\mbv ]pd-s¸-«Xp \mbtc
hmbpw ]nfÀ¶p ISphm hcp-t¶-cþ
ambp-[-ap-s-¦n-tem-Sp-hmÂ ZpÀLSw”.
13. X¯z-Nn´
ên-X-]-cn-lm-k-§Ä¡v {]m[m-\y-apÅ \¼ym-cpsS `mj-bnÂ X¯z-
NnÍÄ¡pw Øm\-ap-v. FÃm Pohn-I-fnepw kv]µn-¡p¶ Htc ssNX-\y-hn-
tijw {_Ò-£-{Xn-b-ssh-iy-iq-{Zm-Zn-IÄ¡pÅ GIXzw F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ
AssZz-X-ZÀi\w \¼ymÀIr-Xn-I-fn-ep-v.
“Úm\-sa-¶p-Å-Xp-Xs¶ kmc-sa¶p [cn-t¡Ww
PvRm\-an-Ãm¯ hn{]\pw _u²\pw t`Z-an-tÃXpw
Úm\n-bmIpw ]d-b¶pw {_ÒmhmZn ZznP-·mÀ¡pw
Øm\-sam-¶mbvhcpw N¯p ]c-temIw {]th-in-¨mÂ”
C¯-c-¯nÂ Gsd `mjm-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-IÄ \¼ymÀIr-Xn-I-fn-ep-v. Xsâ
IrXn-I-fnse `mj-sb-¡p-dn-¨v, `mj- F-§-s\-sbÃmw BIWw F¶Xns\¡pdn¨v
\¼ym-cpsS Xs¶ A`n-{]mbw C{]-Im-c-amWv:
“am[p-cy-Kp-W-§fpw A£-c-hy-ànbpw thWw
km[pXzw ]Z-§Ä¡pw kXXw kw`-hn-t¡Ww
t_m[n-¸-Xn-\pÅ Ipi-e-Xz-aXpw thWw
t_m[-ap-Å-hÀ¡pÅnÂ _lp-am\w hcp-t¯Ww
lmk-¯n-s\mcp amÀ¤w Nne Zn¡n-eXpw thWw
{]mk-¯n-s\m-tc-S¯pw Ipd-hn-Ãm-Xn-cn-t¡Ww
hmk-\-bvs¡m-¯-t]mse hN\{]{Iaw thWw
kwkÀ¤ KpWw sImp kIew kn²-am-t¡Ww
Cs¨m¶ KpW-saÃmw hgn-t]mse hcp-¯ns¡m-þ
p¨-¯nÂ {]tbm-Kn-¨mÂ ên¡pw kwi-bw-thm”
 ae-bm-f-`mj: Fgp-¯-Ñ-\nÂ \n¶v \¼ym-cn-te¡v

]m«v F¶pw aWn-{]-hmfw F¶pw cv ssIh-gn-I-fn-em-bn-cp¶ ae-bm-f-kmln-
Xys¯ ka-\z-bn-¸n¨v Imhy-c-N-\bv¡v Hcp am\-Io-Ir-X-`m-jm-ssien cq]s¸-Sp-¯n-
bXv Fgp-¯-Ñ-\m-Wv. CXn-\mbn Xsâ IrXn-I-fnÂ D¯-a-a-Wn-{]-hmf `mjXs¶-
bmWv Fgp-¯-Ñ³ kzoI-cn-¨-Xv. Fgp-¯-Ñ-\nÂ \n¶v \¼ym-cn-te¡v hcp-t¼mÄ efn-
X-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-`m-j-bmWv \ap¡v ImWm³ Ign-bp-¶-Xv. Fgp¯Ñ³ Imhy-c-N-\bv¡v
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 21
kzoI-cn¨ AtX hgn Xs¶-bmWv \¼ymÀ kzoIcn¨-sX¦nepw AXnÂ
‘hmsamgn’`mj IqSp-X-embpw IeÀ¯n F¶-XmWv FSp-¯p-]-d-bm-hp¶ hyXym-kw.
kwkvIr-X-`m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw taÂs¡m-bva -t\-Sn-bn-cp¶ Ime-L-«-¯nÂ, kaq-
l-¯nse km[m-c-W-¡mÀ¡v ZpÀ{Kmlysa¶dnªv aebm-f-¯nsâ sXfn-\o-scm-
gp¡v Chn-Ss¯ P\-kmam\y¯n-te¡v Xpd-¶p-hn-Sm³ ]cym-]vX-ambn-cp¶p \¼ym-
cpsS `mj. \mSp-`mj-bpsS kwth-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw AÀ°-kv^p-S-Xbpw XpS§n
tI«dnhpw \m«dnhpwhsc Iq«n-¡-eÀ¯nb `mj-bmWv \¼ym-cp-tS-Xv.
`mj-bpsS ‘NSp-eX’ cpIhn-I-fpsS `mj-I-fnepw ImWm-\m-hp¶ hkvXpX-
bm-Wv. Fgp-¯-Ñ-\nÂ bp²-cwKw t]mepÅ kµÀ`-§-fnÂ ImWm-\m-hp¶ NSpeX
\¼ym-cn-te-¡n-¯n-b-t¸mÄ BZym-h-km\whsc \op-\nÂ¡p¶Xmbn amdn. {]mk-
§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨v Imhy-`m-j-bnÂ {ihym-\p-`hw krjvSn-¡m³ Fgp¯Ñ\pw
\¼ymÀ¡pw Ign-ªn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ, Xmc-X-tay\ \¼ym-cn-emWv IqSp-X-embpw
{]mk-Zo£ ImWp-¶-Xv.
`mjsb am\-\-Io-I-cn-¡p-I-bmWv Fgp-¯-Ñ³ sNbvX-Xv. At±-l-¯nsâ `mj

kaq-l-¯nse A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-c-Ãm-¯-h-cn-te¡v F¯n-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. F¶mÂ AXnsâ
IoÀ¯-\-kz-`mhw ]ma-c-·mÀkzo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \¼ym-cn-te¡v hcp-t¼mÄ
Fgp-¯-Ñ-\mÂ am\-Io-I-cn-¡-s¸« `mj \¼ymÀ¡v ssIap-X-em-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-t\m-
sSm¸w hmsamgn Iq«n-¡-eÀ¯n kaq-l-¯nse Gähpw Xmsg¯«nepÅ P\-§Ä¡v
a\-Ên-em-¡m³ ]cym-]vX-Xc-¯nÂ, Ah-cpsS kw`mj-W-`m-j-IqSn Imhy-`m-j-bnÂ
kw{I-an-¸n-¨-Xn-\mÂ `mj-bpsS am\IoIcW-t¯m¸w Xs¶ P\-Io-b-
hÂ¡cWhpw km[y-am-¡m³ \¼ymÀ¡p km[n-¨p.
C§-s\-sbm-s¡-bm-sW¦nepw \¼ymÀ krjvSn¨ Imhy-`mj XpÅ-en\p
am{Xta IqSp-X-embpw tbmPn-¡p... `àn, irwKm-cw, Icp-Ww, hocw XpS-§nb
ck§Ä B Imhy-`m-j-sImv Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m³ _p²n-ap-«m-Wv. Fgp-¯-Ñsâ
Imhy-`mj GXp ck¯n\pw hg-§n-s¡m-Sp-¯-t¸mÄ ‘lmky-c-k-{]-[m\w’ F¶
]cn-an-Xn-bn-te¡v \¼ym-cpsS Imhy-`mj HXp-§n-t¸m-bn. km[m-c-W-¡msc Gähpw
IqSp-XÂ ckn-¸n¨ Imhy-`m-j-bm-sW¦nepw Kuc-h-¡m-cmb ]nev¡me Imhy-
IÀ¯m-¡Ä XpÅ-ensâ `mjsb Ah-K-Wn-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 22

taÂ¸dªImcy-§Ä C{]-Imcw ]«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯mw.
Fgp-¯-Ñ³ \¼ymÀ
 kwkv-Ir-X-]-Z-§fpw `m-jm-]-Z-§fpw \Ã-
co-Xn-bnÂ tNÀ¯p-sIm-p-Å a-Wn-{]hm-  e-fn-X-a-ebm-f ]-Z-§Ä¡v {]m-[m-\y-
ap-Å a-Wn-{]hm-f `mj
f `m-j
 hmsamgn `mj IqSp-X-em-sW¶p
 hmsamgn `mj Ipd-hmWv am{X-a-Ã, tI«dnhpw \m«-dnhpw IqSn
IeÀ¯nb `mj
 NSp-e-amb `mjm-coXn bp²-cw-K-§-fnÂ  BZym´w Imhy-¯nÂ NSp-e-X-
Ip-h-cp¶p ImWmw
 i-_vZm-e-¦m-c-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨v {ihym-\p-  i_vZme¦m-c-§-fpsS B[nIyw
`hw Dm-¡p¶p ImWmw
 A\-`y-kvX-cmb ]ma-c-·m-cnepw
 A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb P\-§Ä¡n-S-bnse `mjm-am-\-Io-I-cWw \S-¸m-¡m³
am\-Io-I-cWw \S-¸n-em¡n
Ignªp
 P-\-{]n-b-X-bv-s¡m¸w hen-b-tXm-
 P\-{]n-bX ssIh-cn¨p XnÂ P\-Io-b-hÂ¡cWhpw \S-
¸m¡n
 XpÅ-en-\p-am{Xw tbmPn¨ Imhy-
 GXp `mh-¯n\pw tbmPn¨ Imhy-`mj `mj
 FÃm ck-¯n\pw hg-§p¶ `mj  lmky-c-k-{]-[m-\amb `mj
 Hm«³XpÅ-enÂ DS-\ofw ‘Xcw-Kn-
 Hcp IrXn-bnÂ Xs¶ hr¯-ssh-Nn{Xyw Wn-hr¯w’ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
hcp¯n C¯-c-¯nÂ GI hr¯-{]-[m-\-
amWv XpÅÂ
Fgp-¯-Ñ³, ]q´m-\w, Ip©³\¼ymÀ þ Xmc-X-ay-hn-Nmcw

Fgp-¯-Ñ-s\bpw ]q´m-\-¯n-s\bpw \¼ym-scbpw Xmc-Xayw sN¿mhp¶ Hcp
Imcyw ]pcm-hr¯ kzoI-c-W-am-Wv. F¶mÂ A¡m-cy-¯nÂ Ipd-¨p- hyXykvX-
\mWv \¼ymÀ. ]pcm-W-I-Y-am-{X-amWv \¼ymÀ¡v kzoIm-cy-am-b-Xv. ]Ým-¯-ehpw
aäpw tIc-fo-b-am-bn-t¸m-Ip-¶p. `àn¡v H«pw {]m[m-\y-an-Ãm-¯-Xn-\mepw lmky-c-k-
{]-[m-\-am-b-Xn-\m-ep-amWv XpÅ-enÂ C{]-Imcw ImWp-¶-Xv. asäm-cp-Imcyw aqh-cn-ep-
apÅ ‘X¯z-Nn´’bpsS Awi-am-Wv. Fgp-¯-Ñ-\nepw ]q´m-\-¯nepw Imhy-¯n-ep-S-
\ofw X¯z-Nn-´-Im-Wm³ Ign-bp-sa-¦nÂ \¼ymcnÂ Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hmWv ImWp-
¶-Xv. F¦nepw Xsâ ]qÀÆ-kqcn-I-fpsS X¯z-Nn-´-I-fpsS kzm[o\w \¼ym-cnÂ
ImWmw.
“hÓn k´]vX teml-Ømw-_p-_n-µp\m
k¶n`w aÀ¯yP·w £W`wKpcw”
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 23

F¶v Fgp-¯-Ñ³ ]d-ªn-cn-¡p¶ Bibw
“\oÀt¸mfbpsÅmcp tZl-¯nÂ
F¶n-§s\ ]q´m-\-¯nÂ ImWm³ Ignbpw. AXpt]mse CXn-t\m-S-S¯p
\nÂ¡p¶ X¯z-Nn´ Ip©³\-¼ym-cnepw ImWmw.
“Pe-¯nse t]mf-I-sf-¶-t]mse
New a\p-jyÀ¡p-i-co-c-\mimw”
F¶n-§s\ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ £Wn-IX aqh-enepw ImWmw.
`mj-bpsS am\-Io-I-cWw: Infn-¸m-«v, ]m\, XpÅÂ
]m«n-s\-bpw- a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-s\bpw ka-\z-bn-¸n¨v ae-bm-f-Im-hy-c-N-\bv¡v Hcp
am\-Io-Ir-X-`m-jm-ssien cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-bXv Fgp-¯-Ñsâ t\«-§-fnÂ H¶mWv.
C§s\ Imhy-`m-jbv¡v Hcp \ne-hmcw Dm-¡n-s¡m-Sp-¡p-Ibpw ImemXn-
hÀ¯nbmb `mj cq]-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\v ae-bmf`mj kÖ-amIp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
F¶mÂ C¡m-cy-§-sfÃmw A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb P\-§Ä¡n-S-bn-emWv kzoIm-cy-am-b-
Xv. ]Þn-XÀ¡pw D]-cn-hÀK¡mÀ¡pw {]uV-ZmÀi\nIXbpw ]ma-cÀ¡v \ma-P-
]hpw AXm-bn-cp¶p At±-l-¯nsâ Imhy-`m-j. `mj-bpsS Cu am\-\-Io-I-c-W-{]-
{Inb ]q´m-\-¯n-te-s¡-¯n-b-t¸mÄ Ipsd-¡qSn efn-X-am-Ip-I-bpw, IoÀ¯-\-kz-
`mhw ]peÀ¯p-¶-Xp-am-I-bnÂ kaq-l-¯nse Xmsg-¡n-S-bn-ep-Å-h-cn-te¡v IqSp-X-
embpw kzoI-cn-¡-s¸-«p. XpSÀ¶v Hcp \qäm-n-\p -tijw h¶ \¼ymÀ¡v Fgp-¯-
Ñsâ am\-Io-I-cW {]{In-bbv¡v hnt[-b-amb ià-amb Hcp Imhy-`mj ssIap-X-
em-bp-m-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-t\m-sSm¸w hmsamgn IqSn IeÀ¯n kaq-l-¯nse Gähpw
Xmsg-¯-«n-ep-Å-hÀ¡v a\-Ên-em-¡m³ ]cym-]vX-amb Xc-¯nÂ, Ah-cpsS kw`m-j-
W-`m-j-IqSn Imhy-`m-j-bnÂ kw{Ian¸n-¨-Xn-\mÂ `mj-bpsS am\-Io-I-c-W-t¯m-
sSm¸w Xs¶ P\-Io-b-hÂ¡cWhpw km[y-am-¡m³ \¼ymÀ¡v Ign-ªp.
Ip©³\-¼ym-sc-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hnhn-[-]-Þn-Xm-`n-{]m-b-§Ä
1. kzmÀ°w, ]c-t{Zm-lm-`n-c-Xn, hnizm-k-cm-ln-Xyw, ]W-s¡m-
Fw.-eo-em-hXn Xn, IÀ½-ssh-ap-Jyw, s]m§-¨w, [À½-tem-]w, IÀ¯-hym-
]m-cm-Mvap-JX Ch-sbm¡w \SamSp¶ ka-Im-e-k-ap-Zmbw
AXnsâ A]-N-bm-h-Ø-bn-em-sW¶t±l-¯n-\p-tXm-¶n.
H¶p-InÂ AhbnÂ \ns¶m-gn-ªp-amdn Cuiz-c-\nÂ apgp-
Imw. AsÃ-¦nÂ Ah-sb-¡p-dn-s¨ms¡ ]cn-th-Z\w apg-
¡mw. AsÃ-¦nÂ Ah-bpsS t\sc aqÀ¨-bpÅ hm¡p-IÄ
Npg-än-sb-dn-bmw. BZys¯ amÀ¤w Fgp-¯-Ñ\pw cm-
as¯ amÀ¤w ]q´m-\-hpw, aq¶m-as¯ amÀ¤w \¼ymcpw
hcn-¨p.
2. “ac-¯n-en-e-hn-cn-bpw-t]mse A{X A\m-bm-k-ambn a\-
ÊnÂ IhnX hncn-ªn-«pÅ ae-bm-f-I-hn-I-fnÂ F´p-
sImpw AZzn-Xo-b-\mWp \¼ymÀ” ({]m-k-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 24

\m«nepw \K-c-¯nepw s]m«n-¨n-cn¡pw sImÅ-cp-Xm-bva-Im-
kpIp-amÀ «nbpw Ign-ªq-Iq-Sp¶ km[m-cW a\p-jy-cpsS \nXy-Po-hn-X-
Agot¡mSv ¯nÂ ]c¶p InS-¡p¶ {]mIr-X-`m-h-§Ä \½psS kmln-
Xy-¯nÂ tI{µØm\¯v {]Xn-jvTn-¡-s¸-«Xv BZy-ambn
Ip©sâ IrXn-I-fnÂsh-¨m-Wv.
‘\¼ymÀbpKw’ \½psS kmln-Xy-¯nse Xangv {]`m-h-Im-e-

GhqÀ ]ctaizc³ ¯n-sâbpw kwkvIr-X-{]-`m-h-Im-e-¯n-sâbpw Aýw Hcp-
t]mse Ipdn-¡p-¶p.
A¼-e-¸p-g- `mj-bpsS ]nXm-hmbn \mw ImWp-¶Xv Xp©-s¯-gp-XvÑ-s\-
tKm]IpamÀ bm-sW¦nepw ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS hfÀ¯-Ñ-\mbn ImtW-
Xpw Ip©³\-¼ym-sc-bm-Wv.
]pe-b-cpsS \r¯-k-{¼-Zm-bs¯ A\p-I-cn¨v \¼ymÀ c-
Fkv.-sI.\mbÀ Nn¨XmWv ioX-¦³ XpÅ-se¶p JÞn-X-ambn ]dbmw
ap³Ime- hÀj tNmZy-§Ä

1. In-fn-¸m-«p-Ir-Xn-Ifm-b 'A-²ym-ß-cm-am-b-W'¯n-sebpw 'a-lm-`m-c-X'¯n-sebpw `m-
j-bp-sS km-am-\yX-ew \n-cq-]n-¡pI. (2017)
2. Zr-iy`m-j F-¶ \n-e-bnÂ Xp-ÅÂ-Ir-Xn-I-fn-se Im-hy-`m-j-bp-sS {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ
A-h-temI-\w sN-¿pI. (2017)
3. a-ebm-f `m-j-bp-sS A-Sn-¯-d D-d-¸n-¡p-¶-XnÂ In-fn-¸m-«p Ir-Xn-IÄ h-ln-¨ ]-¦v
F-s´-¶v hn-aÀ-i-_p²n-tbm-sS ]cn-tim-[n-¡pI. (2016 C)
4. Ip-©³-\-¼ymÀ X-sâ Xp-ÅÂ Ir-Xn-IÄ-¡v th-n D-]-tbm-Kn-¨ `m-j P-\Io-b
Zr-iy-I-em-cq-]-¯n-\v C-W-§p-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p. F-§s\? (2016)
5. ]q-´m-\w I-hn-X-bp-sS lr-Z-bm-hÀ-Ö-I-Xz-¯n-\v A-Xn-sâ `m-j {]-[m\ ]-¦p-h-
ln-¨n-«pv. ‘Úm-\-¸m\-sb’ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n NÀ-¨-sN-¿pI. (2016)
6. `àn-bp-sSbpw X¯z-Nn-´-bp-sSbpw Bhn-jv¡-c-W-¯nÂ ]q´m-\-¯n-sâbpw
Fgp-¯-Ñ-sâbpw Ihn-X-I-fpsS `mjm-]-c-amb hyXymkw hyà-am-¡pI?
(2015 C)
7. Xp©³ Ihn-X-I-fnÂ \n¶v Ip©³ IrXn-I-fn-te¡v F¯p-t¼mÄ ae-bmf
Imhy-`m-j-bnÂ kw`-hn¨ {][m-\-]-cn-hÀ¯\§Ä Fs´Ãmw? (2015)
8. Fgp-¯-Ñsâ `mjbv¡v ae-bm-f-N-cn-{X-¯n-epÅ Øm\-sa´v? (2014 C)
9. Fgp-¯-Ñsâ `mjm-{Iaw hnh-cn-¡pI? (2012)
10. Úm\-¸m-\-bpsS kmln-Xy-ta-·-IÄ Fs´Ãmw? (2012 C)
11. ae-bmf `mj-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-¯n-sâbpw ASn-¯d Dd-¸n-¡p-¶-XnÂ Infn-¸m«p
IrXn-IÄ hln¨ ]¦v Fs´¶v hnaÀi-\-_p-²n-tbmsS ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.
(2011 C)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 25

12. ]pcm-W-I-Y-bnÂ h-cp-¯n-b tI-c-fo-b-Xzhpw A-Xn-s\ ap³-\nÀ-¯n-bp-Å km-aq-ly
hn-aÀ-i-\-hp-am-Wv Xp-ÅÂ Ir-Xn-IÄ-¡v C-{X-am{Xw P-\-{]o-Xn t\-Sn-s¡m-Sp-¯Xvþ
icn-tbm? (2011)
13. `mjm kmwkvIm-cnI cwK-§-fnÂ \ncWw Ihn-IÄ XpS-§n-h¨ ]cn-jvI-cWw
]qÀ®XbnÂ F¯p-¶Xv Fgp-¯-Ñ-\n-em-Wv. NÀ¨-sN¿pI. (2010)
14. ]pXnb Imhy-`mj cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v Fgp-¯-Ñ³ \ÂInb kw`m-h-\-IÄ
Fs´Ãmw? (2009)
15. ]m-«n-sâbpw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-sâbpw X\-Xp kz-`m-h-§Ä F-gp-¯-Ñ-\nÂ A-{]-Xy-
£-am-hp-Ibpw ]pXn-sbm-cp Im-hy`m-j DZ-bw sN-¿p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp F-¶p ]-
dbmtam? (2007)
16. Xp©-s¯-gp-¯-Ñsâ Infn-¸m-«p-I-fn-sebpw Ip©³ \¼ym-cpsS XpÅÂ IrXn-I-
fn-sebpw `mj Xmc-Xayw sN¿pI. (2005)
17. Fgp-¯-Ñ-t\m-Sp-IqSn ae-bm-f-km-lnXyw ]cn-]IzmhØ {]m]n-¨p. cma-N-cn-Xw,
I®-i-cm-am-b-Ww, alm-`m-cXw Infn-¸m«v F¶n-h-bpsS `mjm kmln-Xy-kz-cq]w
hni-Z-am¡n kaÀ°n-¡p-I. (2002)
18. Fgp-¯-Ñs\ ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS ]nXm-sh¶v hnfn-¡p-t¼mÄ IrjvW-Km-Ym-Im-
cs\ \mw ad-¶p-t]m-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. F´p-sIm-m-Wn-§s\ kw`-hn-¨Xv? (2001)
19. cma-N-cn-X-¯nÂ \n¶v Fgp-¯-Ñ³ IrXn-I-fnÂ F¯p-t¼mÄ ae-bmf Ihn-X-
bv¡p-mb `mh-]-chpw cq]-]-c-hp-amb ]cn-Wm-a-sa´v? (2001)
20. Imhy-`m-j-bpsS am\-Io-I-cWw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶Xv I®-È-Ir-Xn-I-fn-em-Wv.
]qÀ¯nbmhp-¶Xv Fgp-¯-Ñ-\n-epw. Cu \nco-£-W-¯nse hnh£ hyà-am-
¡pI. (2000)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 26

a-ebmfw
bqWoävþaq¶v (2)
Cý³ sshtZ-in-I- an-j-W-dn-amÀ \ÂInb kw`m-h-\-IÄ
1498 Â hmkvtIm-Un-Kma F¶ t]mÀ¨pKokv I¸n-¯m³ tImgn-t¡mSv hs¶-
¯n-b-Xn-\pap¼pXs¶ bptdm-¸nÂ \n¶p Nne {InkvXob anjW-dn-amÀ tIc-f-
¯nÂ {]th-in-¨p ]cn-{i-a-§Ä Bcw-`n-¨n-cp-¶p. hntZ-i-i-àn-I-fpsS BK-a-\hpw
k¼À¡hpw tIc-f-¯nÂ kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw aX]chp-amb hen-sbmcp hyXn-bm-\-
¯n\v XpS-¡-an-«p. tIc-f-¯nse ss{IkvX-h-k-`bv¡v {]tXy-I-cq-]hpw `mhhpw
Dm-bXv t]mÀ¨pKokv anj-W-dnam-cpsS hc-thm-sS-bmWv. CtXmsS aX{]NmcW-
¯n-\m-bpÅ {]I-S-amb ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ Bcw-`n-¨p. aXw ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw hnizm-k-
¯n-e-[n-jvTnXamb PohnXw \bn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw t\XrXzw sImSp-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ambn
t]mÀ«pKokv anjnWdn-amÀ ae-bm-f-`mj ]Tn-¨p-sIm-n-cp-¶p. aebm-f-`mj ]Tn-¡p-
¶-Xn\pw ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ambn `mj-bpsS ka{K-]-T\w AhÀ Hcp X]-ky-bm¡n
amän. A§-s\-bmWv `mj, kmln-Xyw, A¨Sn XpS-§nb taJ-e-I-fnÂ hntZ-i-an-j-
\-dn-amÀ Ncn{Xw hnc-Nn-¨-Xv.
I. anj-Wdn-KZyw
anj-W-dnKZyw F¶-Xp-sImv Dt±-in-¡p-¶Xv hntZ-i anj-W-dnamÀ tIc-f-
¯nÂ h¶v aX{]Nmc-§Ä¡pw aäpw D]-tbmKn¨ `mj-sb-¶p-am-{X-a-Ã, Ah-cpsS
Nph-Sp-Isf ]n´p-SÀ¶v B `mjm-co-Xn-tbmSv kmZriyw ]peÀ¯p¶ `mj-bnÂ,
\m«p-Im-cmb {InkvXy³ ]ptcm-ln-X-·mcpw ]ptcm-ln-tX-Xccpw X¿m-dm-¡nb IrXn-
Isf¡qSn-bmWv. anj-Wdn KZys¯ cm-bn-Xn-cn-¡mw.
H¶mw L«w
F.-Un. 17, 18 \qämpI-fnse It¯m-en-¡m anj-W-dnam-
cpsS kmlnXy-{]-hÀ¯\§Ä
anj-W-dn-KZyw
cmw L«w
19-þmw \qämv
s{]m«-Ìâp anj-W-dn-am-cpsS {]hÀ¯\§Ä
1. L«w H¶v
1.1. DZ-bw-t]-cqÀ kq\-l-tZm-knsâ Imt\m-\-IÄþ 1599
tIc-f-¯nse ss{IkvXh k`sb tdma³ k`-bpsS B[n-]-Xy-¯nÂ
sImphcnI e£yw h¨v 1599 Â DZ-bw-t]-cqcnÂ Hcp kq\ltZm-kv \S-¶p. kq\-
l-tZm-knse kt½-f-\-¯n-se-Sp¯ Xocp-am-\-§sf Imt\m-\-Ifmbn {]kn-²o-I-cn-
¨p. Cu kt½-f\\S-]-Sn-IÄ BZyw t]mÀ¨pKokv `mj-bn-em-bn-cp¶p tcJ-s¸-Sp-
¯n-bn-cp-¶-Xv. ]n¶oSv ]Åp-cp-¯n-¡m-c³ bmt¡m-¡-¯-\mÀ ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v
hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp. ]mÝm-Xy-`m-jm-k-¼À¡-¯n-\p-tijw ae-bm-f-¯nÂ cq]w
sIm \ho-\ -K-Zy-en-Jn-X-`m-j-bpsS BZy -am-Xr-I-I-fmWv DZ-bw-t]-cqÀ kq\-l-
NEO IAS 0484-43190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 1

tZm-knsâ Imt\m-\-IÄ. ssien-bnepw hmIy-L-S-\-bnepw hntZ-i-`m-jm-kzm-[o\w
ImWmw. CsXm-cp-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-b-Ã. Hcp kw`-h-¡p-dn-¸p-am-{Xw. F¶mÂ CXnse
KZy-ssien ]Þn-X\pw ]ma-c\pw Hcp-t]mse a\-Ên-em-Ip-¶-Xm-Wv. ip²-{Zm-hn-U-]-
Z-§fpw {]tbm-K-§fpw Cu {KÙ-¯nÂ Ip-h-cp-¶p. - hyh-lm-c-`m-j-bpsS
iànbpw HmPÊpw \nd-ªp-\nÂ¡p¶ sNdnb hmIy-§Ä Cu {KÙ-¯nÂ
ImWmw.
“....\n¯epw cm Fgp-s¶ä ]Ån-bnÂ \akvImcw F¯n-¡bpw shWw”

C¯-c-¯n-emWv CXnse `mjm-co-Xn. kwkvIr-X-]-Z-§Ä hfsc Npcp-¡-am-Wp-ÅXv.
kpdn-bm-\n, t]mÀ¨pKokv, Ad_n, Xangv F¶o `mj-I-fn-epÅ ]Z-§Ä Ipsd-bp-
v. CXnse ssien-bnepw hmIy-L-S-\-bnepw hntZ-i-`m-jm-kzm-[o\w ImWmw.
\m«p-`m-j-bn-epÅ {]mÀ°\bv¡pw aXt_m[-\-¯n\pw {]m[m\yw IÂ¸n-¨Xv
t]mÀ¨pKokp-Im-cm-Wv. G, Hm F¶o ZoÀL-kz-c-§-sfÃmw {lkz-am-bmWv {]tbm-
Kn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. IÀ½n-Wn-{]-tbmKw Cu IrXn-bnÂ [mcmfw ImWmw.
2. _nj¸v tdmknsâ \nb-am-hen þ 1606
1603 Â dh.-tdmkv Fkv.-sP. Unkw-_-dnÂ A¦-am-en-bnÂ Hcp cq]-Xm-kq-\-l-
tZmkv hnfn-¨p-Iq-«n. AXnsâ Xocp-am-\-§Ä AwKo-Im-c-¯n-\mbn tdman-te-¡-b-¨p.
]t£, I¸-enÂ h¨v AXv \jvS-s¸-«p. AXp-sImv 1606 Â asäm¶p Fgp-Xn-bp-
m-¡n. CXnsâ Is¿-gp¯v {]Xn- h-¯n-¡m³ sse{_-dn-bnÂ kq£n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
3. thZ-XÀ¡w þ 1768
1768 Â Icn-bm-änÂ butk¸p I¯-\m-À cNn¨ {KÙ-amWnXv. {InkvXym-\n-I-
fp-sS-bnS-bnÂ A¶p \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ hnizm-k-ssh-Pm-Xyhpw Ass\-Iyhpw ssIsh-
Snªv ]p\-ssc-Iy-¯n\p X¿m-dm-I-Wsa¶ ktµ-i-amWv At±lw thZ-XÀ¡-¯n-
eqsS \ÂIn-b-Xv. ]mÝm-Xy-cpsS KZy-c-N\m amXr-I-bmWv kzoI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
“hmIy-§-fnÂ ImWp¶ kpdn-bm\n ]Z-§fpw ‘Xsâ’ XpS-§nb ]mÝm-Xy-{]-tbm-
K-§fpw hmIy-L-S-\-bnse ¢njvS-Xbpw Hgn-¨mÂ `mjm-ssien \ho-\-a-e-bm-f-
t¯m-S-Sp¯p \nÂ¡p¶Xp ImWmw” F¶v thZ-XÀ¡-¯nse `mj-sb-¡p-dn¨v
kn.FÂ. BâWn A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
4. kwt£-]-th-ZmÀ°w þ 1772
1772-þÂ tdmanse ‘kÀÆ`mjmap-{Z-Wm-e-b-’¯nÂ ae-bm-f-`m-j-bnÂ ap{ZWw
sN¿s¸« IrXn-bmWv ‘\{km-Wn-IÄ H¡bv¡pw Adn-tb-p¶ kwt£-]-th-
ZmÀ°w’. ae-bm-f-`m-j-bp-sSbpw KZy-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâbpw A¨-Sn-bp-sSbpw Ncn-{X-
¯nse Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-amb Hcp kw`-h-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. e`y-amb sXfn-hp-I-fpsS
ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ aebmfw A¨Sn-bpsS ]nXmhv s¢aâv ]nbm-\n-bÊpw BZyw
A¨-Sn¨ ae-bmf IrXn kwt£-]-th-ZmÀ°-hp-amWv. hyh-lm-c-`m-j-bpsS kmln-
Xy-cq-]-amWv kwt£-]-th-ZmÀ°-¯nÂ DS-\ofw ImWm³ Ign-bp-¶-Xv. ]mXn-cn-a-e-
bm-f -K-Zy-¯nsâ A\p-kyq-X-h-fÀ¨bpw CXnÂ {]I-S-am-Wv. “A¡m-e¯v kÀ¡mÀ
NEO IAS 0484-43190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 2

Fgp-¯p-Ip-¯p-IÄt]mepw \mtSmSn `mj-bn-em-bn-cp¶p F¶v HmÀ½n-¡p-t¼mÄ
kwt£-]-th-ZmÀ°-¯nse `mjm-coXn ÇmL-\o-b-am-sW¶p Xs¶ ]d-tb--
Xpv” F¶v kwt£-]-th-ZmÀ°¯nse `mj-sb-¡p-dn¨v DÅqÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-
Sp¶p. Xangv `mjm-]-Z-§fpw {]tbm-K-§fpw A§n§p ImWp-¶p-v. kpdn-bm-\n,
lo{_p, AÀta\nb³ ]Z-§fpw Cu ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ ImWmw. t]mÀ¨pKokp-]-Z-
§Ä hfsc hnc-f-am-bn-«p-Åq.
5. Úm\-ap-¯p-ame
{KÙ-Im-c³ Bsc¶p \nÝ-ban-Ã. Úm\-ap-¯p-am-eb - nse kmln-Xy-`mj 18-
þmw \qäm-nse hyh-lm-c-`m-j-bnÂ \n¶v Dcp-¯n-cnªp h¶-Xm-Wv. C¶p-]-tbm-
Kn-¡p¶ \ma-{In-bm-cq-]-§-fpsS {]Ir-Xn-I-sfÃmw AXn-ep-v. B[p-\n-I-þ-K-Zy-¯nÂ
{]tbm-Kn-¡p¶ kwkvIrX XÛ-h-§fpw kÀÆ-km[m-c-W-am-Wv. “C¶s¯ KZy-co-
Xn-bnÂ {]Nm-c-an-Ãm¯ Nne ssien-Ifpw {]tbm-K-hn-ti-j-§fpw ImWm-sa-¦nepw
kw`m-j-W-I-e-bpsS enJn-X-cq-]-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ hnI-kn-¨n-«pÅ B KZyw B[p-\n-
I-K-Zy-¯nsâ ASn-¯-d-bm-sW¶p ]d-bm³ aSntXm-¶p-¶n-Ã.” F¶v kn.-FÂ.
BâWn Úm\-ap-¯p-am-e-bnse KZy-s¯-¡p-dn¨v A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
6. hÀ¯am\-]p-kvX-Iwþ1785
]mtd-½m-¡Â tXmam-¡-¯-\m-cmWv ‘hÀ¯am\-]p-kvXI’¯nsâ IÀ¯mhv.
\m«p-Im-cmb {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS t£a-¯n\p hne-§-Sn-¨p-\n¶ {]iv\-§Ä ]cn-l-
cn-¡m³ thn amÀ¸m-¸sb kµÀin-¡m³ ]pd-s¸-«-XmWv Icn-bm-änÂ butk¸v
I¯-\m-cpw, ]mtd-½m-¡Â tXmam-¡-¯-\m-cpw. hgn-bnÂ h¨v t\cn« Zpc-´-§fpw
B{^n-¡, sXt¡Ata-cn-¡, bqtdm¸v F¶o `qJ-Þ§-fnse hnhn-[- tZ-i§-fnÂ
I IuXp-I-I-c-amb Imcy-§fpw hÀ®n¨ncn-¡p-¶p. 18-þmw \qäm-nse Aý-]m-Z-
¯nse ae-bm-f-K-Zy-¯nsâ hnIm-k-Zi a\-Ên-em-¡m³ hÀ¯am\-]p-kvXIw
klm-bn-¡p-¶p. {KÙ-Im-csâ ssNX\yw hyà-ambn {]Xn-^-en-¡p¶ ssien
BZy-ambn ae-bmf KZy-¯nÂ ImWp-¶Xv hÀ¯am\ ]pkvX-I-¯n-emWv. 1935
emWv Cu {KÙw shfn¨w I-Xv.
“tXmam-I-¯-\m-cpsS {]kvXpX IrXn GXp \nebv¡v t\m¡n-bmepw ssIc-

fnbv¡v Hcp I\-Im-`-c-W-am-sW¶p Xs¶ ]d-tb--Xm-Wv. kwkvIr-X-{]-[m-\-amb
Hcp ssien-bÃ At±-l-¯n-\p-Å-Xv, {]XypX A¶s¯ kÀ¡mÀ Fgp-¯p-Ip-¯p-
I-fnepw aäpw {]Np-c-{]-Nm-c-am-bn-cp¶ Hcp Xcw `mjm-co-Xn-bm-Wv. bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-
¯n\v Gähpw tbmPn¨ coXn-X-s¶-bmWv AXv F¶p-Å-Xn\p kwi-b-anÃ”. F¶v
DÅqÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. DÅq-cnsâ A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ \n¶pw hÀ¯am\-]p-kvX-
I-¯nse hmsamgn `mjm-{]m-[m\yw hyà-am-Ip-¶pv.
1936 Â AXn-c-¼pg skâv tacokv {]ÊnÂ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p. Ncn-{Xhpw
t\mhepw kt½fn-¨m-epÅ êw k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ \n¶v hmb-\-
¡mÀ¡v e`n-¡p-¶p. “`mc-Xob `mj-I-fnse {]mNo\ k©m-c-{K-Ù-§-fnÂ C{X-
t¯mfw hnkvXr-X-amb Hcp bYmÀ° k©m-c-hn-h-c-W-aptm F¶p kwi-bn-
NEO IAS 0484-43190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 3
¡Ww. CXnse KZy-ssien A¢n-jvShpw ae-bm-f-¯nsâ hyh-lmc cq]-t¯mSv
Gähpw ASp¯v \nÂ¡p¶-Xp-amWv” F¶v kn.-FÂ.-BâWn hÀ¯am\-]p-kvX-I-
¯nse `mj-sb-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw CXnse `mjm-em-fn-Xyw hyà-am-
Ip¶p.
hyh-lm-c-`m-j-bpsS kmln-Xo-b-cq-]-¯n-epÅ hfÀ¨ Cu IrXn-bnÂ
ImWmw. F¶mÂ KZy-co-Xn, hmIy-K-Xn, IÀ½-Wn-{]-tbm-Kw XpS-§nb LS-\m-]-c-
amb Imcy-§-fnÂ sshtZ-in-I-`m-j-I-fpsS kzm[o-\-¯n\v hnt[b-am-bn-«p-s¶p
ImWmw. 17Dw 18Dw \qäm-p-I-fnÂ hyh-lm-c-`m-j-bnse hc-samgn cp-hn-[-¯n-em-
bn-cp-¶p. 17-þmw \qäm-tm-Sp-IqSn kwkvIr-X-{]m-_-eyhpw Xangv iànbpw £bn-¨p-
sh-¦nepw Ah KZy-co-Xn-bnÂ \n¶pw ]mtS-am-dn-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. ]mXn-cn-a-e-bm-f-ssi-en-
bnÂ kwkvIr-X-]-Z-_m-lp-eytam ZoÀL-k-am-k-§tfm Xosc CsÃ¶p ]d-bmw.
kwkvIr-X-§-fmb s\Sp-s\-Sp-¦³ hmN-I-§-Ä ]mXn-cn-a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ ImWm³
t]mepw In«p-¶n-Ã. hyh-lm-c-`m-j-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-fmb hmIy-_-Ôw, kÔn-Im-
cy-§Ä, hymI-cWw F¶nh ]mXncn ae-bm-f-¯nÂ ]men-¡p-¶p-ap-v.
“Cu \K-cn-bnÂ Xe-s¸« IÀ¯hyw cmP-hmgvN AÃm alm-tbm-K-hm-gvN-

bs{X. BIp-¶-Xn-s\-s¡mp taÂs¸« ]cn-]m-e-\-¯nsâ hnNm-c-Imd-cnÂ Xe-
hs\ tZmsP (duke) F¶p sNmÃp-am-dm-Ip¶p”.
CXp-t]mse AIr-{Xn-ahpw DuÀÖkz-e-hp-amb Hcp `mjm-co-Xn-bmWv hÀ¯am\-
]p-kvX-I-¯nÂ s]mXpsh ImWp-¶-sX¶v Sn.-Fw. Np½mÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
BZy-Ime anj-\dn KZy-¯nsâ `mjm-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-IÄ C{]-Imcw
t{ImUo-I-cn-¡mw.
1. hyh-lm-c-`m-j-bpsS Bß-_ew anj-W-dnam-cpsS KZy-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ ImWmw. a²y-
tI-cf-¯nse amÀt¯mam {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS hyh-lm-c-`m-j-bv¡mWv Ch-bnÂ
ap³Xq-¡w.
2. {]mNo-\-a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ kpe-`-am-bn-Im-Wp-¶Xpw ]nÂ¡me¯v kwkvIr-X-¯n\p
thn hgn-am-dn-s¡m-Sp-t¡-n-h¶ At\Iw {Zmhn-U-]-Z-§Ä Ch-cpsS KZy-Ir-
Xn-I-fnÂ ImWmw.
3. ]Z-{I-a-¯nsâ Imcy-¯nÂ ISp¯ \nÀ_Ô§-fn-Ãm¯ ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS
hmIy-c-N-\m-km-²y-X-Isf ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-Kn¨p anj-W-dn-amÀ hmIy-ssh-
Nn{Xyw krjvSn-¨p.
4. ]mÝm-Xy-`m-j-I-fpsS kzm[o\w {]I-S-am-¡p¶ Npcp¡w Nne hmIy-§Ä Cu
IrXn-I-fn-ep-v. ae-bm-f-ssi-en¡p \nc-¡m¯ IÀ½Wn-{]-tbm-K-§Ä C¡q-«-
¯nÂs¸Spw.
5. B[p-\n-I-a-e-bm-f-¯n-en-Ãm-¯Xpw sNdp-tÈ-cn, Fgp-¯-Ñ³ XpS-§nb {]mNo\I-
hn-I-fpsS IrXn-I-fnÂ ImWp-¶-Xp-amb Nne hmIy-am-Xr-I-IÄ anj-W-dnamÀ D]-
tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-v. \Ãq, Rmbw F¶n-§-s\-sbÃmw Ah-km-\n-¡p¶ hmIy-§Ä
Cu KW-¯nÂs¸Sp¶p.
6. kap-¨-b-{]-tbm-K-¯nÂ {Ia-`w-K-§Ä Ip-h-cp-¶p.
NEO IAS 0484-43190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 4

7. km[m-cW ae-bm-fn-IÄ¡p XoÀ¯pw A]-cn-Nn-X-§-fmb kwkvIr-X-]-Z-§Ä
Cu IrXn-I-fnÂ CsÃ¶p Xs¶-]-d-bmw.
8. km[y-am-Ip-¶n-S-t¯mfw ae-bm-f-]-Z-§Ä kzoI-cn-¡p-I. IqSn-tb-Xocp F¶p
hcp-t¼mÄ kwkvIr-Xw, kpdn-bm-\n, t]mÀ¯pKo-kv, e¯o³ F¶o `mj-I-fnÂ
\n¶pw ISw-sIm-ÅpI F¶Xm-bn-cp¶p coXn.
]«hpw s]¬sI«pw > ae-bmf ]Z-§Ä
amt½m-Zo-kbpw IpÀ_m-\bpw > kpdn-bm-\n-¸-Z-§Ä
ap¼n-es¯ H{]p-ipa > ae-bmfw+kpdn-bm\n
9. `mj-bpsS ka-kvX-]-Z-\nÀam-W-tijn anj-W-dn-amÀ ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\-s¸-
Sp¯n.
s]mcpÄs]-Sm-¯, samgn-Xn-I-bv¡Â, DS-b-X-¼p-cm³, Na-b-¸pc XpS-§n-bh
10. hyh-lm-c-`m-j-tbm-Sp-Å- Däk¼À¡w \nan¯w hÀ®]cn-Wmaw kw`-hn¨ \nc-
h[n ]Z-§Ä ImWmw.
AhnsS > HusS
Nhp-«msX > Nu«msX
D]-Imcw > H]-Imcw
]Zhn > ]Xhn
11. ]«-¡m-dÀ, ]Ån-¡m-dÀ F¶n-§s\ _lp-h-N\w ‘Cc-«n¨p’{]tbm-Kn¨p ImWp-
¶p. hymI-c-W-ZrjvSym Cu cq]-§Ä¡mWv km[p-X. F¶mÂ {]tbm-K-_ew
sImv ]«-¡mÀ, ]Ån-¡mÀ F¶o cq]-§Ä C¶p AwKo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«p.
2. cmw L«w
ae-bm-f-K-Zy-km-ln-Xy-¯nsâ X\na ImW-s¸-Sp¶ L«-am-Wn-Xv. Cu L«-
¯nse KZy-Ir-Xn-Isf B[p-\n-I-KZyw F¶v hnti-jn-¸n-¡mw. ss{IkvX-h-a-X-
¯nse s{]m«-Ìâp hn`m-K-¯nÂs¸« kztZ-io-bcpw hntZ-io-b-cp-amb anjn-W-dn-am-
cmWv Cu L«-¯nsâ t\Xr-\n-c-bnÂ {]Xy-£-s¸-«-Xv. Ah-cnÂ NneÀ hnin-jvS-§-
fmb hymI-c-W-§fpw \nLp¡fpw \nÀ½n¨v `mjbv¡v _e-h-¯mb ASn-¯d
sI«n. `mj ]Tn-¡m³ Bh-iy-amb ]pkvX-I-§fpw AhÀ X¿m-dm-¡n. BÀ_-
Xvt\m-«v, tImf-äv, KpÀ«v F¶n-h-cpsS ]pkvX-I-§-fmWv A[nIw {]N-cn-¨-Xv. Cu
]mT]pkvX-I-§Ä tIc-f-¯nse hyh-lm-c-`m-jbv¡p kpk-½-X-amb kmln-Xy-
cq]w {]Zm\w sNbvXp.
2.1 ]g-s©mÂame þ 1845
ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpÅ Ime-t¯mfw ad-¶p-t]m-hp-I-bn-Ãm¯ A]qÀÆw t]cp-I-
fnÂ H¶mWv KpÀ«n-tâ-Xv. 1845 Â awK-em-]p-c-¯p-\n¶p IÃ-¨nÂ {]kn-²o-I-cn¨
‘]g-s©mÂam-e-’bnse KZy-¯n\v DZm-l-c-W-am-bn-«v,
“`bw Adn-bm¯ ]m]n CÃ. XnIª kvt\l-¯n-et{X `b-¯n-\n-S-an-Ã. Hcp-¯³
tZmjw sN¿m³ t]mIp-t¼mÄ ]nimNv AtX AtX \ÃXp F¶p ]dªp tamln-
¸n-¡pw. KpWw sN¿phm³ t\m¡pw tXmdpw AXv AcptX \o Zp:Jnbm-bn-t¸mIpw
F¶p a{ń¨p t]Sn-¸n¡pw”
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CXnÂ \n¶pw KpÀ«nsâ KZy-ssi-enbpw B[p-\nI KZy-ssi-enbpw X½nÂ
henb hyXym-k-anÃ F¶v t_m[y-am-Ipw.
2.2 Cým-N-cn{Xw þ 1860
Abva\w tPmWnsâ IrXn-bmWv ‘Cým-N-cn-{Xw’. ae-bm-f-`mj ]Tn-¡p-¶-
Xn\v B{K-l-apÅ hntZ-in-I-sfbpw Dt±-in-¨mWv Cu IrXn cNn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv
F¶pw AXn-\mÂ Ign-hXpw efn-X-ambpw hmN-I-§-seÃmw ae-bmf `mj-bpsS
coXn-{]-Im-c-amWv cNn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-sX¶pw {KÙ-IÀ¯mhv ]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p.
2.3 kXy-hm-Z-tJSw þ1861
tPmÀÖv am¯-sâ-bmWv Cu IrXn. Bi-b-§Ä efn-X-ambpw ASp¡pw {Ia-
¯nepw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cp¶ coXn-bmWv CXnÂ kzoI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. `mjm KZy-
¯nsâ {]km-Z-a-[p-c-amb ssien Cu hcn-I-fnÂ sXfnªp \nÂ¡p¶p.
2.4 ae-bm-f-`m-j-sb-¡p-dn¨v þ1889
BÀ¨p-Uo-¡³ tImin-bpsS IrXn-bm-Wn-Xv. 1889-þÂ Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw tImtf-
PnÂ ae-bm-f-`m-j-sb-¡p-dn¨v sNbvX {]kw-K-am-Wn-Xv.
3. anj-W-dn-KZyw H¶mwL«hpw cmw-L-«hpw Xmc-Xayw
1599 se DZ-bw-t]-cqÀ kq\-l-tZm-knsâ Imt\m-\-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv anj-\dn
ae-bmf KZy-¯nsâ Ncn{Xw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. HutZym-KnI Imcy-¯n-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡m-
hp¶ Ir{Xn-a-K-Zy-ssi-en-bpw, [mcmfw sshtZ-inI ]Z-§-fpw, ]mÝm-Xy-`m-jm-kzm-
[o-\hpw {]I-S-am-Wv. s{]m«-Ìâp anj-W-dnam-cp-sSbpw ]Þn-X-·m-cp-sSbpw `mjm-]-
cn-{i-a-§Ä ae-bm-f-`m-jbv¡v im-kv{Xo-b-ambn A`n-hr-²n-s¸-Sm³ ]änb Hcp ]Ým-
¯ew krjvSn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¯p. ]mXn-cn-a-e-bm-f-K-Zys¯ At]-£n¨v cmw L«-
¯nse anj-W-dn-K-Zy-Ir-Xn-I-fnse `mj kc-f-am-Wv. emän³, kndn-b³ XpS-§nb
`mj-I-fpsS kzm[o\w CsÃ-¶p-Xs¶ ]d-bmw. F¶mÂ Cw¥ojv `mjm-kzm-[o\w
DS-se-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. hymI-c-W-]-c-amb Ahy-h-Øtbm Acm-PIXztam
Dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. tIc-f-¯nÂ kÀÆ-kzoIm-cy-amb hymI-c-Whpw \nLphpw
BZy-ap-m-bXv anj-W-dn-K-Zy-¯nsâ cmw-L-«-¯n-em-Wv. AXn-\p-m-bn-cp¶
ASn-¯d ]mXn-cn-a-e-bm-f-am-bn-cp-¶p. Cw¥ojv hnZym-`ymkw hym]-I-am-b-tXmsS
anj-W-dn-amÀ ]mÝmXy kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v XÀÖa sN¿pIbpw
AXp-hgn ae-bmf KZy-ssien IqSp-XÂ Icp-¯p-t\-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. A¨-Snbpw
]mT]pkvX-I-§fpw hr¯m-´-]-{X-§fpw hym]-I-am-b-tXmsS `mj {]mtZ-in-I-X-
bpsS AXncpIÄ FÃmw AXn-Po-hn¨v am\-I-X-e-¯n-te¡v F¯n-t¨À¶p.
II. hymI-cWw
\½psS `mjbv¡v hymI-c-Whpw i_vZ-tImihpw cNn-¨Xv anj-W-dn-am-cm-Wv.
Ch- cpw Hcp `mjbv¡v AXy-´m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. Cu cp imkv{X-{K-Ù-§-sf-
¦nepw CÃm¯ Hcp `mj A\m-Yhpw A]-cn-jvIr-X-hp-am-Ipw. C¡m-cy-tamÀ½-bnÂ
hcp-t¼m-gmWv ]mÝm-Xy-an-j-W-dn-am-cpsS alXzw icn¡pw \ap¡v t_m[y-s¸-Sp-
¶Xv. BZy-amZyw h¶ anj-W-dn-amÀ¡v `mjm-]-T-\-¯n\v Ah-ew-_-am-¡m-ambncp¶
B[m-c-{K-Ù-§-sfm¶pw Dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. BZy-Ime anj-W-dnamsc kml-Ncyw Cu
NEO IAS 0484-43190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 6
cwK-t¯¡v XÅn-hn-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. HSp-hnÂ h¶ s_bven, KpÀ«v,
sImÅn³kv F¶n-hÀ¡v AsXmcp X]-ky-X-s¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
 eoem-Xn-e-Is¯ amän-\nÀ¯nbmÂ ae-bm-f-hym-I-c-W-¯nsâ Ncn{Xw
XpS-§p-¶Xv 1700\p tij-am-Wv. BZy-hym-I-c-W-IÀ¯mhv Cä-en-¡m-c-\m-bn-cp¶
B©-temkv {^m³knkv BWv. 36 hÀjw tIc-f-¯n-ep-m-bn-cp¶ Ct±lw
hymI-c-W\nÀ½nXn \S-¯n. ]Z-§-fpsS s]mXp kz`mhw, [mXp, AÀ°w apX-em-b-
hbv¡v ae-bm-f-`m-j-bnÂ bmsXmcp hyh-Øbpw CÃm-Xn-cp¶ Ime-¯mWv B©-
temkv {^m³knkv A£o-W-bXv\w sNbvXv \nLp \nÀan-¨-Xv. cN\ hntZ-in-
Isf e£y-am-¡n-b-Xn-\mÂ e¯o³ `mj-bn-emWv hymI-c-Whpw \nLphpw
cNn-¨Xv. At±-l-¯nsâ hymI-cWw kw`m-j-W-`m-j-bp-tS-Xmbn-cp-¶p. “{Kma-
¯n¡ enwtKz apÄKm-cnkv ae-_m-dnt¨” F¶ t]cmWv {KÙ-¯n\v \ÂIn-bn-cp-
¶-Xv. hntZ-io-bcpw kztZ-io-bcpw Fgp-Xn-bn-«pÅ hymI-c-W-§-fp-sS-sbÃmw aqew
CXm-Wv KpÀ«n-\p-t]mepw amÀ¤-ZÀi-I-am-bn-cp¶p Cu hymI-c-Ww.
 AÀt®m-kp-]m-Xn-cn-bmWv hcm-¸p-g-ssh-bm-I-c-W-·m-cnÂ {it²-b-\mb
cm-as¯ hymI-c-W-IÀ¯m-hv. ‘{KÙ-`m-j-bpsS hymI-cWw’ F¶mWv AXnsâ
t]cv. t]mÀ¨pKokv `mj-bn-emWv Cu hymI-cWw cNn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ae-bmfw
kwkvIr-X-¯nsâ D]-`m-j-bm-sW¶pÅ \nK-a\-¯n-emWv AÀt®mkv ]mXncn
ae-bmfw cNn-¨-Xv. hymI-c-W-c-N-\-bnÂ kwkvIr-Xs¯ IqSp-XÂ B{i-bn-¨-Xp-
sImv At±-l-¯nsâ hymI-c-W-¯n\v A\-´-c-Im-e-§-fnÂ {]Nmcw kn²n-¨n-Ã.
 ae-bm-f-¯nse H¶m-as¯ ]pkvX-I-amb kwt£-]-th-ZmÀ°-¯nÂ
IÀ¯mhv s¢aâv ]nb-\n-bq-knsâ ‘AÂ^-s_¯pw {KtÙ-Wnt¡m ae-_m-
dn¡pw’ (a-e-bmf A£-c-am-e) BWv ASp¯ hymI-c-Ww. e¯o-\nÂ Fgp-X-s¸«
Cu IrXn 1772 Â tdmanse kÀÆ`mjmap-{Zm-Wm-e-b-¯nÂ A¨-Sn-¨p.
 1784 Â ]uen-t\mkv ]mXncn Hcp ae-bmfwþCw-¥o-jvþ-t]mÀ¨pKokv
hymI-cWw Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ cma-hÀ½ alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ B{K-l-{]-Imcw cNn-¨p.
Cu {KÙ-¯nÂ hymI-cW \nb-a-§Ä ae-bm-f-¯nepw t]mÀ¨pKoknepw hnh-cn-
¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
 Bw¥n-¡Â anj-W-dnbmb tdm_À«v {U½v Cw¥o-jnÂ cNn¨ ae-
bmf `mj-bpsS hymI-c-W-amWv ]n¶o-Sp-mb IrXn. t_mws_-bnse Ipcn-bÀ
{]knÂ 1799 Â CXv A¨-Sn-¨p. Hcp Cw¥o-jp-Im-c³ Fgp-Xnb BZys¯ hymI-cW
{KÙw CXm-Wv. Cu {KÙ-¯nÂ DZm-l-c-W-§Ä FÃmw ae-bm-f-¯n-emWv sImSp-
¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
 kn.-Fw.-Fkv anj-W-dn-bm-bn-cp¶ dh. tPmk^v ]oä-nsâ “ae-bm-f-`m-j-
bpsS hymI-cW”amWv ASp¯ IrXn. Cw¥ojv `mj-bnÂ Adn-hp-t\-S-W-sa¶v
B{K-ln-¡p¶ hntZ-in-Isf klm-bn-¡m\pw H¸w ae-bm-fn-I-sf-¯-s¶ `mjm-hym-I-
cW ]T-\-¯n\v t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶X - n\pw thn-bmWv At±lw Cu hymI-cWw
cNn-¨-Xv. ae-bm-f-¯nse kwhr-tXm-Im-c-s¯-¡p-dn¨v BZyw Nnń¨ hyàn Ct±-l-
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am-Wv. 1853 Â {]kn-²o-Ir-X-amb ]oä-nsâ Xs¶ ‘ae-bmf hymI-cW LS-I-§Ä’
At±-l-¯nsâ BZy-Ir-Xn-tb-¡mÄ {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-bn-cp-¶p.
 hymI-c-W-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ aebmf`mj CXp-hsc In-«p-Å-XnÂ h¨v
Gähpw anI¨ {KÙ-¯nsâ IÀ¯mhv KpÀ«m-Wv. CXp-hsc NÀ¨-sNbvX FÃm
hyIm-c-W- {K-Ù§fpw hntZ-io-bsc Dt±-in-¨p-Å-Xm-Wv. F¶mÂ KpÀ«v hymI-c-
W-sa-gp-Xn-bXv ae-bm-fn-IÄ¡v thn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. kw`m-j-W-`m-j-sbbpw kmln-
Xy-`m-j-sbbpw ASn-Øm-\-am¡n Gsd-¡psd 20 hÀj-¡mew ae-bm-f-¯nsâ
khn-ti-j-X-IÄ {i²m-]qÀÆw ]Tn¨v XnI¨pw imkv{Xo-b-ambn \nÀ½n¨n«pÅ
hymI-c-W-amWv. KpÀ«nsâ ae-bmf hymI-cWw1851 Â BZys¯ ]Xn¸v {]kn-
²o-I-cn-¨p. “A”Imc-¯n-sâ-bÃ “D”Imc-¯nsâ cq]-t`-Z-amWv kwhr-tXm-Im-c-
sa¶v BZyw Nqn-¡m-Wn-¨Xpw “Ac DImcw” F¶v AXns\ \ma-I-cWw
sNbvXXpw KpÀ«m-Wv.
 1863 Â {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ dh.tPmÀÖv am¯sâ ‘ae-bm-×-bpsS
hymIcW’amWv kp{]-[m-\-amb asämcp IrXn. Hcp ae-bmfn ae-bm-f-¯nÂ Fgp-
Xnb BZys¯ `mjm-hym-I-cWw CXm-Wv.
 ae-bmf`mj-bpsS am{Xw hymI-c-W-a-sÃ¦nepw `mjm-hym-I-cW hkvXp-
X-I-fn-te¡v hf-sc-tbsd klm-b-I-c-amb asämcp hymI-c-W-amWv tdm_À«v
ImÂUz-ensâ ‘{ZmhnU `mj-bpsS Xmc-XayhymI-cWw’. `mjm-tKm-{X-NÀ¨bpw
{Zmhn-U-`m-j-I-fpsS hymI-c-W-]-c-amb Imcy-§fpw CXnÂ NÀ¨-sN¿p¶p.
III. \nLp¡Ä
1. hcm-¸p-g-\n-L-p-¡Ä
hcm-¸p-g-an-j-W-dn-am-cmWv \nLp hnj-b-¯nepw ap³Kman-IÄ. Ah-cpsS
_lp-`m-jm-Úm-\hpw aX{]Nmc-W-sa¶ auenI t{]c-Wbpw Xs¶-bmWv hymI-c-
W-Im-cy-¯n-se¶t]mse \nLp \nÀ½mW¯nepw \ap¡v A\p-{K-lo-X-am-bXv.
ae-bm-f-¯nse H¶m-as¯ hymI-c-W-sa-gp-Xnb B©-temkv {^m³knkv
Xs¶bmWv H¶m-as¯ \nLp¡m-c-\pw. `mj-bnse cm-as¯ sshbm-I-c-W-
\mb AÀt®mkv ]mXn-c-bmWv cm-as¯ \nLp¡m-c-\pw. At±-¯nsâ
\nLphpw kwkvIr-X-]-£-]m-X-kz-`mhw ImWn-¡p-¶p. ]uen-t\mkv ]mXn-cn-
bpsS e¯n³-þ-a-e-bm-f-þ-kw-kvIrX \nLphmWv ASp-¯-Xv. 1891Â hcm-¸p-g-bnÂ
A¨-Sn¨p {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ ae-bm×þe-¯o³-þ-Cw-¥ojv AIm-cmZn {]tXyI ]cm-
aÀiw AÀln-¡p-¶p. hntZ-in-IÄ¡v ae-bm-fhpw kztZ-in-I-fmb skan-\mcn
hnZymÀ°n-IÄ¡v e¯o\pw aäp-hn-Zym-e-b-§-fnse BwK-e-`m-jm-hn-ZymÀ°n-IÄ¡v
Cw¥ojpw ]Tn-¡m³ klm-b-I-am-Is« F¶p h¨p Xbm-dm-¡nb {Xn`m-jm-\n-Lp
hcm-¸pg anj-W-dn-am-cpsS kw`m-h-\-bnÂ {][m-\-amb H¶m-Wv.
2. tIm«bw \nLp¡Ä
19-þmw \qäm-nsâ BZy-]m-Z-¯nÂ tIm«bw tI{µam¡n {]hÀ¯n¨ph¶
kn.-Fw.-Fkv anjWdn-am-cmWv tIm«bw \nLp¡fpsS IÀ¯m-¡Ä. ChÀ ae-
bm-f-`m-jbv¡v \nc-h[n i_vZ-tImi-§Ä kw`m-h-\-sN-bvXn«p-v. Chbv¡v BZy-
NEO IAS 0484-43190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 8
Ime \nLp¡sf-¡mÄ imkv{Xo-b-Xbp-m-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-bnÂ {][m-\-s¸-«h
tUm.-s_-©-an³ s_bven-bptSXmWv-. 30 hÀjs¯ kpZoÀL-amb X]-ky-bpsS
ê-amWv At±-l-¯nsâ 2 hninjvS \nLp¡Ä.
1. 1846 þ ae-bmfwþCw-¥ojv \nLp
2. 1848 þ Cw¥o-jv-þ-a-e-bmfw \nLp
“F UnIvjWdn Hm^v ssl B³Uv sImtfm-IyÂ ae-bmfw Bâv Cw¥ojv”
F¶mWv s_bven AXn\v t]cp \ÂIn-bn-«p-Å-Xv. A¡mes¯ kmln-Xy-`m-j-bn-
sebpw kw`m-j-W-`m-j-bn-sebpw ]Z-§-fmWv \nLphnep-ÅXv F¶ kqN-\-
bmWv Cu t]cp \ÂIp-¶-Xv. ae-bmfw Adn-bm-hp-¶hsc am{Xw e£yw h¨v
cNn¨ IrXn-bmWv, 1865 Â {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯nb dh. dn¨mÀUv sImfn³kn-tâXv. ‘ae-
bm-fw-þ-a-e-bmfw’ \nLp.
3. ae-_mÀ \nLp¡Ä
hymI-c-W-¯n-se-¶-t]mse \nLp\nÀ½mW¯nepw {it²-b-am-bXv
_mkÂ anj³Im-cpsS {]hÀ¯\tI{µamb ae-_m-dm-Wv. `mj-bpÅ Ime-
t¯mfw \ne-\n-t¶-¡m-hp-¶Xpw ]e-Xp-sImpw Aaq-ey-hp-amb KpÀ«v \nLp
ae-_mÀ \nLp¡fpsS Iq«-¯nÂs¸Sp¶-hbm-Wv. 1872 Â awK-em-]p-cs¯
_mkÂ anj³ {]ÊnÂ \n¶v ‘ae-bm-fw-þ-Cw-¥ojv’ \nLp ]pd-¯p-h-¶p. ]Z-§-
fpsS AÀ°-hn-Nmcw {]tXyIw {it²-b-am-Wv. ae-bmf en]n-bnÂ ]Zw, tdma³
en]n-bnÂ D¨m-c-Ww, Cw¥o-jnÂ AÀ°w, CX-c-`m-j-I-fnse kam\ ]Z-§Ä,
{]mNo-\mÀ°w, aqe-[m-Xp, AÀ°-t`-Z-§Ä- F-¶n-h-sbÃmw Cu \nLphnÂ
kwhn-[m\w sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶p. FÃm AÀ°-¯nepw hn]p-ehpw kq£vahpw
imkv{Xo-b-hp-amb \nLp Hcp AÛp-X-ambn Ah-ti-jn-¡p-¶p.
tImfn³kn-sâ-sXm-gnsI A¶p-hsc {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp¶ FÃm
\nLp¡fpw hntZ-in-Isf Dt±-in¨p X¿m-dm-¡n-b-Xm-Wv. KpÀ«nsâ \nLp
hntZ-in¡pw kztZ-in¡pw Hcp-t]mse D]-I-cn-¡p¶ Xc-¯nÂ AXy´w imkv{Xo-
b-ambn X¿m-dm-¡n-b-Xm-Wv. ae-bmfw kwkvIr-X-¯nsâ hIt`ZasÃ¶pw {Zmhn-U-
tKm-{X-¯nÂs¸« `mj-bm-sW¶papÅ ImgvN-¸m-SnÂ Du¶n \n¶p -X-¿m-dm-¡nb
BZys¯ \nLp CXm-Wv. AXn-\mÂ CXnÂ kwkvIr-X-]-Z-§Ä Ipd-hm-Wv.
A¶p-h-sc-bpÅ \nLp¡fnÂ (tIm-fn³knsâsXmgn-sI) `mjm-]-Z-§Ä¡v
AÀ°w sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶Xv cN-bnXm-hnsâ `mj-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p. KpÀ«v PÀ½³
`mj-bnÂ AÀ°w sImSp¡p-¶-Xn\p ]Icw Cw¥o-jn-emWv sImSp-¡p-¶-Xv. ]Z-k-
¼¯v hÀ²n¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw t{ImUo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ambn 2 coXn KpÀ«v kzoI-cn-
¨n-cp-¶p.
 {KÙ-§-fpsS kq£va-]-cn-tim-[\
 _lp-P-\-k-¼À¡w
Çoew, AÇoew, {Kmayw, tZiyw F¶n-§s\ FÃm ]Z-§Ä¡pw AÀ°w \ÂIn-
bn-«p-v F¶p-ÅXv KpÀ«nsâ ‘ae-bm-fw-þ-Cw-¥ojv’ \nLphnsâ {]tXy-I-X-
bmWv.
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IV. A¨Sn
t]mÀ¨pKokv anjWdn-am-cnÂ\n¶pw tIc-f-¯n\p e`n¨ asämcp kw`m-h\
A¨-Sn-bm-Wv. kmwkvIm-cnI hfÀ¨-bnÂ A¨-Sn-¡pÅ ]¦v hep-Xm-Wv. B[p-\nI
A¨-Sn-bpsS D]-Úm-Xmhv PÀ½³Im-c-\mb tPml³Kp-À_ÀKm-Wv. At±lw
amän-h-bv¡m-hp¶ ssS¸p-IÄ 1450 Â \nÀ½n¨p. IrXyw Hcp \qämp Ign-ªv
Cý-bnepw A¨Sn Bcw-`n-¨p. 1556 Â A¨-Sn-b{´w tKmh-bn-ep-d-¸n-¨p. ]e ]Sn-
ªm-d³ cmPy-§-tf-¡mfpw hfsc ap³]v `mc-X-¯nÂ A¨Sn XpS-§n. (1563þ djy,
1685þ Ata-cn-¡).
A¨-Snbpw aebm-fhpw Hä-t\m-«-¯nÂ
1450 þ Kp³_ÀKv amän-h-bv¡m-hp¶ ssS¸p-IÄ \nÀ½n¨p.
1556-- þ tKmh-bnÂ A¨Sn XpS§n
1578- -þ sImÃ¯v Znhy-c-£-Isâ tImtf-PnÂ ‘tUmIv{So\ {InkvXw’ (X-an-gv)
A¨-Sn-¨p.
1579 þ sIm¨n-bnÂ tZh-am-Xm-hnsâ tImtf-PnÂ ‘tUmIv{So-\-þ-{In-kvXo-b-h-W¡w’
(X-an-gv) A¨-Sn-¨p.
1602 þ ssh¸n³ tIm«-bnÂ kpdn-bm\n A¨Sn
1679 þ A¼-g-¡mSv Xangv A¨Sn
1686 þ BZy-ambn ae-bmf en]n-bnÂ A¨Sn \S-¶-p. tlmf-nse BwÌÀ UmanÂ
‘tlmÀ¯qkv ae-_m-dn-¡pkv’ F¶ {KÙw A¨-Sn-¨p. tIc-f-¯nse kky-
hn-Úm-\s¯ kw_-Ôn¨ 6000 t]Pp-Ifpw 12 hmey-§-fp-apÅ {]kvXpX
IrXn-bpsS IÀ¯mhv sIm¨n-bnse U¨v KhÀ®-dm-bncp¶ slâoIv hm³
doUv Bbn-cp-¶p.
1772 þ BZy-ambn Hcp {KÙw apgp-h³ ae-bm-f-¯nÂ A¨-Sn-¡p-¶p. Cä-en-¡m-c³
¢aâv ]nbm-\n-bqkv ]mXn-cn-bpsS ‘kwt£-]-th-ZmÀ°w’ tdmanÂ A¨-Sn-
¨p.
1799 þ `mc-X-¯nse BZys¯ ae-bmfw A¨-Sn. t_mwt_-bnse Iqdn-bÀ {]ÊnÂ
tdmt_mÀ«v {U½-nsâ ‘ae-bmf hymI-cWw’ A¨-Sn-¨p. CXnÂ DZm-l-
cW§Ä ae-bmf en]n-bn-emWv A¨-Sn-¨-Xv. 1811 Â Chn-sS-bmWv ae-bmfw
‘]pXn-b-\n-baw’ A¨-Sn-¨-Xv.
1811 þ `mc-¯nÂ BZy-ambn Hcp {KÙw apgp-h\mbpw ae-bm-f-¯nÂ A¨-Sn-¨p.
t_ms_-bnse Iqdn-bÀ {]ÊnÂ A¨-Sn¨ ss__nÄ.
1820, 1821 – tIm«-b¯v kn.-Fw.-Fkv {]Êv {]hÀ¯n¨p XpS-§n.
1829 þ kn.-Fw.-Fkv {]ÊnÂ s_©-an³ s_bven-bpsS ‘]pXn-b-\n-baw’A¨Sn¨p.
1834-, 1839 þ Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c¯v kÀ¡mÀ A¨p-IqSw
1840 þ awK-em-]p-c¯v _mkÂan-j³Im-cpsS IÃ-¨nÂ KpÀ«nsâ ‘kXy-th-Z-
N-cn-{X-kmcw’ A¨-Sn-¨p.
1845 þ Xe-tÈcn CÃn-¡p-¶nÂ KpÀ«nsâ ‘tZh-hn-Nm-cW’ IÃ-¨nÂ A¨-Sn-¨p.
1847 þ CÃn-¡p-¶nÂ \n¶v IÃ-¨nÂ A¨-Sn¨ ‘cmPy-k-am-Nm-c’hpw ‘]Ýn-tam-Z-
b’hpw {]kn-²oI-cn-¨p.
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V. ae-bmf en]name
ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS en]n Ncn-{X-¯nse Hcp kp{]-[m\ A[ym-b-amWv {KÙm-
£-c-§-fnÂ \n¶pw A¨-Snbn-te-¡pÅ ae-bm-f-en-]n-I-fpsS hfÀ¨. slÀa³
KpÀ«v, s_©-an³ s_bven F¶n-hÀ ae-bmf en]n ]cn-jvI-c-W-¯nÂ henb
]¦v hln-¨-h-cmWv. A¨Sn sa¨-s¸-Sp-¯p-hm³ en]n ]cn-jv¡-cWw IqSntbXocp
F¶v anj-W-dn-amÀ a\-Ên-em-¡n. A£-c-§-fpsS kwJy ¢n]vXs¸Sp-¯pI, Iq«-£-
c-§Ä ]ncn-s¨-gp-XpI F¶nh A¨Sn Ffp-¸-am-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thn anj-W-dn-amÀ \S-
¸n-em-¡nb en]n ]cn-jv¡m-c-am-bn-cp-¶p. {lkz-ZoÀL-§Ä¡v shtÆsd AwK-
\ap{ZIÄ \S-¸n-em-¡n-bXpw anj-W-dn-am-cm-Wv. C¯-c-¯nÂ ae-bm-f-en-]n-bpsS ]cn-
jvI-c-W-¯nÂ hntZ-i-an-j-\-dn-amÀ hln¨ ]¦v Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-am-Wv.
VI. ]{X-{]-hÀ¯\w
tIc-f-¯nsâ ]{X-{]-hÀ¯\ Ncn-{X-¯n\pw Gä-hp-a-[nIw IS-¸m-Sp-ÅXv hntZ-i-an-
j\dnam-tcm-Sm-Wv. tIc-f-¯nÂ A§n§v X½n-e-Sp-¡msX Ign-ªp-t]m¶ P\-
§sf ]c-kv]cw ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp¯n Ah-cpsS Nn´-bnepw `mj-bnepw thj-¯nepw
BNm-c-¯nepw sFIy-cq]w hcp-¯n-bXv ]{X-am-kn-I-I-fm-Wv. C¯-c-¯nÂ `mj-
bpsS kmap-Zm-bn-Ihpw {]mtZ-in-I-hp-amb hyh-lm-c-t`-Z-§sf kmam\yhÂ¡-cn-
¡m³ {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä¡v km[n-¨p.
1. cmPy-k-am-Nmcw
Xe-tÈ-cn¡-Sp-¯pÅ CÃn-¡p-¶nÂ KpÀ«v XpS-§nb _mkÂ anj³
{]ÊnÂ BWv ae-bmf ]{X-¯nsâ Ncn{Xw XpS-§p-¶-Xv. cmPy-k-am-Nm-c-amWv
BZys¯ ]{Xw. 1847 Â XpS-§nb amknI 1850 \hw-_À hsc 42 e¡w {]kn-²o-
I-cn-¨p. _mkÂan-j³ImcmWv {]km-Z-IÀ. aX]camb hnj-b-§Ä am{X-am-bn-
cp¶p DÅ-S-¡w. amkn-I-bnse efn-X-tIm-a-f-ssien tUm. KpÀ«n-sâ-XmWv F¶-
Xn\v XÀ¡-an-Ã. anj³ {]hÀ¯\ dnt¸mÀ«pIÄ, anj³ {]tZ-i§-fpsS `q]-S-
§Ä, A\y-a-X-hn-izm-k-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hnaÀi-\w, hnizm-k-¯nsâ ê-§Ä,
ae-_m-dnÂ ]pXp-Xmbn aXw kzoI-cn-¨-hÀ¡v A\p-`-h-s¸-«n-cp¶ Hä-s¸-S-ensâ
t_m[-¯nÂ \n¶pw tamN\w t\Sp-¶-Xn-\pÅ amÀ¤ \nÀt±i§Ä F¶n-h-bm-bn-
cp¶p ]{X-¯nse hnj-b-§Ä.
2. ]Ýn-tam-Zbw
1847 Â CÃn-¡p-¶nÂ \n¶p Xs¶ XpS-§nb ‘]Ýn-tam-Z-b-’amWv cm-as¯
amkn-I. Hmtcm -e-¡-¯n-sâbpw HSphnÂ s{Û-dnIv apÅÀ F¶v ]{Xm-[n-]-cpsS
t]cv tNÀ¯ncn¡p-¶p. DÅ-S¡w an¡-hmdpw tPymXn-j-hn-Zy, `qan-im-kv{Xw, tIc-f-
¸-ga F¶o Øncw hnj-b-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu teJ-\-§Ä ]n¶oSv ‘ae-bm-f-cmPyw
AYhm Ncn-{X-t¯mSp IqSnb `qan-imkv{Xw’ F¶ t]cnÂ 1870 Â ]pkvXI cq]-
¯nÂ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p. 1498 Â t]mÀ¨pKokp-Im-cpsS BK-a\w apX-epÅ tIc-f-N-
cn-{X-amWv ‘tIc-f-¸ga’bnÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. cmPy-k-am-Nm-c-s¯-¡mÄ
{]Nm-chpw {]kn-²nbpw Dm-bn-cp-¶p. imkv{Xo-b-am-sbmcp ImgvN-¸m-SmWv ]Ýn-
tam-Z-b-¯nÂ ImWp-¶-Xv.
NEO IAS 0484-43190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 11
3. Úm\-\n-t£]w
tIc-f-¯nse aq¶m-as¯ {]kn-²o-I-cWw F¶ _lp-aXn tIm«-bs¯ kn.-
Fw.-F-kv. {]ÊnÂ \n¶v 1848 Â s_bven XpS-§nb ‘Úm\-\n-t£-]’-¯n-\mWv.
A¨-Sn-bnÂ h¶ BZy-]{Xw CXm-Wv. BÀ¨v Un¡³ tImin-bpw, tPmÀÖv
am¯\pw CXnsâ \S-¯n-¸nÂ {][m-\n-I-fm-Wv. hnhn-[-tZ-i§-fnse P\-§-fpsS
Pohn-X-co-Xn, NnInÕm coXn-IÄ, kb³kv, imkv{X-km-t¦-XnI hnh-c-§Ä F¶n-h-
sbÃmw CXnÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p.
4. hnZym-kw-{Klw
1864 Pqsse-bnÂ dh.tPmÀÖvam-¯sâ ]{Xm-[n-]-Xy-¯nÂ tIm«bw kn.-
Fw.-Fkv tImtf-PnÂ \n¶pw {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ ‘hnZym-kw-{K-l-‘am-bn-cp¶p \mem-
as¯ ]{Xw. aX-hnj-b-§Ä, imkv{X-hn-j-b-§Ä, {KÙ-hn-aÀi\w F¶n-h-
sbÃmw CXnÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p. tIm«bw tImtfPv amknI F¶ \ne-bnÂ AsXmcp
Cw¥o-jv-þ-a-e-bmfw {]kn-²o-I-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p. hnZym-kw-{K-l-s¯¯pSÀ¶v ]Ýn-a-
Xm-c-Iw, tIc-fw, tIc-f-]-Xm-I, tIc-tfm-]-Imcn C§s\ \nc-h[n {]kn-²o-I-c-W-
§Ä ]pd-¯p-h-¶p.
VII. hnZym-`ym-kw, sshÚm-\n-I-X-e-§Ä
thZ-{]-Nm-c-W-am-bn-cp¶p anj-W-dn-am-cpsS ]c-tam-t±-i-sa-¦nepw hnhn-[-`m-j-
IÄ ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw Ahsb ]cn-t]m-jn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw kzm`m-hn-I-amb Hc-`n-cpNn
Ah-cnÂ Dm-bn-cp-¶p. 1547 Â {^bÀ hn³kâv kpdn-bm\n bphm-¡Ä¡v hnZy
{]Zm\w sN¿p¶-Xn-\mbn sImSp-§-ÃqÀ Hcp hnZym-ebw (sk-an-\m-cn) Øm]n-¨p.
AhnsS kpdn-bm-\n, ae-bmfw F¶o cv `mj-I-fn-embn ]e sshZnI hnj-b-
§fpw ]Tn-¸n-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. 1577 Â Pkyq«v k`mw-K-§-fmb sshZn-I-·mÀ sImSp-§-
Ãqcn-\-Sp¯v tN¶awKew F¶ Øe¯v Hcp ]Ånbpw skan\m-cnbpw Øm]n-¨p.
Ip«n-Isf ]Tn-¸n-¡m³ Hcp kvIqfpw AhÀ sImSp-§-Ãq-cnÂ Dm-¡n. _mÂtZ-
bkv F¶p t]cmbn A¶n-hnsS h¶ e´-¡m-c-\mb tZi-k-©mcn Cu skan-\mcn
sI«nSw bqtdm-¸n-epÅ henb skan-\m-cn-I-tfmSp InS-]n-Sn-¡-¯-¡-Xm-bn-cp-¶p-
sh¶v A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p-v.
tIc-f-¯nse {]mNo-\- hn-Zym-`ym-k-k-{¼-Zmbw _lp-P-\-§-fpsS A£-c-Úm-
\s¯ t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶- X-c-¯n-ep-Å-Xm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. km¼-¯n-I-ambpw kmaq-ln-
I-ambpw DbÀ¶ -\n-e-bn-ep-Å-hÀ am{Xw hnZym-`ymkw \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. AXpw
kwkvIr-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw. Imhy-§Ä ]Tn-¡pI F¶-Ãm-sX, aäp ùXn-I-im-kv{X-
§Ä A`y-kn-¡pI, hnZym-`ym-k-¯nsâ Hcp `mK-ambn A¶mcpw IW-¡m-¡n-bn-cp-
¶n-Ã. Cu \nebv¡v Hcp amäw h¶Xv 19-þmw \qäm-nsâ Bcw-`-¯n-em-Wv. Z£n-W-
Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ anj-W-dn-bn-teÀs¸-«n-cp¶ dh.-dn-§nÄ tSms_ 1813\v ap¼v
AhnsS 6 kvIqfp-IÄ Øm]n-¨-Xmbn ImWp-¶p. Cu hnZym-`ym-k-{]-Øm\w
DuÀPn-X-ambn Gsä-Sp¯Xv tIm«-bs¯ kn.-Fw.-Fkv anj-Wdn-am-cm-Wv. 1816 Â
tIm«-b¯v Hcp skan\mcn AYhm tImtfPv Øm]n-¨p. _©-an³ s_bven-bm-bn-
cp¶p BZys¯ {]n³kn-¸mÄ. ae-bm-fhpw kpdn-bm-\nbpw kwkvIr-Xhpw IqSmsX
NEO IAS 0484-43190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 12

e¯o³, lo{_p, {Ko¡v apX-emb `mj-Ifpw {][m-\-ambn Cw¥ojpw AhnsS ]T-\-
hn-j-b-am-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. IW-¡v, Ncn-{Xw, `qan-imkv{Xw Chbpw ]Tn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. 1821
Â anj-W-dn-am-cpsS taÂt\m-«-¯nÂ 35 kvIqfp-I-fp-m-bn-cp-¶p. anj-W-dn-amÀ \S-
¸nÂh-cp-¯nb asämcp ]cn-jvImcw s]¬Ip-«n-I-fpsS hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-\mbn
kvIqfp-IÄ Øm]n-¨-Xm-Wv. 1825 \p ap¼p-Xs¶ tIm«-b¯pw Be-¸p-g-bnepw
Hmtcm s]¬]-Ån-¡q-S-§Ä Øm]n-X-am-bn. anjWdnamÀ \S-¯n-bn-cp¶ hnZym-e-b-
§Ä H¶nepw ôkp-Np-a-¯n-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. C{]-Imcw hnZym-`ym-k-Øm-]-\-§-fpsS
Imcy-¯nepw anj-W-dn-amÀ¡v Gsd ]¦p-v.
1. ]mT]pkvX-I-§Ä
B[p-\n-I-k-{¼-Zm-b-¯n-epÅ ]mT]pkvX-I-§Ä anj-W-dn-amÀ tIc-fo-bÀ¡v
]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp¯n. DÅ-S-¡w, A¨Sn kwhn-[m\w F¶n-h-sbÃmw D¶X \ne-hmcw
]peÀ¯p-¶-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p. 1858 Â tIm«-b¯p \n¶pw {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ ‘hnZym-aq-ey-
§Ä’ ae-bmf ]mT]pkvXINcn-{X-¯nse \mgn-I-I-Ãm-Wv. ]mÝmXy imkv{X-km-
t¦-XnI hnÚm\w tIc-f-`m-j-bn-eqsS CSX-S-hn-ÃmsX {]h-ln-¡p-¶Xv CXnÂ
Is-¯mw.
e£-W-bp-à-amb BZy-a-e-bmf ]mTm-hen 1860 Â KpÀ«v \nÀ½n¨
‘]mTame’-bmWv. ]©-X-{´w, thXm-f-N-cn-Xw, cmam-b-Ww, `mc-Xw, `mK-hXw,
Úm\-¸m-\, {ioIr-jvW-N-cn-Xw XpS-§n-b-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ \n¶pw sXc-sª-Sp-¯-h-bm-
bn-cp¶p ]Zy-`m-K-§Ä. ‘]mT-ame’bnse KZy-`m-K-§-sfÃmw KpÀ«v Xs¶ Fgp-
Xnbpm-¡n-b-Xm-Wv. Hcp hntZ-i-an-j-\dn ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy ]mT]pkvX-
I¯nsâ cN\bnÂ ImWn¨ XmÂ]cyw {]iw-k-\o-b-am-Wv. ¢mkvap-dn-I-fnÂ ae-
bmf hymI-cWw ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thn KpÀ«v X¿m-dm-¡nb ]mT]pkvX-I-
amWv ae-bm-f-`m-jm-hym-I-c-Ww.
kn.-Fw.-F-kv. anj-W-dn-bm-bn-cp¶ s_ä-eÀ 1861 Â tIm«-b-¯p-\n¶pw {]kn-
²o-Icn¨ arK-N-cn-X-amWv asämcp kp{]-[m-\-{K-Ùw. 1883 Â tImgn-t¡mSv
_mkÂan-j³ kvIqfnÂ \n¶pw {]Ir-Xn-imkv{Xw F¶ ]mT]pkvXIw ]pd-¯p-
h¶p. Npcp-¡-¯nÂ ae-bm-f-`m-j-bnÂ sshÚm-\nI KZy-¯nsâ ASn-¯d 19þmw
\qäm-nsâ D¯-cmÀ²-¯nÂ anj-W-dn-amÀ `{Z-ambn Dd-¸n-¨p.
2. Ae-¦m-c-imkv{Xw
`mjmhnÚm-\o-b-¯nse {][m\ imJ-bmWv Ae-¦m-c-imkv-{Xw. kwkvIr-X-
¯nÂ hnc-Nn-X-amb eoem-Xn-e-I-¯n-epw, 15-þmw \qäm-n-te-sX¶v Duln¡s¸«
‘Ae-¦m-c-kw-t£-]’-¯nepw tImhp®n s\Sp-§m-Sn-bpsS ‘tIc-f-Iu-apZn’bnepw
Ae-¦m-c-§-sf-¸än {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p-s-¦nepw AXv ]Zy-¯nÂ {]tbm-Kn-¡p¶
Dàn-ssh-Nn-{Xy-§-sf-am{Xw Dt±-in-¨p-Åh-bm-Ip-¶p. KZy-km-ln-Xy-¯-n\p-wIqSn
{]tbm-P\amI-¯-¡-h®w `mj-bn-ep-mb BZys¯ Be-¦m-cn-I-{K-Ùw, ^mZÀ
PcmÀZv F¶ kpdn-bm\n It¯m-en-¡-ssh-Zn-I³ 1881 Â {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯nb ‘Ae-
¦m-c-imkv{Xw’ F¶ IrXn-bm-Ip¶p {]`m-j-W-I-esb ]cm-aÀin¨v ae-bm-f-¯n-ep-
m-bn-«pÅ BZys¯ {]am-W-{K-Ùhpw CXp-X-s¶.
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3. ss__nÄ XÀÖa þa-X-km-lnXyw
1911 Â s_©-an³ s_bven BZy-ambn ss__nÄ ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v samgn-
amäw \S-¯n. XpSÀ¶v aä-t\Iw XÀÖ-a-Ifpw ss__n-fnÂ- D-m-bn. FÂ. Fw.-
Fkv anj\pw (\m-KÀtIm-hnÂ), kn.-Fw.-F-kv. anj\pw (tIm-«-bw) _mkÂ
anj\pw (X-e-tÈ-cn) ss__nÄ XÀÖ-a-bn-eqsS ae-bm-f-K-Zy-¯nsâ hnIm-k-¯n\v
thK-X-Iq-«n. `mj am\-I-X-e-¯n-te¡v hf-cm³ CXv Imc-W-ambn.
1845 Â ‘ssZh-hn-Nm-cW’bpw ‘aX-hnNm-cW’bpw Xe-tÈ-cnbnse IÃ-¨nÂ
\n¶pw KpÀ«v {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p. {]kvXp-X-a-X-km-ln-Xy-¯nse BJym-\-coX
\mtSm-Sn¯ ssien-bn-ep-Å-Xm-Wv. bpàn-IÄ Nqn-¡m-Wn¨v kz´w A`n-{]m-b-
§Ä Øm]n-¡p¶ kn²m-´-Øm-]-\-ssien ae-bm-f-¯nÂ cq]-s¸-«Xv C¯cw
aX-kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fn-eq-sSbmWv. C¯-c-¯nÂ ae-bmf KZy-kmlnXy hnIm-k-
¯n\v hne-s¸-«- kw-`m-h-\-IÄ \ÂIm³ aX-kmln-Xy-¯n\v Ign-ªp.
4. \mtSm-Sn-km-lnXyw
kPo-h-amb Hcp ]T-\-ta-J-e-bmWv C¶v \mtSm-Sn-km-ln-Xyw. F¶mÂ Cu
]T-\-¯n\v Bcw-`w-Ip-dn-¨Xv ss{IkvX-h-an-j-\-dn-am-cm-Wv. ]g-s©m-Ãp-IÄ,
\mS³]m«p-IÄ, ssien-IÄ F¶n-h-sbÃmw hntZ-i-an-j-\-dn-am-cpsS {i²-bm-IÀjn-
¨n-cp-¶p. 1791 Â ae-bm-f-¯nse ]g-s©m-Ãp-IÄ ]uen-t\mkv ]mXncn BZy-ambn
kam-l-cn-¨p. ]n¶oSv 1848 Â KpÀ«v ‘]g-s©mÂame’ {]kn-²o-I-cn¨p. 1868 Â
‘Hcp Bbncw ]g-s©mÃv’ F¶-t]-cnÂ KpÀ«v AXv ]p\:{]Im-i\w sNbvXp,
IqSm-sX, ae-bm-f-¯nse \mS³]m«p-IÄ kam-l-cn¨v {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw
KpÀ«v {ia-§Ä \S-¯n.
5. tZi-N-cn{Xw
1843þÂ KpÀ«v {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ ‘tIc-tfm-ev¸¯n’bmWv tIc-f-N-cn-{Xs¯
kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw BZyambn cq]w-sIm--Ir-Xn. tIc-fo-bÀ s]mXpth hniz-kn-
¨p-t]m-cp¶ ]c-ip-cm-a-I-Y-bpsS BJym-\-am-Wn-Xv. 1868 Â KpÀ«v ‘tIc-f-¸-ga’
(The histoy of malabar) {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p. 1498 apXÂ 1631 hsc-bpÅ tIc-f-N-cn-{X-
amWv AXnÂ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. A§s\ tIc-f-N-cn-{X-\nÀ½nXn¡v hntZ-i-an-
j-\-dn-amÀ amÀ¤-ZÀin-I-fmbn `hn-¨p.
6. \ho-\-km-ln-Xy-cq-]-§Ä
ae-bm-f-¯nÂ kÀ¤mßI kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ¡v P·w \ÂIn-bXv hntZ-i-an-
j-\-dn-amÀ Bbn-cp-¶p. sNdp-I-Y, t\mhÂ, \ncq-]Ww, Bß-I-Y, Poh-N-cn{Xw
F¶n-h-bp-sS-sbÃmw Bcw`w anj-Wdn-am-cpsS hr¯m-´-]-{X-§-fnepw ]mT]pkvX-
I-§-fnepw Bbn-cp-¶p. hÀ¯am\-]p-kvX-I-¯n-eqsS k©m-c-km-ln-Xyhpw ChnsS
\S-¸n-em-¡n. 1859 Â tIm«bw kn.-Fw.-Fkv {]ÊnÂ \n¶pw dh.-tPm-k^v ]oä-nsâ
‘^pÂtam\n F¶pw tImcpW F¶pw t]cmb cp kv{XoI-fpsS IY’ {]kn-
²oIcn-¨p. 1877 Â tIm«bw kn.-F-w.-Fkv {]ÊnÂ \n¶pw tImfn³kv Z¼-Xn-I-fpsS
‘LmX-Ih[w’{]kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-«p.
NEO IAS 0484-43190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 14
VIII. hntZ-i-an-jW-dn-amcpw ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS am\-Io-I-c-Whpw
hcm-¸p-g-ssh-bm-I-c-W-·m-cnÂ XpS-§nb anj-\dn kmln-Xy-¯nÂ [mcmfw
sshtZ-in-I-]-Z-§-fpsS kzm[o\w ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. HutZym-KnI `mj-bpsS
Ir{Xna KZy-ssi-enbpw ]mÝm-Xy-`m-jm-kzm-[o-\hpw {]I-S-am-Wv. Cw¥ojv hnZym-`ym-
k-¯nsâ ]ptcm-K-a-\hpw kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS ae-bmf XÀÖ-abpw KZy-ssien
IqSp-XÂ Icp-¯p-t\-Sm³ Imc-W-am-bn. C¯-c-¯nÂ Icp-¯p-t\-Snb KZy-ssien
\ap¡v 19-þmw \qäm-nse anj-W-dnkm-ln-Xy-¯nÂ Zriy-am-Wv. aX-kmln-Xy-§-
fpsS hfÀ¨-tbmsS hyh-lm-c-`m-j-bpsS Bi-b-{]-I-S-\-ti-jnbpw `mh-{]-Im-i-\-
iànbpw hÀ²n¨p. A¨-Snbpw ]mT]pkvX-I-§fpw hr¯m-´-]-{X-§fpw hym]-I-
am-b-tXmsS `mj -{]mtZin-I-X-bpsS AXn-cp-IÄ ewLn¨v AXn-Po-h-\-¯n-sâ am\-
I-X-e-¯n-te¡v DbÀ¶p.
ae-bm-f-`m-jbv¡v anj-W-dn-amÀ \ÂInb kw`m-h-\-Isf C{]-Imcw
t{ImUo-I-cn¡mw:
1. hymI-c-Ww, \nLp¡Ä
2. A¨-Sn, {]kn-²o-I-c-W-im-e-IÄ, en]n-ame
3. ]{X-{]-hÀ¯\w, {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä
4. hnZym-`ymk ]ptcm-KXn
5. kv{XohnZym-`ymkw
6. ]mT]pkvX-I-§Ä
7. ss__nÄ XÀÖ-a, aX-kmlnXyw
8. Ae-¦m-c-imkv{Xw
9. sshÚm-\n-I-X-e§ - Ä (tZ-iN-cn{Xw, `qan-imkv{Xw apX-em-b-h)
10. \mtSmSn kmlnXyw (]-g-s©m-Ãp-IÄ, \mtSm-Sn-Km-\-§Ä)
11. \ho-\-km-ln-Xy-cq-]-§Ä (sN-dpI-Y, t\mhÂ, \ncq-]-Ww, D]-\ym-kw, Poh-
Ncn-{Xw, Bß-I-Y, bm{Xm-hn-h-c-Ww)
12. ‘\oN`mj’bpsS Ign-hp-IÄ I-dnªv KZy-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ hyh-lm-c-`m-
jbv¡v Øm\w \ÂIn
AÀt®m-kp-]m-Xncn
`mc-X¯nsâ kmln-Xy-ss]-Xr-I-s¯-¡p-dn¨v hnti-jn¨v kwkvIrX kmln-
Xy-s¯-¡p-dn¨v hym]-I-amb ]cn-Úm\w t\Snb AÀt®mkp ]mXncn ‘{]Y-a-bq-
tdm-]y³ C³tUm-f-PnÌv’ F¶ _lp-aXn AÀln-¡p-¶p. “Xsâ ka-Im-en-I-sc-
¡mÄ hypÂ¸¯n k¼m-Zn¨ Hcp km£mÂ kwkvIr-X-]-Þn-X³” F¶v amIvkv
apÅÀ AÀt®mkp ]mXncnsb hnti-jn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. PÀ½³Imc-\mb Ct±-l-
¯nsâ bYmÀ° \ma-t[bw GÀW-Ìkv lmMvtÉ-U³ F¶m-bn-cp-¶p. ]mXn-cn-
bpsS IrXn-Isf cv hn`m-K-am-bn-¯n-cn-¡mw.
1. \nLp¡fpw hymI-c-W-§fpw
AÀt®mkp ]mXncnbpsS \nLp¡-fnÂ Gähpw {][m-\-s¸-«Xv ‘ae-bmfw
t]mÀ¨pKokv’ \nLp BWv. 18-þmw \qäm-nsâ XpS-¡-¯nÂ X¿m-dm-¡nb Cu
\nLphnÂ kwkvIr-X-]-Z-§Ä¡mWv {]map-Jy-ap-Å-Xv. en]n-bnepw ]Zm-h-en-
bnepw {]mNo-\-a-e-bm-f-¯n-\p-m-bn-cp¶ kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-§Ä ImWmw. C¶p-]-
NEO IAS 0484-43190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 15
tbm-K-¯n-en-Ãm¯ At\Iw ]Z-§Ä Ah-bpsS {]mNo-\mÀ°§tfm-Sp-IqsS ]cn-N-
b-s¸-Sm³ \nLp \ÂIp¶ Ah-kcw Gsd hne-s¸-«-Xm-Wv.
IrXy-ambn hymI-c-W-¯nsâ ]cn-[n-¡p-ÅnÂ hcp¶ Imcy-§Ä am{X-amWv
]mXn-cn-bpsS ae-bmf hyI-cW {KÙ-¯n-ep-Å-Xv. `mj-bnse A\p-{]-tbm-K-¯n-
epÅ {]m[m\yw Nqn-¡m-Wn-¨p. IÀ½Wn {]tbmKw `mj-bnÂ hnc-f-am-sW¶v
tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-v. ]pcp-tj-t`-Z-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p ]d-bp-t¼mÄ AXv Ihn-X-bn-emWv
IqSp-Xepw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-sX¶pw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. C¯-c-¯nÂ
\½psS BZy-Ime hymI-c-W-{K-Ù-§-fnÂ kap-¶-X-Øm\w AÀln-¡p¶ {KÙ-
amWv ]mXn-cn-bpsS ae-bm-f-hym-I-c-Ww. kwkvIr-X-¯nÂ ‘kn²-cq]w’ F¶ hymI-
cWw Xs¶ At±lw \nÀ½n¨p. kwkvIr-X-¯nÂ Hcp ]mÝm-Xy³ cNn¨
BZys¯ hymI-cWw AÀt®mkp ]mXncnbpsS kn²-cq-]-am-Wv.
2. Imhy-Ir-Xn-IÄ
ss{IkvX-h-Ip-Spw-_-§-fnÂ ]mcm-bWw sN¿p¶-Xn-\pÅ Imhy-amXrI 18-þmw
\qäm-nÂ ]mXncn \S-¸n-em-¡n. CXn-\mbn Fgp-¯-Ñ³, ]q´m-\w, sNdp-tÈcn
F¶o alm-I-hn-I-fpsS amÀ¤w ]n´p-SÀ¶p. Imhy-§-fpsS aqe-IrXn ss__n-
fmWv.
(1) ]p¯-³]m\ þ Úm\-¸m-\-bpsS kzm[o-\-amWv Cu IrXn¡v \nZm-\w.
kmam\yw efn-Xhpw kpK-a-hp-amb Cu IrXn-bpsS CXn-hr¯w a\p-jy-c-£m-
Ncn-{X-¯nsâ kw{K-l-am-Wv.
(2) NXp-cýw þ Infn-¸m«v kmln-Xy-¯n-te-¡pÅ {InkvXy³ kw`m-h-\-I-fnÂ
Gähpw KpW-ta-dnb IrXn-bmWv ]mXn-cn-bpsS NXp-cýw. ac-Ww, hn[n, \cIw,
tamjw F¶n§s\ 4 ]ÀÆ-§-fpv. Bk-¶-amb ac-W-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw a\p-jy-
hn-[n-sb-¡p-dn¨pw kzÀ¤-\-c-I-Nn-´-I-sf-¡p-dn¨pw tam£-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-saÃmamWv
NXp-c-ý-¯nÂ hnh-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
(3) D½m-]ÀÆw þ I\ym-ta-cn-bpsS PohN-cn-{X-amWv Imhy-hn-jbw
(4) hymIp-e-{]-_Ôw þ Ipcn-inÂ Xq§n-¡n-S-¡p¶ {InkvXp-hnsâ Nmtc
\nÂ¡p¶ I\ym-a-dn-b-¯nsâ hnem-]-amWv {]ta-bw. ‘tZh-am-Xm-hnsâ hymIpe
{]_Ôw’ F¶mWv {KÙ-¯nsâ ]qÀ®\maw.
(5) Pt\m-h-]ÀÆw þ Hcp hntZ-io-b\v hÀj-§-fn-eqsS ssIh¶ I¿-S-¡-¯n\pw
{]mKÂ`y¯n\pw sXfn-hmWv Pt\m-h-]ÀÆw.
ae-bm-f-¯nse cm-as¯ hymI-c-W-IÀ¯mhpw \nLp¡mc\pw H¶m-
as¯ sshtZ-inI Ihn-bp-amWv AÀt®mkp ]mXncn. alm-Im-hy-§fpw Fgp-
Xnbn«pvv. ]s£, Hcp ss{IkvX-h- ZmÀi-\n-I-Ihn F¶ \ne-bnÂ AÀt®mkp
]mXncn \½psS Imhy-tem-I¯v Hä-s¸«p \nÂ¡p¶p.
]uen-t\mkv ]mXncn
tIc-f-¯nÂ h¶n-«pÅ anj-W-dnam-cnÂ \m\m-hn[ ]mÞnXyw sImp-t\m-
¡n-bmÂ {]Y-a-K-W-\o-b³ ]uen-t\mkv ]mXn-cn-bm-Wv. hymI-c-Ww, \nLp,
kmln-Xyw, Ihn-X, Ncn{Xw F¶n-§s\ FÃm-ta-J-e-I-fnepw {]mKev`yw sXfn-bn¨
Hcp _lp-ap-J-{]-Xn-`-bm-bn-cp¶p ]uen-t\mkv ]mXn-cn-. “bqtdm¸nÂ kwkvIr-X-km-
NEO IAS 0484-43190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 16
ln-Xy-Úm\w {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-hm³ {ian¨ ]Þn-X-·m-cnÂ {]ap-J³ ]uen-t\mkv
]mXn-cn-bmWv”þ F¶v amIvkv ap-ÅÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. ]mXn-cn-bpsS ae-bmfw
]mÞn-Xy-s¯-¡mÄ ]mÞn-Xy-¯nsâ \m\m-X-Xz-amWv \s½ hnk-a-bn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.
]uen-t\mkv ]mXn-cn-bpsS kw`m-h-\-IÄ C{]-Imcw kw{K-ln-¡mw.
(1) ‘ae-bm-f-s¨m-Ãp-IÄ’ (Adagia Malabarica) 1777 F¶ t]cnÂ {]kn²o-I-
cn¨ ]pkvX-I-¯nÂ [mcmfw ]g-sam-gn-IÄ DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p¶p. \qdn-e-[nIw
]g-s©m-Ãp-IÄ CXn-ep-v. ]g-s©m-Ãp-I-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸« BZys¯ {KÙ-
am-Wn-Xv.
(2) kwkvIrX aqe-{K-Ù-§fpw {]mNo\]cn-`mjIfpw At±-l-¯nsâ ]T-\-
¯n\p hnt[-b-am-bn. Aa-ctImi hymJym-\-§-fnÂ BZys¯ ap{Zn-X-{KÙw
]uen-t\mkv ]mXn-cn-bpsS ‘Aa-c-knwl’amWv.
(3) 1784 Â ]uen-t\mkv ]mXncn Hcp ae-bmfwþCw-¥o-jvþ-t]mÀ¨pKokv hymI-
cWw Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ cma-hÀ½ alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ B{K-l-{]-Imcw cNn-¨p.
Cu {KÙ-¯nÂ hymI-cW \nb-a-§Ä ae-bm-f-¯nepw t]mÀ¨pKoknepw
hnh-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
(4) tIc-f-¯nÂ {]Np-c-{]-Nm-c-apÅ kn²-cq-]s¯ A\p-I-cn¨v e¯o-\nÂ ‘kn²-
cq]w’ F¶ kwkvIr-X-hym-I-cWw {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p.
(5) kwkvIr-X-`m-j-sbbpw kmln-Xy-k-©-b-s¯bpw Ipdn¨v e¯o³ `mj-bnÂ
At±lw ]e {]_-Ô-§fpw Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-¡p-¶p. DZm-l-c-W-¯n-\v,
1. ‘{_mÒ-WcpsS aXhpw BNm-c-§-fpw, kwkvIr-X-`m-j-sbbpw Ncn-{X-
s¯bpw ]än-bpÅ hnaÀi-\-]-c-amb Hcp sNdnb {]Xn-]m-Z\w’.
2. kwkvIr-`m-j-bpsS hymI-c-W-s¯-¸-än-bpÅ ka-{K-amb Hcp ]T\w.
(6) \½psS lkvX-en-JnX {KÙ-§Ä tiJ-cn¨v kq£n¨p hbv¡p-¶-XnÂ
ImWn¨ XmÂ]-cy-¯nÂ \n¶v aäp tZi-¡m-cpsS kmln-Xy-{]-hÀ¯\§sf
AwKo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw hne-bn-cp-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶-Xmbn a\-Ên-em-¡mw.
(7) Hcp Ncn-{X-]-Þn-X³ IqSn-bm-bn-cp¶p ]uen-t\mkv ]mXn-cn-. Cý-bpsS
]qÀÆ hr¯m-´-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw aäpw hni-Z-amb At\z-j-W-§Ä At±lw
\S-¯n. ‘{_mÒ-Wa-Xw’, ‘C³Uy-bm{X’ F¶o IrXn-I-fnÂ Cu At\z-j-W-
^-e-§Ä shfn-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-v. tIc-f-N-cn{Xw kw_-Ôn-¨mWv AXnÂ IqSp-
XÂ ]cm-aÀi-ap-Å-Xv.
(8) t{Xkym-N-cn-Xw, tZh-ky-j-UvKpWw F¶o cp Imhy-§Ä {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨n-
«p-v. kwkvIr-X-]-Z-§Ä [mcmfw tNÀ¯v i_vZm-e-¦m-c-§-tfm-Sp-IqSn hf¨p
\o«n-sIm-p-t]m-Ip¶ coXn-bmWv CXnÂ ImWp-¶-Xv.
(9) IqZm-i-¸p-kvX-Iw, ZnhyÚm\w e`n-¡m-\pÅ kc-Wn, F«p Znh-ks¯
[ym\w F¶nh ]mXn-cn-bpsS KZy-Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv. kwkvIr-X-]-Z-_m-lpeyw
sImv ZpjvI-c-amWv CXnse `mj. ae-bmfw kwkvIr-X-¯nsâ Hcp D]-im-
J-bm-sW¶pÅ k¦-ev]-amWv ]mXn-cnsb KZy-{]-Øm-\-¯nepw hgn-sXfnbn-
¨Xv.
s_©-an³ s_bven
1816 Â 25-þmw hb-ÊnÂ anj³ {]hÀ¯¯nsâ `mK-ambn Be-¸p-g-bnÂ
F¯n. 1850 Â Cw¥-n-te¡v Xncn-¨p-t]mb s_bven 35 hÀj-¡mew sImv
tIc-f-¯n\v \ÂInb kw`m-h-\-IÄ Hcp apXÂ¡q-«m-Wv. s_bven-bpsS kw`m-h-\-
Isf C§s\ t{ImUo-I-cn-¡mw.
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(1) tIc-f-¯nÂ A¨-Sn-bpsS Ncn{Xw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv s_©-an³ s_bven-tbmSp
IqSn-bm-Wv. 1821 Â tIm«-b¯v kn.-Fw.Fkv {]Êv Øm]n-¨p. 1823 Â kqdn-
bm-\n-sa-{Xmsâ CS-b-te-J-\hpw ss__n-fnse Kncn-{]-`m-j-Whpw ]pd-¯p-
h¶p. As¡mÃw Xs¶ ‘sNdp-ss]-X-§Ä¡v D]-Im-cmÀ°w ]cn-`m-j-s¸-Sp-
¯nb IY-IÄ’ ]pd-¯p-h-¶p. CXm-Wv kn.-Fw.-Fkv {]ÊnÂ \n¶v BZy-
ambn {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ ]pkvX-Iw.
(2) 1841 Â k¼qÀ®ss__nÄ ChnsS \n¶p {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p.
(3) 200þÂ ]cw hÀj-§-fmbn \½Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-t]m-cp¶ Dcp at\m-l-c-§-
fmb ae-bm-f- en-]nbpw s_bven-bpsS kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. aZn-cm-in-bnÂ
\n¶pÅ NXpc hSn-hn-epÅ A£-c-§Ä¡v ]Icw shÅn-bnÂ Dcp hSn-
hpÅ at\m-l-c-§-fmb ae-bmf A£cw hmÀs¯-Sp-¯p. CXv `mjm Ncn-{X-
¯nse \mgn-I-¡-Ãm-Wv.
(4) 1846 Â ae-bm-fw-þ-Cw-¥ojv \nL-phpw 1848 Â Hcp Cw¥o-jv-þ-a-e-bmfw
\nLphpw s_bven {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p. “F UnIvjWn Hm^v ssl B³Uv
sImtfm-IyÂ aebmfw B³Uv Cw¥ojv” F¶mWv s_bven AXn\p t]cp-
\ÂIn-bn-«p-ÅXv. 20 hÀjs¯ ]cn-{i-a-¯nsâ `mK-ambn 35000 ]Z-§Ä
CXnÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¯n.
(5) tIc-f-¯nse aq¶m-as¯ {]kn-²o-I-cWw F¶ _lp-aXn tIm«-bs¯ kn.-
Fw.-Fkv {]ÊnÂ \n¶v 1848 Â s_bven XpS-§nb ‘Úm\-\n-t£-]’-¯n-
\mWv. A¨-Sn-bnÂ h¶ BZy ]{Xw CXm-Wv.
(6) {_n«-\n-epÅ kvIqfp-Isf amXr-I-bm¡n At±lw {Kma-kvIqÄ Øm]n-¨p.
PmXn-aX t`Z-at\y FÃm-hÀ¡pw {]thi\w \ÂIn. Cw¥ojpw \ho\
imkv{X-§fpambn-cp¶p {][m-\-hn-j-b-§Ä. kvIqfp-I-fpsS Bh-iy-¯n-
\mbn ]mT]pkvI§fpw kwhn-[m\w sNbvXp. ]pcm-W-Ir-Xn-Ifpw BZy-Ime
Imhy-§fpw kzbw FgpXn X¿m-dm-¡nb KZyhpw DÄs¸-Sp-¯n.
(7) Hcp ]mTy-{Iaw s_bven cqs¸-Sp-¯n.
(8) Adnhp \ntj-[n-¨n-cp¶ ASn-Øm-\-hÀK¯n\pw kv{XoIÄ¡pw hnZym-`ym-k-
¯n-\pÅ ASn-¯-d-bn-«Xpw s_bven-bm-Wv.
{]kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fpsS ]nXm-hm-bpw, Xncq-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse Cw¥ojv hnZym-`ym-k-
¯nsâ {]Nm-c-I-\mbpw C¶s¯ ]mT]pkvIc-§-fpsS apJy inev]n-bp-ambpw Icp-
X-s¸-Sp¶ s_bven tIc-f-¯nsâ kmaq-ln-I-þ-km-wkvIm-cnI cwK-§-fnÂ amä-§-fp-
m-¡n.
tUm.-slÀa³ KpÀ«v
KpÀ«v kw`m-h-\-Isf C{]-Imcw t{ImUo-I-cn¡mw:
(1) e£-W-bp-àhpw {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-hp-amb hymI-cWw {]Zm\w sNbvXp. ae-bm-
f-`m-jbv¡v {]tbmP\-I-c-amb BZy-s¯- hym-I-c-W-amWv KpÀ«n-tâ-Xv.
tImhp-®n-s\-Sp-§m-Sn¡v ‘tIc-f-Iu-apZn’ cNn-¡p-¶-Xn\v KpÀ«nsâ hymI-
cWw klm-b-I-ambn F¶v At±lw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-v. tIc-f-]m-Wn-\ob
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cN\bv¡v ap¼v KpÀ«nsâ hymI-cWw Xm³ ]cn-tim-[n-¨n-«p-Å-Xmbn
G.Bdpw {]kvXm-hn-¡p-¶p-v. C¯-c-¯nÂ ]e hymI-c-W-{K-Ù-§Ä¡pw
B{i-b-I-c-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p KpÀ«nsâ hymI-c-Ww.
(2) `mj-bpÅ Ime-t¯mfw \ne-\n-t¶-¡m-hp-¶Xpw ]e-Xp-sImpw Aaq-ey-hp-
amb ‘ae-bm-fw-þ-Cw-¥ojv’ \nLp \nÀ½n¨p. Çoew, AÇo-ew, {Kmayw, tZiyw
F¶n-§s\ FÃm ]Z-§Ä¡pw AÀ°w \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
(3) efn-X-amb KZy-ssien {][m\w sNbvXp
(4) ]{X-{]-hÀ¯\w
(5) BZys¯ ae-bmf ]mT]pkvXI-¯nsâ cN\
(6) ae-bm-f-¯nse BZys¯ KZy-]-Zy-k-am-lm-c-amb ‘]mT-ame’bpsS cN\ (1860)
(7) Ncn-{X-{K-Ù-§-fpsS kw`m-h-\-IÄ
(8) BZys¯ tIc-f-N-cn-{X-IrXn KpÀ«nsâ tIc-tfm-ev]-¯n-bmWv (1843)
(9) ae-bm-f-¯nse `qan-im-kv{Xs¯ kw_-Ôn-¨n-«pÅ BZys¯ IrXn-bmb ‘ae-
bmf cmPyw, Ncn{Xt¯m-Sp-IqSnb `qan-imkv{X’¯nsâ cN\ (1870)
(10) EPphpw {lkz-hp-amb hmIy-§-fpw, kpµ-chpw AÀ°-]qÀ®hpamb KZyhpw
{]Zm\w sNbvXp
(11) bpàn-IÄ Nqn-¡m-Wn¨v kz´w A`n-{]m-b-§Ä Øm]n-¡p¶ kn²m-´-
Øm-]-\-ssien ae-bm-f-¯nÂ cq]-s¸-«Xv KpÀ«nsâ ‘ssZh-hn-Nm-cW’, ‘aX-
hnNm-cW’ F¶o aX-kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv.
(12) ae-bm-f-¯nse ]g-s©m-Ãp-I-fpsS t{ImUo-I-cWw ‘]g-s©mÂame’bnÂ
ImWmw.
(13) hmsam-gn-bpsS kzoIm-cyX
KpÀ«nsâ IrXn-Isf C{]-Imcw Xcw-Xn-cn¡mw:
]pkvX-I-§Ä
A. Ncn{Xw
1. tIc-tfm-ev]¯n þ 1843
2. tIc-f-¸-ga þ 1868
3. temI-N-cn-{X-imkv{Xw þ 1868
4. temI-N-cn-{X-kw-t£]w þ 1851
5. apl-½Zv Ncn{Xw þ 1844
B. \nLp
1. ae-bm-fw-þ-Cw-¥ojv UnIvj\dn þ 1872
hymI-cWw
1. ae-bmf `mjm hymI-cWw -þ 1851
2. ae-bmf hymI-cWw tNmtZym-¯cw þ 1860
C. KoX-§Ä
1. {InkvXob KoX-§Ä þ 1850
2. KoX-§Ä þ 1842
D. aXw
1. {InkvXob hnizmkw þ 1843
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2. {InkvXob k`m-N-cn{Xw þ 1847
3. {InkvXob k`m \ho-I-cWw -þ 1847
4. thZ-hn-Nm-cw -þ 1845
5. \{km-Wn-I-fpsS ]ga
6. ]hn-{X-tc-J-IÄ þ 1857
7. ]pXn-b-\n-baw þ 1852
8. ]pXnb \nb-a-¯nse teJ-\-§Ä þ 1886
9. k¦oÀ¯\§Ä þ 1880
10. kXy-thZ CXn-lmkw þ 1841
11. kXy-thZ IY-IÄ þ 1849
12. kphn-tij IY-IÄ þ 1847
E. \mtSmSn kmlnXyw
1. ]gs©mÂame þ 1848
2. BbnÀ ]g-s©mÃv
3. \mS³ ]m«p-IÄ kam-l-cn¨p
1. a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bv-¡v Kp-À-«v \ÂIn-b kw-`m-h-\-I-sf-s´Ãmw? (2017)
2. tUm. slÀ-½³ Kp-À-«v a-ebm-f `m-j-bv-¡v \ÂIn-b kw-`m-h-\-IÄ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p-
I. (2016)
3. a-ebm-f K-Zy-¯n-sâ h-fÀ-¨-bnÂ ss{I-kv-X-h an-j-\-dn-amÀ h-ln-¨ ]-¦v NÀ-¨-sN-
¿p-I. (2016)
4. ae-bm-f-K-Zy-¯nÂ ‘anj-Wdn KZyw’ Fs¶mcp hn`m-K-I-ev]-\-bpsS Bh-iy-
aptm? (2015-C)
5. ‘hÀ¯am\-]p-kvXIw’ ae-bmf KZy-`m-j-bpsS hfÀ¨-bnÂ {][m\ ]¦p-h-ln-
¨pþNÀ¨-sN¿pI. (2015)
6. anj-W-dn-am-cpsS KZyw ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS ]cn-Wm-as¯ F{X-t¯mfw klm-bn-
¨n-«p-v. hni-Z-am-¡pI? (2014)
7. AÀt®mkv ]mXncn ae-bm-f-`m-jbv¡v \ÂInb kw`m-h-\-IÄ hne-bn-cp-¯pI.
(2013)
8. KpÀ«v \nLphnsâ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Fs´Ãmw? (2012-C)
9. B[p-\nI ae-bmf KZy-`m-j-bpsS hfÀ¨bv¡v ss{IkvXh anj-W-dnamÀ
\ÂInb kw`m-h-\-bpsS aqeyw \nÀW-bn¡p-I. (2011)
10. ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS _lp-ap-J-amb hnI-k-\-¯n\v slÀa³ KpÀ«v \ÂInb
kw`m-h-\-Isf hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. (2009)
11. aebm-f-K-Zy-¯n-sâ h-fÀ-¨-bnÂ ss{I-kv-X-h an-j-\-dn-amÀ \ÂIn-b kw-`m-h-\-I-
fp-sS aqeyw \nÀ-®-bn-¡p-I. (2009)
12. ae-bmf `mjm-hn-Im-k-¯n\v hntZ-i-an-j-W-dn-amÀ \ÂInb {Inbm-ß-I-kw-`m-h-\-
Isf hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. (2008)
13. {InkvXy³ anj-W-dn-amÀ ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS hnIm-k-¯n\p \ÂInb kw`m-h-\-I-
fpsS hym]vXn hni-Z-am-¡p-I. (2006)
14. ae-bm-f-`m-jsb B[p-\o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v KpÀ«v sNbvX tkh\w hne-bn-cp-
¯pI. (2005)
15. anj-Wdn ae-bm-f-¯nsâ {]tXy-I-X-IÄ ]cn-tim-[n¨v AXns\ Hcp {]tXyI
hn`m-K-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-Xnse HuNnXyw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. (2004)
16. ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS _lp-ap-J-amb hnIm-k-¯n\v slÀa³ KpÀ«v \ÂInb
kw`m-h-\-Isf hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. (2003)
NEO IAS 0484-43190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 20
a-ebmfw
bqWoävþaq¶v (3)
ka-Im-enI ae-bm-f-¯nsâ kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ
ae-bm-fw-þ-`-c-W-`m-j-sb¶ \ne-bnÂ; imkv{X-þ-km-t¦-XnI kmln-
Xy-`mj; am[y-a-`mj
`mj-sb-¶Xv shdpw D]-I-c-W-a-Ã, kmaq-lyhpw Ncn-{X-]-chpw kuµ-cym-ß-
Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb Hcp {]Xn-`m-k-am-Wv. temI \thm-°m-\-¯nsâ BZy \mb-
I-\mbn IW-¡m-¡p¶ Zms´-bmWv amXr-`m-jsb kmaq-ly-amb AÀ°-¯nÂ
BZy-ambn \nÀÆNn-¨-Xv. “GsXmcp `mj-bmtWm \mw inip-¡-fm-bn-cp¶ Ime¯v
Bb-amÀ \t½mSv kwkm-cn-¨n-cp¶Xv B `mj-bmWv amXr-`mj” F¶mWv At±lw
]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. C¯-c-¯nÂ Hcp inip sXm«-Sp¯ kml-N-cy-§-fnÂ \n¶v
BÀÖn-¡p¶ `mj-bmWv amXr-`m-j. Xangv \m«n-setbm _olm-dn-setbm sXmgn-em-
fn-I-fpsS a¡Ä ae-bmf ]cn-k-c¯v hyàn-I-sf¶ \ne-bnÂ Pohn-¡p-t¼mÄ Ah-
cpsS amXr-`mj ae-bm-f-am-Wv.
Z£n-tWýbnÂ Gä-hp-a-[nIw iX-am\w P\w kwkm-cn-¡p¶ kwØm-\-`m-
j-bmb ae-bm-f-¯nsâ ka-Im-enI kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv ChnsS NÀ¨-
sN¿p¶Xv. `c-W-`m-j-sb¶ \ne-bnÂ ae-bm-f-¯nsâ Øm\w, imkv{X-km-t¦-XnI
kmln-Xy-¯nsâ `mj-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn\v ae-bmfw F{X-t¯mfw kÖ-
amWv?, am[y-a-`m-j-sb¶ \ne-bnÂ ae-bm-f-¯nsâ khn-ti-j-X, F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ
Imcy-§-fmWv ChnsS ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-¶-Xv.
I. `c-W-`m-j-sb¶ \ne-bnÂ ae-bm-f-¯nsâ Øm\w
\mep \qäm-p-IÄ¡v ap¼v ae-bmfw `c-W-`mjm cwK¯v Icp¯p sXfn-bn-¨n-
cp-¶p. ChnSs¯ km[m-c-W-¡mÀ¡pt]mepw a\-Ên-em-Ip-¶-X-c-¯n-epÅ `mj-
bmWv A¶v D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ Iogvt¡m-SXn hn[n-IÄ ae-bm-f-
¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p. {][m-\-s¸« sslt¡m-SXn hn[n-IÄ ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v ]cn-`m-j-s¸-
Sp¯n e`y-am-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. kn.-h-n. cma³]n-Åsbt¸mepÅ {]K-Û-sc-bmWv AXn\v
Npa-X-e-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp-¶-Xv.
1. ae-bm-f-¯nÂ ]pd-¯n-d-§nb {][m\ D¯-c-hp-IÄ:þ
 `cW`mj F¶-\n-e-bnÂ ae-bm-f-¯n-\p-m-bn-cp¶ Øm\-¯n-\p-Zm-l-c-W-
amWv F.-Un 830 se hmg-¸Ån imk\w
 kmaq-Xn-cnbpw U¨p-I-¼-\nbpw X½n-epÅ DS-¼Sn ae-bm-f-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p.
sImÃ-hÀjw 885 Â (F.-Un.1710)
 “C\n-taepw DtZym-K-§Ä¡v Bfv \nÝ-bn¡p-¶-Xn\v \n§Äs¡-gpXn
AXn³h®w \n§Ä ip]mÀi sN¿p¶ hsc...” F¶p XpS-§p¶ tIWÂ
a¬t{Sm kmbn-]nsâ D¯-chv (sIm-Ã. 907) ae-bm-f-¯n-em-bn-cp¶p.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 1

 “Krl-Ø-·m-cm-bn-cn¡p-¶-hÀ¡v D]-Im-c-amb Cw¥ojv apX-emb `mj-IÄ ]Tn-
¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thn....” F¶p XpS-§p¶ It\men kmbv]nsâ ae-_mÀ Cw¥ojv
hnZym-`ym-k-¯n\v XpS¡w Ipdn¨ D¯-chpw (sIm-Ã. 1018) ae-bm-f-¯n-em-bn-cp-
¶p.
 1936 Â {ioNn-¯n-c-Xn-cp-\mÄ alm-cm-Pmhv \S-¯nb t£{X-{]-th-i\ hnfw-
_cw ae-bm-f-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p.
 ae-_m-dnÂ kÀ¡mÀ DtZym-K-Øsc {]hr-¯n-tZm-j-¯n\p ]ncn-¨p-hn-«p-
sImp ae-_mÀ If-IvSÀ hneyw temK³ ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn¨ D¯-chpw ae-bm-f-
¯nsâ B[n-Im-cn-IX shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
C¯-c-¯nÂ 1947 \p ap³]v cmP-`-c-W-¯n-em-bn-cp¶ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw
sIm¨n-bnepw `c-W-]-c-amb FÃm Imcy-§Ä¡pw ae-bmfw D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶p.
{_n«o-jp-ImÀ Cý-hn« tij-amWv tIcfw Cw¥ojv B[n-]-Xy-¯n-em-b-Xv. Cw¥ojv
{à-¯n\v ap³]v ae-bm-fn¡v kwkvIr-X-t¯m-Sm-bn-cp¶ hnt[-b-Xzw. C¯-c-¯nÂ
kwkvIr-X-¯nsâbpw Cw¥o-jn-sâbpw htc-Wy-Xbv¡p ap¶nÂ ]cp§n
\nÂt¡ AhØ ae-bmfw ]n¶n« Ime-L-«-§-fnÂ Is-¯mw. kz´w `mj-
sb-¡p-dn¨v ae-bm-fn-IÄ ]peÀ¯n-t¸m-cp¶ A[-a-t_m-[-amWv \mw t\cn-Sp¶
bYmÀ° `mjm {]iv\w. amXr-`m-j-tbm-SpÅ Cu Ah-K-W-\sb Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-
cmÀ ‘`mjm-hÚ’ F¶p hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
“`cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-h-cpsS `mj-bmWv `c-W-`mj. P\-§-fpsS `mj-bn-te¡v `cWw
amäpI F¶-XmWv CXn-\À°w”.
AXm-bXv tIc-f-¯nse km[m-c-W-¡mÀ¡pt]mepw a\-Ên-em-Ip-¶-X-c-¯nÂ am\-Io-
I-cn-¡-s¸« ae-bm-f-¯nÂ thWw `cWw \S-¯m³.
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdpw sIm-¨nbpw \m-«p-cm-Py-am-bn-cp-¶ Ime-¯v G-Xm-v 19þmw \q-
äm-n-sâ D-Z-bwh-sc a-e-bm-f-am-bn-cp¶p Hu-tZym-Kn-I-`mj. Cu-kv-äv C-ým- I¼-\n
Cw-¥o-jn-\p- ]pd-sa `-c-W-`m-j-bm-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv t]À-jy-\m-bn-cp¶p. Hu-tZym-
Kn-Im-h-iy-§Ä-¡m-bn {]-Nm-cw kn-²n-¨n-cp-¶ ]-e ]-Z-§fpw {]m-tZin-I `m-j-bnÂ
\n¶pw t]À-jy-\nÂ-\n-¶p-saÃmw `-c-W-`m-j-bv-¡p-th-n I-S-sa-Sp-¯n-cp¶p. t]À-jy-
\nÂ \n¶pw I-S-sa-Sp-¯ l-PqÀ, kÀ-¡mÀ X-l-koÂ-ZmÀ, h-¡oÂ Xp-S§n-b \n-ch-
[n hm-¡p-IÄ C¶pw `-c-W-`m-j-bnÂ \n-e-\n-Â¡p¶p. ]n-¶o-Sp-Å Im-e-L-«-¯nÂ
Cu Øn-Xn-¡v am-äw h-cp-hm³ Xp-S§n. {Ita-W Cw-¥o-jp`m-j taÂ-s¡m-bv-a-t\-Sm³
Xp-S-§n. 19þmw \q-äm-n-sâ B-Zy-]m-Zw h-sc I-¯p-I-fnÂ sImÃ-hÀ-j-am-bn-cp-¶p tc-
J-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp-¶Xv. ]n-¶o-Sv Cw-¥o-jv hÀ-jw tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Xp-S§n.
2. ae-bm-fs¯ `c-W-`m-j-bm-¡-W-sa-¶m-h-iy-s¸«v Ncn-{X-¯nÂ CSwt\Snb Nne
{]Jym-]-\-§Ä
 1957 tImam-«nÂ ANypXta-t\m³ I½nän dnt¸mÀ«v
sFIy-tI-c-f-¸n-d-hn-¡p-tijw ]nd-hn-sIm BZy I½o-j-\mWv 1957se
tImam-«nÂ ANyp-X-ta-t\m³ I½n-än. Ggp hÀjw sImpÅ k¼qÀ®amb `c-W-
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 2
`mjm amä-amWv I½nän e£y-an-«n-cp-¶-Xv. P\-§Ä¡p-thn P\-§Ä \S-¯p¶
P\-§-fpsS `cWw P\-§-fpsS `mj-bnÂ Xs¶ thW-sa¶pf-fXv \nÀhn-hm-Z-amb
kwK-Xn-bm-sW¶v I½nän dnt¸mÀ«nÂ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
 1969 se “tIcf HutZym-KnI `mj (\n-b-a-\nÀam-Ww) \nb-aw”

`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 345-þmw hIp-¸p-{]-Imcw _nÃp-IÄ, BIvSp-IÄ, HmÀUn-\³kp-
IÄ, A\p-_-Ô-\n-b-a-\nÀamWw F¶n-hbv¡v {]mtZ-in-I-`mj D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn-
te¡pw AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-te-¡p-apÅ \nb-a-am-Wn-Xv F¶v ]d-ª-Xn\p tijw
cmw hIp-¸nÂ HutZym-KnI Imcy-§Ä¡p-]tbm-Kn-¡p¶ `mj ‘ae-bmftam
Cw¥otjm’ Bbn-cn-t¡--Xm-sW¶v ]d-bp-¶p.
 1973 se t`Z-KXn \nbaw

t`Z-KXn \nb-a-¯n-eqsS \yq\-]-£-¡m-cpsS ]cn-c£ Dd-¸p-h-cp¯n Cw¥ojpw
ae-bm-fhpw kwØm-\-¯nsâ HutZym-Kn-I-`m-j-bmbn XpSÀ¶p. Chn-sSbpw `c-W-
`mj ae-bm-f-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v bmsXmcp ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw Dm-bn-Ã.
 1978 Â cp-sIm-Ã-¯n-\p-ÅnÂ tImSXn`mj ]qÀ®ambpw ae-bm-f-¯n-em-

¡-W-sa¶v kÀ¡mÀ \nÀt±in¨p.
 1983 Â \nb-a-k-`m-k-an-Xn-bpsS aq¶m-aXv dnt¸mÀ«nÂ FÃm Xe-§-fnepw
ae-bmfw `c-W-`m-j-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn\pÅ ip]mÀi-IÄ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p.
amXr-`m-j-bnÂ _nÃp-IÄ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-XnÂ C\nbpw Ime-Xm-akw ]mSn-sÃ¶
kan-Xn-bpsS ip]mÀi kÀ¡mÀ AwKo-I-cn-¨p.
 2003 Â `c-W-`m-j-bv¡p-thn Hcp \nb-a-k-`m-k-an-Xn¡v cq]w \ÂIn.
 2011 Â kanXn \mev dnt¸mÀ«pIÄ kaÀ¸n-¨p. CXnse aq¶m-as¯
dnt¸mÀ«nse 11 ip]mÀi-I-fmWv Ct¸m-gs¯ `c-W-`mjm \nb-a-\nÀ½mW¯n\v
B[m-cw. dnt¸mÀ«nse {][m-\-hn-h-c-§Ä C{]-Imcw t{ImUo-I-cn-¡mw.
(1) ae-bmfw \nÀ_Ô H¶mw `mj-bmbn ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw AXp \nb-a-]-c-ambn

Dd-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw ae-bmf `mjm-\n-b-a-¯nÂ hyh-Ø-IÄ Dm-I-W-sa¶v
kanXn ip]mÀi sNbvXn-cp-¶p.
(2) ae-bmfw \nb-a-\nÀ½mW `mj-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I.
(3) hnh-c-km-t¦-XnI cwK¯v ae-bmf`mj-bpsS D]-tbmKw Imcy-£-a-am-¡pI.
(4) am[y-a-hmÀ¯-I-fnepw ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fnepw `mjm-ip²n \nco-£n-¡p-¶-Xn\v kwhn-
[m-\-ap-m-¡p-I.
(5) ae-bm-f-¯-\n-a-bpÅ Ne-¨n-{X-§Ä¡v \nIp-Xn-bn-fhv \ÂIp-I.
 2012 \hw-_À 1 apXÂ Hcp hÀjw `c-W-`mjm hÀj-ambn {]Jym-]n-¨p.

]cn-an-Xn-I-tf-sd-bp-s-¦nepw ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS hym]-\-¯nÂ \mw Gsd
apt¶m«p t]mbn-«p-v. F¶mÂ, C\nbpw \mw apt¶m-«p-t]m-tInbncn-¡p¶p. \nb-
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 3
a-\nÀam-Ww, `c-W-\nÀÆ-lWw, \oXn\nÀh-lWw F¶n§s\ `cW kwhn-[m-\-
¯nsâ aq¶p taJ-e-I-fnepw amXr-`mj `c-W-`m-j-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ
am{Xta ae-bmfw tIc-f-¯nsâ `c-W-`m-j-bm-sW¶p ]d-bm³ Ign-bq.
3. `c-W-`mj ae-bm-f-am-hp-t¼mÄ
]Zm-hen hnI-k-\-amWv `mj-bpsS hfÀ¨-bnÂ {][m-\-L-S-Iw. Cw¥ojv
DÄs¸-sS-bpÅ aäv `mj-I-fnse ]Z-§Ä¡v kam-\amb ]Z-§Ä \mw Is-¯-Ww.
Cw¥ojv `c-W-]-Zm-h-en-bnse hm¡p-Ifpw ae-bmf ]cn-`m-jbpw ]cn-N-b-s¸-Smw.
Delegation of Powers þ A[n-Im-c-Zm\w
Post-dated cheque þ ]n³Xn-¿-Xn-sh¨ sN¡v
Breach of Contract þ IcmÀ ewL\w
Arrears of Pension þ s]³j³ Ip«n-ÈnI
Agreement þ IcmÀ
Amendment -þ t`Z-KXn
Arrest without warrant þ hmdp IqSm-sX-bpÅ AdÌv
Legal Obligation þ \nb-a-_m-[yX
Appellate authority þ A¸o-e-[n-Imcn
C§s\ samgn-amäw \S-¯p-t¼mÄ s]³j³, Ad-Ìv, A¸oÂ, hmd-v XpS-§nb
]Z-§Ä XÕ-a-§-fmbn Xs¶ kzoI-cn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. A§s\ A\y-`m-j-I-fnÂ
\n¶pw [mcmfw ]Z-§Ä ISw-sIm-v, Xncn-¨-dn-bm-\m-hm¯ hn[w kzám¡n, hf-
cp-I-bmWv th-Xv.
4. {]Ir-Xnbpw {]Xy-bhpw
Hcp `mj-bpsS hfÀ¨bv¡v kz`m-j-bnse ]Z-§Ä am{X-aÃ A\y-`mjm ]Z-
§Ä XÛ-h-ambpw XÕ-a-ambpw kzoI-cn-¡mw. A{]-Imcw A\y-`m-jm-]-Z-§Ä
kzoI-cn¨v kz´w `mj-bnse ]Z-k-¼¯p hÀ²n¸n¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS `mj hf-cp-I-
bmWv sN¿p¶Xv.
`mjbv¡p {]Ir-Xn, {]Xybw F¶o cp `mK§fmWp-Å-Xv. ]Z-§-fmWv
{]Ir-Xn. Ah-sb-¯-½nÂ tNÀ¡p¶h-bmWv {]Xy-b-§Ä. “]mÀe-saânÂ _nÂ
]mkmbn” F¶ hmIy-¯nÂ ]mÀe-saâv, _nÂ, ]mkv F¶nh {]IrXnbm-Wv. {]Xy-
b-§-fn-eq-sS-bmWv Ah ae-bm-f-hm-Iy-am-hp-¶-Xv. `mj-bpsS auenI kz`mhw shfn-
s¸-Sp-¯p¶ LSIw {]Xy-b-am-Wv. C{]Imcw A\y-`m-j-bnÂ \n¶pw ISw-sIm-Åp¶
]Z-§sf ae-bmf {]Xy-b-§-tfm-Sp-IqSn {]tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ Ah ae-bmf hmIy-am-
bn-am-dp-¶p.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 4

II. imkv{X-km-t¦-XnI `mjbpw ae-bm-fhpw
 1893 Â IrjvW³ ]mm-e-bpsS ‘ck-X{´w’ ]pd-¯p-h¶p. CXn-se -km-t¦-
XnI ]Z\nÀ½mW¯nÂ apJy-]¦v hln-¨-Xv G.-BÀ BWv. tIc-f-]m-Wn\n
kzbw imkv{X-te-J-\-§Ä Fgp-Xp-Ibpw aäp-Å-h-sc-s¡mv Fgp-Xn-¡p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
 1904 Â ‘Irjn-imkv{Xw’ F¶ ]pkvXIw kztZ-im-`n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]nÅ
]pd-¯n-d-¡n. Cu ]pkvXIw FUnäv sNbvXXv G.-BÀ BWv.
 1903 Â BZys¯ imkv{X-am-kn-I-bm-b, ‘[\z-ćn’ ]pd-¯n-d-§n.
 1936-þ37 Â ‘ka-kvX-hn-Úm-\-{K-Ùm-hen’ bpsS BZys¯ A©p-`m-K-§Ä
BÀ. Cuiz-c-]nÅ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p. ‘A’ bnÂ XpS-§p¶ ioÀj-I-§Ä am{X-
am-W-h. ae-bm-f-¯nse BZys¯ hnÚm-\-tIm-i-am-Wn-Xv.
 1950þ73 Ime-L-«-¯nÂ ‘hnÚm\w’ F¶ t]cnÂ t]m¸p-eÀ F³ssk-t¢m-
]o-Un-b, amXyp Fw. Ipgn-then ]pd-¯n-d-¡p-¶p.
imkv{X-hn-j-b-§Ä ae-bm-f-¯nÂ Cd-¡m³ Ign-bp-sa¶ Bß-hn-izmkw
Cu L«-¯n-ep-m-bn-cp-¶p.
 1962 Â kn.-FÂ.-kp-{_ÒWy³ hnhÀ¯\w sNbvX shÀWÀ sslk³
_ÀKnsâ ‘]c-am-Wp-imkv{Xw’ F¶ ]pkvXIw aZn-cmin kÀÆ-Iem-ime ]pd-
¯n-d-¡n.
 1963 Â kn.-]p-cp-tjm-¯-a\pw Fw.eoem-h-Xnbpw tNÀ¶v hnhÀ¯\w sNbvX
kÀ sPbnw-kv Po³kn-sâ ‘AÛp-X-{]-]©w’ F¶ ]pkvXIw aZn-cm-in-kÀÆ-
Iem-ime ]pd-¯n-d-¡n.
C¯-c-¯nÂ Kl-\-§-fmb imkv{X-]p-kvX-I-§Ä hnhÀ¯\w sN¿m³ Ign-bp¶
`mj-bmWv \½p-tS-Xv. AXm-bXv imkv{X-hn-j-b-§sf DÄs¡m-Åm³ kÖ-amb
`mj-bmWv ae-bm-fw. ]s£, imkv{X-hy-h-lmcw kmt¦XnI ]Z-§-fpsS D]-tbmKw
IqSmsX km[n-¡p-¶-X-Ãm-¯-Xn-\mepw ]pXnb imkv{X-X-¯z-§Ä \½psS ]qÀÆn-I-
·mÀ {Kln-¨n-«n-Ãm-¯-Xp-sImpw \m«p-`m-j-bnÂ A¯cw ]Z-§Ä D]-tbm-K-¯n\v
In«nÃ Fs¶mcp _p²n-ap-«p-v. At¸mÄ Cu hI ]Z-§sf Cw¥o-jnÂ \n¶p
Xs¶ ISw hm§mw. ]pXnb ]Z-§sf krjvSn¡mw F¶n-§s\ imkv{X-hn-j-b-
§Ä ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v sImp-h-cp-¶-Xn-\pÅ hgn G.-BÀ. cmPcmP-hÀ½
\nÀt±in¡p-¶p.
ae-bm-f-`mj cq]-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xpw AXv hyà-am-¡p-¶Xpw khntij-ambpw
ae-bm-f-¯n-epÅ Nn´-I-sfbpw Bi-b-§-sf-bp-am-Wv. Ah XnI¨pw auen-I-am-Wv.
A\y-`m-j-bnse Nn´-Ifpw Bi-b-§fpw hnizm-k-§fpw ae-bm-f-¯nÂ ]Zm-\p-]Z
XÀÖ-a-tbmsS Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ `mj-bpsS A]-cym-]vXX \ap¡v hyà-am-Ipw.
imkv{X-]-Z-§sf ]Zm-\p-]-Z-XÀÖa sN¿pt¼mÄ Ah XnI¨pw hnI-e-am-bn-
t]m-Ip¶ Zriyw \ap¡v ImWmw. DZm-l-c-W-¯n-\v, Cuiz-csâ AkvXn-Xzs¯ \ncm-
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 5

I-cn-¡p¶ Hcp k¦-ev]-amWv “Anti matter”. CXns\ “ssZh-IWw” F¶mWv ae-bm-
f-¯n-te¡v XÀÖa sNbvX-Xv. Cuiz-csâ AkvXn-Xz-¯n-s\-Xn-cmb H¶ns\ ssZh-
hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-¯n-¸-d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶Xv Atcm-N-I-am-Wv. C{]Imcw ASn-Øm-\-]-c-
ambn hn]-co-X-kz-`mhw ImWn-¡p¶p Nne XÀÖ-a-IÄ.
I¼yq-«À km£-cX C¶v AXy-´m-t]-£n-X-am-bn-¯oÀ¶ncn¡p-I-bm-Wv. `c-W-
]-c-ambpw HutZym-Kn-I-]-c-ambpw {]hÀ¯\§-sfÃmw I¼yq-«À klm-b-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-
bmWv \nÀÆ-ln¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. {]hÀ¯\§-fpsS kpK-a-amb \S-¯n-¸n\pw Xzcn-X-h-
Â¡-c-W-¯n\pw C¯cw kmt¦-XnI kuI-cy-§sf ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-
¯ntb aXn-bmIq.
“ssk_À ]Z-hmen kam-l-cW”¯nse Nne DZm-l-c-W-§Ä:þ

New þ- ]pXn-bXv File þ ^bÂ
Open þ Xpd-¡pI Browse þ {_ukv
Refresh þ ]pXp-¡pI Menu þ C\-¸-«nI
Document þ tcJ Menu Item þ C\w
Format þ sI«pw a«pw Right -þ hew tNÀ¡Â
Settings þ kPo-I-c-W-§Ä Left þ CSw tNÀ¡Â
F¶n-§s\ XÕ-a-§-fmbpw XÛ-h-§-fmbpw ]Z-§sf kzoI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
F¶mÂ, I¼yq-«À imkv{X-þ-km-t¦-XnI cwK¯v an¡-hmdpw XÕa cq]-§-fmWv
\mw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv.
ssPh-km-t¦-XnI hnZy, _ln-cm-Imi imkv{Xw F¶n-§s\ imkv{X-¯nsâ
CXc taJ-e-Isf ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-t¼mgpw Ahn-sSbpw XÕa XÛ-h-cq-]-§Ä `mj-
bnÂ ImWmw. t¢mWnw-Kv, SnjypIÄ¨À, ssat{Im-kvtIm¸v kvt]kv j«nÂ apX-
emb ]Z-§sf Ah-bpsS t]cnsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ XÀÖa sNbvXmepw
{]hÀ¯\§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ XÀÖa sNbvXmepw hen¸w IqSp-Ibpw hnI-
e-am-bn-¯o-cp-Ibpw sN¿pw. “Switch” F¶ ]Zs¯ “sshZypXn Ka-\m-K-a\ \nb-
{´W b{´w” F¶v XÀÖ-a-sN-bvXXp-t]m-se-bmIpw Ah-Ø.
Npcp-¡n-¸-d-ªmÂ, ae-bm-f-¯nÂ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-hm-\m-Ip¶ Bi-b-§sf
ae-bm-f-¯nepw AÃm-¯-hsb XÕ-a-§-fmbpw ae-bmfw ISw-sIm-Åp¶XmWv D¯-
aw. At¸mÄ `mj \in-¡p-I-b-Ã. ]Z-k-¼-¯p-sImv ]pjvSn-s¸-Sp-I-bmWv
sN¿p¶Xv. ae-bm-f-¯nsâ \ne-\nÂ¸n\pw hfÀ¨m-hn-Im-k-¯n\pw tNÀ¶ coXn-bm-
Wn-Xv. taÂ¸-dª {]Imcw \ne-hn-epÅ ]Z-k-¼¯v \ne-\nÀ¯nbpw, A\y-`m-j-
bnÂ \n¶v ]Z-§Ä ISw-sImv `mj-bnse ]Z-k-¼¯v hfÀ¯nbpw imkv{X-km-
t¦-XnI ]Z§sf DÄs¡mÅm³ ae-bm-f-`m-jbv¡v Ign-bp-¶p-v.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 6

III. am[y-a-`mj
Bibhn-\n-abw km[y-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v ‘CS-\n-e-bmbn’ {]hÀ¯n¡p¶-Xn-s\-

bmWv BZy-Im-e-§-fnÂ am[yaw F¶ ]Zw sImv AÀ°-am-¡n-bn-cp-¶-Xv F¶mÂ
Ime-¯n-\-\p-k-cn¨v am[yaw F¶-Xn\v AÀ°-hym-]vXn-bp-mbn. Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-
¯nsâ thK-Xbpw, ]cn-[n-bpw, amÀ¤-§fpw hn]p-eo-I-cn-¡p¶ H¶mbn amdn. _lp-
P\ am[y-a-§sf (Mass Media) Ipdn-¡m-\mWv am[yaw F¶ t]cv s]mXpsh D]-
tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. am[yaw F¶ ]Zw cv coXn-bn-ep-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶pv.
1. Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-amÀ¤w F¶ ]ZmÀ°-¯nepw
2. Bi-b-hn-\n-abw km[y-am-¡p¶ kmt¦XnI cq]w F¶ AÀ°-¯nepw
]{Xw, tdUn-tbm, sSen-hn-j³, I¼yq-«À F¶n-h-bmWv {][m-\-s¸« hn\n-ab
kt¦-X-§Ä. FÃm am[y-a-§-fp-sSbpw `mjsb Ipdn-¡m³ am[y-a-`mj F¶ ]Zw
D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-sa-¦nepw Hmtcm `mj-bp-sSbpw kz`m-h-¯n-\-\p-k-cn¨v Ah-bpsS
`mjbpw amdp-¶p. C¯-c-¯nÂ `mjm-]-c-ambn ]c-kv]cw sshPmXyw ]peÀ¯p-
t¼mgpw am[y-a-`m-j-IÄ ]c-kv]cw kzm[o-\n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p-v. F{]-Im-c-amWv am[y-a-
`m-j-IÄ kzm[o-\n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-sX¶pw hyXy-kvX-am-Ip-¶-sX¶pw Hmtcmam[y-a-§-
fpsS `mjm-]-T-\-¯nÂ \n¶pw \ap¡v a\-Ên-em-¡mw.
1. ]{X-`mj
ae-bm-f-]-{X-`m-jbv¡v 169 hÀjs¯ ]g-¡-am-Wp-Å-Xv. Xe-tÈ-cnbnse CÃn-¡p-
¶nÂ \n¶v KpÀ«nsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ 1847 Â Bcw-`n¨ cmPy-k-am-Nm-c-¯nÂ
\n¶mWv B NcnXw XpS-§p-¶-Xv. “Cu s]À hmbn-¨mÂ AÀ°w sXm¶ptam F¶-
dn-bnÃ” F¶p ]d-ªm-cw-`n-¡p¶ cmPy-k-am-Nm-c-¯nse {]kvXm-h-\-bnÂ \n¶v Hcp-
]mSv hgn-IÄ ae-bmf ]{X-`mj ]n¶n-«p. kmaq-lnI `mj-bn-ep-mb amä-amWv ]{X-
¯nepw ImWm-\m-hp-¶-Xv. ]{X-`m-jb - psS {]tXy-I-X-Isf C{]-Imcw t{ImUo-I-cn-
¡mw.
 {lkz-hm-N-I-§Ä
\ne-hn-epÅ KZy-ssi-en-bnÂ \n¶p hn`n-¶-a-mb Hcp `mjm-ssien cq]-s¸-
Sp¯n aebmf ]{X-`m-jbv¡v XpS-¡-¯nse Xs¶ kzoIm-cyX \ÂIn-bXv anj-\-dn-
am-cm-Wv. ]mÝmXy KZy-am-Xr-I-I-sf-bmWv CXn-\mbn AhÀ B{i-bn-¨-Xv. {lkz-hm-N-
I-§-fm-bn-cp¶p Cu KZy-ssi-en-bpsS Gähpw henb {]tXy-I-X. C¶pw ae-bmf
]{X-`m-j-bpsS ASn-¯d Cu KZy-ssi-en-bnÂ Xs¶-bm-Wv.
 Kuc-h-ta-dnb am\-I-`mj
kÀ¡mÀ Adn-bn-¸p-IÄ, hnZym-`ym-k-þ-hm-Wn-Py-þ-Hm-lcn hmÀ¯-IÄ, hyàn-
IÄ Fgp-Xp¶ teJ-\-§Ä, apJ-{]-kw-K-§Ä XpS-§nb hn`m-K-§-fnÂs]Sp¶ hnj-
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 7

b-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v Fgp-Xp-t¼mÄ ]{X-`mj am\-I-`m-j-bpsS [À½-§Ä \ne-\nÀ¯m³
{ian-¡p-¶p. Ipsd-¡qSn Kuc-h-ta-dnb `mj-bmWv ChnsS ImWm-\m-hp-¶-Xv.
 FUn-änMv
]{Xw A¨Sn am[y-a-am-b-Xn-\mÂ ]{X-¯nse FUn-tämdn-bÂ hn`m-K-¯nÂ
hcp-¶-sXÃmw kwkvI-cn-¡-s¸-«-Xm-bn-cn-¡mw. `mjm-]-c-amb Imcy-§Ä¡mWv
ChnsS IqSp-XÂ ]cn-K-W\ \ÂIp-¶-Xv. C¯-c-¯nÂ ‘sXäp-Xn-cp-¯Â’ A¨-Sn-am-
[y-a-§-fpsS am{Xw khn-ti-j-Kp-W-am-Wv.
 Hä]Z-{]-tbmKw
Hä-]-Z-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-sImv Bibw kwth-Z\w sN¿m³ {ian-¡p¶
coXn ]{X-`m-j-I-fnÂ ImWmw. Imbn-I-hmÀ¯-I-fpsS Xe-s¡-«p-I-fnÂ DÄs¸sS Hä-
hm-¡p-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv AXn-i-tbm-àn-tbmsS Imcy-§Ä tZymZn-¸n-¡p¶Xn\v
klm-bn-¡p-¶p. t]mcm-«w, Iog-¡n, Xq¯p-hm-cÂ XpS-§nb hm¡p-IÄ DZm-l-c-W-
§-fm-Wv.
 IÀ½Wn {]tbmKw
‘tIm¬{Kkv Xnc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸«p’ F¶ henb t^mn (Font)epÅ Xe-s¡-

«nÂ hmNIw IÀ½-Wn-bmbn {]tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. ‘P\-§-fmÂ tIm¬{KÊv Xnc-
sª-Sp-¡-s¸«p’ F¶-Xnse IÀ¯m-hns\ Hgn-hm¡n tIm¬{KÊv Xnc-sª-Sp-¡-
s¸«p F¶v Ipdp-¡n-b-t¸mÄ Xe-s¡«v sNdp-Xm¡n tIm¬{K-Ên\v {]m[m\yw
\ÂIn hmÀ¯ \ÂIm³ ]{Xm-[n-]À¡v km[n-¨p.
 tIh-e-{In-bsb {]tbm-P-I-{In-b-bm-¡p¶p
‘N{µ-bms\ N{µ-\nÂ Cd-¡n’-b-Xn-eqsS a\p-jysâ Ign-hn-s\-¡qSn hmÀ¯-

bnÂ Btcm-]n-¡m³ km[n-¨p. tIh-es¯ {]tbm-P-\-I-am¡n {]tbm-Kn-¨-t¸mÄ
hmN-I-¯nÂ Hfn-¸n¨p sh¨Xv ]pd-¯p-Nm-Sn-¡m³ teJ-Isâ `mjbv¡v Ign-ªp.
 A\p-{]-tbm-K-§Ä
]{X-`m-j-bnÂ A\p-{]-tbm-K -km-[yX Gsd IqSp-X-em-Wv. ‘Cý-tXm-äp-t]mbn’

F¶ hmIy-¯nÂ ‘tXmÂ¡pI’ F¶ {Inbm-\m-a-¯nÂ ‘t]mhpI’ F¶v A\p-{]-
tbmKw tNÀ¯v Fgp-Xn-b-t¸mÄ Cý ‘tXmäp’ F¶v am{X-a-Ã, tXmÂ¡p-sa¶v Icp-
Xn-bn-Ã, tXmäXv IjvS-ambn F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ AÀ°-km-[y-X-IÄ hmb-\-¡m-cnÂ
P\n-¸n-¡p-hm³ teJ-I\v km[n-¡p-¶p.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 8

 kap-¨-b-{]-tbm-K-¯nÂ kw`-hn-¡p¶ ]ng-hp-IÄ
ae-bm-f-¯nÂ hmIy-s¯-äp-IÄ IqSp-Xepw kw`-hn-¡p-¶Xv Dw F¶ kap-¨-
b\n ]mX¯nsâbpw Hm F¶ hnI-ev]-\n-]m-X-¯n-sâbpw {]tbm-K-¯n-emWv. Dw
h¶mÂ asämcp Dw sImpw Hm h¶mÂ asämcp Hm sImpw am{Xta hmIyw
]qÀW-amIp-I-bpÅp F¶ hkvXpX ]ecpw HmÀ¡m-dn-Ã.
“t__n At©cn h[-t¡-knÂ kn.-]n.Fw CSp¡n PnÃm sk{I-«dn sI.sI. Pb-N-

{µ³ Fw.-FÂ.Fsb hni-Z-ambn tNmZyw sNbvXp-sh¶pw \nÀWm-b-I-amb hnh-c-
§Ä e`n-¨-Xmbpw sIm¨n td©v sF.Pn. ]Zva-Ip-amÀ am[y-a-§-tfmSv ]dªp”.
“Aªq-tdmfw tNmZym-h-en-IÄ Ab-¨p-sIm-Sp-¯-XnÂ 123 F®w Xncn-¨p-h-cn-Ibpw

AXnÂ ap¸-sX®w D¯-c-sa-gp-Xm-¯-Xp-am-bn-cp-s¶¶pw ]d-bp¶p”.
 sXäm-b ]-Z{]-tbm-K§Ä
aqÀ-¯n`mhw (aq-¯n-a-Zv-`mhw) km-{am«v (k-{am«v) bm-Zr-ÝnIw (bm-Zr-ÑnIw) {]m-K-Ûyw
({]m-K-ev-`yw) hm-b-\m-a-Õcw (hm-b-\-a-Õcw) sX-c-sª-Sp¸v (Xn-c-sª-Sp¸v) Hmtcm
Ip-«n-IÄ-¡pw (Hmtcm Ip-«n-¡pw)
 A¨-Sn-`mjbnse Zriy-t_m[w
kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fnepw A¨-Sn-`m-j-bmb ]m{X-am-[y-a-`m-j-bnepw C¶v Zriy-
t_m[w hf-sc-¡q-Sp-X-em-Wv. Zriy-am-[-ya-§-fpsS kzm[o-\-amWv CXn-\p- Im-cWw.
“XWp¯ Imän-ep-eªp \n¶ Cw¥ojv kmbm-Ó-¯nÂ hoinb I\Â¡m-äm-bn-

cp¶p Dssk³ t_mÄ«v. B hnkvab¨q-SnÂ temIw Xcn-¨p-\n-¶p. am\p-jn-I-amb
]cn-an-Xn-I-fnÂ kwi-bn-¨-h-tcmSv \mh-S-¡m³ Np¯p hncÂh¨v kqN\ \ÂIn.
B Imäv ^n\n-jnMv sse³ IS¶p ]mªp. CXn-lm-k-Xm-c-¯nsâ knwlm-k-\-
¯n\v C\n t_mÄ«pw Ah-Im-in....”
C¯-c-¯n-emWv ]{X-`m-j-bnÂ Zriy-t_m[w ImWp-¶-Xv. hmb-\-bvs¡m¸w \mw
Adn-bm-sX-sb¦nepw Zriys¯ sa\sªSp-¡p¶p.
Adn-bm-\pÅ B{K-ls¯ ]qÀ¯oIcn-¡-e-bm-bn-cp¶p am[y-a-§-fpsS {][m-\-e-
£y-sa-¦nepw Zriy-þ{imhy am[ya-§fpsS hc-thmsS BImw-£bpw IuXp-Ihpw
hfÀ¯p-I-IqSn A¨Sn am[y-a-§-fnse hmÀ¯bv¡v A\n-hm-cy-am-bn. A§s\
hm¡p-IÄ krjvSn¡p¶ _nw_-§fpw Ah hn\y-kn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ kq£va-Xbpw
hmÀ¯m-h-X-c-W-¯nÂ ]{X-§Ä ssIsIm-p. \tc-äohv tPW-enkw, enä-ddn tPW-
enkw, \yq tPW-enkw F¶o kwÚ-Ifpw {]tbm-K-§fpw sshNn-{X-§fpw ]{X-
tem-I¯v C{]-Im-c-amWv h¶-Xv.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 9

 _nw_-§Ä
2012 BKÌv 18-þmw XobXn ae-bm-fat\m-ca Zn\-]-{X-¯nse kvt]mÀSvkv
t]PnÂ h¶ Xe-s¡«v ‘kzÀ®-t_mÄ«v’ F¶m-Wv. Cu hm¡nsâ AÀ°w `mjm-
im-kv{X-ambn _Ô-an-Ãm-¯-Xm-Wv. _nw_-I-ev]-\-sb¶ coXn-bn-emWv CXn\v AÀ°-
km-[y-X-h-cp-¶-Xv. e³ Hfn-¼n-Ivkn-s\bpw Dssk³ t_mÄ«ns\bpw At±-l-
¯nsâ kphÀ® t\«-§-sfbpw Ipdn¨v Adn-hp-Å-hÀt¡ ‘kzÀ® t_mÄ«v” F¶
_nw_-I-ev]-\-bpsS AÀ°-km-[y-X-IÄ a\-Ên-em-Iq.
 `mj-bnse hoc-c-k-tbmKw
kvt]mÀ«vkv t]Pn-emWv bp²-hÀ®\t]mse ]{X-`m-j-am-dp-¶-Xv. {In¡-änÂ
{ioe-¦sb Xpc-¯n-b-Xpw, {_ko-ensâ Xncn-¨-Sn-bpw, tIc-f-¯nsâ ac-W-¡-fn-bpw,
aª-¸-Sbpw FÃmw hocy-¯nsâ `mj-bnÂ {]tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p ‘Bi-¦-I-fpsS
ImÀt½-L-§Ä tKmÄ ag-bmbn s]bvXp’ F¶n-§s\ kvt]mÀ«vkv `mjsb bp²-
hÀ®\bn-eqsS Imhy-mß-I-am-¡p-¶p.
 ssieo-]-c-amb `mjm-{]-tbm-K-§Ä
‘cmh-W³ tIm«-bnÂ k¨n³ c£-I³’ F¶ hmÀ¯-bnse HuNnXyw Ifn

\S-¶Xv sImfw-s_m-bn-em-Ip-t¼m-gm-Wv. tIm¬sSIvÌv (context) IqSn a\-Ên-em-Ip-
t¼mÄ sSIvÌn\v (text) \v Dm-Ip¶ ‘NmcpX’ hmb-\-¡m-cs\ kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶p.
Cý³ tlm¡n ‘hSn-]n-Sn-¨Xpw’, Gjy³ sKbnw-kn\v ‘Xncn-sX-fnªXpw’ apJy-a-
{ń-bpsS hm¡v ‘Pe-tc-J-bm-bXpw’ ]{X-¯nÂ \ntXy\ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ ae-bm-f-
ssien {]tbm-K-§Ä¡v DZm-l-c-W-§-fm-Wv.
 imkv{X-hn-j-b-§Ä ssIImcyw sN¿pt¼mÄ ]{X-`m-j-bnÂ Cw¥ojpw ae-bm-

fhpw IqSn-t¨À¶v ae-bm-f-ambn {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xp ImWmw.
1. Btcm-Ky-hn-jbw ssIIm-cyw-sN¿pt¼mÄ ‘saUn-¡Â tSwkv’ [mcm-f-ambn
D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xp ImWmw. icn-bmb Ub-änwKv, ^näv\-tkmsS Pohn-¡mw,
ico-c-¯nsâ kv{SIv¨À, kaoIr-Xm-lmcw FÃmw ChnsS hmbn-¡mw.
Ub-_-änIvkpw Ub-änwKpw ChnsS `mjo-Ir-X-am-Ip-¶p. Cw¥ojpw ae-bm-fhpw
IeÀ¶pÅ Hcp ‘^näv\kv ae-bmfw’ ChnsS hmbn-¡mw.
2. ‘hml-\-temIw’ ssIImcyw sN¿pt¼mgpÅ `mj-bnÂ t^mÀkvt{Sm-Ipw,
F©n-\pw, ss{Uhnw-Kpw, IpXn-c-i-ànbpw Hs¡-t¨À¯pÅ Hcp hml-\-`mj
]{X-¯nÂ¡mWmw.
3. hnh-c-km-t¦-XnI-hn-Zy-bpsS IS¶p Ib-ähpw ]{X-`m-j-bnÂ [mcmfw ]Z-k-
¼¯p hÀ²n¸n¨p.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 10

]{X-`mj H¶c \qämpw ]ns¶sbmcp H¶c Zi-Ihpw ]n¶n-Sp-t¼mÄ
AXnsâ cq]LS-\bv¡v kw`-hn¨ amä-§Ä sNdp-X-sÃ¶p ImWmw. Cu amä-
§Ä¡p ]n¶nÂ Hcp-]mSv LS-I-§-fp-v. kmaq-ln-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb amä-§-
sfms¡ `mj-sbbpw _m[n-¨p. kmln-Xy-¯nÂ ]pXnb {]Øm-\-§fpw cN\mcoXn-
I-fp-sams¡ DZn-¡p-Ibpw AkvX-an-¡p-Ibpw Ah-sbÃmw `mj-bnÂ s]mfn-s¨-gp-
¯p-IÄ \S-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CsXÃmw ae-bmf `mjsb BsI-¯-s¶bpw,
kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw ae-bmf ]{X-`m-j-sbbpw amän-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶p-m-bn-cp-¶p.
F¶mÂ ]pXnb Ime-¯nÂ \n¶v ae-bmf ]{X-`m-j-bpsS ]cn-hÀ¯\ hgn-IÄ
\nco-£n-¨mÂ Ch-sb-¡m-sf-Ãm-ap-]-cn-bmbn ]{X-`m-jsb amän-bXv kmt¦-XnI hnZy-
bm-sW¶p ImWmw. aäp LS-I-§Ä `mjsb amän-bXv hf-sc-¸-Xp-s¡, kzb-a-dn-
bmsX Bbn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ kmt¦-XnI hnZy amä-§Ä sImp-h-¶Xv AXnthK-¯n-em-
bn-cp-¶p. IrXyhpw {]I-S-hp-am-bn-cp¶p B amä-§Ä. AZv`p-Xm-h-l-am-bn-cp¶p
AXnsâ thKw. AXm-bXv ae-bmf ]{X-`m-jbv¡v BZy Hcp \qäm-nÂ kw`-hn-¨-
Xnsâ ]Xn³a-S§v amä-amWv Ah-km-\s¯ ctm aqt¶m Zi-I-§-fnÂ kw`-hn-¨-
Xv. CXn\p hgn-h-¨-tX-sdbpw kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bnse amä-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p.
2. sSen-hn-j³ `mj
“\Ã `mj BUw-_-c-aÃ; P\-§-tfm-SpÅ [mÀ½nI _m[y-X-bmWv”. am[y-a-`m-

jsb kw_-Ôn¨v temI-¯nse Gähpw henb hmÀ¯m-Nm-\-emb _n.-_n.-kn.-
bpsS \ne-]mSv C{]-Im-camWv. C¯-c-¯nÂ P\-§-tfm-SpÅ _m[y-X-sb¶ \ne-bn-
emWv sSen-hn-j³ `mj hf-tc--Xv. am[y-a-{]-hÀ¯IÀ¡v X§-fpsS {]hr¯n
\nÀh-ln-¡m³ hfsc Ipdª ka-b-¯n-\p-ÅnÂ \Ã `mj D]-tbm-Kn-t¡n hcp-
¶Xp bYmÀ°-¯nÂ shÃp-hn-fn-bp-bÀ¯p¶p.
\Ã `mj-bn-se-gp-Xp-¶Xpw AXp hmbn-¡p-¶Xpw sSen-hn-j³ am[ya
{]hÀ¯Isc kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw hfsc {][m-\-am-Wv. IrXy-X, hÀ¯am\w Adn-
bn-¡p-¶-Xn-epÅ \njv]-£-X, \ymbw F¶n-h-tbm-sSm¸w Xs¶ \Ã `mjbpw sSen-
hn-j³ t{]£-IÀ¡v \ÂtI--Xm-Wv.
 sSen-hn-j³ ImWm³ am{X-aÃ tIÄ¡m³ IqSn-bp-Å-Xm-sW¶v hmÀ¯

X¿m-dm-¡p-t¼mÄ {i²n-t¡--XmsW¶v {io.-_n.-B-À.]n `mkvIÀ ]d-bp-¶p. Sn.-
hn.-bpsS ap³]nÂ CÃm¯ F¶mÂ kao-]¯p asäm-cn-S-¯p-\n¶p hmÀ¯tbm
atäm tIÄ¡p¶ t{imXm-hns\ IqSn DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-pÅ XmhWw sSen-hn-
j³ hmÀ¯. C¯-c-¯nÂ ImgvN-bp-sSbpw tIÄhn-bp-sSbpw `mj-bm-bn-cn-¡Ww
sSenhn-j³ `mj.
 BhÀ¯\ kqN-\-IÄ sSen-hn-j³ `mj-bnÂ [mcm-f-ambn ImWm³
km[n-¡pw. Fń-s\-¡p-dn-¨mtWm ]d-ªp-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶Xv AXp kw_-Ôn¨v
HmÀ½-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ hmÀ¯m kqN-\-IÄ CS-bv¡nsS sSen-hn-j-\nÂ BhÀ¯n-t¡-
-Xmbn hcpw. {][m-\-ambpw Ah hmÀ¯-bnÂ hcp¶ Øe-t¸-cp-IÄ, hyàn-I-
fpsS t]cp-IÄ F¶n-h-bm-Wv. Nca hmÀ¯-bnÂ acn¨ hyàn-bpsS t]cv H¶ntesd
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XhW BhÀ¯nt¡n hcpw. BhÀ¯\w hfsc DNn-X-amb CS-§-fnÂ Bbn-cn-
¡-Ww.
 hÀ¯am\-Im-es¯ e£yw h¨p-sIm-pÅ `mj-bmWv sSen-hn-j³
`mj. Ign-bp-¶{X hÀ¯am\-Im-e-¯nÂ Npcp¡n Fgp-Xp-I-bmWv sSen-hn-j³
`mj-IÄ. DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v ‘\ap¡p In«p-¶ shÅw H«pw ip²-a-sÃ¶p ]cn-ØnXn
kwL-S-\-bmb {Ko³ ]d-bp¶p’ (‘]dªp’ F¶Xp amän). Imen-I-{]m-[m\yw IqSp-
XÂ FSp¯p ImWn-¡m³ ‘GXm\pw \nanjw ap³]v’ ‘AÂ]-k-a-b-¯n-\p-ÅnÂ’
‘C¶p cmhnse’ Fs¶Ãmw {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
 kw`m-j-W-co-Xn-bmWv sSen-hn-j³ `mj-bpsS asämcp khn-ti-jX.
‘kwkm-cn-¡p¶ t]mse Fgp-XpI’ ‘Fgp-Xn-bXv D¨-¯nÂ hmbn-¡pI’ F¶-XmWv
sSen-hn-j³ `mj-bnÂ kzoI-cn-¨p-t]m¶ coXn. sSen-hn-j³ hmÀ¯m
{]hÀ¯IÀ¡v henb kzmX{ýw A\p-h-Zn-¡p¶XmWv C¯cw kw`m-j-W-ssi-
en. F¶mÂ AXnÂ hymI-cWw sXäm-Xn-cn-¡-Ww. t{]£-I\p a\-Ên-em-Im¯
{]mtZ-inI {]tbm-K-§Ä IS¶p hc-cp-Xv.
 kzImcy sSen-hn-j³ Ah-Xm-c-Icpw Nm\Â {]hÀ¯Icpw ae-bmf
`mj-bpsS D¨m-c-W-s¯bpw ssien-sbbpw ]pXnb cq]-`mh-¯nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-
¶p. Cw¥ojpw ae-bm-fhpw Iq«n-t¨À¯Xpw Hcp am\-I-`m-j-bp-sSbpw kz`m-h-§sf
{]I-Sn-¸n-¡m-¯Xpw ASn-apSn Ir{Xn-aXzw \nd-ª-Xp-amb Cu ]pXp-`m-jsb aw¥ojv
`mj F¶p ]d-bp¶p. s]s«¶v {i² BIÀjn-¡m-\pÅ X{´w F¶ \ne-bn-emWv
Cu `mj hnI-kn-¨p-h-¶-Xv. BwK-teb `mj-tbm-SpÅ {àhpw sImtfm-Wn-bÂ
hnt[-b-Xzhpw C¯cw `mjm-{]-tbm-K-¯nÂ \ng-en-¡p-¶p. CXnsâ A\p-I-cWw ae-
bm-fn-bpsS \nXy-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ, {]tXy-In¨v bph-P-\-§-fpsS CS-bnÂ ià-am-bp-v.
 Be-¦m-cn-I-`mj {]tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ hnI-e-amb {]tbm-K-§Ä sSen-hn-
j³ `mj-bnÂ IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v ‘H.-hn.-hn-P-bsâ {]kn² t\mhÂ
Jmkm-¡nsâ CXn-lmk¯n\v 43 hb-Êmbn’ F¶v ]d-bp-¶Xv Be-¦m-cn-I-ambn ]d-
bp-¶-Xm-sW¶v hmZn-¨mepw AXv A_-²-am-Wv. (‘Jkm-¡nsâ CXn-lmkw’ Fgp-
¯nepw hmb-\-bnepw Dmb ]pXp-`m-hp-IXz-¯nsâ 43 hÀj-§Ä ]n¶n«p Fs¶-
gp-Xp-¶Xv DNn-Xamhpw).
3. tdUntbm `mj
km[mc-W-¡m-csâ am[y-a-amWv tdUn-tbm. \½psS {Kma-{]-tZ-i§-fnÂ, hnti-
jn¨p ae-_mÀ taJ-e-bnÂ 66% hoSp-I-fnepw hnt\m-Z-¯n\pw hnÚm-\-¯n\pw D]-
tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ am[yaw tdUntbm BWv. sSen-hn-j³, CâÀs\äv, tI_nÄ Nm\-
ep-IÄ, samss_Â t^m¬, hoUntbm XpS-§n-b-h-sbÃmw {imhy-am-[yaw A`n-ap-
Jo-I-cn-t¡ shÃp-hn-fn-IÄ DbÀ¯p¶ am[y-a-§-fmWv.
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tdUn-tbmbv¡pw sSen-hn-j\pw `mjm-Im-cy-¯nÂ ]cn-an-Xn-bp-v. {]`m-j-
Isâ hnI-e-amb D¨m-cWw Xncp-¯n-sb-Sp¯v {]t£-]Ww \S-¯m³ Zriy-{i-hy-am-
[y-a-§-fnÂ {]bm-k-am-Wv. F¶mÂ cN\msshI-ey-§Ä Xncp¯n A¨-Sn¡mw F¶
KpWw ]{X-`m-j-bv¡p-v. C¯-c-¯nÂ icn-bmb enJn-X-cq]w sXämb D¨m-c-W-
¯nÂ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶Xv Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv am[y-a-§-fnÂ km[m-c-W-bmbn Ip-
h-cp¶ `mjm-]-c-amb t]mcm-bva-bm-Wv.
BIm-i-hmWn \ne-b-§Ä ae-bm-f-`m-jm-ip²n Im¯p-kq-£n-¡m³ {ian-¡p-
¶p-v. hmsam-gn-bpsS AgIv t{imXm-¡Ä¡v icn-bmb coXn-bnÂ a\-Ên-em-¡n-s¡m-
Sp-¡m³ tdUn-tbmbv¡v Ign-bpw. A£-c-ip-²n, D¨m-c-W-ip-²n, i_vZ-§-fpsS
kwKo-Xm-ß-I-amb Xmfw, \nb-{´Ww F¶n-h-sbÃmw t{imXm-¡-fn-se-¯n-¡m³
{ihy-am-[y-a-¯n\v km[n-¡p-¶p.
F^v. Fw. tdUntbm \ne-b-§Ä ‘aw¥ojv’ `mj-bpsS hàm-¡-fm-Wv.

s]s«¶v {i² BIÀjn-¡m-\pÅ X{´w F¶ \ne-bn-emWv Cu `mj hnI-kn¨p
h¶-Xv. BwK-teb `mj-tbm-SpÅ {àhpw sImtfm-Wn-bÂ hnt[-b-Xzhpw C¯cw
`mjm-{]-tbm-K-¯nÂ \ng-en-¡p-¶p. CXnsâ A\p-I-cWw ae-bm-fn-bpsS \nXy-Po-hn-X-
¯nÂ, {]tXy-In¨v bph-P-\-§-fpsS CS-bnÂ ià-am-bp-v.
4. \ham[y-a-§-fpsS ae-bmfw
‘ssk_Àkvt]kv’ F¶v \ap-t¡sd ]cn-Nn-X-amb ]Zw BZy-ambn temIw

tI«Xv hneyw Kn_vksâ ‘\yqtdm am³kÀ’ (1984) F¶ t\mh-en-eq-sS-bmWv. temI-
¯nse ]c-kv]c _ÔnX-amb I¼yq-«À irwJ-e-IÄ krjvSn¨v \ne-\n-dp-¯p¶
kam-´-chpw AbYmÀ°-hp-amb BtKm-f-Ø-e-sa¶v ssk_Àkvt]-kns\ kmam-
\y-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-¡m³ Ign-bpw. `mjIfpw A`n-cp-Nn-Ifpw aqey-§fp-saÃmw \ma-
dn-bmsX AXn-thKw GI-ap-J-am-bn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS.
FÃm-am-[y-a-¯n\pw CS-ap-s¶v ]d-bp-t¼mgpw Bi-b-hn-\nab¯nÂ
CâÀs\äv t\Sn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p¶ taÂss¡ ImWm-Xn-cn-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. CâÀs\-änsâ
hfÀ¨ ap³Km-an-I-fmb am[y-a-§-fpsS sdt¡m-Up-IÄ t`Zn-¡p-¶Xp Xs¶-bm-Wv.
GI-tZiw ]Xn-\©v hb-Êm-b-t¸mÄ Xs¶ \h-am-[y-a-amb CâÀs\-än\v 140 tImSn
D]-t`m-àm-¡sf t\Sm³ km[n-¨p. 15 hÀjw sImv sSen-hn-j³ Dm-¡n-bXv
shdpw 10 e£w ImWn-I-sf-bm-Wv. temI-¯n-se-§p-ambn tdUn-tbmbv¡v 10 e£w
tIÄhn-¡m-cp-m-bXv A¼-tXmfw hÀjw sImm-Wv.
D¯-cm-[p-\nI Ime¯v \h-am-[y-a-§Ä `mj-sbbpw kwkvIm-c-s¯bpw
_lp-P-\-am-[y-a-§-fpsS kz`m-h-s¯-bp-sams¡ hn¹-h-I-c-ambn amän-a-dn--¡p-IbmWv.
CâÀs\-änsâ A\-´-km-[y-X-Isf NqjWw sNbvXv \ne-hnÂ h¶ sh_v temKv
AYhm t»mKv, kulr-Z-¡q-«m-bv-a-I-fmb t^kv_p-¡v, hm«vkv B¸v apX-em-b-h-
sbms¡ tNcp-¶-XmWv \ham[y-a-§-fpsS temIw. hmb-\-¡m-c\pw Fgp-¯p-Im-
c\pw X½n-epÅ AI-ehpw thÀXn-cnhpw CÃm-Xmbn F¶-XmWv Ch-bpsS {][m\
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t\«hpw t]mcm-bvabpw. \nÝn-X-amb N«-¡q-Sp-IÄ H¶pw CÃm-¯-Xp-sImpw kzX-
{´-am-b-Xp-sImpw km[m-cW Af-hp-tIm-ep-IÄ h¨v \h-am-[y-a-§-fnse `mjsb
Af-¡pI {]mtbm-Kn-I-a-Ã.
4.1 \h-am-[y-a-§-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-IÄ
 D]m-[n-I-fn-ÃmsX F´pw Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m-\pÅ kzmX-{ý-amWv \h-am-[y-a-§-

fpsS Gähpw henb {]tXy-I-X. ]c-¼-cm-KX am[y-a-§-fnÂ CXv Hcn-¡epw
km[y-a-Ã. ae-bm-f-¯nse t»mKp-I-fnepw aäpw km[n-¨Xv CXm-Wv. AXp-h-sc-
bpÅ ]{X-`m-j-sbtbm kmln-Xy-`m-j-sbtbm ]n´p-SÀ¶Ã t»mKp-IÄ \ne-bp-d-
¸n-¨-Xv.
 Fń-s\bpw efn-X-am-sb-Sp-¡m-hp¶ cN\m ssien-bmWv \ham[y-a-§Ä ]n´p-S-
cp-¶Xv. Kuc-h-apÅ DÅ-S-¡hpw `mjbpw \h-am-[y-a-§-fnÂ Ipd-hm-sW¶p
Xs¶ ]d-bmw.
 D¯-cm-[p-\nI Ime-¯nse bph-Xz-¯nsâ Pohn-X-k-ao-]-\-¯nÂ ImWp¶ thh-
em-Xn-I-fn-Ãm¯ Bgw-Ip-dª ImgvN-¸m-Sp-I-fpsS Hcp emL-h¯w \h-am-[y-a-`m-
j-bnÂ ImWmw. \Àa-{]-[m-\-amb Hcp cN\mssien¡v CXv hgn-sX-fnbn-¨p.
 {lkz-k-tµ-i-§Ä (SMS) sImpÅ Bi-b-hn-\nabw
 km{¼-Zm-bnI am[y-a-§-fnÂ Ccp¯w h¶ `mj-bm-Wp-Å-Xv. CXn\v ]e-X-«n-epÅ
FUn-än§v klm-b-I-am-Ip-¶p. F¶mÂ \h-am-[y-a-§-fnÂ C{]-Im-c-samcp FUn-
än§v CÃ. Ah-c-h-cpsS cpNn-t`-Zhpw Adnhpw A\pk-cn¨v CS-s]-Sp-I-bm-Wv.
AXp-sImv Hmtcm hyàn-I-fp-sSbpw UnPn-äÂ `mj hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-¡pw.
 Fs¶-t¸mse AsÃ-¦nÂ Fsâ Bibw kam\ Xe-¯nÂ ]¦n-Sp¶ Ht«sd
t]cp-s¶pw Hs¶m-cp-an-¨mÂ amäw km[y-amIpw F¶pÅ t_m[yw C¶v UnPn-
äÂ irwJ-e-IÄ¡p-v. ]mÀiz-hÂ¡cn¡-s¸-«-hÀ¡v Ah-cpsS Imcy-§Ä Fgp-
Xm\pw ]d-bm\pw DÅ Øew kmaq-ln-I-k-¼À¡ am[y-a-§-fnse H¶mw Xcw
P\m-[n-]-Xy-th-Zn-Iq-Sn-bmbn amdp-¶p.
4.2 samss_Â `mj
UnPn-äÂ am[y-a-§Ä ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS enJn-X-`m-j-bnÂ ià-amb CS-s]-S-ep-
IÄ \S-¯p-Ibpw ]pXn-b-`mj \nÀ½n¡pIbpw sNbvXn-«p-v. A\u-tZym-KnI
enJnX `mj-bn-emWv CXnsâ kzm[o\w IqSp-XÂ {]I-SamIp-¶-Xv. samss_Â `mj-
bnse {lkz-k-tµ-i-§Ä Cw¥ojv `mj-sbbpw `mjm\n-b-a-§-sfbpw temI-sa§pw
A«n-a-dn-¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. `mjm-\n-b-a-§-sfbpw hymI-c-W-s¯bpw hmN-I-
L-S-\-sbbpw XInSw adn-¨p-sIm-mWv Gähpw Ipdª hm¡p-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn-¨pÅ
Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-¯nsâ `mj temI-sa§pw kzoI-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. ]Z-§-fnse A£-
c-§sf apXÂ CXv Ah-K-Wn¨p XpS-§p-¶p. ‘sImgn-¨p-I-f-bpI’ F¶-XmWv Cu
`mj-bpsS coXn F{X-Ip-dbv¡mw F¶-XmWv Chn-Ss¯ e£yw. \ntXym-]-tbmK ]Z-
§Ä¡v Npcp-s¡-gp-¯p-IÄ \nÀt±in¡-s¸-«p. ]d-bp-t¼mÄ tIÄ¡p¶sX´mtWm
AXmbn kvs]Ãn-§v. D¨m-cWw am{X-amWv am\-ZÞw. {]Xy-b-§sf ]msS Ah-K-
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 14
Wn-¨p. C{]-Imcw kmt¦-XnI `mjsb ASn-apSn amän-a-dn-¨p. CXv Cw¥ojn\v {]map-
Jy-apÅ ]pXn-sbmcp kmt¦-Xn-I-`mj krjvSn-¡p-¶p. Cw¥ojv `mj-bnÂ Ipdª
{]mho-Wy-ap-Å-hÀ¡pt]mepw Cu `mj A\m-bmkw D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw.
kmln-Xy-`m-j-bpsS BVw-_-c-§fpw Ae-¦m-c-§fpw H¶p-an-Ãm¯ `mj-bm-
Wn-Xv. Ipd-ª-hm-¡p-I-fnÂ, FÃm-hÀ¡pw a\-Ên-em-Ip¶ Ah-iy-]-Z-§Ä am{X-ap-]-
tbm-Kn-¡p-¶, hf¨p sI«nÃm¯ t\cn«v ]d-bp¶ ]pXn-sbmcp samss_Â `mjm-
coXn Dcp-¯n-cn-ªp. hen-¨p-\o-«n-¸-d-bp-I-bÃ Ign-bp-¶{X Npcp-¡n-¸-d-bp-I-bmWv
AXnsâ coXn. {]uV`mj, kmlnXy-`mj F¶o k¦-ev]-§sf amän-h-¨p-sIm-p-
ff ]pXn-sbmcp ‘Ah-iy-`mj’bpsS krjvSn-bmWv ChnsS \S-¶Xv. Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-
ti-jnbpw kw£n-]vX-Xbpw IrXy-X-bp-am-Wn-Xnsâ khn-ti-j-X.
A¡-§fpw A£-c-§fpw NnÓ-§fpw Npcp-s¡-gp-¯p-Ifpw sImmWv Cu
`mj-bnse ]Z-tIm-i-§Ä \nÀ½n¨ncn-¡p-¶-Xv. Nne-t¸mÄ Ch X½nÂ CS-I-eÀ¶pw
hcpw. DZm-l-c-W-¯n-\v, because-cuz/bcz, maximum-Max, university-Uni, great-
gr8, before- b4, girl friend- Gf, a heart- <3, talking- :v apX-em-b-h.
IuXp-Ihpw hnt\m-Z-hp-ambn XpS-§nb Cu ]pXp-`mj C¶v HutZym-KnI `mj-

I-fpsS KW-¯n-te¡v amä-s¸-«p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p. Kuc-h-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-¯n\v
Cu `mj C¶v D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ At\Iw ]mT-cq]-§Ä
Cu `mj-bn-ep-m-Ip-¶p. BtKm-f-`mj (Global Language), F¶ k¦-ev]-¯nsâ
km[q-I-cWw IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv. `mjsb \in-¸n-¡p-¶p, ]Z-c-N-\m-]m-Shw CÃm-Xm-¡p-
¶p, `mjm {]tbmKw Akz-ØX Df-hm-¡p-¶p, am\-knI Ae-k-Xbv¡p Imc-W-am-
Ip-¶p, hnZymÀ°n-I-fnÂ hnI-e-amb hymI-c-W-]-T-\-¯n\pw sXämb kvs]Ãn§v ]T-
\-¯n\pw CXv Imc-W-am-Ip-¶p, D¨m-c-W-ip²n \jvS-s¸-Sp¶p XpS§n \nc-h[n
hnaÀi-\-§Ä Cu `mj-bvs¡-Xnsc Db-cp-¶p-v.
Cw¥ojv `mj hÀ® hyh-Øbv¡v A\p-k-cn-¨mWv Nn«-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-
sX¦nÂ ae-bm-f-`mj A£-c-hy-h-Ø-bv¡\pkcn-¨mWv cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS D¨m-c-W-¯n\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-bnÂ Cw¥ojv A£-c-§Ä
D]-tbm-Kn¨v Fgp-Xp¶ coXn-bm-Wv aw¥ojv samss_Â `mj. Chn-sSbpw D¨m-cWw
am{X-amWv ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn \msf \o kvIqfnÂ hcptam F¶-Xv,
‘Nalle nee schoolil varumo’ F¶mWv Fgp-Xp-¶-Xv. Bi-b-hn-\n-abw am{Xw e£y-am-
¡n-bpÅ Cu `mj ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS kz´w UnPn-äÂ `mj-bm-Wv, ae-bmfw Adn-bm-
hp¶-hÀ¡p am{Xta Cu `mj a\-Ên-em-¡m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-¡m\pw km[n-¡p-I-bp-
Åp. Cw¥ojv `mj-bn-epÅ ]cn-an-Xn-Isf adn-I-S-¡pI F¶ Dt±-iyhpw aw¥ojv
`mjm-{]-tbm-K-¯n-\p-v.
4.3 ssk_À ae-bmfw
CâÀs\äv \ne-hnÂ h¶ ka-b¯v hn\n-ab `mj-bmb Cw¥ojv am{X-am-bn-
cp¶p UnPn-äÂ hyql-§Ä¡v ]Yy-am-bn-cp-¶-Xv. CXv {][m\ t]mcm-bva-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
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F¶mÂ bqWn-t¡mUv F¶ \yqX\ kmt¦-XnI hnZy-bpsS ê-ambn Gsd-¡psd
hr¯n-bmbn C¶v ae-bmfw ssIImcyw sN¿mw. bqWn-t¡m-Unsâ klm-b-¯mÂ
ae-bmf `mj Cw¥ojv Iot_mÀUp-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn¨v ssS¸v sN¿mw. Cw¥ojv `mj
ssS¸v sN¿p¶-Xp-t]mse ssS¸v sNbvXmÂ aXn. kv{Io\nÂ ae- sXfn-b-W-sa-
¦nÂ ‘Keralathinta’ F¶v ssS¸v sNbvXv sImSp-¯mÂ aXn. kzX{´tkm^väv shb-
dnsâ (free software) km[y-X-IÄ D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯nbXnsâ êambn inev], kz\-
te-J, ]¿³, cN\, `qan-a-e-bmfw XpS-§nb \nc-h[n tkm^väv shb-dp-Ifpw aoc,
[ypXn, cN\ XpS-§nb ae-bmfw t^mp-Ifpw C¶v e`y-am-Wv. CXn-eqsS ae-bm-f-
¯nsâ ]gb en]n kPo-h-am-Ip-¶p. t»mKp-I-fnepw Hm¬sse³ ]{X-§-fn-ep-
sams¡ C¯cw t^mp-Ifpw tkm^väv shb-dp-I-fp-sam-s¡-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-
Xv.
ae-bmf A¨Sn {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä adp-\m-S³ ae-bm-fn-IÄ¡v A{]m-]y-am-Ip-
t¼mÄ ‘ssk_À CS’§fnse ae-bmfw sFþ-a-e-bm-fn-IÄ¡v Hcm-izm-k-am-hp-I-bm-
bn-cp-¶p. Cþ-tem-I-¯n-te-¡pÅ ae-bmf Fgp¯v`mj-bpsS ImÂhbv]v km[y-am-
¡p-¶Xv ae-bmfw t^mp-IÄ I¼yq-«-dnÂ CSw-]n-Sn-¡p-¶-tXmsSbmsW¶v a\-Ên-
em-¡mw. AXp-hsc ae-bm-f-¯nsâ hym]\w Hcp {]tXyI AXnÀ¯n¡pÅntem
A¨S-nam-[y-a-¯n-eq-sStbm am{Xw Npcp-§n-bn-cp-¶p. C¯-c-W-¯nÂ tIc-f-¯nsâ
AXnÀ¯n-bnÂ \n¶pw Zqscbv¡v k©-cn-¡p¶ e£-¡-W-¡n\v ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS
Bi-bm-hn-jv¡-c-W-¯n\pw kwth-Z-\-¯n\pw kÀtÆm-]cn am\-Io-I-c-W-¯n\pw
ssk_À ae-bmfw Imc-W-am-bn.
ss_\dn hyh-lm-c-§-fn-Â A£-c-§-fp-sStbm en]n-I-fp-sStbm BZy-`m-jm-
`m-h-ambn Cý³ `mj-bnÂ BZy-ambn I¼yq-«-dnÂ F¯p-¶Xv ae-bm-f-am-Wv.
lnµn A£-c-am-e-bpÅ I¼yq-«À kmt¦-XnI hnZy XpS-§p-¶-Xn\p ap³]p-Xs¶
sI.Pn.-\m-cm-b-W³ \mb-cpw, F³.-hn. N{µ-Ip-amdpw tNÀ¶v 1986 Â ae-bm-fs¯
I¼yq-«À temI-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-¯nÂ Cý-bnÂ \n¶pÅ BZy-`m-j-bmbn ssI]n-Sn-
¨p-bÀ¯n. ssk_À ae-bm-f-¯nsâ cN-bnXm-¡Ä F¶v Chsc hnfn-¨p-h-cp-¶p.
ae-bmfw I¼yq-«-dnÂ Fgp-Xm\pw hmbn-¡m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ en]n-hy-h-Ø-
I-fnÂ BZy-sam¶pw s]mXp-hmb Hcp am\-ZÞw Dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. AXn-\mÂ Xs¶
C¯cw `mj-bnÂ Fgp-Xp¶ teJ-\-§Ä hmbn-¡m³ {]kvXpX teJ\w Fgp-Xnb
hyàn D]-tbm-Kn¨ t^mpw I¼yq-«À hyh-Øbpw Xs¶ D]-tbm-Kn-¡Wsa¶
ØnXn Bbn-cp-¶p. bqWn-t¡mUv F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ I¼yq-«À en]n-hy-hØ h¶-
tXm-Sp-IqSn ae-bmfw I¼yq-«-dn\v hg-§p¶ H¶m-bn. ae-bmf`mj-bpsS enJnX
]mT§fnte¡v C\n-bptasd `n¶-cq-]-§Ä IS-¶p-hcpw F¶Xv XÀ¡-a-ä-h-kvXp-X-
bm-Wv.
\yqao-Unb AYhm \h-am-[yaw F¶ te_-enÂ hcp¶ CâÀs\-äp-ambn
sImSp-¡Â-þ-hm-§Â \S-¯msX aäp am[y-a-§Ä¡v apt¶m«p t]mIm-\m-hn-Ã.
CâÀs\-änse ae-bm-f-¯n\v ‘e£-W-sam¯’ Hcp XpS-¡-an-«Xv Zo]n-I-bm-Wv. 1997
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 16

sk]väw-_-dnÂ Ah-cpsS hmÀ¯m sh_vsskäv ‘Zo]nI tUm«v tImw’ \ne-hnÂ
h¶p. \h-am-[y-a-¯nsâ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Zo]n-Ibv¡v km[n-
¨n-Ã. hntZi ae-bm-fn-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂ Zo]nI tUm«v tImw AXn-thKw {]i- kvX-am-bn.
BgvN-IÄ¡p-ÅnÂ ae-bm-f-a-t\m-c-abpw hmÀ¯-I-fp-ambn CâÀs\-än-se¯n.
Zo]n-I-bpsS coXn Xs¶-bmWv ChÀ ]n´p-SÀ¶-Xv. F¶mÂ hmÀ¯-IÄ A]vtUäv
sN¿p¶ Imcy-¯nÂ Zo]n-I-bv¡p-m-bn-cp¶ {i² at\m-ca ImWn-¨n-Ã. 2002 Â
hmÀ¯m sskäv am{X-am-bn-cp¶ ae-bmf at\m-ca tUm«v tImans\ AhÀ Hcp
t]mÀ«em¡n amän. AXnÂ hmÀ¯-IÄ¡p-]p-d-ta, kn\na , kwKo-Xw, tPymXn-jw,
kvt]mÀ«vkv F¶n-§s\ ]e Nm\-ep-I-fp-m-¡n. sskänsâ t]cv at\m-ca
Hm¬sse³ tUm«v tImw F¶p amän.
CXc `mc-Xob `mj-I-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s¸-Sp-¯p-t¼mÄ Hm¬sse³ ae-bmfw
sa¨-s¸« {]I-S-\-amWv \S-¯p-¶-Xv. hnhn[ t]mÀ«epI-Ä, AXnÂ Xs¶. kmlnXy
kw_-Ôn-bmbXv apXÂ apgp-h³ kab hmÀ¯m CS-§Ä hsc. hn-
Úm\tImiw apXÂ Hm¬sse³ \nLp¡Ä hsc. ae-bmfw bqWn-tImUv
t^mp-IÄ Cub-Sp¯ Ime-¯mbn F®w sImpw hÀ[\ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n.
CâÀs\-änÂ ae-bmfw skÀ¨v sN¿p¶-h-cpsS F®hpw ASp-¯-Im-e-¯mbn
hÀ²n¨n-«p-v. samss_Â t^mWnÂ A\m-bm-k-ambn ae-bm-f-¯nÂ ssS¸v
sN¿mw F¶ kml-Ncyw IqSn h¶-tXmsS DÅ-S-¡-¯nepw ae-bmfw Hm¬sse³
D]-tbm-K-¯nsâ Imcy-¯nepw ap³hÀj-§-sf-¡mÄ hfÀ¨ C\n \ymb-ambn {]Xo-
£n-¡mw.
5. ]c-ky-§-fnse ae-bmfw
“Gähp-a-[nIw kwth-Z-\-£-a-X-tbm-sSþ Gähpw EPp-hmbn” F¶ ap{Zm-hm-Iy-

amWv ]c-ky-`m-j-bp-tSXv. CXnÂ \n¶pw Gähpw EPp-hm-bXpw F¶mÂ D]-t`m-àm-
¡sf ]nSn-¨-S-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ AXn-i-à-am-b-Xp-amb `mj-bmWv ]c-ky-§-fn-te-sX¶v
hyàw. D]-t`m-àm-¡-fpsS {i² ]nSn¨p ]äp-¶-Xpw, XmXv]cyw P\n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xp-am-
bn-cn-¡Ww ]cky `mj. C¡m-c-W-¯mÂ P\-{i² ]nSn¨p ]äp-¶-Xn-\p-X-Ip¶
ssien-Ifpw Ae-¦m-c-§fpw tNÀ¶XmWv ]c-ky-`mj.
 EPp-hmb `mj
sk¡âp-IÄ¡v hne ]d-bp¶ ]c-ky-hn-]-Wn-bnÂ `mj Ft¸mgpw EPp-hmbn
D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv ImWp-¶-Xv, DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v, ‘ae-bm-f-¯nsâ kp{]-`mXw’
F¶ ]c-ky-`m-j.
 ISw-sIm-tÅn hcp¶ hntZ-i-`mj

C¶v FÃm am[y-a-§-fnepw A\y-`m-jm-kzm-[o\w hyà-ambn ImWmw. am[y-
a§fneqsS P\-{]o-Xn-bmÀÖn¨v Cu `mjm-co-Xnsb ]n´p-S-cp-¶Xpw AwKo-I-cn-¡p-
¶-Xp-amb ]c-ky-`m-j-bmWv C¶p-Å-Xv. AXn-\mbn A\y-`m-jm-]-Z-§Ä AXp-
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 17
t]mse kzoI-cn-¨n-«p-ÅXpw A\y-`m-jm-]-Z-§t- fm-sSm¸w ae-bm-f-¸-Z-§fpw Iq«n-
t¨À¯v aw¥ojv `mj-bnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xp-amb coXn ]c-ky-§-fnse \nXy-kw-`-
h-am-Wv. DZm-l-c-Wambn,
]c-ky-§-fnse A\y-`m-jm-kzm-[o\w : An idea can change your life
]c-ky-§-fnse aw¥ojv `mjm-kzm-[o\w: ap³s]-\n¡v ]Xn-hmbn kvIn³ t{]m»wkv
Bbn-cp-¶p. At¸m-gmWv Fsâ s{^v dnb F\n¡v sd¡-saâv sNbvXXp N{µn-I.
 ]c-ky-`m-j-I-fnÂ ImWp¶ Npcp-¡Â cq-]§Ä

‘ImXp-\n-dsb tIÄ¡mw
a\w \ndsb izkn¡mw
aXn-h-cp-thmfw kwkm-cn¡mw
klm-b-¯n\v anwkv \n§Ä¡-cn-In-epv’ (Malabar institute of medical
science Ltd.)
C{]-Imcw Awiw (anw-kv) sImv ]qÀ®s¯¡p-dn-¡p¶ (a-e-_mÀ C³Ìn-äyq«v

Hm^v saUn-¡Â kb³kv enan-ä-Uv) k{¼-Zm-bs¯ D-]m-Zm-\-e-£-Wsb¶v hnfn-¡p-
¶p. C{]-ImcapÅ Npcp-¡Â cq-]§Ä ]c-ky-`mj IqSp-XÂ EPphmIp-¶-Xn\pw
{i²-bm-IÀjn-¡p¶Xn\pw klm-b-n¡p¶p.
 \mS³ ]Z-{]-tbm-K-§Ä
{i²-bm-IÀjn-¡pI F¶ ]c-ky-[À½s¯ ap³\nÀ¯nbmWv \mS³]Z-{]-
tbm-K-§Ä ]c-ky-`m-j-bnÂ tNÀ¡p¶Xv. hn]-Wn-bnÂ F¯pt¼mÄ HmÀ¯p-h-¡p-
¶-Xn-\pÅ Ffp¸w CXn-eqsS km[y-am-Ip-¶p.
“Nń-c³ tN«sâ hoSp-I-mÂ

A¼n-fn-am-a-\p-Zn-¨-t]mse
]mbepw ]q¸-ep-sam-¶p-anÃ
hnÅepw CuÀ¸-hpw-Xo-sc-bnÃ”
F¶ AXn-{]-i-kvX-amb ]c-ky-hm-NIw {i²n-¡pI. ]Z-§-sfÃmw Xs¶ efn-Xhpw
A\u-]-Nm-cn-I-hp-am-Wv. A¼n-fn-am-a³, ]mbÂ, ]q¸Â F¶n-§s\ X\n-a-e-bm-f-]-Z-
§Ä ]c-ky-¯n\p Nmcp-X-tb-Ip-¶p. P\-Io-b-amb C¯cw hmsamgn {]tbm-K-§Ä
Ffp-¸-h-gn-bm-Wv- -X-\n-\m-S³ ]Z-§-tfm-sSm¸w \mS³ ioep-Iq-Sn-bm-b-t¸mÄ ]c-ky-
`mj Gsd {it²-b-ambn amdn.
 {]mk-{]-tbmKw
HmÀ½ \ne-\nÀ¯p¶-Xn\pw BIÀj-IXzw hÀ²n¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ambn {]mk-
§Ä ]c-ky-`m-j-bnÂ sImp-h-cp-¶p.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 18

“\qdnÂ \qdv \ndw \ndw
\qdnÂ \qdv KpWw
\qdnÂ \qdv _ew _ew
\qdnÂ \qdv h{Pw”
F¶ ]c-ky-`mjbnÂ {]mk-§Ä¡p ]pdsa ‘\qdv’ F¶ ]Zm-hÀ¯\w ImWmw.

CXpw D]-t`m-àm-\nsâ {i²-bm-IÀjn-¡p-¶-Xp Xs¶. ‘\qdnÂ \qdv’ F¶n-§-s\-
KWn-Xim-kv{X-]-Z-§Ä DÄs¡m-Ån-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv D]-t`m-àm-hnsâ hnizm-kyXbpw
hÀ²n¸n¡p-¶p.
 ssk²m-ń-I-`m-j-bpsS D]-tbmKw
“Db-c-apÅ sI«nS§Ä¡v KpW-ta-·-bpÅ knsaâv

kpZr-Vamb tIm¬{Ko-än\v UmÂanb h{Pw Xs¶
AØn-hmcw apXÂ taÂ¡q-c-hsc AXn-thKw
Dd¨p _ew Xc-W-sa-¦nÂ UmÂanb
IpSpw-_-¯n\v thn sI«p¶p s\m tIm{¼-ssakv”
`mj-bn-eqsS bpàn-IÄ Nqn-¡m-Wn¨v kzm`n-{]mbw Øm]n-¡m-\pÅ {ia-amWv

ChnsS ImWp-¶-Xv. C{]-Imcw Imcy-Im-c-W-k-lnXw ]ckyw \ÂIp-¶Xv D]-t`m-
àm-hnsâ hnizm-kyX hÀ²n¡p¶p.
 efn-X-hm-Iy-§Ä
efnXhmIy-§-fmWv ]c-ky-§-fnÂ A[n-Ihpw ImWp-¶-Xv. ctm aqt¶m ]Z-
§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp¶ hmIy-§Ä¡v henb AÀ° Xe-§-fp-v.
“hnizmkw AXtÃ FÃmw”
 tNmZy-hm-Iy-§Ä
{]kvXm-h-\-I-tf-¡mÄ tNmZy-hm-Iy-§-fmWv ]c-ky-§-fnÂ A[n-Ihpw ImWp-
¶-Xv. Fs´-¶mÂ Ch D]-t`m-àm-hns\ Nnń-¡m³ t{]cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. “`qcn-`mKw
A½-amÀ¡pw Ip«n-I-fpsS hfÀ¨-sb-¸-än-bpÅ thh-em-Xn-bmWv AhÀ¡pÅ
AUvsshkv F´v?” F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ Pq\n-bÀ tlmÀen-Ivknsâ ]c-kyhpw AXp-
t]mse “\n§-fpsS Sq¯vt]-ÌnÂ D¸ptm” F¶ Sq¯vt]-Ìnsâ ]c-kyhpw P\-
§sf Nnń-¸n-¡p-¶p. C¯-c-¯nÂ P\-§-fnÂ Nn´-bp-m-¡p-¶-Xn\v ]cym-]vX-
amb `mj-bmWv C-Xv. C¯cw tNmZy-§Ä D]-t`m-àm-¡sf D¯-c-¯n-te-s¡-¯n-
¡p-¶p.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 19

 Ae-¦m-c-§Ä
i_vZm-e-¦m-c-§fpw AÀ°m-e-¦m-c-§fpw D]-t`m-àm-hnsâ {i²sb BIÀjn-
¡pI F¶ [À½-¯n-emWv \ne-sIm-Åp-¶-Xv. i_vZm-e-¦m-c-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v t\cs¯
]dªp Ign-ª-Xm-Wv. AÀ°m-e-¦m-c-§-fnÂ D]-a-bmWv kÀÆ-km[m-c-W-bmbn
ImWp-¶-Xv.
“Nµn-c³ tN«sâ hoSp-I-mÂ
A¼n-fn-am-a-\p-Zn-¨-t]mse”
C¯-c-¯nÂ [mcmfw {]tXy-I-X-IÄ \nd-ª-XmWv ]c-ky-`m-j. ]Z-X-e-
¯nepw hmIy-X-e-¯nepw sshhn-[y-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp¶ ]c-ky-`mj Gsd ]cp-h-
s¸-Sp-¯-ep-IÄ¡v hnt[-b-am-bmWv \½psS ap¶n-se-¯p-¶-Xv. F§-s\-sbÃmw ]cp-
h-s¸-Sp-¯-ep-IÄ \S-¯n-bmepw hnI-e-amb {]tbm-K-§fpw D¨m-c-W-¯nse BwK-
e-¨p-hbpw ]c-ky-§-fnÂ ImWm³ Ign-bp-¶-v. CXv {i²-bm-IÀjn-¡pI F¶ ]c-
ky-[À½-s¯-bmWv e£y-am-¡p-¶-sX¦nepw efn-X-a-e-bm-f-¯nsâ sXfn-a-bmÀ¶
`mj IqSp-XÂ D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯m³ ]c-ky-\nÀ½mXm-¡Ä {i²n-t¡--Xm-Wv.
am\-Io-I-cWw
ka-Im-enI ae-bm-f-¯nsâ kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ \mw IpI-gnªp. `c-
W-`m-j-sb¶ \ne-bnÂ ae-bm-f-¯nsâ Øm\w, imkv{X-þ-km-t¦-XnI kmln-Xy-
`mj DÄs¡m-Åm³ kÖ-amb ae-bm-f-`mj, am[y-a`mjsb¶ \ne-bn-epÅ ae-bm-
f-¯nsâ Øm\w, Ch-sbÃmw NÀ¨-sNbvXp Ign-ªp. `c-W-`mj BZy-Im-e-§-fnÂ
km[m-c-W-¡mÀ¡v a\-Ên-em-Ip-¶-X-c-¯n-epÅXmbn-cp-¶p. ]n¶oSv AXn-\p-h¶ amä-
§Ä \mw I-dn-ª-Xm-Wv. Ct¸mÄ ae-bmfw `c-W-`m-j-bm-b-Xn-eqsS km[y-am-bXv
`mj-bpsS am\-Io-I-cWw Xs¶-bm-Wv. FÃm-hÀ¡pw a\-Ên-em-Ip¶ Xc-¯nÂ
thWw `cWw km[yamt¡-X.v imkv{X-þ-km-t¦-Xn-IX-bpsS IS-¶p-I-bäw `mj-
bnÂ [mcmfw XÕ-a-cq-]-§Ä kwPm-X-am-Ip-hm³ Imc-W-am-bn. CXv `mj-bpsS ]Z-
k-¼¯v hÀ²n¸n¡p-¶p. `mj-bpsS hfÀ¨ Xzcn-X-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
am[y-a-§-fpsS hfÀ¨-bn-eq-sSbpw am\-Io-I-cWw Xs¶-bm-Wv \S-¶-Xv. tIc-f-
¯nse `mjm-t`-Z-§-fpsS AXn-cp-IÄ ewLn-¨p-sImv ]{X-`m-j-bpw sSen-hn-j³
`mjbpw \h-am-[ya `mj-bp-saÃmw Ah-c-h-cptSXmb Xe-¯nÂ am\-Io-I-cWw
km[y-am-¡p-¶p-v.
IV. ae-bm-f-`mjbpw ¢mkn-¡Â ]Z-hnbpw
ae-bmfw, Cý-bnÂ tIcf kwØm-\-¯nepw e£-Zzo-]nepw ]pXp-t¨-cn-bpsS
`mK-amb amln-bnepw kwkm-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ `mj-bm-Wv. Z£n-tWýbnÂ Gä-hp-a-
[nIw iX-am\w P\w kwkm-cn-¡p¶ kwØm-\-`mj ae-bm-f-am-Wv.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 20

tIcfw ae-bmfw 96% sâbpw amXr-`mj
Xan-gv\mSv Xangv 90% Â Xmsg-bp-Å-h-cpsS
am{Xw amXr-`mj
I¶S 70% Â Xmsg-bp-Å-h-cpsS
IÀWm-SI
am{Xw amXr-`mj
B{Ô sXep¦v 85% Â Xmsg-bp-Å-h-cpsS
(sX-ep¦m-\) am{Xw amXr-`mj
1500-þ2000 hsc hÀjw ]g-¡-apÅ `mj-IÄ¡mWv ¢mkn-¡Â ]Zhn \ÂIp-

¶-Xv. bqtdm-]y³ `mj-I-fnÂ emän-\pw, lo{_p-hn\pw am{X-amWv Ct¸mÄ Cu
]Zhn. Cý-bnse ¢mkn-¡Â `mj-Isf C{]-Imcw t{ImUo-I-cn-¡mw.
Xangv 2004
kwkvIrXw 2005
I¶S 2008
sXep¦v 2008
ae-bmfw 2013 sabv 23
¢mkn-¡Â `mj
“AXn-{]m-No-\-amb kmln-Xy-ti-J-c-ap-Å-Xpw, B[p-\n-I-Im-e¯v D]-tbm-Kn-
¡p¶XnÂ \n¶v `n¶-amb asämcp cq]-ap-ÅXpw aäp-`m-j-I-fnÂ ià-amb kzm[o-
\w sNep-¯n-bn-«p-Å-Xp-amb `mj-I-sf-bmWv s]mXpsh ¢mkn-¡Â `mj-I-sf¶v
hyh-l-cn-¡p-¶Xv”.
¢mkn-¡Â ]Zhn e`n-¡m³ `mj-bv¡p-m-tI KpW-§Ä C{]Imcw tcJ-s¸-
Sp¯mw:
1. 1500-þ2000 hÀjs¯ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯nb Ncn{Xw
2. BZy-Im-e-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS ]pcm-X-\Xzw
3. Xe-ap-d-IÄ Aaq-ey-ss]-Xr-I-ambn Icp-Xp¶ {]mNo-\-km-ln-Xyhpw IrXn-Ifpw
4. asäm-cp-`m-j-bnÂ \n¶pw ISw sIm-X-Ãm¯ auenI kmln-Xy-]m-c-¼cyw
5. B[p-\nI cq]-¯nÂ \n¶pw hyXy-kvX-amb {]mNo\ `mjm-cq]w
 _n.-kn. 270-þ300 hsc-bpÅ Ime-L-«-¯nÂ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯-nb AtimI

N{I-hÀ¯nbpsS cmw inem-im-k-\-¯nÂ ‘tIcfw’ F¶ ]Zw ImWp-¶p--t{X.
CXmWv ae-bm-f-¯nsâ \nÝn-X-]g-¡s¯ ImWn-¡p¶ {]Ya hnh-cWw. IqSmsX
{InkvXp-hn\v 1Dw 2Dw \qäm-p-IÄ¡p ap¼v Cý kµÀin¨ k©m-cn-bmb
¹n\nbpw, tSmf-an-bpw, s]cn-¹-kp-Im-c\pw ‘tIc-_-t{Xmkv’ F¶ ]Z-¯n-eqsS tIc-
fs¯ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
 ]pfn-am³ sIm¼v hoc-¡Â enJn-X-¯nÂ ae-bm-f-`m-j-bnÂ am{X-am-
bpÅ hymI-c-W-§Ä ImWp-¶p-v. IqSmsX, FS-bv¡Â enJn-X-§Ä, Fd-Wm-Ip-
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 21
fs¯ ]«Ww enJn-X-§Ä, \ne-¼q-cnÂ \n¶p e`n¨ {InkvXp-hÀjw 5-þ10 \qäm-
nÂ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯nb s\Sp-¦bw enJn-X-§Ä F¶n-h-sbÃmw ae-bm-f-¯n\v 1500
hÀj-¯n-tesd ]g-¡-ap-s¶p ImWn-¡p-¶p.
 {]mNo\ tIc-f-¯nsâ kmwkvIm-cnI Xe-Øm-\-amb sImSp-§-Ãq-cnse
tNc-N-{I-hÀ¯nbpsS A\p-P-\pw, Nne-¸-Xn-Imcw IÀ¯m-hp-amb Cf-t¦m-h-Sn-IÄ
tIc-f-¯nÂ Pohn-¨n-cp¶ Hcp A\p-{K-lo-X-I-hn-bmWv. {]kvXpX {KÙ¯nse
h©n-Im-WvT-¯n-epÅ [mcmfw ]Z-§Ä ae-bm-fn-IÄ C¶pw kwkmc¯nÂ D]-tbm-
Kn-¡p-¶p. CXv ae-bm-f-¯nsâ \nÝnX ]g-¡s¯ Dd-¸n-¡p-¶p.
 kwL-Ime Ihn-I-fnÂ A¼-tXmfw t]À tIc-fo-b-cm-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-
cpsS IrXn-IÄ DÅ-S-¡-¯nepw ssien-bnepw ‘asse-\m-«p-h-g¡w’ DÅ-h-bm-Wv.
Npcp-¡-¯nÂ kwL-Ime ]g-´-angv ]m«p-IÄae-bm-f-¯n\pw IqSn Ah-Im-i-s¸-«-Xm-
Wv. ]g-¡-ta-dnb {ZmhnU hymI-cW {KÙ-amb sXmÂ¡m-¸n-b-¯nse 40% \nb-a-
§fpw ae-bm-f-¯n\p am{Xw tbmPn-¡p-¶-h-bmWv F¶Xv {it²-b-am-Wv.
 ae-bm-f-`m-j-bnÂ cNn-¨n-«pÅ BZys¯ k¼qÀ®IrXn ]m«p-{]-Øm-\-
¯nse cma-N-cn-X-am-Wv. ]m«v {Zmhn-U-`m-j-I-fpsS ss]Xr-I-kz-¯nÂs¸Sp-sa-¦nepw
ae-bm-f-¯nse ]m«v X\Xp khn-ti-j-X-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp kmln-Xy{]-Øm-\-
amWv.
 Cý-bnÂ BZy-ambn ‘AÀY-imkv{Xw’ hnhÀ¯\w sN¿s¸« Cý³
`mj ae-bm-f-am-Wv. tIhe hnhÀ¯-\-a-Ã, adn¨v tIc-f-¯nsâ khntij kwkvIr-
Xn-I-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯n-epÅ Hcp hnh-c-Wm-ß-I-hym-Jym-\-amWv ae-bm-f-¯nse
‘IuS-eobw’. tIc-f-¯nse BNm-c-§Ä, acp-a-¡-¯mbw XpS§n tIcf kwkvIm-c-
hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« \nc-h[n hkvXp-X-IÄ AS-§nb IrXn-bmWv ‘`mjm-Iu-S-eobw’.
sshÚm-\nI taJ-e-bnÂ `mj \ÂIn-bn-«pÅ kw`m-h-\bv¡v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wn-Xv.
CXpw ¢mkn-¡Â `mj-bpsS asämcp Af-hp-tIm-em-Wv.
 \ncWw IrXn-IÄ (I-®-È-cm-am-b-Ww, `mjm `K-h-XvKo-X, `mc-X-am-e)
cma-I-Y-¸m-«v, IrjvW-Km-Y, Iq¯,v IqSn-bm-«w, ]qÀÆ-aWn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-IÄ (ssh-in-I-
X-{´w, Aö-N-cn-X-§Ä, ktµ-i-Im-hy-§Ä, ]Zy-c-Xv\w, kvXh-§Ä, A\-´-]p-c-
hÀW\w, Nt{µm-Õ-hw), D¯-c-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-IÄ (`m-jm-cm-am-bWw N¼p, `mjm-
ss\-j[w N¼p, apX-em-b-hbpw B«-¡-Y-I-fpw) `àn-{]-Øm\ IrXn-IÄ, eoem-Xn-e-
Iw, F¶n-§s\ hn]p-e-amb kmln-Xy-]m-c-¼cyw ae-bm-f-¯n-\-h-Im-i-s¸-«-Xm-Wv.
BZy-Im-e-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ ]pcm-X-\Xzw \ap¡v ZÀin-¡m³ Ign-bpw, IqSm-sX, Xe-ap-d-
IÄ Aaq-ey-ss]-Xr-I-ambn Icp-Xp¶ {]mNo\kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wnh.
 asämcp `mj-bnÂ \n¶pw ISw-sIm-Åm¯ auenI kmlnXy ]mc-¼cyw
ae-bm-f-¯n-\p-v F¶-Xn\v anI¨ DZm-l-c-W-amWv aWn-{]-hmf kmln-Xyw. aWn-{]-
hm-f-¯n-eqsS Bcy {Zmhn-U-kw-kvIm-c-§-fpsS k¦-e-\hpw kwPm-X-am-bn. ae-bm-f-
¯neÃmsX asämcp `mj-bnepw B«-¡-Ym-km-ln-Xyhpw XpÅÂ kmln-Xyhpw CÃ.
Xe-ap-d-I-fnÂ \n¶v Xe-ap-d-I-fn-te¡p ssIamdn h¶ \mS³ hmMva-b-§-fpsS
henb tiJcw ae-bm-f-¯n-\p-v.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 22

ae-bmf `mj-bpsS Ncn{XL«-§Ä C{]-Im-c-am-Wv.
1. t{]mt«m Xangv ae-bmfw ¢mkn-¡ÂL«w ({In.-h.800 hsc)
2. {]mNo\ ¢mÊn-¡Â ae-bmf L«w ({In.-h.800þ1300)
3. a[y-Im-e-a-e-bmfw ¢mÊn-¡Â L«w ({In.-h.1300þ1600)
4. B[p-\nI ae-bmfw ({In.-h.1600 apXÂ¡v)
C¯-c-¯nÂ 2300 hÀjs¯ Ncn{Xw ae-bmf `mj-bv¡p-v. `mj-bp-sSbpw
kmln-Xy-¯n-sâbpw Imcy-¯nÂ Hc-p- A\p{I-a-hn-Imkw ae-bmfw ]peÀ¯n-t¸m-
cp¶p Hmtcm L«-¯nepw X\-Xmb kwkvIm-chpw Pohn-X-aq-ey-§fpw am\-h-cm-in¡v
ae-bmfw \ÂIn-bn-«p-v.
1. ‘ssk-_À a-e-bmfw' þ D-]-\ym-kw X-¿m-dm-¡p-I. (2017-C)
2. a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bbp-sS hn-Im-k-]-cn-Wm-a-§Ä-¡p ]-{X`m-j \ÂIn-b kw-`m-h-\-I-sf-
s´Ãmw? (2017)
3. `-c-W-]-cam-b B-h-iy-§Ä-¡p-th-n a-e-bm-f-`mj-sb km-t¦-Xn-I-am-bn ]-cn-jv-I-
cn-¡p-t¼m-gp-Å {]-iv-\-§Ä NÀ-¨ sN-¿pI. (2017)
4. im-kv-{X-hn-j-b-§Ä ssI-Imcyw sN-¿m³ X-¡h-®w a-e-bm-f-`mj-sb F§-s\
i-à-am-¡mw? (2017)
5. a-ebm-fw `-c-W-`m-j-bm-bn am-dp-t¼mÄ `m-jm-]-c-am-bn D-m-tI- X-¿m-sd-Sp-¸p-
IÄ F-s´m-s¡-bm-sW-¶v hn-i-Z-am-¡pI. (2016)
6. k-a-Imeo-\ am-[y-a-§-fn-eq-sS A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ `m-jm-co-Xn a-ebm-f `m-j-bp-
sS X-\na-sb hn-I-e-am-¡p-¶p-tm-sb-¶p ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. (2016)
7. imkv{X-þ-km-t¦XnI ]Zm-hen DÄs¡m-Åm³ ae-bmf `mj kÖ-aÃ. Cu
hmZs¯ hnaÀi-\-]-c-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-¡pI. (2015-C)
8. B[p-\nI aebmf `mj-bnÂ \h-am-[y-a-§Ä sNep-¯p¶ kzm[o\w Bim-h-l-
amtWm? (2015)
9. I¼yq«-dnsâ BhnÀ`m-h-t¯m-Sp-IqSn ae-bm-f-¯n-ep-mb \qX\ {]h-W-X-
Isf¡pdn¨v hne-bn-cp¯n Hcp D]-\ymkw X¿m-dm-¡p-I. (2014-C)
10. ]{X-`m-j, Zriy-þ-{i-hy-`mj (Sn.-hn, tdUntbm F¶n-h) F¶o am[y-a-§Ä ae-bm-
f-`m-jsb am\-Io-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v F{X-am{Xw klm-bn-¨n-«p-s¶v DZm-l-c-W-k-
lnXw hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I. (2014)
11. imkv{X-þ-km-t¦-XnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-s¡m¸w `mj-bnepw hnI-k\apmbmte
X¡Xmb imkv{X-þ-km-t¦-XnI KZy-`mj DS-se-Sp-¡m³ ]äq. NÀ¨-sN¿pI.
(2014)
12. B[p-\n-I-Im-e¯v
ae-bm-f-`m-jbv¡v kzXzw \jvS-s¸-Sp¶p F¶v Bi-¦-s¸-
Sp¶XnÂ bmYmÀ°yaptm? F¦nÂ ae-bmf `mj-bpsS ]Zm-h-en-bnÂ Dm-
Ip¶ ]cn-hÀ¯\§sf ASn-Øm-\am¡n hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. (2014)
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 23

13. sSen-hn-j³ ae-bm-f-¯nsâ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. (2013-C)
14. kmt¦-XnI ]Z-§-fpsS Imcy-¯nÂ ae-bmfw t\cn-Sp¶ shÃp-hnfn F§s\ ]cn-
l-cn¡mw? (2013)
15. ]pXnb ae-bmf kn\n-a-I-fpsS t]cp-IÄ an¡Xpw Cw¥o-jn-emWv Cu {]h-WX
\ÂIp¶ kqN-\-sb´v? (2013)
16. Hu]-Nm-cnI hyh-lm-c-¯nÂ ae-bmfw th-Xn-tesd h{I-am-bn-t¸m-Ip-¶ptm?
(2012- C)
17. ]c-ky-§-fnse
ae-bm-f-¯nsâ ]pXpa F´v? (2012-C)
18. CâÀs\äpw samss_Â t^mWpw ae-bmf `mjsb amän-a-dn-¡p-¶ptm?
(2012)
19. ae-bmfw Ct¸mgpw ]qÀ®ambn Hcp `cW `mj-bmbn amdn-bn-«ptm? Cu taJ-e-
bnse ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp¯n DNn-X-amb \nÀt±i§Ä kaÀ¸n-¡m³ Ign-
bptam? (2010)
20. ka-Im-eo\ am[y-a-§-fn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ `mjm-coXn ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS
X\n-asb hnI-eam¡p¶p-tm-sb¶v ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. (2009)
21. Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv aoUnb DÄs¸-sS-bpÅ am[y-a-§-fnse \ho\ ae-bmf `mjm-{]-
tbm-K-§Ä `mj-bpsS hnIm-k-s¯bpw iàn-sb-bp-amtWm {]ZÀin-¸n-¡p-¶Xv?
hnaÀi-\-_p²ym hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. (2008)
22. ]pXnb am[y-a-`mj ]e-t¸mgpw ae-bm-f-¯nsâ iàn-þ-ku-µ-cy-§sf hnI-e-am-
¡p-¶p-vþ F´mWv \n§-fpsS {]Xn-I-cWw? (2007)
23. imkv{X-þ-km-t¦-XnI IrXn-I-fpsS cN\bv¡v ae-bm-f-`mj iàn t\Sn-bn-«ptm?
(2006)
24. `c-W-`m-j-bm-¡p-¶-Xn\v ae-bm-f-`m-jsb iàn-s¸-Sp-t¯--Xptm? Ds-¦nÂ
F§s\? NÀ¨ sN¿pI. (2005)
25. Sn.-hn. tdUntbm XpS-§nb hmÀ¯m-am-[y-a-§-fnÂ `mj D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ
GtX-Xw-i-§-fnÂ {i²n-¡-W-sa¶v hni-Z-am-¡p-I. (2004)
26. am[y-a-`m-j-IÄ ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS kzXzs¯ F§s\ amän-a-dn¨p F¶p hnh-cn-
¡p-I. (2001)
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 24

t]¸Àþ H¶v sk£³ þ _n-
a-ebmfw
km-ln-Xy N-cn{Xw
bqWnäv 4 (1)
{]m-No-\-þa-²yIm-e km-lnXyw
]m-«v cm-a-N-cnXw, \nc-Ww Ir-XnIÄ, Ir-jv-WKmY
I. cm-a-N-cn-Xw
a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-Ir-Xnbm-b cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-se km-ln-Xy-aq-ey-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p
h-fsc-sbm-¶pw NÀ-¨-IÄ D-m-bn-«nÃ. `m-jbpw C-Xn-hr-¯-hp-am-Wv G-sd
N-À-¨-sN-¿-s¸-« c-p hn-j-b-§Ä Im-hy-Kp-W-§-fmÂ G-sd k-¼p-ãam-b
cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-sâ km-ln-Xy-]-cam-b {]-tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wn-hn-sS NÀ-¨-sN-¿p-¶Xv.
 C-Xn-hr-¯ kzo-Ic-Ww
`m-c-X-¯n-se FÃm {]-[m-\-`m-j-I-fnepw cm-amb-Ww A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bp-Å
A-t\-Iw an-I-¨ Ir-Xn-IÄ D-m-bn-«pv. D-]-Po-hyam-b I-Y H-¶p
X-s¶-bm-sW-¦nepw I-hn-I-fp-sS a-t\m[À-½hpw e-£yhpw A-\p-k-cn-¨v
{]-Xn-]m-Zy-¯nepw {]-Xn-]m-Z-\-¯nepw [m-cm-fw ssh-hn-[y-§-fp-m-Ip¶p.
a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ B-Zy-am-bpm-b cm-am-b-W-am-Wv cm-a-N-cnXw. cm-a-N-cn-X- IÀ-¯m-hv
hm-ev-ao-In cm-am-b-Whpw X-an-gn-se I-¼-cm-am-b-Whpw D-]-Po-hn-¨m-Wv cm-a-N-cn-X
¯n-sâ c-N-\ \nÀ-Æ-ln-¨n-«p-Å-Xv F-¶m-Wv km-ln-Xy -N-cn-{X-Im-c-·m-cp-sS
A-`n-{]mbw. cm-a-Ncn-Xw ]qÀ-®-cq-]-¯nÂ {]-km[-\w sNbv-X
sI.kmw-_i - n-h-im-kv-{Xn-Ifpw a-lmI-hn D-Åqcpw C-XnÂ I-¼-cm-am-b-W-¯n-sâ
kzm-[o-\w hy-à-am-¡p-¶p-v. F-¶mÂ cm-a-N-cn-Xw hm-ev-ao-In-sb B-Zy-´w
D-]-Po-hn-¨p-X-s¶-bm-Wv c-Nn-¨n-cn-¡p¶-Xv F-¶ h-kv-Xp-XIp-sd-¡q-Sn {]-_-e-amWv.
hm-ev-ao-In-cm-am-b-Whpw cm-a-N-cn-Xhpw X-½n-ep-Å _-Ô-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v
BÀ.\m-cm-b-W-¸-Wn-¡À C§-s\ ]-d-bp¶p: “I-hn hm-ev-aoIn-sb kÀÆ-{X
A-\p-I-cn-¨p-Im-Wp¶p. Nn-e Ø-e-§-fnÂ t\À-XÀ-Ö-a-sN-bvhm-\pw a-Sn-¨n-«nÃ”.
Im-hy-c-N-\m-e-£y-\nÀ-Æl-W-¯n-\v th--tX-Xv th-m-¯-tX-Xv F-¶v
hy-à-am-b- t_m-[- apÄ-s¡m- I-hn-bm-Wv No-cma³. hm-ev-ao-In-cm-am-bW-s¯
D-]-tbm-Kn¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xp-t]m-se I-¼-cm-amb-Ww t]m-ep-Å `-àn-Im-hy-¯nÂ \n-¶v
th-nS-¯v th--sXÃmw kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-v No-cma³. hm-ev-ao-In-bnÂ \n-¶v
hy-Xn-N-en-¡p-¶nS-¯v an-¡-t¸mgpw I-¼-cp-sS Bi-bw A-\p- tbm-Py-am-sW-¶p
tXm-¶p-t¼mÄ A-Xv kzo-I-cn-¡m³ No-cm-a³ a-Sn-¡m«p-¶nÃ. cm-a-k-am-iz-k
\-`mK-¯v A-\p-P\m-b e-£v-a-W³ \-S¯p-¶ cm-tam-]-tZ-iw X-s¶ H-cp
D-Zm-lc-Ww. hm-ev -ao-In-cm-am-b-W-¯nÂ Cu `m-Kw Im-Wp-¶nÃ.
hm-ev-ao-In-cm-am-bW
- -s¯bpw I-¼-cm-am-b-W-s¯bpw A-\p-k-cn-¡p-t¼mgpw
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 1

A-h-bnÂ \n-¶v kzm-[o-\- apÄ-s¡m-Åp-t¼m-gpw X-sâ-Xm-b a-t\m-[À-½-§Ä
B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡m³ cm-a-N-cn-X-Imc-\v I-gn-ªn-«pv.
 kw-t£-]-Wkm-aÀ°yw
cm-a-N-cn-Xw hm-ev-ao-In-bp-sS cm-am-bW-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n c-Nn-¨ Ir-Xn-bpw,
a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ cm-am-b-W-Ir-Xn-bp-amWv. Im-hy-¯nÂ bp-²-I-Y
am-{X-am-Wv Xm³ {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶-sX-¶v I-hn hy-à-am-¡n-bn-«pv. cm-amb-Ww
aq-e-Ir-Xn-bn-se B-Zy-s¯ A-©v Im-Þ-§Ä ]-Xn-\m-ev ]-S-e-§-fnÂ
H-Xp-¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. bp-²w I-gn-ªv a-S-§p-t¼mÄ `-cX-sâ A-dn-hn-te-¡v
cm-hW-sâ ko-Xm-]-lc-Ww ap-XÂ bp-²mýw h-sc-bp-Å I-Y ]n-s¶bpw
kw-{K-ln-¡p-¶p. B-hn-jv-I-c-W-¯n-Â C-{]-Im-c-sam-cm-hÀ¯-\w B-h-iy-an-sÃ-¶v
I-hn-bv-¡v tXm-¶n-bn-cn-¡mw. ]nÂ-¡m-e cm-am-b-W-IÀ-¯m-¡Ä C-tX ]m-c-¼
cyw ]n-´p-S-cp-¶-Xp-Im-Wmw. cm-a-N-cn-X-Imc-sâ kw-t£-]-W ]m-S-h-¯n-\v D-¯-a-
D-Zm-l-c-W-amWnXv.
 Im-hy-e-£yw
eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³ ]m-«n-\v \Â-Ip-¶ e-£-W-\nÀ-ÆN-\w ]qÀ-®-ambpw
tbm-Pn-¡p-¶ cm-a-N-cn-Xw 1814 ]m-«p-I-fpw 164 ]-S-e-§-fp-ap-Å H-cp _r-l¯m-b
Km-\-Im-hy-amWv.
“Du-\-a-sä-gp-an-cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-sem-cpsXþ
Ãq-gn-bnÂ-s¨-dn-b-hÀ-¡-dn-bp-am-dp-c-sN-bv-hm³”
F-¶-hc - n-I-fnÂ "H-cp sXÃv’, "Du-gn-bnÂ s¨-dn-b-hÀ¡v’ ap-Xem-b
{]-tbm-K-§-fn-eq-sS F-ńs\¸-än I-hn-X-c-Nn-¡p¶p, BÀ-¡p-th-n I-hn-X
-c-Nn-¡p-¶p F-¶ Imcyw hy-àam-¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. H-cp sXÃv F-¶Xp-sIm-p-
t±-in-¡p¶-Xv Ip-d-¨p-`m-K-sa-¶mWv. A-Xmb-Xv cm-am-bW- I-Y ap-gp-h³ ]-d-bm³
Xm³ D-t±-in-¡p-¶n-sÃ¶pw cm-am-b-W-I-Y-bn-se bp-²-Im-Þ-am-Wv {]-Xn-]m-Zy-
sa-¶p-amWv. sN-dn-b-hÀ F-¶Xp-sIm-p-t±-in-¡p¶-Xv ]m-a-c-P-\-§-sf-bmWv.
A-Xmb-Xv kw-kvIrX¯ntem sN-´-an-g-ntem ]m-Þn-Xy-anÃm-¯hÀ. C-¡m-c-W-
¯mÂ ]m-«v F-¶ kmln-Xy-hn-`m-K-¯n\v {]-Nm-cw e-`n-¨n-cp¶-Xv C-h-cp-sS
C-S-bn-emsW¶v Du-ln¡mw
cm-a-N-cn-Xw hm-bn-¨p ]Tn-¡p-Itbm tIÄ-¡p-Itbm sN-bv-XmÂ e-£v-ao-tZ-hn-¡v
C-cn-¸n-S-am -Ip-Ibpw a-c-Wm-\ćw ‘t]mIn-t]m-I-N-b-\sâ' N-c-W-Xm-cnÂ hn-e-bw
{]m-]n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw F-¶p ]m-Sp-¶ No-cm-aI-hn a-e-bm-fn-¡p tam-£-amÀ-¤w
D-]-tZ-in-¡p¶p. C-Xm-Wv No-cm-a- I-hn-bp-sS Im-hy-e-£yw.
 `-àn-Im-hy-sa-¶-\n-e-bnÂ
cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-sâ km-ln-Xy-aq-ey-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p Nn-ń-¡p-t¼mÄ
F-Sp-¯p-]-d-tb-p-¶ H-cp k-hn-ti-j-X A-Xv Imhy-¯nÂ `-àn¡v Xp-S-¡w
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 2
-Ip-dn-¨p F-¶-XmWv. {]-ta-b-¯n-sâ {]-tXy- I-X ]-cn-K-Wn-¨mÂ ho-cc-kw
D-t¯-Pn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p I-hn-bp-sS e-£yw. hn-ti-jn-¨v ho-cy-
¯n-sâ ]n-cn-hp-I-fn-sem¶m-b bp-²-ho-cyw. C-Xn-t\m-sSm-¸w `-àn-bp-sS
\nÀ-½-e-`m-h-§fpw cm-a- N-cn-X-¯nÂ ZÀ-in-¡mw.
‘t]mIn-t]m-I-N-b-\³ \n-Nn-N-cm-Xn-]-Xn-sb ]m-cnÂ ap-Sn¯-Xv

F-Sp-¯v ]p-I-gp-¶pv' F-¶v I-hn A-h-Im-i-s¸-Sp-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw Im-hy-hnj-bw
hy-à-am-Ip¶p. C-¯-c-¯nÂ bp-²-I-Y-bm-Wv C-Xn-hr-¯-sa¶-Xv
I-hn ]-e-k-µÀ-`-§-fnepw B-hÀ-¯n-¨p ]-d-bp-¶ h-kv-Xp-X-bmWv. C-XnÂ \n¶pw
Im-hyc-kw ho-c-am-sW-¶v kv-]-ã-amWv. F-¶mÂ sXm-«p-]n-¶m-se `-ànbpw
cm-a-N-cn-X-¯nÂ Im-Wp-¶pv.
• H¶mw ]-S-e-¯nÂ `q-cn-`m-Khpw Cu-iz-c-kv-Xp-Xn-I-fmWv.
• {io-cm-a³ ]-«m-`n-tj-I-k-ab-¯v \m-c-Zs\-sIm-v s\-Sp-\o-f-¯nÂ Cu-iz-c-
kv-Xp-Xn ]-d-bn-¡p-¶ `m-Kw `-àn-`m-h-¯n-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-W.v am-{X-aÃ
C-¡m-cyw aq-e-¯n-enÃm-¯p-amWv. C-¯-c-¯nÂ a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ B-Zy-am-bn
`-àn {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶ Im-hy-hpw cm-a-N-cn-X-w X-s¶-bmWv.
• {io-cma-sâ ]q-P\o-b hy-àn-Xz-¯n-sâ k-¼qÀ-®X ssN-X-\y-h-¯m-bn I-hn
B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p¶p. cma-s\ hn-jv-Wp-hn-sâ A-h-Xm-c-am-¡n
I-ev-]n-¡p-¶-Xnepw aäpw hm-ev-ao-In- cm-am-b-W-¯nÂ \n¶pw hy-Xn-N-en-¨v
I-¼-cm-am-b-W- amÀ-¤-¯nÂ {]-th-in-¡p-¶pv.
• hm-ev-aoIn-bp-sS hn-ò-j-W³ cm-a-`-à-\mWv. cm-a³ B-cm-sW-¶v
cm-h-W-s\bpw Iq-«-scbpw A-dn-bn¡m-\p-Å {i-aw hn-^-e-am-b-t¸m-gm-Wv
hn-ò-j-W³ cma-s\ ic-Ww {]m-]n-¨Xv. hn-ò-jW-s\ cm-a³
kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p ap-¼v hm-\-c-·m-cp-sS A-`n-{]m-b-§fpw No-cm-a³ ]m-tS
D-t]-£n¨p. X-sâ `-àn-km-ln-Xy-¯n-\v C-sXm¶pw B-h-iy-an-sÃ-¶
Nn-´-bn-emhmw No-cm-a-\n-{]-Im-cw sN-bv-XXv.
• a-säm-cp-Zm-lc-Ww t\m-¡p-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ cm-hW-sâ a-c-W-¯nÂ
hn-e-]n-¡p-¶ a-tÞm-Zcn-t]mepw {io-cma-sâ A-h-Xm-c-am-lm-ßy-s¯
hm-gv-¯p¶p.
C-¯-c-¯nÂ ho-c¯ - nÂ A-`n-c-an-¡p-¶ A-kzm-Z-I-a-\-ÊnÂ `-àn-bp-sS D-t¯P-\w
Iq-Sn km-[n-¡-W-sa-s¶m-cp e£yw cm-a-N-cn-X-Im-c³ \-S-¸m-¡p¶p.
“C-ã-]m-\o-b-¯nÂ Hu-j-[-I-Wn-I-IÄ I-eÀ-¯n-s¡m-Sp-¡p-¶ `n-j-¡n-sâ
\-b-am-Wn-sX”¶v tUm.Fw-.-eo-emh-Xn A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
 c-km-hn-jv-Im-cw
{]-[m-\-ambpw bp-²-IY -{]-Xn-]m-Zy-am-b-Xn-\mÂ ho-c-c-k-¯n-\p {]m-[m\yw
Xm-c-X-tay-\ Iq-Sp-X-em-bpv. s]m-Xp-hm-bn t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ cm-a-N-cn-Xw
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 3
ho-c-c-k-{]-[m-\-hp-amWv. F-¶mÂ im-´-c-k-¯n-sâ `m-ham-b `-àn-`m-hw
cm-a-N-cn-X-¯nÂ H«pw Ip-d-hÃm-¯ X-c-¯n-ep-s-¶v I-p-I-gn-ª-XmWv.
C-h-bv-¡p ]pd-sa {][m-\ bp-²-hÀ-®-\-bv-¡n-S-bv-¡p-Å _o-`-Õm-Zn- c-k-§fpw
a-tÞm-Z-co-hn-em-]w t]m-ep-Å I-cp-Wc-k-{]-[m-\am-b hÀ-®-\-Ifpw
cm-a-N-cn-X-Imc-sâ I-hn-Xz-i-àn-¡p \n-ZÀ-i-\-§-fmWv.
 bp-²-c-N-\-bn-se kzm-X-{ýhpw {]-tXy-I-Xbpw

bp-²-cw-K-§-fnÂ cm-a-N-cn-X-Im-c³ h-f-sc-tb-sd kzm-X-{ýw
Im-Wn-¡p-¶-Xp-Im-Wmw. hm-ev-ao-In-bp-sS bp-²-k-{¼-Zm-b-§Ä¡pw h-[-co-Xn-
IÄ¡pw AÃ-d NnÃ-d am-ä§Ä cm-a-N-cn-X-Im-c³ h-cp-¯n-¡m-Wp¶p.
sImÃp-¶-h-cp-sSbpw Nm-Ip-¶-h-cp-sS-bpw t]-cp-I-fnÂ- t]mepw am-äw h-cp-¶pv.
bp-²-¯n-sâ km-t¦-Xn-I-h-i-§Ä B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-¶-XnÂ A-km-am-\y-]mS-hw
Im-Wmw.
ssI-sIm-v s\-än-¡n-Sn-¨v \-h-Zzm-c§- -fn-eq-sS tNm-c-Nm-Sn-¨m-Wv hm-ev-ao-In-bp-sS
kp-{Ko-h³ hn-cq-]m£-s\ sImÃp-¶-Xv. F-¶mÂ hn-cq-]m£-sâ X-e
N-hn-«n-bp-S-¨m-Wv cm-a-N-cn-X-Imc-sâ kp-{Ko-h³ sImÃp-¶Xv. hm-ev-ao-In-bp-sS
B-bp-[-§Ä-¡p ]pd-sa A¶-s¯ tI-c-fo-bÀ D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶
k-a-kv-X-B-bp-[-§fpw cm-a-cm-h-W-bp-²-¯nÂ No-cm-a³ A-Wn-\n-c-¯p¶p.
a-[y-Im-e-tIc-fw k-µÀ-in-¨ k-©m-cn-IÄ hn-h-cn-¡p-¶ B-bp-[-§Ä an-¡Xpw
cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-se bp-²-cwK-¯v Im-Wmw. B-bp-[-§-fp-sS F-®-¯nÂ I-¼À
No-cm-a\pw ]n-¶n-em-Wv. No-cma-sâ B-bp-[-¸-«n-I-bn-se ]-eXpw
I-¼-cm-am-b-W-¯nÂ Im-Wm-\nÃ.
 A-e-¦m-c{]-tbm-K-Nm-Xpcyw
]m-«n-\v eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³ \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶ e-£-W-¯nÂ \n-¶pX-s¶
i-Ðm-e-¦m-c§ - Ä-¡v G-sd {]m-[m-\y-ap-s-¶v a-\-Ên-em-¡mw. cm-a-N-cn-Xw
ap-gp-\o-sf i-Ðm-e-¦m-c§-sf Zo-£n-¡p-¶ Ir-Xn-bm-sW-¶v \mw I-p-I-gnªp.
F-Xp-I, tam-\, A-´m-Zn-{]m-kw F-¶n-h-sbÃmw C-¡mcyw D-d-¸n-¡p-¶
h-kv-Xp-X-I-fmWv. C-{]-Im-cw i-Ðm-e-¦m-c-§Ä-¡v cm-a-N-cn-X-¯nÂ F-hn-sSbpw
Ip-d-h-\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶nÃ.
AÀ-°m-e-¦m-c§-sf kw-_-Ôn-¨v a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fn-se-t¸m-se G-Xp
tÇm-I-¯nepw A-e-¦m-cw Xn-cp-In-h-bv¡p-I F-¶ co-Xn cm-a-N-cn-X-Im-c³ ]n-´p-
S-cp-¶nÃ. D-Nn-X-Øm-\-§-fnÂ am{Xw A-e-¦m-c§-sf k-¶n-th-in-¸n-¡p-hm³
cm-a-N-cn-X-Im-c³ {i-²n-¨n-«p-apv. D-]-am-e-¦m-c-am-Wv cm-a-N-cn-X-¯nÂ [m-cm-f-am-bn
Im-Wp-¶Xv. D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n\v,
“I-cp-s¯m-Sp ]n-Sn-¯-Sp¯p, I-SÂ In-fÀ-´-edpw t]m-se
Xn-f¸n-s\m-SmÀ-¯-c-¡À tX-ss\-tbm-sS-XnÀ-¯mÀ sNtâ”
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 4

cm-£-k-tk-\-tbm-Sv F-XnÀ-¡p-t¼mÄ I-SÂ A-e-dp-¶-am-Xn-cn iÐ-tIm-em-l-e
-t¯m-Sp- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv hm-\c-¸-S ]m-ª-Sp¯-Xv F-¶ AÀ-°-ap-Å {]-kvXp-X `m-Kw
a-t\m-l-cam-b D-]-am-e-¦m-c-¯n-\v Zr-ãm-´-amWv. cq-]Iw, A-Xn-i-tbm-àn
Xp-S§n-b a-ä-e-¦m-c-§fpw cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-ep-v. 34þmw ]-S-e-¯nÂ Xm-c-X-tay\
[mc-mfw A-e-¦m-c{]-tbm-K-§Ä Im-Wmw. cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-se A-e-¦m-c-§-fnÂ
I-hn-bp-sS `m-h-\m-hn-em-khpw ]-Z-L-S-\m-]m-S-hhpw \-ap-¡v Im-Wm³ km-[n-¡pw.
 cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-sâ kzm-[o-\w ]nÂ-¡m-e- I-hn-I-fnÂ

H-cp-- km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn ]nÂ¡me km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ sN-ep-¯p-¶ kzm-[o-\w
Af-¶p Ip-dn-¡p-t¼m-tg B Ir-Xn-bp-sS a-lXzw Iq-Sp-XÂ sh-fn-hm-Ip-I-bpÅp.
I-®-È-·mÀ, sN-dp-tÈ-cn, F-gp-¯-Ñ³ Xp-S§n-b I-hn-IÄ X-§-fp-sS
Im-hy-c-N-\-I-fnÂ cm-a-N-cnX-s¯ D-]-Po-hn-¨n-«p-v. A-t¸mÄ tI-c-f-¯n-se
{]-am-Wn-Icm-b I-hn-IÄ-¡v D-]-Po-hy-\m-bn-Xo-c-¯-¡ {]-Xn-`m-hn-em-kw
No-cma-I-hn-¡p-m-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v hy-à-am-Ip¶p. aebm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯
cm-am-b-W Ir-Xnbm-b cm-a-N-cn-X-¯nÂ \Ã co-Xn-bnÂ kw-t£-]-W ]mS-hw
Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw. bp-²w I-gn-ªv a-S-§p-t¼mÄ `-cX-sâ A-dn-hn-te-¡v cm-hW-sâ
ko-Xm-]-lc-Ww ap-XÂ bp-²mýw h-sc-bp-Å I-Y Nocma³ kw-{K-ln-¡p-¶p.
B-hn-jv-Ic - -W-¯n-Â C-{]-Im-c-sam-cm-hÀ¯-\w B-h-iy-an-sÃ-¶v I-hn-bv-¡v
tXm-¶n-bn-cn-¡mw. ]nÂ-¡m-e cm-am-b-W-IÀ-¯m-¡Ä C-tX ]m-c-¼cyw ]n-´p-
S-cp-¶-Xp-Im-Wmw. cm-a-N-cn-X-Imc-sâ kw-t£-]-W ]m-S-h-¯n-\v D-¯-a-
D-Zm-l-c-W-amWnXv. `m-j-bn-se `-àn-{]-Øm-\-¯n-se B-Zy-Ir-Xn-Ifn- sem-¶mbn
cm-a-N-cnX-s¯ I-W-¡m-¡mw. ]n-¶o-Sp-h-¶ I-®-È-·mÀ¡pw
F-gp-¯-Ñ\pw ]q-´m-\-¯n\pw amÀ-¤-ZÀ-i-I-amb-Xv No-cm-a-I-hn-bm-bn-cn-¡mw.
Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bn-se \m-S³ ]-Z{]-tbm-K-§Ä G-sd {]-kn-²-amWv. A-h-bnÂ
sN-s©t½, sN-t½ Xp-S§n-b [m-cm-fw ]-Z§Ä cm-a-N-cn-X-`m-j-bn-te-XmWv.
“Du-gn-bnÂ-s¨-dn-b-hÀ-¡-dn-bp-am-dp-c-sN-bv-hm³”
F-¶ h-cn-I-fn-eq-sS Im-hy-c-N-\-\-S-¯n-bn-cp¶-Xv ]m-a-c³-amÀ-¡v th-n-bm-bn-cp-¶p
F-¶ Imcyw No-cm-aI-hn hy-à-am-¡p¶p. C-tX ho£-Ww X-s¶-bm-Wv \-ap-¡v
\-¼ym-cnepw Im-Wm-\m-hp-¶Xv.
“`-S-P-\§-sS \-Sp-hn-ep-sÅm-cp ]-S-b-Wn-¡n-l-tN-cp-hm³
h-Sn-hn-b-s¶m-cp Nm-cp-tI-c-f-`m-j-X-s¶-Nn-Xw hcq”
F-¶ h-cn-I-fnÂ \-¼ymÀ D-t±-in-¡p-¶ `-S-P-\-§Ä ]m-a-c-·mÀ- X-s¶-bm-Wv.
C-¯-c-¯nÂ {]-ta-bw F-´p-X-s¶-bm-sW-¦nepw km-[m-c-W-¡m-c-\p-th-n
Imhyw c-Nn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶v {]-Jym-]n-¨ No-cm-aI-hn km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ
{]-tbm-P-\mw-i-s¯-bpw P-\-{]n-b-X-sbbpw ]-c-kv]-cw tImÀ-¯nW-¡n A-Xn-sâ
{]-tbm-P-\£-a-X D-bÀ-¯n-¡m-Wn-¨ B-Zy-s¯ a-ebm-f I-hn-bmWv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 5

“XmcnssS a-Ww ]p-WÀ-´p X-cp\nssc X-ssS-´p ]m-bv-´
am-cp-X-tX-h³ h-´p h-gn-bn-sXâ-cp-fn-s¨-bv-Xm³”
F¶ cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-se h-cn-IÄ I-hn-bp-sS {]-Xn-`m-hn-em-k-¯n-\v \-sÃm-cp
Zr-ãm-´-amWv. koX-sb I-s-¯m³ h-gn-sX-fn-bm-sX hn-j-®-\m-bn-cp-¶
l-\p-am-s\ cm-{Xn-bnÂ hm-bp-tZ-h³ h-gn-Im-Wn-¡p-¶ cw-K-am-WnXv. Cu Im-hy-`m-Kw
I-®-È\pw ]n-¶o-Sp-h-¶ F-gp-¯-Ñ-\pw amÀ-¤-ZÀ-i-I-am-bn-«pv.
“Ip-kp-a-N-b-kp-c`n-sbm-Sp ]-h-\-\-Xn-Kq-V-am-bv
Iq-S-¯S-ªp Iq-«n-s¡mp-t]m-bpS³”
F-¶p Xp-S-§p-¶ h-cn-I-fn-eq-sS F-gp-¯-Ñ³ C-¡mcyw hn-i-Z-am-bn B-hn-jv-
I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
“Rm-\-sa-¦nÂ hn-ssf-bn-¯p sX-fn-bn-¯n-\n-b-sNm-ev
\m-bntI, ]-c-ssh-bnÂ¯n-ssc-IÄ t\-cp-S-\pS³
tX-\p...”
F-¶ cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-se k-c-kz-Xn-kv-Xp-Xn C-tX B-i-b-¯nÂ A-²ym-ßcm-am-b
-W-¯n-epv. F-gp-¯Ñ-sâ k-ck - z-Xn-kv-Xp-Xn C-{]-Im-c-amWv:
“`m-c-Xo-]-Zmh-en tXm-t¶-Ww Im-te Im-te
hm-cn-[n-X-¶nÂ Xn-c-am-e-I-sf-¶-t]mse”
C-Xn-\p ]p-d-ta A-²ym-ß-cm-amb-Ww In-fn-¸m-«n-se ]-e B-i-b-§Ä¡pw
hÀ-®-\-IÄ¡pw cm-a-N-cn-X-t¯m-Sp _-Ô-apv.
{Z-mhn-U-kw-Ko-X-]m-c-¼-cy-¯n-sâ an-I-hp-IÄ DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶ hr-¯-\n-_-Ô-
§Ä ]n-¶o-Sv In-fn-¸m-«p-I-fmbpw C-cp-]-¯n-\m-ep-hr¯w, ]-Xn-\mep-hr-¯w
ap-X-em-b-h-bn-se io-ep-I-fmbpw cq-]m-´-c-s¸-«n-«pv. I-en-hn-cp¯w, B-incn-b
hn-cp¯w, I-«-f¡-en¯pssd F-¶o hn-`m-K-§-fnÂ-s]-Sp-¶ hn-`n-¶
hr-¯-§-fm-Wv ]nÂ-¡me-¯v Im-Ifn, a-Wn-Im©n, Du-\-ImI-fn ap-X-em-b-h-bm-bn
am-dn-bn-«pÅ-Xv. C-¯-c-¯nÂ kwt£-]-Ww, B-ibw, Imhy-e£yw, hÀ®-\,
`àn, \m-S³-]-Z{]-tbm-K-§Ä F-¶n-h-bv-¡p-]pd-sa hr-¯-\n-_-Ô-¯n-ep-w
‘cm-a-Ncn-X' ¯n-sâ kzm-[o-\w ]nÂ-¡m-e I-hn-I-fnÂ Im-Wmw.
 A-]-N-b-Imc-Ww
I-¼-cm-am-b-W-¯n-\v X-an-gv-\m-«n-se-¶-t]m-se cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-\v tI-c-f-¯nÂ
kÀ-Æ-{X {]-Nm-cw e-`y-am-¡m³ I-gn-ªnÃ. ]m-a-c³-amÀ-¡m-bn hn-cN - n-Xam-b
‘C-cm-a-N-cnXw' Xp-S-¡-¯nÂ P-\-§Ä-¡v hf-sc kzo-Imcy-am-bn-cp-¶n-cn-¡Ww.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 6

F-¶mÂ {I-ta-W Cu Imhyw P-\-§-fnÂ \n-¶I-¶p t]mbn. cma-N-cn-X-¯n-sâ
A-]-N-b-Im-c-W-§Ä C-h-bmWv:
 `m-jm-]-cam-b A-]-cn-Nn-X-Xzw
 hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bnÂ h-¶ ]-cn-hÀ-¯\w
 cm-am-b-W-¯n-se I-Ym-]-cam-b A-]qÀ®-X (cm-am-b-W-¯n-se H-cp `m-Kw
am{Xw {]-ta-b-am-¡n-b-Xv)
 ss{X-hÀ-®n-I-cp-sS B-[n-]-Xyw
 sNdn-sbmcp hn`m-Ks¯ (]m-a-c·msc) am{Xw Dt±-in-¨-Xv
 a-Wn-{]-hm-f-`m-j-bp-sS h-fÀ-¨bpw kzm-[o-\hpw
F-¶n-h-bm-Wv cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-sâ A-IÂ-¨-bv-¡p Im-c-W-am-bXv. A-tX-ka-bw

cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-sâ Im-hy-a-l-Xz-¯n-\v a-§-te-än-«nÃ. C-¯-c-¯nÂ
Im-hy-a-l-Xz-¯n-\v Ip-d-hp-mbn-«Ã `m-j-bp-sS A-]-cn-Nn-XXzw aq-e-am-Wv
cm-a-N-cn-Xw {Ita-W hn-kv-ar-Xn-bn-te-¡v ho-Wp-t]m-b-Xv.
II. \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-IÄ

\nc-Ww Ir-Xn-IÄ G-sXÃm-sa-¶pw, \nc-Ww I-hn-IÄ B-scÃm-sa¶pw \nc-Ww
Ir-Xn-If- p-sS `m-jm-]-cam-b {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ F-s´Ãm-sa¶pw bq-Wn-äv H-¶nÂ
sk-£³ FbnÂ hn-i-Z-am-¡n-¡-gn-ª-Im-cy-§-fmWv. C-hn-sS \nc-Ww
Ir-Xn-If
- p-sS km-ln-Xy-]-cam-b {]-tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv hn-i-Z-am-¡p-¶Xv.
kw-t£-]-W km-aÀ°yw
C-cp-]-¯n-\m-em-bn-c-t¯m-fw tÇm-I-§-fn-eq-sS hm-ev-ao-In- hn-kv-X-cn-¡p-¶
kp-ZoÀ-Lam-b cm-am-b-W-I-Y 3059 ]m-«p-I-fnÂ kw-t£-]n-¨-Xm-Wv cm-a-¸-Wn-¡-cp-sS
‘I-®-È-cm-ambWw'. L-S-\-bnepw hÀ-®-\-I-fnepw km-cam-b am-ä-§Ä h-cp-¯nbpw
kz-X-{ám-b IÂ-]-\-IÄ tNÀ-¯p-am-Wv I-®-Ècm-am-b-W-¯n-sâ kw-t£]-Ww
\-S-¸n-em-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
I-®-È-Ir-Xn-I-fn-se kw-t£-]-W-]m-S-h-¯n-\v G-ähpw \Ã D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv
i-¦-c -hn-c-Nn-X-am-b ‘`m-c-X-ame'. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ `m-c-X-kw-{K-l-am-WnXv.
i-¦c-\p ap³-]v H-cp am-Xr-I-bp-anÃm-¯-Xn-\mÂ kz-bw hn-`m-h-\-sN-bv-X-XmWv Cu
IrXn. H-cp e£-¯n Ccp-]-¯-¿m-bn-cw tÇm-I-§-fnÂ ]c-¶p In-S-¡p-¶
hym-k-`m-c-X-s¯ 1363 io-ep-I-fnÂ A-t±-lw kw-{K-ln¨p. A-²ym-b§ - Ä
hn-«p-I-f-bp-¶-Xnepw Nn-e A-²ym-§-fnÂ \n-¶v hn-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-\v Nn-e tÇm-I-§Ä
am{Xw sX-c-sª-Sp-¡p-¶-Xnepw ]-e tÇm-I-§-fnÂ ]-c-¶p-In-S-¡p-¶ B-i-b-§Ä
H-cp-an-¨p tNÀ-¯p Np-cp-¡p-¶-Xnepw FÃmw `m-c-X-am-emImc-sâ
kw-t£-]-W-]mS-hw I-s-¯mw.
a-lm-`m-c-X-¯n-se IÀ-®-]ÀÆ-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n i-¦c-sâ `m-c-X-am-e-bn-se
kw-t£-]-W-]mS-hw D-Zm-l-cn-¡mw.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 7
 96 A-[ym-b-§-fn-em-bn 4964 tÇm-I-§-fp-Å aq-e-`m-c-X-¯n-se IÀ-®-]À-Æ-s¯
584 h-cnIÄ-sIm-v `m-c-X-am-em-Im-c³ kw-t£-]n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
 43 A-[ym-b§Ä D-t]-£n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
 Iu-c-h-]£-¯v IÀ-®³ tk-\m-\m-b-I-\m-bn ]-S-¸p-d-¸m-Sn-s\m-cp-§n-b-t¸mÄ
a-dp-]pd-¯v {io-Ir-jv-W³ ]m-Þ-h-c-Ym-cq-V-\m-bn hn-f-§n-b-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨v
aq-e-`m-c-X-¯nÂ {]-tXy-In-¨v {]-kv-Xm-h-sam-¶p-anÃ. F-¶mÂ ‘`m-c-Xam-e'bnÂ
A-Xv {]m-[m-t\y-\ hÀ-®n-¡-s¸-«-Xv AÀ-°-h-¯m-Wv.
aq-e-`m-c-X-¯nÂ ]mÀ-°- km-c-Yn-hÀ-®-\-bp-sS A-ev]w-t]m-ep-anÃ. A-hn-sS
i-eyÀ IÀ®-s\ Im-Wn¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p¶-Xv ]mÀ-°-s\
-bmWv. ]mÀ-°-km-cY - n-sbbÃ. km-µÀ-`n-I- am-bn H-cp sN-dpkq-N-\-
am-{X-ta ]mÀ-°-km-c-Yn-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅq. C-¯-c¯n-
sem-cp ]mÀ-°-km-c-Yn-hÀ-®-\ {]-kvXp-X k-µÀ-`-¯nÂ `m-h-\-sN-bv-Xp
hn-c-Nn-¨ B-Zy-s¯ a-ebm-f I-hn i-¦-c-\mWv.
 16 ap-XÂ 30 h-sc-bp-Å A-[ym-b§ - -fn-se 632 tÇm-I-§Ä `m-c-X-am-e-bnÂ 16
h-cnIÄ-sIm-v kw-t£-]n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
C{]Imcw aq-e-Ir-Xn-bn-se \n-ch-[n kw-`-h-§-fp-sS Iq-¼m-c-¯nÂ \n-¶v
G-sXÃmw sXc-sª-Sp-¡-W-sa¶pw A-h-bp-sS Bi-bw F§-s\
\n-_-Ôn-¡W - -sa¶pw F-{X {l-kz-am-bn A-h kw-t£-]n-¨p {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡-W-sa¶pw
`m-c-X-am-em-Imc-\v \Ã \n-Ý-b-ap-m-bn-cp¶p.
`-ànbpw kmw-kv-Im-cn-I D-¶-a-\hpw

PoÀ-®am-b P-·n-Xz-kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ kzm-[o-\-h-e-b-¯nÂ \n-¶p
km-am-\y-P-\§-sf a-X-t_m-[-¯n-te¡pw [À-½-Nn-´-bn-te¡pw \-bn-¨v
D-Zv-_p-²cpw kz-X-{ćpw B-¡n-¯oÀ-¡m³ G-ähpw \Ã amÀ-¤w `-àn-bm-sW-¶v
I-®-È-·mÀ a-\-Ên-em¡n. FÃm-h-scbpw Xp-ey-cm-bn-¡m-Wp-¶ Ass-Zz-X-
Nn-´m-]-²-Xn-sb ap³-\nÀ-¯n-bm-Wv I-®-È-·mÀ `-àn- km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ
{]-Nm-c-I-cm-bXv. _m-e-Im-Þ-¯nÂ c-p k-µÀ-`w `-àn-\nÀ-`-c-am-bn-«p-v.
C-{µm-Zn-I-fp-sS ssh-Ip-WvT-kv-Xp-Xn-Ifpw hn-izm-an-{X-sâ ssI-em-k-\m-Y-kv-Xp-Xnbpw.
B-dp ]m-«p-I-fn-ep-Å k-¦oÀ-¯-\-§-fn-emWv Cu `-àn-c-km-hn-jv-Imcw.
\m-a-P-]-IoÀ-¯-\-¯n-\p h-gn-sX-fn-¨ kv-tXm-{Xkw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ amXr-I
I-®-È-cm-am-bW-¯nÂ Im-Wp-¶pv. D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-\v,
P-b P-b aµ-c-ssi-e-ap-bÀ-¸m³ sN-t½ IqÀ-a-hp-am-bh-t\ P-b
`-b-an-b-em-X-h-\n-sb aoÄ-hm-\m-bv ]-¶n-bp-tS h-Sn-hm-bh-t\ P-b
Xp-bÀsI-S \-c-knw-lm-Ir-Xnbm-b kp-tc-i, ln-c-Wym-Í-t\ P-b P-b
\-b-sam-Sp hm-a-\-\m-bv am-_en-sbm-Sp \m-Sp ]-dn-¨ \-tcm-¯a-t\ Pb
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 8

tkm-t±-iy-Im-hy-§-fm-bm-Wv \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-IÄ A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. X-§Ä
Po-hn-¡p-¶ Im-e-¯n-\-¸p-d-ap-Å Hcp k-aq-l-s¯ A-hÀ kz-]v-\w Ip.
“\m-Sp-hm-gn-¯hpw tZ-h-Zm-kn- k-{¼-Zm-bhpw kmw-kv-Imcn-I PoÀ-®-X-bv-¡p
hgn-sbm-cp¡n-b k-µÀ-`-¯nÂ k-aq-l-¯n-sâ Xm-tg-¯-«nÂ a-säm-cp
k-am-´-c-kw-kv-Im-cw cq-]-s¸-«p-h-¶-Xn-sâ sX-fn-hm-Wv I-®-È-Ir-Xn-IÄ...
P-\-§-fp-sS bp-²-hocyw {]-tNm-Zn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-sâ e-£y-sa-¦nÂ
sam-¯-¯n-ep-Å kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ {]-t_m-[-\-am-bn-cp-¶p I-®-È-Ir-XnIfp-sS
e-£yw. ss{X-hÀ-®n-I-cp-sS B-[n-]Xyw \n-e-\nÂ-s¡ iq-{Z-hn-`m-K-¯nÂ
\n-¶v ]pXn-b kw-kv-Imc-tPym-Xn-Êp-IÄ sX-fn-ªp-h-¶p F-¶-Xv Im-e-¯n-sâ
A-\n-hm-cy ]-cn-hÀ-¯-\-am-bn I-cpXmw”. F-¶n§-s\ I-®-È-Ir-Xn-I-fn-se
kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-X-sb-¡p-dn-¨v tUm. ]p-Xp-tÈ-cn cm-a-N-{µ³ hn-e-bn-cp-¯p¶p.
“{]-hm-NI-sâ h-c-hn-\p hgn-sbm-cp-¡m³ h¶ tbm-l-¶m-s\-t¸m-se C-hÀ

h-gn-sX-fn-bn-¡m³ h-¶-h-cm-bn-cp¶p. tI-c-fo-b-P-\X-sb H«m-sI X-sâ
h-gn-¡m-IÀ-jn-¡m³ F-gp-¯Ñ-\p ]nÂ -¡me-¯p I-gn-ªp-sh-¦nÂ P-\-K-Wa-\w
A-Xn-\p k-¶-²am-b \n-e-am-¡n-¯oÀ¶Xv Cu aq-h-cm-Wv F-¶ h-kvXp-X
hn-kv-a-cn-¨p-IqSm” F-¶ tUm.Fw.eo-em-h-Xn-bp-sS A-`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ \n¶pw
`-àn-{]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ D-]-Úm-Xm-sh-¶ \n-e-bv-¡v {]-i-kv-X\m-b F-gp-¯Ñ-\v
`-àn-bnepw kmwkvIm-cnI D¶-a-\-¯nepw amÀ-¤-ZÀ-i-Icm-b I-®-È-·m-sc-bm-Wv
Im-Wm-\m-hp-I.
I-®-È\pw ]nÂ-¡m-e-I-hn-Ifpw
]m-«n-sâ \n-b-X-am-b-e-£-W-¯nÂ \n¶pw hy-Xn-N-en-¨v {Z-an-U-kw-Lm-Xm-
£-c-§Ä-¡p ]pd-sa kw-kv-Ir-Xm-£-c-§-fp-sS kzo-Ic-Ww \S-¯n
Im-hy-c-N-\-bv-¡v kw-kv-Ir-X- X-Õ-a-§Ä D-]-tbm-Kn-¨-Xn-eq-sS I-®-È³
a-äp-Å-I-hn-IÄ-¡v am-Xr-I-bm-Ip-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. C-¯-c-¯nÂ c-p `m-jm-[m-cI-sf
B-Zy-am-bn k-a-\z-bn-¸n¡p-I F-¶ km-ln-Xy-{]-[m-\am-b IrXyw \n-c-Ww-I-hn-IÄ
\nÀ-Æ-ln¨p.
{Zm-hn-U-A-£-c-am-e-bn-ep-Å A-£-c-§Ä-¡p ]pd-ta a-äv A-£-c-§Ä
kzo-I-cn-¨v Im-hyc-N-\ \-S-¯n-b-Xn-epw, `-àn-Im-hy-sa-¶-\n-e-bn-epw,
hr-¯-kw-_-Ô- am-bp-sam-s¡ \nc-WwIr-Xn- IÄ ]nÂ¡m-e I-hnI-sf
kzm-[o-\n-¨n-«pv. sN-dp-tÈ-cnbpw Ip-©³-\-¼ymcpw \n-c-Ww- hr¯-s¯
A-\p-I-cn-¨n-«pv.
“a-d-s]m-cp-fm-bn a-d-ªh-t\ lcn
a-eÀ-a-IÄ sIm-¦-]-p-WÀ-¶h-t\ lcn
a-[p-cn-X sh-® I-hÀ-¶h-t\ lcn
a-cp-Xp-a-c-§Ä sR-cn-¨h-t\ lcn”
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 9

F-¶o Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnse Cu-c-Sn-I-fnÂ \nc-Ww hr-¯-¯n-sâ \n-gÂ-¸m-Sv
sX-fn-ªp-Im-Wmw. AÂ-]w ]-cn-jv-¡-cn-¡-s¸-« \n-c-Ww-hr-¯-am-Wv ]nÂ-¡me-¯v
Ip-©³-\-¼ymÀ kzo-I-cn-¨Xv. Iq-Sm-sX ssh-tem-¸nÅn, F³.hn.Ir-jv-W-hm-cnbÀ,
kp-K-X-Ip-am-cn F-¶n-h-cp-sS Im-hy-§-fnepw \nc-Ww hr-¯-kzm-[o-\w Im-Wmw.
I-®-È-kzm-[o-\w G-ähpw Iq-Sp-XÂ I-p-h-cp¶-Xv F-gp-¯-Ñ-\n-emWv.
Im-hy-e-£yw, B-²ymßn-I ]-Ým-¯ew, A-e-¦m-c§Ä, B-hn-jv-I-c-W-coXn,
B-i-b-km-ayw, C-Xn-hr-¯w F-¶o Im-cy-§-fnÂ F-gp-¯Ñ-\v I®-È-t\m-Sp-Å
km-ayhpw I-S-¸mSpw hf-sc h-ep-XmWv. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-sa-¶ {_m-Ò-Wm-[n
-]-Xy-¯n-s\-Xn-sc \-S-¶ A-{_m-Ò-Wm-[n-]-Xy-¯n-sâ Im-hy ]-Ùm-hn-em-Wv
C-cp-I-hn-Ifpw \n-e-sIm-Åp-¶Xv. ]p-cm-W-§Ä C-cp-Iq-«-scbpw Hcp-t]m-se
B-IÀ-jn-¨n-«pv. cm-am-bWw, `m-cXw, `m-K-hXw, C-cp-]-¯n-\m-ep-hr-¯w F-¶o
Ir-Xn-I-fn-seÃmw I-®-È-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS kzm-[o-\-X {]-I-S-amWv.
A-²ym-ß-Ic - m-amb-Ww {K-Ù-¯nÂ \n-¶v F-gp-¯-Ñ³ F-hn-sS-sbÃmw hy-Xn-N-en-¨v
kz-X-{´-\m-bn Im-W-s¸-Sp¶pthm A-hn-sS-sbÃmw A-t±-lw X-sâ ]qÀ-Æn-I\m-b
I-®È-s\ an-¡-hmdpw ]n-´p-S-cp-I-bmWv. F-gp-¯Ñ-sâ kz-´-sa-¶v
I-cp-X-s¸-Sp-¶ ]-e Im-hy-k-µÀ-`-§fpw I-®-È-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ I-s-¯m³
hn-j-a-anÃ. ‘ò-am-iz-°m-a-bp²w' hn-j-b-am-bp-Å ]-Xn-\©mw A-[ym-bw
ssI-Imcyw sN-¿p-t¼mÄ `m-jm-Ir-Xn-IÄ-¡p-X-½nÂ Km-Vam-b km-Zriyw
I-p-h-cp¶p.
`m-c-Xame
“s]m-cp-Xm-cn-cp-h-cp-amÀ-Ien-t]mse
s]m-ä-bnc-p s]m-cpw t]m-te-bpw”
In-fn-¸m«v
“k-ap-{Z-§Ä X-½nÂ-s¸m-cp-¶-t]m-se-bpw
]-cp¯ ssi-e-§Ä s]m-cp-¶-t]m-sebpw”
aq-e-Ir-Xn-bnÂ \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶ D-]-a-bÃ CXv. A-XnÂ \n-¶p hy-Xy-kv-X-
am-sW-¶p-am-{X-aÃ c-p-t]cpw k-ap-{Z-§-sfbpw ]À-Æ-X-§-sfbpw D-]-am-\-§-fm-
¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶p.
tI-c-fo-b-lr-Z-b-§-fnÂ I-sÃ-gp¯p-t]m-se Øn-c-am-bn ]-Xn-ªp In-S-¸p-Å
H-cp Im-hy- J-Þ-am-Wv F-gp-¯Ñ-sâ ]mÀ-°-km-c-Yn-hÀ®-\. hm-Mv-a-b-Nn-{X-
\nÀ-½n-Xn-bnÂ A-t±-l-¯n-\p-Å A-km-[m-c-W-]m-S-h-¯n\pw A-N-©-eam-b
`-àn-]m-c-h-iy-¯n\pw \n-ZÀ-i-\-am-bn B- hÀ®-\w B-hÀ-¯n-¨p
hm-gv-¯-s¸-«n-«pv. aq-e-`m-c-X-¯nÂ Cu hÀ-®-\-bp-sS AÂ-]w-t]m-ep-anÃ.
F-gp-¯Ñ-sâ A-\-iz-c-kr-ãnbm-b ]mÀ-°-kmc-Yn hÀ-®-\-bnÂ-t]mepw
F-gp-¯-Ñ³ `m-c-X-am-em-Im-c-\mÂ {]-tNm-Zn-X-\m-bn-cp¶p. C-¯-c-¯nÂ H-cp
Ir-jv-W-hÀ®-\w {]-kvXp-X k-µÀ-`-¯nÂ k-ap-Zv-`mh-\w sN-bv-Xp hn-c-Nn-¨
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 10
B-Zy-s¯ a-e-bm-fI-hn i-¦-c-\mWv. ‘Iu-kv-Xp-`-a-Wn-b-Wn Xn-cp-a-dp-amÀ-hp'sa-¶v
`m-c-X-am-em-Im-c³ ]-d-ªn- cn-¡p-¶ Bi-bw ‘Iu-kv -Xp-`-a-Wnbpw Xn-cp-a-dp-am-dpw'
F-¶v A-Xy-´w km-ay-t¯m-sS F-gp¯-Ñ\pw ]-d-ªn-cn-¡p¶p.
“\c-]m-e-IÀ Nn-e-c-Xn-\p hn-d-¨mÀ \-e-ap-S-Pm\-In k-t´m-jn-¨mÄ
A-c-hm-Zn-IÄ `-b-ao-Sp-an-Sn-²z-\n-bmÂ a-bn-em-\-µn-¸Xp-t]mse”
F-¶v I-®-È-cm-a-¸-Wn-¡À ]-d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶ A-tX A-e-¦m-cw X-s¶-bm-Wv
F-gp-¯-Ñ³ A-²ym-ß-cm-amb-Ww In-fn-¸m-«nÂ kzo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
“C-Sn-sh-«oSpw h-®w hnÂ-ap-dn-sªm-¨-tI«p
\-Sp-§o cm-Pm-¡-·m-cp-c-K-§-sf-t¸mse
ssa-Yn-en a-bnÂ-t¸-S-t]m-se k-t´m-jw ]q-mÄ”
C-¯-c-¯nÂ ]p-Xp-a-IÄ B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-¶-XnÂ {]m-tb-W C-cp-hcpw X-½nÂ
s]m-cp-¯w Im-Wmw. I-Ym-h-kv-Xp-hnÂ C-cp-I-hn-I-fpw h-cp-¯p-¶ ]-cn-jv-Ir
-Xn-I-fnÂ sF-Iy-ap-v. Nn-e-]-Z{]-tbm-K-§-fnÂ C-cp-h-cnepw A-Ûp-X-I-cam-b
kmayw I-p-h-cp¶p. aq-e-Ir-Xn-bnÂ \n-¶v c-p-t]cpw {K-ln-¡p-I-bpw
Xy-Pn-¡p-I-bpw sN-¿p-¶ I-Ym-L-«-§-fnÂ A-t`-Z-ap-v. C-{]-Im-c-saÃmw
F-gp-¯-Ñ³ I-®-ÈI-hn-I-tfm-Sv km-Zriyw {]-I-S-am-¡p¶p.
X-¯z-Nn´
I-®-È-I-hn-I-fnÂ km-[m-cW- -I-p-h-cp¶-Xv A-ssZz-X Nn-´m-ZÀ-i-\-amWv.
“FÃm-Pm-Xnbpw C-¶nXp-sNmÃm³ G-Xpw-Ip-d-hn-sÃ-¶-t¸m-se
sNmÃm-In-¶ h-cn-Xn-s\mcp-tZm-jw sNmÃp-I-¿nÃ kp-lr-Ö-\-kw-KmÂ
\Ãm-Nm-cn-b-scm-s¶-bp-sa-¶pw \-s¶-s¶m-gn-sb-s¨mÃmÀ; GXpw
IÃm-X-hÀ ]n-g-sNm-¶Xp-sIm-sm-cp Im-cyhn-tcm-[-an-Xn-¶n-\n-hmcm”
FÃm-Pm-Xn-bn-ep-Å-hÀ¡pw cm-am-bW-IY sNmÃp-¶Xp-sIm-v H-cp Ip-d-hp-anÃ.
Cu-iz-c-\m-aw BÀ-¡p-th-W-sa-¦nepw sNmÃmw FÃm-h-cpw Xp-ey-cm-sW-¶
AssZz-X-Nn-´m-]-²Xn-bm-Wv C-XnÂ kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. ‘IÃm-X-h-cp-sS' ]n-g-sNmÃÂ
X-\nt¡m Im-hy¯nt\m Im-cyhn-tcm-[-am-InÃ F-¶v ]-d-bm³ ss[-cy-s¸-«
hn-¹-h-I-hn-Iq-sS-bm-Ip-¶p I-®È³.
]-cm-P-b-Im-c-W§Ä
h-f-sc-tb-sd k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ \n-d-ª Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv I-®-È-Ir-XnIÄ. ]nÂ
-¡m-e-I-hnI-sf G-sd kzm-[o-\n-¨ \n-c-Ww-Ir-Xn-IÄ P-\-lr-Z-b-§-fnÂ th-cp-¶n
h-f-cmsX-t]mbn. A-Xn-\v ap-Jy-Imc-Ww A]cnNn-X `m-jm-co-Xn-bmWv. \nc-Ww
Ir-Xn-If- p-sS s]m-Xphmb ]-cm-P-bI
- m-c-W-§Ä C-h-bmWv:
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 11

 A-]-cn-Nn-X `m-jm-co-Xn-
 a-Wn-{]-hm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ A-Xn-{]-kcw
 C-gªp-t]m-Ip-¶ hr-¯-k-{¼-Zm-bw
 B-cy-kw-kv-Im-c-t¯m-Sp-Å tI-cf- o-b-cp-sS A-`n-\n-th-iw
 \m-«p-cm-Py-§Ä X-½n-epf-f kw-L«-\w
C{]-Im-cw ]-cm-P-b-Im-c-W-§Ä Im-Wp-t¼mgpw cq-]-L-S\-bn-epw `m-h-km-{µ-X-
bnepw ]nÂ-¡m-e- km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ I-®-È-Ir-Xn-IÄ-¡v G-sd kzm-[o-\w
sN-ep-¯m³ I-gnªp.
III. Ir-jv-WKmY
Km-Ym-{]-Øm-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-sb-¡p-dn¨pw Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS
`m-jm-]-cam-b {]-tXy-I-X-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-saÃmw t]-¸À H-¶v sk-£³ F-bnÂ
hn-i-Z-am¡n-b Im-cy-§-fmWv. C-hnsS Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS km-ln-Xy-]-cam-b
{]-tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv NÀ-¨-sN-¿p-¶Xv.
 Im-hy-e-£yhpw I-hn-bp-sS \n-e-]mSpw

{io-Ir-jvW-sâ a-l-Xz-¯n-sâ t\À-¡v kw-kv-Ir-Xm-\-`n-Ú-·mcm-b km-[m-c-W
P-\-§-fp-sS I-®p-Xp-d-¸n-¡p-Ibpw A-h-cp-sS lr-Z-b-§fnÂ Ir-jv-W`-àn
th-cp-d-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶-Xn-\m-Wv sN-dp-tÈcn Ir-jv-W-Km-Y c-Nn-¨Xv.
A-Xyp-X³ X-¶p-sS \Â-¨-cn-X-§Ä Rm³
A-Ú-cm-bp-tÅmÀ-¡v t_m-[n-¸m-\m-bv
{]m-Ú-\-sÃ-¦n-ep-an§-s\ \nÀ-an-¨p
kÖ-\w hm-gv-¯p-sa-t¶mÀ-¯-sÃm«pw
kÖ-\w I-n-Xp \n-µn-¨m-sc¦ntem
C-Ö-\-¯n-s¶m-cp lm-\n-sbt´?
\n-µy-aÃm¯-Xp \n-µn-¡b- nÃ-hþ
sc-s¶m-cp \nÀ-W-b-ap-s-\n-¡pw
F-¶n§-s\ A-h-km-\-`mK-¯v X-sâ e-£yhpw \n-e-]mSpw I-hn {]-Jym-]n-¡p¶p.
I-hn-bp-sS hn-\-b-hpw, B-ß-hn-izm-khpw {]-kvXp-X h-cn-I-fnÂ [z-\n-¡p-¶pv.
X-sâ e-£y-km-^-ey-¯n-\m-bn P-\-k-mam-\y-¯n-\v kp-]-cn-Nn-Xam-b ]-Zm-h-enbpw
kw-Ko-Xw Xp-fp-¼p-¶ \m-S³ hr-¯hpw I-hn kzo-I-cn¨p.
Ir-jv-W-Km-Yþ H-cp kz-X-{´-Imhyw

Z-i-a-kv-I-Ô-¯n-sâ ]-Zm-\p-]-Z-hn-hÀ-¯-\-sa-¶ \n-e-bnÂ cm-a-¸-Wn-¡-cp-sS
`m-Kh-Xw]m-«v Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bv-¡v ap³-]pX-s¶ C-hn-sS-bp-m-bn-cp-¶p. 90
A-[ym-b-§-fp-Å `m-Kh-Xw Z-i-a-kv-I-Ô-am-Wv ap-Jy-ambpw Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS
{]-Xn-]m-Zyw. Iq-Sm-sX G-IZ-ia-kv-I-Ô-¯nse 1, 6, 30, 31 F-¶o A-[ym-b-§-fn-se
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 12

I-Y-I-fpw, a-lm-`m-c-X-¯n-se kzÀKm-tcm-l-W-]À-Æ-¯n-se I-Ybpw
Ir-jv-W-I-Ym-Jym-\-¯n-sâ ]qÀ-®-X-bv-¡p-th-n I-hn kzo-I-cn-¨n-«p-v.
Z-i-a-kv-I-Ô-¯n-se 3948 tÇm-I-§Ä-¡v ]-I-c-am-bn Km-Y-bn-Â 8203 Cu-c-Sn-I-fpv.
Ir-jvW³ \m-bI - -\m-bpÅ 60þHm-fw {][m-\ I-Y-I-sf 47 J-Þ-§-fm-¡n kz-´w
ho-£-W-¯n-\v {]m-[m\yw \Â-In ]p-\-:-kw-hn-[m-\w sN-bv-Xn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv
sN-dp-tÈcn. C-¯-c¯n-sem-cp kz-X-{´-Imhyw c-Nn-¡m³ ]-e co-Xn-Ifpw I-hn
kzo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
(1) hn-hÀ¯-\w :
Z-i-a-kv-I-Ô-¯n-sâ ]-Zm-\p-]-Z-hn-hÀ-¯-\-am-bn-«p-Å
k-µÀ-`-§-Ä Ir-jv-W- Km-Y-bnÂ I-s-¯p-I hf-sc {]-bm-k-amWv. F-¶mÂ
aq-em-i-b-¯n-sâ hn-hÀ-¯-\-am-bn am-dn-bn-«p-Å ]-e-`m-K-§fpw Im-Wmw.
D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-\v, ]q-X-\ D-®n-¡r-jvW-s\ hn-j-¸mÂ Du-«p-¶ k-µÀ`w.
(2) hn-]pe-\w : sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bp-sS `m-h-\ kz-´-am-bn hn-l-cn-¡p-¶ k-µÀ-`-am-Wv
Im-hy -hn-]p-e-\-¯nÂ Im-Wm³ I-gn-bp-¶Xv. hn-jv-Wp-hn-sâ A-h-Xm-c§-sf
`m-Kh-Xw c-p h-cn-bnÂ hÀ-®n-¡p-t¼mÄ Ir-jv-W-Km-Ym-Im-c³ Z-im-hXm-c I-Y
28 h-cn-I-fnÂ hÀ-®n-¡p¶p. Jm-Þ-h-Z-l\-I-Y H-cp tÇm-I-¯nÂ
`m-Kh-Xw ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡-t¼mÄ, A-Xv 150 h-cn-I-fp-Å a-t\m-l-cam-b hÀ-W-\-bmbn
Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ am-dp¶p.
(3) kw-tbmP-\w : `m-K-h-X-¯n-enÃm-¯ Im-cy-§Ä Iq-«n-t¨À-¯v
hn-f-¡p-¶-Xn\v Ir-jv-W- Km-Y-Im-c³ {i-an-¨n-«pv. aq-eI-Y-tbm-Sv I-hn-bp-sS `m-h-\
{]-Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ ^-e-am-Wv C¯-cw kw-tbm-P-\ {]-{In-b \-S-¡p¶-Xv
lm-ky-cw-K-§Ä-¡v sIm-gp-¸v Iq-«p-¶ k-µÀ-`-§-fn-epw, X-tâXm-b A-e-¦m-c-§Ä
B-hn-jv-Ic - n-¡p-¶ k-µÀ-`-¯n-epw, a-äp I-hn-I-fp-sS `m-h-\mwi-s¯ DÄ-t¨À-¯v
Im-hy-s¯ tam-Sn-]n-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶ k-µÀ-`-¯nepw I-hn kw-tbmP-\w \-S-¯p-¶p.
t{]-a-]-cn-{`m-´bm-b kp`-{Z AÀ-Pp\-\v ]-g-s¯m-en hn-f-¼p-Ibpw AÀ-Pp-\³
A-hf - p-sS ap-J¯v Zr-ãn-bp-d-¸n-¨v ]-g-s¯m-en `-£n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶ cw-K-¯nÂ
lmkyw \n-d-ªp-\nÂ-¡p¶-Xv Im-hy-¯nÂ I-hn tNÀ-¯n-«p-Å kw-tbm-P-\-¯n-\v
D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.
(4) kwt£]Ww : Ir-jv-Wm-Km-Ym-IÀ-¯m-hv X-sâ Ir-Xn-bp-sS cq-]-inÂ-¸-¯n-
¶n-W§pw hn-[w `m-K-h-X-¯n-se I-Ym-`m-K-§Ä kw-t£-]n-¡p-¶p-v.
tKm-]³-amÀ X§-sf t]-a-g-bnÂ \n¶pw c-£n-¨ Ir-jvW-s\ ssZ-h-sa-¶v I-p
kv-Xp-Xn-¡p-¶ `m-Kw aq-e-¯nÂ 25 tÇm-I-¯n-epv. Km-Y-bnÂ C-Xp \m-ep-h-cn-
am-{Xw-. E-j-`-h-[w 15 tÇm-I-¯n-em-Wv `m-Kh-Xw B-Jym-\w sN-¿p-¶Xv. Km-Y-bnÂ
C-Xv shdpw c-p-h-cn-bm-bn Np-cp-¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. F-¶o `m-K-§Ä
kw-t£-]-W-¯n-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-§-fmWv.
(5) \n-ck\w : ]p-cm-W-¯n-se H-t«-sd k-µÀ-`-§Ä Km-Ym-Im-c³ \n-c-kn-¨n-«p-v.
Im-fn-b-]-Xv-\n-am-cp-sS kv-Xp-Xn I-hn \n-c-kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. Z-i-a-kv-I-Ôw 87þmw
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 13
A-[ym-bw th-Z-§Ä Ir-jv-W-s\ kv-Xp-Xn-¡p-¶-XmWv. B-[ym-ßn-I Nn-´
\n-d-sªm-gp-Ip-¶ Cu `m-Kw I-hn \n-c-kn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
]m«pw a-Wn-{]-hm-fhpw sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bnÂ

`mj, hr-¯w F-¶nh-sb A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n \n-co-£n-¡p-t¼mÄ ]m-«p
-{]-Øm-\-¯n-\v {Zmhn-U kw-kv-Im-c-hpam-bn-«m-Wv _-Ôw F-¶p Im-Wmw.
a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-\v C-¡m-cy-¯nÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-hp-am-bn-«m-Wv _-Ô-ap-ÅXv. F-¶mÂ
C-Xn-hr-¯-s¯bpw DÄ-s¡m-f-fp-¶ B-i-b-s¯-bpw A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n ]cn-tim-[n-
¡p-t¼mÄ ]m-«p-{]-Øm-\-¯nÂ B-cy -kw-kv-Im-chpw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯nÂ
{]m-tZ-in-I (\m-tSmSn) kw-kv-Im-c-hp-am-Wv {]-Xy-£- s¸-«p-Im-Wp-¶Xv.
D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n\v, cm-a-N-c-nX-¯n-sebpw I-®-i-Ir-Xn-I-fn-se-bpw D-ÅS-¡w
B-cy-kw-kv-Ir-Xn-bp-sS an-I-¨ DÂ-¸-¶-§-fm-b C-Xn-lm-k-]p-cm-W-§-fm-Wv.
C-{]-Im-cw ]m-«p- {]-Øm-\-¯n-se Ir-Xn-IÄ C-Xn-hr-¯-¯n-sâ Im-cy-¯nÂ
B-cy-kw-kv-Im-c-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p. a-Wn-{]hm-f Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ tI-cfo-b
Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ a-t\m-l-cam-b Zy-iy-§-fp-sS hÀ-®-\-I-fm-Wv DÄ-s¡m-Ån-¨n-«p-Å-Xv.
C¯c-¯nÂ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-IÄ \m-tSm-Sn kw-kv-Im-c-hp-am-bn
_-Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. A-{_m-Ò-W-I-hn-IÄ B-cy-kw-kv-Im-cw a-ebmf a-®nÂ
\-«p-h-fÀ-¯m³ {i-an-¨-t¸mÄ {_m-Ò-WÀ tI-c-f-¯n-sâ ku-µ-cy-s¯bpw
Po-hn-X-s¯bpw I-hn-X-bnÂ B-hm-ln-s¨-Sp-¡m³ {i-an¨p.
tZ-iy-kw-kv-Im-cw I-hn-X-bnÂ I-eÀ¯p-I F-¶ \-¼q-Xn-cn I-hn-I-fp-sS
kz-`m-hw sN-dp-tÈ-cn \n-e-\nÀ-¯p-Ibpw Cu {]h-W-X `m-j-bp-sS-bpw
hr-¯-kw-Ko-X-¯n-sâbpw X-e-§-fn-te-¡v hym-]n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp. C-{]-Im-cw
\-¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ C-Xn-hr-¯-¯nÂ am-{Xw \-S¯n-b \m-tSm-Sn kw-kv-Im-c-k-¦e-\w
sN-dp-tÈ-cn cq-]-¯n-epw DÄ-s¡m-Ån¨p. \-¼q-Xn-cn I-hn-IÄ {]-ZÀ-in-¸n¨p-t]m-¶
`m-h-\m-]-cam-b kzm-X-{ýw sN-dp-tÈ-cn \n-e-\nÀ¯n. ]s£, a-Wn-{]-hm-f-I-hn-IÄ
sN-bv-XXp-t]m-se `m-h\-sb Zp-cp-]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯m³ A-t±-lw H-cp-§n-bnÃ.
kw-t`m-K-irw-Km-c-¯n-sâ B-hn-jv-Imc-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw sN-dp-tÈ-cn
a-Wn-{]hm-f I-hn-bm-bn am-dp¶-Xp Im-Wmw. “.....k-`y-X-bp-sS B-`y-´-c-¯nÂ \n-¶v
A-ev-]w sh-fn-¡p Nm-Sn-t¸m-bn-«p-s”-¶m-Wv C-Xn-s\¸-än km-ln-Xy-]-©m-\-\³
A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv.
]m-«p-{]-Øm-\-¯n-se Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS C-Xn-hr-¯w BÀ-j-kw-kv-Im-c-s¯m-Sp
_-Ô-s¸-«-Xm-W-tÃm. C-{]-Imcw BÀ-tj-Xn-hr¯-s¯ kzo-I-cn-¨v sN-dp-tÈ-cn
{Zm-hn-U- I-hn-Xm]m-c-¼-cy-s¯ hn-I-kn-¸n¨p. I-hn-Xm-a-Þe-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨v
A-Npw-_n-X-am-bn-cp-¶ \m-tSm-Sn-`m-j-bp-sS- ku-c-`yhpw \m-tSm-Sn-hr-¯-¯n-sâ
lr-Z-b-kv-]À-in-Xbpw a-\-Ên-em-¡n DÄ-s¡m-Ån-¨-Xm-Wv sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bp-sS t\-«w.
sN-dp-tÈ-cn a-Wn-{]hm-f I-hn-IÄ-¡v `m-j-tbm-Sp-m-bn-cp-¶ Ku-c-h-anÃm-¯
k-ao-]-\-t¯mSpw, hn-t\m-tZm-]m-Zn F-¶ a-t\m-`m-h-t¯m-Spw, Im-Sp-I-b-dp-¶
`mh-\-tbm-Spw, kp-J-tem-ep]-X-tbmSpw Ipsd-sbms¡ A-I¶pw D-bÀ¶pw
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 14
\n-e-bp-d-¸n-¨v `m-jm-I-hnX-sb Ip-d-¨p-Iq-Sn Ku-c-h-¯nÂ Ip. C{]-Im-cw ]m-«p
-{]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ hn-Im-k-L«-s¯ {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡m³ sN-dp-tÈ-cn-¡v I-gn-ªp.
 Irjv-W-Km-Ybpw tI-c-fo-b-Xbpw
Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS C-Xn-hr-¯-¯n-\v {Km-ao-Wam-b ]-Ým¯-ew sN-dp-tÈ-cn
\ÂIn. A-¼m-Sn-bp-sSbpw hr-µm-h-\-¯n-sâbpw A-´-co-£w Ir-Xn-¡v \m-tSm-Sn
kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ ku-µ-cy-hpw em-fn-Xyhpw \ÂIn. tI-c-fo-b-{Km-a-¯n-sâ
kz-Ñ-µam-b A-´-co-£-¯nÂ {Km-ao-W-kw-kv-Im-c-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv
Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ Ir-jv-W³ {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. ‘Hm-W-hnÃv Rm-Wäp-
t]m-I-cp-sX¶v’ ]n-Xm-hn-s\ HmÀ-½n-¸n-¡p-¶ k-µÀ-`-¯n-epw, ‘F³ I-Wn
Im-tW-Ww \n-§-fn-s¶Ãm-cpw' F-¶v sNmÃn ho-Sp-tXmdpw tIm-gn
Iq-Ip-t¼mÄ ]m-Sn-sIm-p \-S-¡p-¶ k-µÀ-`-¯nepw tI-c-fo-b-{Km-ao-W
-kw-kv-Im-c-t¯m-sS {]-Xy-£s - ¸-Sp-¶ Ir-jv-W-s\-bm-Wv Im-Wp-¶Xv.
Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bn-se tI-c-fo-b-X-bv-¡v D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wn-h-sbÃmw.
Ip-©³-\-¼ym-cpw, ]mTIw, Iq-¯v , Iq-Sn-bm-«w Xp-S-§n-b-h A-h-X-cn-¸n¨p-t]m-¶
I-em-Im-c³-amcpw k-aIm-e km-aqln-I hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-\p th-n-bm-Wv ]p-cm-W-
I-Y-I-fnÂ tI-c-fo-b-X I-eÀ-¯n-bn-cp-¶Xv. A-hn-sS-bm-Wv lmkyw I-s-¯m³
I-gn-bp-¶Xv. Ip-©³- \-¼ym-cnÂ Iq-Sp-X-em-bn I-p-h-cp-¶
lm-ky-]m-c-¼-cy-¯n-sâ kz-`m-hw C-Xm-Wv hy-à-am-¡p-¶Xv. F-¶mÂ
k-a-Im-e-hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-sâ B-t£-]- kz-c-anÃm-sX-bm-Wv tI-c-fo-b-X-bpw
ip-²-lm-kyhpw Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. ]p-cm-tW-Xnlm-k
C-Xn-hr-¯-¯nÂ tI-c-fo-b-X I-eÀ-¯p-¶ co-Xn a-Wn-{]-hm-f-I-hn-IÄ
(N-¼q-Im-c-·mÀ) kzo-I-cn-¨n-«pv. Ir-jv-WKm-Y a-Wn-{]hm-f I-hn-X-bm-Im-sX X-s¶
taÂ-¸-d-ª {]-Im-cw tI-c-fo-b-X DÄ-s¡mp.
 A-e-¦m-c{]-tbm-K Nm-Xpcyw
Im-hy-¯n-\v _m-lyhpw B-´-ch - pam-b ku-µcyw ]-IÀ-¶p-\Â-¡p-I
F-¶-Xm-Wv A-e-¦m-c§ - -fp-sS [À-½w. i-Ð-m-e-¦m-c-§Ä sIm-v I-hn-X-bp-sS
i-Ð-Xe-s¯ a-t\m-l-c-am-¡p-Ibpw AÀ-°m-e-¦mc--§Ä sIm-v I-hn-X-bpsS
hm-NymÀ°-s¯ k-¼-¶-am-¡p-Ibpw sNbv-X a-Wn-{]hm-f I-hn-I-fp-sS
Imhy-ssi-en-X-s¶-bm-Wv sN-dp-tÈ-cnbpw ]n-´p-S-cp-¶Xv. Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bn-em-sI 1142
A-e-¦m-c-§-fpv. A-h-bn-Â 14 - F-®w am-{X-am-Wv `m-K-h-X-¯nÂ \n-¶pw
sN-dp-tÈ-cn kzo-I-cn-¨n-«p-ÅXv. ti-jn-¨ 1128 F-®hpw G-sd-¡p-sd I-hn-bp-sS
kz-´-amWv. `m-K-h-X-¯n-se X-s¶ A-e-¦m-c-§Ä \n-tj-[n-¨p X-sâ h-I
A-e-¦m-c-§Ä kw-tbm-Pn-¸n-¨v tNÀ-¡p-I-bm-Wv I-hn-bp-sS coXn.
1. i-Ðm-e-¦m-c§Ä
Im-hy-¯n-\v kw-Ko-Xm-ß-I-Xbpw {i-hW-kp-Jhpw ]-IÀ-¶p-\Â-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv
i-Ðm-e-¦m-c§Ä. km-[m-c-W ]m-«p-Ir-Xn-I-sf-t¸m-se X-s¶ i-Ðm-e-¦m-c-§Ä-¡v
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 15
G-sd {]m-[m\yw sN-dp-tÈ-cn \Â-Ip-¶pv. i-Ðm-e-¦m-c-§-fp-sS Iq-«-¯nÂ
Zzn-Xo-bm-£-c-{]m-kw G-sd B-hÀ-¯n-¨p Im-Wp¶p. a-äp {]m-k-§Ä-s¡m-¸w Nn-e
Zn-¡nÂ Xr-Xo-bm-£-c-{]m-khpw Zo-£n-¨p Im-Wp¶p. Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ Ihn,
hÀ-®§-sf B-hÀ-¯n-¨v A-\p-{]m-khpw ]-Z§-sf B-hÀ-¯n-¨v b-a-Ihpw am-dn
am-dn {]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶pv. sN-dp-tÈ-cn C-{]-Im-cw i-Ðm-e¦m-c-§-fp-]-tbm-Kn¨v,
{Zmhn-UIm-hy-kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâbpw \m-tSm-Sn Km-\ ]m-c-¼-cy -¯n-sâbpw
A-´À-`m-h§-sf B-hm-ln-¨p-sIm-v X-sâ Imhyw {i-h-W-a-[p-chpw kw-Ko-Xm-ß-
I-hp-am-¡n am-än-bn-cn-¡p¶p.
“A-{Iq-c-s\-s¶m-cp t]-cm-bn \n-¶psÅm---
c-{Iq-c-s\-§m\pw sIm-p-t]m-bmÂ”
F-¶o h-cn-I-fnÂ ‘A-{Iqc³' F-¶ ]-Zw B-hÀ-¯n-¡p-¶-Xn-eq-sS ba-Iw

A-e-¦m-c-am-Wv I-hn \-S-¸m-¡p-¶Xv.
2. AÀ-°m-e-¦mcw
Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ AÀ-°m-e-¦m-c-§Ä-¡pw G-sd {]m-[m-\yw
\Â-In-bn-cn-¡p¶p. hn-ti-jn-¨pw DÂ-t{]-£-bp-sS I-hn-bm-Wv sN-dp-tÈ-cn.
C-¡mcyw D-ÅqÀ C-{]-Im-cw hy-à-am-¡p-¶p: “{]-tXy-In-¨pw DÂ-t{]-£m
IÂ-¸-\-bnÂ A-t±-l-¯n-\p-Å Øm-\w A-Zzn-Xo-b-am-Ip¶p. AXp-sIm-p
-X-s¶-bmWv ‘D-]-am-Im-fn-Zm-kky' F-¶-t]mse ‘DÂ-t{]-£m Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bmw'
F-s¶m-cp B-`m-W-I-ap-Å-Xpw”.
“C-µn-c-X-¶p-sS ]p-©n-cnbm-sbm-cp
N-{µn-I-sa-¿nÂ ]-c-¡-bmse
]m-em-gn sh-Å-¯nÂ ap-§n-\n-¶o-Sp-¶
\o-em-`-am-bpÅ ssi-ew t]mse”
F-¶ {io-Irjv-W hÀ-®-\ sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bp-sS D-Â-t{]-£m-e-¦mc-¯n-\p
-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.
 hÀ-®-\IÄ
A-Ir-{Xn-aam-b Øq-e-hÀ®-\-sIm-v h-f-sc-tb-sd B-IÀ-j-Iam-b Ir-Xn-bm-Wv
Ir-jv-W-Km-Y. F-ń-sâbpw ku-µ-cy-s¯ hn-i-Z-am-bn hÀ-®n-¨v Nm-cn-XmÀ-°y
-a-S-§p-¶ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-I-hn-I-fp-sS hÀ-®-\m-]m-S-h-am-Wv sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bnepw
Im-Wp-¶Xv. Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bn-se hÀ-®-\-I-fp-sS {]-tXy-I-X A-Xn-sâ
k-a-{K-X-bmWv.
1. I-Ym-]m-{X-hÀ®-\
Ir-jvW-s\ {][m-\ I-Ym-]m-{X-am-¡n Ir-jv-WKm-Y c-Nn-¨ sN-dp-tÈ-cn
I-Ym-K-Xn-bnÂ I-S-¶p-h-cp-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-§-sf-sbÃmw hn-i-Z-am-bn hÀ-®n-¡p¶p.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 16
kv-{Xo-hÀ-®-\-IÄ an-I-hm-dpw kq-£v-a-hÀ-®-\-I-fmWv. Nn-e kv-{Xo-hÀ-®-\-IÄ
a-Wn-{]hm-f Im-hy§-sf A-\p-kv-a-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-h-bmWv. I-Ym-]m-{X§-sf
km-[m-c-Wo-I-cn-¨v hn-iz-k-\o-ba- mw hn-[w A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bp-sS
ssien. cq-]-hÀ-®-\ am-{XaÃ, {]-W-b-_² - cmb kv-{Xo-I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS
Aw-K-§-fnÂ an-¶n-a-d-bp-¶ `m-h§-sf B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw sN-dp-tÈ-cn
k-aÀ-°-\m-Wv. C-{]-Im-cw cq-]-X-e-s¯-bpw `m-h-X-e-s¯-bpw
hy-à-am-¡m³ ]-cy-m]v-Xam-b hÀ-®-\-bm-Wv sN-dp-tÈ-cn \-S-¯p-¶Xv.
2. kw-`m-j-W hÀ®-\
Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS I-Ym-LS-\, h-fÀ-¶p hn-I-kn-¡p¶-Xv I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS
kw-`m-j-W-§-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Im-hy-§-fnÂ kw-`m-j-W-§Ä D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn-
eq-sS Im-hyw B-IÀ-j-I-am-Ip¶p. Iq-Sm-sX kw-`m-j-W-§-fn-eq-sS cq-]-s¸-Sp-¶
\m-SIo-b aq-lqÀ-¯-§Ä Im-hy-s¯ B-kzm-Z-I-c-am-¡n-¯oÀ-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p.
Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ D-S-\o-f-am-bn [m-cm-fw kw-`m-j-W-§Ä Im-Wm³ I-gn-bp¶p.
kw-`m-j-W-§-fn-eq-sS Im-hy-s¯ B-IÀ-j-I-am¡p-I F-¶ X{´w a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ
G-ähpw hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn {]-tbm-Kn-¨ I-hn-bm-Wv sN-dp-tÈcn.
“\o-bm-cm-¶n§-s\ tNm-Zn-¨m-\-t¶cw
am-b-h-\m-bp-Å \m-·p-J³ Xm³
{k-j-Sm-hv Rm-s\-¶p sNmÃn-\m-\-t¶-cw
]-«m-§m-bv \n-¶p-Å \m-·p-J\pw
{k-ãm-sh-¶n§-s\ sNm¶-Xp tI-«-t¸mÄ
{k-ãm-hm-bv \n-¶-h³ sNm-¶m³ ]ns¶
{k-ãm-hm-bv \n¶-Xv Rm-\tÃm \o-bÃ
s]m-«m \o Rm-s\-¶v sNm-¶-sXt´?”
C-{]-Im-cw kw-`m-j-W-¯nÂ ssI h-¶n-cn-¡p-¶ kzm-`m-hn-I-Xbpw em-fn-Xyhpw
A-Xn-sâ tim`-sb ]-Xn³-aS-§v hÀ-²n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p.
3. hm-Mv-a-b-Nn-{X hÀ®-\
sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bp-sS hm-Mv-a-b-Nn-{X-]mS-hw Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bv-¡v Zr-iy-am-\w
\Â-Ip-¶pv. {io-Ir-jvW-sâ _m-e-eo-e-IÄ hm-Õ-ey-`m-hw I-eÀ-¯n
^-en-X-¯nÂ s]m-Xn-ªv A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶ cw-K-§Ä ap-gp-h-\pw Im-hy-¯n-\v
Zr-iy-am-\w \Â-Ip¶p. ]n-d-¶pho-W {io-Ir-jvW-sâ cq-]w 58 h-cn-I-fnÂ
hn-i-Z-am-bn hÀ-®n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. C-Xv Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bn-se Ir-jvW-sâ D-Pz-e-hpw
k-a-{K-hp-am-b hm-Mv a
- -b Nn-{X hÀ-®-\-bv-¡v D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.
 c-k-`m-h§Ä
C-Xn-hr-¯w ]p-cm-tW-Xn-lm-k-am-b-Xn-\mÂ `-àn `m-h-¯n-\v Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ
Øm-\-apv. F-¶mÂ `-àn-tb-¡mÄ irw-Km-cw, lm-kyw F-¶o c-k-§Ä-¡m-Wv
sN-dp-tÈ-cn Du-¶Â \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. kv-t\-l-\n-[nbm-b H-cp am-Xm-hn-sâ
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 17

Zr-ãn-bn-eq-sS Ir-jv-W-eo-e-IÄ B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-¶ Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ
hm-Õ-ey-`m-h-¯n\pw Øm-\-ap-Å-Xm-bn Im-Wmw.
1. `-àn `m-hw Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ
{io-Ir-jvW-sâ a-l-Xz-¯n-sâ t\À-¡v kw-kv-Ir-Xm-\-`n-Úcm-b km-[m-c-W
P-\-§-fp-sS I-®pXp-d-¸n-¡p-Ibpw A-h-cp-sS lr-Z-b-§-fnÂ Ir-jv-W`-àn
th-cp-d-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶-Xn-\m-Wv sN-dp-tÈ-cn Ir-jv-WKm-Y c-Nn-¨-Xv. Km-Y
ap-àn-amÀ-¤-¯n-\p-Å-Xm-sW¶vv sN-dp-tÈ-cn X-s¶ Im-hy-¯nÂ hy-à-am-¡p-¶pv.
“\nÀK-Xn ]q-p-Å hr-£§ - Ä-s¡Ãmta
kÂK-Xn \Â-In-\m³ Km-Y-sImt
`-à³-am-cm-bp-tÅm-cp-¯-a³-am-cpsS
Nn-¯hpw Nm-se-¡p-fnÀ-¸n-¨pS³
apà-n-sb-¯-s¶bpw \Â-In \n-¶o-Sn-\m³
D-¯-a-Km-Y-sb-s¡m-p Xm-\pw”
C-{]-Im-cw `-àn-Im-hy-sa-¶-\n-e-bn-ep-Å Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS {]m-[m\yw I-hn
hy-à-am-¡p¶p.
`-K-hm-sâ ssh-Ip-WvT-{]m-]v-Xn-bnÂ {_-Òm-hv, C-{µ³, E-jn-amÀ,
A-izn-\o-tZ-h-·mÀ, B-Zn-Xy³, h-kp¡Ä, in-h³ F-¶n-hÀ `àn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn
kv-Xp-Xn-¡p-¶p-v. sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bp-sS ]m-Þn-Xy-hpw D-Zm-¯I-h-\Iu-i-ehpw
H-¯n-W-§n-b 500 h-cn-IÄ I-hn-bp-sS `-àn-¡v D-¯-a D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. Cu
kv-Xp-Xn-hyq-lw I-hn-bp-sS kz-´w ky-ãn-bp-amWv.
2. irwK-m-cw
`m-K-hX-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n c-Nn-¨ H-cp X-t¯m-]tZ-i Im-hy-am-Wv
Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-sb-¦n-epw, ]-e-t¸mgpw Im-hy-¯nÂ `-àn-tb-¡mÄ I-hn-ªv
irw-Km-cw Im-Wp¶p. Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bn-se ir-wKm-c-{]-Xn-]mZ-\w k-`y-X-bp-sS
A-XnÀ-h-c-¼p-IÄ ew-Ln-¡p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. Im-hy-¯nÂ s]m-Xp-sh
hn-{]-ew-`-irw-Km-c-¯n-\m-Wv {]m-[m-\y-sa-¦nepw kw-t`m-K- ir-wKm-c-hÀ-®-\
cm-k-{Io-U-bnÂ A-Xn-sâ ]qÀ-®-X-bnÂ F-¯n-t¨-cp-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw.
k-`y-X-bp-sS A-XnÀ-h-c-¼p-IÄ ew-Ln-¨ {]-kvXp-X hÀ-®-\m-`m-Kw
a-Wn-{]-hm-f-I-hn-IÄ sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bnÂ sN-ep¯n-b kzm-[o-\-¯n-sâ
D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. “k-`y-X-bp-sS B-`y-´-c-¯nÂ \n-¶v A-ev-]w sh-fn-¡q
Nm-Sn-t¸m-bn-«ps” ¶m-Wv C-Xn-s\¸-än km-ln-Xy-]-©m-\³ ]-d-bp-¶-Xv.
3. ^-enXw
Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS c-kn-I-X-bv¡pw B-IÀ-j-Wo-b-X-bv¡pw ap-Jy Imc-Ww
A-XnÂ \nd-ªp \nÂ-¡p-¶ \-¼q-Xn-cn ^-en-X-am-Wv. kp-`-{Zbpw AÀ-Öp-\\pw
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 18

X-½n-ep-f-f {]-W-b-k-µÀ-`-§-fnÂ s]m-«n-¨n-cn-¸n-¡p-¶ ^-en-X-§Ä Im-Wm³
I-gn-bpw.
“{k-ãm-hm-bv \n¶-Xv Rm-\-tÃm \obÃ
s]m-«m \o Rm-s\-¶v sNm-¶-sXt´?”
F-¶n§-s\ am-bm-kr-ãnbm-b {_-Òmhpw b-YmÀ-° {_-Òm-hpw X-½n-ep-f-f
kw-`mj-Ww ^-en-X-¯n-\v D-¯-a am-Xy-I-bmWv.
s]m-«n-¨n-cn-¸n-¡p-¶ ^-en-X-§-sf-¡mÄ ]p-©n-cn-bn-em-Wv sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bp-sS {i-²
G-sd ]-Xn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. ]-Þn-X-·mÀ-¡v AÀ-°-¯n-sâ B-g-§-fn-te-¡v
C-d-§n-sNÃp-t¼mÄ A-\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-Ip-¶ lm-ky-hpw, H-ä-hm-b-\-bnÂ
km-[m-c-W-¡mc-\v A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶ lm-kyhpw Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ sN-dp-tÈ-cn
{]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«pv.
X-sâ k-am-cm-[y\m-b `-K-hm-s\¯-s¶ ]-cn-l-kn-¡p-hm³ k-µÀ-`w In-«n-bmÂ
sN-dp-tÈ-cn hn-«p-I-f-bm-dnÃ. b-h\-s\ Xm-\Ã h-[n-t¡-Xv F-¶v
A-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-¶ Ir-jv-W³ i-{Xp-hn-s\ H-gn-hm-¡m³ Hm-Sp¶p.
“]m-ªp Xp-S-§n-\m³ ]¦-P-tem-N-\³
Nm-sªm-cp \Âh-gn X-¶n-eqsS
]mª-Xp I-sm-cp ssh-cn-bpw ]n-¶mse
]m-ªp-Xp-S-§n-\m³ ]m-c-a-t¸mÄ
‘]m-bm-sX ]m-bm-sX ImÀ-ap-InÂ hÀ-W’sc
t]m-bm-bn-t¸m-bn \o-sb-ń-§ns\ ?”
sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bp-sS Cu-iz-c-kv-Xp-Xn-I-fnÂ t]m-epw Nn-e-t¸mÄ ^-en-Xw IS-¶p
Iq-Sm-dpv. tKm-hÀ-²-t\m-²m-c-W-L-«-¯nÂ “sh-®-Npa-¶p io-en¨ ssI-¿v Ip-¶p
Np-a-¡p-t¼mÄ t\m-hp-¶nsÃ'' F-¶v {io-Ir-jv-W-t\m-Sv \m-c-Z³ tNm-Zn-¡p¶
tNmZyw C-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.
4. hm-Õ-eyw
hm-Õ-ey-`m-hm-hn-jv-I-c-W-¯nÂ sN-dp-tÈ-cn-tbm-fw anI-hv {]-I-Sn-¸n-¨ I-hn-IÄ
hn-c-f-am-Wv. tKm-Ip-e-¯n-sâ ]-Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ {io-Ir-jvW-sâ
ssi-i-h-_m-ey-§Ä hÀ-®n-¨m- hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-¶ sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bnÂ ap-¶n-«v
\nÂ-¡p¶-Xv am-Xr-`m-h-am-Wv. 516 h-cn-I-fnÂ Ir-jvW-sâ ssi-i-h-eoe
k-a-{K-ambpw k-Po-h-ambpw hÀ-®n-¡p¶p. Ir-jvW-s\ a-e-bm-fn-I-fp-sS
lr-Z-b-¯nÂ {]-Xn-jvTn-¡m³ {]-kvXp-X k-µÀ-`w Im-cW - -am-bn-«pv.
“A-Ñ-s\-t¸m-se-bp-Sp-¡p-t¶-s\-¶n«v
\Âtë sIm--§p-Sp¡pw \-¶mbv
am-\n-¨p \n-¶-Ñ³ Ip-¼nSpw t\c¯þ
§m-\ I-fn¡pw ap-Xp-In-tedn
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 19
þþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþ
am-cn sNm-cn-bp-¶ t\c-¯p tIm-Sn-bnÂ
t\tc-t]m-bv \o-scÃm-taÂ¡pw sa-¿nÂ
I-t¿-¸n-Sn-¸m-\m-bm-tc-epw sNmÃp-t¼mÄ
At¿m sb-¶n§-s\ Iq«pw Xn-®w”
F-¶n§-s\ hm-Õ-ey-`mhm-hn-jv-I-c-W-¯nÂ sN-dp-tÈ-cn ssh-Z-Kv[yw
{]-I-Sn-¸n-¡p¶p.
 Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bn-se \m-tSm-Sn-¯-ap-{Z-IÄ
a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-sâbpw ]m-«n-sâ-bpw Aw-i§Ä Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ
F-{X-t¯m-f-ap-s-¶v I-p-I-gnªp. C-h-sb-¡q-Sm-sX \m-tSm-Sn-¯-ap-{ZIÄ
Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bn-epv.
1. Xm-cm-«p-]m«v, kw-L-I-fn-¸m«v, `-c-Wn-¸m-«v ]-eX-cw kw-L-Km-\-§Ä C-h-bn-eq-sS
tI-c-fo-bÀ-¡p kp-]-cn-Nn-Xam-b hr-¯-¯n-\p-ÅnÂ Km-\m-ß-I-X-bp-sS
ssh-hn-[y-km-[y-XI-sf ]-co-£n-¡m³ k-lm-b-Iam-b Oµ-Êv
\m-tSm-Sn-kw-kvImc-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å O-µ-Êm-Wv
a-Rv-P-co-hr-¯-¯n-\p-ÅXv.
2. Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-m-{]-Xn-]m-Z-\-¯nÂ Ø-e-Im-e-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨v Hu-Nn-Xy-t¯m-sS
C-W-¡n-t¨À¯n-«p-Å X-t±-io-b-Xm-L-S-I-§Ä \m-tSm-Sn -kw-kv-I-c-¯n-\p
-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
(DZm: tIm-a-chpw ]m-h-I-fnbpw B-\-¡mcpw I-Wn-Im-W-epw Im-gv-N-h-bv-¡epw
a-äpw)
3. hm-sam-gn-bp-sS ku-µcyw Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ Im-Wmw. kw-km-c-`m-j-mcq-]-§Ä
A-tX-]-Sn-bm-Wv Km-Y-bnÂ {]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Im-Nym-]mÂ, B-tc-epw,
sIm-¶v, ]-t-h³ F¶n-h D-Zm-l-cWw.
4. \m-S³ {]-tbm-K-§fpw ]-g-s©mÃp-Ifpw G-sd I-p-h-cp¶p. Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ
ap-«n-\p ap-«n-\p Im-Wp-¶ {]-tbm-K-hn-ti-j-§-fnÂ C-¡m-e¯pw
\n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶-h [m-cmf-apv.
• Im-f-bp--§q-«p s]-äp-In-S-¡p¶p
• A-§m-Sn-t¯m-en-b§-½-tbm-Smbv
• th-en-Xm³ sN-¶p hn-f-Xn-¶p t]m-cp-¶ Imew
F-¶n§-s\ Km-Ym-Imc-sâ Aw-Ko-Imcw e-`n-¨v ]n³-X-e-ap-d-I-fn-te-¡v ]-IÀ-¶
Dàn-sshNn- {Xy-§Ä \n-c-h-[n-bmWv.
5. {]m-tZ-in-I-ap-{Z-bp-Å {]m-No-\-]-Z{]-tbm-K§Ä
h-f-sc-tb-sd {]m-No-\-]-Z{]-tbm-K§Ä Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ Im-Wmw.
A-h ]-e-Xpw {]m-tZin-I ap-{Z-bp-Å-h-bmWv. \m-tSm-Sn Po-hn-X-¯n-sâbpw
{Km-ao-W- kw-`m-j-W-¯n-sâbpw Po-h³ Xp-Sn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv Km-Y-bn-se
C¯-cw ]Z {]-tbm-K§Ä
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 20

XpÅp-I > NmSp-I
Xn-«-Xn > ]-cn-{àw
hÃp-I > A-`y-kn¡p-I
C > Iq«w
F¶n-h D-Zm-l-c-W-§Ä
6. hn-Im-c-§-fp-sS kz-Ñ-µ-{]-hm-lw \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS kz-`m-h-amWv. I-hn
`m-h-\-bp-sS C-S-X-S-hnÃm-¯ {]-hm-l-¯n-eq-sS cq-]-s¸-Sp-¶ A-Ir-{Xna ssi-en
\m-S³]m-«pI-sf B-IÀ-j-I-am-¡p¶p. \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶
A-Ir-{Xn-aam-b hm-IyL-S-\ Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnepw Im-Wmw.
 Km-Ym-{]-Øm-\w ]nÂ-¡me-¯v
an-¡-{]-Øm-\-§-fnepw H-cp {]-Øm-\-\m-b-I-\p-m-hp-Ibpw A-Xn-s\-
¯p-SÀ-¶v X-e-apd-I-tfm-fw \o-p \nÂ-¡p-¶ A-\p-IÀ-¯m-¡-fp-sS H-cp \n-c
kr-ãn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-I F¶-Xv \-½p-sS I-hn-Xm-cwK-¯v B-hÀ-¯n-¨p Im-Wp-¶
Zr-iy-amWv. F-¶mÂ C¯-c-sam-cp h-fÀ-¨ Km-Ym-{]-Øm-\-¯n-\v e-`y-am-bnÃ.
Ir-jv-W-Km-Y Iq-SmsX Cu {]-Øm-\-¯n-\v e-`n-¨ kw-`m-h-\-IÄ hf-sc
\n-Êm-c-amWv. Km-Ym-{]-Øm-\-¯nÂ c-m-a-Xpm-b `m-c-X-Km-Y-bv-¡v ti-j-ap-Å
\o- \n-i-ÐX-sb `-RvPn¨p-sImv ‘`m-K-h-X-Km-Y' F-¶ t]-cnÂ
Km-Ym-{]-Øm-\-¯n-\v sNdn-b kw-`m-h-\-\Â-Inb-Xv sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ
sIm-¨p-®n-¯-¼p-cm-\mWv. sN-dp-tÈ-cn-¡-hn-X-bp-sS ]-e {]-tXy-I-Xbpw
sh-×-Wn-¡-hn-X-I-fnÂ Im-Wm-am -bn-cp¶p. ]t£ hr-¯-¯n-sâ Im-cy-¯nÂ
am{Xw hy-Xn-bm-\w Im-Wp¶p. sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bp-sS Im-hy-ZÀ-i-\-¯n-\v k-am-\am-b
H-¶v ]n-¶o-Sv 20þmw \q-äm-nÂ h-Å-t¯m-fn-em-Wv Im-Wp-¶Xv. a-RvP-cn
hr-¯-¯nÂ c-Nn-¡-s¸-« I-hn-X-I-fnÂ h-Å-t¯mÄ-¡-hn-X-bp-sS ku-µ-cyhpw
ku-`m-Kyhpw A-Xn-sâ ]-cn-]qÀ-®m -h-Ø-bnÂ sX-fn-ªp Im-Wmw. C-{]-Im-cw
`m-c-X-Km-Y, `m-K-h-X-Km-Y, Kn-cnKm-Y F-¶o Ir-Xn-Ifpw h-Å-t¯m-fn-sâ N{I-Km-Y,
k-XyKm-Y F-¶o I-hnX-Ifpw am-{X-am-Wv Km-Ym-{]-Øm-\-¯nÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp-¶
Ir-XnIÄ. A-ªq-dp-hÀ-jw sIm-pm-b kw-`m-h-\-bm-sW-¶v ]-d-bp-t¼mÄ
C-Xn-sâ \n-Êm-c-X hy-à-am-Ip-¶p.
 ]cm-P-b-ImcWw
cq-]-]-camb ssi-Yn-eyw Km-Ym-{]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ ]-cm-P-b-tl-Xp-¡-fnÂ
{]-[m-\-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. a-RvP-cn hr-¯-¯n-se Ir-Xn-IÄ am-{Xta Cu
{]-Øm-\-¯n-epÄ-s¸-«n-cp-¶pÅq. H-cp hr-¯-¯nÂ am{Xw c-Nn-¡-p-I F-¶-XnÂ
H-Xp-§p-t¼mÄ B {]-Øm-\-¯n-\v \n-e-\nÂ-¸p-m-Ip-I-bnÃ F¶-Xv
kz-`m-hn-I-amWv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 21

ap-³-Im-e-hÀ-j- tNm-Zy§Ä
1. `m-jm-km-ln-Xy-¯n-se sX¡pw h-S¡pw t`-Z-§-sf I-®-È-Ir-Xn-Ifpw
Ir-jv-W-Km-Ybpw {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶p-tm? (2017)
2. Zr-iy`m-j F-¶ \n-e-bnÂ Xp-ÅÂ-Ir-Xn-I-fn-se Im-hy-`m-j-bp-sS {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ
A-h-temI-\w sN-¿pI. (2017)
3. `m-jm kmw-kv-Imcn-I cw-K-§-fn-Â \nc-Ww I-hn-IÄ Xp-S-§n-h-¨ ]-cn-jv-
Ic-Ww ]qÀ-®-X-bnÂ F-¯p-¶-Xv F-gp-¯-Ñ-\n-emWv. NÀ-¨-sN-¿pI. (2016-C)
4. kw-t£-]-W I-e-bp-sS a-l¯m-b hn-P-b-am-Wv I-®-È-cm-am-bW-s¯
A-hn-kv-a-c-Wo-b -am-¡p-¶-XvþD-Zm-l-c-W-§Ä \Â-In k-aÀ-°n-¡p-I. (2015-C)
5. ‘Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-'bv-¡v Ip-SnÂ-sXm-«v sIm-«m-cw h-sc {]-Nm-cw e-`n-¡m³
k-lm-b-I-am-bn-¯oÀ-¶ L-S-I-§Ä F-s´Ãmw? (2015)
6. Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ e-bn-¨p-tN-À-¶ \m-tSm-Sn-¯-ap-{Z-IÄ F-{X-t¯m-f-ap-s-¶v
I-s-¯p-I (2014-C)
7. \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-IÄ G-h? A-h-bv-¡v a-ebm-f I-hn-Xm-N-cn-{X-¯n-ep-Å Øm-\w
F´v? (2014)
8. ‘Ip-tN-e-hr¯w' h-©n-¸m-«n-sâ au-en-I-X F-´v? (2013-C)
9. aebm-f-¯n-se B-Zy a-lm-Im-hy-am-bn Ir-jv-W-KmY-sb ]-cn-K-Wn¡m-tam?
(2013-C)
10. {]m-No-\-a-ebm-f I-hn-Xm km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ 'cm-a-N-cnXw' F-¶ Ir-Xn-bv-¡p-Å
Øm-\w F-´v? (2011-C)
11. ]m-«p-`m-j-bv-¡v I-®-È-cm-am-bWw, Ir-jv-W-Km-Y, A-²ym-ß-cm-amb-Ww
C-h-bn-eq-sS Dm-b {I-an-Iam-b ]-cn-Wm-a-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v NÀ-¨-sN-¿p-I. (2011)
12. Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS B-IÀ-j-I-Xz-¯n-\p \n-Zm-\am-b L-S-I-§Ä A-]-{K-Yn-¡p-I.
(2006)
13. {]mNo-\ a-Wn-{]hm-f Ir-XnIÄ, Ir-jv-W-Km-Y, Xp-ÅÂ Ir-Xn-IÄ F-¶n-h-bnÂ
{]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶ lm-kyw D-t±-iy-¯nepw kz-`m-h-¯nepw G-sXÃmw X-c-¯nÂ
hy-Xym-kw {]-ZÀ-in-¸n-¡p-¶p F-¶p kv-]-ã-am-¡p-I. (2003)
14. kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-se ]p-cm-tW-Xn-lm-k-§-fp-sS `m-jm-kw-t£-]-¯n-sâ hy-Xykv-X
ap-J-§-fm-Wv Ir-jv-W-Km-Y, In-fn-¸m-«pIÄ, Xp-ÅÂ-Ir-Xn-IÄ F-¶n-h. C-h
a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ hn-Im-k-]-cn-Wm-a-§-fnÂ \nÀ-®m-b-Iam-b ]-¦p
h-ln¨-Xv F-§-s\-bm-sW-¶p hn-h-cn-¡p-I. (2001)
15. ]m«n-sâ _m-ly-cq-]w sN-´-an-gv km-ln-Xy-¯n-tâ-Xm-sW-¦n-epw A-´À-`m-hw
kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-tâ-XmWv. k-aÀ-°n-¡p-I. (2000)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 22

t]¸À H-¶v sk-£³ _n
km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw
bq-Wnäv 4.2
a-Wn-{]-hm-fwþ{]m-No-\þa-²yIm-e Ir-XnIÄ
(B-«-¡-YbpwN-¼phpw DÄ-s¸sS)
a-Wn-{]-hm-fkm-lnXyw
{]-[m-\-s¸« a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-sf-¡p-dn¨pw A-h-bp-sS `m-jm-]-cam-b {]-tXy-
I-X-I-sf¡p-dn¨pw t]-¸À H¶v, sk-£³ F-bnÂ bp-Wn-äv 2 (1) Â hn-i-Z-am¡n-b
hkv-Xp-X-bmWv. sk-£³ _n bnÂ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-sâ km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X]-cam-b
]T-\-am-Wv D-t±-in-¡p-¶Xv. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS km-ln-Xy-]-cam-b {]-tXy-I-X-
Ifpw N-cn-{X-]-cam-b {]m-[m-\y-hp-am-Wv C-hn-sS hy-à-am-¡p-¶Xv.
I. {]mNo\a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-IÄ
13þmw iX-Iw ap-XÂ 15þmw iX-Iw h-sc-bpÅ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv
{]mNo\ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-IÄ. `m-j, C-Xn-hr-¯w, c-kw ap-Xem-b Im-cy-§fnÂ
{]mNo-\-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fpw ]nÂ-¡mea-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-Ifpw X-½n-Â hy-Xym-k-
s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p. ssh-in-I-X-{´w, {]m-No\a-Wn-{]-hm-f-N-¼p-¡fm-b D-®n-b-ö-N-cnXw,
D-®n-¨n-cp-tX-ho N-cnXw, D-®n-bm-SoN-cnXw, ]-Zy-c-Xv-\w Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ-s]-Sp-¶ aÃo-\n-
emhv, sN-dnb-¨n ap-X-em-b-hpw, k-tµ-i-Im-hy-§fm-b D-®p-\o-en-k-tµiw, tIm-I-k-
tµ-iw F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å-h-bpw, A-\-´-]p-c-hÀ-®-\hpw G-Xm\pw kv-tXm-{X-§fpw
N-t{µm-Õ-h-hp-am-Wv {]m-No-\-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-IÄ.
1. C-Xn-hr-¯w
a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-XnI-sf {]m-No-\-sa¶pw ]nÂ-¡m-e-sa¶pw thÀ-Xn-cn-¡p-¶-
Xnsâ {]-Y-a-tlXp C-Xn-hr-¯w Xs¶. {]m-No\a-Wn-{]-hm-fIr-Xn-I-sfÃmw X-s¶
kv{Xo-hÀ-®-\m-]-c-amWv. ssh-in-I-X{´w ap-XÂ N-t{µmÕ-hw h-sc-bpÅ a-Wn-{]-
hm-fIr-Xn-I-fp-sS-sbÃmw C-Xn-hr-¯w C-{]-Im-cw kv-{Xo-hÀ-®-\-X-s¶-bmWv. C-XnÂ
\n¶pw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv A-\-´-]p-c-hÀ-®-\-bp-sSbpw kv-tXm-{X-§-fp-sSbpw Im-cyw.
C-h {]mNo\ a-Wn-{]-hm-fIr-Xn-I-fp-sS C-Xn-hr-¯w, c-kw F-¶n-h-bnÂ \n¶pw
hyXy-kv-X-am-bn \n-e-sIm-Åp¶p. t]-cv kq-Nn-¸n-¡pw-t]m-se H-cp th-iym-hnh-c-W
Im-hyam-b ‘ssh-in-I-X-{´’¯nÂ A-\w-Ktk-\ F-¶ sN-dp-a-IÄ-¡v ssh-in-I-X-{´-
§-fp-sS X-¯z-§Ä ap¯-Èn D-]-tZ-in¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv C-Xn-hr¯w. `q-an-bn-se
kp-µ-cn-amcmb tZ-h-Zm-knI-sf A-t\z-jn-¨v Im-am-Xp-c-·mcm-b B-Im-i-Nm-cn-IÄ `q-an-
bnÂ F-¯p-¶-XmWv aq-¶v N-¼p-¡-fn-sebpw C-Xn-hr¯w. C-{]-Im-cw \m-bn-I-am-sc
{]-iw-kn¨p-sIm-s-gpXnb Im-hy-§-fm-Wv {]mNo\ a-Wn-{]-hm-fIr-Xn-I-fnÂ `q-cn-`m-
K-hpw.
2. hÀ-®-\-IÄ
{]-Ir-Xn-hÀ®-\, \m-bn-Im-hÀ®-\, Kr-l-hÀ®-\, A-§m-Sn-hÀ®-\, Ø-e-hÀ-
®-\ F¶n§-s\ hÀ-®-\m-]-c-am-Wv {]mNo\a-Wn-{]-hm-fIr-Xn-I-Ä.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 1

 “tI-XIn-sam-«p I-ssW-¦m-seâmÂ
tI-In-K-f-§Ä ]-em-Xn-IÄ tIgpw
cq-b-a-Wn-¯q¬ Xp-S-b-Xp-saâmÂ
Xp-Shn-b IX-fo Xp-h ]n-SnbmtXm
þþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþ
tIm-ssh-s¨¦-\n hm-a-e-scâmÂ
tIm-]n¡pw \-\p tIm-e-¸-g-Iw” (D-®n-¨n-cp-tX-ho N-cnXw)
F-¶n§-s\ \m-bnI-sb B-]m-Z-Nq-Uw hÀ-®n-¡p-¶ co-Xn-bm-Wv {]mNo\a-Wn-{]-hm-
fIr-Xn-I-Ä-¡p-ÅXv. k-tµ-i-Im-hy-§-fm-bmepw A-ö-N-cn-X-§-fm-bmepw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-
Im-hy-§-fnÂ A-Xm-Xp \m-bn-I-am-sc A-h-c-h-cp-sS \m-Sp-I-fn-se kz-cq]-§-tfm-Sv
_Ô-s¸-Sp-¯n-bm-Wv hÀ-®n-¡p-¶Xv. I-hn-IÄ \m-bn-I-am-À¡v ‘B-Vy-t¸À’ I-Â-
¸n¨p-sIm-Sp-¯n-cp¶p. D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-\v D-®n-bm-Sn-¡p a-mcte-J F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p t]cv.
Cu t]-cn-SÂ {]-h-WX-sb eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³ B-t£-]-kz-c-¯nÂ hn-aÀ-in-¡p-
¶pv.
 D-®n-¨n-cp-tX-hn-bp-sS Kr-l-hÀ-®-\bpw A-Xy-´w hn-i-Z-amWv. s]m-bn-e-¯pÅ
tXm-«p-hmbv¸-Ån F-¶ Kr-lw kp-{]-kn-²-amWv. D-®n-¨n-cp-tX-hn-bp-sS hm-k-Ø-e-am-
WnXv. \r-¯-\m-Sy-hn-ti-j-§-fp-sS C-cn-¸n-S-am-Wv B a-µncw. sh-än-e-s¡m-Sn-I-fpw
ssI-X-¸q-¡fpw Kr-l-]-cnk-c-amsI \n-d-ªv h-f-cp¶p. Kr-lm-¦-W-¯n-se X-Sm-I-
¯nÂ Ip-S-¯m-a-c-IÄ tN-tXm-l-c-am-bn hncnªv \nÂ-¡p¶p. Kr-l-¯n-\v Np-äp-
]mSpw ]-p©-\n-e-amWv. Im-bÂ ao-\p-I-fp-sS \n-c-bm-Ip¶ s]m-¶-c-ªm-Ww A-Wn-
ª-]p-©-\new. F-¶n§-s\ AÀ-°-am-¡p-¶ tIm-«p-hm-bv-¸-Ån-bp-sS hÀ-®-\
AXy´w hn-kv-Xr-X-am-Wv. 13 K-Zy-§Ä sIm-mWv Cu hÀ-®-\ \nÀ-Æ-ln-¨n-«p-ÅXv.
I-hn-bp-sS hÀ-®-\-bn-ep-Å I-¼w {]-I-S-am-¡p-¶ k-µÀ-`-§-fm-Wn-h.
 {]m-No\a-Wn-{]-hm-fIr-Xn-I-fp-sS s]m-Xp-ap-{Z-bm-Wv A-§m-Sn-hÀ®-\.
{io]ÀhXw h-en-b-§m-Sn-bm-Wv D-®n-bm-So-N-cn-X-¯nÂ hÀ-Wn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
A§m-Sn-bnÂ hnÂ-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ h-kv-Xp-¡-fp-sS H-cp ]«n-I aäp a-Wn-{]-hm-fIr-Xn-I-
fn-se-¶-t]m-se C-Xnepw sIm-Sp-¯n-«pv. am-§, tX-§, hm-fp-d, HmSw, C-S-§gn,
No-c, ap-cn-§, I-Z-fn-¡p-e, ao³X-e, I-«nÂ, I¯n, ]-cp-¯n C§-s\ km-[-\-§-fp-sS
F-®w hf-sc \op-t]m-Ip-¶pv. hn-tZ-in-Ifpw kz-tZ-in-I-fpamb I-¨-h-S-¡mÀ
{io]À-h-X-¯nÂ I-¨-h-S-¯n-\v F-¯n-bn-«pv. A-§m-Sn-bnÂ tPm-\-I am-¸n-f-amcpw
A-h-cp-sS ]-Ån-bp-ap-s-¶v H-cp kq-N-\-bp-v. I-¨-h-S-¯n-\p h-¶-h-cmImw Cu
bh-\-·mÀ AY-hm tPm-\-I-·mÀ. A-¡me-s¯ hn-`-h-tijn, ]-Ww sIm-Sp¯p-
sImv km-[-\-§Ä hm-§p-¶ coXn, A-¡me-s¯ \mW-b§Ä, I-¨-h-S-kw-L-
§Ä, tI-c-f-¯n-\v hn-tZ-i-cm-Py-§-fp-am-bp-Å I-¨-h-S-_Ôw, I-¨-h-S-¯n-\p-]-tbm-Kn-
¡p-¶ kz-tZ-io-bhpw hn-tZ-io-b-hpam-b ]-Z-§Ä, A-§m-Sn-bnÂ I-¨h-Sw \-S-¯p-¶-
h-cpsS (k-aq-l-¯n-se Xm-gv-¶ P-\-hn-`m-K-§-fpsS) tN-ã-Ifpw hm-sam-gn h-g-¡-
§fpw F¶n§-s\ N-cn-{X-]-c-hpw, `m-jm-im-kv-{X-]-c-hpw, km-aq-ly-]-c-hpw, km-¼-
¯n-I-]-c-hpam-b Im-cy-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-Å kq-N-\-IÄ A-§m-Sn-hÀ-®-\-I-fn-epv.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 2

“am-§m tX-§m hmfp-d \q-dpIpþ
c-n-I-c-I-tam-S-an-S-§gnþ
ss]-§m a§-en Nq-cÂ Np-c-bv-¡m
Nq-cn-b-Im-´w Nq-c-hn-fn-¼³
No-c -ap-cn-§ a-e-¡n-fn sNm-ev-¡n-fn
hÃ-In hnÃp-aS-¡-S Nn-äp-fn
shän-e Ipn-I In-n ]-fn-§p]pþ
fn-§m ho-Wn-b ]q-Wn N-c-¡p-]þ
gp-¡m In-§n-Wn am-§ h-dp¯-cn” (D-®n-bm-SoN-cnXw)
C-¯-c-¯nÂ A-Xn-hn-kv-Xr-Xam-b A-§m-Sn hÀ-®-\-bm-Wv D-®n-bm-So-N-cn-X-¯nÂ
Im-Wp-¶Xv.
 a-Wn-{]hm-f k-tµ-i-Im-hy-§-fp-sS {]-[m-\-e£yw bm-{Xm-hÀ-®-\-bmWv. hn-c-
l-th-Z-\-bpsS tX-§-epIÄ Hmtcm hÀ-®-\-bnepw ap-g-§-W-sa-¶ \nÀ-_-Ô-
sam¶pw A-hÀ-¡nÃ. Ø-ehÀ®-\w sN-¿p-t¼mÄ {]-[m-\-t£-{X-§sftbm tZ-h-Zm-
ko-Kr-l-§sftbm cm-P-Kr-l-§sftbm ]p-g-Isftbm hn«p-t]m-Im-Xn-cn-¡m³ A-h-À
{i-²n-¡p-¶p. X-¶n-an¯w k-tµ-i-Im-hy-§-fn-se Ø-e-hÀ-®-\-IÄ N-cn-{X-]-chpw
`q-an-im-kv-{X-]-chpw k-aq-l-Po-hn-X-Nn-{X-Wm-ß-I-hpam-b H-t«-sd A-dn-hp-IÄ X-cp¶p.
Xn-cp-h-\-´-]p-cw ap-XÂ I-Sp-¯p-cp-¯n-h-sc-bp-Å {]-tZ-i-§-fp-sS i-Ð-Nn-{X-§Ä
D®p-\o-en k-tµ-i-¯nÂ \n-¶p e-`n-¡p¶p. a-Wn-{]-hm-fIr-Xn-I-fnÂ-sh-¨v G-ä-hp-a-
[n-Iw N-cn-{X-]-chpw Ø-hÀ-®-\m-]-c-hpam-b Im-cy-§-fp-ÅXp-sIm-v D-®p-\o-en-k-
tµiw tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ-¡v A-h-K-Wn-¡m³ h-¿m-¯ H-¶mWv.
3. A-e-¦m-c-§Ä
 i-Ðm-e-¦m-c-§Ä-sImpw AÀ-°m-e-¦m-c-§Ä-sImpw a-t\m-l-c-amWv a-Wn-
{]-hm-f-Im-hy§Ä. A-h-bnÂ i-Ð-ku-µ-cyhpw Xm-fhpw G-ähpw ap-¶n-«p-\nÂ-¡p-
¶Xv {]m-No-\-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fn-emWv. a-Wn-{]-hm-fIr-XnI-sf {]m-No-\-sa¶pw
]nÂ-¡m-e-sa¶pw thÀ-Xn-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v am-\-Z-Þ-am-¡m-hp-¶ H-¶mWv Cu Xm-f-hy-
hØ.
“Zm-ssc-cn-Xhnb tcm-ln-Wn apss-I-yþ
cm-cq-Vw sN-¶p-I-fn¡pw
Xm-cm-]-Yn-\m kÂ-`q-àe-Xm
Km-tc kp-c-`n-Wn sNâp Ip-g-ª-Y” (D-®n-bm-SoN-cnXw)
F-¶m-cw-`n-¡p-¶ K-Zy-¯nÂ B-sI-bp-Å 32 h-cn-bn-sebpw c-ma-s¯ hÀ-Ww
tc^-amWv. H-tc hÀ-®w X-s¶ B-hÀ-¯n-¨n-{]-Im-cw Zzo-Xo-bm-£-c-{]m-k-ap-m-Ip-
¶-Xn-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-§Ä th-sd-bpapv.
“I-f-I-f-an-fIn-\ h-f-sbm-en-hn-chnþ
¯-fn-cn-f-ar-Zp-I-c Ir-X Xp-Sn-Xc-fw
Ip-fn-sNbp-sam-fn-In-fÀ In-fnI-f-sam-gn-amÀ
Ip-fncn-f h-fÀ-ap-e-b-InÂ ]-cn-an-fn-Xw” (D-®n-böN-cnXw)
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 3
C-{]-Im-cw c-N-\m-`w-Kn, i-Ðm-e-¦m-c-{]-Xn-]¯n, Xm-f-kw-Ko-Xw B-Zn-bm-b-h-bnÂ
{i²m-ep-¡-fmWv {]m-No-\a-Wn-{]-hm-f I-hnIÄ. Xm-fw \n-e-\nÀ-¯-W-sa-¶
\nÀ_Ôw aq-ew X-Û-h-i-Ð-§Ä I-hn-X-bnÂ {]-tbm-Kn-¡m\pw ]-g-b-te-J-\-k-{¼-
Zm-b-¯nÂ ]n-cn-s¨-gp-Xn ]-Z-§Ä D-]-tbm-Kn-¡m\pw I-hn-IÄ {i-an-¨n-cp¶p. Km-\m-
ßI-X, {]m-k-`wKn, b-a-I{]-tbm-Kw ap-X-emb-h-sIm-v B-IÀ-j-I-am-¡n-bn-cp-¶p
{]m-No-\-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-XnIÄ. “a-\w a-b-¡p-¶ i-Ð-e-l-cn A¶-s¯ I-hnI-sf
F{X-am{Xw Io-g-S-¡n-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v D-²r-X-`m-K-§Ä kq-Nn-¸n-¡p¶p. I-©mhp-t]m-
se-bp-Å H-cm-IÀj-Ww. {]-tbm-Kn¡pwtXmdpw el-cn tI-dpw. hn-s«m-gn-bm³ km-[y-
aÃm-Xm-hpw. Xo-{h-am-b H-cm-hn-jv-¡m-cy-`m-h-anÃm-¯-t¸mÄ, B-ßm-hn-s\ X-¶n-
te¡p ]n-Sn-¨p-h-en-¡p-¶ H-cp e£y-anÃm-¯-t¸mÄ, I-hnI-sf hn-ti-jn¨pw a-b-¡n-
¡-f-bp-¶-XnÂ Cu am-bm-hn-\n hn-P-bn¡pw” F-¶n§-s\ {]m-No\a-Wn-{]hm-f-Ir-Xn-
I-fn-se i-Ð-ku-µ-cy-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v tUm.Fw.eo-emh-Xn A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
 _m-lyam-b i-Ð-ku-µ-cy-s¯-t¸m-se X-s¶ B-ćn-I AÀ-°-ku-µ-cyhpw
Xn-I-ª-h-bm-Wv {]mNo\a-Wn-{]hm-f-Ir-XnIÄ.
“a-Z-\-\-[n-I-_-Ôq³ ssI-h-fÀ-¸m-\n-Zm\ow
]p-Xp-a-s]-S- hn-X-t¨m-cn-µp-hn-s¯â-t]m-se
A-[n-I-cp-Nn hn-b¯mw Nm-cp-tI-Zm-c-`qsau
hn-X-dn-\-Xp-Up-amemw Im¬-I aÃo-\n-em-th!” (aÃo-\n-emhv)
a-Z-\³ A-[n-Iw _-Ôp¡-sf h-fÀ-¯n-sb-Sp-¡m³ C-t¸mÄ ]p-Xp-Xm-bn hn-X-¨
N{µsâ hn-¯v F-¶Xp-t]m-se B-Im-i-am-Ip-¶ a-t\m-l-cam-b h-b-enÂ \-£-{X-
ame-sb hn-X-dnb-Xv Im-Wp-I. N-{µ³ Im-a-tZh-sâ _-Ôp-hm-sW-¶v {]-kn-²-amWv.
\-£-{X-§Ä a-t\m-l-cam-b B-Imi-¯v \nÂ-¡p-¶-Xp-I-n-«v - CXv a-Z-\³ _-Ôq-P-
\§-sf h-fÀ-¯m³-th-n N-{µ-sâ ]p-Xp hn-¯p-IÄ h-b-em-Ip-¶ B-Imi-¯v
hmcn-hn-X-dn-b-Xm-sW-¶v i-¦n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ A-e-¦m-cw DÂ-t{]-£. B-i-b-
¯nsâ ]pXp-a C-hn-sS {i-t²-b-amWv. ‘aÃn-\n-em-hn-se’-t¸m-se Xs¶ k-Ôy-bp-sS
Aw-tKm-]mw-K-§fn-tem-tcm¶pw sN-dn-b¨n-tbm-Sv {]-Xy-£am-tbm, ]-tcm-£amtbm
_-Ô-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-v hÀ-Wn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶ ‘sN-dn-b-¨n’bn-sebpw an¡ k-µÀ-
`§Ä AÀ-°m-e-¦m-c-§-fmÂ a-t\m-l-c-amWv.
4. c-km-hn-jv-Im-cw
 {]m-No-\-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ s]m-Xp-hm-bn-Im-Wp-¶ Aw-Knbm-b c-kw
irwKm-c-sa-¶m-Wv ]-c-s¡-bp-Å \n-cq-]-Im-`n-{]mbw. F-¶mÂ C-XnÂ \n¶pw hy-Xy-
kv-Xam-b A-`n-{]m-bhpw \n-e-hn-epv. Xo-{ham-b B-hn-jv-Im-c-`m-hw {]m-No-\-a-Wn-
{]hm-f-IrXn-I-fnÂ hn-c-f-amWv. {]m-No-\-a-Wn-{]hm-f-Ir-Xn-bmb ssh-in-I-X-{´-
¯nse `mhm-hn-jv-Im-c-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v tUm.Fw.eo-em-h-Xn-bp-sS A-`n-{]m-bw C-{]-Im-c-
amWv:
“`m-hm-ß-I-X-sb¸-än F-Sp-¯p-]-dbm-s\m-¶p-anÃ. lm-ky-¯n-\m-Wv {]ap-J Øm-\w.
irw-Km-c-¯n\v {]-k-àn-tbbnÃ. sk-Iv-kv hn-j-b-am-Wp Xm-\pw. C¯-cw Ir-Xn-IÄ
H¶mw-In-S-bnÂ s]-Sm¯Xv sk-Iv-kv ]-cm-ar-ã-am-Ip-¶p F-¶Xp-sImtm tZ-h-Zm-
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 4
ko-{]-IoÀ¯-\w k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-sâ A-[x-]-Xn-¨ Ah-Øsb hy-Rv-Pn-¸n-¡p-¶Xp-
sImtm th-iym-hr-¯n-sb A-`n-Pm-Xamb sXm-gn-embn A-`ntjNn-¡p-¶p F-¶Xp-
sImtm AÃ. Xo-{ham-b H-cm-hn-jv-¡m-cy-`m-hw CÃm-¯Xp-sIm-mWv. \n-d-ª
ên-Xhpw Ip-dn¡p-sIm-Åp-¶ D-]-am-\-§fpw tNÀ-¶ kw-`m-j-W- N-mXp-cy-t¯m-
SmWv \mw C¯-cw I-hn-X-IÄ hm-bn-¡p-t¼mÄ kw-h-Zn-¡p-¶-Xv”. C-¯-c-¯nÂ
sk-Iv-kv hn-j-b-am-Ip-t¼m-gpw irw-Km-c-c-k-¯n-\v Im-hy-¯nÂ {]m-ap-Jy-anÃ. irw-Km-
c-¯n-sâ hI-t`-Zam-b hn-{]-ew-`-irw-Km-cw {]m-No-\-a-Wn-{]hm-f-IrXn-Ifm-b k-tµ-i-
Im-hy-§-fnÂ Im-Wmw. F-¶mÂ, hn-{]-ew-`-irw-Km-c-¯n-\v hgn-sbm-cp-¡p-¶ {]-W-b-
¯m-epÅ hn-c-l-th-Z-\-bp-sS tX-§-ep-IÄ hÀ-®-\-I-fnÂ Ip-d-ªm-epw, Ø-e-hÀ-
®-\-bv-¡v {]m-apJyw \ÂIp-I F-¶-co-Xn k-tµ-i-Im-hy-§Ä an-¡-hmdpw kzo-I-cn-
¡p¶p.
 \n-d-ª ^-en-Xhpw Ip-dn¡p-sIm-Åp-¶ D-]-am-\-§Ä \n-d-ª kw-`m-j-WNm-
Xp-cyhpw {]m-No-\-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Im-hy-§-fnÂ Im-Wmw. ‘ssh-in-I-X-{´w’ ap-XÂ
C¡mcyw ZÀ-in-¡mw. \m-bn-Im-Kr-l-]-cn-kc-¯v \m-bn-Im-{]m-]v-Xn-¡p-th-n ]m-Sp-
In-S-¡p-¶-h-sc-¡p-dn-¨p-Å hÀ-®-\ aq-¶v {]mNo-\ N-¼p-¡-fnepw ImWw. Cu hÀ-®-
\-I-fnÂ \n-d-ª ^-en-Xhpw ]-cn-lm-khpw ZÀ-in-¡mw. ]m-¼pIÄ-t]m-se ]n-cn-ª
taÂao-i sX-dp-¯p-h-¨v s\-än-bnÂ \o- h-c-¡p-dn-bn-« \m-bÀ ]-S-bm-fn-IÄ D-®n-¨n-
cp-tX-hn-bp-sS Kr-l-¯n-\v Npäpw A-t§m-«pw C-t§m«pw \-S-¡p-¶-Xpw, \-¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ-
s¡m-¸w X-§Ä¡pw C-hn-sS Øm-\-ap-s-¶v h-cp-¯m³ th-n \-¼q-Xn-cn-`mj-sb
A-\p-I-cn-¡p-¶Xpw ^-en-X-c-k-am-Wp-WÀ-¯p-¶Xv. tKm-{X-¯n-\v tLm-kv{Xw F-¶p
]-d-bp-¶Xpw I-Sm-£-¯n-\v K-Um-jv-Iw F-¶p ]-d-bp-¶-Xpw D-Zm-l-cWw. D-®n-bm-So-
N-cn-X-¯nÂ Nn-eÀ X-§Ä-¡v D-®n-bm-Sn-sb {]m-]n-¡p-hm³ km-[y-amIp-tam F-¶-dn-
bp-¶-Xn-\v tPm-Õy-·m-sc Iq-«p-]n-Sn-¡p-¶ cw-Khpw ]-cn-lm-k-¯n-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.
D-®n-b-¨n-bp-sS tIm-bn-en-se¯n-b K-ÔÀ-Æ-bp-hm-hv A-Ûp-X-]-c-X-{´-\m-Ip¶p.
tPmÕy-·mÀ, ssh-Zy-·mÀ, I-¨-h-S-¡mÀ-, \m-b-·mÀ, t£-{X-im-e-I-fp-sS A-[y-
£cmb ]n-gm-c-¡-¿-·mÀ, hn-ZymÀ-°n-IÄ F-¶p-th- H-cp a-lm-P-\-k-ap{Zw X-s¶
D-®n-b-¨n-bp-sS Kr-l-]-cn-k-c-¯nÂ Ah-sf H-cp t\m-¡p Im-Wp-¶-Xn-\m-bn am{Xw
X-¼-Sn-¨p-In-S-¡p¶p. Cu `m-K¯pw I-hn-bp-sS \À½-t_m-[w \-t¶ {]-I-S-amWv.
C{]-Im-cw ^-en-X-]-cn-lm-k-§Ä {]m-No-\-N-¼p-¡-fnÂ Im-Wmw. Xn¡pw Xn-c¡pw
]nSn-¨ Pp-Kp-]v-km-h-lam-b Po-hn-X-Zr-iy§Ä, e-¡pw-e-Km-\p-anÃm-¯ Ip-¯-gn-ª
Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ ]c-¡w ]m-¨nÂ F-¶n§-s\ \-s½ sR-«n-¸n-¡p-¶ h-kv-Xp-X-I-fnÂ
lmkyw C-S-I-eÀ-¯n D-]-cn-hÀ-¤ km-aqln-I Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ tc-Jm-Nn{Xw c-Nn-¡p-
hm³ N-¼q-Im-c-·mÀ {]-Z-À-in-¸n-¡p-¶ hn-cp-Xv ]n-¶o-Sv \q-äm-p-IÄ-¡p ti-jw
Ip©³-\-¼ym-cn-em-Wv ^-e-{]-Z-am-bn Im-Wp-¶Xv.
 {]m-No-\-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-s¯-bpw, ]nÂ¡m-e a-Wn-{]-hm-f-s¯bpw X-½nÂ thÀ-Xn-
cn-¡p-¶ a-säm-cp L-S-I-am-Wv A-h-bn-se `-àn-`mhw. P-\-§-fnÂ `-àn-h-fÀ¯p-I
F-¶ [mÀ-½n-I-e£yw ]nÂ-¡m-e-a-Wn-{]m-h-f-Ir-Xn-IÄ-¡p-m-bn-cp¶p. F-¶mÂ
{]m-No\a-Wn-{]m-h-f-Ir-Xn-IÄ hÀ-®-\-IÄ-¡m-Wv {]m-apJyw \Â-In-bn-cp-¶Xv. F-¶n-
cp-¶mepw C-h-bnÂ Im-hym-cw-`-¯nÂ Cu-iz-c-kv-Xp-Xn Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw.
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AXnÂXs¶ in-h-kv-Xp-Xn-bm-Wv Iq-Sp-XÂ Im-Wp-¶-Xv F¶-Xv {i-t²-b-amWv. D-®n-
¨n-cp-tX-ho-N-cn-Xw B-cw-`n-¡p¶-Xv in-h-kv-XpXn-tbm-Sp Iq-Sn-bmWv. X-etbm-Spw P-]-
am-e-bpw iq-ehpw Bdpw `-kv-ahpw N-{µ\pw [-cn-¡p-¶ inh-s\ Im-hy-¯n-sâ ip-`-
]-cy-h-km-\-¯n-\p-th-n \-a-kv-I-cn-¡p-¶p. tNm-In-cw {Km-a-¯n-se AÀ-²-\m-co-iz-
c\m-b in-h-sâ hÀ-®-\-bm-WnXv. hf-sc {]-kn-²-sa-¶v I-hn ]-d-bp-¶ Z-£n-Wm-
inhsâ hÀ-®-\ G-sd hn-i-Z-am-bn-¯s¶ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. eo-em-Xn-e-I-hpw,
D-®p-\o-en-k-tµ-ihpw N-t{µm-Õ-hhpw in-h-kv-XpXn-tbm-SpIq-Sn-¯-s¶-bm-Wv B-cw-
`n-¡p-¶Xv.
5. tI-c-fo-b-X
{]m-No-\-a-Wn-{]hm-f-IrXn-I-fnÂ Ø-e-hÀ®-\, A-§m-SnþhÀ-®-\ F-¶n§-s\
hÀ-®-\-IÄ-¡v {]m-[m-\y-ta-sd-bp-Å-Xn-\mÂ tI-c-fo-b-X A-XnÂ {]-Xn-^-en-¡p¶-Xv
kzm-`m-hn-I-amWv. F-¶mÂ {]m-No-\-a-Wn-{]hm-f-IrXn-I-fnÂ X-s¶ tI-c-fo-b-X
AXnsâ G-ähpw D-bÀ-¶ X-e-¯nÂ Im-Wm³ km-[n-¡p¶-Xv ssh-in-I-X-{´-¯n-
emWv. \n-Xy-Po-hn-X-¯-XnÂ \n¶pw A-SÀ-¯n-sb-Sp-¯n-«p-Å D-]-am-\-§fpw X-\n-tI-
c-fo-bam-b Kr-lm-´-co-£hpw {]-kvXp-X Ir-Xn-sb k-am-IÀ-j-I-am-¡p¶p. Ir-jn-bp-
am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«v [m-cm-fw D-]-tZ-i-§-fpw A-e-¦m-c-§fpw ssh-in-I-X-{´-s¯ aäp
{]m-No-\-a-Wn-{]hm-f-IrXn-I-fnÂ \n-¶v hy-Xy-kv-X-am-¡p¶p.
 “Ip-dhpw \n-dhpw ]-Ip-¯p-Im-t×mþ
c-dn-hp-ÅnÂ-¡n-S-hm-bv-In-ew-K-\m\mw
h-cfpw h-c-Km{Xn ssh-in-Iw Xm³
D-d-hnÃm-¯ \ne-¯p hn¯p-t]mse”
 “hn-f-bm-`q-an-bnÂ hn-¯n-Sm-bv-In-se¶pw”
F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å h-cn-IÄ D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. tI-c-f-¯-d-hm-Sn-sâ A-´-
co£s¯ HmÀ-½n-¸n-¡p-¶ [mc-mfw Im-hy-IÂ-]-\-IÄ {]-kvXp-X Ir-Xn-sb Iq-Sp-
XÂ B-kzm-Zy-am-¡p¶p.
 “IÀ-¸q-cw sIm--cp-Xp aI-tf D¸p-sIm-p-Å the”
 “]n-gnªp-sIm-o-Sp [-\w [-\m-Vym³
I-f-ªn-S-¸mÂ ]n-gn ]o-c-t]mse”
 “Ie-lw I-a-em-£n Im-ap-Im-\mw
ln-X-ap-sÅm-¶-XpX-s¶ Nm-e thpw
s]-cp-Io-Sn-eXpw {]-am-Zat½
I-dn-bnÂ In©n-\ Iq-Sp-ap¸p-t]mse”
IÀ-¸qcw, D¸v, ]o-c, ]ngn, I-dn F-¶o-]-Z-§Ä \-s½ \-bn-¡p-¶ aÞ-ew tI-c-
f-¯-d-hm-Sm-sW-¶-XnÂ kw-i-b-anÃ. ]p-cm-tW-Xn-lm-k-§-fnÂ \n-t¶m kw-kv-Ir-X-I-
hn-I-fp-sS ]-Xn-hv k-¦-ev-]-§-fnÂ \nt¶m A-e-¦m-c-§Ä kzo-I-cn-¡p-hm³ I-hn
{ian-¨n-«nÃ. ssh-in-I-X-{´-¯n-se tIc-fo-b-X-sb-¡p-dn-¨v tUm.]n.hn.th-em-bp-[³-
]nÅ C-{]-Im-cw A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p: “H-cp ss{X-hÀ-WnI-sâ Ir-Xn-sb-¶p hn-iz-kn-
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 6

¡-s¸-Sp¶ ssh-in-I-X{´w `mjm-ssh-in-ãyw-sImv, a-täXp {]m-No-\-a-Wn-{]hm-f-
Ir-Xn-sb-¡mfpw tI-c-fo-b-X ]p-eÀ-¯p-¶p”.
6. tem-tIm-àn-Ifpw A-\ym-]-tZ-i-§fpw
h-f-sc-tb-sd tem-tIm-Iv-Xn-Ifpw A-\ym-]-tZ-i-§fpw A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨n-«p-Å Ir-Xn-
bm-Wv ssh-in-I-X-{´w.
 “B-dp-p-sN-©n-S-bn-se-¶Xp-sIm-p iwt`m
\oÀ-sIm-p tIm-cn-b-`n-tj-I-an-f-¸-Xp-tm”
 “H-cp-¯-sc-s¡m-p-]-Im-c-ansÃþ
sâm-cp-¡epw X\zn \n-\-s¡m-em -Im¬
Dcp-«n-hbv¡pw ]nXr-]n-Þ-ap×m
s\m-cn-¡-e-¡mI-s\ th-W-a-tÃm”
C-¯-c-¯nÂ D-]-tZ-i-§fpw tem-I-X-¯z-§fpw A-\ym-]-tZ-i-§fpw hm-cn-
t¡m-cn {]-tbm-Kn-¡m-\pÅ ssh-in-I-X-{´-Imc-sâ I-gn-hv A-km-[m-c-W-amWv.
 N-t{µm-Õ-hw
a-Wn-{]hm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ H-ä-s¸-«p-\nÂ-¡p-¶ a-t\m-l-cam-b irw-Km-c-Im-hy-
am-Wv Nt{µm-Õhw. {In-kv-X-Ðw 1500þ\-Sp-¯mWv Cu Ir-Xn-bp-sS Im-e-sa¶v Du-ln-
¡p¶p. K-Wn-Im-hÀ-®-\-]-cam-b Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS \o--\n-c-bnÂ cq-]w sIm-n-«p-Å
HSp-hne-s¯ Ir-Xn-bm-Wv A©v kÀ¤-§-tfm-Sp- IqSn-b N-t{µm-Õhw. a-Wn-{]hm-f-
Ir-XnI-sf {]m-No-\-sa¶pw ]nÂ-¡m-e-sa¶pw X-cw-Xn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv 15þmw \q-äm-n-se
N-t{µm-Õh-s¯ I-W-¡m-¡n-bmWv. C-Xn-\p-ap-¼pm-b-sX-¶v I-cp-X-p¶ a-Wn-{]hm-
f-Ir-Xn-I-fn-se \m-bn-I-am-sc C-XnÂ \nc-¯n hÀ-®n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. “D-Õ-h-§-fp-sS
kam-]-\-Zn-\-¯nÂ, sh-Sn-s¡«pw A-XnÂ¯-s¶ H-Sp-hne-s¯ ]-cn-]m-Sn-bm-bn Iq-«-
sh-Snbpw D-m-I-mdp-ÅXp-t]m-se K-Wn-Im-hÀ-®-\m-]-cam-b Im-hy-§-fp-sS D-Õ-h-
ta-f-bnÂ Dm-b H-Sp¡-s¯ Iq-«-sh-Sn-bm-Wv N-t{µmÕ-hw” F-¶v tUm.Fw.
eoemh-Xn A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. Nt{µm-Õhw Hcp ]cn-lm-k-I-h-\-am-sW¶pw AsÃ-
¶p-apÅ cv \ncq-]-Im-`n-{]m-b-§Ä \ne-hn-ep-v. Ah C{]-Im-c-am-Wv.
 Nt{µm-Õhw Hcp ]cn-lm-k-I-h-\-amWv
N-t{µmÕ-hw H-cp ]-cn-lm-k-Ir-Xn-bm-sW-¶v BZyw A-`n-{]m-b-s¸«-Xv C-fw-Ip-
f-amWv. Imhy-¯nsâ Hm-tcm- `m-K-hpw C-Xn-\p-Å sX-fn-hm-bn A-t±-lw FSp-¯p-Im-
Wn-¡p-¶p. 14þmw i-X-I-¯n-sâ A-h-km-\-am-b-t¸m-tg¡pw tI-c-f-¯n-se k-·mÀ-¤-
\n-e-hm-cw hf-sc A-[x-]-Xn¨p-t]mbn. \-¼q-Xn-cn-am-cp-sS B-[n-]-Xyhpw tZ-h-Zm-kn-I-
fp-sS Ip-¯-gn-ª Po-hn-X-hp-am-Wv C-Xn-\v {]-[m-\-Im-c-W-§Ä. kp-µ-cn-am-sc ]p-I-gv-
¯m-\m-Wv I-hn-I-fp-sS {]Xn-` A-hÀ hn\n-tbm-Kn-¨Xv. Cu km-aq-ln-Im-[x-]-X-\-¯n-
s\-Xn-sc Xqen-I N-en-¸n-¨ I-hn-bm-bn N-t{µm-Õ-h-IÀ-¯m-hn-s\ ImWm-sa-¶v C-fw-
Ip-fw A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. km-aq-ln-I-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ PoÀ-®-X-I-fm-Wv N-t{µm-Õ-h-
¯nÂ {]-I-S-am-bXv. Im-hy-`m-j-bnÂ Ipd-¨v A-Xn-i-tbm-àn I-eÀ-¶psh-¶p-am-{Xw.
N-t{µm-Õ-h-IÀ-¯m-hn-sâ ]-cn-lm-kw k-aq-l-¯n-sâ B-ßm-hnÂ X-d¨p-sIm--
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Xmbn ]nÂ¡m-e a-Wn-{]hm-f-Imhyw hy-à-am-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw hn-j-b-]-c-am-bn
‘cXn’bnÂ \n¶pw ‘`-àn’bn-te-¡p-Å ]nÂ¡m-e N-¼p-¡-fp-sS Np-h-Sp-amäw
‘Nt{µm-Õ-h’¯n-sâ kzm-[o-\-^-e-am-bn-«m-sW¶pw \n-cq-]-IÀ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
 Nt{µm-Õhw Hcp ]cn-lm-k-I-h-\-aÃ
“N-t{µm-Õ-h-Imc-s\ ]¯Â-sIm-v k-½m-\n-¡-W”sa¶v ‘tI-c-f-`m-jm-km-
ln-Xy-N-cn{X’ IÀ-¯m-hv BÀ.\m-cm-b-W-¸-Wn-¡À A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. kw-t`m-K-irw-
Km-c-¯n-sâ hÀ-®-\-IÄ FÃm A-Xn-cp-Ifpw ew-Ln-¨v \n-e-sIm-Åp-¶-Xn-\mepw
k·mÀ-¤-¯n-sâ ko-a A-Xn-ew-Ln-¡p-¶ hÀ-®-\-IÄ [m-cm-f-ap-ÅXp-sI-m-p-am-Wv
A-t±-lw C-{]-Im-cw A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-«Xv.
“A-Xyp-¯n-IÄ-¡v k-´-X-k-l-Nm-cnbm-b lmky-sam-gn-sI a-säm¶pw C-Xn-
enÃ. A-Xn-\mÂ X-s¶ a-äp- a-Wn-{]hm-f I-hn-IÄ-¡p \Â-Im-¯ H-cp k-apZm-tbm-
²m-c-I-]Z-hn N-t{µm-Õ-h- IÀ-¯m-hn-eÀ-¸n-¨mÂ A-X-hn-sS C-W-§n-bn-cn-¡p-sa-¶v
tXm-¶p-¶nÃ...F-t§mt«m F-dn-ª IÃv am-§-m¡p-e-taÂ-sIm--Xn-\mÂ am-§
XpcpXp-sc ho-Wp F-¶p ]-d-bp-¶-Xn-\p Xp-eyw” F¶n§-s\ tUm.Fw.eo-emh-Xn
A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. C-¯-c-¯nÂ N-t{µm-Õ-h-Im-c-\nÂ lmkyw Im-Wp-¶p-
s¦nepw ]nÂ¡m-e a-Wn-{]-hm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯n-\v amÀ-¤-ZÀ-i-I-am-I-¯-¡-hn[w
t_m-[-]qÀ-Æ-am-b ]-cn-lm-ky-Im-hy-c-N-\-bÃ N-t{µmÕ-hw F-¶n§-s\ a-säm-cp
\ncq-]-I-]-£hpw \n-e-\nÂ-¡p¶p.
 kv-{Xo-hÀ-®-\ F-¶-XnÂ I-hn-ªv {]mNo-\ N-¼p-¡-fp-sS {]-tXy-I-X-

IÄ
tZ-h-Zm-knI-sf ]m-Sn-¸p-I-gv-¯m³ th-n \nÀ-½n-X-am-b-h-bm-Wv a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Im-
hy-§-sf¶v s]mXpsh aWn-{]-hm-f-Im-hy-§sf¡p-dn-¨v ]-d-bp-¶p-s-¦nepw A-Xn-Â
\n¶pw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn [m-cm-fw- Im-cy-§Ä A-h-bnÂ k-¶n-ln-X-am-bn-«pv. ta-te-
¡n-S-bn-ep-Å-h-cp-sS Po-hn-X-am-Wv C-XnÂ {]-Xn-]m-Zy-hn-jbw. C-Xc-sc ]-cn-l-kn-¡p-
¶pv. A-{X-am-{Xw. C-¡m-c-W-¯mÂ A-¡me-s¯ tI-c-fo-b-Po-hn-X-]-cnk-cw k-a-
{K-am-bn B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡m³ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-I-hn-IÄ-¡v km-[n-¨n-«nÃ. F-¦nepw km-aq-
ln-I-hpw, km-ap-Zm-bn-I-hpw, N-cn-{X-]-c-hpam-b H-t«-sd h-kv-Xp-X-IÄ Ch-bnÂ
A´À-eo-\-am-sW-¶-XnÂ XÀ-¡-anÃ.
1. “tNm-\-I-¡pXnc tNm-Wm-«p hn-ämÂ \aþ
¡m-\-b-¨p-S-\n-c-m-bn-cw In-«panþ
âm-\ hn-äm-ep-sa-®m-bn-cw In-«-emw”
F-¶o h-cn-I-fnÂ \n¶pw 13þmw i-X-I-¯n-sâ B-cw-`-¯nÂ \-S-¸n-em-b ‘B-\-
b¨v’ F¶ tNm-f-\mW-bw tI-c-f-¯nÂ {]-kn-²-am-b-Xn-\p-ti-j-am-Wv D-®n-b-ö-
N-cn-Xw F-gp-Xn-b-sX-¶v hy-à-am-Ip¶p.
2. 13þmw i-X-I-¯n-sâ D-¯-cmÀ-²-¯n-em-Wv km-aq-Xn-cn h-Åp-h-t¡m-\m-Xn-cn-sb
]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¯n tNm-In-cw-{Kma-s¯ \-in-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. C-Xv N-cn-{X-]-cam-b h-kv-
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Xp-X-bmWv. Cu N-cn-{X-h-kvXp-X D-®p-¨n-cp-tX-ho N-cn-X-¯nÂ sX-fn-ªpw
Hfnªpw {]-Xn-^-en-¡p¶-Xv Im-Wmw.
3. tI-c-f-¯nepw k-ao-]-{]-tZ-i-§-fnepw A-¶v {]-kn-²n-bmÀ-Pn-¨ ]-«-W-§-sf-¸-än-
bpÅ kq-N-\ D-®n-b-ö-N-cn-X-¯n-epv. sImÃw, sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ, Xr-¡-Wm-a-Xn-
eIw, h-Åp-h-\-Kcw, aw-K-em-]pcw, h-f-b-]«-Ww F-¶n-h-sb-¡q-Sm-sX
tlmbvkme cm-Py-¯n-sâ X-e-Øm-\amb tZm-c-k-ap-{Z-¯n-s\-¡p-dn¨pw hÀ-®n-
¡p-¶pv. C-¶-s¯ IÀ-®m-S-I kw-Øm\-¯v l-k³ PnÃ-bnÂ lm-en-_n-kv
F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶ Ø-e-am-Wv ]-gb tZm-c-k-ap-{Zw (Zzm-cm-h-Xo-]p-cw). Cu tZm-c-k-
ap{Zw ap-l-½-Zo-bm-{Ia-Ww aq-ew {In.h. 1347 Â \-in¨p-t]mbn. C{]-Imcw
A¶s¯ Ime¯v {]kn-²-amb [mcmfw ]«-W-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]cm-aÀihpw
{]mNo\N¼p-¡-fn-ep-v. A¶s¯ kaq-l-¯nse \mK-cnK-amb ]ptcm-K-Xnsb
kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v ]cym-]vX-amWn-h.
4. “I-Yn-Xm Km-Y-bn-en-l-bm ]qÀÆw” F-¶v D-®n-¨n-cp-tX-hn-sb]-än Btcm Km-Y-sb-
gp-Xn-bn-«p-s-¶v ]-d-bp-¶-XnÂ \n-¶pw 13þmw \q-äm-n-sâ A-ý-¯nÂ Km-Y-bnÂ
Im-hy-§Ä F-gp-Xn-{]-N-cn-¨n-cp-¶p-sh-¶v hyàw. "D-®n-¨n-cp-tX-ho \n³ta-sem-cp
k-tµ-i-¸m-«pv’ F-¶n§-s\ D-®n-¨n-cp-tX-hn-¡v ]m-«p -Im-gv-N-h-bv-¡p-¶ I-hnk-
t¦-X-§-fnÂ \n-¶pw k-tµ-i-¸m-«n-sâ Im-cyhpw hy-à-am-Ip¶p.Iq-Sm-sX, A½m-
ss\-¸m«v, Ip-bnÂ-hr-¯w XpS-§n ]-e-hn-[-Im-hy-§-sf¸-än kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶p-v.
C¯-c-¯n-epÅ Imhy-cq-]-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]cm-aÀiw A¶v \S-¸n-ep-m-bn-
cp¶ Imhy-k-¼¯v a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xn\v klm-bn-¡p-¶p.
5. aq-¶v Ir-Xn-bn-sebpw A-§m-Sn-hÀ-®-\-I-fnÂ ]-e-`m-j-IÄ kw-km-cn-¡p-¶ I-¨-h-
S-¡mÀ A-§m-Sn-I-fnÂ k-t½-fn-¨n-cp-¶-Xm-bn ]-d-bp¶p. A-§m-Sn-I-fnÂ [mcmfw
hn-tZ-inI-sf Im-Wp-¶-Xmbpw ]-d-bp¶p. D®n-bmSo Ncn-X-¯nÂ I¨-h-S-¯n\v
h¶ tPm\-I-am-¸n-f-am-sc-¡p-dn¨pw Ah-cpsS ]Ån-sb-¡p-dn¨pw ]d-bp-¶Xv DZm-
l-c-Ww. tI-c-fhpw hn-tZ-i-cm-Py-§fpw X-½n-ep-Å hm-Wn-Py-_-Ô-am-Wv C-Xn-eq-
sS hy-à-am-Ip-¶Xv.
6. D-®nb-ö N-cn-X-¯n-se Nn-ä-§m-Sn-bnÂ A-Sn-a-s¸-®p-§-fp-sS-bpw Zm-kn-am-cp-
sSbpw ‘N-´-hÀ-¯-am-\§Ä' I-hn tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. "F-So I-Å-s¨-
dpao \n-sâ X-Å-bv-¡v Xm-en-sI«n-b h-tÅm³ \n\-¡p IÅmtWm X-¶Xv’
F¶n§-s\ kw-`m-j-W-`m-j-bp-sS i-ànbpw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ
Is¯mw. C-Xv `m-jm-im-kv-{X-]-cam-b {]-[m-\y-s¯-bm-Wv Im-Wn-¡p-¶Xv.
7. tI-c-f-¯n-se {][m-\ k-ap-Zm-bw \-¼q-Xn-cn-am-cm-sW-¶v a-\-Ên-em-¡m³ I-gn-
bp¶p. B-gv-hm-t©-cn X-{¼m-¡-fm-bn-cp-¶p \-¼q-Xn-cn-am-cnÂ {]m-[m-\n-I-sf-¶p
D®n-¨n-cp-tX-ho-N-cn-X-¯nÂ ]-d-bp-¶pv. A-¡me-¯v \-¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ th-Z-Úm-
\n-Ifpw hn-Zzm³-am-cp-am-bn-cp-¶p F-¦nepw cm-P-tk-h-bnepw hn-S-hÀ-¯n-bnepw
H«pw ]n-t¶m-¡-am-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ¶pw a-\-Ên-em-¡m³ km-[n-¡p-¶p. tZ-h-Zm-kn-
IÄ¡v k-aq-l-¯nÂ D-bÀ-¶-Øm-\-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. C-¯-c-¯nÂ km-ap-Zm-bn-I-]-
cam-b Im-cy-§Ä a-\-Ên-em-¡m³ I-gn-bp¶p.
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II. ]nÂ¡me a-Wn-{]hm-f-Ir-Xn-IÄ
N-t{µm-Õ-h-¯n-\p-ti-j-ap-Å ]nÂ¡mea-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ {]-[m-\-
ambpw a-²y-Im-e-N-¼p-¡-fpw B-«-¡-Y-I-fp-am-Wp-ÅXv. a-²y-Im-e-N-¼p-¡-fp-sSbpw
B-«-¡-Y-I-fp-sSbpw `m-jm-]-cam-b {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ t]-¸À H-¶v sk-£³ F bnÂ
hn-i-Z-am¡n-b h-kv-Xp-X-I-fmWv. C-hn-sS km-ln-Xy-]-chpw N-cn-{X-]-c-hpam-b {]-tXy-
I-X-I-fm-Wv ap-Jy-ambpw hn-i-Z-am-¡p-¶Xv.
1. a-²yIm-e N-¼p-¡Ä
16þmw \q-äm-pÄ-s¸-sS G-Xm-p c-p \q-äm-p-Im-ew Po-hn-¨ H-cp {]-Øm-\-
am-WnXv. ap-¶q-dn-te-sd N-¼p-¡-fp-m-bn-«p-s-¶v ]-d-bp-¶p-sh-¦nepw I-p-In«nbh
hf-sc Ip-d-hmWv. c-kn-I-X F-¶ Aw-i¯nt\m hÀ-®-\m-{`-a¯nt\m tIm-«w
X«msX km-aq-ly-am-bn kp-{][m-\ e-£y-§Ä ap³-\nÀ-¯n ss{X-hÀ-®n-IÀ
\S¯nb c-N-\-I-fm-Wv a-[y-Im-e-N-¼p¡Ä. C-¯-c-¯nÂ a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Im-hyw
shÃp-hn-fn \n-d-ª cq-]-`m-h-§-fn-te-¡v am-d-W-sa-¦nÂ kp-{]-[m-\am-b F-s´-¦nepw
N-cn-Xm-Lm-Xw D-m-hWw. C-§s\-sbm-cp am-äw a-²y-Im-e-N-¼p-¡Ä-¡p-m-b-Xnsâ
ImcWw N-t{µm-Õ-h-am-sW¶pw ]m-«p-{]-Øm-\-¯n-se I-®-È-Ir-Xn-I-fm-sW¶pw
A-`n-{]m-b-§-fpv. ]p-\-¯n-sâ cm-amb-Ww N-¼phpw ]p-\-¯n-sâ X-s¶-bm-bn-cn-
¡m-sa-¶p I-cp-Xn-h-cp-¶ `mc-Xw N-¼phpw a-g-aw-K-e-¯n-sâ ss\-j-[w-N-¼p-hp-amWv
Cu {]-Øm-\-¯n-se {]-ap-J-Ir-XnIÄ.
1.1. D-Û-h-Imc-Ww
t{im-Xm-¡-·m-cnÂ Cu-izc `-àn P-\n-¸n-¡p-I-sb-¶-Xm-Wv a-[y-Im-eN-¼p-¡-
fpsS apJyamb Dt±iyw. k-·mÀ-¤-s¯bpw B-ß-hn-j-b-Iam-b hn-Úm-\-s¯bpw
P-\n-¸n-¡p-I-sb-¶Xpw A-h-bp-sS D-t±-iy-sa-s{X, {]-kv-Xp-X-Kp-W§-sf P-\n-¸n-¡p-¶-
Xn-\v ]p-cm-W-I-Y-IÄ-¡p ss\-kÀ-¤n-Iam-b I-gn-hpv. A-Xm-Wv Ah-sb B-{i-
bn¨p N-¼p-¡Ä D-m-Ip-¶-Xn-\p Im-cWw.
1.2 C-Xn-hr-¯w
`m-jm N-¼p-¡-fnse sF-Xn-lmkn-I kr-ãn ]-p\-¯n-sâ-sX-¶v hn-iz-kn-¡-s¸-
Sp-¶ cm-am-b-Ww N-¼p-hmWv. C-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv a-²y-Im-eN-¼p {]-Øm-\w B-cw-`n-
¡p-¶-Xpw. t]-cp-kq-Nn-¸n-¡pw-t]m-se ]p-cm-tW-Xn-lm-k-§-fm-Wv C-Xn-hr-¯-¯n-
\mbn kzo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. cm-amb-Ww N-¼p Iq-Sm-sX `m-cXw, sIm-Sn-b-hn-clw,
]mcn-Pm-X-l-cWw, sNÃqÀ\m-tYmZ-bw ap-X-em-b th-sdbpw ]-e N-¼p-¡Ä ]p-\-
¯n-tâ-Xm-bpv. C-h-bnÂ sImSn-b hnc-lw H-gn-¨p-Å-sXÃmw ]p-cm-W-I-YI-sf
Bkv-]-Z-am-¡n-bp-Å-h-bmWv. a²y-Ime N-¼p-¡-fn-se C-Xn-hr-¯-§Ä {]mtb-W
]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-I-Y-I-fm-sW-¦nepw A-s©-®w A-§-s\bÃþ cm-P-c-Xv-\m-h-eobw,
sIm-Sn-b-hn-c-lw, sX-t¦-e\m-tYm-Zbw, sNÃqÀ\m-tYm-Zbw, \m-cm-b-Wobw. c-kn-I-
·mÀ-¡p-th-n c-Nn-¡-s¸-«-h-bm-Wn-h.
C-Xn-hr-¯-¯nÂ ]-cn-jv-Im-cw h-cp-¯n ]m-«p-{]-Øm-\-s¯-t¸m-se a-Wn-{]-
hmf-s¯ Ku-c-h-s¸-Sp-¯nb-Xv cm-amb-Ww N-¼p-thm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv. “N-fn-¡p-f-¯nÂ-
\n¶pw a-Wn-{]-hmf-s¯ D-²-cn-¨v A-t±-lw a-Xn-e-I-¯p {]-Xn-jvTn¨p. ]n-¶o-S-Xn-\v
]q-P-apS-§n F-¶p-s-¦nepw I--hÀ-s¡m-s¡ ImÂ I-gp-Im-\p-Å H-scm-gp-¡n-\v
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 10
B-[m-c-in-e-bm-bn hÀ-¯n-¡p-I-sb-¶ im-]-¯nÂ \n-¶v a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-\p
tamN\w In«n” F-¶n-§-s\ C-Xn-hr-¯-¯nÂ a-²y-Im-e-N-¼p-¡Ä \-S-¸m¡n-b ]-cn-
jv-Im-c-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v tUm.Fw.eo-emh-Xn A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. cm-h-tWmÛ-hw ap-XÂ
{iocm-am-Zn-I-fpsS kzÀ¤m-tcml-Ww h-sc-bp-Å cm-am-b-W-¯n-se FÃm I-Y-Ifpw
cm-amb-Ww N-¼p-hn-Â {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¨n-«pv. `m-c-X-N-¼p-hn-sâ C-c-«n-bn-e-[n-Ihpw
ss\j-[-N-¼p-hn-sâ ]-Xn-s\m-¶n-c-«n-bn-e-[n-Ihpw cm-amb-Ww N-¼p-hn-\v h-en-¸-ap-
s-¶p ]-d-ªmÂ A-Xn-sâ _r-l¯zw G-I-tZiw Du-ln-¡mw.
1.3 hÀ-®-\-IÄ
t{im-Xm¡-sf B-IÀ-jn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn N-¼p-¡-fnÂ kÀÆ-{X Im-Wp-¶ H-cp
apJy-Kp-W-amWv hÀ-®\m-ssh-`hw. kw-kv-Ir-X-a-ebm-f ]-Z§-Ä, ]mepw ]-©-km-
cbpw t]m-se tNÀ-¯nW-¡n hr-¯-K-Ô-t¯m-Sp-IqSn \nÀ-½n-X-§fm-b K-Zy§Ä-
sIm-m-Wv A-[n-Ihpw hÀ-®-\-IÄ \nÀ-½n-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. {]m-No-\-N-¼p-¡fpw
a-²y-Im-e-N-¼p-¡fpw X-½nÂ C-Xn-hr-¯-¯nsâ Im-cy-¯nÂ h-en-b-tXm-XnÂ
hyXym-kw ]p-eÀ-¯p-¶p-s-¦nepw {]mNo-\-N-¼p-¡-fnÂ hnkvX-cn¨p ImWp-¶Xpw
sXfnªp ImWp-¶Xpw \q-X-\-hpam-b hÀ-®-\-IÄ H«pw tNmÀ¶p-t]m-Im-sX A-Xo-
h-kp-µ-c-am-bn X-s¶ a-²y-Im-e-N-¼p-¡-fnepw Im-Wm-³ km-[n-¡p-¶p. {][m-\ a-²y-
Im-e-N-¼q-IÀ-¯m-¡Ä ss{X-hÀ-®n-I-cm-b-Xn-\mÂ hÀ-®-\-IÄ-¡v bm-sXm-cp
]ªhpw a-²y-Im-e-N-¼p-¡-fnÂ Im-Wp-hm-\nÃ. ]-Z-§-fp-sS \n-c-Xn-i-bam-b
{]hmlw, B-i-b-§-fp-sS \q-X-\Xzw F¶n-h Cu hÀ-®-\-I-fnÂ Im-Wmw. hÀ-®y-
h-kv-Xp-hn-sâ ]qÀ-®-cq-]w H-cn-¡epw amªp-t]m-Im-¯-hn-[w a-\-ÊnÂ Km-Vam-bn
]-Xn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p Xn-I-¨pw I-gn-hp-Å-XmWv Cu hÀ-®-\IÄ.
“a-µo-`q-tX P-\u-tL ]-cn-a-f-_-lfmw
ssI-bn-emZm-b amemw
a-µmcm-t`m-K-a-µ-kv-an-X-a-[p-c-apJo
aw-K-e-kv-{Xo-k-taXm,
a-µw a-µw \b-ó L-\-P-L-\`cw
{]m-`r-X-{]m-b-a{tK
a-µm-£m-e-¦r-Xm-£o a-\-kn-P-I-enIm
ssa-Yn-eo km \-S-¶mÄ
þþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþ
{ho-fm-thtK-\ cm-am-\-\-an-S-bn-S-bnÂ
I«p-t\m-¡n {]-tamZþ
hym-tem-em- sa-sÃ-sa-sÃ-¶-cn-In-ep-]-KXm,
tIm-a-fm-`ymw ]-Zm-`ymw”
k-µÀ-`-¯n-se `m-h-¯n-\v A\p-tbm-Pyam-b hn-[w e-fn-X-a-[p-c-§fm-b ]-Z-§-fm-Wv
I-hn k-¶n-th-in-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ‘I«p-t\m«w’ F-¶ {]-tbm-Kw \q-X-\-hpw, a-e-bm-fn-
¯-ap-Å-Xpw ^-en-X c-kw I-eÀ-¶-Xp-am-Wv. C-Xv I-hn-bp-sS kv-Xo-kz`m-h aÀ-½-
ÚX-sb sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.
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1.4 c-k-`m-h-§Ä
ss{X-hÀ®n-I Ir-Xn-IfnÂ km-[m-c-W-bm-bn I-p-h-cp-¶ irw-Kmcw, ^-enXw,
lmkyw F¶n-h cm-amb-Ww N-¼p-hnepw Im-Wmw. cm-h-tWmÛ-hw ap-XÂ {io-cm-am-
Zn-I-fp-sS kzÀ-¤mtcml-Ww h-sc-bp-Å cm-am-b-W-¯n-se FÃm I-Y-Ifpw
cmambWw N-¼p-hn-epv. A-Xn-\mÂ X-s¶ FÃm c-k-§Ä¡pw cm-amb-Ww N-¼p-
hnÂ Øm-\-apv.
`àn
“kXyw h-tÃmÀ-¡p-am-]-¯p-IÄ Q-Sn-Xn h-cpwþ
t\-c-hpw ]-¦-Pm£w
`-àym-hn-izm-ky-Nn-t¯-I-cp-Xp-InÂ \n-Jnew
Zq-sc \o-§o-Sp-a-tÃm,
D-Zym-t\-cm-h-W³ X³ {]-W-b-l-Xn-cp-jm
sImÃp-hm³ hm-fpambþ
s§-¯p-t¼mÄ cm-a-`{Zw a\-kn I-cp-Xp-aþ
Öm-\-In-s¡-¶-t]mse”
`-àn-bn-ep-m-Ip-¶ Kp-W-s¯-b-mWn-hn-sS kq-Nn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. a-t\m-l-
camb AÀ-°m-e-¦m-c§Ä-sIm-v `-àn-`mh-s¯ k-aÀ-°n-¡m³ I-hn {i-an-¨n-cn-
¡p¶p. cm-am-b-Ww N-¼p-hnÂ Aw-Knbm-b c-kw im-´-amWv. C-¡m-c-W-¯mÂ
`àn-`m-h-¯n-\m-Wv Im-hy-¯nÂ Iq-Sp-XÂ Øm-\w. {io-cm-am-h-Xmcw, kÀ¤m-
tcmlWw F-¶o `m-K-§Ä `-àn-`m-h-¯n-\v D-¯-tam-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.
lmkyw
“A{tK I-Å-a-lm-ap-\n-¡p Np-aSpw
sI-«n-¸n-c«pw ]Tnþ
¨p-{Km-ßm h-gn-taÂ h-[n-¨p hn-[amw
hr²mw Irimw Xm-SImw
sNm-ev-s¡mÅpw Ip-c-fn-s¡-XnÀ-¯p hn-cpXpw
sI-«n-¯n-anÀ-s¯-{Xbpw
ap-jv-Im-e-¸-g-hn-sÃm-Sn-¨p ]n-Sns]þ
«m³ \n-s¶ \nÀ-hym-Ipew”
cm-a-s\-¡p-dn-¨p cm-h-W³ sN-¿p-¶ Cu B-t£-]w hf-sc lm-ky-]qÀ-®-am-bn-cn-
¡p¶p. cmasâ Hmtcm {]-hr-¯nbpw hf-sc \n-Êm-c-sa-¶v Ihn C-XnÂ, G-sd
NmXpcy-t¯m-sS sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. ‘I-Å-a-lm-ap-\n’, ‘hr-²mw-Ir-imw’ ‘]-g-
hnÃv’ F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å ]-Z-§-fp-sS lmkyw hf-sc c-kn-¸n-¡p-¶-XmWv.
I-cp-Ww
“[c-Wn]-tX Rm-\-c-\n-an-jw a-a
]n-cn-hm-\-cp-sX-¶n-chpw ]-I-epanþ
sX-t¶m-Sp sNm¶-Xp \m-Y a-dt¶m
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 12
I-eym-Wm-I-c thÄ¡pw t\cw
sNmÃn-b a-{´-hp-am-cy a-d-t¶m?
I\n-shm-Sp-kÀ-Æ-ap-t]-£n-¨t¿m
h-\-`ph t]m-¶-Xp-am-cy a-d-t¶m?
Xo-bnÂ sNm-sS-¶-cp-fn-b-t\cw
t]m-b-XnÂ ho-W-Xp-am-cy-a-d-t¶m?”
C§-s\ Xp-S-cp-¶p ko-Xm-]-cn-Xym-K-¯n-se h-cnIÄ. FÃm-h-cmepw D-t]-£n-¡-s¸-«v
A-\m-Ybmb ko-X ]qÀ-Æ-I-YI-sf kv-a-cn¨p-sIm-p sN-¿p-¶ hn-em-]w G-sd c-km-
h-l-amWv. “I-eym-Wm-I-c...a-d-t¶m”, “Xo-bnÂ........... a-dt¶m” F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å
`mK-§Ä A-Xy-´w `m-h-]p-ã-§-fmWv. ko-Xm-hn-em-]w tI-«-t¸mÄ tem-I-¯n-\p
kw`-hn¨ tim-I-abam-b A-h-Øm-t`-Zw Xp-SÀ¶p I-hn hÀ-®n-¡p-¶pv. ]r°zn-
he-bw Ip-ep-§p-¶-Xpw, k-I-e-P-\-§fpw \-Sp-§p-¶-Xpw, \-Zn-I-fnÂ sh-Åw I-e-§p-
¶-Xpw, am-cp-X³ a-§p-¶Xpw FÃmw I-hn-`m-h-\-bp-sS D-¯-a-k-´m-\-§fm-b I-ev-]-
\-I-fmWv.
1.5 A-e-¦m-c-§Ä
i-Ð-ku-µ-cyhpw AÀ-°-ku-µ-cyhpw Xn-I-ª [mc-mfw A-e-¦m-c{]-tbm-K-
§Ä cm-ambWw N-¼p-hn-epv. a-²y-Im-e-N-¼p-¡-fnÂ {]m-No-\-Im-e-N-¼p¡-sf
At]-£n-¨v i-Ðm-e-¦m-c-§Ä Ip-d-hm-sW-¶p ]-d-bmw. {]m-k-¯n-\p-th-n ]-Z§-sf
X-Û-h-§-fm-¡m-\pw, ]-g-b-co-Xn-bnÂ ]n-cn-s¨-gp-Xm-\pw, F-ń-t\-sd {]m-k-§Ä AÀ-
°-t¢-iw h-cp-¯p-¶-h-bm-bmepw {]m-No-\-N-¼q-Im-c-·mÀ A-h D-t]-£n-¡nÃ. Xm-f-
t_m-[-¯n\pw i-Ð-ku-µ-cy-¯n\pw A-an-X-{]m-[m\yw IÂ-]n-¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv {]mNo\
N-¼q-Im-c-·mÀ. a-²y-Im-e-N-¼p¡-sf ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-t¼mÄ i-Ð-ku-µ-cy-¯n-\pw AÀ-
°-ku-µ-cy-¯n\pw Hcp-t]m-se {]m-[m\yw IÂ-]n-¡p-¶ Im-hy-co-Xn-bm-Wv Im-Wm³
I-gn-bp-¶Xv.
“am-\-aI-¶p h-knö-sem-cph³
am-\-I-em-kp N-Xnö-sem-cph³
]-c-[-\-cm-in I-hÀ¶o-sem-cph³
]-c-]-cn-hm-Z-an-b¶o-sem-cph³
hym-[n-]n-Sn-¨p-In-S¶o-sem-cph³
hym-P-anf-¡n \-S¶o-sem-cph³”
cm-am-b-W N-¼p-hn-se ko-Xm]-cn-XymK-L-«-¯n-se h-cn-I-fm-WnXv. hÀ-®-§-fp-sSbpw
]-Z-§-fp-sSbpw B-h-À¯-\w sIm-v G-sd a-t\m-l-c-am-Wo-`mKw.
“KÀ-Æn-X-io-ew iÀ-Æ-X-\qPw
ZpÀ-Æm-k-k-ap-S-\cn-b I-gÂ¯m
cn-W-IÄ h-W-§n-s¨-äp s]-dp-¸m³
`-àym-Z-c-hm-Sp {]mÀ-°n-¨-f-hnepþ
d-¡-ap-WÀ-s¶m-cp knwlw-t]mse
]-cn-`-h-ta-säm-cp kÀ¸w-t]mse
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 13
cmlp-hn-ap-à Zn-t\i³-t]mse
`kv-tam-·p-àw I-\Â \n-c-t]mse
l-hn-jm h-Ón Pz-en¡pw t]m-se...”
C-¯-c-¯nÂ ZpÀ-Æm-km-hn-sâ tIm-]w hÀ-®n-¡p-¶ `m-Kw ‘t]mse’, ‘t]mse’
F¶n§-s\ D-]-am-hm-N-I-§Ä tNÀ-¯v a-t\m-l-c-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. am-tem-]-a-IÄ
{]-tbm-Kn-¡m-\p-Å ]p-\-¯nsâ Nm-Xp-cy-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v h-S-¡pw-IqÀ cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½
C{]-Im-cw A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p: “C-X-c-I-hn-IÄ hf-sc t¢-in-¨v Ht¶m ctm D-]-a-
IÄ-am{Xw {]-tbm-Kn-¨p Ir-XmÀ-°-·m-cm-Ip-¶ k-µÀ-`-¯nÂ I-W-¡nÃm-sX Ahsb
\n-th-in-¸n-¨mepw ]p-\-¯n-\v A-ew-`m-hw h-cp-¶nÃ. A-e-¦m-c-k-¼-¯nsâ Im-cy-
¯nÂ A-t±-lw H-cp Ip-t_-c³-X-s¶-bmWv”
2.B«¡-Y
B-«-¡-Y F-´m-sW-¶pw, A-Xn-sâ cq-]-]-chpw `m-jm-]-c-hpam-b k-hn-ti-j-X-
Ifpw t]-¸À H-¶v sk-£³ F bnÂ D-Zm-l-c-W-k-ln-Xw hn-i-Z-am¡n-b h-kv-Xp-X-I-
fm-Wv. C-hn-sS \-f-N-cn-Xw B«¡Y-sb ap³-\nÀ-¯n B-«-¡-Y-bp-sS km-ln-Xy-]-
camb {]-tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv hn-i-Z-am-¡p-¶Xv.
1. \-f-N-cn-Xw B«¡-Y
D-Zm-¯ `m-h-\-bnÂ-\n¶pw D-S-se-Sp-¯ A-]qÀ-Æ-kr-ãn-bm-Wv \-f-N-cn-Xw
B«¡-Y. AXn\v e`n¨nS-t¯m-fw k-lr-Z-b-{]iw-k a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ a-säm-cp Im-hy-
¯n-\pw t\-Sm³ I-gn-ªn-«nÃ. Po-hn-Xm-h-t_m-[w, \m-S-Iob-X, ]m-{X-krãn, c-km-hn-
jv-¡-cWw, i-Ðm-e-¦m-c-k-ar-²n XpS-§n Hcp ¢m-kn-Iv Ir-Xn-bp-sS ta-·-sbÃmw A-Xv
DÄ-s¡m-Åp¶p.
1.1 C-Xn-hr¯w
a-lm-`m-c-X-¯nÂ \n-¶m-Wv D-®m-bn-hm-cyÀ X-sâ B-«-¡-Y-bp-sS C-Xn-hr-¯w
kzo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶Xv. \-tfm-]m-Jym-\-¯nÂ A-Sn-Øm-\-]-c-am-bn hy-Xym-k-sam¶pw
h-cp-¯n-bn-«nÃ. aq-e-I-Y-bnÂ \n-¶pw D-®m-bn-hm-cyÀ h-cp-¯n-bn-«p-Å {]-[m-\
hyXym-k-§Ä Xm-sg-¸-d-bp-¶-h-bmWv.
 I-Y-bp-sS {]m-cw-`-¯nepw A-h-km-\-¯nepw \m-cZ-s\ cw-K-{]-thi-\w
sN¿n¨p. Z-ab-ó kz-bw-h-c-hr-¯m-´w C-{µm-ZnI-sf A-dn-bn¡p-I am-{X-am-Wv
aq-e-I-Y-bnÂ \m-c-Z³ sN¿p¶-Xv. B-«-¡-Y-bnÂ \f-\v Z-a-bń-tbm-Sp-Å
A\p-cm-Kw Zr-V-am-¡p¶-Xv \m-c-Z-sâ hm-¡p-I-fmWv. Iq-Sm-sX I-Y-bp-sS ip-`-
I-cam-b ]-cn-k-am-]v-Xn-bnÂ \m-cZ-sâ {]-th-ihpw A-\p-{K-lhpw {]-tXy-I-
Nmcp-X D-f-hm-¡p¶p.
 aq-e-I-Y-bnÂ I-Ym-cw-`-¯nÂ am-{X-ta lw-kw {]-th-in-¡p-¶pÅq. B-«-¡-Y-
bnÂ Z-a-b-ń-bp-sS-bpw \-fsâbpw hn-hm-l-¯n-\p {][m-\ Im-c-W-¡m-c-\m-b
lw-kw A-h-cp-sS ]p-\-Ê-am-K-a-¯n-se B\-µw ]-¦n-Sm-\p-sa-¯p-¶p-v. C-Xp-
hf-sc D-Nn-X-amWv. I-YI-fn cwK-¯v th-j-ssh-hn-[yw-sIm-p-Å B-IÀ-j-
IXzw D-f-hm-¡p-¶-Xn-\v H-Sp-hn-ep-Å lw-k-{]-th-iw k-lm-b-I-am-bn-cn-¡p¶p.
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 Z-a-b-ń-bp-sS kz-bw-h-ccw-K-¯n-se tZ-h-Zm-\-h-·m-cp-tSbpw k-c-kz-Xn-tZ-hn-bp-
tSbpw AhX-c-W-am-Wv a-säm-cp hy-Xn-bm-\w. C-hn-sS I-hn {io-lÀj-sâ
ss\j-[o-bw Imhys¯ ]n-´p-S-cp¶p.
 a-lm-`m-c-X-¯nÂ tZ-h-Zq-X-\m-bn F-¯p-¶ \-f³ Xm-\m-cm-sW-¶v Z-a-bń-
tbmSv hy-à-am-¡p-¶p-v. B-«-¡-Y-bnÂ “tZ-h-Zq-Xs\” ¶m-Wv ]-d-bp-¶Xv.
Zu-Xy-\nÀ-Æ-l-W-¯n-\v IqSpXÂ k-lmb-Iw Xm-\m-sc-¶v ]-d-bm-Xn-cn-¡p-¶-
XmWv. am-{X-aÃ Z-a-b-ń-bp-sS A-\p-cmKw ]-co-£n-¨-dn-bp-I-bpw sN-¿mw.
 kmÀ-°-hm-lI-sâ kzm-`m-h-¯n-\v DÂ-¡À-jw h-cp-¯m³ B-«-¡-Y-bnÂ
km[n-¨n-«pv.
 _m-lpI-s\ ]-co-£n-¡m-\m-bn Z-ab-ń a¡-sf A-bm-fp-sS A-Sp-t¯-¡v ]-d-
ª-b-bv-¡p¶Xm-bn aq-e-I-Y-bn-epv. C-¡m-cyw D-®m-bn-hm-cyÀ hn-«p-I-f-ªn-
cn-¡p¶p.
C-¯-c-¯nÂ cw-K-]pãn, I-Ym-]m-{X-kz-`mhw, Hu-NnXyw C-h-sbÃmw ]-cn-K-Wn-¨v H-cp
Zr-iy-I-e-bv-¡n-W§pw hn-[-ap-f-f hy-Xn-bm-\-§-fm-Wv \-f-N-cn-Xw B-«-¡-Y-bnÂ hcp-
¯n-bn-«p-ÅXv.
1.2 hÀ-®-\IÄ
Zr-iy-Im-hy-am-b B-«-¡-Y-bnÂ hÀ-®-\-bv-¡v A-{X-tb-sd Øm-\-anÃ. F-¦nepw
a-t\m-`m-h-§-fpsS hn-i-Zo-I-c-Ww, B-ß-K-X-§Ä C-h-sbm-s¡ hÀ-®-\m-cq-]-¯n-
emhmw. AXp-t]m-se {]-Ir-Xn-hÀ-®-\-bv¡pw A-h-k-c-ap-m-hmw. h-kv-Xp-hn-sâ
kp-µ-cam-b {]-Xo-Xn A-\p-hm-N-I-lr-Z-b-¯nÂ D-f-hm¡p-I F-¶-Xm-Wv hÀ-®-\-
bpsS e£yw. an-Xhpw [z-\y-mß-I-hpam-b hÀ-®-\-I-fmWv \-f-N-cn-X-¯n-ep-ÅXv.
]pjv-¡c-sâ A-]-IÀ-jXm-t_m-[-h-pw \-f-t\m-Sp-Å a-t\m-`m-hhpw “AcnInÂ h-¶p
\n¶-Xm-sc-´-`n-a-Xw...” F-¶ ]-Z-¯nÂ A-{X `w-Kn-bm-bn A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
“km-ay-a-I-t¶m-cp-Zym-\w.......” F¶ Z-a-b-ń-bpsS ]-Z-¯nÂ ]q¯pw X-fnÀ¯pw
\nÂ¡p¶ D-Zym-\-¯n-sâ a-t\m-lmcn-X ap-gp-h³ hc-¨p Im-«p-¶pv.
1.3 c-k-{]-Imi\w
B-«-¡-Y-bnÂ km-[m-c-W Aw-Kn-bm-b c-kw Im-Wm-dnÃ. D-®m-bn-hm-cyÀ C-¡m-
cy-¯nepw kzmX{ýw Im-Wn-¡p-¶pv. irw-Km-c-am-Wv \-f-N-cn-X-¯n-se Aw-Knbm-b
ckw. “Ip-h-e-bhn-temNt\ _m-te ss`-ao....” F-¶ ]-Z-¯nÂ kw-t`m-K-irw-Km-c-
¯nsâ hÀ-®-\-bm-Wv. \m-bnI-sb Nm-Sp-h-N-\-§Ä-sIm-v X-¶n-te-bv¡m-IÀ-jn-¡p-
hm³ \m-b-I³ \-S-¯p-¶ {i-a-¯n-sâ k-ap-Nn-Xam-b {i-a-am-Wo- `mK-¯v Im-Wp-
¶Xv. Xp-SÀ-¶p-Å irw-Km-c-hÀ-®-\-IÄ k-`y-am-b-co-Xn-bnÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv
D-®m-bn-hm-cyÀ. Aw-Kn-c-kam-b irw-Kmc-s¯ t]m-jn-¸n-¡m³ a-äp ck§fpw {]-bp-
à-am-bn-«p-v. C-{µm-Zn-I-tfm-Sp-Å I-en-bp-sS hm-¡p-I-fnÂ cu-{Z-hpw lm-kyhpw
{]I-S-amWv. \-f\pw ]p-jv-¡-c-\pw X-½n-ep-Å kw-hm-Z-¯n-emI-s« ho-c-c-k-am-Wv
\ndªp \nÂ-¡p-¶Xv.
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1.4 A-e-¦m-c§Ä
Zy-iy-Im-hy-§-fnÂ i-ÐmÀ°m-e-¦m-c-§Ä-¡v apń-b-Øm\w km[m-c-W-
Ip-h-cp-¶n-Ã. F¶mÂ hmcyÀ i_vZm-e-¦m-c-§Ä¡v Aan-X {]m-[m\yw \Â-
Ip¶p. F-¦nepw {]-Xn-]m-Zy-¯n-\\p-tbm-Pyam-b AÀ-°m-e-¦m-c-§fpw Im-Wmw.
 i-Ðm-e-¦m-c§Ä
B-Zn-{]mkw, Zzn-Xo-bm-£-c-{]mkw, A-ý-{]m-kw F-¶n-h-sbÃmw A-\m-bm-k-
am-bn hm-cyÀ {]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p. i-Ð-`w-Kn-¡v th-n hym-I-c-W-hy-hØ-sb
ewLn¨pw AÀ-° {]-Xo-Xn-¡v X-S-Ê-ap-m-¡nbpw hm-cyÀ ]-Z-§Ä {]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p.
 "t]m-b-h-cp-t¶-\I-te \o k-{¼Xn
t]mh-Xn sX-§p Ite" (ba-Iw)
 "C-{µm-Zn-Ifpw h-¶p he-¨p \-s½
C-S-bnÂ h-¶n-Sm-scÃmw \n-e¨p
C-µp-hZ-t\ \n-s¶ e-`n-¨p; C-Xn-\m-Â
C-\n-¡p ]p-cm-]p-Wyw ^-en¨p" (B-Zn-{]mkw)
 A-À-°m-e-¦m-c§Ä
"`rw-Km-fn \n-d-bp-¶p ]m-S-e-]-S-en-bnÂ
Inw tI-X-I-§-fnÂ ar-Km-¦-\p-Zn-¡bÃo? kmay"
ssI-X-¸q-hv N-{µ-s\-t¸m-se tim-`n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ N-{µ³ ssI-X-bp-sS C-S-bv-¡p h-¶v
D-Zn¨pthm F-¶v i-¦n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ DÂ-t{]-£m-e-¦mcw.
1.5 kw-Ko-X-am-[pcn
kw-Ko-X-¯n-sâ Im-cy-¯n-epw \-f-N-cn-X-¯n-sâ Øm-\w ap³-]-ń-bnÂ-¯-s¶-
bm-Wv. \-f-N-cn-X-¯n-se kw-Ko-Xw km-ln-Xy-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. c-k-`m-h-
§Ä-¡-\p-kr-X-am-bn-«m-Wv AXn-sâ \n-e. I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS B-´-cn-I-`m-h-§Ä
B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-hm³ Cu kw-Ko-Xw G-sd tbm-Pn-¡p¶p.
1.6 \m-S-Iob-X
\-f-N-cn-Xw B-«-¡-Y-bp-sS \m-S-Io-b-`w-Kn-sb k-lr-Z-bÀ hm-t\m-fw ]p-I-gv-¯n-bn-
«pv. B-Ir-Xn-bnepw {]-Ir-Xn-bn-epw ssh-Nn-{Xy-ap-Å I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS IÀ-½-cw-Kw
Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ DmIp-¶ B-i-b-kw-L-«-\-am-Wv \m-S-Io-b-X-bv-¡v A-Sn-
Øm\w. kw-L«-\w B-i-b-§Ä X½ntem hy-àn-IÄ X½ntem k-aq-l-§Ä
X½ntem B-Imw. H-cp hy-àn-bp-sS X-s¶ a-\-Ênse hn-cp-²-`m-h-§Ä X-½nÂ
kwLÀ-j-ap-m-Imw. \-f-N-cn-Xw I-Y-bnÂ Z-a-b-ó-kz-bw-h-c-¯n-\v tZh-·mÀ C-S-s]-
Sp-¶-tXm-sS \m-S-Io-b-X B-cw-`n-¡p¶p. A-Xp sI-«-S-§p-t¼mÄ I-en-bpsS cw-K-{]-
thiw aq-ew kw-LÀ-jw sIm-Sp-¼n-cn sIm-Åp¶p. F-¶mÂ aq-¶mw-Zn-hk-s¯ I-Y-
bnÂ \mSIo-b-ap-lqÀ-¯w \n-d-ª _m-ly-kw-`-h-§Ä Ip-d-hm-Wv. C-hn-sS \m-S-Io-
b-X kr-ãn-¡p¶-Xv \f-sâ a-\-Ên-s\ a-Yn-¡p-¶ hymIp-e Nn-´-I-fm-Wv. Nq-X-pI-fn-
bn-teÀ-s¸-«Xpw {]-P-I-fp-sS hn-tZz-j-¯n-\v ]m-{X-am-bXpw ss`-an-sb D-t]-£n-¨-Xp-
saÃmw \fsâ a-\-Ên-eq-sS t]m-Ip-¶ Nn-´-I-fmWv. ImÀ-t¡m-SIsâ Zw-i-\-¯n-
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eqsS Cu B-´-cn-I-kwLÀ-jw Z-a-b-ńbpw A-\p-`-hn-¡p-¶p-v. E-Xp-]À-®³ Z-a-b-
ń-bp-sS kz-bw-h-c-¯n-\m-bn \f-\p-am-bn bm-{X-bm-cw-`n¡p-t¼mÄ am-\-kn-I-kw-
LÀjw G-sd D-¶-Xm-h-Ø-bn-se-¯p-¶p. \f\nÂ \n¶pw I-en ]pd-¯p Nm-Sp-¶-Xn-
eq-sS kw-LÀ-jw hy-àn-IÄ X-½n-em-bn-¯o-cp-¶p.
C§-s\ kz-`m-h-ssh-Nn-{X-ap-Å I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä A-h-cp-sS IÀ-½ ]-cn-]m-Sn-bp-
am-bn ap-t¶-dp-t¼mÄ C-Xn-hr-¯-L-S-\-bn-ep-m-Ip¶ ssh-cp-²y-§fpw A-Xv I-Ym-
]m-{X-§-fp-sS a-t\m-a-Þ-e-¯n-ep-m-¡p-¶ B-Lm-X-§fpw {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶-Xn-
emWv \m-S-Io-b-X-bp-sS c-l-ky-a-S-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. C-Xn-hr-¯-kz-`m-hw sImpw
]m{X-ssh-Nn-{Xyw sIm-pw C-Xv \-f-N-cn-X-¯nÂ BZy´w {]-I-S-amWv. A-Xp ]-cn-K-
Wn-¨m-Wv hn-aÀ-i-I-·mÀ \-f-N-cnX-s¯ tI-c-f-¯n-se im-Ip-´-f-sa-¶v Hm-a-\-t¸-cn-«v
hn-fn-¡p-¶Xv. I-Ym-LS-\, c-km-hn-jv-Im-c-Nm-Xp-cyw, I-Ym-]m-{X-kr-ãn ChbnseÃmw
\-f-N-cn-X-¯n-\v \m-S-I-km-Zr-iy-am-Wp-ÅXv. kw`-h-ssh-Nn-{Xyw, hn-Im-c-ssh-Nn{Xyw
F-¶o L-S-I-§fpw \m-S-Io-b-X-sb-¡p-dn-¨p Nn-ń-¡p-t¼mÄ {i-²n-t¡-Xp Xs¶.
Chbpw \fN-cn-X-¯nÂ A-S-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶p.
1.7 I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä
B«¡-Y-I-fn-se I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä km-[m-c-W-bm-bn shdpw am-XrI (type)
IfmWv. AXp-sIm-m-Wv A-h-bn-e-[n-Ihpw \nÀ-Öo-hhpw B-kzm-Z-I-lr-Zb-s¯
B-IÀ-jn-¡m-¯-hbpw B-sW-¶ B-t£-]-ap-m-hp-¶Xv. I-Y-Ifn-temI-s¯ ]-cn-an-
X-nIÄ-¡p-ÅnÂ \n¶p-sIm-pX-s¶ hyàn-Xz-ap-Å I-Ym-]m-{X§-sf A-h-X-cn-¸n-
¡m³ {]-Xn-`m-im-en-Ifm-b Nn-e B-«-¡-Ym-Im-c-·mÀ-¡v I-gn-ªn-«pv. A-h-cnÂ
BZyw kv-a-cn-t¡--Xv D-®m-bn-hm-cy-scbmWv. kq-£va-X-tbm-sS-bp-Å I-Ym-]m-{X-
krãn, \m-S-Io-bam-b A-h-Xc-Ww Ch-sIm-v ]qÀ-®-X-bn-se-¯n \n-ev-¡p-¶ B«-
¡-Y \-f-N-cn-Xw am-{X-amWv. I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS _m-ly-{]-Ir-Xn-bn-te-sd B-´-cn-I-`m-
h-§Ä-¡p {]m-[m\yw \Â-In-s¡m-p-Å Nn-{X-Ww ]m-{X-kr-ãn-bnÂ H-cp \Ã Im-
evh-bv-]m-bn-cp¶p.
]m-{X-kr-ãn-bp-sS Im-cy-¯nÂ G-sd {i-²m-ep-hm-Wv D-®m-bn-hm-cyÀ. H-¶p
cp cw-K-¯p-h-cp-¶ A-{][m-\ I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä¡p-t]mepw In-«n-bn-cn-¡p-¶
angnhpw hy-àn-Xzhpw A-Ûp-Xm-h-l-am-Wv. "G-j-Wn-¡p \-S-t¸³ Rm³ G-gp-c-p-e-
I-¯n-epw...." F-¶n§-s\ Xm³ sIm-Å-cp-Xm-¯-h-\m-sW-¶p tem-I-t_m-²y-ap-s-
¦nepw sIm-Åm-hp-¶ Im-cy§-sf sIm-Ån-¸n-¡m-\m-Wp h-¶-sX-¶p ]-d-bp-¶
\mcZs\ H-cn-¡epw B-kzm-Z-IÀ-¡v a-d-¡m³ I-gn-bnÃ. A-{X-bv-¡v X-·-bXzw
{]kvXp-X I-Ym-]m-{X-¯n-\v \Â-Im³ D-®m-bn-¡v I-gnªp. AXp-t]m-se hn-c-en-se-
®m-hp-¶ k-µÀ-`-§-fnÂ am{Xw {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶ a-säm-cp I-Ym-]m-{X-am-Wv lwkw.
lw-k-¯n\pw \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶ an-gnhpw hy-àn-Xz-hpw {i-t²-b-amWv. \-f-N-cn-Xw
B-«-¡-Y-bnÂ lw-k-¯n-sâ \À-½-t_m-[hpw Zu-Xy-\nÀ-Æ-l-W-]m-S-hhpw {]-kn-²-
amWv.
2. \-f-N-cnX-s¯ hy-Xy-kv-X-am-¡p-¶ L-S-I-§Ä
1. `m-jm kzo-I-c-W-¯nÂ Im-Wn-¡p-¶ kzm-X-{ýw.
2. cq-]-inÂ-]-¯nÂ Im-Wn-¡p-¶ kzm-X-{ýw. (]Zw, tÇmIw)
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 17
3. Aw-Kn-bm-b c-k-¯n-sâ kzo-I-cWw.
4. kw-t`m-K-irw-Km-cm-hn-jv-Im-c-¯nÂ {]-I-S-am-Ip-¶ k-`y-X.
5. i-Ðm-e-¦m-c-§-fp-sS A-an-X{]-tbmKw.
6. \m-S-Io-bX
7. A-{][m-\ I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä-¡v e-`n-¡p-¶ an-gn-hpw hy-àn-Xzhpw
8. AÀ-°-k-¼p-ãam-b {]-tbm-K-§Ä A-`n-t\-Xm-¡Ä-¡p-m-¡p-¶ shÃp-
hnfn
9. I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS B-´-cn-I`m-h-§Ä B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-hm³ {]m-]v-Xam-b
kw-KoXw
10. aqe-I-Y-bnÂ h-cp-¯n-bn-«p-Å kzm-X-{ýw
11. A-c§-¯v e-`y-am-Ip-¶ th-j-ssh-hn[yw
3. AhX-c-W k-t¦-X-§Ä
I-YI-fn Xn-I¨pw k-t¦-X-_-²am-b H-cp I-em-cq-]-am-Wv. A-t\-Iw N-S-§p-Ifpw
Nn-«-Ifpw Io-gvh-g-¡-§-fp-saÃmw I-YI-fn A-h-X-c-W-¯n-\pv. I-YI-fn H-cp \r-Xy-
I-e-bmWv. \r-¯hpw \m-Sy-hp-saÃmw A-Xn-epv. ]-ZmÀ-°m-`n-\-b-¯n-\m-Wv \r-Xy-
sa-¶p ]-d-bp-¶Xv. Hmtcm ]-Z-¯n-sâ AÀ-°w ap-{Z-ss¡-sIm-v Im-Wn-¨v A-`n-\-
bn¡p-¶-Xm-Wv ]-ZmÀ-°m-`n\-bw hm-IymÀ-°m-`n-\-b-am-Wv \m-Syw. hm-IymÀ-°w A-`n-
\-bn-¡p-t¼mÄ `m-hw am-{X-aÃ c-kw-Iq-Sn A-XnÂ h-cp-¯Ww. I-Y-I-fn-bnÂ hm-Nn-
Im-`n\-bw Xo-sc hÀ-Ön-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ `m-hm-`n\-bw am-{X-ta A-XnÂ {]-[m-\am-
bpÅq. B-lm-cyw (Ir-{Xn-a-am-bn th-jw sI-«pI), Bw-KnIw, km-XznIw (tcm-am©w,
I-®oÀ Xp-S-§n-b-h \-Sn-¡p-I) hm-Nn-Iw F-¶o N-XpÀ hn-[m-`n-\-b-§-fnÂ hm-Nn-I-
sam-gn-¨p ti-j-ap-Å aq-¶n-\pw I-Y-I-fn-bnÂ Øm-\-apv.
\r-Xym-`n-\-b-{]-[m-\am-b I-Y-I-fn-bnÂ Bw-Kn-Im-`n-\-b-am-Wv an-I-¨p-\nÂ-¡p-
¶Xv. Bw-Kn-Im-`n\-bw ‘-ap{Z’ sIm-m-Wv \nÀ-Æ-ln-¡p-¶Xv. `-cX-sâ \m-Sy-im-kv-{X-
¯nÂ ]-d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶ ]-Xm-Im-Zn-Ifm-b ap-{Z-IÄ X-s¶-bm-Wv I-Y-I-fn-bnepw kzo-I-
cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. ‘l-kv-X-e-£-W-Zo-]n-I’ A-\p-k-cn-¨v 24 A-Sn-Øm-\-ap-{ZIÄ-sIm-v
an-¡ ]-ZmÀ-°-§-sfbpw I-YI-fn-\-S-·mÀ Im-Wn-¡p¶p. C-{]-Im-cw im-kv-{Xo-b-am-bn
Nn-«-s¸-Sp¯n-b ap-{ZI-sf A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n Aw-K§-sf N-en-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv I-Y-I-fn-
bp-sS coXn. ]m-«p-ImÀ IY-sb B-hÀ-¯n-¨m-hÀ-¯n-¨v ]m-Sn A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶p.
AXn-\-\p-k-cn-¨v ap-{Z-I-fp-sS k-lm-b-t¯m-sS ]-ZmÀ°-s¯ hopw hopw A-`n-\-
bn-¨v Im-Wn-¡p-I-bm-Wv I-Y-I-fn-bp-sS k-{¼-Zmbw.
B-lm-cym-`n-\-b-¯n-sâ Im-cy-¯nepw I-Y-I-fn-bp-sS-Xv im-kv-{Xo-bam-b co-Xn-
bmWv. I-Y-I-fn-bnÂ Im-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS kz-`m-hm-h-Ø-IÄ-¡-\p-k-cn-¨v C-¶v I-Ym-
]m-{X-¯n-\v C-¶ th-jw F-¶v im-kv-{X-ob-am-bn Nn-«-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶p.
kmXznIw, cm-Pkw, Xma-kw F-¶o Kp-W§-sf B-kv-]-Z-am¡n- I-Y-I-fn-th-j§-sf
X-cw-Xn-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. I-Ym-]m-{X-¯n-sâ kz-`m-h-a\-p-k-cn¨v Hm-tcm-¶n\pw Hm-tcm-
thjw \Â-Ip¶p. kw-Ko-X-¯nepw im-kv-{Xo-bam-b co-Xn I-Y-I-fn- ]n-´p-S-cp¶p.
A`n-\-b-¯n-\p-th-n ]m-Sp-t¼mÄ Nn-e Nn-«-IÄ {]-tXy-Iw {i-²n-t¡--XmWv.
C¯-c-¯nÂ I-Y-I-fn-bp-sS A-hX-c-W A-`n-\-b k-t¦-X-§-sfÃmw im-kv-{Xo-bam-b
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 18

co-Xn-bnÂ Nn-«-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-XmWv.
I-Y-I-fn-\S-\v ZoÀ-L-Ime-s¯ Nn-«bm-b ]-cn-ioe-\w B-h-iy-amWv. A-`n\-bw
am-{X-aÃ I-Y-I-fn-bp-sS a-äp N-S-§p-I-sfbpw km-t¦-Xn-Imw-i-§-sfbpw kw-_-Ôn-¨v
hn-i-Zam-b A-dn-hv I-YI-fn \-S-\p-m-tb Xo-cq. C§-s\ ZoÀ-L-Ime-s¯ ]T-\-
¯n\pw ]-cn-io-e-\-¯n\pw X-¿m-sd-Sp-¸n\pw ti-jw am-{X-am-Wv H-cp I-YI-fn \-S³
P·w-sIm-Åp-¶Xv. C-XnÂ \n-s¶Ãmw I-YI-fn Xn-I¨pw k-t¦-X-_-²am-b I-em-cq-]-
am-sW-¶v hy-à-am-Ip¶p. ap-{Z-I-fp-sSbpw C-X-c km-t¦Xn-I L-S-I-§-fp-sSbpw
AXn-{]k-cw I-Y-I-fn-bp-sS B-kzm-Z-\-s¯bpw km-ln-Xy aq-ey-s¯bpw Hc-f-thm-fw
{]-Xn-Iq-e-am-bn _m-[n-¨n-«p-s-¶-XnÂ kw-i-b-anÃ.
 eo-em-Xne-Iw
“eo-em-Xn-e-Iw:- a-Wn-{]hm-f e-£-W-{KÙw” F-¶m-Wv eo-em-Xn-e-I-¯n-sâ
]qÀ-®-am-b \m-aw. ‘a-Wn-{]-hm-f-w’ F-¶ km-ln-Xy-`m-j-bv-¡v \nÀ-ÆN-\w \Â-Ip-
¶Xpw a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ A-h-bv-¡p-Å Øm-\w Iq-Sp-XÂ hy-à-am-Ip-
¶Xpw eo-em-Xn-e-I-¯n-eq-sS-bm-Wv. a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-sâ am-{XaÃ, ]m-«n-sâbpw
\nbaw C-XnÂ B-Nm-cy³ kw-£n-]vX-am-bm-sW-¦nepw kq-£v-a-am-bn-¯-s¶ A-h-X-
cn-¸n-¨n-«pv. A-Xn-\mÂ eo-em-Xne-Iw ]m-«n-sâbpw \n-b-a-{K-Ù-am-bn I-W-¡m-¡mw.
1385 \pw 1400 \pw C-S-bv-¡m-Wv c-N-\m-Im-e-sa-¶v C-fw-Ip-fw A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
kq{Xhpw hr-¯nbpw kw-kv-Ir-X-¯nepw D-Zm-lc-Ww a-e-bm-f-¯nepw B-bn c-Nn-¨
F-«v inÂ-]-§-fm-Wv eo-em-Xn-e-I-¯n-ep-ÅXv.
inÂ-]w H-¶v > a-Wn-{]hm-f e-£Ww, a-Wn-{]hm-f h-I-t`-Z-§Ä, ]m-«v F¶n-h
{]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p
inÂ-]w c-v > a-Wn-{]hm-f-¯n-sâ `m-jm-]-cam-b Im-cy-§Ä hy-à-am-¡p¶p
inÂ-]w aq-¶v
inÂ-]w \m-ev > tZmjm-temN\w
inÂ-]w A-©v > Kp-W-\n-cq]Ww
inÂ-]w B-dv > i-Ðm-e-¦m-c§Ä
inÂ-]w G-gv > AÀ-°m-e-¦m-c§Ä
inÂ-]w F-«v > c-k-hn-Nm-c-§Ä
C-¯-c-¯nÂ a-Wn-{]hm-f-¯n-sâ hn-i-Zam-b hn-h-c-W-§Ä h-I-Xn-cn-¨v hy-à-am-bn
eo-em-Xn-e-I-Im-c³ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶p. a-Wn-{]hm-f-¯n-\pw AXn-t\m-sSm-¸w X-s¶
]m-«n\pw H-cp e-£-W-{K-Ù-ap-m-I-W-sa-¦nÂ A-Xn-t\-¡mÄ F{Xtbm ap³-
]pXs¶ {]kvXp-X km-ln-Xy-`m-j-I-fnÂ km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ h-fÀ-¶p hn-I-kn-¨n-«p-
m-I-Ww. a-Wn-{]-hm-f km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ ssh-Imcn-I e-l-cn-bnÂ ap-gpIn-b H-cp
kaq-l-¯n-sâ `m-jm-kz-cq-]-am-Wv ap-Jy-am-bn {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶-sX-¦nepw sam-¯-
¯nÂ km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ DÄ-¡-cp-¯v sh-fn-hm-¡p-¶ Ir-Xn-IÄ A-¡m-e-¯p-m-bn-
cp-¶p F-¶-Xn-\v \n-ZÀ-i-\-am-Wv eo-em-Xn-eIw. {K-Ù-Im-c³ \Â-Ip-¶ D-Zm-l-c-W-§-
fnÂ \n-¶v ]-Xn-¶memw \q-äm-n-\v ap³-]pw ]-Xn-¶memw \q-äm-nepw \n-e-hn-ep-¶
km-ln-Xy-¯nsâ km-am-\y kz-`m-hw a-\-Ên-em-¡mw. kw-kvIr-X `m-jbp-sS
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 19

kzm[o\w a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ bm-YmÀ-°y-am-Ip-¶-Xn-sâ N-cn-{X-]-cam-b tc-J-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv
eo-em-Xn-e-Iw. hÀ-¤m-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ ss{X-hÀ®n-I taÂ-t¡mbv-a km-ln-Xy-¯nepw
A-Xph-gn k-aq-l-¯nepw D-d-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ sX-fn-hmbpw eo-em-Xn-eI-s¯ I-cp-Xmw.
ap³-Im-ehÀj tNm-Zy§Ä
1. B-«-¡-Ym-{]-Øm-\-¯n-\v D-®m-bn-hm-cyÀ \ÂIn-b kw-`m-h-\-sb-s´-¶v hn-i-Zo-
I-cn-¡pI. (2017-C)
2. a-ebm-f I-hn-X-bp-sS h-fÀ-¨-bnÂ N-¼p-¡Ä h-ln-¨ ]-¦n-s\-¡p-dn-¨v hn-h-cn-
¡pI. (2016-C)
3. a-²yIm-e N-¼p-¡-fp-sS km-ln-Xy-]-cam-b anI-hv ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. (2015-C)
4. ‘K-Wn-Im-hÀ-®-\-]-cam-b Im-hy-§-fp-sS D-Õ-h-ta-f-I-fnÂ Dm-b H-Sp¡-s¯
Iq-«-sh-Sn-bmWv N-t{µmÕ-hw’þ Cu \n-cq-]-Im-`-{]m-bw NÀ-¨ sN-¿p-I. (2015)
5. {]m-No-\-N-¼p-¡Ä G-h? A-h-bp-sS km-ln-Xy-]-cam-b {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ ]cn-tim-[n-
¡p-I? (2014-C)
6. ‘\-f-Ncn-X’s¯ ‘tI-c-fo-b-im-Ip-´fw’ F-¶p hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ bp-àn
F´v? (2013-C)
7. ‘eo-em-Xn-e-I’¯n-sâ km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-{]m-[m\yw F-´v? (2013)
8. N-¼p-¡-fnse ‘\m-tSm-Sn¯w’ hn-h-cn-¡p-I. (2013)
9. {]m-No-\-a-Wn-{]hm-f N-¼p-¡-fn-se A-§m-Sn hÀ-®-\-I-fp-sS {]m-[m\yw F-´v?
(2012-C)
10. N¼p¡-sf B-ZyIm-e N-¼p-¡Ä ]nÂ¡m-e N-¼p-¡Ä F-¶v thÀ-Xn-cn-¨v ]-d-bp-
¶-Xn-\p-Å Im-c-W-§Ä tkm-Zm-lc-Ww hn-h-cn-¡p-I. (2009)
11. BZy-ImeN¼p¡fpw ]nÂIme N¼p-¡fpw ]peÀ¯nb ssien-]-c-amb
hyXymk§Ä Nqn-¡m-Wn-¡pI? (2007)
12. \-f-N-cn-Xw B«-¡-Y a-äv B-«-¡-Y-I-fnÂ \n-¶v hy-Xy-kv-X-am-hp-¶-sX-§-s\?
(2005)
13. {]m-No-\-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-XnIÄ, Ir-jv-W-Km-Y, Xp-ÅÂ Ir-Xn-IÄ F-¶n-h-bnÂ
{]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶ lmkyw D-t±-iy-¯nepw kz-`m-h-¯nepw G-sXÃmw X-c-¯nÂ
hy-Xym-kw {]-ZÀ-in-¸n-¡p-¶p F-¶v kv-]-ã-am-¡p-I. (2003)
14. kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb D]-cn-Xe PoÀ®Xbpw Bßo-bamb A´ØePoÀ®Xbpw
H¯ptNÀ¶ Hcp AhØsbbmWv sam¯¯nÂ {]mNo\aWn{]hmf
kmlnXyw A\m-h-cWw sN-¿p-¶Xv F¶v ]d-bmtam? (2003)
15. Ah-XcW kt¦X§fpsS k¦oÀ®X B«¡Y-bpsS kmlnXyaqeys¯ Hc-f-
thmfw {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n¨n«pv. Cu A`n{]mbw B«¡YmIrXnIÄ¡v
kmam-\y-ambn s]mcp-¯-s¸-Sp-¶ptm F¶v \nÀ®bn-¡pI? (2003)
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 20

t]¸À þ H-¶v sk-£³þ_n
a-e-bmfw
bqWn-äv þ \m-ev
4.3 \m-tSm-Sn km-lnXyw
\m-tSm-Sn-hn-Úm-\o-b-sa-¶mÂ F-s´¶pw A-h G-sXÃm-sa¶pw `m-jm-]-cam-b
{]-tXy-I-X-IÄ F-s´Ãm-sa¶pw t]-¸À H-¶v sk-£³ F bnÂ hn-i-Z-am¡n-b h-kv-Xp-
X-bmWv. C-hn-sS sX-¡³-]m-«v h-S-¡³-]m-«v C-S-\m-S³-]m-«v F-¶n-h-bp-sS km-lnXy-Kp-W-
§fm-Wv ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-¶Xv.
I. sX-¡³-]m-«v
sX-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ F-¶ \nÀ-Æ-N-\-¯nÂ ho-cm-cm-[-\m-]-c-§fm-b ]m-«p-IÄ am-{X-
aÃ aäp ]-e C-\w ]m-«p-I-fpw DÄ-s¸-Sp¶p. {]-tbm-P-\-a-\p-k-cn¨pw {]-ta-bw A-\p-k-
cn¨pw sX-¡³-]m-«pI-sf hÀ-¤o-I-cn-¡m-dpv.
sX-¡³-]m-«pIÄ
{]-tbm-P-\m-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ {]-ta-bm-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ
1. hm-b-\-¸m-«v 1. tZ-h-Xm-kv-Xp-Xn-]-c-§Ä
2. im-kv-{X-¸m-«v 2. I-Ym-]-c-§Ä
3. tIÄ-hn-¸m-«v -- ]p-cm-Wm-I-Ym-]-c-§Ä
- N-cn-{X-]-c-§Ä
- km-ap-Zm-bnI-]-c-§Ä
3. im-kv-{X-]-c§Ä
Xn-I¨pw A-\p-jvTm-\-]-cam-b ]m-«p-I-fm-Wv hm-b-\-¸m«v. a-Þ-e-Im-e-§-fnÂ Nne
`-h-\-§-fn-se cm-amb-Ww hmb-\-t]m-se Nn-e kz-Im-cy-t£-{X-§-fnÂ AX-Xp tZ-h-X-I-
sf-¸-än-bp-Å ‘tXmä§Ä' \-S-¯m-dpv. C-Xm-Wv hm-b-\-¸m«v. im-kv-{X-kw-_-Ôam-b ]m-
«p-I-fm-Wv im-kv-{X-]m«v. aÀ-½-im-kv{Xw Nn-In-Õmim-kv{Xw F-¶v c-m-bn Ch-sb hn-`-
Pn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. A-\p-jvTm-\-]-chpw tI-«p--c-kn-¡m-\p-Å-Xp-am-Wv tIÄ-hn-¸m«v. Zr-iyþ{im-
hy-I-e-bp-am-bn C-W-§n-t¨À-¶ tIÄ-hn-¸m-«p-IÄ Ipw tI«pw c-kn-¡p-hm³ B-fp-
IÄ [m-cm-f-apv. hnÃ-Sn-¸m-«v CXn-s\m-cp-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. A-¼-e-§-fn-se D-Õ-h-t¯m-S-
\p-_-Ôn-¨v ]m-Sp-¶ hnÃ-Sn-¸m-«p-IÄ tZ-h-Xm-kv-Xp-Xn-]-c-§-fmWv. I-Y-bv-¡v {]m-[m\yw
IÂ-]n-¨n-«p-Å-h-bm-Wv IYm-]-c-§fmb tIÄ-hn-¸m-«pIÄ. C-h-bv-¡p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ I-
YI-sf B-kv-]Z- -am-¡n aq-¶m-bn hn-`-Pn-¡mw. `m-cXw, cm-am-bWw, `m-Kh-Xw Xp-S§n-b
C-Xn-lm-k-§-fn-se I-YI-sf A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n I-Y-¸m-«p-IÄ c-Nn-¨v Im-Wm-¸mT-am-¡n
A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶ co-Xn-bm-Wv ]p-cm-W-I-Ym-]-c-§fm-b ]m-«p-I-fn-ep-ÅXv. ]p-cm-tW-Xn-lm-
k-§-fnÂ kÀ-Æ-{X-kzm-X-{ýw Im-«n-bn«p-Å co-Xnbpw ]p-cm-W-I-Ym-]-c-§-fnÂ-s¸-Sp¶p.
Ip-©p-ho-a³-I-Y D-Zm-l-cWw. cm-P-N-cn-{X-kw_-Ôtam bp-²-¯nÂ ho-c-·m-cp-sS hnP-
btam ]-cmP-b-tam, cm-Py-¯n-\p-th-n ho-c-Nc-aw {]m-]n-¨-h-cp-sS Po-h-N-cn{Xtam bp-²-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 1

hn-hc-Wtam B-bn-«p-Å-h-bm-Wv N-cn-{X-]-c-§fm-b ]m-«pIÄ. h-en-bX-¼n Ip-©p-X-¼n-
¡-Y D-Zm-l-cWw. I-\Iw, Im-an-\n C-h-bv-¡p-th-n-bpÅ t]m-cm-«-§-fp-sS I-Y-bm-Wv
km-ap-Zm-bn-I-]-c-¯nÂ s]-Sp-¶Xv.
(1) A-Úm-X-IÀ-¯r-Iw
H-«p-an-¡ FÃm-\m-S³ ]m-«n-sâbpw c-N-bn-Xm-hv B-sc-¶v sX-fn-hp-I-fnÃ. C-sXm-cp
hy-àn-bp-sS Ip-¯-I-bÃm-X-¯n-\mÂ ]m-Sp-¶-h-scÃmw A-h-\h-sâ kw-`m-h-\ Iq-«n-
t¨À-¡pw. G-sX-¦nepw H-cp Ime-¯v B-sc-¦nepw c-Nn-¨-Xmhmw \m-S³-]m«v. C-{]-Im-cw
D-S-se-Sp-¯ \m-S³-]m-«v k-aq-l-¯n-sâ kz-`m-h-a-\p-k-cn-¨v am-dp-¶-Xn-\mÂ c-Nn-¨-Xm-sc-
¶v Ir-Xy-am-bn I-s¯p-I _p-²n-ap-«p-Å Im-cy-amWv.
(2) hy-àam-b N-cn-{X-anÃ. km-aqln-I ]p-\x-kr-ãn
\m-tSm-Sn-¸m-«p-IÄ F-hnsS, F¶v, F-t¸mÄ cq]w-sIm-p F-¶-Xn-s\¸-än hy-àam-
b sX-fn-hp-I-fnÃ. C-h A-Úm-X-IÀ-Xr-I-§-fm-b-Xn-\mÂ ]m-«p-]m-Sp-¶-h-scÃmw A-h-
\h-sâ kw-`m-h-\ Iq-«n-t¨À-¡p¶p. Hmtcm Im-e-L-«-¯nepw k-aq-l-¯n-ep-m-Ip-¶ N-
e-\§Ä, `m-j-bn-ep-m-Ip-¶ ]-cn-Wm-a-§Ä C-h \m-tSm-Sn-Km-\-§sf ]p-\x-kr-ãn-
¡p¶p. A§-s\ \m-S³-]m-«v k-aq-l-¯n-sâ kr-ãn-bm-Ip¶p. Z-im-Ð-§fÃ, i-Xm-Ð-
§Ä ]e-Xp I-gn-ªn-«m-Wv G-Xp-tZ-i-¯pw C-Xv tc-J-s¸-Sp¯m-s\m-cp-§n-bXv. A-{X-bpw
\mÄ ]m-«n-sâ P-·-\m«ntem B k-aq-l¯ntem kw-`-hn-¡p-¶ am-ä-§Ä ]m-«nepw {]-Xn-
^-en-¡p-¶p. Cu km-aq-ly ]p-\x-kr-ãn-bm-Wv \m-S³-Km-\-§-fp-sS hy-àam-b N-cn{Xw
e-`y-aÃm-Xn-cn-¡m-\p-Å Im-cWw.
(3) I-Ym-Km-\§Ä
“]-c-¼-cm-K-X-am-bn X-e-ap-d-bnÂ \n-¶p X-e-ap-d-bn-te-¡v ]m-Sn-¸-IÀ-¶ B-Jym-\-]-
cam-b Km-\-am-Wv I-Ym-Km-\w”. Xp-S-¡-¯nÂ h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-fn-se I-Ym-Km-\§-sf am-
{X-ta I-Ym-Km-\-§Ä F-¶ hn-`m-K-¯nÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp-¶pÅq. ]-e hy-Xy-kv-X-X-
Ifpw ]p-eÀ-¯p-¶ sX-¡³-]m-«pI-sf s{]m-^.Pn.i-¦-c-¸n-Å-bm-Wv B-Zy-am-bn I-Ym-Km-
\-§-fm-bn hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-¶Xv. A-Xn-ZoÀL-§tfm A-Xn-{l-kz-§tfm AÃm-¯ I-Ym-Km-
\-§-fm-Wv sX-¡³-]m-«pIÄ.
(4) hm-sam-gn-bn-eq-sS hym]-\w
an-¡-hmdpw \m-S³-Km-\-§Ä {]-N-cn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv hm-sam-gn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. ‘]m-Sp-I,
tIÄ-¡p-I, tI«-Xv ho-pw ]p-\x-kr-ãn-¡p-I’. C-{]-Im-c-am-Wv ]m-«p-I-fp-sS hym-]-\-co-
Xn. tI«-Xv A-tX co-Xn-bnÂ X-s¶ ]p-\x-kr-ãn-¡-W-sa-¶ \nÀ-_-Ô-anÃ. \m-S³-]m-«p-
IÄ-¡v A-{X-bv-¡v A-b-ª L-S-\-bm-Wv. C-¡m-c-W-¯mÂ ]m-Sp-t¼mÄ hy-àn-bnÂ
A-´À-eo-\-am-bn-¡n-S-¡p-¶ k-hn-ti-j-kz-`m-h-§fpw Km-\-¯nÂ I-e-cp¶p. C-{]-Im-cw
H-cp hy-àn-bnÂ \n-¶v a-säm-cp hy-àn-bn-te-s¡-¯p-t¼mÄ am-{X-aÃ \m-S³-Km-\-§Ä-
¡v am-äw kw-`-hn-¡p-¶Xv. a-dn-¨v H-cp tZi-s¯ hm-sam-gn-bnÂ \n¶pw a-säm-cp tZi-s¯
hm-sam-gn-bn-te-¡v I-S-¡p-t¼mgpw \m-S³-Km-\-§Ä am-ä-¯n-\v hn-t[-b-am-Ip¶p.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 2

(5) Cu-iz-c-kv-XpXn-tbm-Sp-IqSn-b B-cw-`w
an-¡-hmdpw FÃm sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fp-sSbpw B-cw-`-¯nÂ Cu-iz-c-kv-Xp-Xn I-p-h-
cp¶p. Cu-iz-c-kv-Xp-Xnsb ‘Im¸v’ F-¶v ]-d-ªp-h-cp¶p. ]m-«nÂ-Xs¶ ‘Im¸v’ F-¶ ]-
Z{]-tbm-Kapv. Cu Im-¸p-I-sfÃmw aq-e-{K-Ù-¯nÂ D-Å-Xm-sW-¶v I-cp-Xm³ ]m-SnÃ.
H-tc {K-Ù-¯n-sâ a-äp {]-Xn-I-fnÂ Im-¸v hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cn-¡pw. am-{X-aÃ ‘Im¸v' {]-
tXyIw Hm-e-bnepw ‘ssI-¸S’ (ssI-¿-£cw) hy-Xym-k-¯nepw D-Å-Xn-\mÂ Cu-iz-c-kv-
Xp-Xn a-säm-cm-fn-tâ-sX-¶p h-¶p Iq-Sp¶p.
(5) ]mT-t`-Z-§-fp-m-¡p-¶p
H-cp X-e-ap-d-bnÂ \n-¶pw A-Sp-¯ X-e-ap-d-bn-te-¡v hm-sam-gn-bm-bn ssI-am-äw sN-
¿-s¸-Sp-¶ \m-S³-¸m-«p-IÄ-¡v A-b-ª L-S-\-bm-Wp-ÅXv. C-Xv F-gp-XnX-¿m-dm-¡nb H-
cp A-Sn-Øm-\-Km-\aÃ. Hmtcm k-aq-lhpw A-hn-sS {]-N-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶ ]mT-t`Z-s¯ A-
h-cp-sS ]mT-am-bn I-cp-Xp¶p. F-¶mÂ b-YmÀ-° ]mTw F-´m-sW-¶v BÀ¡pw A-dn-
bnÃ. C§-s\ ]mT-t`-Z-§Ä D-m¡p-I F¶-Xv \m-S³-]m-«n-sâ k-hn-ti-j-X-bmWv. C-
hn-sS b-YmÀ-°-]mTw F-´m-sW-¶v hy-à-am-¡m-t\-I-gn-bnÃ. Hmtcm Im-e-tZ-i-
§Ä¡\p-k-c-W-ambn Hmtcm ]mT-t`-Zhpw hym-Jym-\n-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶p.
(6) ssh-hn-[y-amÀ-¶ C-Xn-hr-¯w
ssh-hn-[y-amÀ-¶ C-Xn-hr-¯-am-Wv sX-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ-¡p-ÅXv. N-cn-{X-]-chpw cm-P-
hw-i-]-c-hpw, km-aq-ln-I-]-c-hpw, ]p-cm-tW-Xn-lmk-]-c-hpw, im-kv-{X-]-c-hpam-b h-kv-Xp-
X-IÄ ]-eXpw sX-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ-¡v hn-j-b-am-bn-¯o-cp¶p. C-{]-Im-c-w hn-j-b-¯nepw
`m-h-¯n-ep-apÅ ssh-hn[yw sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-bmWv.
(7) Km-\-k-ap-¨-b-aÃ
h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-Y-Isf-t]m-se G-I-`m-h-¯n-ep-Å Km-\-k-ap-¨-b-am-Wv sX-¡³-]m-
«p-IÄ F-¶v ]-d-ªp-Iq-Sm. ssh-hn-[y-amÀ-¶ C-Xn-hr-¯-§-fmWv Cu ]m-«p-I-Y-IÄ-¡p-
ÅXv. sX-¡³-]m«pw h-S-¡³-]m«pw I-Ym-Km-\-§-fm-sW-¶n-cn-s¡ Km-\-k-ap-¨-¯n-sâ
co-Xn ]n-´p-S-cp¶-Xv h-S-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ am-{X-amWv. H-cp hy-àn-sb-¡p-dn-¨v \q-dp-I-W-¡n-
\v ]m-«p-I-fp-sS Km-\-k-ap¨-bw cq]w-sIm-Åp-¶ co-Xn sX-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ-¡nÃ.
(8) \m-tSm-Sn-I-em-cq]-§-tfm-Sp-Å km-Zriyw
sX-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ tI-c-f-¯n-se sX-¡³-tZi-s¯ \m-tSm-Sn-I-em-cq-]-hp-am-bn _-
Ô-s¸-«p In-S-¡p¶p. Zr-iyþ{im-hy I-e-bp-am-bn C-W-§n-t¨À-¶ tIÄ-hn-¸m-«p-IÄ sX-
¡³-]m-«p-I-fn-se \m-tSm-Sn-I-em-cq]-§-tfm-Sp-Å km-Zriyw hy-à-am-¡p¶p. hnÃ-Sn-¸m«v,
I-Wn-bm³-Iq-¯v F¶n-h D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. Zr-iyþ{im-hy I-e-bnÂ-s¸-Sp-¶ H-cp {Kmao-
W I-em-cq-]am-b hnÃ-Sn-¸m-«v I-\ym-Ip-am-cn PnÃ-bn-se km-[m-c-W-¡mÀ Iq-Sp-XÂ B-kz-
Zn-¡p-¶ I-e-bmWv. {]m-No-\-Im-e-§-fnÂ C-Xn-lm-k-]p-cm-W-§-sfbpw kw-L-Im-e-Ir-Xn-
sbbpw A-hew-_-am-¡n hnÃ-Sn-¸m-«p-IÄ c-Nn-¨n-cp¶p. Im-e-{I-ta-W sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-
fnÂ \n¶v A-h-bn-se {]-ta-bw kzo-I-c-n-¨v ]m-s«-gp-¯p-ImÀ hnÃ-Sn-¸m-«p-IÄ \nÀ-½n¨p.
A-§-s\ c-Nn-¨ hnÃ-Sn-¸m-«p-Ifpw sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS Iq-«-¯nÂ H-cp im-J-bm-bn amdn.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 3
AXp-sIm-sm-s¡-bm-Wv ]-ecpw sX-¡³-]m-«pI-sf hnÃ-Sn-¸m-«p-I-fm-bn [-cn-¡m³ Im-
cWw. F-¶mÂ sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-sfÃmw hnÃ-Sn-¸m-«p-IfÃ.
(9) k-Z-Ên-\p ap-¶n-se A-h-Xc-Ww
a-äp ]m-«p-IÄ-¡nÃm-X¯pw sX-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ-¡p-Å-Xpam-b {]-tXy-I-X-bm-Wv A-Xv
k-Z-Ên-\p ap-¶nÂ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p F-¶Xv. hm-b-\-¸m-«pIÄ, tIÄ-hn-¸m-«p-IÄ tZ-h-
Xmkv-Xp-Xn-]-cam-b ]m-«p-IÄ C-h-sbm-s¡ c-kn-¡m³ X-Xv-]-ccm-b k-Z-Ên-\p-ap-¶nemWv
A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. A-¼-e-§fntem Im-hp-I-fntem h-¨v B-e-]n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ C¯-
cw ]m-«p-IÄ-¡v Im-te-¡q-«n F-¯n-t¨À-¶ H-cp kZ-kv FÃm-¡m-e¯pw D-m-bn-cp¶p.
(10) Zr-iy]-cX
k-Z-Ên-\p-ap-¼nÂ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ sX-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ-¡v k-Z-ky-sc Xr-]v-Xn-
s¸-Sp¯p-I F-¶ e-£yw-Iq-Sn-bpv. AXp-sIm-v Km-\m-ßI-X-tbm-sSm-¸w Zr-iymw-i-
§fpw A-XnÂ [m-cm-f-am-bn DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. am-{X-aÃ A-Xn-s\ H-cp \m-S-Io-bm-
\p-`-h-am-bn am-äm-\p-Å I-em-Im-c-·m-cp-sS t_m-[-]qÀ-Æam-b {i-a-hp-apv.
(11) E-Pphm-b I-Y-\-co-Xn
h-{I-Xtbm ¢n-ãtXm Iq-Sm-sX Imcyw am{Xw ]-dªp-t]m-Ip-¶ co-Xn sX-¡³-]m-
«p-I-fnÂ B-Zy-´w Im-Wmw. ]m-s«-gp-¯p-Im-c\m-b B-im-·mÀ C-¡m-cy-¯nÂ {]-tXy-I-
{i-²-Im-«n-bn-cp-¶-Xm-bn a-\-Ên-em-¡mw. E-Pphm-b I-Y-\-co-Xn-bv-¡v H-cp Zr-ãm´w:
“]p-¦p-]p-fn-bd tIm-«-bnse
s]m-¶p-cp-hn F-sâ-cp-s]¬
sh¦-e a-I-cm-N³ s]-ä
ta-Xn-\n-bmÄ s]m-¶p-cphn
No-h-e-am-c-hÀ cm-N³ Xss¦
tX³-sam-gn-sb s]¬-tNÀ
h-c-th-Ww a-d-tbmtc
Fâ-hmÀss¯ sNm-¶mÀ-a-¶-h-cpw” (s]m-¶p-cp-hnI-Y)
(12) kmw-kv-Imcn-I {]-Xn-ê-\w
sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-Y-I-fnÂ A-Xp ]n-d-hn-sb-Sp-¯ {]-tZ-i-¯n-sâbpw Im-e-L-«-¯n-
sâbpw hn-izm-k-§-fp-w B-Nm-c-§fpw C-X-c km-aqln-Ikmw-kv-Imcn-I k-hn-ti-j-X-
Ifpw \nd-ªp \nÂ-¡p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. i-Ip\w, tPym-Xn-jw, kz-]v-\w F-¶n-h-bn-ep-
Å hn-izmkw, t\À-ÏÄ, A-\p-jvTm-\§Ä, a-{´-hm-Zw, 28 sI«v, t]-cn-SÂ Xp-S§n-b
B-Nm-c-§fpw \m-tSm-Sn-¡-fn-Ifpw A-\p-jvTm-\-§-fp-saÃmw Cu ]m-«p-I-fnÂ \n-d-ªp-
\nÂ-¡p¶p. a-cp-a-¡-¯m-bw X-IÀ-¶v a-¡-¯m-bw cq-]-sa-Sp-¡p-¶ Im-e-L-«-s¯-¡p-dn-
¨v aq-thm-«p-aÃ³ I-Y-bnÂ kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶pv. A-½m-h³-am-cnÂ \n¶pw `q-an-bnÂ Ir-
jn-sN-¿p-hm-\p-Å A-h-Im-iw A-\-ń-c-hÀ-¡v \ym-b-am-bn e-`n-t¡--XmWv. A-Xp In-
«m-sX h-¶-t¸m-gm-Wv Zm-cn-{Zyw A-\p-`-hn-¡m-\n-Sbm-b Ip-dp-¸-·mÀ A-½mh-s\ F-XnÀ-¡p-
¶Xv. C-{]-Im-cw Zmb-{I-a-¯n-epm-b ]-cn-hÀ-¯-\hpw A-Xn-sâ {]-Xym-Lm-X§fpw {]-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 4
kvXp-X sX-¡³-]m-«nÂ hm-bn-s¨-Sp-¡mw. sXm-«p-Iq-Sm-bv-abpw Xo-n-¡q-Sm-bv-abpw \n-e-
\n-¶n-cp-¶ Im-e-amWv aq-thm-«p-aÃ³ I-Y-bnÂ Im-Wp-¶-Xv F-¶-Xn-\v hy-àam-b sX-fn-
hv ]m-«nÂ \n¶pw e-`n-¡p-¶pv. ]-d-b³ ]m-f-bn-em-¡n-s¡m-Sp-¯ A-hnepw sIm-«-t¯-
§-bp-am-Wv hn-Sp-Xn-¡p Xm-a-kn-¡p-t¼mÄ Ip-dp-¸-·m-cp-sS B-lmcw. tI-c-f-¯n-se ]-g-
b B-Nm-c-a-\p-k-cn-¨v A-hn-emWv ‘XoÂ' Pm-Xn-¡m-cnÂ \n¶pw hm-§n `-£n-¡m-hp-
¶ km-[\w. C-{]-Im-cw kmw-kv-Imcn-I {]-Xn-ê-\w sX-¡³-]m-«nÂ \n-d-ªp-\nÂ-
¡p¶p.
(13) ho-cm-cm-[-\bpw A-am-\p-jn-I-]-cn-th-jhpw
\m-S³-]m-«n-sâ I-Ym-Km-\-im-J-bnÂ h-cp-¶-Xm-Wv ho-c-I-Ym-Km-\§Ä. ho-c-Ir-Xy-
§Ä sN-bv-Xv k-aq-l-¯nÂ [o-c-·m-cm-bn Po-hn-¨ hy-ànI-sf ]p-I-gv-¯n-¸m-Sn-h-cp-¶ Km-
\-§-fm-Wn-h. sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ C-c-hn-Ip-«n-¸n-Å, D-e-Ip-S-s]-cp-amÄ Xp-S-§n-b-h-cp-sS
N-cn-X-§Ä A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶ ]m-«p-IÄ ho-c-I-Ym-Km-\-§Ä-¡p Zr-ãm-´-§-fmWv. ho-c-
]p-cp-j-·m-sc B-ZÀ-i-hÂ-¡-cn-¨v tZ-h-·m-sc-t¸m-se B-cm-[n-¡p-¶ H-cp co-Xn-bm-Wv C-
XnÂ-Im-Wp-¶Xv. I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä-¡v A-am-\pjn-I ]-cn-th-jw \Â-Ip-¶ {]-h-W-X-bpw
sX-¡-³-]m-«p I-Y-I-fnÂ {]-I-S-amWv.
sX-¡³-]m-«p-IfnÂ G-sd P-\-{]o-Xn-bp-Å ‘C-c-hn-¡p-«n-¸n-Å-t¸m-cn'sâ C-Xn-hr-
¯w Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀhm-Wncp¶ c-hn-hÀ-½ Ip-e-ti-Jc-sâ Ime-s¯ [o-c-tZ-im-`n-am-
\nbm-b C-c-hn-¡p-«n-¸n-Å-bp-sS ho-cm-]-Zm-\-§-fmWv. a-[p-c-bn-se \m-bv-¡-cmw-P-hw-i-¯n-
sâ ap-Jy tk-\m-]-Xnbm-b cm-a-¸-s\-bp-²-¯nÂ F-Xn-cn-«v I-Ym-\m-b-I\m-b C-c-hn-¡p-
«n-¸n-Å ho-capXyp h-cn-¡p¶p. a-[p-c-bn-se ]m-Þy-cm-Pm-hn-sâ _-Ôp-hmb ssh-¡-
¯m-cp-sS a-I\m-b D-eIp-S s]-cp-am-fp-sS hn-hm-lw ap-XÂ ac-Ww h-sc-bp-Å Pohn-X
hr-¯m-´-§-fm-Wv D-e-Ip-S-s]-cp-amÄ ]m-«n-se {]-Xn-]m-Zyw. `-{Z-Im-fn-bp-sS `-à\m-b s]-
cp-am-sf H-cp tZ-h-X-bm-bn C¶pw P-\-§Ä B-cm-[n¨p-t]m-cp¶p.
(14) A-\p-jvTm-\hpw hn-t\m-Zhpw
]-e-X-c-¯n-ep-Å ]m-«p-I-fm-Wv sX-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ F-¶ hn-`m-K-¯nÂ-s]-Sp-¶pv.
Nn-e sX-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ A-\p-jvTm-\-]-c-am-sW-¦nÂ Nne-Xv hn-t\m-Z]-cw am-{X-amWv. sX-
¡³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS C-Xn-hr-¯w ssh-hn-[y-]qÀ-®-am-sW-¶v hy-à-am-¡n-¡-gn-ª h-kv-Xp-
X-bm-Wv. H-tc-ka-bw A-\p-jvTm-\-]-chpw hn-t\m-Z-]-chpw B-Ip-¶-Xn-eq-sS hn-]co-X
AÀ-°-km-[y-X-I-fm-Wv Im-Wm³ I-gn-bp-¶Xv. sX-¡³-]m-«n-epÄ-s¸-Sp-¶ hm-b-\-¸m-«p-
IÄ Xn-I¨pw A-\p-jvTm-\-]-c-amWv. a-Þ-e-Im-e-§-fnÂ Nn-e `-h-\-§-fn-se cm-amb-Ww
hm-b-\-t]m-se Nn-e kz-Im-cy-t£-{X-§f - nÂ A-X-Xp-tZ-h-X-I-sf¸-än \-S-¯m-dpÅ tXm-ä-
§-fm-Wv hm-b-\-¸m-«pIÄ. C¯-cw A-\p-jvTm-\ Km-\-§-fÃm-sX hn-t\m-Z-¯n-\p th-n-
bp-Å ]m-«p-Ifpw sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ I-p-h-cp¶p.
(15) kwKo-tXm-]-I-c-W-§-fp-sS D-]-tbm-Kw
C-X-c-I-Ym-Km-\-§-fnÂ \n¶pw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-Y-IÄ B-e-]n-¡p-
¶-Xn-\v kwKo-tXm-]-I-c-W-§Ä D-]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dpv. G-I-tZ-iw aq-¶v ao-ä-tdm-fw h-cp-¶
hnÃp-X-s¶-bm-Wv ap-Jy kwKo-tXm-]-I-cWw. D-Sp¡v, IpSw, Xm-f-¡-«-IÄ, Pm-eÀ F-¶o
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 5
\m-S³ kwKo-tXm-]-I-c-W-§fpw hnÂ-¸m-«n-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dpv. Cu A-Sp-¯ Im-e-¯m-
bn lmÀ-tam-Wn-bhpw X-_-e-bpw-Iq-Sn- hnÂ-¸m-«n-\v D-]-tbm-Kn¨p-t]m-cp¶p.
(16) A-e-¦m-cw
hy-Xy-kv-Xam-b [m-cm-fw A-e-¦m-c-§Ä Ip-¯n-\n-d-¨-co-Xn sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ
s]m-Xp-sh Im-Wp-¶nÃ. \Ãm-ew ]-gw t]mse, am-¦n\n-t]mse, ho-c-¸pen-t]m-se F-¶p
Xp-S-§n-b km-taym-àn-IÄ sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ [m-cm-f-am-bn Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw.
“a«m-b ]qw-Ip-g-emÄ _meþ
N-ń-c-s\-t¸m-se tXmân-\m-sf” (\o-en¡-Y)
\o-en-¡-Y-bn-se {]-kv-Xp-X-Im-hy-`m-Khpw km-taym-àn-hn-`m-K-¯nÂ s]-Sp-¶ D-]-am-e-¦m-
c-¯n-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. \o-en-bp-sS H-cp-¡w hÀ-®n-¨-Xn-\p-ti-jw h-kv-{X-§fpw B-`-c-
W-§fpw Ip-dn-¡q-«p-Ifpw A-Wn-ª kp-µ-cn-sb N-{µ-¡-e-sb-t¸m-se tXm-¶n-sb-¶v D-
]-an-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
(17) c-km-hn-jv-Im-cw
im´w, ho-cw Xp-S§n-b c-k-§Ä sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ [m-cm-f-am-bn I-p-h-cp-
¶Xv. sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fn-epÄ-s¸-Sp-¶ \o-en-¡Y-sb ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡n s{]m-^.sP ]-Zv-a-
Ip-amcn “F-gp-¯Ñ-sâ c-km-hn-jv-¡-c-W-]mShw Cu \m-S³-]m-«nÂ Nn-e-t¸mÄ {]-Xy-
£-s¸-Sp--¶-”Xm-bn A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. irw-Kmcw, cu-{Zw, _o`-Õw Xp-S§n-b c-k-§Ä
D-Nn-Xam-b a-«nÂ \o-en-¡-Y-bnÂ B-hn-jv-I-cn-¨p-Im-Wmw. b-£n-bp-sS hÀ-®¯nÂ cu-
{Z-¯n-em-cw-`n-¨v _o-`-Õ-¯n-se-¯p-¶ h-cn-IÄ Im-Wmw.
“]-¿-¡-gp-¯n-se sXm--bnÂ Ibn-ssh-bn¯q
s\-s©-¸n-f-ń-Sp-hmÄ
sNm-sc h-Sn-In-sâ Xm-cXp-t]mse
B-bn-sg \o-en-bp-a-s¸m-gpsX
Xe-sb hn-cn-ªp A-hfpw \o-cmSn
N-s´m-g-am-sI-sh-Xm³
sXm-s´m-½n sXm-s´man-I Fâp
sXm-sI \Ãmfpw Iq-¯m-Snbn
s\-s© ]nf-´p C-sc-se-Sp¯p
s\-än-bnÂ s]m-«p-an-«mÄ
Ip-S-epX-s¶ ]n-Sn-¦n F-Sp¯pþ
¡-gp-¯n-se s]m«p-sIm-mÄ
a-Iw IÂ-s¸þÄ-¡Bse
G-dn F-gp-¼n-\msf
B-Im-i-am-sI-sh-Xm-\n-hfpw
A-se G-dn-¸-d-´mfmw” (\o-en¡Y)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 6

G-Xp-[o-c-s\bpw \-Sp-¡p-¶ H-cp tLm-c-b-£n-sb A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ Cu h-cn-IÄ-¡v I-
gnªp. I-gp-¯p-]n-cn¨v, s\©pw ]n-fÀ-¶-t¸mÄ B a-\p-jy-cq-]w tNm-c H-gp-Ip-¶ H-cp
]qhp-t]m-se-bm-Ws{X Im-W-s¸-«Xv. H-gp-In-h¶ tNm-c-bnÂ A-hÄ \o-cmSn. Ip-fn-I-gn-
ªmÂ Ip-dn-¡q«pw B-`-c-W-§fpw A-Wn-b-W-atÃm A-Xn-\m-bn s\-©p-]n-fÀ¶v Cu-
sc-se-Sp-¯p s]m-«n«p. Ip-S-se-Sp-¯p am-e-bp-am¡n. C-hn-sS cu-{Z-_o-`-Õm-Zn c-k-§Ä D-
Nn-X-am-bn k-t½-fn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
(18) hÀ-®-\m-]mS-hw
]m-«p-I-fnÂ `m-h-\-bnÂ-¡q-Sn kz-m`m-hn-I-X h-cp-¯n-bn-«p-Å hÀ-®-\-I-Ä sX-¡³-
]m-«p-I-fnÂ I-p-h-cp-¶p. h-en-b-X-¼n-Ip-©p-X-¼n-I-Y-bn-se X-¼n-am-cp-sS H-cp-¡w hÀ-
®n-¡p¶-Xv D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.
“\o-cm-fn-X-\n-en-d-¦n-\o-cm-«-´m³ s]m-en´p
\o-cm-«³-Xm³-s]m-en-´p- s\-N-ap-Å-X-¼n-amÀIÄ
s\-än-bn-se-\o-d-Wn-´p \o-e-I-WvTÀ-i-c-W-saâp
Np-än-h-e-am-I-h-´p-Nq-cn-b-s\- bSn-sXm-fpXp
A-©p-aqâp-sa-s«-fp¯pw B-I-am-\-Nm-¯n-capw
Nm-¯n-capw ho-Xnap-ssd-bp-´-¸m-aÂ-tN-hn¡-sh
þþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþ
In-©n-bn-«-I-hn-Wn-Ifpw I-ss¨-bn-« D-dp-amepw
I-ss¨-bn-« th-«n-Ifpw I-¼n-¡-ssc-¡-hn-Wn-Ifpw
I-¿nÂ ho-c-N-¦n-enbpw IÂ-ssh-¯-tam-Xn-capw” (h-en-b-X-¼n-Ip-©p-X-¼nIY)
F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å X-¼n-am-cp-sS H-cp-¡w sX-¡³-]m-«n-se hÀ-®-\-bv-¡v D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.
(19) hÀ-®-\-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶ B-hÀ¯-\w
sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ B-hÀ-¯n-¨p-Im-Wp-¶ hÀ-®-\-bm-Wv KÀ-`-hÀ®-\. \o-en-¡-
Y ]m-«n-se KÀ-`-hÀ-®-\-bv-¡v H-cp ]mT-t`-Zw Iq-Sn Im-Wp-¶pv. b-£n-¡-Y-I-fnÂ am-
{XaÃ, C-c-hn-¡p-«n-¸n-Å-t¸mcp-t]m-ep-Å N-cn-{X-I-Y-I-fnepw KÀ-`-hÀ-®-\ hn-i-Z-am-bn \-
S-¯p-¶co-Xn sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fn-epv. Ip-«n-I-fnÃm-sX th-Z-\n-¨v X-]-Ê-\p-jvTn-¨v KÀ-`n-Wn-
bm-bn-¯o-cp-¶ kv{Xo hnÂ-]m-«p-Imc-\v {]n-b-s¸-« hÀ-®y-amWv. hw-i-¯n-sâ \n-e-\nÂ-
]n-\v Im-c-W-am-tI- ]n-t©m-a-\-bv-¡p th-n Bäp-t\m-än-cn-¡p-¶ am-Xr-Xz-tam-lnbm-b
kv-{Xo-bp-sS Nn-{X-hpw KÀ-`-h-Xn-bm-b-Xn-\p-taÂ Hmtcm am-k-¯nepw A-\p-jvTn-¡p-¶ {h-
X-§fpw ]m-«p-I-fnÂ hÀ-®n-¡p¶p. H-¶mw-am-kw ap-XÂ ]-¯mw-am-kw h-sc KÀ-`n-Wn-
IÄ-¡p-m-Ip-¶ im-co-cn-Im-kzm-Øy§-sf X-·-b-Xz-t¯m-sS hÀ-®n-¡p¶p.
“aqâm-\ am-k-¯nse
ap-¯p-\n-dw ta-\n-bm-\mÄ
\mem-\ am-k-¯nse
\Ã Bepw ]-gw ta-\n-bm-\mÄ” (\o-en¡-Y)
F-¶n§-s\ \o-en-¡-Y-bnÂ tNm-f-cm-Ún-bp-sS KÀ-`m-h-Ø hÀ-®n-¡p¶p. G-Xm\pw
hm-¡p-I-fp-sS am{Xw hy-Xym-k-t¯m-Sp-IqSn Cu hÀ-®\ s]m-¶n-d-¯mÄ I-Y-bnepw C-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 7
c-hn-¡p-«n-¸n-Å-t¸m-cnepw h-en-b-X-¼n-Ip-©p-X-¼n-I-Y-bn-ep-sa-Ãmw tNÀ-¯n-«pvv. ]m-Sp-
¶-hÀ¡v HmÀ-¯v h-bv-¡m-\p-Å ku-Icyw Cu hÀ-®-\-bp-sS {]-tXy-I-X-bm-bn F-Sp-¯p
]-d-tb--XmWv. F-®-§Ä Xp-SÀ-¨-bm-bn \nÀ-t±-in¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-Ibpw B-Zn-{]m-kw
Zo-£n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶-Xn-\mÂ {I-aw sX-ämsX HmÀ-¡m³ F-fp-¸-amWv.
(20) hÀ-®-\-bn-se a-e-bm-f-¯\na
hÀ-®-\m-{]-[m-\am-b ]m-«p-I-fm-Wv sX-¡³-]m-«pIÄ. sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS hÀ-®-
\-bnÂ a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ X-\n-abpw em-fn-Xyhpw A-Ir-{Xn-a ku-µ-cy-hp-saÃmw \n-d-ªp-
\nÂ-¡p¶p. sX-¡³-]m-«n-se {]-[m-\-Ir-Xnbmb s]m-¶n-d-¯mÄ I-Y-bnÂ s]m-¶n-d-
¯m-fn-s\ Im-Wm³ C-Sbm-b c-W-iq-c³-s]-cp-amÄ, a-¶h-sc tk-hn-¡m³ A-c-a-\-bn-
te-¡v bm-{X- Xn-cn-¨-Xm-bn-cp¶p. bm-{X X-p-S-cm-\p-Å a-\-Êm-¶n²yw c-W-iqc-\p \-ã-s¸-
Sp-Ibpw Xn-cn-sI kz-´w ho-«nÂ F-¯p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. {]-kvXp-X k-µÀ-`-¯n-se c-W-
iq-c-sâ A-h-Øm-Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-¯nÂ tI-c-fo-b-X \n-d-ªp \nÂ-¡p-¶-Xp-Im-Wmw.
“D-¸p-Xnâ In-fn-bXp-t]mÂ
Du-a³ I- In-\mhp-t]mse
D-e-bnÂ sh-bv¡pw sa-gpIp-t]mse
D-äp D-cn-bm-SmaÂ”
C-{]-Im-cw A-e-¦m-c-§fpw \mS³-sNmÃp-Ifpw ssi-en-I-fp-saÃmw a-e-bm-f-¯-\n-a-bp-sS
ku-Ip-amcyw \n-d-ªp-\nÂ-¡p¶-Xp Xs¶.
(21) Ø-e-\m-a-hÀ-®-\bpw tZ-i-N-cn-{Xhpw
sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ sX-¡³-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se Ø-e-\m-a-§Ä [m-cm-f-am-bn
tNÀ-¯p-Im-Wp¶p. h-en-b-X-¼n-Ip-©p-X-¼n-¡-Y-bnÂ X-¼n-am-cp-sS bm-{Xm-hÀ-®-\ \-S-
¯p-¶pv. Cu bm{Xm hÀ-®-\-bnÂ A¶-s¯ Ø-e-\m-a-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨v ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p-
¶p-v. ip-No-{µw, tX-cqÀ-Ipfw, Xn-cp-¸-Xn-hm-fI-c, No-X-¸mÂ, sIm-ä³-¸m-d-¡fw, I-
SqÀ¡-c, A-\-´-]pcw, B\ sIm-¸´³ Ducv, ]m-Xn-¸p-fn-aqSv, Xn-cp-¡-W-¦pSn, A-K-kv-Xo-
izcw, ]n-Åa-S, am-hSn, ssa-´³-h-Sen, Nm-e-¸pXp Ducv, ssZ-h-\ÃqÀ, Nn-¦n-¡p-f-s¯Ã,
Hm-a-\ÃqÀ, Xn-Sn-eqcv, \-cp-h, ]mf-bw F-¶o Ø-e-§Ä ]n-¶n-«v X-¼n-amÀ s]-cn-bm-ä-¦-c-
bn-ep-Å Nn-´p-am-Xp-d-bn-se-¯n-sb-¶v ]-d-bp-¶ k-µÀ-`w D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.
tZ-i-N-cn-{Xhpw sF-Xo-lyhpw Iq-«n-¡-eÀ-¯p-¶ co-Xnbpw sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ Im-
Wp¶p. aq-thm-«p-aÃ³ I-Y-bn-se Xn-cp-¸ân-t¡m-«p a-lm-tZ-h-s\-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]-cm-aÀ-iw
C-Xn-\v sX-fn-hmWv. Ip-gn¯-d, X-¡-e F-¶o Ø-e-§-fnÂ \n¶pw A-©p ssa-e-I-se-
bp-Å ]-Ån-bm-Sn {Km-a-¯n-em-Wv {]-kvXp-X t£-{Xw. ]-ß-\m-`-]p-c-¯n-\p Np-äp-ap-Å 12
in-h-t£-{X-§-fnÂ H-¶m-WnXv. ]-¶n-bm-b-h-X-cn-¨ hn-jv-Wp `q-an Ip-¯n-¸n-fÀ-¡m\pw
aäpw Xp-S-§n-b-t¸mÄ in-h³ F-¯n ]-¶n-bp-sS sIm-s¼m-Sn¨p. A-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn Xm³ hn-
jv-Wp-hm-sW¶ t_m-[w ]-¶n-¡p-m-hp-Ibpw \-io-Ic-Ww Ahkm-\n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN-
bvXp. in-h³ H-Sn-s¨-Sp¯ sIm-¼v N-{µ-¡-e-bp-sS B-Ir-Xn-bn-em-bn-cp¶p. A-Xv A-t±-
lw Øn-c-am-bn P-S-bnÂ [-cn¨p. kw`-hw \-S-¶ Ø-ew Xn-cp-¸ân-t¡m-sS-¶p {]-kn-²-
hp-ambn. ]-Ån-bm-Sn {Km-a-¯n-\v B t]-cv sIm-Sp-¯Xp X-s¶ in-h³ hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\ A-
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Sn-¨ kw`hw HmÀ-¡m-\m-sW-¶p \m-«p-ImÀ hm-Zn-¡p¶p. Ø-e-\m-a-§-sf¸-än K-thj-
Ww \-S-¯p-¶-Xn\pw A-f-h-ä k-lm-bw \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ \n-¶p e-`n-¡p¶p. aq-thm-«p-
aÃ-\nÂ X-s¶ h-gn-I-fp-sS hn-hc-Ww k-tµ-i-Im-hy-§-fn-se-t¸m-se c-k-I-c-amWv.
(22) [À½w
G-sXm-cp t^m-Ivtem-dn\pw A-Sn-Øm-\-]-cam-b H-cp [À-½-apv. N-Xnbpw h-©-\bpw A-
Xym-{K-lhpw A-kq-b-bp-saÃmw Xm-Xv-Imen-I hn-P-b-§-fp-m-¡p-sa-¦nepw A-h kÀ-Æ-
\m-i-¯n-te-¡v a-\p-jy-s\ \-bn-¡p-sa-¶v i-àam-b D-]-tZ-i-am-Wv an¡ sX-¡³-]m-«p-
I-fnepw \n-d-ªp-\nÂ-¡p-¶Xv. s]m-¶n-d-¯mÄ I-Ybpw \o-en-¡-Ybpw ]p-Xp-hm-X-¸m«pw
DÄ-s¸-sS-bp-Å sX-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ sIm-Å-¡m-cp-sSbpw AXn-tam-ln-I-fp-sSbpw Xm-Xv-Im-
en-I-hn-P-bhpw A-ń-a-\m-i-hp-am-Wv Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv. C§-s\ \-·-Xn-·-I-fp-sS Xn-cn-
¨-dn-hn-eq-sS a-\p-jy-s\ [À-½-¯n-te-¡v \-bn¡p-I F-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p Cu ]m-«p-I-fp-sS e-
£yw. A-Xmb-Xv ]m-«n-eq-sS k-aq-l-¯n-\v H-cp [À-½-Nn-´ A-sÃ-¦nÂ [À-½-]mTw \ÂIp-
I F-¶-Xm-Wv e-£yw.
sX-¡³-]m-«n-se sI-«p-ap-dbpw a-«p-ap-dbpw
\m-tSm-Sn-Km-\-§-fnÂ ]-Z-§-fpsStbm A-£-c-§-fpsStbm B-hÀ¯-\w Im-Wp-¶-
Xn-s\ A-Sp¡p-sam-gn F-¶v ]-d-bp¶p. {i-h-W-kp-J-§fm-b ]Z-§tfm A-£-c-§tfm
B-hÀ-¯n¡p-I F¶-Xv {]m-[m-\y-tadn-b Im-cy-amWv. hm-sam-gn-bm-bn {]-N-cn-¡p-¶ ]m-
«p-I-fnÂ Xm-c-X-tay-\ C¯-cw co-Xn-IÄ-¡v {]m-[m-\y-apv. {]-tXy-In-¨v AÀ-°-sam-¶p-an-
sÃ-¦nepw h-cn-IÄ ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ ]-Zm-hÀ¯-\w X-s¶-
bm-Wv \n-IÀ¯p-samgn. I-Ym-Jym-\-¯n-\v kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶Xpw A-Sp¡p-sam-gnbpw \n-
IÀ¯p-sam-gnbpw tN-À¶-Xpam-b c-N-\m-co-Xn-sb sI«pap-d F-¶v ]-d-bp¶p. sX-¡³-Xn-
cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se ]-g-a-¡mÀ I-hn-X-c-Nn¡p-I F-¶-Xn-s\ ]m-«p-sI«p-I F-¶m-Wv ]-d-ªp-
h-cp-¶Xv. sX-¡³-]m-«pI-sf kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw A§-s\ ]-d-bp¶-Xv i-cn-bmWv. A-
Sp¡p-sam-gnbpw \n-IÀ¯p-sam-gnbpw \n-d-ª sI-«pap-d Im-Wp-¶Xp-sIm-v Xs¶.
]m-Sn-¸-Xn-ª io-ep-IÄ ]m-«nÂ tNÀ¯pw Nn-e {]-tXy-I ‘No-cp' (sam-gn)I-sf-
s¡m-p ]m-Z_-Ôw sN-bv-Xpw N-a-bv-¡p-¶p co-Xn-bmWv ‘sI-«p-ap-d'. ‘Nocp' F-¶
{]mNo-\ ]-Z-¯n\v 'samgn' F-¶p ]-d-bmw.
“aqâm-\ am-X-¯nse
ap-¯p-\n-d-ta-\n-bp-ambv”
F-¶ co-Xn-bn-ep-Å hÀ-®-\-bn-se io-ep-IÄ ]m-Sn-]-Xn-ª-h-bmWv. ]-e sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-
fn-epw Cu io-ep-IÄ D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«pv. ‘\mfm-\ \m-f-Xnse, \mSm-\ \m-S-Xnse, ho-c-
¸pen-t]m-se’, F-¶p Xp-S-§n-b-hbpw ‘]-Xn-hp-io-epIÄ’ X-s¶-bmWv. C-h ]m-Sn-]-Xn-
ª-h-bmWv.
H-cp ]m-«nÂ ]m-Sn-¸-Xn-ª hÀ-®-\ A-tX cq-]¯ntem Nn-e am-ä-§Ä h-cp¯ntbm
a-säm-cp ]m-«nÂ tNÀ¯v ‘I-hn-sI-«p-ap-d’ B-im-·mÀ sN-¿p¶p. km-[m-c-W-bm-bn KÀ-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 9

Ìm-e hÀ-®-\-bn-emWv Cu am-ä-§Ä Im-Wp-¶Xv. Iq-Sm-sX tZ-i-hÀ®-\, ]-S-sbm-
cp¡w, bp²w, bm-{Xm-hÀ-®-\ F¶n-h hÀ-®n-¡p-t¼mgpw {]-kvXp-X hy-Xn-bm-\w h-
cp¯p-I km-[m-c-W-am-sW-¶p Im-Wmw.
]m-«p-IÄ-¡v Km-\mß-I-X B-h-iy-amWv. H-cp ]m-«nÂ ]-e a-«pIÄ (cm-K co-XnIÄ)
D-m-bn-cn-¡pw. k-µÀ-`-§-fp-sS (I-Y-bnse) e-Lp-Xzhpw Kp-cp-Xzhpw A-\p-k-cn-¨v B-
im-·mÀ a-«p-IÄ am-än ]m-«p-IÄ c-Nn-¨n-«pv. Cu c-N-\m-co-Xn-bmWv ‘a-«papd'.
II. h-S-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ
D-¯-c-tI-c-f-¯n-ep-m-Ip-Ibpw A-hnS-s¯ P-\-§-fp-sS Po-hnX-I-Y hn-h-cn-¡p-
Ibpw sN-¿p-¶-Xn-\m-em-Wv Cu t]-cv D-m-bXv. ]-cm-{I-an-Ifm-b \m-b-I-·m-cp-sS ho-c-
km-l-k-{]-hr-¯n-I-fp-sSbpw t{]-a-Nm-]-ey-§-fp-sSbpw Nn-{Xo-Ic-Ww h-S-¡³-]m-«nÂ
Im-Wmw. h-S-¡³-]m-«pI-sf {]-[m-\-ambpw aq-¶m-bn X-cw-Xn-cn-¡mw.
1. X-t¨m-fn-¸m-«p-IÄ
2. ]p-¯q-cw ]m«p-IÄ
3. H-ä-¸m-«p-IÄ
X-t¨m-fn-am-Wn-t¡m-¯v X-d-hm-«p-Im-sc Np-än-¸-än-bp-Å ]m-«p-I-fm-Wv X-t¨m-fn-
¸m-«pIÄ. X-t¨m-fn H-tX-\-¡p-dp¸v, X-t¨m-fn-¨´p, ]m-em«p-tIm-a³ Xp-S§n-b \m-b-·mcm-
b ]-cm-{I-a-im-en-I-fm-Wv X-t¨m-fn-¸m-«p-I-fn-se ap-Jy-I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä. X-t¨m-fn-H-tX\-sâ
P\-\w ap-XÂ ac-Ww h-sc-bp-Å I-Y-I-fmWv Cu hn-`m-K-¯nÂ-s¸-« ]m-«p-I-fp-sS {][m-
\ C-Xn-hr¯w. cm-Pm-hn-s\-t¸mepw \n-b-{ń-¡p-hm-\p-Å i-àn H-tX-\-s\-t¸m-ep-Å ]-
cm-{I-an-IÄ-¡v D-m-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn Cu ]m-«p-IÄ hy-à-am-¡p¶p. ]p-¯q-cw ho-Sn-s\ tI-
{µo-I-cn-¨p-Å ]m-«p-I-fm-Wv ]p-¯q-cw ]m-«p-IÄ. B-tcm-aÂ-tN-I-hcpw k-tlm-Z-cnbm-b
D-®n-bmÀ-¨bpw D-®n-bmÀ-¨-bp-sS a-I\m-b B-tcm-a-ep-®nbpw B-Wv ]p-¯q-cw-]m-«p-I-fn-
se ho-c-I-Ym-]m-{X§Ä. B-tcm-aÂ tN-I-hÀ ]In-S I-fn-¡m³ t]m-bXpw ]p¯-cn A-
¦w sh-«n-bXpw D-®n-bmÀ-¨ Iq-¯p-Im-Wm³ t]m-bXpw A-½mh-s\ N-Xn-¡p-¶ N-´p-hn-
t\m-Sv B-tcm-a-ep-®n Ip-Sn-¸-I XoÀ-¯-Xpam-b I-Y-IÄ ]p-¯q-cw ]m-«p-I-fnÂ {]-[m-\-
amWv. A-¦w-sh-«Â Ip-e-s¯m-gn-em-¡n-b-h-cm-W{tX tN-I-h-·mÀ. Cu-g-h-k-ap-Zm-b-
¯nÂ-s¸-«-hÀ-¡v A-¶v Øm-\-am-\-§fpw i-I-Xn-bp-ap-m-bn-cp-s¶-¶v ]p-¯q-cw ]m-«p-
IÄ hy-à-am-¡p¶p. a-äp-Å h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-sf-sbÃmw H-ä-¸m-«p-IÄ F-¶ hn-`m-K-¯n-
epÄ-s¸-Sp-¯mw. Ir-jn-bp-am-bn-_-Ô-s¸-« ]-Wn-IÄ sN-¿p-t¼mÄ ]-Wn-¸m-«p-IÄ ]m-Sm-
dpv. Chsb ‘sXm-cw-]m-«pIÄ' F-¶v ]-d-bp¶p. \m-«n-¸m«v, s]m-cn-¸m«v, I-f-¸m-«v F-¶o
t]-cp-I-fnepw h-S-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ A-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
(1) A-Úm-X-IÀ-Xr-Iw
(2) hy-àam-b N-cn-{X-anÃ; km-aq-ln-I-]p-\x-kr-ãn
(3) I-Ym-Km-\-§Ä
(4) hm-sam-gn-bn-eq-sS hym]-\w
(5) ]mT-t`-Z-§-fp-m-¡p-¶p
(6) h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS B-cw-`w
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 10
sX-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ an-¡-hmdpw B-cw-`n-¡p¶-Xv Cu-iz-c-kv-XpXn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv.
F-¶mÂ h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS XpS-¡w c-p-X-c-¯n-em-bn Im-Wp-¶pv. X-t¨m-fn-¸m-«p-
I-fnepw H-ä-¸m-«p-I-fn-e-[n-Ihpw I-Ym-\m-bI-s\ B-Zy-s¯ h-cn-bnÂX-s¶ ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-
¯p¶p. c-ma-s¯ k-{¼-Zm-bw Zo-]w sh-¨p ssZ-h-s¯bpw \m-Sn-s\bpw hÀ-®n¨p-
sIm-v I-Y-bnÂ {]-th-in-¡p-¶-XmWv. B-tcm-aÂ tN-I-h-cp-sS ]m«v, Ip-ªn¯m-ep-hn-
sâ ]m«v, ]qam-ssX-s]m-¶-½-bp-sS ]m-«v ap-Xem-b ]m-«p-IÄ A-¡q-«-¯nÂ s]-«-h-bmWv.
Im-än-s\-s¡mpw In-fnsb-sImpw ]-cp-ńs\-sImpw I-Y-]-d-bn-¡p-¶ ]m-«p-Ifpw
h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS Iq-«-¯nÂ Im-Wp¶p. ]p-¯q-cw ]m-«p-I-fn-em-Wv Cu GÀ-¸m-Sn-\p
{]-Nm-cw Im-Wp-¶Xv.
(7) I-em-cq-]-§-fp-am-bn _-Ô-anÃ
sX-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ an-¡-hbpw kw-L-Km-\-§-fm-bn cwK-¯v A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡m-dpv.
hnÃ-Sn-¸m-«p-I-fn-s-fsbÃmw hm-tZym-]-I-c-W-§-fp-sS A-I-¼Sn-tbm-sS-bm-Wv A-h-X-cn-¸n-
¡p-¶Xv. F-¶mÂ C-{]-Im-cw hm-tZym-]-I-c-W-§-fp-sS k-lm-b-t¯m-sS A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡-p-
¶ coXntbm k-ZtÊm h-S-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ-¡nÃ. C-h h-b-te-e-I-fnÂ \-«p-hÀ ]m-Sn-s¡m-
Sp-¡p-Ibpw Iq-sS-bp-Å-hÀ G-äp-]m-Sp-Ibpw B-Wv sN-¿p-¶Xv.
(8) Km-\-k-ap-¨bw
sX-¡-³-]m-«p-I-sf-t¸m-se H-ä-s¸-« I-Ym-Km-\-§-fÃ h-S-¡³-]m-«pIÄ. Ah s]m-
Xp-sh Km-\-k-ap-¨-b-§-fmWv. X-t¨m-fn-¸m-«pIÄ, ]p-¯q-cw ]m-«p-IÄ F-¶o c-v {][m-
\ Km-\-k-ap-¨-b-§-sf-bm-Wv h-S-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ F-¶p ]-d-bp-¶Xv. C-XnÂ X-s¶ H-tX-\-
s\-¡p-dn¨pw B-tcm-aÂ tN-I-h-sc-¡p-dn¨pw \q-dn-e-[n-Iw ]m-«p-I-f-S§n-b Km-\-k-ap-¨-
§Ä X-s¶ \n-e-hn-ep-v.
(9) kmw-kv-Imcn-I {]-Xn-ê-\w
h-S-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ A-h cq]w-sIm- Im-e-L-«-¯n-se km-aqln-I kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-
sâ k-Xy-k-Ôam-b ap-Jw sh-fn-hm-¡p¶p. `-c-W-k-{¼-Zm-bw, Po-hn-X-coXn, B-Nmcw, hn-
izmkw, bp-²-ap-d-IÄ, ssk-\n-I-]-cn-io-e-\-coXn, hn-hm-l-k-{¼-Zm-bw, tPm-Xnjw, B-Nm-
c-a-cym-Z-IÄ F-¶n-h-sbÃmw Cu ]m-«p-IÄ hy-à-am-¡p¶p. a-{´-hm-Z-¯nepw B-`n-Nm-c-
¯nepw `q-X-t{]-X-]n-im-Nm-Zn-I-fnepw D-Å hn-izm-k-am-Wv h-S-¡³-]m-«p-Iq-«m-bv-a-bp-sS
kmw-kv-Im-cn-I- Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ {]-[m-\-h-i-§fn-sem¶v. t\À-¨, ]mÀ-¨ Xp-S§n-b B-Nm-
c-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw kq-N-\-bp-v. H-cp ]-cnan-X hr-¯-¯n-\p-Ån-em-sW-¦nepw kvv-{Xo-hn-Zym-
`ym-k-¯n-\v A-¶v Øm-\w e-`n-¨n-cp¶p. F-gp¯pw hm-b-\bpw B-bp-[-hn-Zybpw A-`y-
kn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn s]¬-In-Sm-§Ä ho-«p-I-f-cn-I-fnÂ tNÀ-¶p. ]p-Xp-\m-S³ N-´p F-
gp¯pw hm-b-\bpw ]Tn-¸n¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶ am-Xphpw, H-tX-\\-s\ I-n«pw Im-Wm-¯
`m-hw \-Sn-¨ “Imepw A-Sn-]p-dw \o-«n-sh¨v tNm-e-¸-\w-In-fn Iqhpw t]mse” cm-amb-Ww
I-Y ]m-Sp-¶ Ip-ªn-¡p-¦nbpw A¶-s¯ km-£-c-h-\n-X-I-fp-sS K-W-¯nÂ s]-Sp¶p.
AÃ-n-aeÀ-¡m-hnÂ Iq-¯p-Im-Wm-\n-d-§n-¯n-cn-¨ D-®n-bmÀ-¨ \m-Zm-]pc-s¯ tPm-\-I-cp-
sS ]pf-¸v H-Xp-¡nb-Xv I-f-cn-ap-d-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ]p-S-apdn, Du-gw h-g§Â, H-e-hn-e-
ap-dn-¡Â F-¶n§-s\ hnhn-[ hn-hm-l-co-Xn-IÄ A-¶v \n-e-hn-ep-m-bn-cp¶p. tN-tIm³-
am-cp-sS C-S-bnÂ kv-{Xo-[-\-k-{¼-Zm-bw \n-e-hn-encp-¶p F-¶-Xn-\v D-®n-bmÀ-¨-bp-sS ]m-«v
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 11
Zr-ãm-´-amWv. B-bn-c-s¯m-¶-¨m-cw sh-¨v B-bn-c-s¯m-¶n-sâ sh-×-s]m¶pw Xp-emw
-Xq-¡n-]m-{Xhpw ]-ip-hn³-In-Sm-hp-am-bm-Wv D-®n-bmÀ-¨ `À-¯r-Kr-l-¯n-se-¯p-¶Xv.
(10) ho-cmc-[\
ho-c-\m-b-I-·m-sc B-ZÀ-i-hÂ-¡-cn-¡m\pw Ah-sc hm-gv-¯n-¸m-Sn B-cm-[-\m-aqÀ-
¯n-I-fm-¡n-¯oÀ-¡p-hm-\p-ap-Å {]h-W-X h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ \n-d-ªp \-nÂ-¡p¶p.
X-t¨m-fn H-tX-\-\pw B-tcm-aÂ tN-I-hcpw C-{]-Im-cw B-am-\pjn-I ]-cn-th-jw kn-²n-¨-
h-cmWv.
 t\-cn-«p-sh-«n a-cn-¨-sX-¦nÂ
\m-t«-¡p \-sÃm-cp am-\w Xs¶
 tN-tIm-·m-cm-bn P-\n-¨mÂ ]ns¶
hmÄ-¡-W-bnÂ tN-m-dtÃm tN-tIm-·mÀ¡v
 A-¦w ]n-Sn-¡m-Xn-cp-¶p-IqSm;
t]m-Im-sX I-n-«n-cp-¶p-IqSm
F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å h-cn-I-fnÂ tN-tIm-·m-cp-sS D-bÀ-¶ t]mÀ-hocyw ]m-Sn-¸p-I-gv-¯p-¶-h-
bmWv. “]q-WqÂ [-cn-¡p-¶-h-\m-Wv \-¼q-Xncn. ]p-e-ky-a-Wn-bp-¶-h-\m-Wv \mbÀ. aw-K-
ey-a-Wn-bp-¶-h-fm-Wv \mcn. P-\-§-sf tk-hn-¡p-¶ [o-c\m-b tbm-²m-hm-Wv tN-I-hÀ”
F-¶ {]-am-W-s¯ tN-I-h-·mÀ ]n-´p-S-cp-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. B-tcm-aÂ tN-I-h-sc-
t¸mse, H-tX-\\pw Xp-fp-\m-«nÂ sN-¶v I-f-cn-hn-Zy-bnÂ {]m-hoWyw t\-Sn-bn-«pv. [À-
½n-jvT\pw I-cp-Wm-a-b\pw [n-¡m-cn-I-fp-sS i-{Xp-hpw B-ew-_-lo-\-cp-sS c-£-I-\pam-b
\m-b-I-\mbn H-tX-\³ h-S-¡³-]m-«nÂ sX-fn-ªp Im-Wp¶p. H-tX\-sâ ho-c-km-lkn-
I I-Y-IÄ hÀ-Wn-¡p-¶ ]m-«p-IÄ \n-c-h-[n-bmWv. h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ ]p-cp-j-·m-sc-
t¸m-eX-s¶ kv-{Xo-Ifpw [o-c-X-bp-Å-h-cmWv. D-®n-bmÀ-¨, A-h-cp-sS `À-¯m-hn-sâ ò-cp-
Xz-s¯ ]-cn-l-kn-¡p¶p. tam-i-am-bn-s]-cp-am-dp-¶ A-½mh-s\ A-hÄ A-Sn-t¨m-Sn-
¡p¶p. X-s¶ X-«n-s¡m-p t]m-Im\pw im-co-cn-I-am-bn Io-g-S-¡m\pw {i-an¨-h-tcm-Sv A-
hÄ A-¦w sh-«p-Ibpw A-h-sc-s¡m-v am-¸v ]-d-bn-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. \m-Sp-h-mgn-IÄ
t]mepw D-®n-bmÀ-¨-bp-sS Im-cy-¯nÂ C-S-s]-Sm-dnÃ. sIm-Sp-a-e Ip¦n, ]m-eqcv, amXp, Ip-
ªn-¡¶n, s]m¶-½, Nocp, Ip-ªn-¯mbn, th-«-cp-No-cp-tXbn, Ip¦-¨n F-¶n-hcpw [o-
c-h-\n-X-I-fmWv.
(11) \m-S³ ^-en-X-§-fp-sS I-eh-d
I-cpWw, irw-Kmcw, hocw, A-Ûp-Xw Xp-S-§n-b-hbv-s¡¶ t]m-se lm-ky-c-k-
¯n\pw h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ Øm-\-apv. lm-ky-P-\-I-§fm-b D-]m-[n-IÄ C-Xn-hr-¯-
¯nÂ ap-gp-h³ hym-]n-¨p \nÂ-¡p-¶ ]m-«p-IÄ Dv. ]p-cp-j³ kv-{Xo-bm-bpw, kv{Xo
]p-cp-j-\mbpw th-j-a-Wn-ªv I-Ym-K-Xn-sb \n-b-{ń-¨n-«p-Å ^-en-X-I-Y-IÄ A-Xn-¶v Zr-
ãm-´§fmWv. Im-hnÂ Nm-t¯m-¯v No-cp-hn-sâ a-ª-¡p-fn I-eym-W-¯n-\v X-t¨m-fn
H-tX--\-s\-t¯-Sn A-h-fp-sS A-½ h-¶-X-dn-ª H-tX\-sâ {]-Xn-Ic-Ww C-Xm-bn-cp¶p.
“Im-¡-sb-t¸m-se I-dp-¯-Nocp
N-¡-s¨m-f-¸Ãpw t]³ X-ebpw
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F-\n-¡n-\n-ö-cq-\ th-s-tâ«m”
`À-¯mhpw `m-cybpw X-½n-ep-Å {]-W-b-Ie-lw lm-kym-ß-I-am-bn A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨n-«p-Å
H-cp \m-S³-]m-«v h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-fn-epv. `À-¯m-hn-sâ tNmZyw `m-cy-bp-sS a-dp]-Sn F-¶
co-Xn-bn-em-Wv C-Xv B-hn-jv-I-cn-¨n-«p-ÅXv.
“I-cnh-fthtWm I-cn-h-fthtWm Ip-ªm-¯q\v
C-s¨-ń-\m C§-sS X-Å I-¿n-en-s«m-cp I-cnh-f
ap-¡q-¯nthtWm ap-¡q-¯nthtWm Ip-ªm-¯q\v
C-s¨-ń-\m C§-sS s]§-fv aq-¡n-en-s«m-cp ap-¡q¯n
Im-Xn-ethtWm Im-Xn-ethtWm Ip-ªm-¯q-\v
C-s¨-ń-\m C-§-sS X-Å Im-Xn-en-s«m-cp Im-Xne”
A-½m-bn-b-½ \m-¯q³ t]m-cn-sâ Kr-lm-´-co-£-¯nÂ lm-ky-c-khpw Im-Wmw.
(12) hÀ-®\m-ssh`-hw
ZoÀ-L-§fm-b hÀ-®-\-Ifpw ]-e-bn-S¯pw kw-`m-j-W-§fpw FÃmw C-S-tNÀ-
¶XmWv h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS I-Ym-coXn. h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ ]-e-bn-S¯pw s]-®p-§-fp-
sS ku-µcyw hÀ-®n-¡p-¶ io-ep-I-fpv. X-t¨m-fn-¨-´p-hn-sâ s]®m-b Xm-g-¯p-aT-¯n-
se am-Xp-¡p-«n-sb I-n-«v, Xp-fp-\m-S³ tIm-«-bn-se I-Àta-t\m³ hÀ-®n-¡p-¶ h-cn-
IÄ hf-sc {]-kn-²-amWv.
“Cu h-I s]-®p-§Ä `q-ao-eptm
am-\-¯p-s¶-§m\pw s]m-«nhotWm
`q-ao-¶p X-\n-sb ap-f-¨p-ht¶m
F-´p \n-d-sa-¶p sNm-tÃ-p Rm³
Ip¶-¯p sIm-¶bpw ]q-¯-t]mse
C-f-am-hn³ X-¿p X-fnÀ-¯-t]mse
I-cp-t¯m-e-bm-b-Xn³ hÀ®w-t]mse
Ip¶n-¡p-cp-hn-sâ hÀ®w- t]mse
h-b-\m-S³ a-ªÄ ap-dn-¨-t]mse”
(13) hÀ-®-\-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶ B-hÀ¯-\w
X-t¨m-fn-¨-´p-hn-sâ s]®m-b Xm-g-¯p-aT-¯n-se am-Xp-¡p-«n-sb I-n-«v Xp-fp-\m-
S³ tIm-«-bn-se I-Àta-t\m³ ]-d-bp-¶ h-cn-I-fnÂ N-ne-Xp-X-s¶-bm-Wv sIm-Sp-a-e Ip-
¦n-sb I-n-«v X-t¨m-fn-¨-´phpw, Bäpw-a-W-t½-se D-®n-bmÀ¨-sb I-n-«v \m-K-]p-c-¯-
§m-Sn-bn-se tPm-\-I-cpw, AXp-t]m-se X-s¶ B-äm³ Nn-d-¡-te-¡v Ip-fn-¡m³ sN-¶
N-´p-hn-s\-I-n-«p Ip-¦nbpw, I-¸p-Ån ]m-em-s« tIm-a-\m-sc-¡-n-«p sXm-®qdmw ho-«n-
se D-®n-¨n-c-pXbpw ]-d-bp-I. B-Wp-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨m-hp-t¼mÄ “Cu-h-I ]p-cp-j-·mÀ `q-
ao-ep-tm” F-¶p am-äpw. B-Wn-s\-bpw s]-®n-s\-bpw “apSn-sXm-«-§Sn-tbmfw” hÀ-®n-
¡m³ ]-Xn-hp-io-ep-IÄ Xs¶.
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A-¦hpw s]m-bv¯pw hÀ-®n-¡m³-h-S-¡³-]m-«nÂ Ip-sd ]-Xn-hp-io-ep-I-fpv. D-
Zm-l-c-W-¯n\v,
“t]m¯pw I-ebpw In-S-bv-¡pw h-®w
\n-e-¯nd-§n C-Sn-sh-«p-t¼m-se
_m-en-kp-{Ko-h³-amÀ bp²w-t]m-se
Bs-f hn-h-cn-¨-dn-ªp-IqSm”
A-¦-¯n-sâ \n-e A-Xm-cp-X-½n-em-bmepw Hcp-t]m-se-Xs¶. A-Xv C-{]-Im-c-amWv:
“]n-S-t¡m-gn sIm-¯n-¸n-cn-bp-t¼m-se
kq-Nn-¡ncp-¼n-\p ]-gp-Xp-anÃ
]-¨-a-cp-¶n-\p ap-dn-bp-anÃ”
A-`ym-k-¯n-sâ Xp-S-¡hpw h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ FÃm-bn-S¯pw Hcp-t]m-se-bmWv.
“G-g-Sn ]n-¶m-¡w am-dn-\n¶v
aq¶-Sn ap-¼m¡w Du-¶n-\n¶v”
F-¶n§-s\ A-¦w-sh-«p-¶ hÀ-®-\-I-fnepw B-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä I-p-h-cp¶p. C-h-bnÂ
Nn-e h-cn-IÄ Nn-e-t¸mÄ hn«p-t]m-sb-¶n-cn-¡mw. Nn-e-t¸mÄ th-sd-h-cn-IÄ Iq-«n-sb-¶p-
an-cn-¡mw. F-§-s\-bm-bmepw ]-d-bp-¶ Im-cy-§Ä H-¶p-Xs¶.
(14) hÀ-®-\-I-fn-se a-e-bm-f-¯\na
a-e-bm-f-¯-\n-a-sIm-v A-t§b-äw kp-µ-cam-b Im-hy-`m-K-§Ä h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-
fnÂ kp-e-`-amWv. th-Wm-Sv ]q-s¦mbn-temw I-¶nX-sâ ]-Ån-b-d-bnÂ s]m¶-s\ {]-Xo-
£n-¡p-¶ k-Ôy G-sd a-t\m-l-chpw a-e-bm-fn-¯w \n-d-ª-Xp-amWv. C¯-cw ]-Ým-¯-
e-hÀ-®-\-IÄ Iq-Sp-XÂ km-ln-Xy-`w-Kn-\n-d-ªXpw B-kzm-Zy-hp-amWv.
“tI-t¡ I-cn-¼-\-¡p-¶-¯v¶v
Im¨n-b h«-fw s]m-§p-¶pv
am-\-s¯m-cm-bn-cw ]p-Ån-¡p¯v
t\-scm-¯ X-¼m-boânÃ-¡q¯v
sh-Ån-\n-emhpw sh-Sn-¸pw-Iq«n
am-\-¯p-X-¼p-cm³ tX-cv-XmWv
]-¨ a-c-¡p¶pw ]-¨n-ebpw
tX-¨p-Ip-fn-¨n-t¡ ]m-en-e¶v”
Ing-t¡ I-cn-¼-\-¡p¶v, Im¨n-b h-«fw, CÃ-¡q-¯v, tX-¨pI-fn F-¶o {]-tbm-K-§Ä G-
sd tI-c-fo-b-X \n-d-ª-XmWv.
“D-½-d-t¡m-em-en-cp-¯n-bnepw
A-Sp-¡-sf-S-h-«w hm-Xm-coepw
sN-¼v-¶-cn-¸X s]m´pw t]m-se-
Im-¡¸S sIm¼-¯v Iq-Sn-b-t]mse
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 14

D-cp-Xn-¡-fn-¡p-¶v s]-®p-§fv”
F-¶n§-s\ tIm-hn-e-I-§-fn-se Zm-knI-sf hÀ-®n-¡p-¶ `m-Khpw G-sd a-e-bm-fn-¯w
\n-d-ª-XmWv. “sN-¼nÂ \n-¶v A-cn-¸X s]m-´p-¶Xpw sIm¼-s¯ Im-¡-¸-S-bpw-Iq-Sn
tNÀ-¯p-sh-¨v tI-c-f-¯n-se H-cpÄ-\m-S³-ho-Sn-sâ A-´-co-£w H-ä-t¡mdÂ-sIm-v kr-
ãn-¨n-«p-v C-hn-sS”. F-¶n§-s\ C-¡mcyw ‘h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS ]-Wnbm-e’ F-¶ {K-
Ù-¯nÂ cm-L-h-hm-cn-bÀ hy-à-am-¡p¶p.
(15) ]-g-s©mÃp-Ifpw ssi-enbpw
]-g-s©mÃp-Ifpw ssi-en-bpw \n-d-ª B-Jym-\-am-Wv h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS a-säm-
cp {]-tXyI-X. I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS a-\Ên-t\m-sSm-¯v hn-f-bp¶ sNmÃp-IÄ \m«p-sam-gn-
bn-em-Wv tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-Å-Xv.
 CÃm-bn-änÃm-ªm-se-s´âÑm
D-m-bn-«nÃm-ªm-ep-Åp-cp¡w
 B-bn-¡gn-tbm-fw Im-¯pI¶n
Bdn-¯Wn-tbm-fw Im-¯p-IqsS?
 Zqc-s¯ s]®pw I-d-¶-]mepw
sh-¨n-äncn¡mthm \m-Svhm-gnt¨?
(16) A-e-¦m-cw
A-e-¦m-c-¯n-\p th-n-bp-Å A-e-¦m-c-§Ä h-S-¡³-]m-«p-Ifn-sem-tc-S¯pw Im-
Wp-I-bnÃ. H-cm-ib-s¯ G-ähpw Ip-d-ª h-cn-I-fnÂ G-ähpw sXfn-thm-sS h-c-¨p-Im-«p-
¶ h-S-¡³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ A-e-¦m-c-§Ä `m-h-¯n-\n-W-§p-¶ hn-[-¯n-em-Im³ ]m-«p-Im-À
a-d-¡m-dnÃ. A-¦-¯n-\v am-äm-sâ ap-¼nÂ Nm-Sn-ho-gp¶ t]m-cm-fnsb “Cu-ä-¸pen-t]m-se
Nm-Sn-hoWp”, “h-Ån-\-cn-Xp-Ån ho-gp-t¼mse” F-s¶Ãmw hÀ-®n-¡p-¶ A-tX ]m-«nÂ
X-s¶ D-Õm-l-t¯m-sS-bp-Å ]p-d-¸m-Sv hÀ-®n-¡m³ “Im-«p-s¶-f-am\pw Nm-Sp-t¼mse”
F-¶ i-o-ev sX-c-sª-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ ]n-¶nÂ Hu-Nn-Xy-Zo-£-Im-Wmw.
h-S-¡³-]m-«n-se kv-{Xo-hÀ-®-\-I-fnÂ am-tem-]-a-bp-sS D-]-tbm-Kw Im-Wmw.
“Ip-¶¯p-sIm-¶bpw ]q-¯-t]mse
h-b-\m-S³ a-ªÄ ap-dn-¨-t]mse”
F¶n§-s\ am-Xp-¡p-«n-bp-sS \n-dw hÀ-®n-¡p¶-Xv CXn-s\m-cp-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. Np-äp-]m-
Sp-ap-Å {]-Ir-Xn-bnÂ-\n¶pw KmÀ-ln-Im-´-co-£-¯nÂ \n¶pw F-Sp-¯-h-bm-Wv \m-tSm-Sn-
¸m-«p-I-fn-se A-e¦m-c I-ev-]-\-I-sfÃmw F-¶ h-kvXp-X {i-t²-b-am-Wv. hf-sc Iq-Sp-X-
em-bn-s«m-¶p-an-sÃ-¦nepw D-]am-t\m-]-ta-b-§Ä¡p t`-Zw IÂ-]n-¡m-¯, cpw H-¶pX-
s¶ F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶ cq-]-Im-e-¦m-c{]-tbm-K-§fpw A-\p-jvTm-\-Km-\-§-fnÂ Im-Wmw.
“k-t´m-j-¯n-sâ hm-XnÂ Xp-d-¶v.....”
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 15

“k-¦-S-amIn-b h³-I-SÂ \o-¡n..”
(17) Dàn-ssh-Nn-{Xy-§Ä
A-e-¦m-c-§-sf-t¸m-se X-s¶ a-t\m-l-c-§fm-b Dàn-ssh-Nn-{Xy-§fpw h-S-¡³-
]m-«nÂ h-f-sc-bpv. \-Sp-§n-t¸m-bn F-¶ Bi-bw Im-Wn-¡m³ “]-tÅ-s¶-fw-]q-hv I-
¯n-t¸m-bn” F-¶p {]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-se i-àn F-Sp-¯p-]-d-tb--XmWv. {io-`-K-
hXn, A-Xm-b-Xv, sF-iz-cyw, C-t§m-«ph-¶p hm-Xn-Â¡Â- ap-«n hn-fn-¡p-¶p F¶Xv
“s]m-¶p ]-Sn-ªm-ä-bnÂ ]q-¡p¶p” F-¶m-¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. Ip-dp-§m-«n-S-¯n-se hm-gp-
t¶m-cp-sS \m-Sp-sX-Â hn-kv-X-cn-¨v hn-h-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p ]I-cw A-bm-fp-sS c-p-aq-¶p-]-
I-c-W-§Ä Im-«n¯-¶v B sX--en-sâ B-bm-kw \-s½ t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bmWv:
“G-g-c-¡-¼p-Å h-Sn-bÃmtW
aq-¶p I-t¼m-fw \S-¶p I-bvaÄ
sh-¨p-®m³ sIm-tm-b Nn-äp-cpfn
D-cp-fo-sS aqS-§v Nm-Sn-t¸mbn
N-«p-Iw Xo-¡m-ª-§-äpw- t]mbn”
\n-Xy-Po-hn-X-¯n-se Nq-cw Np-hbpw D-Å-h-bm-Wv h-S-¡³-]m-«n-se A-e-¦m-c-§fpw Dàn-
ss]-Nn-{Xy-§-fpw. A-aqÀ-¯am-b B-i-b-apÄ-s¡m-Åm³ \m-tSm-Sn a-\-Ên-\v sR-cp-¡-
apv. ]-t©-{µn-b-§Ä-sIm-v A-\p-`-hn-¨-dn-bm³ ]m-I-¯nÂ Ah-sb aqÀ-¯-h-kv-Xp-
¡-fp-am-bn C-W-¡p-¶ ]-Wn hm-sam-gn h-g-¡-¯n-ep-Å ]m-«p-ImÀ-¡-dn-bmw.
(18) [À-½w
k-aq-l-¯n-\v {]-tbmP-\w sN-¿p-¶ H-¶n\p-am-{X-ta \n-e-\nÂ-]pÅq. C-Xm-Wv \m-
tSm-Sn k-aq-l-¯n-sâ Im-gv-N-¸mSv. h-S-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ-¡v k-aq-l-¯nÂ kp-{]-[m-\am-b
Øm-\-apv. h-S-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ Ir-jn-¸m-«p-I-fmWv. ho-c-]p-cp-j-·m-cp-sS I-Y-IÄ ]m-Sn
IÀ-t½m-Õm-lhpw B-ß-hn-izm-khpw t\-Sn-sb-Sp-¡p-I-bm-Wv Cu k-aq-lw sN-bv-XXv.
H¸w Cu Ir-Xn-IÄ \-·-bp-sS hn-P-bhpw Xn-·bp-sS ]-cm-P-bhpw {]-IoÀ-¯n-¡p¶p. P-
\§-sf [À-½-t_m-[-ap-Å-h-cm-¡n amäp-I F-¶ e-£yhpw C-Xn-sâ ]n-¶n-epv.
 sX-¡³-]m-«p-Ifpw h-S-¡³-]m-«p-Ifpw km-ln-Xy-]-cam-b Xm-c-X-ay-hn-Nmcw
sX-¡³-]m-«p-IÄ h-S-¡³-]m-«pIÄ
km-Pm-Xy-§Ä
1. A-Úm-X-IÀ-¯r-Iw
2. hy-àam-b N-cn-{X-anÃ;
3. km-aqln-I ]p-\x-kr-ãn
4. I-Ym-Km-\-§-Ä
5. hm-sam-gn-bn-eq-sS hym]-\w
6. ]mT-t`-Z-§-fp-m-¡p-¶p
7. kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-{]-Xn-ê-\w
8. ho-cm-cm-[\
9. hÀ-®-\-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶ B-hÀ¯-\w
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 16
10. km-taym-àn-hn-`m-K-¯n-se A-e-¦m-c-
§Ä-¡v
11. {]m-[m\yw \ÂIn-sIm-p-Å hÀ-®-\
12. [À½w
sh-Pm-Xy-§Ä
1. sX-¡³ tI-c-f-¯nÂ P·w-sIm-p h-S-¡³- tI-c-f-¯nÂ P-·w sIm-p
2. ssh-hn-[y-amÀ-¶ C-Xn-hr-¯w `q-cn-`m-Khpw X-t¨m-fn-¸m-«p-Ifpw ]p-¯q-
cw- ]m-«p-I-fp-am-Wv
3. Km-\-k-ap-¨-b-aÃ Km-\-k-ap-¨-bm-Wv
4. \m-tSm-Sn-I-em-cq-]-§-tfm-Sv km-Zr-iyw I-em-cq-]-§-fp-am-bn _-Ô-anÃ
5. A-\p-jvTm-\-sa-¶-\n-e-bnÂ D-]-tbm-Kn- sXm-gnÂ-]-c-am-b-Km-\-§-fmWv
¡p-¶p (Iq-Sp-Xepw Ir-jn-¸m-«pIÄ)
6. `q-cn-`m-Kw ]m-«p-I-fp-sSbpw I-Ym-cw-`w I-Ym-\m-bI-s\ ]-cn-b-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-
Cu-iz-c-kv-XpXn-tbm-sS-bm-Wv pw, Cu-iz-c-kv-Xp-Xn-IÄ B-cw-`n-¨pw,
In-fn-¸m-«v co-Xn-bn-ep-saÃmw ]m-«p-I-fp-sS
B-cw-`w Im-Wp¶p.
7. Im-te-¡q-«n F-¯n-t¨-cp-¶ H-cp k-Z- cw-Km-h-X-c-W-anÃ k-Z-Êp-anÃ. k-aq-lw
Ên-\p-ap-¶nÂ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Iq-«m-bn ]m-Sp¶p.
8. k-Zky-cp-Å-Xn-\mÂ Zr-iymw-i-§Ä-¡v Zr-iymw-i-§Ä-¡v {]m-[m-\y-anÃ
{]m-[m\yw \Â-Ip-¶p
9. hm-tZym-]-I-c-W-§-fp-sS k-lm-b-t¯m- hm-tZym-]-I-c-W-§-fnÃ
sS ]m-Sp-¶p
10. s]m-Xp-sh ssZÀLyw Ip-d-ª I-Ym- I-Ym-Km-\-N-{I-§fpw \m-tSm-Sn C-Xn-lm-k-
kq-Nn-X-Km-\-§fpw I-Ym-Km-\-§-fp-am- §fpw Dv (Km-\k-ap-¨bw)
Wv
11. I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä-¡v A-am-\pjn-I ]-cn- A-am-\pjn-I ]-cn-th-jw Xm-c-X-tay-\ Ipd-
th-jw hym-]-Iw hv
12. hÀ-®-\-I-fnÂ a-e-bm-fn-¯w Ip-dª i-àam-b a-e-bm-f-¯\n-a ^-en-X-c-km-hn-
tXm-XnÂ jv-Im-c-¯nepw tI-c-fo-b-X \Ã-co-Xn-bnÂ
ZÀ-in-¡mw.
III.C-S-\m-S³-Km-\-§Ä
C-S-\m-S³-Km-\-§-fp-sS P-·-tZ-i-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pw, {]-[m-\-s¸-« C-S-\m-S³ Km-\-§-sf-

¡p-dn-¨pw, A-h-bp-sS `m-jm-]-cam-b {]-tXy-I-X-I-sf-¡p-dn¨pw t]-¸À H-¶v sk-£³ F-
bnÂ hn-i-Z-am¡n-b h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv. C-hn-sS C-S-\m-S³-Km-\-§-fp-sS km-ln-Xy-]-cam-b
k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv hy-à-am-¡p-¶Xv. ‘C-S-\m-«nse’ hn-]p-eam-b ho-c-I-Ym-Km-\-k©-
bw F´p-sImtm th-{X hn-i-Z-]T-\-§Ä-¡v hn-t[-b-am-bn-«nÃ.
1. A-Úm-X-IÀ-¯r-Iw
2. hy-àam-b N-cn-{X-anÃ, km-aqln-I ]p-\x-kr-ãn
3. I-Ym-Km-\-§Ä
4. hm-sam-gn-bn-eq-sS-hym-]-\w
5. ]mT-t`-Z-§-fp-m-¡p¶p.
6. A-e-¦mcw
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 17
km-taym-àn-hn-`m-K-¯nÂ-s]-Sp-¶ cq-]Iw, D]-a-t]m-ep-Å A-e-¦m-c-I-ev-]-I-fm-Wv C-S-\m-
S³ Km-\-§-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv.
“]mÂ-sh-®n-¡p-Xn-c-¸pd-¯p I-b-dn-b-t¸mÄ
]mÂ-sh-®-t]m-sem-cp s]¬-In-Smhv
]m-ep-hw s]-®n-s\ Rm³ B-in¨p-t]mbv”
7. hÀ®-\
hÀ-®n-t¡- k-µÀ-`§-sf hÀ-®n-¨pX-s¶ t]m-Ip-¶ \m-S³-]m-«n-sâ co-Xn-X-s¶-bm-Wv
C-S-\m-S³-]m-«p-I-fnepw Im-Wp-¶Xv. A-Xn-c¼pg tIm-«bpw X-IÀ-¯v, A-Xn-c-¼p-g-¨-
t\bpw P-bn-¨p h-cp-¶ h-gn-¡v sN-§-¶q-cm-Xn ]m-ep-hw s]-®n-s\ I-p-ap-«p¶p. H-ä-
t\m-«-¯nÂ X-s¶ C-cp-hcpw {]-W-b-_-²-X-cm-Ip¶p. ho-«n-se¯n-b BXn, A-½-bp-sS
A-\p-hm-Z-t¯m-sS ]m-ep-hw s]-®n-s\ I-eym-Ww I-gn-¡m³ ]p-d-s¸-Sp¶p.
“a-S-ap-¼nÂ Nn-d sh-Åw a-dnbpw IWt¡
Nn-d ap-¼n¸-c-tem-Sn-¡-fn¡pw IWt¡
Imä-¯p I-cn-bn-e-]-d¡pw I-Wt¡”
B-Wv A-bm-fp-sS bm{X. a\-Êv \nd-sb kp-µ-cn-bp-sS cq-]-am-b-Xn-\mÂ bm-{X hf-sc th-
K-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p F-¶p hy-à-am-¡m³ {]-kv-Xp-X-hÀ-®-\ k-lm-b-I-am-Wv.
8. ho-cm-cm-[\
tI-c-f-¯n-se sIm-Å-¯-e-h-·m-sc sIm-¶v A-h-cp-sS A-[n-Im-cw CÃm-Xm¡n-b
[o-c\m-b ]-d-b-\m-bn-«m-Wv sN-§-¶qÀ B-Xn-sb hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. a-[y-tI-c-f-¯n-se
]-d-b k-ap-Zm-b-¡m-cp-sS ho-c-]p-cp-j\m-b sN-§-¶qÀ B-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]m-«m-Wv C-
S-\m-S³ Km-\-§-fnÂ G-sd {]-Nm-c-¯n-ep-ÅXv. sN-§-¶qÀ B-Xn-bp-sS ho-c-]-cm-{I-a-
§Ä \n-c-h-[n-bmWv.
]-Xn-s\-«p-I-f-cn-bnepw t]m-bn ]-S-sh-«n P-bn-¨-h\pw I-c-Snbmw tIm-«, A-Xn-c¼pg
tIm-«, aq-hn-t¡m-« Xp-S-§n-b ]-Xn-s\-«p tIm-«-IÄ X-IÀ-¯-h\pw ]m-ep-hw s]®v, Ip-
¶p-hw-s]-®v Xp-S§n-b kp-µ-cn-am-sc ku-µ-cyw-sImpw Im-b_-ew sImpw t\-Sn-sb-
Sp-¯-h-\p-am-Wv sN-§-¶qÀ BXn.
9. kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-{]-Xn-ê-\w
Hm-tcm-\m-S³-]m-«p-Ifpw A-h- cq-]w sIm- Im-e-L-«-¯n-se km-aq-ln-I-kw-kv-Im-
c-¯nsâ k-Xy-k-Ôam-b ap-Jw sh-fn-hm-¡p¶p. `-c-W-k-{¼-Zmbw, Po-hn-X-coXn, B-
Nmcw, hn-izmkw, hn-hmlw, B-Nm-cy-a-cym-Z-IÄ F-¶n-h-sbÃmw Cu ]m-«p-IÄ hy-à-am-
¡p¶p. F-gp-¯pw- hm-b-\bpw B-bp-[-hn-Zyhpw A-`y-kn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn s]¬-In-Sm-
§Ä ho-Sp-I-f-cn-I-fnÂ tNÀ¶p. sN-§-¶qÀ B-Xn-sb-t¸m-ep-Å ho-c-]p-cpj-\p tNÀ-¶
[o-c-h-\n-Xbm-b ]m-ep-hw s]-®v A-`ym-k-an-Ihp-sIm-v BÀ-tIm-bva-sb A-Sn-b-d-]-d-bn-
¡p¶-Xv ]-e-{]m-h-iy-am-bn \-ap-¡v ]m-«nÂ Im-Wmw. ]m-n-¡-f-cn-bn-se s]m-en-hn-\v ]m-
ep-hw s]-®p-am-bn sN-§-¶q-cm-Xn F-¯p-t¼mÄ ]-ecpw ]-cn-l-kn-¡p-¶pv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 18

“Rm-s\m-cp s]-®m-tWþa-s¦m-¼n-et¨m
F-\n-s¡m-cp s]men-shm-t¨m a-s¦m-¼n-e-t¨m”
F-¶v ]d-ªv am¼-Ån a-Wn-¸«pw sIm-¼-\-cn-hmfpw ssI-bn-se-Sp¯v, Np-h-Sn«v, aq¶mw
sNm-h-Sn-«pw, ap-s¨m-h-Sn-«v \memw sNm-h-«nÂ tI-dn \-S¶v, em-In-¸-d-¶ I-f-cn-bI-¯v A-
hÄ ]-«p hn-cn¨p. B ]-«n³-]p-d-¯v \n-§Ä s]m-en-¡-W-sa-¶m-bn s]®v. F-¶mÂ, B
D-b-c-¯nÂ s]m-en-hp \-S-¯m³ sN-§-¶q-cm-Xn-¡Ãm-sX a-ämÀ¡pw I-gn-bp-¶nÃ.
10. [À-½w
P-\-§-fnÂ B-ß-hn-izm-khpw IÀ-½-t_m-[hpw ]-IÀ-¶p \ÂIp-I F-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p
Cu ]m-«p-I-fp-sS e-£yw.
 \m-S³-]m-«p-IÄ Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ t\À-¡p-]n-Sn-¨ I-®m-Sn
{Km-ao-W-P-\-X-bp-sS hn-Im-c-§-fpsS-tbm B-i-b-§-fp-sStbm i-àam-b _-lnÀ-
Øp-c-W-am-Wv \m-S³-]m-«pIÄ. k-t´m-jhpw k-¦-Shpw {]-tahpw ss\-cm-iyhpw {]-Xn-
tj-[hp-sams¡ Cu ]m-«p-I-fnÂ \n-d-ªp-\nÂ-¡p¶p. Xo-{ham-b Po-hn-Xm-\p-`-h-§-
fnÂ \n-¶m-Wv C-h ]p-d-¯p-h-cp-¶Xv. “tXm-¶p-¶-sX-´m-bmepw A-Xv i-àn-bm-bn {]-I-
Sn-¸n-¡p-I; B {]-I-S-\-¯n-eq-sS a-\-Ên-s\ kw-Xr-]v-X-am-¡p-Itbm A-kz-Ø-am-¡p-
Itbm sN¿pI”. CX-v \m-S³ ]m-«p-I-fp-sS H-cp {]-[m-\ [À-½-am-sW-¶v cm-L-h³ ]-¿-
\m-Sv Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¡p¶p. \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ A-h-bpm-b Im-e-L-«-¯n-sâ {]-Xn-_nw-
_-am-Wv Im-Wm-\m-hp-I. \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fp-sS ]T-\-¯n-eq-sS \-ap-¡v A¶-s¯ k-aq-l-
¯n-se kmw-kv-Imcn-I N-cn-{X-]-Ým¯-ew hy-à-am-¡m³ km-[n-¡p¶p.
Xm-sg-¯-¶n-cn-¡p-¶ D-Zm-l-c-W-§-fn-eq-sS C-¡mcyw hy-à-am¡mw
 A¶-s¯ k-aq-l-¯nÂ ‘sXm-«p-Iq-Sm-bv-aþXo-n-¡q-Smbv-a' t]m-ep-Å D-¨-\o-N-Xz-
§Ä \n-e-\n-¶-Xm-bn a-\-Ên-em-¡mw. sXm-«p-Iq-Sm-bv-abpw Xo-n-¡q-Sm-bv-abpw \n-e-\n-
¶n-cp-¶ Im-e-am-Wv aq-thm-«p-aÃ³ I-Y-bnÂ Im-Wp-¶-Xv F-¶-Xn-\v hy-àam-b sX-fn-
hv ]m-«nÂ \n¶pw e-`n-¡p-¶pv. ]-d-b³ ]m-f-bn-em¡n-sIm-Sp-¯ A-hnepw sIm-«-
t¯-§-bp-am-Wv hn-Sp-Xn-¡p Xm-a-kn-¡p-t¼mÄ Ip-dp-¸-·m-cp-sS B-lmcw. tI-c-f-¯n-
se ]-g-b B-Nm-c-a-\p-k-cn-¨v A-hn-emWv ‘XoÂ' Pm-Xn-¡m-cnÂ \n¶pw hm-§n `-
£n-¡m-hp-¶ km-[\w.
 Pm-Xn-hy-h-Ø-bv-s¡-Xn-sc-bp-Å Io-gm-f-P-\-X-bp-sS hn-Im-cw s]m-«³ sX-¿-¯n-sâ
tXm-ä-¯nÂ Im-Wp¶p.
“\m¦-sf sIm-¯ymepw tNm-cX-s¶ sNmÆsd
\o¦-sf sIm-¯ymepw tNm-cX-s¶ sNm-Æ-sd
]n-s¶y-s´-\o-¦Ä Ip-ew ]n-i-Ivt¶”
F-¶o io-ep-IÄ C-¡mcyw hy-à-am-¡p¶p.
 ssii-h-hn-hm-l-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å kq-N\ s]m-¶n-d-¯mÄ I-Y-bnÂ Im-Wm-\m-Ip¶p.
s]m-¶n-d-¯mÄ tXm-gnam-scm-¯v ]-´p-I-fn¨p-sIm-p \nÂ-¡p¶-Xp I- c-W-iq-c³-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 19
s]-c-amÄ A-h-fnÂ B-Ir-ã-\m-hp-Ibpw A§-s\ s]m-¶n-d-¯m-fn-sâ ]-{´-ma-
s¯ h-b-ÊnÂ A-h-sf hn-hm-lw I-gn-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. A¶-s¯ k-aq-l-¯nÂ
E-Xp-hm-Ip-¶-Xn-\p ap-¼pX-s¶ Xm-en-sI-«p I-eym-Ww \-S¯p-I \nÀ-_-Ô-am-bn-cp-¶p.
 I-\ym-ip-ev-Iw \Â-Ip-¶ ]-Xn-hn-s\-¡p-dn-¨v s]m-¶n-d-¯mÄ I-Y-bnÂ kq-N-\-bpv.
“B-bn-cw ]-h³ Nn-ehpw C«p
Ah-sf am-e C-S-thWw”
F-¶p c-W-iq-c³ s]-cp-amÄ A-½-tbm-Sp ]-d-bp-¶-XnÂ \n-¶v A-¡me-¯v I-\ym-ip-
evIw (I-\yI-sb e-`n-¡m³ th-n h-c³ I-\ym-]n-Xm-hn-\v \Â-Ip-¶ [\w) sIm-Sp-
¡p-¶ GÀ-¸m-Sp-m-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v hn-Nm-cn-¡mw.
 \n-cm-ew-_bm-b ]p-e-b-kv-{Xo-bp-sS B-ß-hn-em-]w ap--I³ ]mS-s¯ \m-X³-Ip-
ªn-s\-¡p-dn-¨p-Å \m-S³-]m-«n-sâ A-´x-k-¯ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶nS-¯v tUm.i-in-[-
c³ \n-co-£n-¡p-¶pv.
“ap--I-¸mS-s¯ \m-X³-Ip-tª
ap--I³ sIm-¿p-t¼m-sf-hn-Sn-cn¡pw
ap--I-¡-t«-sS Io-gn-en-cn¡pw
I-«-bp-S-bp-t¼m-sf-hn-Sn-cn¡pw
A-Ñ³-an-Sn-ta-en-cn¡pw Rmt\
þþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþ
\m-¯q³ a-cn-¡p-t¼m-sf-hn-Sn-cn¡pw
F-sâ hn[n-t]ms-e Rmw I-gnbpw”
ap--I³ ]mSs¯ ‘\m-X³-Ipªv' F-¶ sR-n-sâ Po-hn-¡m-\p-Å A-`n-hm-Mv-N-bpw-
B-ß-hn-izm-khpw sX-fn-bp-¶ Cu ]m-«nÂ ]mS-s¯ a¬-I-«-I-fp-sS \-Sp-hnepw h-c-
¼¯pw B-ew-_-anÃm-sX Po-hn-t¡-n-h-cp-¶ ]p-e-b-s¸¬-In-Sm-hn-sâ B-ß-hn-em-]w
Iq-Sn Øp-cn-¸n-¡p¶p.
1. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se \m-S³-]m-«pI-sf hÀ-¤o-I-cn-¨v km-am-\y-kz-`m-hw hy-à-am-¡pI.
(2017)
2. h-S-¡³ ]m-«p-I-fp-sS km-ln-Xy-]-cam-b k-hn-ti-j-X-Ifpw kmw-kv-Imcn-I N-cn-{X ]-
Ým-¯-ehpw I-s-¯pI. (2016-C)
3. kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-¯nsâ t\À¡p Xncn-¨p-]n-Sn¨ I®m-Sn-bmbn \mS³ ]m«p-Isf
hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xnsâ s]mcp-sf´v? (2015)
4. ae-bm-f-¯nse \mtSm-Sn-¸m-«p-I-fpsS kmln-Xy-k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ Fs´Ãmw? (2012)
5. \mS³]m«p-IÄ¡v kmln-Xy-¯n-epÅ {][m-\yw, hS¡³ ]m«p-Isf Bkv]-Z-am¡n
hnh-cn-¡pI. (2009)
6. aebm-f-¯n-se sX-¡³ ]m-«p-I-fpsS ‘sI-«pap-d'bn-se ap-Jy k-hn-ti-j-X-sb´v?
(2007)
7. hS¡³]m«p-Ifpw sX¡³]m«p-Ifpw X½n-epÅ hyXym-k-§sfs´ms¡-sb¶v
Is-¯pI. (2004)
8. hS¡³]m«p-Ifpw sX¡³]m«p-Ifpw \mtSm-Sn-¸m-«p-Ifpw tIc-f-`m-j- kr-jvSn¨
X\Xmb kmln-Xy-{]-Øm-\-§-fm-sW¶v ]d-bp-¶-Xn\v ASn-Øm-\-sa´v? (2000)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 20
t]¸Àþ H¶v sk£³ þ_n-
kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw
bqWoävþ 4.4
Infn-¸m«v
Infn-¸m«v Fs´¶pw AXnsâ DÛ-h-Im-c-W-§fpw Infn-¸m-«nsâ `mjm-]-c-amb
{]tXy-I-X-Ifpw Hs¡ BZy-`m-K¯v NÀ¨ sNbvXp-I-gn-ªp. ChnsS Infn-¸m-«nsâ
Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Øm\-hpw, kmln-Xy-]-c-amb {]m[m-\y-hp-amWv hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xv.
kmln-Xy-]-c-ambn Infn-¸m-«ns\ kao-]n-¡p-t¼mÄ `mj-bpsS Imhym-ß-I-X-
bv¡mWv {]m[m-\yw. {lkzhpw ZoÀL-hp-amb hÀ®\IÄ, ck-`m-h-§Ä¡-\p-kr-X-
amb ]ZLS\ XpS§n Imhy-`m-j-bv¡p-m-tI `wKnbpw, hywKy-ambn ]d-bp-
t¼mÄ cN\bv¡pm-Ip¶ KpW-§-fp-sam-s¡-bmWv kmln-Xy-]-c-ambn ]Tn-¡p-
t¼mÄ {][m-\-s¸-«-Xv.
I. hnhÀ¯-\-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ
hnjvWp-`-àn-{]-Nm-c-¯n-\mbn F.-Un.14-þmw iX-I¯n-epmb IrXn-bmWv
kwkvIr-X-¯nse A²ym-ß-cm-am-b-Ww. hmevaoIn cmam-b-W-¯nsâ kw{K-l-cq-]-
¯n-epÅ hnhÀ¯-\-amWv I®-È³ \S-¸m-¡n-b-Xv. al-Xz-¯nepw DZm-¯-X-bnepw
F{Xtbm Xmsg \nÂ¡p¶ A[ym-ß-cm-am-bWw Fgp-¯-Ñ³ hnhÀ¯-\-¯n-s\-Sp-
¯-Xnsâ ImcWw cmas\ Cuiz-c-mh-Xm-c-am¡n am{Xw Nn{XWw sN¿Wsa¶
e£y-am-bn-cp-¶p. Cu {]tXy-I-Xbpw cma-I-Y-bpsS BIÀj-I-Xzhpw \ne-
\nÀ¯ns¡mv kmln-Xy-]-c-amb ]pXp-a-IÄ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-hm³ Fgp-¯-Ñ\v Ign-
ªp. aqe-Ir-Xnsb AXp-t]mse A\p-I-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã. kwkvIr-X-¯n-epÅ A[ym-ß-
cm-am-b-W-¯nsâ ]cn-`m-j-bm-sW¦nepw aäp cmam-b-W-§-fnse ]e Bi-b-§fpw
Infn-¸m-«nÂ Fgp-¯-Ñ³ Iq«n-t¨À¯n-«p-v. NneXv HuNn-Xy-]qÀÆw Dt]-£n-¨n-«pv.
Nne Zn¡nÂ kz´w at\m-[À½w -D-]tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-v. aqe-Im-hys¯ B[m-c-in-e-bm-
bns« Xp©-¯m-Nm-cy³ ]cn-K-Wn-¨n-«p-Åq.
Infn-¸m-«p-{]-Øm-\-¯nse Gähpw DXvIr-jvS-amb Imhyw `mcXw Infn-¸m-«mWv.
hymk-`m-c-X-s¯-bmWv hnhÀ¯-\-¯n-\mbn Fgp-¯-Ñ³ kzoI-cn-¨-Xv. IrjvWs\
tI{µoIcn¨v IYm-inev]w sa\-sª-Sp-¡-emWv Fgp-¯-Ñ³ sNbvX-sX¦nepw N{µ-
hw-i-¯nsâ ]Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ \S-¡p¶ Iuc-h-]m-Þh kwL-«-\hpw Ipcp-t£-{X-
bp-²-hp-amWv apJyIYm-hn-jbw. Cu {]m[m\yw \ne-\nÀ¯ns¡mp-Xs¶ IY-
bpsS {][m\ `mK¯v IrjvWs\ \nÀ¯pIbmWv Fgp-¯-Ñ³ sNbvX-Xv. At¸mÄ
At±-l-¯nsâ Infn-¸m«v `àn-{]-[m-\amb Imhy-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p. “hymk³ [À½-
¯n\v thn \ne-sIm-Åp-t¼mÄ Fgp-¯-Ñ³ `àn-¡p-thn \ne-sIm-Åp¶p”
F¶v hS¡pwIqÀ cmP-cm-P-hÀ½ ]d-bp-¶-Xnsâ Imcy-an-Xm-Wv. Ht¶-ImÂe-£-
t¯mfw tÇmI-§Äs¡-Xnsc ]Xn-s\m-¶m-bn-c-t¯mfw CucSn-I-fn-emWv Ihn `mc-X-
IY ]d-bp-¶-Xv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 1

II. `mh-¯n-\-\p-k-cn-¨pÅ `mjm-{]-tbmKw
Bhn-jvI-cn-t¡ Imcy-¯n-\-\p-k-cn¨v A\p-Iq-e-ambn amdp¶ `mjm {]tbm-
K-amWv Fgp-¯-Ñ-tâXv. tIm]w, A«-lmkw F¶n-h-bnÂ DuÀÖ-kz-e-X, irwKm-c-
¯n\v tIma-f-Xzw, lmky-¯nepw aäpw kmc-fyw, X¯z-Nn-´-bnÂ Kuchw F¶n-
§s\ sX¶ns¯¶n amdp¶ ssien Ihn kz´-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. CXn-\mbn Ihn
B{i-bn-¡p-¶Xv {Zmhn-U-hr-¯-io-ep-I-sf-bmWv. GXp `mhhpw Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m³
`mjm-hr-¯-§sf k¼-¶-am¡n F¶ A]qÀÆt\«w Fgp-¯-Ñ-tâ-Xm-Wv. `àn,
X¯z-Nn-´, NSp-e-cw-K-§Ä F¶nh Bhn-jvI-cn-t¡n hcp-t¼mÄ `mjm-hr-¯-
§Ä¡p kn²n-¡p¶ ta·-sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bmWv Fgp-¯-Ñ³ sNbvX-Xv.
efn-X-a-e-bm-f-]-Z-§Ä am{X-aÃ Fgp-¯-Ñ-\nÂ ImWp-¶-Xv. kµÀ`-¯n\pw `mh-¯n-
\p-a-\p-k-cn¨v Fgp-¯-Ñ³ {]tbm-Kn-¡p¶ `mjsb aq¶mbn Xncn¡mw:
1. kwkvIrX {][m-\-amb `mj
2. `mjbv¡pw kwkvIr-X-¯n\pw Xpey-{][m-\-apÅ aWn-{]-hm-f-coXn
3. X\n-a-e-bmf coXn
Kuc-h-ta-dnb kµÀ`-§-fnÂ kwkvIr-Xtam kwkvIr-X-{]-[m-\-amb aWn-{]-hm-
ftam BWv Fgp-¯-Ñ³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v tZh-Xm-kvXpXn Xs¶.
AXp-sImv Cuiz-c-·msc {]tXy-In¨v cma-Ir-jvW³amsc {]IoÀ¯n-¡p¶ kµÀ`-
§-fnÂ Fgp-¯-Ñ³ kwkvIr-X-`m-j-tbm-S-Sp-¯p-\nÂ¡p¶Xp ZÀin-¡mw.
1. “N{µ-Nq-Vm-c-hn-µ-a-µn-c-ta-{µmZn
hrµm-c-tI{µ ap\n-hrµ hµn-X³ tZh³”
2. “\otem-ev]-e-Z-f-iym-af hn{K-l³
\otem-ev]-e-Z-et- eme hntem-N³”
CXn-s\m-c-]-hm-Z-ambn \nÂ¡p¶Xv ‘]mÀ°kmc-Yn-hÀ®’\bm-Wv. ip²-a-e-bmf ]Z-
§-fpsS ka-RvP-k-t½-f-\-amWv Cu `mK¯v \ap¡v ImWm³ Ign-bp-¶-Xv.
Kuc-h-]qÀÆ-amb X¯z-Nn-´-I-fpsS {]tbm-K-¯nepw Fgp-¯Ñ-\nÂ kwkvIrX-{]-
[m-\-amb aWn-{]-hm-f-co-Xn-bmWv ImWm³ Ign-bp-I. DZm-l-c-W-¯n-\v,
“t`mK§sfÃmw £W-{]-`m-N-©ew
thtK\ \jvS-am-am-bp-Êp-tamÀ¡ \o
hÓn-k-´-]vX-teml-Ømw-_p-_n-µp\m
k¶n`w aÀXy-P·w £W-`w-Kpcw
N£p-{i-hW Kf-Ø-amw ZÀ±pcw
`£-W-¯n-¶-t]-£n-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse
Imemln-\m-]-cn-{K-kvXamw temI-hpþ
amtem-e-tN-Xkm t`mK§Ä tXSp¶p”.
C¯-c-¯nÂ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ £Wn-I-Xbpw \nÊm-c-Xbpw hyà-am-
¡p¶ kµÀ`-§-fnÂ X¯z-Nn-´-bpsS Kuc-h-¯n-I-hpÅ `mj-X-s¶-bmWv D]-tbm-
Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ, temtIm-àn-Isf Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p¶ kµÀ`-§-fnÂ Ihn
efn-X-a-e-bm-f-]-Z-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xp ImWmw. DZm-l-c-W-¯n-\v,
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 2

“Xm³ Xm³ \nc-ćw sN¿p¶ IÀ½-§Ä
Xm³ Xm\-\p-`-hn-ö-Sp-sIt¶ hcq”
“B]-¯p-h-¶oSp¶ Ime¯p
tim`n-¡-bn-ÃtSm kÖ\`mjnXw”
C\n bp²-cw-K-amWv hÀ®n¡p¶-sX¦nÂ NSp-e-am-bXpw DuÀÖ-kz-e-hp-am-bn-
¯o-cp-¶p Fgp-¯-Ñsâ `mj. hoc-iq-c-]-cm-{I-a-§Ä ImWn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw, bp²-
¯nsâ òI-cX-krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw, k¦-S-I-c-amb kµÀ`-§sf ImWn-¡p-t¼mgpw
bp²-¯nÂ t]Sn-¨p-]n-ń-cn-ªp-t]m-Ip-¶-hsc ]cn-l-kn-¡p-t¼mgpw Fgp-¯-Ñsâ
Imhy-`mj sX¶namdn-s¡m-n-cn-¡pw. Hmtcm kµÀ`-¯nepw GtXXv `mh-¯n\v
GtXXv Imhy-`m-j-bmtWm A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-«p-ÅXv AXmWv At±lw {]tbm-Kn-¡mdv.
III. hÀ®\IÄ
sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb [mcmfw hÀ®\IÄsImv \nd-ª-XmWv Fgp-¯-
Ñsâ IrXn-IÄ. kµÀ`-¯n-\-\p-k-cn¨v `mh-¯n-\-\p-tbm-Py-amb `mj-bnÂ hyà-
ambpw kq£va-ambpw hÀ®n¡p¶ coXn-bmWv Fgp-¯-Ñ-tâ-Xv.
1. hmMvabNn{X-§Ä
hmMvabNn{X \nÀ½nXnbnÂ Fgp-¯-Ñ-\pÅ Akm-[m-c-W-]m-S-h-¯n\pw
i_vZ-iàn-t_m-[-¯n\pw ]Z-L-S\m-h-Ã-`-Xz-¯n\pw AN©-e-amb `àn-]m-c-
h-iy-¯n\pw \nZÀi-\-ambn ]mÀ°kmc-Yn-hÀ®\sb ImWmw. aqe-`m-c-X-
¯nÂ Cu hÀ®\ Xosc-bn-Ã. ]mÀ°kmc-Ynsb ]än Hcp kqN-\-am-{Xta
Ahn-sS-bpÅq. F¶mÂ Fgp-¯-Ñ-\nÂ tIim-Zn-]m-Z-hÀ®\bmWv ImWp-
¶Xv.
“\ndª ]oen-IÄ \nc-¡th Ip¯n
s\dp-I-bnÂ Iq«n-¯n-d-sam-Sp-sI«n
Icn-ap-In-sem¯ NnIp-c-`m-chpw
aWn-IÄ an¶p¶ aWn-¡n-co-Shpw”
F¶n-§s\ XpS-cp¶p.
2. bp²-hÀ®\IÄ
`mcXw ASn-Øm-\-]-c-ambn Hcp bp²-I-Y-bm-Wv. Fgp-¯-Ñsâ bp²-hÀ®\
Bkzm-Zy-amWv F¶-Xnsâ AÀ°w `mc-X-¯nsâ apJy-{]-ta-bs¯ Ihn¡v
hnP-b-I-c-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ Ignªp F¶-XmWv. bp²w I
KÔÀÆsâ ]p\ÀP-·-amWv Fgp-¯-Ñ³ F¶ sI«pIY-bnÂ AS-§n-bn-«p-
ÅXv bp²-cwK Nn{Xo-I-c-W-¯nse X·-b-Xz-am-Wv. bp²-cw-Ks¯ ka-{K-ambpw
kPo-h-ambpw Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p¶p F¶-XmWv Fgp-¯-Ñsâ bp²-
hÀ®\bv¡pÅ {]tXy-I-X. kmam\yw ssZÀLy-tadnb hÀ®\I-fmWv bp²-
hÀ®\IÄ. \nd-§-Ä sImv Nn{Xw cNn-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse `mj-sImv ]e
ck-¯n-epw, `mh-¯nepw bp²w hÀ®n¡p¶p. AhnsS hoc-hpw, lmky-hpw,
`bm-\-I-hpw, timI-hp-sams¡ amdn amdn hcp-¶p. AXn-\-\p-k-cn¨v hr¯-
¯nÂ amäw hcp-¯p-¶p.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 3

a) bp²-¯nsâ Ne-\m-ß-IX
bp²-hÀ®\bnÂ Ne-\m-ß-I-X-bmWv \ap¡v ImWm³ Ign-bp-¶-Xv. `mj-
bnÂ hcp-¯p¶ amä-§Ä¡-\p-k-cn-¨mWv Ne-\m-ß-IX hmb-\-¡mÀ¡v
A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.
“NmSn-¸-Xn-¡bpw IqsS-¡p-Xn-¡bpw
amSn-¯-Sp-¡bpw IqsS-s¡m-Sp-¡bpw
HmSn-¡-fnbpw hmSn hnbÀ¡bpw
amSn-hn-fn-¡bpw tIm]n-¨-Sp-¡bpw”
b) bp²-cwKw ]t©-{µn-b-§-fn-eqsS Bkz-Zn-¡m³ Ign-bp¶p F¶Xv Fgp-¯-
Ñsâ {]tXy-I-X-fn-sem-¶m-Wv.
“]cip ic-]-cn-L-h-c-ap-ke Ip´-§fpw
]mÀYn-h³am-c{X ikv{X-{]-tbm-Khpw
]Sp-\n-\-Z-]-S-l-apJ ‘QW-QS’ \n\m-Zhpw
]mcnÂ InfÀ¶v s]m§o-Sn-\-[q-fnbpw
Icn-Xp-c-K-c-Y-Ic _lp-hn[ \n\m-Zhpw
ImWn-IÄ Ip sImm-Sp¶ \mZhpw
Ia-e-`h apJ hn_p[ Pb Pb \n\m-Zhpw
Imä-Sn¡pw sImSn-¡q-d-IÄ \mZhpw
cp[ncbpX ]e-Xp-aXp `£n¨p cm£-kþ
cp¨-¯nÂ \n¶-e-do-Sp¶ \mZhpw
t{]X-`qXmZn ]nim-N-§-fmÀ¯n«p
t]Sn-bmIpw h®-apÅ \n\m-Zhpw’ (òjva-]ÀÆw)
ChnsS ‘Imä-Sn¡pw’, ‘`£n¨p’, ‘QW-QS \n\m-Zhpw’, ‘s]m§o-Sn\ [qfn’
F¶o {]tbm-K-§-fn-eq-sS-sbÃmw Hmtcm C{µn-b-§-fneqsS bp²w Bkz-Zn-
¡m-hp¶ A\p-`-h-X-e-amWv ImWm-\m-hp-¶-Xv.
c) kq£vaX
“tIm]w s]cp-¡bpw tZlw hnd-bv¡bpw
]Ãp-I-Sn-¡bpw I®p-Np-h-bv¡bpw
ImWp-¶-hÀIÄ¡v t]Sn-bmIpw h®w
am\n¨p amcpXn \nev¡p¶ t\c¯p”
ChnsS t{Im[hpw hocy-hp-saÃmw hoc-]p-cp-j-·m-cpsS apJ-§-fnÂ sXfn-bp-
¶p. A{Xbv¡v kq£va-X-tbm-SpÅ hÀ®\bmWv Cu `mK§fnÂ ImWp-
¶-Xv.
d) `mj-bpsS BhÀ¯-\-¯n-eqsS krjvSn-¡p¶ AÀ°-am-\-§Ä
“t]Sn¨p t]Sn¨p t\m¡n-t\m-¡n-¯ptemw
ZpxJn¨p ZpxJn¨p \mWn¨p \mWn¨p
Zpjv-IÀa-i-àn-IÄ Nnń¨p Nnń¨p
tIWp-tI-Wml´ hoWp-ho-Wq-gn-bnÂ
{]mW`bt¯mSv ]mªp-]m-sª-{Xbpw”
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 4
ChnsS {Inb-bpsS BhÀ¯-\-¯n-eqsS Ihn krjvSn-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶Xv Zptcym-
[\sâ ]cm-P-b-¯nsâ ¾m\-`m-h-am-Wv. B `mh-¯n-\n-W-§p¶ Xc-¯nÂ
`mjsb BhÀ¯-\-§-fn-eqsS {ihy-a-[p-c-ambn krjvSn-s¨-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p-I-bm-
Wn-hn-sS.
IV. Pohn-X-ZÀi\w
`àn, thZm-´-Nn-´, kmaq-ln-I-t_m[w F¶n-h-bp-ambn thÀXn-cn-¡m-\m-hm-¯-
hn[w _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p Fgp-¯-Ñsâ ZmÀi-\n-I-t_m[w. Fgp-¯-Ñ³ IrXn-I-
fpsS apJymw-i-amb Nn´m-]-c-amb ZmÀVyw, kaq-ls¯ Iog-S-¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶
[À½NypXn-bpsS thc-dp-¯p-I-f-bm-\pÅ a\p-jy-kvt\-l-]-c-amb IÀ¯-hy-t_m-[w,
]pcm-tW-Xnlm-k-§-fpsS A´À[m-c-bmbn hÀ¯n¡p¶ BÀj-kw-kvIm-c-t¯m-
SpÅ _lp-am\w F¶nh At±-l-¯nsâ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ ImWmw.
1. X¯z-Nn´
£W-`w-Kp-c-amWv a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xw. a\p-jy\v Alw-_p²n Dm-I-cp-Xv.
Bßmhv am{X-amWv a\p-jy-cnÂ \nXy-am-bp-Å-Xv. ]c-am-ßm-hm-Ip¶
Cuizcsâ {]Xn-_nw-_-am-Ip¶p Pohm-ßm-hm-Ip¶ a\p-jy³. ^teÑ
IqSmsX a\p-jy³ IÀ½w sN¿Ww. C§s\ t]mIp¶p Fgp-¯-Ñsâ thZm-
´-Nn-´-IÄ. XnI¨pw Kuc-h-ta-dnb Imcy-am-b-Xn-\mÂ `mj-bnepw Cu Kuchw
ImWm³ Ign-bpw.
kaq-l-¯nÂ Ft¸mgpw kam-[m-\hpw iànbpw ]peÀ¶p ImWm-\pÅ
BImw£-bmWv Fgp-¯-Ñsâ Xt¯zm-]-tZ-i¯n-Â AS-§nbn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. s]«-
¶p-m-Ip¶ t{Im[hpw aÕ-chpw \s½ Fhn-sS-sbÃmw sImp-
sNs¶¯n¡pw? ùXn-I-kp-J-§-tfm-sSm¸w Dm-Ip¶ Bk-ànbpw AXn-\p-
th-n-bpÅ ]c-¡w-]m-¨n-ep-saÃmw Fń-s\-Im-Wn-¡p¶p? buh-\-¯nÂ Dd-
¨p-\nÂ¡p¶XmtWm a\p-jy-cpsS BbpÊv? amb-bnÂ ap§n-¡n-S-¡p¶ \mw
BbpÀ`bw IpXn-¨p-]m-bp-¶Xv Adn-bp-¶ptm? C{]-Im-c-saÃmw hnÑn-¶m-`n-
tj-I-¯nÂ tcmjw-sImp hnd-bv¡p¶ e£va-Ws\ km´-\n-¸n-¡m³ {iocm-
a³ Xt¯zm-]-tZiw \ÂIp-¶p. kaq-l-¯nsâ ta·bpw Hu¶Xy-¯n-\p-apÅ
{]ta-b-amWv CXn-e-´Àeo-\-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
CXn-eqsS aÕ-chpw t{Im[hpw Hs¡ ian-¸n¨v kwkvIm-c-ip-²n-h-cp-t¯--Xn-
s\-Ip-dn-¨pÅ kqN-\-bmWv \ÂIp-¶-Xv.
2. kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb DbÀ¨
Fgp-¯-Ñ³ IrXn-I-fpsS e£yw `ànsb DbÀ¯pI F¶Xv am{X-am-bn-cp-
¶nÃ; adn¨v kwkvIm-cs¯ DbÀ¯pI F¶ e£yw IqSn Fgp-¯-Ñ-\p-m-
bn-cp-¶p. BÀj-kw-kvIm-c-t¯m-SpÅ _lp-am-\hpw AXnsâ kqN\-Ifpw
At±-l-¯nsâ IrXn-I-fnÂ ImWm³ Ign-bpw. “amXr-`-àn, ]nXr-`-àn, Kpcp-`-
àn, Cuiz-c-`-àn, kÖ\`àn apX-embn kZm-Nm-c-\n-j-vTbv¡v AN-©-e-k-
t¦-X-§-fmb al-\ob kmln-Xym-[n-jvTm\ `qan-Isf At±lw tIc-fo-bÀ¡v
k¼m-Zn-¨p-sIm-Sp¯p”. F¶ kmln-Xy-]-©m-\-\sâ hm¡p-IÄ kqNn-¸n-¡p-
¶Xv kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb DbÀ¨bv¡v Fgp-¯-Ñ³ F{X-t¯mfw klm-b-I-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 5
ambn F¶-XmWv. A[ym-ß-cm-am-bWw aqe-tÇm-I-`m-K¯v cma-\mÂ XSp-¡-s¸«
A{Xn- {]o-Xn-tbmsS Xncn-¨p-t]mbn F¶p-am{Xw ]d-ªn-cn-¡p¶ `mKw cmam-
bWw Infn-¸m-«nÂ Fgp-¯-Ñ³ hÀ®n¨ncn-¡p-¶Xv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv.
“At¶cw Xncn-ªp-\n-¶-cp-fn-sNbvXp ap\n
Xt¶mSp cma-N-{µ³ hµn¨p `àn-]qÀÆw
\nń-cp-hSn Xncn-s¨-s§-gp-¶-Åo-SWw
AńtI injy-P-\-ap-tÃm hgn-¡pta”
A{Xn alÀjn-bpsS amlm-ßyhpw {iocmasâ hn\-bhpw A{X-am{Xw ]d-
ªmÂ hyà-am-In-sÃ¶p hnNm-cn-¨v, `àn-]qÀÆw hµn¨p \nµncp-hSn Xncn-s¨-gp-¶-
Ån-s¡m-mepw F¶v BXn-Yy-a-cym-Z-sbbpw alÀjn-bpsS Kuc-h-s¯bpw
DbÀ¯n-¡m«n PK-XvKp-cp-hmb cma³ ]dªp F¶pw ]cn-`mj hnI-kn-¸n¨v hnb-\-
Kp-Ws¯ D±o-]n-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. At¸mÄ `àn-tbm-sSm¸w kZm-Nm-c-\n-jvS,
kÖ\acym-Z, BXn-Yy-a-cymZ F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ kmwkvIm-cn-Imw-i-§-fnÂ
{]m[m\yw \ÂIn P\-§sf DZv_p-²-cm-¡pI F¶ e£yw Fgp-¯-Ñ-\n-ep-m-bn-
cp¶p sh¶v hyàw. hnhÀ¯-\-¯nÂ At±lw C¡m-cy-§Ä¡pw {]m[m\yw
\ÂIn.
“cma-e-£-W-·mcpw hµn¨p ]nXm-hns\
ktamZw hkn-jvT-\m-am-Nm-cy-]m-Zm-_vPhpw
sXmgpXp amXr-P-\-§-sfbpw bYm-{Iaw
sXmgpXp {iocm-a-]m-Zmw`p-P-a-\p-P-·mÀ
sXmgpXp `c-Xs\ e£va-W-Ip-am-c\pw
sXmgpXp i{Xp-Lv\\pw e£va-W-]-Zmw-`pPw”.
koXm-]-cn-W-b-¯n-\mbn Zi-c-Y\pw `c-X-i-{Xp-Lv\-·mcpw anYn-e-bnÂ hcp t¼mÄ
cma-e-£va-W-·m-sc Ahn-sS-h¨p ImWp-¶-XmWv kµÀ`w. At¸mÄ Kpcp-P-\-§-sf-
¡p-dn-¨pÅ BZ-chv Hmtcm-cp-¯À¡p-ap-m-bXv Ihn hnSmsX hnh-cn-¡p-¶p.
kwkvIm-c-NypXn Nqn-¡m-Wn-¡p¶ IYm-k-µÀ`-§-fnÂ hm¡p-Isf Af¶v
Xq¡n {]tbm-Kn-¡p¶ coXn-bmWv Fgp-¯-Ñ-\nÂ ImWp-¶-Xv. A¡mcyw \o«n-¸-d-
bm³ CjvS-s¸-Sp-¶n-sÃ¶p {]kvXm-hn-¨p-sIm-p-Xs¶ hywKy-`w-Kn-bnÂ A\njvSw
kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ Hcp {Ia-amWv At±lw kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
Ac-¡n-Ã-¯nse Acp-wsIme:
“AS-¨p-sIm-Ån-h-¨n-«-½bpw a¡-sfbpw
apSn-¨p-I-f-tb-Ww, \Sn-¸p-ImWmw ]ns¶;
C§s\ \ncq-]n¨p Iev]n-¨p-kp-tbm-[-\þ
\§s\ sNbvX-Xm-sWt¶ F\n-¡p-]-d-bmhq”
V. ckm-hn-jvIm-c-¯nse `mh-ku-Ip-amcyw
`àn{]Øm-\-¯n-epÄs¸-Sp¶ IrXn-I-fm-WtÃm A[ym-ß-cm-am-b-Ww Infn-¸m-
«pw, `mcXw Infn-¸m-«pw. AXn-\mÂ {]kvXp-X-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ Gähpw DbÀ¶p
\nÂ¡p¶ `mhw `àn-bm-sW¶XnÂ kwi-b-an-Ã. A[ym-ß-cm-am-bWw Infn-¸m-«ns\
kw_-Ôn¨v `àn-e-l-cn-bnÂ asä-Ãm-c-k-§fpw A{]-[m-\-am-bn-t¸m-Ip-¶p. F¶mÂ
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 6
`mcXw Infn-¸m-«nÂ hoc-I-cpWim´-§Ä¡p {]map-Jyhpw \-h-c-k-§-fnÂ asä-Ãm-
¯n\pw kµÀ`-a-\p-k-cn¨v Kuc-h-hp-apv. C§s\ amdn amdn hcp¶ `mh-§fpw
AXn-\-\p-kr-X-amb `mjbpw `mcXw Infn-¸m-«ns\ kmln-Xy-]-c-ambn DbÀ¯p-¶p.
 `àn
‘`àn’sbs¶m-cp-Øm-bn-`mhw `mc-Xo-bm-e-¦m-cn-I-·mÀ Is-¯n-bn-«n-Ã. im´-
`m-h-¯n-\mWv AhÀ ck-Øm\w \ÂIn-b-Xv. cmam-b-Whpw `mc-Xhpw im´-c-k-¯n-
eq-¶p¶ Imhy-§fm-sW¶p hniz-kn-¨p-h-cp-¶p. irwKm-c-ho-c-I-cp-Wm-Zn-I-fmb ]e
ck-§fpw Fgp-¯-Ñsâ IrXn-I-fnÂ ImWp-¶p-s-¦nepw `àn-c-k-¯nsâ Imcyw
Hcp {]tXy-IX Xs¶-bm-Wv. `àn-t]mse asäm-cp-ckhpw At±-ls¯ Nen-¸n-¨n-«p-
Å-Xmbn ImWp-¶n-Ã. AXnsâ ]mc-h-iy-¯nÂ _mlytem-I-t_m-[tam Bß-kva-c-
Wtbm CÃm-¯-h-s\-t¸mse Cuiz-c-N-c-Wm-c-hn-µ-§-fnÂ At±lw ebn-¨p-t]m-Ip-¶-
Xmbn ImWmw. `mcXw Infn-¸m-«nÂ Xm³ IrjvWsâ IY-bmWv ]d-bm³ t]mIp-¶-
sX¶v Hmtcm ]ÀÆ-¯n-sâbpw Bcw-`-¯nÂ (kzÀKm-tcm-l-W-¯nsâ Ah-km-\-¯n-
epw) ]d-bp-¶p-v. CXn-eqsS Irj-W-`-àn¡v A\p-tbmPy-amb a\Êv krjvSn-¡p-I-
bmWp Ihn. IrjvW-`-àn-bpsS Bhn-jvI-c-W-¯n\v Fgp-¯-Ñ³ cp coXn-I-fmWv
kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
1. kvXpXn
2. \mtam-¨m-cWw
`mcXw Infn-¸m-«nÂ ]Xn-\mdv kµÀ`-§-fnÂ IrjvW-kvXp-Xn-bp-v. Cu hcn-IÄ ae-
bm-f-¯nse `àn-{]-Øm-\-¯n\v {]mXn-\n[yw hln-¡p-¶p. IrjvW-am-lmßyw
kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-XmWv FÃm kvXpXn-I-fpw. Fgp-¯-Ñ³ Ihn-X-bnse ]Z-{]-hm-lhpw
`àn-bpsS ‘Ip¯n-sbm-en¸pw’ \mw ZÀin-¡p-¶Xv `K-hÂ \ma k¦oÀ¯\¯n-em-
Wv. A¼-¯n-sbm¶v kµÀ`-§-fnÂ Ihn IrjvW-\m-a-§Ä D¨-cn¨v Imhym-´-co£w
`àn-km-{µ-am-¡p-¶p-v.
“IrjvW³ Icp-Wm-I-c³ Ia-em-I-c³
hrjvWn-Ip-em-[n-]³ hnssiz-I-\m-b-I³
hnjvWp-hn-a-e³ hncn-©mZn hµn-X³
PnjvWp-ap-Jm-a-c-tk-hn-X³ am[-h³...”
CXv \mtam-¨m-cW kµÀ`-¯n\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
 IcpWw
`àn Ign-ªmÂ Fgp-¯-Ñ\v {]nbw IcpW ck-t¯m-Sm-Wv. koXsb Im«nÂ
Dt]-£n-t¡ L«w ASp-¡p-t¼mÄ ip²m-ßmhpw tPyjvTsâ hN\w A{]-Imcw
A\p-k-cn-¡p-¶-hp-amb e£va-Wsâ timIw hÀ®n¡pt¼m-gpw, Im«m-\-sb¶v
hnNm-cn¨v Zi-c-Y³ Ejn-Ip-am-cs\ h[n-¨-XnÂ hne-]n-¡p¶ amXm-]n-Xm-¡sf
hÀ®n¡pt¼mgpw Hs¡ Fgp-¯-Ñ-\nÂ \ap¡v IcpW ck-¯nsâ at\m-l-mcn-X-Im-
Wmw. `mc-X-¯nÂ ‘KmÔm-co-hn-em]w’sImv bp²-cw-K-¯nÂ hnjm-Z-am-hn-jvI-cn-¨-
tXmsS Icp-W-ckw DÖz-e-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p.
“\Ã ac-XI¡Ãn-t\m-sSm-t¯mcp
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 7
Ieym-W-cq-]³ Ipam-c³ at\m-l-c³
sNmtÃ-gp-aÀÖp-\³ Xsâ Xncp-a-I³
hÃ-hoh-Ã`! \nsâ acp-a-I³
sImÃmsX sImÃm-ª-sX´h³Xs¶ \o
sImÃn-¡-bs{X \n\¡p ck-satSm!”
i{Xp-]-£-¯nemsW-¦nepw \njvI-f-¦\mb B _m-esâ InS-¸pIp lrZbw
XIÀ¶ KmÔm-cn-bpsS hm¡nÂ IqSn Fgp-¯-Ñ³ B ZpxJs¯ kmam-\y-kz-`m-h-
am-¡n. i{Xphns\bpw an{X-s¯bpw amdn-am-dn-¡m-Wn¨p Ic-bp¶ KmÔm-cn-bpsS
ZpxJw Zptcym-[-\-tZ-lZÀi-\-¯nÂ ]mc-ay-¯n-se-¯p-¶-Xmbn hÀWn¨v KmÔm-cn-
bpsS kz`m-h-¯nepw klr-Z-bsâ A\p-I-¼bv¡pw IqSp-XÂ angnhv hcp-¯p-I-
bmWv Fgp-¯-Ñ³ sNbvX-Xv. Icp-W-c-ks¯ Btcm-lW {Ia-¯n-ep-bÀ¯n
AXnsâ Gähpw aqÀ¯-amb Xe-¯n-se-¯n-¡m³ Fgp-¯-Ñ\v km[n¨p. aqe-Ir-Xn-
bnÂ KmÔmcn I ImgvN-I-fpsS {Ia-aÃ Fgp-¯-Ñ³ kzoI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
I¬ap-¼nÂ s]Sp¶ arX-tZ-l§-fpsS hÀ®\bnÂ IqSp-XÂ Iem-]-chpw lrZ-b-
kv]Ài-I-hp-amb Hcp {Iaw Fgp-¯-Ñ³ kzoI-cn-¡p-¶p.
a\p-jy-cpsS am{Xw ZpxJ-aÃ Icp-W-c-km-hn-jvIm-c-¯nÂ hnc-Nn-X-am-bn-«p-Å-Xv.
adn-¨v, Xncy-¡p-I-fpsS ZpxJhpw hÀ®n¨v Icp-W-c-ks¯ t]mjn-¸n-¡m³ Fgp-¯-
Ñ\v Ignªp F¶-Xnsâ D¯-a-D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv Pcn-X-bpsS hnem-]w.
 hocw
bp²-]ÀÆ-§-sfÃmw Xs¶ hoc-c-k-{]-[m-\-amWv. aäp-c-k-§-sfÃmw kµÀ`m-\p-k-
cWw h¶p-t]m-Ip-sa-¦nepw AwKn-bm-b-ckw hocwXs¶. AÀÖp-\-ò-am-Zn-I-fpsS
kwL-«-\-cw-K-§-sfÃmw hoc-c-k-{]-[m-\-am-Wv. `K-Z-¯s\ h[n-¡p¶ cwKw hoc-c-k-
¯n\v D¯-a-D-Zm-l-c-am-Wv.
“hmc-W-ho-c³ Xe-bäp hnÃäp
hoc³ `K-Z-¯³ Xsâ Xe-bäp
\mem-a-Xm-\-X³ hmep-a-cn-ªn«p
tImem-l-e-t¯m-Sp-t]m-bn-Xp-_m-Whpw” F¶ `mKw Xs¶ F{X-tbsd
hochpw AÛp-X-hp-amWv krjvSn-¡p-¶Xv. {Inbm-]-Z-§Ä H¶n-\p-ap-I-fnÂ H¶mbn
Iq«n-bn-W¡n bp²-Xp-SÀ¨ krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xnepw AS-§n-bn-«p-ÅXv hoc-c-kw-X-s¶-bm-
Wv.
 irwKmcw
A[ym-ßn-IX Hmfw sh«p¶ Hcp IrXn-bnÂ irwKmc-¯n\v {]th-i\w e`n-
¡pI Ffp-¸-aÃ. F¶mÂ Fgp-¯-Ñ³ t{]a-¯nsâ hnhn[ Xe-§sf kw£n]vX-
ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨n-«pv. Chn-sS-sbms¡ Ihn-bpsS Kmwò-cyhpw anX-Xzhpw ZÀin-
¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. irwKm-c-c-k-hÀ®\w Fgp-¯-Ñ³ ]e-cq-]-¯nÂ sNbvXp-Im-Wp-¶p.
at\m-l-c-amb t{]a-am-kv]-Z-am-¡n-bpÅ ]c-kv]-cm-IÀjWw kp`-{Zm-l-c-W-¯nÂ
{]Xn-]m-Zn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. AhnsS A\p-cm-K-h-Xn-bmb kp`{Z XtâSw hnSmsX
t{]a-`m-P-\-amb AÀPp-\-t\mSv sN¿p¶ kw`m-jWw hmbn-¡p-t¼mÄ Ipeo-\-bp-h-
Xn-bpsS ANm-©eyw \ap¡v ImWmw.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 8
{]_-e-§-fmb hnIm-c-§sf Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ `mcXwInfn-¸m-«ns\ kw_-Ôn-
¨n-S-t¯mfw Ihnbv¡v bmsXmcp XS-Êhpw CÃ. Imaw hyàn-I-fnÂ sNep-¯p¶
kzm[o-\-¯nsâ IY-IÄ Fgp-¯-Ñ³ hni-Z-ambp lrZy-ambpw alm-`m-cXw Infn-¸m-
«nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨n-«p-v. Ahn-S-§-fnÂ Nne-irw-Km-c-Nn-{X-§fpw cwK-§fpw ISp-¯-
hÀ®w IeÀ¯n-bmWv Bte-J\w sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-¯n-\v, iÀan-jvT-þ-
]p-c-qc-h-Êv, ]cm-i-c³, ]mÞp F¶n-h-cpsS IY-IÄ hni-Z-ambpw BIÀj-I-ambpw
Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨n-«p-v.
irwKm-c-c-k-¯n\v DZm-l-cWw:
“ImSn-IÄ ]nS-Isf-¸n-Sn¨p ]pÂIp-¶Xpw
]nS-ItfmSv tNÀ¶v ]£n-IÄ Ifn-¸Xpw
Ip IuXpIw ]qp In-hmÀIp-g-en-IÄ
IWvTm-tÇ-jhpw sNbvXp Im´\pw X§-fp-ambv
I Im\\w tXmdpw can¨p hkn-¡p-Ibpw
XmÀ_mW\panXv Itäw lkn-¡bpw”
 `bm-\-I-_o-`-Õm-Zn-c-k-§Ä
IÀ®-]ÀÆ-¯nse ZpÈm-k-\-h-[-L-«-¯nÂ `bm-\-I-_o-`-Õm-Zn-c-k-§Ä Ah-
X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv.
“XpSp-XpsSs¸mSn-¨p-S-\p-SÂ
NpSp-Np-sS¯nf¨-cp-hn-bm-dp-t]mÂ
XpSp-XpsS h¶ cp[n-c-]q-cs¯
IpSp-IpsS¡pSn-¨-e-dn-¨m-Snbpw
s]cp-sh-Åw-t]mse hcp¶ timWn-Xþ
samcp-Xp-Ån-t]mepw ]pd-¯pt]mImsX
Ihn-®p-\-¶m-bn-¡n-S-¶p-sIm-p-S³
IhnÄ¯Sw \¶mbv \nd-¨n-d-¡nbpw
aZn¨p amcpXn Nncn-¨p-sNm-Ãn-\m³
aXnÀ¯nXp \map-ap-Z-c-hp-saÃmw
IpSÂame sasÃ-s¶-Sp-¯p-sIm-p-SÂ
XpSÂam-e-t]mse Igp-¯n-en-«psIm
SÂ¡-f-saÃmw s]mSn-s]Spwh®w
DS-\p-S³Nm-Sn-¯p-S-tase X¨pw”
F¶n-§s\ bp²-¯nsâ òI-cX hÀ®n¡p¶-Xn-eqsS BZy-`m-K¯v `bm-\-Ihpw
XpSÀ¶pÅ hcn-I-fnÂ _o`-Õhpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡m³ Fg-¯-Ñ\v Ign-ªn-«p-v.
 lmkyw
{]tbm-Kn-¡p¶ ]Z-§-fpsS ckn-I¯w sImpw, Bhn-jv¡m-c-co-Xn-bpsS
kmc-kyw-sIm-pw, hncp-²-h-kvXp-X-I-fpsS _Ô-km-ao-]yw-sIm-p-amWv Fgp-¯-
Ñ³ ênXw krjvSn-¡p-¶Xv.
“lkvXn-\-sa-¶p-sNm-Ãm³ tXm¶n-b-sX´mInepw
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 9

imkv{Xn-IÄ sNmÃoSpw lmkvXn-I-sa-¶p-Xs¶”
“\osb-ń-h®w XpS-§p-¶-sXt¶mSnþ
¶t¿m F\n-s¡-sâ-b-½-sb-¡m-WWw” (D-¯-c³, _rl-¶-f-tbm-Sv)
Fg-¯-Ñsâ ênXw \¼ym-cp-tS-Xpt]mse s]m«n-¨n-cn¨p ]dbp-IbÃ Nncn¨v a®v
Ip¸n-¡p-I-b-Ã. AXv \nKq-V-am-Wv. s]m«n-¨n-cn-¡p-]-Icw aµ-lm-k-amWv At±-l-
¯nÂ ImWp-¶-Xv. AÀ°-\n-jvT-^-en-X-amWv Fgp-¯-Ñ-\nÂ ImWp-¶-Xv.
 AÛpXw
AÛp-X-¯n\v Aiz-ta-[n-I-]ÀÆ-¯nÂ ]v acp-¯³ h¨n-cp¶ \n[n ]mÞ-
hÀ sNs¶Sp-¡p-¶Xv DZm-l-cWambn ]d-bmw.
“]ns¶-¡p-gn¨p \n[n-I--t\-c¯p
ht¶mcp hnkvabw sNmÃm-h-X-tÃXpw
s]m¶p-sIm-pÅ ]m{X-§Ä ]eXcw,
D¶-X-hm-c-W-hm-Pn-]-ip-hr-jþ
sa¶nh s]m¶p-sIm-p-Å-X-\-h[n”
VI. Ae-¦m-c-{]-tbmKw
Imhy-¯n\v _mly-ku-µ-cyhpw B´-c-N-a-XvIm-chpw ]IÀ¶p \ÂIp¶p
F¶-XmWv Ae-¦m-c-§-fpsS [À½w. Ae-¦m-c-§Ä i_vZm-e-¦m-c-§Ä, AÀ°m-e-
¦m-c-§Ä F¶n-§s\ cp Xc-¯n-em-Wp-Å-Xv.
1. i_vZm-e-¦mcw
i_vZm-e-¦m-c-¯nÂ Fgp-¯-Ñ³ kmam\yw XmÂ]-cy-apÅ Iq«-¯n-em-Wv.
{Zmhn-U-co-Xn-b-\n-k-cn¨v ZznXo-bm-£-c-{]m-khpw kwkvIr-X-co-Xn-b-\p-k-cn¨v
A\p-{]m-khpw At±lw BZ-cn¨p ImWp-¶p. AÀ°-t¢iw t\cn-Sp¶ hn[-
¯nÂ {]mk-¯n-\p-thn At±lw _p²n-ap-«n-bn-«p-Å-Xm-bn«v Hcn-S¯pw
ImWp-¶n-Ã.
“PoÀ®-hkv{Xw If-ª-t¼mSp am\p-j³
]qÀ®tim`w \h-hkv{Xw [cn-öSpw
PoÀ®-tZlw If-ª-Æ®w tZln-IÄ
]qÀ®tim`w \h-tZ-l§Ä sImÅp¶p”
F¶n-§s\ ZznXm-bm-£-c-{]m-k-hpw, BZn-{]m-khpw Aý-{]m-k-hp-sams¡
Fgp-¯-Ñ-\nÂIm-Wmw.
“amI-µ-a-I-c-hn-µp-]m-\hpw sNbvXp
IqIp¶ ]nI-Ipe-]-©-aw-tI«ptI«pw”
F¶n-§s\ hyRvP-\m-£-c-§Ä BhÀ¯n-¨p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ A\p-{]m-khpw
Fgp-¯-N-O³ Xmc-X-tay\ D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dp-v.
2. AÀ°m-e-¦m-c-§Ä
Fgp-¯-Ñsâ IrXn-I-fnÂ i_vZm-e-¦m-c-§-tf-¡mÄ Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hmWv
AÀ°m-e-¦m-c-§Ä
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 10
“\oe-]ÀÆ-X-¯nsâ apI-fnÂ \n¶p NmSn
\me-©p-hgnhcpacphn-bm-dp-t]mse
tNmc-bp-sam-en-¸n¨p Imf-cm-{Xn-sb-t¸mse
tLmc-bmw-\n-im-Ncn thK-¯nÂ \S-s¡m-mÄ”
“shÅ-¯n-se-¯nc XÅp-¶-Xp-t]mse
XÅn-\-S-¡p¶ shÅ-¡p-Xn-c-IÄ”
F¶n-§s\ D]-a-t]m-epÅ AÀ°m-e-¦m-c-§-fmWv Fgp-¯-Ñ-\nÂ IqSp-Xepw
ImWp-¶-Xv. AÀ°m-e-¦m-c-§Ä {]tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ Xs¶ AXn\v i_vZm-e-
¦m-c-¯n-eqsS hcp¶ ta·bpw {i²n-t¡--Xm-Wv.
Ae-¦m-c-§-fpsS BÀ`m-S-¯nÂ \n¶v ae-bmf Ihn-X-tam-N\w t\Sp-¶Xv
apJy-ambpw Fgp-¯-Ñsâ IrXn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv. Ae-¦m-c-§-fn-eÃ ]Z-§-fpsS
[z\-\-i-àn-bnepw Nn{X-W-km-aÀYy-¯n-ep-amWv Ihn Du¶Â \ÂIp-¶-Xv.
`mh-\sb Ae-¦mc \nÀ½nXnbn-eqsS {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p¶ coXn-bm-bn-cp¶p a[y-Im-
e-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-¯n-tâ-Xv. Fgp-¯-Ñ³ CXv Dt]-£n-¡p-Ibpw ]Icw `mh-¯ns\
D·o-e\w sN¿p¶Xn\v Ae-¦mcw F¶ Imcy-am{X {]k-à-amb k{¼-Zmbw
kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ Infn-¸m-«n-\p-Å-Øm\w
]Xn-\mdmw iX-I¯nÂ Fgp-¯-Ñ\v A\p-`-h-s¸« kmwkvIm-cn-Im-h-iy-§-fpsS
k½ÀZ-¯nsâ ê-amWv At±-l-¯nsâ Infn-¸m-«p-Ir-Xn-IÄ. Fgp-¯-Ñs\ A\p-I-
cn-¨p-mb Infn-¸m«p kmln-Xy-¯n-s\m¶pw Xs¶ A{X-t¯mfw ta· ssIh-cn-
¡m³ km[n-¨nÃ. Fgp-¯-Ñsâ Ime¯v hfÀ¶p ]pjvSn-{]m-]n¨ Infn-¸m-«p-{]-
Øm\w ]n¶o-S-t§m«v DÅ-S-¡-¯nsâ Imcy-¯nÂ hnI-kn-¨p-sh-¦nepw IhnXm-
aqeyw ]cnKWn-¨mÂ XfÀ¨-bmWv {]Øm-\-¯n\v t\cn-«-sX¶v ImWmw. Fgp-¯-
Ñ\v tijw Cu {]Øm-\s¯ Gähpw A[nIw ]cn-t]m-jn-¸n-¨Xv tIc-f-
hÀ½bmWv. Fgp-¯Ñ\v Hcp \qäm-tmfw Ign-ªp-mb At±-l-¯nsâ hmÂao-
In--cmam-b-W-¯nsâ hnhÀ¯-\-amb tIc-f-hÀ½cmam-b-W-amWv Cu {]Øm-\-
¯nse Gähpw apJy-amb IrXn. ]mXm-f-cm-am-b-Ww, _mW-bp²w, tamj-Zm-b-I-{]-I-
cWw F¶o Infn-¸m-«p-Ifpw At±lw cNn-¨n-«p-v. CXnÂ \n¶v BZy-Ime Infn-¸m-
«p-I-fpsS CXn-hr¯w CXn-lm-k-§-fm-sW¶v a\-Ên-em-¡mw.
]Þn-X\pw ]ma-c\pw AwKo-I-cn¨ Cu BJym-\-hn-ti-j-¯nÂ ]pcm-W-§Ä
am{X-a-Ã, amam-¦-¸m-«v, ]S-¸m«v XpS-§nb Ncn-{X-Ir-Xn-IÄ, sshZyw, tPymXnjw XpS-
§nb imkv{X-§Ä F¶n-§s\ sshÚm-\n-I-ta-J-eI - Ä¡pw Cu BJym-\-coXn
klm-b-I-am-bn. Ip©³ \¼ym-cpsS ]©-X-{´w Infn-¸m«v ên-X-{]n-b-\mb
Ip©sâ Kuc-h-t_m[w shfn-hm-¡p-¶p. Ip¼-ªn, sImö-t¡m« ]nSn-¨-Xn\p
ap³]pÅ Imcy-§-fmWv ]S-¸m«v F¶ Infn-¸m-«nse {]ta-bw. A¡m-es¯ bp²-co-
Xn-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hnh-cWw CXn-ep-v. ImS-t©cn \¼q-Xn-cn-bpsS amam-¦-¸m«v B
atlm-Õ-h-¯nsâ Ncn-{Xw, NS-§p-IÄ Ch-sb-¡p-dn-s¨-Ãm-apÅ k¼qÀ®hnh-c-W-
amWv. C¯-c-¯nÂ Infn-¸m-«p-I-fn-eqsS \½psS A[ym-ßn-I-þ`ànþ-ssh-Úm-\n-I-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 11

ta-J-eIÄ k¼¶ambn-¯oÀ¶p. Cu t\«w Infn-¸m«p {]Øm-\-¯n\p am{Xw Ah-
Im-i-s¸-Sm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
`n¶-c-km-hn-jvIm-c-¯n\v `n¶-ssien F¶ kao-]\w Infn-¸m«p {]Øm-\-
¯nsâ hym]-\-t¯msS Ihn-IÄ kmÀh-{Xn-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ XpS-§n. hoc-c-
km-hn-jvI-c-Ww, Xt¯z-]-tZ-iw, F¶n-hbv¡v {]tXyI ]Z-hn-\ym-k-coXn Xs¶ Infn-
¸m«p Ihn-IÄ kzoI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. kvXpXn-I-fnÂ ]cym-tbm-¨m-cmWw IeÀ¯n
`àn krjvSn-¡p¶ coXn Infn-¸m-«p-I-fnÂ hym]-I-ambn ImWs¸-Sp¶p.
GXv Kuc-h-apÅ hnj-bs¯ hÀ®n¡p¶-Xn\pw {Zmhn-U-hr-¯-§Ä¡v
Ignbpw F¶v hr¯-ssh-Nn-{X-¯n-eqsS Fgp-¯-Ñ³ sXfn-bn-¨p. tIIbpw ImI-
fnepw B[p-\nI Ihn-IÄ {]tXyI XmÂ¸-cy-t¯msS D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-t]m-cp-¶p. Infn-
¸m-«nsâ Kuc-hhpw hr¯-§-fpsS ]Izhpw ae-bm-f-¯nsâ JÞ-Im-hy-§-fnepw
`mh-Ko-X-§-fn-ep-amWv ]qÀ®X t\Sp-¶-Xv.
ae-bm-f-¯nÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ aäp-]-e-Im-hy-{]-Øm-\-s¯bpw t]mse Infn-¸m«v
{]Øm-\hpw Cu \qäm-nsâ Bcw-`-t¯msS £bn-¡p-Ibpw A{]-Xy-£-am-hp-
Ibpw sNbvXp. Infn-sb-s¡mv IY ]d-bn-¸n-¡pI F¶ D]-Nm-cw-t]mepw \ne-
\nÀ¯m³ ]nÂ¡me Infn-¸m«p Ihn-IÄ {ian-¨n-Ã. Infn-sb-s¡mv IY-]-d-bn-¸n-
¡p¶ coXn CXc {]Øm-\-§-fnÂs]« IrXn-IÄ cNn-¡p-¶-hÀ kzoI-cn¨pw XpS-
§n. `qX\mtYmÛhw ]m«v, cmP-kq-bw, cmk-{IoU F¶o ssIsIm-«n-¡-fn-
¸m«pIfpw kpµ-co-kz-bw-hcw h©n-¸m-«p-saÃmw CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-§-fm-Wv.
ap³Im-e-hÀj-tNm-Zy-§Ä
1. `àn-km-ln-Xy-sa-¶ \n-e-bnÂ ‘A-²ym-ß-cm-am-b-W’¯n-sâ {]-k-àn-sb´v? (2017)
2. `m-jm kmw-kv-Imcn-I cw-K-§-fn-Â \nc-Ww I-hn-IÄ Xp-S-§n-h-¨ ]-cn-jv-Ic-Ww ]qÀ-®-X-
bnÂ F-¯p-¶-Xv F-gp-¯-Ñ-\n-emWv. NÀ-¨-sN-¿pI. (2016-C)
3. Fgp-¯-Ñsâ Infn-¸m-«p-IÄ ]nÂ¡me Ihn-Isf GsXÃmw Xc-¯nÂ kzm[o-\n-¨n-
«pv? (2015)
4. Infn-¸m«v kmln-Xy-¯nse Gähpw anI¨ IrXn-IÄ Fgp-¯-Ñsâ A[ym-ß-cm-am-b-
Whpw `mc-Xhpw Xs¶. F´p-sImv? (2014)
5. B«-¡-Y, N¼p, XpÅÂ XpS-§nb {]Øm-\-§-sf-t¸m-se-bmtWm ae-bm-f-I-hnXm
kmln-Xy-¯nÂ Infn-¸m-«n-\pÅ Øm\w? (2009)
6. `mh-¯n-s\m¯v ]cn-W-an-¡p-¶-XmWv Fgp-¯-Ñsâ Imhy-ssien. NÀ¨-sN¿pI.
(2006)
7. DbÀ¶ Nn´bpw hnip-²-amb hnIm-chpw hne-bn-¸n-¨-Xnsâ DÂIr-jvS-X-bmWp Fgp-
¯-Ñsâ Ihn-Xsb al-¯cam¡p-¶-Xv. kaÀ°n-¡p-I. (2005)
8. X¯z-Nn-´-bpsS `mcw t]dp-t¼mgpw Fgp-¯-Ñ³ IhnX \ap¡v a[p-c-ambn¯ocp-¶p-
sX§s\sb¶p GsX-¦n-ep-samcp IrXnsb ASn-Øm-\-am¡n hnh-cn-¡p-I. (2004)
9. kwkvIr-X-¯nse ]pcm-tW-Xnlm-k-§-fpsS `mjm-kw-t£-]-¯nsâ hyXy-kvX-ap-J-§-
fmWv IrjvW-Km-Y, Infn-¸m-«p-IÄ XpÅÂIr-Xn-IÄ F¶n-h. Ch ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-
¯nsâ hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-§-fnÂ \nÀ®mbI-amb ]¦p-h-ln-¨Xv F§-s\-sb¶v hnh-cn-
¡p-I. (2000)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 12

t]¸À H-¶v sk-£³ _n
km-ln-Xy-N-cn{Xw
bq-Wn-äv 4.4
a-lm-Imhyw
{Ko-¡v, tdmw, C-ý Xp-S§n-b cm-Py-§-fn-se ]-g-bIm-e cN-\m co-Xn-bnÂ ]nÂ-
¡me-¯v c-Nn-¡-s¸-«-h-bm-Wv \n-tbm-¢m-kn-Iv c-N-\-IÄ-. Cu Im-eL-«w B-sI \n-tbm-
¢m-knknkw F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p. C-Xv km-ln-Xyw, Nn-{XcN-\, kw-Ko-Xw, \m-SIw, a-äp
Zr-iy-I-eIÄ, hm-kv-Xp-I-e F-¶o ta-J-e-I-fnÂ \n-e-\n-¶n-cp¶p. km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ
¢mkn-Iv Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS am-Xr-I-I-bnÂ ]nÂ-¡me-¯v F-gp-X-s¸-« Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv \n-tbm-
¢mkn-Iv Ir-XnIÄ, ]-s¯m-¼Xmw \q-äm-n-emWv Cu co-Xn Iq-Sp-XÂ B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡-
s¸-«Xv. H-u-Nn-Xy-Zo-£bpw \n-jv-Ir-ã-X-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p C-Xn-eq-sS A-hÀ e-£y-am-¡n-bn-
cp-¶Xv. k-t¦-X-{]-[m-\-am-bn-cp¶ Cu L-«-am-Wv \ntbm ¢m-kn-¡Â bp-K-sa-¶-dn-b-s¸-
Sp-¶Xv. \n-tbm-¢mkn-Iv km-ln-Xy-{]-Øm-\-¯nÂ DÄ-s¸-« \n-b-Xam-b Nn-e e-£W-
§-tfm-sS c-Nn-¡-s¸-« _r-l¯m-b Im-hy-§-fm-Wv a-lm-Imhyw F-¶v hn-ti-j-n¸n¡p-
¶Xv. D-Zm-¯am-b Imhy-ssi-en-bp-sSbpw {]u-Vam-b C-Xn-hr-¯-¯n-sâ-bpw G-Io-`m-
h-am-Wv a-lm-Im-hy-§Ä. Ir-Xy-am-bn e-£-W-§Ä ]m-en-¡p-¶-XnÂ G-sd \n-jv-IÀ-j-
bp-Å a-lm-Im-hy-§Ä \n-tbm-¢mkn-Iv I-hn-X-bv-¡p an-I-¨ Zr-ãm-´-amWv. G.Un. 8þmw
\q-äm-nÂ Po-hn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶ Z-Þn F-¶ km-ln-Xym-Nm-cy³ ‘Im-hym-ZÀiw’ F-¶
{KÙ-¯nÂ a-lm-Im-hy e£-Ww hn-i-Z-am-bn \Â-In-bn-«pv. A-Xv C-{]-Im-c-amWv:
kÀ-¤-_tÔm a-lm-Im-hy-ap-Ny-tX X-ky-e£Ww
B-inÀ-\-a-kv-{In-bm h-kv-Xp-\nÀt±tim hm-]n-X³-apJw
C-Xn-lmk-I-tYm-Ûp-Xw, C-X-cm-Zym-k-Zm-{ibw
N-XpÀ-hÀ-¤-^-emb-¯w NXp-tcm-Zm-¯-\mbIw
\-K-cmÀ®-h-ssi-eÀ-¯p N-{µmÀ-t¡m-Z-b-hÀ-®ss\
D-Zym-\-k-en-e-{Io-Um a-[p-]m-\ c-tXm-Õssh
hn-{]ew-ss`-À hn-hm-lÝ Ipam-tcm-Z-b-hÀ®ss\
a--{´Zq-X {]-bm-Wm-Pn-\m-b-Im-`yp-ssZc]n
A-ew-Ir-Xw A-kw-£n-]vXw, c-k-`m-h-\n-cćw
kÀ-ss¤-c\-Xn hn-kv-XoÀ-ss®x {im-hy-hrss¯ kp-k-Ôn`nx
kÀÆ-{X `n-¶-hr-¯m-ss´-cp-t]Xw-tem-I-c-RvPIw
Imhyw IÂ-]m-´-c-Øm-bn Pm-b-tX-k-Z-ew-¦rXn
Cu \nÀ-Æ-N-\-a-\p-k-cn-¨v a-lm-Im-hy-¯n-sâ L-S-I§-sf Xm-sg-¯-¶n-cn-¡p-¶
hn-[-¯nÂ tc-J-s¸-Sp¯mw
1. kÀ-¤-_-Ô-am-Wv a-lm-Imhyw
a-lm-Im-hy-s¯ kÀ-¤-§-fm-bn hn-`-Pn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. 7Â Ip-d-bm-sX-bpw 30Â I-hn-
bm-sXbpw kÀ-¤-§Ä a-lm-Im-hy-¯n-ep-m-bn-cn-¡Ww. Hmtcm kÀ-¤-¯n-epw
50Â Ip-d-bm-sX tÇm-Ihpw thWw.
2. B-in-Êv, \-a-kv-Imcw, h-kv-Xp-\nÀ-t±-iw C-h-bnÂ H¶p-sIm-m-bn-cn¡-Ww
Imhyw B-cw-`n-t¡-Xv.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 1
3. tem-I-{]-kn-²am-b I-Ytbm a-lm-·m-cp-sS Po-h-N-cn{Xtam D-Xv-Ir-ãam-b H-cp
hwi-¯n-sâ I-Ytbm C-Xn-hr-¯-am-bn kzo-I-cn-¡mw. A-Xv C-Xnlm-k ]p-cm-W-
§-fnÂ \n-¶v F-Sp-¯tXm I-ev-]n-Xtam B-Imw. ]p-cp-jmÀ-° {]m-]v-Xn-¡v {]-tbm-
P-\-s¸-Sp-¶ I-Y-IÄ-¡v {]m-apJyw \Â-IWw. am-{XaÃ, [À-½-¯n-sâ hn-P-b-
bhpw A-[À-½-¯n-sâ ]-cm-P-bhpw D-Xv-tLm-jn-¡p-¶-Xp-am-bn-cn-¡Ww.
4. \m-b-I³ k-Xv-Kp-W-k-¼-¶\pw tem-I-¯n-\v am-Xr-I-bp-am-bn-cn-¡Ww. [o-tcm-Zm-
¯-t\m, kÂIp-e Pm-X-t\m, cmPmthm B-bn-cn¡-Ww \m-bI³.
5. \-Kcw, km-Kcw, E-Xp¡Ä, N-{µmÀ-t¡m-Zbw, D-Zym\w, k-en-e-{Io-U, a-[p-]m\w,
c-Xn-{Io-U, kw-t`m-Kþhn-{]ew-` irw-Kmcw, hn-hmlw, ]p-t{Xm-Xv-]-¯n F-
¶n§s\ FÃm Po-hn-X-hym-]-c-§-sfbpw a-lm-Imhyw hÀ-®n-¨n-cn-¡Ww.
6. a-{´w, Zq-X-{]-bmWw, bp²w, \m-b-Im-`ypZ-bw F-¶o Aw-i-§Ä thWw.
7. c-k-§-fp-sSbpw `m-h-§-fp-sSbpw kw-tbmP-\w thWw. hnhn-[ c-k-`m-h§-sf
am-dn-am-dn-k-¶n-th-in-¸n-¡-Ww. \-h-c-k-§-fnÂ H-¶v Aw-Kn-bm-bn-cn-¡Ww. a-äp-Å
c-k-§Ä A-Xn-s\ t]m-jn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw thWw.
8. lr-Z-b-hÀ-Ö-I-§fm-b A-e-¦m-c-§fpw D-m-bn-cn-¡Ww. F-¶mÂ C-h Im-hy-
¯n-\v tZm-j-ap-m-¡p-¶ X-c-¯nÂ {]-tbm-Kn-¡-cpXv.
9. hÀ-®-\-IÄ {l-kz-am-Ip-I-tbm kÀ-¤-§Ä Øq-e-am-Ip-Itbm A-cpXv.
10. Hmtcm kÀ-¤-¯n\pw Hmtcm hr-¯-am-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-t¡--Xv. kÀ-¤m-ý-¯nÂ
hr-¯-ssh-Nn-{Xyw h-cmw. kw-kv-Ir-X-hr-¯-am-Wv I-p-h-cp-¶Xv. {i-hy-hr-
ss¯x F-¶p ]-d-bp-¶-Xn-eq-sS tIÄ-¡m³ kp-J-ap-Å hr-¯-amI-Ww F-¶v
kn²n-¡p¶p.
11. P\-s¯ k-t´m-jn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv Im-hy-¯n-sâ ]-c-aam-b e-£yw, C-§-s\-
sbÃmw e£-W-sam-¯-almIm-hy-§Ä I-ev-]m-´-Im-e-t¯m-fw \n-e-\nÂ-
¡psa¶pw Z-Þn A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
 a-lm-Im-hy-{]-Øm-\w a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ
kw-kv-Ir-X-¯nÂ \n¶pw a-e-bm-f-¯n-te-¡v I-S-¶p-h-¶ H-cp {]-Øm-\-am-Wv
alm-Im-hy-{]-Øm-\w. A-Xn-\mÂ a-e-bm-f-¯n-se ]-c-Io-b-{]-Øm-\w F-¶ \n-e-bn-
emWv a-lm-Im-hy§-sf ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-Xv. 19þmw \q-äm-n-sâ A-h-km-\-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv
a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ a-lm-Im-hy-{]-Øm-\w DZ-bw sN-¿p-¶-Xv. 1902 ap-X-ep-Å 15 hÀ-j-¡m-e-
am-Wv a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ anI-¨ a-lm-Im-hy-§-sfÃmw Dm-bn-«pÅXv. F-¶mÂ A-Xn-\v
hfsc -ap-¼pX-s¶ a-lm-Im-hy-im-J-bp-sS B-ap-J-¡p-dp-¸m-bn hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶ Ir-jv-
W-KmY 15þmw \q-äm-nepw {io-Ir-jv-W-N-cn-Xw a-Wn-{]-hm-fw 18þmw \q-äm-nepw e-`y-am-
bn-«pv. “kw-kv-Ir-¯n-se a-lm-Im-hy-§-fp-sS Om-b-bnÂ `m-j-bnÂ C-Zw-{]-Y-a-ambn,
B-hnÀ-`-hn-¨ kÀ-K-_-Ô-hn-in-ãam-b H-cp IrXn” F¶v ‘tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X’¯nÂ
D-ÅqÀ ]-d-bp-¶-Xn-eq-sS `m-j-bn-se a-lm-Im-hy-§-fp-sS ]qÀ-Æ-cq-]-sa-¶ \n-e-bnÂ
{ioIr-jv-W-N-cn-Xw a-Wn-{]-hmf-s¯ A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bm-Wv sN-¿p-¶Xv.
 Ir-jv-W-Km-Ybpw a-lm-Im-hy-hpw
Irjv-W-Km-Y H-cp a-lm-Im-hy-am-sW¶pw A-sÃ-¶p-ap-Å hy-Xykv-X \n-cq-]-Im-`n-
{]m-b-§Ä \n-e-hn-epv. “a-e-bm-f-¯n-se H-¶ma-s¯ a-lm-Im-hy-am-Wv Ir-jv-W-Km-Y”
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 2
F-¶m-Wv tUm.Sn.`m-kv-I-c³ {]-kv-Xm-hn-¡p-¶-Xv. hm-kv-X-h-¯nÂ `m-al³ (Im-hym-e-
¦mcw) ZÞn (Im-hym-ZÀiw) hn-iz\m-Y I-hn-cmP³ (km-ln-Xy-ZÀ-¸Ww) F-¶n-hÀ
\Â-Ip-¶ a-lm-Im-hy-e-£-W-¯nÂ cq-]-\nÀ-t±-iw Ip-d-hmWv. D-Å-S-¡-¯n-sâ kz-`m-
h-¯n-te-¡m-Wv A-hÀ hn-cÂ Nq-p-¶-Xv. taÂ-¸-d-ª ]-Þn-X-cp-sS e-£-W-kw-{K-
lhpw Irjv-W-Km-Ybpw X-½nÂ C-{]-Im-c-sam-cp Xm-c-X-ay]-T\w \-S-¯mw.
a-lm-Im-hy-e-£-Ww Irjv-W-Km-Y
1. kÀ-¤-_-Ô-am-Wv a-lm-Im-hyw. a-lm-Im- a-lm-Im-hy-{]-Øm-\-¯n-se cq-]-\nÀ-t±-i-am-
hy-¯nÂ 7Â Ip-d-bm-sX-bpw 30 Â I-hn- WnXv. C-¡m-cy-s¯ sN-dp-tÈ-cn \n-cm-I-cn-¨n-cn-
bm-sXbpw kÀ-¤-§Ä D-m-bn-cn-¡Ww. ¡p-¶p. `m-K-h-X-]p-cm-W-¯n-se A-²ym-b-hn`-
Hmtcm kÀ-¤-¯n-epw 50Â Ip-d-bm-sX tÇm- P\ co-Xnbpw \n-tj-[n¨p. kz-ám-b H-cp Im-
Ihpw thWw hy-hn-`-P-\-co-Xn kzo-I-cn-¨v 47 `m-K-§-fm-¡n
Imhys¯ hn-`-Pn¨p. ]nÂ-¡m-e-a-lm-Im-hy-
§Ä H-scm-gn-bm-_m-[-bm-bn I-p-h-cp-¶ Nn-{X
kÀ-¤w sN-dp-tÈ-cn H-gn-hm-¡nb-Xv A-t±-l-
¯nsâ k-lr-Z-b-Xz-¯n-\p \n-ZÀ-i-\-am-bn I-W-
¡m-¡mw.
2. B-inkv, \-a-kv-Im-cw h-kv-Xp-\nÀ-t±-iw Cu-iz-c-kv-XpXn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn Imhyw B-cw-`n-¡p-
Ch-bnÂ H¶p- sIm-m-bn-cn¡-Ww ¶p
Imhyw B-cw-`n-t¡--Xv
3. C-Xn-hr-¯w {]-Jym-X-amI-Ww I-Ym-h- C-Xn-hr-¯w `m-Kh-Xw Z-i-a-kv-IÔ-s¯ B-[m-
kvXp - C-Xn-lm-k-¯nÂ \nt¶m atäm kzo- c-am-¡n-b-XmWv. {]-Jym-X-amWv. [À-½-¯n-sâ
I-cn-¨-Xm-bn-cn-¡Ww. am-{XaÃ, [À-½-¯n- hn-P-bs
- ¯bpw A-[À-½-¯n-sâ ]-cm-P-b-
sâ hn-P-bhpw A-[À-½-¯n-sâ ]-cm-P- s¯bpw DXv-tLm-jn--¡p-¶-Xp-am-Wv
bhpw DXv-tLm-jn--¡p-¶-X-m-bn-cn¡-Ww
4. k-Xv-Kp-W-k-¼-¶\pw tem-I-¯n-\p-am-Xr- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-sâ A-h-Xm-cam-b {io-Ir-
I-bp-am-bn-cn¡-Ww \m-bI- ³ jvWs\ \m-b-I-\m-bn kzo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p
5. \K-cw, km-Kcw, E-Xp, N-t{µm-Zbw, hÀ-®-\-I-fnÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-co-Xn ]n-´p-S-cp-¶
kqtcym-Zbw, D-Zym-\-{Io-U, P-e-{Io-U, sN-dp-tÈ-cn- C-¸-d-ª hÀ-®-\-I-Ä sIm-v
kw-t`m-Kþhn-{]ew-` irw-Km-c§Ä, hn- Imhy-s¯ a-t\m-l-c-am-¡n-bn-«p-v
hmlw, bp²w, F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å hÀ-®-
\-IÄ B-h-iy-amWv.
6. hn-hn-[-c-k-`m-h§-sf am-dn-am-dn-k-¶n-th- hm-Õ-eyw, irw-Km-cw, lm-kyw F-¶n-h-bv-¡v
in-¸n-¡Ww. c-k-§-fnÂ H¶vv Aw-Kn-bm- Im-hy-¯nÂ {]m-[m\yw \Â-Ip-¶p. Aw-
bn-cn-¡Ww. a-d-dp-Å-c-k-§Ä A-Xn-s\ Knbmb c-kw im-´-amWv. a-äp-Å c-k-§Ä
t]m-jn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw thWw. AwK-§-fp-am-bp-v.
7. hnhn-[ A-e-¦m-c-§Ä k-¶n-th-in-¸n-¡- Irjv-W-Km-Y i-ÐmÀ-°m-e-¦m-c-§-fmÂ a-t\m-
Ww l-c-amWv.
8. Hm-tcm kÀ-¤-¯n\pw Hmtcm hr-¯-am-Wv D-S-\o-fw {Zm-hn-U-hr-¯am-b a-RvP-cn D-]-tbm-
D-]-tbm-Kn-t¡-Xv. kÀ-¤m-ý-¯nÂ hr- Kn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. hr-¯s - sh-Nn-{Xyw Zo-£n-¡p-
¯-ssh-Nn-{Xyw h-cmw. kw-kv-Ir-X-hr-¯- ¶nÃ. C-X-c-a-lm-Im-hy-§-fnÂ t]mepw I-s-
am-Wv I-p-h-cp-¶Xv. {i-hy-hr-ss¯x ¯m³ km-[n-¡m-¯ Xm-fhpw Km-\m-ß-IX - bpw
F¶p ]-d-bp-¶-Xn-eq-sS Km-\m-ß-I-X-bv-¡v Irjv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS ta-·-bmWv.
{]m-[m\yw IÂ-¸n-¡p¶p.
9. \m-b-Im-`yq-Z-b-¯n-Â I-Y A-h-km-\n- \m-b-Im-`yq-Z-b-¯n-\m-bn kzÀ¤m-tcmlWw
¡Ww Irjv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ kzo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p
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10. Im-hy^-ew {]-[m-\-ambpw B-ßm-\p-`q-Xn- P\-s¯ k-t´m-jn-¸n¡p-I F-¶ ]-c-aam-b
bmWv e£yw ]m-en-¨p Im-Wp¶p.
D-Å-S-¡-¯n-\v {]m-[m-\yhpw cq-]-¯n-\v Xm-c-X-tay-\ A-{]-[m-\yhpw IÂ-]n-¡p-¶

coXn-bm-Wv a-lm-Im-hy-e-£-W-¯nÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv. ctm aqt¶m Im-cy-§Ä am-{X-
amWv cq-]-]-c-am-bn \nÂ-¡p-¶-Xv ti-jn-¡p-¶-h-sbÃmw D-Å-S¡-s¯ A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-
¯p¶p. cq-]-]-cam-b h-kv-Xp-XIÄ Irjv-W-Km-Y-bnÂ tbm-Pn-¡m-sX h-cp¶p.
F¶mÂ D-Å-S-¡-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-« Im-cy-§Ä D-S-\o-fw ]m-en-¨p Im-Wp-¶pv.
C¯-c-¯nÂ Ir-jv-WKm-Y a-lm-Im-hy-e-£W-s¯ H-cp ]-cn-[nh-sc Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡p-
¶pv. hn-iz-hn-Úm-\-tIm-iw t]m-ep-Å {]-am-Wn-I-{K-Ù-§Ä t]mepw a-e-bm-f-
¯nse {]-Y-a-a-lm-Im-hy-am-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-¨n-«pÅ-Xp Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-sb X-s¶-bmWv.
 a-e-bm-f-¯n-se ]-©-a-lm-Imhyw
kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-em-sW-¦nepw tI-c-f-¯n-epm-b B-Zy a-lm-Imhyw kp-Ip-am-c-I-
hn-bp-sS ‘{io-Ir-jv-W-hnem-k’amWv. tI-c-f-¯n-se th-sdbpw I-hn-IÄ kw-kv-Ir-X-a-
lm-Im-hy-§Ä c-Nn-¨n-«p-v. kw-kv-Ir-¯n-se ]-©-a-lm-Im-hy-§-sf-t¸m-se a-e-bm-f-
¯nepw ]-©-a-lm-Im-hy-§-fpv. Ah,
1) cm-a-N-{µ-hn-em-kw
A-g-I-¯p ]-ß-\m-`-¡p-dp-¸n-sâ cm-a-N-{µ-hn-em-k-am-Wv a-e-bm-f-¯n-se e-£-W-
bp-àam-b B-Zy-alm-Im-hyw. “a-lm-Imhyw F-¶ t]-cn-s\ AÀ-ln-¡p-¶ H-cp Im-hyw
a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ D-mb-Xv cm-a-N-{µ-hn-em-k-am-sW¶v” G.BÀ cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½ {]-kv-Xp-
X-Ir-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨v B-ap-J-am-bn {]-kv-Xm-hn-¨n-«pv. {io-cm-a-I-Y-bm-Wv C-Xn-se {]-Xn-
]mZyw. cm-am-b-W-¯n-se D-¯-c-Im-Þ-sam-gn-¨p-Å I-Ym-`mK-s¯ C-Xn-hr-¯-am-bn
kzo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶ Ir-Xn-bnÂ 21 kÀ-¤-hpw, A-ý-`mK-s¯ {]mÀ-°-\m-tÇm-I-apÄ-s¸-
sS 832 tÇm-I-§-fp-apv. cm-am-bW-I-Y C-Xn-hr-¯-am¡n-b C-X-c-Im-hy-§-fnÂ \n¶pw
B-i-b-§Ä kzmw-io-I-cn¨pw kz-X-{´-I-ev-]-\-IÄ tNÀ¯pw Im-hy-s¯ a-t\m-l-c-am-
¡n-bn-«pv. i-Ð-L-S-\-bn-epw AÀ-°-I-ev-]-\-bnepw I-hn Hcp-t]m-se {i-²m-ep-hmWv.
em-fn-Xy-hpw a-t\m-lm-cn-Xbpw Cu Im-hy-¯n-sâ Kp-W-]-cam-b Aw-i-§-fm-Ip¶p.
alm-Im-hy-e-£-W-§-fnÂ {]-[m-\am-b Nn-{X-kÀ-¤-\n-_-Ôhpw Im-hy-¯nÂ Im-Wm-hp-
¶-XmWv.
2) cp-Ümw-K-Z-N-cn-Xw
]´-fw tI-c-f-hÀ-½-bp-sS Ir-Xn-bm-Wv cp-Ümw-K-Z N-cnXw. cp-Ümw-K-Z-N-cn-Xw a-e-
bm-f-¯n-se a-lm-Im-hy-im-J-bv¡v Cu-Sp-ä H-cp kw-`m-h-\-bm-sW-¶m-Wv ]n.sI.\m-cm-b-
W-]n-Å A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶Xv. ]p-cm-W {]-kn-²am-b ‘cp-Ümw-KZ-sâ I-Y’bm-Wv C-Xn-
hr-¯-am-bn kzo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. {]-kv-Xp-X-Ir-Xn-bnÂ 19 kÀ-¤-§-fm-Wp-ÅXv. “\-K-
cmÀW-h-ssi-eÀ-¯p N-{µmÀ-t¡m-Z-b hÀ-®-ss\x” Xp-S§n-b a-lm-Im-hy-e-£-W-§Ä
H-«p-ap-¡mepw ]m-en-¡p-¶ Ir-Xn-bm-WnXv. ]m-ÞnXyw ho-c-cu-{Z-c-k-§-fp-sS Nn-{Xo-I-c-
W-¯n-ep-Å Xm-Xv-]-cyw, {Zp-XI-h-\ ssh-`hw, `m-jm-t]m-j-W hy{K-X F¶n-h cp-Ümw-
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K-Z-N-c-n-{X-¯n-sâ {]-tXy-I-X-I-fmWv. `-à-·m-cp-sS I-ã-XIÄ Cu-iz-c³ CÃm-Xm¡pw
F-¶ Bi-bw hn-i-Z-am-¡p-I-bm-Wv Im-hy-e-£yw.
3) D-am-tIc-fw
a-lmI-hn D-ÅqÀ F-kv ]-c-ta-iz-c-¿-cp-sS B-Zy-s¯ {]-[m-\-Ir-Xn-bmWv ‘D-am-
tIcfw’. 19 kÀ-¤-§-fnÂ 2022 tÇm-I-§-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn kw-kvIr-X ]m-c-¼-cy-¯n-emWv Cu
Ir-Xn c-Nn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. C-X-c-a-lm-Im-hy-§-fnÂ \n¶pw ]-eXp-sImpw hn-`n-¶am-b
a-lm-Im-hy-am-Wv D-am-tI-cfw. km-[m-c-W-hm-b-\-¡m-sc D-t±-in-¨v c-Nn-¨n-«p-Å-XÃ D-am-
tI-c-f-sa-¶v {]-kvXp-X Ir-Xn-bp-sS A-h-Xm-cn-bnÂ tI-c-f-hÀ-½ hy-à-am-¡n-bn-«pv.
“Cu c-p a-lm-Im-hy-§-fpw ({io-lÀ-j-sâ ss\-j-[o-b-N-cn-Xhpw D-Åq-cn-sâ D-am-tI-
c-f-hpw) A-]-Þn-X-·m-cmbpw A-\-h-[m-\-·m-cm-bp-ap-Å hm-b-\-¡m-sc D-t±-in-¨Ã
Fgp-X-s¸-«n-«p-ÅXv. t\-sc-a-dn-¨v _p-²n-hn-Im-khpw c-kn-I-Xzhpw {i-²h-¨p hm-bn-¨p-²-
cn-¸m³ k-¶-²-X-bp-ap-Å B-fpI-sf D-t±-in-¨m-Wv”. F-¶n§-s\ C-¡mcyw tI-c-f-
hÀ½ tZym-Xn-¸n-¡p¶p.
tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-¯n-se/]-g-b Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-sâ N-cn-{X-¯n-se D-Nn-Xam-b H-cp
`mK-sa-Sp-¯m-Wv C-Xn-hr-¯-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. D-a-b-½-dm-Wn-bp-sS Ime-¯v ap-In-e³
Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ B-{I-an-¡p-I-bp-mbn. h-S-¡³ tIm-«b-¯v tI-c-f-hÀ-½-bp-sS
klmbw sIm-v ap-In-es\-tXmÂ-]n-¡p-hm³ D-a-b-½-bv-¡p km-[n¨p. ip-jv-Iam-b
Cu AØn ]-Rv-P-c-¯n-\v c-àhpw amw-khpw \Â-In H-cp a-lm-Imhyw \nÀ-½n-¡p-I-
bm-Wv I-hn sN-bv-XXv. km-[m-c-W-bm-bn ]p-cm-W-§-fnÂ \n-¶m-Wv a-lm-Im-hy-§Ä
CXn-hr-¯w kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv. F-¶mÂ D-Åq-À X-sâ hnj-bw kzo-I-cn¨-Xv Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-
IqÀ N-cn-{X-¯nÂ \n-¶m-bn-cp¶p. H-cp N-cn-{X-I-Y C-Xn-hr-¯-am-bn kzo-I-cn¨-Xv Im-hy-
¯n-s\ Iq-Sp-XÂ lr-Zyhpw P-\-k-½-X-hp-am¡n.
P-·-`q-an-sbbpw A-Xn-sâ Nn-c-]p-cm-X-\am-b kw-kv-Im-c-t¯m-Sp-ap-Å I-hn-bp-sS
A-`n-\n-th-iw 18þmw kÀ-¤-¯nÂ \-ap-¡v Im-Wm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. C-\n-bp-ap-Å FÃm P-·-
§-fnepw Cu cmPy-¯p X-s¶ h-¶p ]n-d-¡m³ A-h-k-c-ap-m-I-W-sa-¶v D-ÅqÀ {]mÀ-
°n-¡p¶p.
“A-Sn-b-\p-apmw P-·-sa-¶m-e-sXÃm
a-Sn-ap-XÂ apSn-tbm-fw \n-¶n-em-I-s«Xmtb!”
a-äp Im-hy-§fn-sem¶pw X-s¶ P-·-`qan-tbm-Sp-Å kv-t\-l-{]-I-S-\-§Ä Im-Wm-\nÃ.
Dam-tI-cf-s¯ a-äp-a-lm-Im-hy-§-fnÂ \n¶pw hy-Xn-cn-à-am-¡p-¶ asämcp L-S-I-am-
WnXv.
am-Xr-`q-anbm-b tI-c-f-¯n-sâ hÀ®-\-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv D-am-tIc-fw B-cw-`n-¡p-
¶Xv. tI-c-f-¯n-sâ a-t\m-lm-cn-Xbpw `q-{]-Ir-Xnbpw k-ar-²nbpw A-Xn-a-t\m-l-cam-b
hÀ-®-\-I-fn-eq-sS D-ÅqÀ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. Cu tI-c-fo-b-Xbpw D-am-tI-c-f-
¯nsâ k-hn-ti-j-X Xs¶. B-Zn-Xy-hÀ-½ cm-Pm-hn-sâ a-cWw, I-fn-¸m³-Ip-f-¯n-se
h[w, cm-Ún-bp-sS hn-em-]w ap-Xem-b kw-`-h-§Ä lr-Z-b-kv-]r-¡m-bn D-ÅqÀ hÀ-®n-
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 5

¡p¶p. tI-c-f-¯n-sâ {]m-à-\-a-lXzw angn-thm-sS B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-¶ D-am-tIc-fw
aebm-f a-lm-Im-hy-§-fp-sS sXm-Sp-Ip-dn-bm-bn hÀ-¯n-¡p¶p.
kÀ-¤-_-Ô-amI-Ww a-lm-Im-hy-sa-¶ e-£-W-hpw AtX-t]m-se tI-c-f-¯n-sâ
hÀ-®-\-bneq-S h-kv-Xp-\nÀ-t±-i-hpw, irw-Km-cw Aw-Knbm-b c-k-am-bn-sIm-p-h-cn-Ibpw
hocw, I-cp-Ww F-¶o c-k-§Ä Aw-K-§-fm-bn A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨v c-k-`m-h-§-fp-sS kw-tbm-
P-\hpw \-Kcw, ssiew, N-t{µm-Zbw, kq-tcym-Zbw, bp²w, \m-bm-«v ap-X-e-m-b-h-bn-eq-sS
hÀ-®-\-bv¡pw {]m-[m\yw \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p¶p. a-{ń-bp-sS \n-c-]-cm-[nXyw t_m-[y-s¸-
Sp-¯p-Ibpw Xp-SÀ-¶v a-{ń-bp-sSbpw I-eym-Wn-bp-sSbpw hn-hm-lw \-S-¯p-Ibpw
sN¿p-¶-Xn-eq-sS aw-K-f-I-c-am-bn Imhyw A-h-km-\n-¡p¶p. [À-½-¯n-sâ hn-P-bhpw
A-[À-½-¯n-sâ \m-ihpw DXv-tLm-jn-¡p-¶ {]-kvXp-X Imhyw a-lm-Im-hy-¯n-sâ H«p-
an-¡ e-£-W-§fpw ]m-en-¨p Im-Wp¶p.
4) Nn{X-tbm-Kw
a-lmI-hn h-Å-t¯mÄ \m-cmb-W-ta-t\m-sâ Ir-Xn-bm-Wv Nn{X-tbm-Kw a-lm-
Imhyw. ‘I-Ym-km-cn-Xv km-K-c’¯nse ‘i-im-¦-h-Xo-ew-_-I’¯nÂ 34þmw X-cw-K-¯nÂ
302 tÇm-I-§fnÂ hn-h-cn-¨n-«p-Å ‘a-µm-ch-Xn kp-µ-c-tk-\’ I-Y-bm-Wv Nn{X-tbm-K-
¯nÂ {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶-Xv. 18 kÀ-¤-§-fn-em-bn 1591 tÇm-I-§-fpv. ‘a-µm-c-h-Xo-kp-µ-c-
tk-\’ I-Y \m-bn-Im-\m-b-I-·m-cp-sS {]-kn-² I-Y-bm-I-bmÂ A-h-cp-sS t]-cp-IÄ
tNÀ¯v ‘Xm-cmh-eo N-{µ-tk\w’ F-¶ a-säm-cp t]cpw Ir-Xn-¡v \Â-In-bn-«pv. hÀ-®-
\m-`w-Kn-bnepw B-i-bm-hn-jv-Im-c-¯nepw tÇ-jm-Zy-e-¦m-c{]-tbm-K-¯n-ep-saÃmw I-hn-
bp-sS hÀ-®-\m-]mS-hw {i-t²-b-am-Wv.
a-lm-Im-hy-e-£-W-§Ä A-\p-I-cn-¨v F-gp-Xn-b-Xm-sW-¦nepw ]pXn-b amÀ-¤-§Ä
A-h-ew-_n-¡p-¶-XnÂ a-lmI-hn hn-ap-J-\m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. aq-e-I-Y-bnÂ hen-b ]-cn-hÀ-¯-
\-§Ä H¶pw hcp-¯n-bn-«nÃ. tZ-i-\m-a-§fpw ]m-{X-\m-a-§fpw am{Xw ku-I-cym-\p-
kcWw hy-Xnbm-\-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«pv. Nn{X-tbm-K-¯n-se h-Å-t¯m-fn-sâ kw-kvIr-X
]-£-]m-Xw I- Ip-am-c-\m-im³ Cu h-I Im-hy-§Ä Im-Wp-t¼mÄ Nn-e ]-g-b
t£{X-§-fnÂ C-t¸mgpw \S-¶p h-cm-dp-Å ‘s\-Sp-¦p-Xn-c' sI-«n-sb-Sp-¸mWv HmÀ-½-bnÂ
h-cp-¶-sX-¶v J-Þ-\ hn-aÀi-\w \-S-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶p.
B-im³ Nn{X-tbm-K-¯n-s\-Xn-sc D-bÀ-¯p-¶ a-äp-hn-aÀ-i-\-§Ä Xm-sg-¸-d-bp-¶-h-
bmWv;
 \-K-c hÀ-W\w, k-ap-{Z-hÀ-W\w, ]-À-Æ-X -hÀ-W\w, E-Xp-hÀW-\w F-¶n-h-bv-
¡mbn H-cp IY-sb _en-sIm-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p¶p.
 hm-epw X-e-bp-anÃm-¯ B-Jym-\w c-kn-I-X D-m-¡p-I-bnÃ
 kw-kvIr-X a-lm-Im-hy kz-cq-]-hpw, kz-`m-hhpw kzo-I-cn-¨v hn-e-£-W-Ir-Xn F-gp-
Xp-¶-Xnepw \Ã-Xv kw-kvIr-X a-lm-Im-hy§-sf XÀ-Ö-a sN-¿p-¶-XmWv.
 ]-g-b I-Y \-ho-I-cn-¨v ssh-Ir-Xo-I-cn¨p
 c-Lp-hw-im-Zn kw-kvIr-X km-ln-Xy-{K-Ù-§-fn-ep-Å `m-K§-sf ]-Zm-\p]-Zw
hnhÀ¯-\w sN-bv-Xp tNÀ-¯n-cn-¡p-¶Xpw hn-e£-Ww Xs¶.
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 6

 _-lp-e-§fm-b Im-hy-tZm-j-§Ä
F-¶mÂ B-im-sâ \n-cq-]-W-¯n-\v {]-Xym-Jym-\-sa-gpXn-b hn. D-®n-¡r-jv-W³
\m-bÀ IYm-K-Xn-¡-\p-k-c-am-bn ]m-{X-kz-`m-hw {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v hÀ-®-\-IÄ
AXym-h-iy-am-sW-¶pw Nn{X-tbm-K-¯n-se I-Y-bp-sS ]g-¡w \yq-\X-bnÃm-¯-Xm-
sW¶pw hm-Zn-¨v ‘Nn{X-tbm-Kw’ B[p\n-I km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ H-c-ZznXo-b Øm-\w AÀ-
ln-¡p-¶-Xm-sW¶v {]-Jym-]n-¡p¶p.
5) tI-i-ho-bw
a-lmI-hn sI.kn tI-i-h-¸n-Å c-Nn-¨ a-lm-Im-hy-am-Wv tI-i-hobw. ]p-cm-W-{]-
kn-²-am-b ‘ky-a´-Iw I-Y'bm-Wv C-Xn-hr-¯w. 12 kÀ-¤-§-fpw 822 tÇm-I-§-fp-am-Wv
{]-kv-Xp-X-Im-hy-¯n-ep-ÅXv. {]m-k-hm-Zw \n-e-hn-en-cn-¡p-¶ Im-e-¯m-Wv tI-i-ho-b-
¯nsâ cN-\. a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X cq-]-¯nÂ \n¶pw `m-h-¯n-te¡v Du¶Â-sIm-S-¯v c-Nn-
¡-W-sa-¶ G.B-dn-sâ ]-£-¡m-c-\m-bn-cp-¶p sI.kn.tI-i-h-¸n-Å. B-b-Xn-\mÂ
Iem-aq-ey-¯n\pw I-em-in-ev-]-¯n\pw D-e-¨nÂ X-«m-sX e-£-W-bp-à-am-bn-«m-Wv tI-i-
ho-bw c-Nn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. hÀ-®-\-I-sf-¡m-fpw c-k-`m-h-§Ä hy-Ún-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-em-Wv
{i-²n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. C-¡m-c-W-¯mÂ a-lm-Im-hy-{]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ Im-ev-]\n-I ZmÀ-
i\nI `m-h-§-fp-sS {]-Xo-I-am-bn sI.kn.tI-i-h-¸n-Åsb Im-Wp¶p. Im-fnZm-k I-hn-
bp-sS Im-hy-amÀ-K-s¯bpw cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½ {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ ssN-X-\y-s¯bpw I-hn-X-
bn-e-\p-hÀ-¯n¡p-I F-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p a-lm-Im-hy-c-N-\-bnÂ sI.kn-bp-sS e-£yw. a-äp
a-lm-Im-hy-§-fnÂ \n¶pw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn i-Ðm-e-¦m-c-s¯-¡mÄ AÀ-°m-e-¦m-c-¯n-
\m-Wv {]m-[m\yw \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
 a-lm-Im-hy-{]-Øm-\w þ A-]-N-b-tl-Xp-¡Ä
km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ ¢mkn-Iv Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS am-Xr-I-bnÂ c-Nn-¡-s¸-« \n-tbm-¢mkn-Iv
hn-`m-K-¯nÂ-s]-« a-lm-Im-hy-§Ä a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ s]-«-¶v X-s¶ D-Zn-¡p-Ibpw A-kv-X-
an-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. a-lm-Im-hy-§-fp-sS A-]-N-b-¯n-\v _m-ly-Im-c-W-§fpw B-`y-
´-c-Im-c-W-§-fp-apv. ]p-¯³ hn-Zym-`ym-k-{I-aw hym-]-I-am-b-tXm-sS K-Zy-km-lnXyw
G-sd hn-]p-e-am-Im³ Xp-S-§n. K-Zy-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ [m-cm-fw {]-Øm-\-§Ä D-S-se-
Sp¯p. C-Xv a-lm-Im-hy-s¯ {]-Xn-Iq-e-am-bn _m-[n¨p. Iq-Sm-sX ^yq-UÂ hy-h-Ø-bn-
epm-b X-IÀ-¨-bpw a-lm-Im-hy-¯n-sâ _m-ly-Im-c-W-§-fnÂ H-¶m-Wv. ^yq-UÂ
hyh-Ø X-IÀ-¶-tXm-sS Po-hn-X-t¢-iw hÀ-²n¨p. Im-hy-\nÀ-½m-Whpw B-kzm-Z-\-hpw
Nn-e-cn-te-¡v am{Xw Np-cp-§m³ C-Xv Im-c-W-ambn.
\n-tbm-¢mkn-Iv Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv a-lm-Im-hy-§Ä F-¶-Xp-X-s¶-bm-Wv A-h-bp-sS
\m-i-¯n-\v tl-Xp-hm-bn-¯oÀ-¶Xv. Ir-Xyam-b e-£-W-§sf ‘H-¸n¨p-sIm-s-gp-Xp-I’
F¶-Xv \n-tbm-¢m-kn-In-sâ {]-iv-\-amWv. C-¯-c-¯nÂ e£-W-sam-¸n-¡-em-bn-cp-¶p
alm-Im-hy-c-N-\-bnepw Im-Wm³ I-gn-bp-¶Xv. e£-W-sam-¸n-¡m-\p-Å Cu hy-{K-X
alm-Im-hy-¯n-sâ A-]-N-b-¯n-\v tl-Xp-hm-bn-¯oÀ¶p. A-\p-I-c-W-{`-aw a-lm-Im-hy-
¯n-sâ asäm-cp {]-tXy-I-X-bmWvv. CXpw A-h-bp-sS A-]-N-b-¯n-\v Im-c-W-am-bn
`hn¨p. cq-]-]-c-am-bn C-{X-tb-sd e-£-W-hÂ-¡-cn-¡-s¸-« a-lm-Im-hy-§Ä cq-]-¯nÂ
A-an-Xam-b {i-²- \Â-Ip-Ibpw A-tXm-sS Im-hym-ßm-hv \-ã-am-Ip-Ibpw sN-bvXp. iÐ-
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 7
`w-Kn-bv-¡m-Wv AÀ-°-`w-Kn-tb-¡mÄ {]m-[m-\yw I-ev-]n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. A-Xn-\mÂ AÀ-
°-kw-thZ-\w th-{X \-S-¸m-¡m³ km-[n-¨nÃ. hÀ-®-\-IÄ-¡v G-sd {]m-[m-\y-ap-Å-
Xn-\mÂ hÀ-®n-¨p \n-d-¡p-¶ cw-K-§Ä a-lm-Im-hy-¯nÂ G-sd Im-Wp¶p. C{]-Imcw
A-\u-Nn-Xyam-b hÀ-®-\-Ifpw a-lm-Im-hy-¯n-sâ A-]-N-b-Im-c-W-amWv.
]p-cm-W-I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä¡pw ssZ-hn-I-]-cn-th-j-¯n\pw ho-c-c-k-¯n\pw G-sd
{]m-apJyw I-ev-]n-¨-t¸mÄ am-\p-jn-I-X-bp-Å I-Ym-]m-{X§-sf Im-Wm³ I-gn-bm-sX
hcp¶p. hn-j-b-kzo-I-c-W-¯nÂ Im-em-\p-kr-X-am-ä-§Ä DÄ-s¡m-Åm³ km-[y-am-
bnÃ. C-¡m-c-W-¯mÂ ]p-cm-tW-Xn-hr-¯-§Ä Xp-SÀ-¡-Y-bm-bn amdn. a-lm-Im-hy-sa-
gpXn-bmte a-lm-I-hn-bm-Iq F-¶ co-Xnbpw A-¡m-e-¯p \n-e-\n-¶n-cp¶p. C-¡m-c-W-
¯mÂ a-lm-I-hn-bm-Im³ a-lm-Im-hy-§Ä F-gpXp-I F-¶ co-Xnbpw \n-e-hnÂ h¶p.
C-sXÃmw a-lm-Im-hy-§-fp-sS A-]-N-b-¯n-\v Im-c-W-§-fmWv. Ch-sb C-{]-Im-cw
t{ImUo-I-cn-¡mw.
 K-Xm-\p-K-Xn-IXzw
 e£-W-sam-¸n-¡m-\p-Å hy{K-X
 A-\p-I-c-W-{àw
 cq-]-]-c-am-b N-«-¡q-Sn-te-¡v Ihn-X am-dn-b-t¸mÄ Im-hy-¯n-sâ B-ßm-hv \-ã-
ambn.
 i-Ð-`w-Kn-¡v IqSp-XÂ {]m-[m\yw \Â-In-b-t¸mÄ AÀ-°- kw-thZ-\w Im-cy-ambn
\-S-¶nÃ..
 Im-hy-¯nÂ Øq-e-[À-½-§Ä Iq-Sp-Ibpw kq-£v-a-[À-½-§Ä Ip-d-bp-Ibpw
sNbvXp
 A-\u-Nn-Xyam-b hÀ-®-\IÄ
 hÀ-®-\-I-fn-se Ir-{Xn-a-Xzw
 hn-j-b-kzo-I-c-W-¯nÂ Im-em-\p-kr-X-am-ä-§-fnÃm¯Xv
 ]-g-b-I-Y-bp-sS ]p-\-cm-Jym-\-¯n-se ssh-Ir-X§Ä
 am-\p-jn-I-X-bp-Å I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fnÃ
 a-lm-I-hn ]-«-¯n-\p-Å D-]m-[n-bm-bn Ir-Xn-sb ]-cn-K-Wn¨-Xv
 ^yq-UÂ hy-h-Ø-bp-sS X-IÀ-¨ kw-`-hn-¨-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn Po-hn-X-t¢-iw hÀ-²n-¡p-
Ibpw Im-hy-\nÀ-½m-Whpw B-kzm-Z-\hpw Nn-e-cn-te-¡v am-{X-am-bn H-Xp-§p-Ibpw
sN-bvXp
 ]p-¯³ hn-Zym-`ym-k-{I-aw K-Zy-km-ln-Xy-s¯ t]m-jn-¸n-¨Xv.
1. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se {]-ap-Jam-b a-lm-Im-hy-§Ä G-h? A-h G-sXÃmw Im-hy-{]-h-W-X-I-sf-bm-Wv
{]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-¿p-¶Xv? (2016-C)
2. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se \n-tbmþ¢m-kn-Iv I-hn-X-bv-¡p an-I-¨ Zr-ãm-´-am-Wv a-lm-Im-hy§Ä. icn-tbm?
hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I. (2014)
3. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy a-lm-Im-hy-am-bn Ir-jv-W-KmY-sb ]-cn-K-Wn¡m-tam? (2013)
4. a-lm-Im-hy im-J-bnÂ 'D-am-tI-c-f'¯n-\p-Å ]Z-hn F-´v? (2012)
5. a-ebm-f a-lm-Im-hy-§Ä DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶ \n-tbmþ¢mkn-Iv {]-h-W-X-IÄ hn-i-Z-am-¡p-I.
(2006)
6. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se G-sX-¦nep-sam-cp a-lm-Im-hy-s¯ B-kv-]-Z-am-¡n A-Xn-sâ c-k-\o-b-X-bp-sS
{]iv-\-§Ä hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-I. (2004)
7. a-lm-Im-hy-¯n-sâ A-]-N-b-¯n-\p tl-Xp-sh-s´-¶v ]-cym-tem-Nn-¡p-I. (2000)
NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 8

t]¸Àþ H¶v sk£³ þ_n-
kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw
bqWoävþ 4.4
XpÅÂ
XpÅÂ
shdpsX Fs´-¦nepw Fgp-Xn-hn-«mÂ AXv Ihn-X-bm-hn-sÃ¶pw P\-lr-Z-b-
§sf BIÀjn-t¡ IhnXbv¡v Dm-bn-cn-t¡ KpW-§Ä Fs´-Ãm-am-
sW¶pw hyà-amb [mcW \¼ymÀ¡v Dm-bn-cp-¶p. C¡m-c-W-¯mÂ ]Z-ku-µ-
cyw, Ae-¦m-cw, ênXw F¶o aq¶p Imcy-§-fn-emWv \¼ymÀ Du¶Â \e-In-bn-cp-
¶-Xv. t]¸À H¶v sk£³ F bnÂ XpÅ-ensâ `mjm-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-IÄ \mw
Adn-ª-Xm-Wv. ChnsS sk£³ _n bnÂ XpÅ-ensâ kmln-Xy-]-c-amb {]m[m-\y-
s¯-¡p-dn-¨mWv hni-Z-am-¡p-¶-Xv. Imhy-Kp-W-§fpw ck-`m-h-§-fp-sam-s¡-bmWv
kmln-Xy-]-c-amb NÀ¨-bnÂ ap¶n«v \nÂ¡p¶-Xv.
1. \¼ymcpw lmky-]m-c-¼-cyhpw
kar-²-amb Hcp lmky-]m-c¼cyw tIc-f-¯n-\p-m-bn-cp-¶p. AXnsâ hnI-
knX cq]-amWv \¼ym-cpsS Ihn-X-I-fnÂ ImWp-¶-Xv. shSn-]-d-bm\pw s]m«n-¨n-cn-
¡m\pw hncp-XpÅ ae-bm-fn-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂ ên-X-km-lnXyw hfÀ¶p ]´-en¡m³
XpS-§n-bXv \¼ym-cpsS Ime-¯m-Wv. kwkvIr-X-\m-S-Im-`n-\-b-amb IqSn-bm-«-¯nepw
]pcm-W-I-Ym-{]-kw-K-amb NmIymÀIq-¯nepw \nd-ªp-\nÂ¡p¶ lmky-]m-c-¼-cy-
amWv \¼ymsc kzm[o-\n-¨-Xv. IqSn-bm-«-¯nÂ hnZq-j-I³ \S-¯p-¶ ênX {]tbm-
K-§-fpsS {]Xn-[z-\n-IÄ \¼ym-cnÂ ImWmw. {]mNo-\-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-I-fnepw N¼p-
¡-fn-epw IrjvW-Km-Y-bnepw ImWp¶ ênX {]tbm-K-§-fpsS ]n´p-SÀ¨-bmbpw
\¼ym-cpsS XpÅ-ep-I-fnse lmkys¯ ]cn-K-Wn-¡mw. ]S-b-Wn, Ipd-¯n-bm-«w,
Im¡m-cÈn \mSIw apX-emb \mS³ Iem-cq-]-§-fnse lmkym-h-X-cW kt¦-X-
§fpw \¼ym-cnÂ ImWmw.
XpÅÂ¡-Y-I-fnÂ ên-X-¯n\p {][m-\-s¸« Øm\w \ÂIn-bmÂ am{Xta
Ah km[m-c-W-P-\-§-fpsS Bkzm-Z-¯n\p hnj-b-amIq F¶p \¼ymÀ [cn-¨p-h-¨n-
cp-¶p. Cu hkvXpX Nne XpÅÂ¡-Y-I-fnÂ At±lw ]d-ªn-«p-ap-v.
“Nncn-¡p¶ IY tI«mencn-¡p, amb-X-sÃ¦nÂ
Xncn-¡p, -a-§s\ `mhn-¨n-cn-¡p¶ `S-·msc
Nncn-¡msX ckn-¸n-¡m-s\m-cn-¡-ep-sa-fp-X-sÃþ
¶ncn-¡p-s¶-¦n-e-½m-{X-ap-c-bv¡m-sa-¶tX thq”
AÀ°-\n-jvT-^-en-Xw, i_vZ\njvT^-enXw F¶n-§s\ cp Xc-¯nÂ
\¼ymÀ ênXw D]-tbm-Kn¨p ImWp-¶p. cnepw Hcp-t]mse kaÀ°-\mWv
Ip©³\-¼ymÀ.
“sImSp-sh-bnÂ X«n-¨p-«-I-j-n-bnsemcp
]nSn-s\-ÃmÂ ae-cp-s]m-cn¡mw”
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 1
F¶n-§s\ i_vZ\njvT^-en-X-amWv \¼ym-cnÂ km[m-cW ImWm³ Ign-bp-¶-Xv
‘k`m-{]-thiw’ XpÅ-enÂ Øe-P-e-{àw hcp¶ Iuc-hsc Ifn-bm-¡n-s¡m-pÅ
hcn-I-fnÂ AÀ°-\n-jvT-^-en-Xhpw AXp-t]mse i_vZ\njvT^-en-Xhpw {]tbm-Kn¨p
ImWp-¶p.
“]n¼nÂ \S-¡p¶ X¼n-am-scÃmw
ap¼nÂ \S-¡p¶ tN«s\t¸mse
N´-¯n-ep-sÅmcp ]«p-ap-bÀ¯n
Ipń¨p Ipń¨p bm{X XpS§n”
kya-Íw XpÅ-enÂ \¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ kÔym-h-µ\ ka-b¯v kwkvIr-X-¯nÂ
kw`m-jWw \S-¯p-¶-Xpw, DuW-·m-cmb ]«-·mÀ Xan-gnÂ el-f-Iq-«p-¶Xpw
tKmkm-bn-amÀ lnµp-Øm-\n-]-d-bp-¶Xpw \¼ymÀ ên-X-¯n\p thn Icp-Xn-¡q-
«nb GÀ¸m-Sp-I-fm-Wv.
“PbtPdmw dmw koXmdmw dmw

tPtPdmw dmw tImZ-Þm{amw
Xpamd apep¡p tIm\p apep¡p
Aamd apep¡p Imin-ap-ep-¡p”
C¯-c-¯nÂ \¼ymÀIr-Xn-I-fnse _lp-`m-jm-{]-tbm-K-¯nsâ e£yw
t{imXm-¡sf Nncn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw hnkva-bn-¸n-¡p-I-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. \¼ym-cpsS XpÅ-ep-
I-fnÂ irwKm-cw, hocw, IcpWw XpS-§nb hnh-n[-c-k-§Ä ]c¶pInS-¡p-¶p-s-
¦nepw Ah-sbÃmw Xs¶ lmky-c-k-¯nÂ Bp-t]m-bn-cn-¡-bm-Wv. hf-sc-Ku-c-h-
ta-dnb Cuiz-c-kvXp-Xn-t]mepw ên-X-¯nÂ s]mXn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶-Xmbn XpÅ-ep-I-
fnÂ ImWmw.
2. tIc-fo-bX
XpÅÂ¡-Y-I-fn-se-¼mSpw ImWn-Ifpw t{imXm-¡-fp-amb km[m-
cW¡mÀ¡pthn, ên-X-]-cn-lm-k-§Ä hmcn-hn-X-dm³ \nÝ-bn¨ \¼ymÀ¡v
AXn-\p-]-änb Xc-¯nÂ ]pcm-W-I-Y-Isf ]cn-jvI-cn-t¡ Bhiyw h¶p-Iq-Sn.
]pcm-W-I-Y-I-fnÂ tIc-f-¯nse kmam-\y-P-\-§Ä¡v ck-I-c-amb kwK-Xn-IÄ
Is-¯pI _p²n-ap-«m-Wv. AXn\p \¼ymÀ kzoI-cn-¨mWv tIc-fo-b-X. XpÅÂ
Ihn-X-I-fnÂ an¡-h-bp-sSbpw {]tabw ]pcm-tW-Xnlm-k-§-fm-sW¦nepw \¼ymÀ
Ahbv¡v sImSp-¡p¶ ]Ým-¯ew tIc-fo-b-am-Wv. Zptcym-[-\-s\bpw cmh-W-
s\bpw òa-tk-\-s\bpw ]m©m-en-sbbpw \mc-Z-s\-bp-sams¡ \¼ymÀ A¼-e-¸p-g-
¡m-cm¡n amän. Atbm-²y-bn-epw, Af-Im-]p-cn-bn-epw, kzÀ¤-¯nepw ]mXm-f-¯n-ep-
saÃmw tIc-fo-b-cp-X-s¶. tIf-¨mcpw, Imfn-s¸-®pw, tIm´\pw, sIm¨n-«n-bp-sams¡
Ah-S-§-fn-ep-v. tIc-f-¯nse \mb-·m-cpw, ]«-·mcpw sIm§n-Wn-am-cpw, \¼q-Xn-cn-
amcpw CÃm¯ {]tZ-i§-fn-Ã. k´m-\-tKm-]m-e-¯nse AÀÖp-\³, ba-]p-cn-bnÂ
sN¶t¸mÄ “IÅp-Ip-Sn¡pw \mb-·m-cpsS ]Å-¡n«p sImSp-¡W
Ip”hs{X.Zptcym-[-\sâ h\-¯n-te-¡pÅ tLmj-bm-{X-bnÂ A¼pwhnÃpw [cn¨
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 2
\mb-·msc IqSm-sX, “]«mWn-Ifv ]e sN«nIfpw tIma-«n-Ifpw ]e ]«·mcpw”
Hs¡ Dm-bn-cp-¶p. tLmj-bm-{Xbv¡v ap³]v tk\-IÄ¡v \ÂInb kZybpw
XnI¨pw tIc-fo-b-am-bn-cp-¶p.
“\¼ymsc \¼ym-cm-¡n-bXv XpÅÂ¡-Y-I-fm-Wv. XpÅÂ¡-Y-Isf XpÅÂ¡-hn-X-

I-fm-¡nbXv Ah-bnse lmky-am-Wv. B lmky-¯n\v _oPm-hm]w sNbvXXv tIc-
fo-b-Xzhpw. A§s\ tIc-fo-bXzw \¼ymÀ¡-hn-X-bpsS \mcm-b-th-cm-bn-¯oÀ¶p”.
F¶n-§s\ \¼ym-cnse tIc-fo-b-X-sb-¡p-dn¨v GhqÀ ]c-ta-iz-c³ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-
¶p.
3. hÀ®\mssh`hw
hkvXp-¡-fp-sSbpw hkvXp-X-I-fp-sSbpw ]qÀ®cq]w A\p-hm-N-IÀ¡p a\-kn-
em-I-¯-¡-hn[w Ahsb hnkvX-cn¨p {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-I-sb-¶Xv \¼ym-cpsS ]Xn-hm-
Wv. A¯cw hÀ®\IÄ F{Xbpw \ofp-¶pthm A{Xbpw \s¶-¶mWv \¼ym-cpsS
`mhw. ap¼n-en-cn-¡p¶ km[m-c-W-¡m-cmb ImWn-Isf ckn-¸n-¡p-I-bpw, hnÚ-cm-
¡p-I-bp-amWv Ihn-bpsS Dt±-iyw. AXp-sImv AhÀ¡v \¶mbn a\-Ên-em-I-¯-¡-
hn-[-¯nÂ s]mSn¸pw sXm§epw tNÀ¯v, kw`-h-§-sfbpw hyàn-I-sfbpw hkvXp-
¡-sfbpw At±lw hÀ®n¨p t]mIp-¶p. DZm-l-c-W-¯n-\v,
“sN¼n¨ XmSnbpw aoibpw tIihpw
h¼n¨ ssII-fnÂ hnÃpw ic-§fpw
sN¼c¯n-¸q-I-Ws¡ t\{X-§fpw
A¼n-fn-t]mse hf-ªpÅ ]Ãp-IÄ”
3.1. hnkvX-cn¨p ]d-bp¶ ssien
GXp-Im-cyhpw hnkvX-cn¨p ]d-bp¶ ssien-bmWv \¼ym-cp-tS-Xv. an¡-hmdpw
FÃm-Ir-Xn-I-fnepw CXv ImWm³ km[n-¡p-sa¦nepw ‘kya-Íw’ XpÅ-enÂ, ‘aWn
A]-l-cn-¨Xp IrjvW-\m-sW¶v A]-hmZw {]N-cn¨ hn[w hnkvX-cn-¨n-«p-ÅXv Hcp
\Ã DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
“Ah-c-Xn-KqVw Nne-scm-Sp-sNmÃn
Ahcpw Nne-scm-Sp-sN¶p ]dªp
Ah-c-t¸m-fXp ]e-scm-Sp-sNmÃn
Ah-c-Xp-sams¡ \S¶p ]dªp
þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþ
sNhn-bnÂ Nnecp ]d-ªp XpS§n
Nne-cXp tIÄ¸m³ sN¶p XpS§n
sNhn s]m¯n-¨n-eÀ \n¶p XpS§n
Nne-cXp tI«p Nncn¨p XpS§n”
3.2. AaqÀ¯-hÀ®\IÄ
aqÀ¯-§-sf-¡mÄ, AaqÀ¯-§sf hÀWn-¡p-¶-Xn-emWv \¼ymÀ¡p IqSp-XÂ
]mS-hsa¶v XpÅÂ¡-Y-I-fnse ]e `mh-§fpw ImWn-¡p-¶p. C¯cw
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 3
hÀ®\IÄ¡n-Sbv¡v bpàn-`wKw kw`-hn-¨mepw AsXm¶pw Imcy-am-¡m-dn-Ã.
t{imXmhv ckn-¡p-¶ptm F¶p am{Xta At±lw t\m¡m-dp-Åq. A\y-I-hn-I-
sfm¶pw ]d-bm-sXt]mIp¶ C¯cw AaqÀ¯-amb kµÀ`-§sf \o«n-h-en¨p
hÀ®n¡pI-bmWv \¼ym-cpsS ioew. ‘l\p-a-Zp-Ûh’¯nÂ hmbp-hn-Ãm¯
Imes¯ Ihn hÀ®n¨ncn-¡p-¶Xv CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. hmbp-hnsâ {]hÀ¯\w
\ne-¨-t¸mÄ FÃmw kvX_v[ambn-t¸mbn F¶p am{Xw ]d-ªmÂ aXn-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
A§s\ ]d-bp-¶-XnÂ ckan-sÃ¶dnªv \¼ymÀ lmkymwis¯ \¶mbn t]mjn-
¸n-¨p-sIm-mWv B cwKw hnkvX-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ‘]t©-t{µm-]mJym\’¯nÂ Ime-\n-
Ãm¯ Ime-s¯ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p¶ kµÀ`hpw AaqÀ¯-hÀ®\bv¡v DZm-l-c-W-am-
Wv. Adp-]-¯n-aq¶v Cuc-Sn-I-fnÂ Cu k¦ev]-hÀ®\bpv.
“hr²-·m-scmcp Iq«w \nd-ªp `qXew X¶nÂ
N¯p-sImÄh-Xn-t\Xpw Ign-hnÃ Ime-\nÃm
ap¯-Ñ³ apXp-¡sâ ap¯-Ñ-\n-cn-¡p¶q
ap¯-Ñ-\-h-\pÅ ap¯-Ñ³ acn-öem
Aªq-dp-h-b-Êp-tÅm-c-¸q-¸-·m-cp-an-t¸mÄ
Ipªm-bn-«n-cn-¡p-t¶m-c-¸q-¸-\-hÀ¡pv”
4. kmaq-ln-I-hn-aÀi\w
]cn-lm-k-¯nÂ NmIym-cpsS Ime-Sn-I-fmWv \¼ymÀ ]n´p-S-cp-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ
\¼ym-cpsS ]cn-lmkw Gsd iàn-a¯pw aqÀ¨-tb-dn-bXpw kaq-l-\njvThpw Bbn-
cp-¶p. hyàn-bp-sSbpw kaq-l-¯n-sâbpw t\sc Nodn-s¨-Ãp¶ hmIvi-c-§-fmWv
\¼ym-cpsS ]cn-lm-kw.
]cn-lm-k-¯nsâ e£yw 1 hyàn-Isf [À½-Nm-cn-I-fm-¡pI
2 kaq-ls¯ kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambn DbÀ¯pI
[\-Xr-jvW, ssI¡q-en, Al-¦m-cw, Akq-b, Im]-Syw, h©-\, òcp-Xzw, Ah-k-c-
tk-h-I-Xzw, DtZym-K-Zp-jv{]-`p-Xzw, ZpÀamÀK-Po-hn-Xw, Imep-]n-Sn-¯w, s]m§-¨w,
[À½-NypXn XpS-§nb kmaq-ln-I-hn-]-¯p-IÄ¡p t\sc-bmWv \¼ym-cpsS ]cn-lm-
kw. tIhew ckn-¸n-¡p-I-am-{Xambn-cp-¶nÃ \¼ym-cpsS e£yw. 18-þmw \qäm-nse
tIc-fob Pohn-Xs¯ hnaÀin¨v A¶p \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ kmaq-lnI PoÀ®-Xsb ]cn-
l-cn-¡pI F¶ ASn-Øm\ e£y-amWv \¼ymÀ¡p-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. C§s\ t\m¡p-
t¼mÄ \¼ym-cpsS XpÅ-ep-IÄ tkmt±-i-Im-hy-§-fmbn amdp-¶p. Cu Xe-¯nÂ
\¼ym-scbpw Fgp-¯-Ñ-s\bpw Xmc-X-ay-s¸-Sp-¯m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. Fgp-¯-Ñ³ kmaq-ln-
I-]-cn-jvI-c-W-¯n-\mbn [À½-t_m-[-\-hpw, `àn-amÀ¤hpw Nqn-¡m-Wn-¨-t¸mÄ
\¼ymÀ kaq-l-¯nse PoÀ®XIsf cq£-am-b-ssi-en-bnÂ hnaÀin¨v P\-§sf
lrZ-b-ip-²n-bp-Å-hcpw Bß-ss[-cy-ap-Å-h-cp-am-¡n-am-än.
kmaq-ln-I-hn-aÀi-\-¯nÂ \njv]-£-]m-Xn-bmb Hcp \ymbm-[n-]sâ \ne-]m-
SmWv \¼ymÀ kzoI-cn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. a\:]qÀÆw Xm³ Hcm-sfbpw A]-IoÀ¯n-s¸-Sp-¯p-
hmt\m {]IoÀ¯n-¡p-hmt\m Xp\n-ªn-«n-sÃ¶v At±lw Xpd¶p ]d-bp-¶p.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 4

“Hcp-¯\pw eLp-Xzs¯ hcp-¯p-hm³ taml-anÃ
Hcp-¯\pw lnX-ambn¸d-hm\pw `mh-anÃ”
Xm³ Pohn¨ Ime-L-«-t¯mSv kPo-h-ambn s]mcp-Xnb Ihn-bmWv \¼ymÀ. Cu
{]Xn-I-cWw ka-{K-amb kmaq-lnI ]cn-hÀ¯\s¯ ap¶nÂIpsImp-Å-XmWv.
\nin-X-amb lmky-i-c-§Ä apJw t\m¡msX sXmSp-¯p-hn-« -\-¼ymÀ Icp-W-bn-
Ãm¯ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-sfbpw Gj-Wn-¡m-cmb cmP-tk-h-I-scbpw ssI¡q-en-¡m-
cmb DtZy-K-Ø-scbpw Imam-Xp-c-·m-cmb h¦-{]-`p-¡-·m-scbpw shdpsX hn«n-Ã.
4.1 {_mÒ-WÀ¡pw \mb-·mÀ¡psaXnsc
]c-tZi{_mÒ-WÀ¡pw `S-P-\-§-fmb \mb-·mÀ¡psaXn-sc-bmWv \¼ymÀ
Gähpw IqSp-XÂ hnaÀi-\-hm-¡p-IÄ samgn-ªn-«p-Å-Xv. kZy-{]n-b-cmb {_mÒ-
Wsc ]cn-l-kn-¡m¯ XpÅÂ¡r-Xn-IÄ hfsc hnc-f-am-Wv. Ducpw t]cp-apÅ
hyàn-I-sf-b-Ã, Ah-cpsS hÀ¤s¯ H«m-sI-bmWv hnaÀin-¡p-Ibpw ]cn-l-kn-¡p-
Ibpw sNbvX-Xv. {]Xn-{K-l-¯n\p thn ]mbp¶ \¼q-Xn-cn-am-sc-¡p-dn¨v \¼ym-
cpsS ]cn-lmkw C{]-Im-c-am-Wv.
“Imin-b-Xn-¸p-d-sa-¦n-ep-an-s¶mcp
Imin-\p-h-I-bp-s-¶mÂ apw
Fgp-]-s¯«p hbÊp XnI-sªmcp
Ing-h-{_m-Ò-W-\nX t]mIp¶p
sImSp-sh-bnÂ X«n-¨p« Ij-n-bnþ
semcp-]nSn s\ÃmÂ ae-cp-s]m-cn¡mw”
‘]S-sb-¶p-tI«mÂ XpS-hn-d-bv¡p¶’ \mb-·msc AS¨v Bt£-]n-¡p¶ kµÀ`w

C{]-Im-c-amWv:
“Bbp[w IqSmsX Xms\-s´tSm Im«nÂ
\mbm-«n-\mbv ]pd-s¸-«Xp \mbtc
hmbpw ]nfÀ¶v ISphm hcp-t¶-cþ
ambp-[-ap-s-¦n-tem-Sp-hmÂ ZpÀLSw”
5. Bß-]-cn-lmkw
\¼ym-cpsS IYm-]m-{X-§Ä kzbw ]cn-l-kn-¡m\pw aSn-¡m-dnÃ F¶-Xn\p
ZrjvSm-´-amWv tLmj-bm-{X-bnse òa-tk-\³. Zptcym-[-\m-Zn-IfpsS Imcy-¯nÂ
[À½-]p-{X-cpsS kma-hm-Z-t¯mSp s]mcp-¯-s¸-Sm³ Ign-bm¯ òa³, tPyjvSsâ
hgn-ap-S¡n {]Øm-\s¯ A]-e-]n-¡p-¶-Xp-Iq-SmsX kz´w \ne-]mSv F{X-t¯mfw
]cn-lm-ky-am-sW¶v hnh-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p.
“Xms\m-¶n\p IÂ¸n-¡-bp-an-Ãnl
Xmt\-h-¶-Xp-sams¡ apS¡pw;
Úm\n-I-fm-In\ \n§sS at[y
Rm\n-§-s\-sbmcp aqU³ XoÀ¶p
þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþ
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 5
KZbpw ssIbn-se-Sp-s¯mcp s]m®³
DZtb Ipfnbpw ]pjv]m-RvP-enbpw
D]-hm-k-§-fp-ap-]cn XpSÀ¶mÂ
A]-hm-Z-§Ä \ap-¡p-`-hn¡pw”
6. \m«-dn-hnsâ aqey-t_m[w
\¼ym-cpsS IrXn-I-fnÂ [mcmfw \m«-dn-hp-IÄ ImWp-¶p-v. Cu \m«-dn-hp-IÄ
kmln-Xy-¯n\v \mtSmSnkwkvIm-c-hp-am-bpÅ _Ôw hyà-am-¡p-¶p. \mtSmSn
hnÚm-\-¯nsâ efn-Xhpw X\n-a-\n-d-ªXpw Pohn-X-\n-co-£-Wm-ß-I-hp-amb
A´ÀX-e-§-fn-te¡v Xsâ Imhy-`m-h-\sb Xpd-¶p-hn-Sp-I-bm-Wv \¼ymÀ sNbvX-Xv.
\¼ymÀ¡-hn-XI-fpsS P\-Io-bm-Sn-¯d _e-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Cu kao-]\w klm-b-I-am-
bn. \¼ymÀIr-Xn-I-fnÂ ImWp¶ ]g-s©m-Ãp-Ifpw temtIm-àn-I-fp-saÃmw \m«-dn-
hnsâ Cu aqey-t_m-[-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-h-bm-Wv.
“Im¨n-¯n-f-¸n¨ ]menÂ¡gp-In-bmÂ Imªn-c-¡m-bnsâ Ibv]p ian-¡ptam”

F¶n-§s\ [mcmfw DZm-l-c-W-§Ä XpÅ-enÂ Dv.
6.1. ]g-s©m-Ãp-Ifpw temtIm-àn-Ifpw
ae-bm-f-¯nÂ Gähpw IqSp-XÂ ]g-s©m-Ãp-IÄ {]tbm-Kn¨ Ihn Ip©³\-
¼ym-cm-Wv. P\-km-am-\y-¯n-\n-S-bnÂ {]mNo-\-Imew sXm«v {]N-cn¨p t]m¶ AÀ°-
s¯-h-ln-¡p-¶Xpw efn-X-§-fp-amb hN\§fmWv ]g-s©m-Ãp-IÄ. Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn
{]tbm-K-¯n-ep-ÅXpw D]-tZ-ikz-`m-h-ap-ÅXpw ]e-t¸mgpw \À½-ckw IeÀ¶Xp-
amb kw£n-]vX{]kvXmh-\-bmWv ]g-s©m-Ãp-IÄ. kmam-\y-P-\-§-fp-ambn CS-]-g-In-
¡-gn-bm-\pÅ kµÀ`w e`n-¨-Xp-sIm-pw, XpÅÂ¡-Y-IÄ km[m-c-W-P-\-§sf Dt±-
in¨v Dm-¡n-bn-«pÅ Imhy-§-fm-bXpsIm-p-amWv \¼ym-cpsS XpÅÂ¡-Y-I-fnÂ
C{X-b-[nIw ]g-s©m-Ãp-IÄ¡pw temtIm-àn-IÄ¡pw Øm\w ssIh-¶-Xv.
 “I®n-W-sImp ISpIphd-¡p¶
s]®n-s\-¡-m-e-S-§ptam ]qcp-j³”
 “A¨n-¡p-Zm-ky-{]-hr-¯n-sN¿p¶h³
sIm¨n-¡p-t]m-b§psXm¸n-bn-«o-SWw”
 “F{¼m-\ev]w I«p-`p-Pn¨m
e¼-e-hm-kn-I-sfm-s¡-¡¡pw”
 “Bim-\-£-c-sam¶p ]ng-¨mÂ
A¼-s¯m¶p ]ngbv¡pw injy\v”
7. sshÚm-\nI Xe-§Ä
Hcp Ihn¡p th-Xmb kmam-\y-hn-Úm\w, Imem-\p-k-c-W-am-bn At±lw
t\Sn-bn-cp-¶p. tPymXn-jw, a{´-hm-Zw, X{´w, sshZyw, hymI-c-Ww, thZm-´w,
hkvXp-inÂ¸w, \r¯w, kwKo-Xw XpS§n \m\m-hn-Zy-I-fnepw \¼ymÀ¡v Akm-am-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 6

\y-A-h-Kmlw Dm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v XpÅÂ¡-Y-IÄ ImWn-¡p-¶p. CsXÃmw \¼ym-
cpsS XpÅÂkmln-Xy-¯nse sshÚm-\n-I-X-e-§-sf-bmWv kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.
7.1 tPymXn-imkv{Xw
tPymXn-j-s¯-¸-dn-bpÅ kqN-IÄ \f-N-cn-X-¯nÂ ImWm³I-gn-bpw. “[\p-
amkw ]Xn-\mdmw XobXn i\n-hm-cs¯ aIcw cmin”sb¶p Ihn \nÝ-bn¡p-¶p.
kµÀ`wt]mse ‘sNmÆm-tZm-j’s¯¸änbpw ‘KpfnI’s\¸-änbpw \¼ymÀ {]kvXm-
hn¨p ImWp-¶p.
7.2 sshZy-imkv{Xw
sshZy-im-kv{X-¯nse \¼ym-cpsS Ah-Kmlw ‘]m{X-N-cnX’¯nÂ ImWp-¶p-
v.
“shcp-In³ ISbpw sNdp-I-S-em-Sn-bpþ
ab-tam-Z-Ihpw Iq«n-b-c-s¨mcp
ap¡p-Sn-h-¨p-X-tc-W-sa-\n-bv¡-cnþ
iÊp-i-an-¡m-s\-s¶mcp hn{]³
- þþ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þ-þþ
Im¨n-b-tam-cnÂ \hm-bk Kpfn-I-s]mþ
Sn¨p Ie-¡n-¯-c-W-an-X-§p Ipþ
Sns¨-¶m-en-cp-¶m-gn-t¨mdp `pþ
Pnö-Sm-an-\n-sb-s¶mcp hn{]³”
7.3 cmK-Xm-f-§Ä
Imfn-bsâ ^W-¯nÂ Nhn«n IrjvW³ \S-¯nb \r¯s¯ \¼ymÀ
hÀ®n¡p¶-Xn-{]-Im-c-amWv:
“sN¼sN¼S ]©-Im-cnI I-\m-¨n-b-S-´bpw

Ipw`-Im-cnI e£van-ss`-chn aÀaXm-f-hp-ta-Ihpw
Xmf-ao-h-I-Im-ep-sImp Nhn-«n-\n¶p \Sn-¡bpw
taf-tam-Sn-S-IqSn \sÃmcp `mhhpw arZp-lm-khpw”
C¯-c-¯nÂ cmK-§fpw Xmf-§fpw hnkvX-cn-¡m³ Ah-kcw In«n-bmÂ AXv ]mgm-
¡mdnÃ \¼ymÀ.
7.4 Ncn{Xw
e´-I-sf-¸-änbpw, ]d-¦n-I-sf-¸-änbpw C¦n-co-kp-Im-sc-¸-änbpw \¼ymÀ Xsâ
XpÅÂIr-Xn-I-fnÂ ]d-bp-¶p-v. U¨p-Imcpw t]mÀ¨pKokp-Imcpw \nÀan-¨n-«pÅ
tXm¡p-IÄ \¼ym-cpsS Ime¯p tIc-f-¯nÂ {]N-cn-¨n-cp-¶p-sh¶v XpÅÂ¡-Y-I-
fnÂ \n¶p a\-Ên-em-¡mw. A[n-Ihpw e´-t¯m-¡n-s\-bmWv \¼ymÀ ]cm-aÀin-¡p-
¶-Xv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 7

 “e´-¡p-gepw ]d-¦n-¡p-g-ep-IÄ
N´-¯n-epÅ Iqdpw IpgÂ tXm¡p-IÄ”
 “Ip´w Nhfw hnÃpw ichpw
e´-t¯m-¡p-IÄ N{Iw-iqew”
C¯-c-¯nÂ XpÅÂIr-Xn-I-fnÂ Ncn{Xw IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p.
8. X¯z-Nn´
ên-X-]-cn-lm-k-§-sf-t¸m-se-bÃ \¼ym-cnÂ X¯z-Nn-´-Im-Wp-¶-Xv. X¯z-Nn-
´-bnÂ Xs¶ \¼ym-cnÂ IqSp-Xepw ImWp-¶Xv AssZz-X-ZÀi-\-am-Wv. PmXn-ssh-cp-
²y-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw AXnsâ AÀ°-iq-\y-X-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-saÃmw \¼ymÀ t_m[-hm-\m-
Wv.
 “Úm\-sa-¶p-ÅXpXs¶ kmc-sa¶p [cn-t¡Ww

Úm\-an-Ãm¯ hn{]¶pw _u²\pw t`Z-an-tÃXpw”
 “hn{]-s\¶pw £{Xy-s\¶pw sshiy-s\¶pw iq{Z-s\¶pw
C{]-]t© \mep hÀWw \mep-h{-à-\p-f-hm¡n
XÂ]p-d¯p _u²-s\¶pw ]mWs\¶pw ]d-b-s\¶pw
IÂ¸nXw PmXn-t`-Z-¯n-\-´-anÃ \ncq-]n-¨mÂ”
F¶o-h-cn-I-fnÂ {_mÒ-W£-{Xnb sshiy-iq-{Zm-Zn-IÄ¡pÅ GI-Xz-amWv
ImWp-¶-Xv. kXy-amb ]c-{_-Ò-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ X¯z-Nn-´-bm-Wn-Xv. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-
¯nse \nÊm-cXhpw £Wn-I-X-bp-saÃmw ]qÀÆ-kqcn-IÄs¡-¶-t]mse
\¼ymÀ¡pw X¯z-Nn-´m-hn-j-b-am-bn-«p-v.
9. ]ma-c-·m-cpsS Ihnbpw hn¹-h-Im-cnbpw
kz´w Imhy-\nÀ½mWe£y-sa-s´¶p khn-kvXcw {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-I-bpw, AXn-
s\m-¯-h®w Imhyw \nÀ½n¡pI-bpw, AXnÂ ]qÀW-ambn hnP-bn-¡p-Ibpw
sNbvX Ihn-bmWv \¼ymÀ. `mjsb km[m-c-W-¡m-cn-te¡v Cd-¡n-sIm-p-h-¶Xpw
AXnsâ Nmcp-X-sImv km[m-c-W-¡msc hio-I-cn-¨Xpw \¼ym-cm-Wv. Xm³ ]ma-c-
·m-cpsS ]£-¯m-sW¶v At±lw D¨-¯nÂ {]Jym-]n-¨p. Ip«n-Ifpw kv{XoIfpw
]ma-c-·m-cmb km[m-cW P\-§fpw tNÀ¶XmWv \¼ym-cpsS kZ-Êv. ]«n-Wn-
sImp IjvS-s¸-Sp-¶-h-cpsS t\À¡v \¼ymÀ¡v Gsd kl-Xm-]-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. P\-
§-fpsS Zmcn{Zyw At±-ls¯ Nnń-¸n-¡p-Ibpw ZpxJn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
 “Hcp Zn\-sam-cn-¡Â Hcp ]nSn`pPn-¸mþ
s\mcp hI-bpan-Ãm-¯-hs\ shSnsbmÃm”
 “Zmcn-{Z-ysa-¶p-Å-X-dn-ª-hÀt¡
]mcnÂ ]c-t¢-i-hn-th-I-apÅp”
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 8

hni¸v, ]«nWn XpS-§n-b-hn-j-b-§Ä kmlnXy IrXn-IÄ¡v AXym-h-iy-am-bn-cp-¶p.
F¶mÂ C¯cw kl-Xm-]mÀ{Z§-fmb hcn-IÄ A¶s¯ bmsXmcp Fgp-¯p-Im-c-
\nÂ \n¶pw ]pd-s¸-«n-cp-¶n-Ã.
khÀ®-\mb \¼ymÀ PmXn-k-¦-ev]-¯nsâ AÀ° iq\yX Ihn-X-bnÂ shfn-
hm-¡n. FÃm a\p-jy-cn-ep-apÅ Poh³ H¶m-sW¶ AssZz-X-¯nsâ s]mcpÄ
hyà-am-¡n. a\p-jy-k-aXzw {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p. PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bvs¡-Xnsc Imhy-c-N-\-
\-S¯n kmaq-ln-I-hn-¹-h-¯n\p t\XrXzw \ÂInb Ipam-c-\m-im\pw H¶c \qämv
ap¼mWv \¼ym-cpsS hn¹-h-Nn´ tIc-fob Pohn-X-¯nsâ `mK-amb-Xv. {Xn]p-c-Z-l-
\w, IoN-I-h-[w, k`m-{]-th-iw, lcn-Ý-{µ-N-cnXw XpS§n GXm-sÃm ]d-b³
XpÅ-ep-I-fnepw PmXn-hn-cp² Cuc-Sn-IÄ Dv. {_mÒ-WÀ¡v kÀÆ-kzmX-{ýhpw
A[n-Im-chpw Dm-bn-cp¶ Ime¯v
“NÞm-e³ ]d-ªmepw \Ã-X-sÃ¦nÂ {Kln-t¡Ww
Ht«-sd-b-dn-hpÅ ]t«cn ]d-ªmepw
]«m-§n-s\-m¯n-sÃ¶mÂ \ncq-]nt¨ \S-¡mhq”
F¶v ]mSnb \¼ym-cnse \nÀ`bXzhpw hn¹-h-Nn-´bpw FSp-¯p-]-d-tb hkvXp-X-
bm-Wv.
10. ]mcn-Øn-XnI aqeyw
\¼ym-cpsS XpÅÂIr-Xn-I-fnÂ ]mcn-Øn-XnI aqey-§-fpsS AS-bm-f-§fpw
ImWm³ Ign-bpw. Ieym-W-ku-K-Ôn-I-¯nÂ òa-tk-\³ k©-cn-¡p¶ ImSns\
hÀ®n¡p¶Xv [mcmfw \m«p-a-c-§-fpsS hÀ®\I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv. kky-Pm-e-§-fpsS
hÀ®\bnÂ am{X-sam-Xp-§p-¶nÃ IeymW kuK-Ôn-I-¯nse h\-hÀ®\. XpSÀ¶v
Ihn Im«nse P´p-Pm-e-§-sf-bmWv hÀ®n¡p¶-Xv. CXn-s\Ãmw ]pdsa Ip¶v, taSv,
\mSv, \K-cw, \Zn, ]pg, XSm-Iw, tXmSv, hgn XpS-§n-b-hbpw Ihn-X-bnÂ BhÀ¯n¨p
{]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p-v. 18-þmw \qäm-nse tIc-fob ]cn-Øn-Xn-X-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-
fmbn Chsb ImWm³ Ign-bpw. {]Ir-Xnsb aXm-ß-I-X-bn-e-ÃmsX hkvXp-\n-jvT-
ambn ImWm³ {ian-¡p¶ ho£-W-amWv \¼ym-cn-ep-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. k`m-{]-th-i-¯n-
\m-bpÅ Zptcym-[-\m-Zn-I-fpsS k©m-c-hÀ®\bnÂ ]cn-ØnXn hcp-¶Xv C{]Im-c-
amWv:
“hoSpw IpSn-Ifpw \mSpw \K-chpw
tXmSpw ]pg-Ifpw ImSpw ae-Ifpw
IS¶p\S¶p hm]o-X-S-hp-an-Shpw \Ã
Pehpw Øehpw hr£-¯-Wepw aWhpw ]qhnÂþ
aWhpw KpWhpw Ip Ipcp-¡Ä Xcp-¡Ä aqte
]c-¶-§n-cp¶ t\cw”
11. ]pcm-W-I-Y-\-§Ä¡n-S-bnse D]-I-Y-IÄ
\¼ym-cpsS khn-ti-j-X-bmWv ]pcm-W-I-Y-\-§Ä¡n-S-bnse D]-I-Y-IÄ. ]pcm-
W-§sf ka-Im-en-I-am-¡nb \¼ymÀ, ]pcmWkµÀ`-§Ä¡v DZm-l-c-W-§Ä ka-
Im-en-I-XbnÂ \n¶p Is-Sp-¯p. ‘Ipw`-IÀW-h[w’ XpÅ-enÂ apÃbv¡Â aq¯-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 9
I-pdp-¸-¨-sâbpw `mcy-bp-sSbpw IY-]-d-bp-¶Xv DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. Ipdp-¸-Ñsâ `mcy
Ip½nWnA½ Ipªn-cm-a³ \mb-tcmSp _Ôw IqSp-¶Xpw ]S-sh-«m³t]mbn
Xncn¨ph¶ Ipdp-¸-¨³ AÔX \Sn-¨v, Ah-cpsS sskzc-k-Ãm-]-§Ä ImWp-¶Xpw
Ccp-h-scbpw AbmÄ ITn-\-ambn in£n-¡p-¶-Xp-amWv IYm-km-cw. ]pcm-W-I-Y-\-
§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ D]-I-Y-IÄ hcp-¶Xv C§-s\-bmWv. ]pcmWw Hcp ]qÀÆ amXr-I-b-
sÃ¶pw hÀ¯am\-Ime ]mT-amsW¶pw C¯cw IY-I-fpsS k¶n-th-i-¯n-eqsS
\¼ymÀ t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
12. Ae-¦mcw
\¼ym-cpsS XpÅÂIr-Xn-I-fnÂ i_vZm-e-¦m-c-§Ä [mcmfw ImWm-sa-¦nepw
AÀ°m-e-¦m-c-§Ä Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-sW¶p Xs¶ ]d-bmw. C¡m-cy-¯nÂ Fgp-
¯-Ñsâ coXn-X-s¶-bmWv \¼ymÀ ]n´p-S-cp-¶-Xv.
12.1 AÀ°m-e-¦m-c-§Ä
DNn-X-amb kµÀ`-§-fnÂ hfsc anX-ambn am{Xta AÀ°m-e-¦m-c-§Ä D]-
tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-Åq. AXpw hfsc {lkz-amb cq]-¯nÂ am{Xw. D]-a, DXvt{]-£,
ZrjvSm-´w, AÀ°m-´-c-\ymkw XpS-§nb {]kn² Ae-¦m-c-§Ä¡v XpÅ-ep-I-fnÂ
{]th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-¨n-«p-v.
“tXmäp-Xn-cn¨p XpS§n ]Xps¡

]mä-IÄt]mse ]S-P-\-saÃmw”
F¶n-§s\ efn-X-amb D]-am-e-¦m-c-§Ä \¼ym-cnÂ ImWmw. \¼ym-cpsS XpÅ-ep-I-
fnÂ ‘h®³hmg’ F¶ D]-am-\-¯nsâ BhÀ¯\w [mcm-f-ambn ImWm³ Ign-
bpw.
 “h®³hm-g-I-W¡p XSn-s¨mcp
s]m®³ \mbp-s-¶psS ho«nÂ
 “h®³hmg-I-W¡p XSn-s¨mcp
s]m®m? \obXp ImWp-¶ntÃ?”
 “h®³hmg-I-Ws¡ hfÀs¶mcp
s]m®-¯-Sn-b-\-Xm-Inb òa³”
12.2 i_vZm-e-¦m-c-§Ä
Ihn-X-bnÂ Ipsd-sbÃmw kzmX-{ý-amImw F¶ ]£-¡m-c-\m-bn-cp¶p
\¼ymÀ. Cu kzmX-{ý-a-[nIhpw {]mk-¯n-emWv At±lw hn\n-tbm-Kn-¨-Xv.
kyaÍw XpÅ-enÂ \¼ym-cpsS {]mk-{`-a-¯n\pw i_vZm-Uw-_-c-¯n\pw DZm-l-
cWw ImWmw. kZy-bv¡pÅ Hcp¡w hÀ®n¡p¶ kµÀ`-¯nÂ \¼q-Xn-cn-am-cnÂ
sXm«m-tÈcn Fcn-tÈcn hbv¡p-I-bpw, ISp-Im-tÈcn ISpIp hd-¡p-I-bpw, Noc-¡m«p
Noc-¡dn hbv¡p-I-bpw, hgp-X-¡mSv hgp-Xn-\-§m-¡dn X¿m-dm-¡p-Ibpw s\Ãn-¡mSv
s\Ãn-¡m-¡dn hbv¡p-Ibpw sN¿Wsa¶v \¼ymÀ¡p \nÀ_Ôap-v. CXv At±-l-
¯nse {]mk{]tbm-K-¯nse kzmX-{ý-s¯-bmWv ImWn-¡p-¶-Xv. A\p-{]m-k-hpw,
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 10
Aý-{]m-khpw BZn-{]m-khpw ZznXo-bm-£-c-{]m-khpw aäpw \¼ymÀ¡-hn-X-bpsS
khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv. cwK-{]-tbm-K-¯nÂ Chbv¡v Gsd hiy-X-bp-v.
“k¦-S-anÃm kw{`-a-anÃm
kwL-hn-tcm-[-sam-cp-¯-\p-anÃm
k¦-c-an-Ãm-km-l-k-anÃm
kwK-c-òXn ]cm-`-hanÃm”
13. Ip©³ \¼ymÀ ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xm-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ
alm-`m-c-Xw, cmam-bWw F¶o CXn-lm-k-§-fnÂ \n¶pw ]pcm-W-§-fnÂ
\n¶pw XpÅÂ]m-«p-IÄ¡v th IY-IÄ kzoI-cn-¨-XnÂ \n¶p Xs¶ ]pcm-tW-
Xnlm-k-§-tfmSv \¼ymÀ¡p-m-bn-cp¶ KmV-_Ôw hyà-am-Wv. kwkvIr-X-km-ln-
Xy-¯nse FÃm -ap-Jy-Ir-Xn-IÄ¡pw ]pdsa A¶p-hsc ae-bm-f-¯nÂ Dm-bn-«pÅ
Imhy-§fpw \¼ymÀ {i²n-¨n-cp-¶p.
‘lcn-Wo-kz-bw-hc’¯nÂ cmPm-¡-·mÀ Im«nb tKmjvSn-IÄ hÀWn-¡m³

\¼ymÀ¡v {]tNm-Z\w \ÂIn-bXv ‘IrjvW-KmY’bnse ‘cpIvan-Wo-kz-bw-hc’hnh-c-
W-am-sW¶p tXm¶n-t¸mIpw. sNdp-tÈcn F«v cmPm-¡-·m-cpsS tNjvS-IÄ
hÀ®n¨t¸mÄ \¼ymÀ Ah-cpsS F®w ]Xn-s\«v B¡n hÀ²n¨psh¶ hyXym-
kta DÅq. ‘sN¼n¨ XmSnbpw aoibpw tIihpw’ F¶ XpÅ-ense {]tbmKw
‘sN¼n¨p \ns¶mcp tIihpw aoibpw’ F¶ IrjvW-Km-Ym-`m-K-¯n-t\mSv Xmc-X-ay-
s¸-Sp-¯m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
Fgp¯-Ñsâ IrXn-IÄ \¼ymÀ¡p ]cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶p XpÅÂ IrXn-IÄ
hyà-am-¡p¶p.
“Icn-I-sfm-Sp-I-cn-I-fY cYn-I-sfmSp cYn-Ifpw
ImemÄ¡p-Im-emfpaiz-¯n-\izhpw”
F¶ v `mcXw Infn-¸m-«nÂ ImWp-¶-Xp-t]mse
“cYn-I-sfmSp cYn-I-fY `S-s\mSp `S³apZm
cmPm-¡-tfm-S§p cmPm-hp-ta-änXp”
F¶n-§s\ ‘inh-]p-cmWw’ kq{X-hm-Iy-¯nÂ ImWp-¶p. Ae-¦mc {]tbm-K-¯nÂ

\¼ymÀ Fgp-¯-Ñ-s\-bmWv kzoI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. AÀ°m-e-¦m-c-§Ä Ip¯n-\n-d-
bv¡msX i_vZm-e-¦m-c-§Ä¡v {]m[m\yw \ÂInsImpÅ coXn-bmWv Ccp-h-
cnepw ImWp-¶-Xv.
\¼ymÀ¡p-tijw At±-ls¯ ]n´p-SÀ¶v Ipsd XpÅÂIr-Xn-IÄ ae-bm-f-
¯n-ep-m-bn-«p-v. F¶mÂ Ah \¼ymÀIr-Xn-Isft¸mse hnPbw ssIh-cn-¨nÃ.
BZy-Im-e¯v \¼ym-cpsS injy-·m-cmWv Cu cwK-¯n-ep-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv.
IrjvWmÀÖp-\-hn-P-bw, sFcm-h-X-]qP F¶nh DZm-l-c-W-§-fm-Wv. XpSÀ¶v
]s¯m-¼Xmw \qäm-n-emWv XpÅ-ep-IÄ [mcm-f-am-bp-m-b-Xv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 11
14. CXn-hr-¯-kzo-I-c-Whpw kwkvIm-c-Zq-j-Whpw
‘cmPm-¦Ww’ F¶ IrXn-bnÂ Ip«n-Ir-jvW-amcmÀ \¼ymsc ‘kwkvIm-c-Zq-j-
Is\’¶v \ncq-]Ww sNbvXp ImWp-¶p-v. XpÅ-ense òa-þ-l-\p-aXv kwhm-Zs¯
\ncq-]Ww sN¿p¶ kµÀ`-¯n-emWv C¯-c-sam-c-`n-{]mbw amcmÀ D¶-bn-¨Xv. B
\m«nse ‘{]`p’hns\-sImpw ‘aq¯-Ip-c-§n-s\-s¡mpw’ DcÂ¸p-c-s]-®p§-fpsS
`mj-bnÂ, ]pe-`yhpw ]pe-bm«pw ]pe-¼n-¨p-sh¶v amcmÀ Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. alm-`m-c-
¯nse kµÀ`hpw CXn-t\m-SIw amcmÀ ImWn¡p¶p-v. F¶mÂ kmam-\y-P-\-
§sf ckn-¸n-¡m³ Dt±-in-¨p-sImv Fgp-X-s¸-«n-«pÅ XpÅÂ¡-Y-I-fpsS
e£yhpw CXn-lm-k-IÀ¯m-hnsâ e£yhpw hn`n-¶-am-sW¶v HmÀt¡--Xm-Wv.
]pcm-W-I-Y-I-fnÂ \n¶v CXn-hr-¯-§-sf-Sp¯v XpÅ-se-gp-Xn-bXv P\-§Ä¡v
Cuiz-cm-h-t_m-[-ap-f-hm-¡m³ thn-bm-sW¶v Icp-tXXnÃ. Hcp IY-bpsS N«-
¡qSpw Ipsd IYm-]m-{X-§-fp-amWv \¼ymÀ¡v Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-¶-Xv. kaq-l-hn-aÀi-\-
¯n-\p-X-Ip¶ {]Xo-I-§Ä am{X-am-WnXp cpw. AXp-sImv Kuc-h-s¸« CXn-lm-
k-k-µÀ`-§sf eLp-s¸-Sp-¯nbpw al-Xz-]qÀ®cmb Kwò-c-I-Ym-]m-{X-§sf sNdp-a-
\pjycm-¡nbpw At±lw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨p. CXp IW-¡n-se-Sp-¡m-sX-bmWv Cu DZy-
as¯ kwkvI-mc-tem-]-¯n\v \nZÀi-\-ambn Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ ImWp-¶-Xv. Ihn-
bpsS ]cn-t{]£yw H¶pw hnaÀi-I-tâXv asäm¶p amIp-t¼mÄ Ahbv¡v X½nÂ
tbmPn-¨p-t]m-Ip-hm³ km[y-am-ImsX hcp-¶p.
ap³Im-e-hÀj tNm-Zy-§Ä
1. ]pcmW ]p\-cm-Jym-\-ssien ]cn-K-Wn¨p Ip©³ \¼ymsc kwkvImc ZqjI³
F¶p hnfn-¨Xp \ymbo-I-cn-¡mtam? (2012-C)
2. Ip©³ \¼ym-cpsS XpÅ-ep-I-fnÂ GsX-¦n-ep-sam-¶ns\ ASn-Øm-\-am¡n
AXnsâ cN\mcoXn-bnÂ {]mNo-\-N-¼p-¡-fnse hÀ®\IÄ amXr-I-bm-bn-«ptm
F¶p ]cym-tem-Nn-¡p-I. (2004)
3. {]mNo-\-a-Wn-{]-hm-f-Ir-Xn-IÄ, IrjvWKmY, XpÅÂ IrXn-IÄ F¶n-h-bnÂ
{]Xy-£-s¸-Sp¶ lmkyw Dt±-iy-¯nepw kz`m-h-¯nepw GsXÃmw Xc-¯nÂ
hyXymkw {]ZÀin-¸n-¡p¶p F¶v kv]jvS-am-¡p-I. (2003)
4. tIc-f-¯-\na AXnsâ icn-bmb AÀ°-¯nÂ BZy-ambn Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip-
¶Xp \¼ym-cpsS Ihn-X-bn-em-Wv. Øe-Im-e-_-²-a-Ãm¯ Hcp Imhym-´-co-£-
s¯-¸än k¦-ev¸n-¡m³ t]mepw \¼ymÀ¡p-km-[y-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. kaÀ°n-¡pI?
(2003)
5. kwkvIrX-¯nse ]pcm-tW-Xnlm-k-§-fpsS `mjm-kw-t£-]-¯nsâ hyXykvX
apJ-§-fmWp IrjvW-Km-Y, Infn-¸m-«p-IÄ, XpÅÂ IrXn-IÄ F¶nh Ch ae-
bmf kmln-Xy-¯nsâ hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-§-fnÂ \nÀ®mbI- ]¦v hln-¨Xv F§-
s\-sb¶p hnh-cn-¡p-I. (2000)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 12

t]-¸ÀþH-¶v sk-£³þ_n
a-e-bm-fw
bqWn-ävþA©v
B-[p\n-I I-hn-Xm-km-lnXyw
5.1 sh-×-Wn-¡-hn-I-fpwþk-a-Im-en-Icpw
 a-e-bm-f-Ihn-X sh-×-Wn-¡p-ap-¼v
B-Zy-Im-e-a-Wn-{]hm-f Ir-Xn-IÄ irw-Km-c-¯n-\v {]m-[m\yw I-ev-]n-¨n«p-Å-Xm-bn-
cp¶p. km-ln-Xy-s¯ hn-t\m-Z-am-bn I-hn-Ifpw B-kzm-Z-Icpw I-cp-Xn-bn-cp¶p. I-hn-X-
bnÂ {]-I-Sam-b am-äw A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶Xv I-®-È-·m-cp-sS Im-ew ap-X-ev-¡mWv. kw-kv-
Ir-X-]-Z{]-tbm-K-§Ä-¡pw -`-àn-bv¡pw {]m-[m-\y-ap-Å Im-e-am-bn-cp-¶p AXv. sN-dp-tÈ-
cn-bp-sS Ir-jv-WKm-Y B-hnÀ-`-hn-¨-tXm-sS a-ebm-f Ihn-X Iq-Sp-XÂ e-fn-X-hÂ-¡-cn-¡-
s¸«p. irw-Kmcw, ^-enXw, am-[p-cym-Zn-Kp-W-§Ä F¶n-h Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS B-I-Àj-
I-§-fm-bn-cp¶p. a-ebm-f `mj-sb sN-dp-tÈ-cn kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-sâ ]n-Sn-bnÂ \n¶pw
thÀ-s]-Sp-¯n F-¶-Xm-Wv {][m-\-am-bn Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¡m\p-ÅXv. P-\-km-am-\y-¯n-\n-
S-bnÂ {]-Nm-c-ap-Å ]-Z-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¨-Xpw, Km-Ym-co-Xn-bnÂ {]-ta-bw A-h-X-cn-¸n-
¨Xpw I-hnX-sb Ip-Sp-XÂ P-\-Iob-am¡n.
]n-¶o-Sv F-gp-¯-Ñtâ-bpw ]q-´m-\-¯n-tâbpw Im-e-amWv. ip-²-a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ
Ihn-X F-gpXn-b ]q-´m-\-¯n-sâ I-hn-X-IÄ ssI-c-fn-sb kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw Kp-W-
I-c-am-bn `-hn¨p. kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-\v A-an-X-{]m-[m\yw \-ÂIm-sX a-e-bm-f-¯n-\v {]m-
[m\yw I-ev-]n-¨p-sIm-p-Å co-Xn-bm-Wv F-gp-¯-Ñ-\nÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv. F-gp-¯-Ñ-\p-ti-
jw I-hn-X-bnÂ {]-I-Sam-b am-äw Im-Wp-¶-Xv \-¼ym-cn-em-Wv. `m-j-bnepw ssi-en-bn-ep-
ap-Å am-ä-am-Wv- \-¼ymÀ-¡-hn-X-bnÂ {]m-[m-\yw. `mj-sb kw-km-c-`m-j-tbm-Sv A-Sp-
¸n¨p. G-ähpw B-kzm-Zyam-b LS-Iw ^-en-X-am-bn-cp¶p. \-sÃm-cp kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Þn-X-
\m-bn-cp-¶n-«p-IqSn km-am-\y-P-\-§Ä-¡p-th-n ip-²-a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ I-hn-X-sb-gpXn.
taÂ-¸-d-ª a-Wn-{]-hm-f-I-hn-I-fp-tS-bpw, sN-dp-tÈ-cn-bp-tS-bpw, F-gp-¯-Ñ-tâ-bpw, ]-p-
´m-\-¯n-tâ-bpw, \-¼-ymcp-tSbpw kzm-[o-\w sh-×-Wn-I-fnÂ I-s-¯mw.
 sh×-Wn {]-kv-Ym-\w
\-¼ymÀ-¡p-ti-jw a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bv-¡v hen-b h-fÀ-¨tbm X-fÀ-¨tbm Im-Wp-
¶nÃ. I-hn-Xm-kz-`m-hw hn-e-bn-cp-¯n-bmÂ sh-×-Wn-amÀ h-sc-bp-Å Im-ew ]m-«p-I-fp-
sS Im-e-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v ]-d-bmw. B-«-¡-Y-Ifpw D-m-bn-cp¶p. “X-\n a-e-bm-f-¯n-
sâ {Sm-¡v sX-äp-t¼mÄ km-ln-Xy-s¯ A-Xn-te-¡v X-s¶ H-Xp-¡m\pw B-¡w sIm-Sp-
¡m-\pw Hmtcm L-«-¯nepw bp-K-{]-`m-h-·m-cp-mbn. sN-dp-tÈcn, \-¼ymÀ, sh-×-Wn-
KWw, ]nÂ-¡m-e-¯v- N-§¼p-g C-h-scÃmw H-cp-X-c-¯n-e-sÃ-¦nÂ a-säm-cp X-c-¯nÂ a-
e-bm-×-bp-sS [-À-½-§-fnÂ B-th-iw ]q-h-cm-bn-cp¶p”. C-{]-Im-cw a-ebm-f km-ln-
Xy-¯nÂ sh-×-Wn-{]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ Xp-S-¡-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v tUm. Fw. eo-emh-Xn A-`n-
{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. Z-£n-W-tI-c-f-¯nÂ henbtIm-bn-¯-¼p-cm-sâ t\-Xr-Xz-¯nÂ {]m-k-
\n-jvTam-b a-Wn-{]-hm-f-ssi-en-¡v hym-]-Iam-b {]-Nm-cw e-`n¨p-sIm-n-cn¡-sh a-[y-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 1
tI-c-f-¯n-em-Wv sh×-Wn {]-Øm-\w h-fÀ-¶Xv. kw-kv-Ir-X-hr-¯-hpw, ip-²-a-e-bm-f-
`m-jbpw X-½-n-ep-Å kw-_-Ôw h-gn km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ c-Nn-¡p-I-bm-Wv sh-×-Wn-{]-
Øm-\-¡mÀ sN-bv-XXv. “`m-j-bn-epw io-enepw Hcp-t]m-se {Zmhn-tUm-·p-J-X-bm-Wv sN-
dp-tÈ-cn-bp-tSbpw \-¼ym-cp-tS-bpw Krlm-Xp-c-X-bnÂ {]-I-S-am-b-sX-¦nÂ, sh-×-Wn-
{]Øm-\-¯nÂ A-Xv `m-jm-am-{X-\n-jvT-am-bn-cp-¶p. kw-kv-Ir-X-hr¯-§-tfm-Sp-Å a-a-X-
bn-Â H-cp A-\yXm-t_m-[w A-hÀ-¡-\p-`-h-s¸-«nÃ” F-¶v I-hn-Xm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-
¯nÂ ]-d-bp-¶Xpw C-¡mcyw X-s¶.
kw-kv-Ir-X-`m-j-bp-sS Aan-X kzm-[o-\-¯nÂ s]-«v hy-àn-Xzw -\in-¨ a-e-bm-f
`m-j D-b-cm³ Xp-S-§p¶-Xv sh×-Wn {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ D-Z-b-t¯m-sS-bmWv. kw-kv-Ir-
X-¯nÂ A-an-X-kzm-[o-\-ap-Å ]m-c-¼-cy-t¯m-Sp-Å H-cp I-em-]-am-bn km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-
Im-c-·mÀ C-Xn-s\ hn-e-bn-cp-¯p¶p. \n-tbm-¢m-kn-Iv Im-hy-]m-c-¼-cy-¯nÂ \n¶pw sdm-
amân-¡Â Im-e-L-«-¯n-sâ ]pXn-b ]-Ùm-hn-te-¡v a-ebm-f Ihn-X \-S-¶p-I-b-dnb-Xv
sh-×-Wn-I-hn-IÄ sh-«n-s¯-fn-¨ ]m-X-bn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp-¶p. A-Xn-\mÂ hÀ-®-\m-{]-[m-
\am-b \n-tbm-¢m-kn-Iv Im-e-L-«-¯n-tâ-bpw, sdm-am-ân-Iv Im-e-L-«-¯n-tâ-bpw C-S-bn-
ep-Å i-àam-b am-[ya-am-bn th-Ww sh×-Wn {]-Øm\-s¯ hm-bn-s¨-Sp-¡m³. a-
ebm-f Im-hy-k-c-Wn-bn-se “D-¯-c-ku-c-bq-Yw” F-¶v tUm. Fw. eo-emhXn Cu {]-
Øm\-s¯ hn-ti-jn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. C-¯-c-¯nÂ 19þmw \q-äm-n-sâ D-¯-cmÀ-²-t¯m-
Sp-Ip-Sn a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ cq-]w sIm- ip-² a-ebm-f co-Xn-bn-ep-Å Im-hy cN-
\m k-{¼-Zm-b-am-Wv sh×-Wn {]-Øm\w.
 sh×-Wn {]-Øm-\w D-Z-bhpw h-fÀ-¨bpw
tN-e-¸d-¼v \-¼q-Xn-cn
]-s¯m-¼Xmw \q-äm-n-sâ a-²y-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv sh-×-Wn-{]-Øm-\w Xg-¨p ]q-
¯p ]-´-en-¨-sX-¦nepw B {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ _o-Pm-¦p-c-§Ä ]qÀ-Æ-I-hn-I-fp-sS Ir-Xn-
I-fnÂ Im-Wm-hp-¶X - mWv. Cu {]-Øm-\-¯n-\v {]-tNm-Z-\hpw amÀ-¤-ZÀ-i-\hpw sNbv-X
I-hn-bm-Wv tN-e-¸d-¼v \-¼q-Xncn. ]q-t´m-«-¯v AÑ³, aI³, sh×-Wn AÑ³, tIm-
«-¸-Sn-¡Â tKm-Z-hÀ-½³ Xn-cp-apÂ-¸m-Sv F-¶n-h-À sh-×-Wn-{]-Øm-\-¯n-se B-Zy-I-hn-
I-fmsW¶v tUm.A-I-hqÀ \m-cm-b-W³ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
tI-c-f km-ln-Xy N-cn-{X-¯nÂ D-Å-qÀ tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xp-t]mse sh×-Wn {]-
Øm-\-¯n-sâ amÀ-¤-ZÀ-inXzw A-`n-Ú-·mÀ AÀ-¸n-¨n-«pÅ-Xv tN-e-¼d-¼v \-¼q-Xn-c-nbn-
emWv. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ H-ä tÇmI-§Ä AY-hm ap-à-I-§-fn-em-Wv sh×-Wn {]-Øm-
\-¯n-sâ B-Zy cq-]w I-s-¯m-\m-hp-I. hm-samgn-tbm-Sv A-Sp-¯p \nÂ-¡p-¶ ip-²-
aebmf ssi-en-bpw kw-kv-Ir-X-hr-¯hpw X-½n-ep-Å k-a-Rv-P-kam-b k-t½-f-\-am-Wv
tN-e-¸d-¼v ap-à-I-§-fn-eq-sS- A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨Xv. a-ebm-f IhnX kw-kvIr-X hr-¯-¯n-
em-bmÂ \-¶m-bn-cn-¡p-sa-¶ tN-e-¸-d-¼n-sâ Bi-bw sh-×-Wn-IÄ- kzoI-cn¨p. `m-j-
bp-sS em-fn-Xyw, {]-kmZw, am-[p-cyw, \À-½-t_m-[w C-h-sbÃmw tN-e-¸-d-¼n-sâ I-hn-X-
bp-sS {]-tXy-I-X-I-fmWv. tN-e-¸-d-¼p-\-¼q-Xn-cn-bp-sS ap-à-I-§-fp-sS C¯-cw cp-]-`w-
Knbpw `m-h-`w-Knbpw sh-×-Wn-bnÂ G-sd kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-¯n-bn-«pv. D-Zm-l-cWw,
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 2

“]m-S-¯n³I-sc \o-sf \o-e-\n-d-am-bv th-en-s¡mcm-tLm-j-ambv
B-Sn-¯q-§n-bpe-ªp kp-Ir-Xw ssI-sIm-p tahpw hn[u
]m-cm-sX h-cn-sI-sâ I-¿n-e-[p-\m ]o-bq-j-Uw-`-s¯bpw
t`-Zn-¨-s¼m-Sp I-bv-]h-Ån Xc-km s]-äpÅ ss]-X-§-tf!”
]q-t´m«-¯v A-Ñ³
sh-×-Wn-{]-Øm-\-¯n-se B-Zy I-hn-I-fnÂ FÃmw sImpw {]-ap-J-\m-Wv ]q-t´m«-
¯v A-Ñ³ (Zm-tam-Zc³) \-¼q-Xncn. sh×-Wn {]-Øm-\-¯n-\v _o-Pm-hm-]w \-S-¯n-b-
h-cnÂ {]-ap-J-\m-bn C-t±l-s¯ I-W-¡m-¡p¶p. Xn-I-ª hm-k\m-ssh-`hw, \À-½-c-
knI-X, e-fn-X-kp-µ-chpw kzm-`m-hn-I-hpam-b c-N\m-ssien, A-\m-bm-k-am-bn {]-h-ln-
¡p-¶ `mjm-t[mc-Wn C-sXÃmw ]q-t´m-«-¯n-sâ I-hn-X-bp-sS {]-[m-\-Kp-W-§-fm-Wv.
[z\ntbm kqN-\tbm hyw-Ky-`wKntbm H-¶p-anÃm-sX kz`m-thm-àn sIm-p am{Xw {]-
kn-²am-b H-ä tÇm-Iw ]q-t´m-«-¯n-\p-v. “hyw-Ky-am-Ip-¶ I¬-sI-t«m, i-Ðw sIm-
p-Å sh-Sn-s¡-t«m CÃm-sX Po-hn-X-s¯-¸-än-bp-Å Po-h-\p-Å Ihn-X kr-ãn-¡p-I-
bm-Wn-hn-sS ]p-t´m-«w sN-bv-Xn-«pÅXv”. F-¶n§-s\ IÀ-j-I-kv-{Xo-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å
Xmsg D-²-cn-¨n-«pÅ ]-¨ a-e-bm-f-tÇm-I-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v am-S-tÈ-cn am-[-h-hm-cn-bÀ A-`n-{]m-
b-s¸-Sp¶p.
“ap-SnÃm-s¯m-cp app-sIm-p ap-Snbpw aq-So-«p h³-I-äbpw
Nq-Sn-s¡m-cn-hmÄ ]pd-¯p Xn-cp-In {]m-©n-¡n-X-¨§s\
\m-S³ I-¨bp-Sp-¯p ta-\n ap-gp-h³ tNdpw ]p-c-n-s¸mgn
¸m-S-¯p-¶p h-cp-¶ \n³ hc-hp I-t-sds¡m-Xn-¡p-¶p Rm³”
sh×-Wn AÑ³
sh×-Wn {]-Øm-\-¯n-\p _o-Pm-hm-]w \-S-¯p-Ibpw amÀ-¤-ZÀÈ-\w \Â-Ip-Ibpw B-
Wv ]q-t´m-«-¯Ñ\pw tKm-Z-hÀ-½³ Xn-cp-ap-ev-]m-Spw sN-bv-XXv. A-Xn-s\ h-¼n-s¨m-cp I-
hn-Xm {]Øm-\-am-bn h-fÀ-¯n-s¡m-p h-cm³ {]mcw-` {]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä sN-bv-Xp-h¨-
Xv sh×-Wn A-Ñ-\mWv. ]n-¶o-Sv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ a-¡fm-b sh×-Wn a-l\pw Ip-ªn-
¡p-«³ X-¼p-cm\pw B {]-b-Xv-\w k-^-eo-I-cn-¨p. sh-×-Wn-{]-Øm-\w F¶ B \-ho-
\-I-hnXm-ssi-en-¡v ]qÀ-®am-b `m-hhpw cq-]-hpw \-ev-In F-¶-Xm-Wv AÑ-sâ kw-
`mh-\. “Bi-bw F-´p X-s¶ B-bmepw kw-`m-j-W-`m-j-bn-te I-hn-X-sb-gp-Xm-hq.”
F-¶ ]-£-¡m-c-\m-Wv A-±lw. I-hn-Xm-hn-j-b-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨v C-Xn-lm-k-]pcm-W
{]-kn-²am-b I-Ym-`m-K-§-Ä-¡p ]I-cw X-sâ Npäpw I- Po-hn-Xw A-Xn-sâ k-I-e
ssh-hn-[y-t¯m-Sp-wIq-Sn Im-hy-hn-j-b-am-¡p-I-bm-Wv C-t±-lw sN-bv-XXv. C-Xn-hr-¯-]-
c-am-bn a-e-bm-f-I-hn-Xm-km-ln-Xy-¯n-epm-b ]p-Xp-a-bm-WnXv. sh-×-Wn A-Ñ³ ‘cm-
ta-iz-c-bm-{X' F-¶ t]-cnÂ I-hn-Xm-cq-]-¯nÂ a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ bm-{Xm-hn-hc-
Ww F-gp-Xn-bn-«p-v. kv-{XoI-sf A-`n-kw-t_m-[-\ sN-bv-Xp-sIm-v I-Ym-ßI-§tfm h-
À®-\m-ß-I-§-tfm B-b Ir-Xn-IÄ c-Nn¡p-I F-¶ co-Xn a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ B-cw-`n-¨Xpw
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C-t±-l-amWv. AXp-t]m-se I-hn-X¡-¯p {]-Øm-\hpw a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ B-Zy-am-bn A-
cw-`n¨-Xv sh×-Wn A-Ñ-\m-sW-¶v D-ÅqÀ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
“Z-b-sbm-cp e-h-te-iw t]m-ep-anÃm-¯ tZiw
]-can-l ]-c-tZ-iw ]mÀ-¡n-e-Xy-´tamiw
]-d-InÂ \-ln-I-emiw, ]m-cn-en-t§-I-tZiw
kp-apJn! \-c-I-tZ-iw- -Xs¶-bm-W-{]-tZ-iw”
sh×-Wn al³
sh×-Wn AÑ-sâ a-c-W-¯n-\p tijw- sImSp-§ÃqÀ I-f-cn-bn-se B-Nm-cy-Øm-\w h-
ln-¨-Xv sh×-Wn a-l-\m-bn-cp-¶p. “]q-t´m-«-¯nÂ ]p-jv-]n-¨Xpw AÑ³ sh×-Wn
^-e-{]-Z-am-¡n-¡m-Wn-¨-Xpam-b ]pXn-b I-hn-Xm-{]-Øm-\-¯n-\p th-p-¶ ]p-ãn-
sbÃmw Iq«n, ]-cn-]m-Iw h-cp-¯n ]c-s¡ B-fp-IÄ-¡v B-kzm-Zyam-¡n¯oÀ-¯ H-cp
a-lm-I-hn-bmWv sh×-Wn a-l³ \-¼q-Xn-cn-¸m-Sv” F-¶v ]n. hn. Ir-jv-W-hm-cn-bÀ A-`n-
{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. sh×-Wn {]-Øm-\- I-hn-X-bp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-Ifm-b `m-j-bp-sS `wKn,
ssi-en-bp-sS kzm-`mhn-I em-fn-Xyw, i-¿-bp-sS A-\mbm-k km-c-fyw, B-hn-jv-I-c-W-¯n-
sâ NaÂ¡mcw, ^-en-X-]-cn-lm-k-§-fp-sS k-ar²n, ZoÀ-Lkw-t_m-[-\-I-fp-sS [m-cm-
fn¯w, Pohn-X ho-£-W-¯n-ep-Å em-Lhw, irwKm-c {]-Xn]-¯n ap-Xem-b Kp-W-§-
fp-sS-sbÃmw D-Zm-lc-W-§fm-b Ir-Xn-IÄ c-Nn-¨v Cu {]-Øm-\w hy-h-Øm]-\w sNbv-
X B-Zy-s¯ ap-XnÀ-¶ I-hn-bmWv sh×-Wn a-l³. ]q-c-{]-_-Ô-¯n-tâbpw Aw-t_m-
]-tZ-i-¯n-tâ-bpw irw-Km-c-tÇm-I-§-fp-tSbpw IÀ-¯m-hv F-¶ \n-e-bv¡v sh×-Wn a-
l-s\-¡p-dn-¨v ‘aq-cn-irw-Km-c-I-hn-' F-¶v \n-cq-]-Im-`n-{]m-bw \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-t¼mgpw k-aq-
l-¯n-sâ ]-cn-lm-k-Xo-£v-Wam-b hn-Uw_-\w \-S¯n-b I-hn F-¶ F-XnÀ-hm-Zhpw
{]-Nm-c-¯n-epv. A-k-lyam-b Zp:J-¯nepw ^-en-Xw I-s-¯p-¶ \À-½-t_m-[-¯n-\v
D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv D²r-X h-cnIÄ.
“hm-ö-Spw {]m-W-ZpÀ-tÆ-Z-\ _-lp-ITn-\w Np-s-en,-¡-§p-I³þ
]q-¨-bv-¡p-Õm-l-ap-Äs¡m-n-f-In-\ hn-f-bm-«-§-fn-s¶-¶-t]mse
XoÀ-¨-bv-¡n-¡mcy-tam-Xm, a-[n-I-X-c-sa-\n-¡-án-am-µym-Zn Zo\w
aqÀ-Ñn-¨t¿m! Ip-g-§p-¶n-Xp s]m-gp-Xp \n-\-¡p-Zy-aw lr-Zy-a-t{X”
Ip-ªn-¡p-«³ X-¼p-cm³
sh×-Wn{]Øm\-s¯ {i-t²-b-am-¡n-¯oÀ-¯-XnÂ {]-[m-\n Ip-ªn-¡p-«³ X-
¼p-cm-\mWv. “sh×-Wn A-Ñ³ X-sâ I-hn-Xm-hm-k-\ {_m-Ò-W-]p-{X-\pw (sh×-Wn
al³) £-{Xn-b-]p-{X-\pw (Ip-ªn-¡p-«³ X-¼p-cm³) H-cp t]m-se \ÂIn. ss]-Xr-Iam-
b kn-²n £-{Xn-b-]p-{X³ D-Õm-l-io-ew sIm-v \-\-¨p-h-fÀ-¯p-Ibpw im-tJm-]-im-
J-IÄ hn-cp¯nb B X-am-e-h-\-¯n-sâ ]-¨-¸n-te-¡v I-hn tIm-In-e-hr-µ-§-sf B-IÀ-
jn-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.” F-¶n§-s\ sh×-Wn {]-Øm-\-¯nÂ Ipªn-¡p-«³ X-¼p-
cm-sâ {]m-[m-\ys¯ ‘I-hn-Xm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X'¯nÂ tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. ‘hm-Kv-tZ-hn-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 4

bp-sS ]p-cp-jm-h-Xm-c-’sa¶pw ‘G-Imw-K-km-ln-Xy A-¡mU-an’ F¶pw hn-ti-jn-¡-
s¸« sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ Ip-ªn-¡p-«³ X-¼p-cm³ sh-×-Wn-{]-Øm-\-Ime-¯v \-ap-¡v e-`n-
¨ km-ln-Xo-b- k-¼-¯n-sâ aq-e-tl-XphmWv. kw-kv-Ir-Xm-[n-]-Xy-¯n-\v F-Xn-sc-bp-Å
H-cp A-t_m-[-]qÀ-Æam-b {]-Xn-tj-[-am-bn-cp-¶p Ip-ªp-¡p-«³ X-¼p-cm-\nÂ Im-Wm-\m-
hp-¶Xv. C-Xn-sâ sX-fn-hm-Wv X-¼p-cm-\mÂ {]m-c-w`w Ip-dn-¡-s¸-« ]-ä-ebm-f{]-
Øm\w. hn-`à-ý kw-kv-Ir-X-cq-]-§Ä H-gn-hm-¡p-I, kw-kv-Ir-X-i-Ð-§Ä H-gn-
hm¡p-I, X-\n \m-S³ ]-Z-§Ä tNÀ-¯v ssi-en e-fn-X-am¡p-I XpS-§n ]-ä-e-bm-f-{]-
Øm-\-¯n-sâ {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ DÄ-s¡m-v ap-Jy kw-`m-h-\-IÄ \Â-Inb-Xv ]n-¶o-Sv Ip-
qÀ \m-cm-b-Wta-t\m-\mWv. i-Ðm-e-¦m-c-§-tfm-sSm-¸-ap-Å A-\À-¤-fam-b `m-jm-
{]tbmK]mS-hw Ip-ªn-¡p-«³ X-¼p-cm-sâ I-hn-X-¡-¯p-I-fnÂ Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw.
sIm-«m-c-¯nÂ i-¦p-®n-¡v c-Nn-¨ I-hn-X¡-¯v D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn D-²-cn-¡mw.
“a-Xna-Xn Xm-¦Ä ]-dªXp
a-Xna³! am-b-bnÂ a-b-§p-InÃo Rm³
a-Xn-bmw ‘Ip-am-c-kw`h'
a-Xn-bm-bv th-Kw N-a-bv-¡ `m-j-b-XnÂ”
io-shm-Ån
aqÀ-¨-tbdn-b ]-cn-lm-kw B-bp-[-am-¡n Im-hy-c-N-\-bn-teÀ-¸-« I-hn-bm-Wv
ioshmÅn. ssh-Zy\pw Iq-Snbm-b Cu Ihn “cp-Kv-W (ap-dn-th-ä) am-b a-ebm-f km-ln-
Xy-s¯ B-tcm-Ky-Zr-V-am¡p-I” F-¶ e-£y-¯nÂ Im-hy c-N-\-bnÂ GÀ-s¸«p.
sh×-Wn {]-Øm-\-¯nÂ-s¸-« X-sâ ]qÀ-Æ-kqcn-I-fp-sS c-N-\-I-sf-Ãmw \n-jv-IÀ-jn-¨p
]Tn-¨v A-h-bn-se t]m-cm-bv-a-Ifpw Ip-ä-§fpw A-`w-Kn-Ifpw H-gn-hm-¡p-hm³ io-shm-Ån
{i-²n-¨p. sh-×-Wn-¡-hn-I-fp-sS {][m-\ Nm-]-ey-am-b -irw-Km-c-¯n-sâ Øm-\-¯v _o-
`Õ-s¯ {]-Xn-jvTn-¡p-I-bm-Wv C-t±-lw sN-bv-X-Xv.
“I-¡n-©-¯mSn, sN-¼³-X-e-apSn, Xp-dn-b³ I®v, am-¡m-¨n-aq¡mþ
¡-¡-¸, Ãm-¡p-c-§n³ apIÀ, I-bdp, h-Sn-¡¼p, h³ Ip-¼-Nm«w
s]m-bv-¡m-e³-ImÂ, I-cn-¦m-sd-XnÀ-\n-d, an-h-taÂ-s¸-«p taÂ-t¸m«p-t]m-tbmþ
c-t¡m-ew I-p t]m-bm-e-Xp-aXn, NpS-e-s]m-«\pw sR-«n-ho-gpw.”
 sh×-Wn {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ
sh×-Wn {]-Øm-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw I-hn-I-sf-¡p-dn¨pw taÂ-{]-kv-Xm-hn-¨-XnÂ \n¶pw
A-¡me-s¯ I-hn-X-bp-sS km-am-\y-kz-`m-hw hy-à-am-Ipw. C-XnÂ \n¶pw sh×-Wn
{]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ k-hn-ti-j-XI-sf cq-]-]-c-ambpw `m-h-]-c-ambpw C-{]-Im-cw t{ImUo-
I-cn-¡mw.
I. cq-]-]-cam-b k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ
1. kw-kv-Ir-X-hn-`-ày-´-hÀÖ-\w
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 5

a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bnÂ kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-ep-Å {]m-amWyw Ip-d¨p-sIm-pÅ ssi-en
A-\n-hm-cy-am-sW-¶ Im-gv-N-¸m-Sv sh-×-Wn-amÀ-¡p-m-bn-cp¶p. tI-c-f-hÀ-½-bp-sS kw-
kv-Ir-X-]-£-]m-X-¯n-s\-Xncm-b H-cp \-b-am-Wv sh×-Wn {]-Øm-\-I-hn-IÄ ssI-s¡m-
Xv. kw-kv-Ir-X-hn-`-ày-´-hÀ-Ö-\-¯n-eq-sS I-gn-hXpw a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bv-¡v {]m-[m\yw
\-ÂIp-¶ Im-hy`m-j cq-]-s¸-Sp-¯n.
2. `m-j-bn-eq-sS km-am-\y-hÂ-¡c-Ww \-S-¸m¡n
“hn-j-b-sa-´m-bmepw kw-`m-j-W-`m-jb- n-te I-hn-X-sb-gp-Xmhq” F-¶ \-b-am-Wv
sh-×-Wn-amÀ-¡p-mbn-cp-¶Xv. hm-sam-gn-sb h-c-sam-gn-bm-¡n cq-]-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xn-eq-sS
`m-j-bp-sS km-am-\y-hÂ-¡c-Ww \-S-¸m-¡m³ sh-×-Wn-amÀ-¡v I-gnªp. Im-hy`m-j
e-fn-X-am-bn-cn-¡-W-sa-¶v sh-×-Wn-amÀ-¡v \nÀ-_-Ô-ap-mbn-cp¶p. km-am-\y-P-\-§-fp-
sS ssi-en-bnÂ I-hn-Xmc-N-\ \-S¯n-b sh-×-Wn- I-hn-X-bn-seIr-{Xn-a-Xz-¯n-\v F-Xn-
cm-bn-cp-¶p.
3. {Zm-hn-U-hr-¯-§-fp-sS A-]-N-bw
sh-×-Wn {]-Øm-\w kw-kv-Ir-X-hr-¯{]-[m-\-am-bn-cp¶p. sh×-Wn{]Øm-\-
¯n-\p ap¼pw ]n-¼p-ap-Å a-e-bm-f-I-hn-XbnÂ {Zm-hn-U-hr-¯-§Ä-¡m-bn-cp-¶p {]m-[m-
\yw. ip-²-a-e-bm-fI-hnXm-ssi-en-¡v ]pXn-sbm-cp ]p-\-cp-°m-\hpw Po-h-\pw \-evIn-b
sh×-Wn {]-Øm-\-I-hn-IÄ a-e-bm-f-hr-¯-§fÃ, kw-kv-Ir-X-hr-¯-§-fm-Wv {]-[m-\-
ambpw D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶Xv. hr-¯-kzo-I-c-W-¯nÂ am-{X-ta A-hÀ kw-kv-Ir-X-]-£-]m-
Xn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶pÅq. X-\n a-e-bm-fhm-sam-gn`m-j kw-kv-Ir-X-hr-¯-¯nÂ tÇm-I-cq-
]¯nÂ tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bm-Wv sh-×-Wn-am-cp-sS coXn. a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-sS ku-µ-
cyhpw am-[p-cyhpw B-kz-Zn-¡m³ ]-cym-]v-Xam-b sh-×-Wn-bp-sS tÇm-I-I-hn-X-IÄ kw-
kv-Ir-X-]-Þn-X-·mÀ¡p-t]mepw B-IÀ-j-I-am-bn-cp¶p.
4. ZoÀ-Lkw-t_m-[-\IÄ
sh-×-Wn-{]Øm-\ I-hn-X-bp-sS a-säm-cp k-hn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv ZoÀ-Lam-b kw-t_m-[-
\IÄ. {k-Kv²-c, imÀ-±q-e-hn{Io-Un-Xw ap-X-em-b ZoÀ-L-hr-¯-§-fn-segp-X-s¸« tÇm-I-
¯n-sâ ]-Ip-Xnbpw Nn-e-t¸mÄ ap-¡mepw kw-t_m[-\-tIm-p \n-d-bv-¡p-¶ H-cp k-
{¼-Zm-bw A-¶p kÀ-Æ-km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cp¶p. C¯-cw ZoÀ-Lkw-t_m-[-\-I-fp-sS {]-[m-
\-Imc-Ww {i-h-W-kp-Jw X-s¶-bm-Wv.
“IqSpw t]-Sn-I-eÀ-¶p Im-\-\-\-Sp-¡m-s¸-«p]m-cw heþ
tªm-Sp-t¼mÄ ar-K-N-©-em-©n-X-an-gn-s¡m¡pw an-gn¯-¿te!”
5. kv-XoI-sf A-`nkw-t_m-[-\ sN-¿p-¶ coXn
kp-µ-cn-sb A-`nkw-t_m-[-\ sN-bv-Xv Ihn-X F-gp-Xp-¶ co-Xn-bpw -sh-×-Wn-bp-sS
X\-Xp ssi-en-bmWv. C-Xv sh-×-Wn A-Ñ-\nepw a-l-\nepw Im-Wp¶p. “kp-apJn! \-c-
I-tZ-iw X-s¶-bm-W-{]-tZ-iw” F-¶v A-Ñ³ cm-ta-iz-c-bm-{X-bnepw “sI-mö-e§m-Sn \m-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 6

Wn¨-bn kp-apJn! kemw sh¡-Ww XÀ-¡-anÃ” G-¶v a-l³ a-[p-cm-]p-cnN-cn-X¯n-epw-
kp-µ-c-nsb A-`nkw-t_m-[-\sN-bv-Xv Im-hym-cw-`w \-S-¯p-¶p
6. \n-cÀ-°-Iw, {Kmayw ap-Xem-b Imhy-tZm-j§Ä
\n-cÀ-°-Iw t]m-ep-Å Imhy-tZm-j§-sf sh-×-Wn-amÀ Im-cy-am-bn K-Wn-¨n-cp-
¶nÃ. AXv, CXv, A-Y, ]-cn-sNmSv, h-Sn-hnÂ, A-§v, C-§v A-tlm, I-fnbÃ, s]m¿Ã,
InÃnÃ ap-Xem-b \n-cÀ-°-I ]-Z-§Ä sh×-Wn al-sâ Ir-Xn-I-fn-em-Wv G-ähpw A-[n-
Ihpw kmÀ-Æ-{Xn-I-ambpw Im-Wp-¶Xv. A-t±-l-¯n-\p ti-jw Ip-ªn-¡p-«³ X-¼p-
cm³, io-shm-Ån F-¶n-h-cp-sS Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ C¯-cw ssh-I-ey-§Ä C-sÃ-¶p X-s¶ ]-
d-bmw.
]m-c-¼-cy-{]-Im-cw H-cp Imhy-tZm-j-am-bn ]-d-bp-¶ ‘{Km-ayw' H-cp Kp-W-am-bn-«m-Wv
A¶-s¯ I-hn-Ifpw k-lr-Zb-cm-b A-\p-hm-N-I-·mcpw I-W-¡m-¡m-bn-«p-m-hp-I.
hm-sam-gn-bnÂ \n-Xy-km-[m-c-Wam-b {]-tbm-K-§fpw ssi-en-Ifpw I-hn-X-bnÂ h-cp-
¶Xp-sIm-v `m-j-bv-¡v Po-h-ssN-X\yw hÀ-²n-¡p-I-bm-Wv sN-¿p-¶Xv. “De-t¡-sS aq-
Sm-sW-\n-s¡-´p tNXw?” “F-´p tX-§m-¡p-e-bm-sW-\n¡v?”, “C-s¡mÃw Ip-´-sa-\n-
¡p \m-S-I-k`m-ssI-Im-cy-IÀ-¯r-Xz-hpw” ap-Xem-b {]-tbm-K-§Ä-¡v kw-`m-jW
ssien-tbm-Sp-Å km-cq]yw sIm-p ssI-h-¶ N-aÂ-¡m-cw {i-t²-b-am-Wv.
7. ssi-en-Ifpw tem-tIm-àn-Ifpw \n-d-ª Im-hy`m-j
\n-Xy-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ \-½Ä km-[m-c-W-bm-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ ssi-en-Ifpw tem-
tIm-àn-Ifpw sh×-Wn¡-hn-X-I-fnÂ Im-Wmw. al-sâ c-N-\-I-fn-se G-Xm\pw D-Zm-
l-c-W-§Ä
 “A-§m-Sn-b-XnÂ tXm-ämÂ ]-cn`-h
a-§-Xn\-½-tbm-sS-¶Xp-t]mse”
 “C-©n-ss¯-cp hn-f¼p-I Xm\oþ
bn-©nI-Sn-¨p \-S-¡p--s¶t´?”
 “D-t¸-cn-I-fn-l -sNm-cnbp-I X-¶psS
A-¸³ t\Sn-b ap-X-ep-IfmtWm?”
8. i-Ðm-e¦m-c {]-Xn]¯n
sh×-Wn I-hn-X-IÄ i-Ð-¯n-sâ Im-cy-¯nÂ {]-tXy-In¨v, ]-Z-L-S-\-bp-sS Im-
cy-¯nÂ e£yw h-¨Xp-sIm-v Ihn-X G-sd {i-h-W-kp-`-K-ambn. A-\p-{]mkw, B-Zn-
{]mkw, A-ý-{]m-kw F-¶o i-Ðm-e-¦m-c§-fnÂ \n-jv-¡À-j h-¨Xp-sIm-v I-À-®-
§Ä-¡v C-¼w \-ev-Ip-¶ I-hn-X-I-fm-bn am-dn.
“N-«bpw N-Xp-c-sNm-«-bn-« IpgÂ, tXm¡p, sXm-¸n-I-fpa-§p-ImÂþ
¨-«bpw N-Sp-e-h-«-Zr-ãn-I-f-Xn-«p-cp«p-sam-cp [mÀ-ãyhpw
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F-«p-Zn-¡p-a-Y sR-«p-am-dp Nn-e-i-Ð-an-«-Wn-b-Xm-bv-a-emwþ
Km-«p-ImÀ Nn-e in-]m-bn-am-cp-S-b Iq-«hpw _-lp-a-t\mlcw”
CXp-t]m-se X-s¶ ‘D-Zy-aw lr-Zy-a-t{X’, ‘Ipa-Xn _-I-t\m X-ky a-It\m', ‘]-d-b-cp-tX-
ap-Åpsh-dptX’, ‘tI-h-ew-ta-h-ew-_w’, ‘Z-i-I-WvT-sâ I-WvTw ap-dn-¸m³-' C-{]-Im-cw
Hmtcm hr-¯-¯n-tâbpw b-Xn-¡p tbm-Pn-¨ {]m-kw k-aÀ-°-am-bn {]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xpw
sh×-Wn {]Øm-\ I-hn-I-fp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-bmWv.
9. `mjm-t]m-j-W-sa-¶ Im-hy-e£yw
s]-Xp-sh sh-×n-I-hn-I-fp-sS c-N-\m-e£yw B-\-µ-e-Ïn-sb-¶v ]-d-bp-t¼mgpw
`mjm-t]mj-Ww ap-Jyam-b Im-hy-e-£y-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v Aw-Ko-I-cnt¨ ]äq. X-\n a-e-
bm-fw Im-hy-¯n-\v kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-eq-sS km-ln-Xy-¯n-se a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bp-sS ]-Z-
k¼-¯v h-À²n¡p-Ibpw F´pw B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡m³ {]m-]v-Xam-b X-c-¯nÂ `m-j D-b-
cp-Ibpw sN-bvXp.
II. `m-h-]-cam-b k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ
1. C-Xn-hr-¯-kzo-I-c-W-¯n-se ]pXp-a
]p-cm-W-IÄ-¡p ]I-cw \n-Xy-Po-hn-X-¯n-se kw-`-h-§fpw A-\p-`-h-§-f-pw sh¬-
a-Wn-IÄ I-hn-X-bv-¡p hn-j-b-am¡n. sh-×-Wn-al-sâ `q-Xn-`q-j-N-cnXw, ]q-c-{]_-Ôw
io-shm-Ån-bp-sS H-cp I-Y, a-Z-\-tI-X-\-N-cnXw, Zm-Xyq-l-k-tµiw, Ip-ªn-¡p-«³ X-¼p-
cm-sâ Xp¸Â-tIm-fm-¼nbpw a-äpw C-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-§-fmWv. sh-×-Wn-{]-Øm-\-¯n-\p
ap-¼v a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bnÂ ]p-cm-W-I-Y-bp-sS ]p-Xp-sh-fn-¨-¯n-ep-Å ]p-\-cm-Jym-\-§-fm-
bn-cp-¶p D-m-bn-cp-¶Xv. F-¶mÂ sh-×-Wn-IÄ X-§-fp-sS Npäpw I- Im-cy-§Ä
A-Xn-k-c-k-ambpw kzm-`m-hn-I-kp-µ-c-ambpw \À-½-a-[p-c-ambpw Nn-{Xo-I-cn¨p. ]p-cm-W-I-
Y-IÄ-¡p ]I-cw \n-Xy-Po-hn-X-kw-`-h-§Ä C-Xn-hr-¯-am-¡nb-Xv ]p-Xp-a-bp-Å Im-cy-am-
bn-cp¶p. C-Xn-s\ Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bn-te-¡p-Å {]-th-i-\-am-bn I-cp-Xmw.
2. Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-]mS-hw
hm-Mv-a-b-Nn-{X-]mS-hw sh-×-Wn-I-hn-I-fp-sS F-Sp-¯p-]-d-tb-p-¶ k-hn-ti-j-X-
bmWv. kz`m-thm-àn-kp-µ-cam-b A¯-cw Nn-{X-§Ä G-sd a-t\m-l-c-amWv. sh-×-Wn-
bp-sS ‘]q-c-{]-_-Ô’¯nepw \m-S-I-§-fnepw io-shm-Ån-bpsS ‘H-cp I-Y'bnepw ‘a-Z-\-
tI-X-\-N-cn-X-’¯nepw Nn-e I-¯p-I-fnepw H-Sp-hn-en-sâ ‘a-Zn-cm-in-I-SÂ-¡-c’-bnepw aäpw
Im-Wp-¶ Nn-{X-§-fp-sS X-·-b-Xzhpw c-kn-I-Xbpw A-Ûp-X-I-c-amWv. ]q-t´m«-¯v AÑ-
sâ IÀ-j-I-kv-{Xo-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å apà-Iw hm-Mv-a-b-Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-¯n-\v D-¯-tam-Zm-l-c-
W-amWv. {]-kv-Xp-X-tÇm-I-¯n-se FÃm-`m-Khpw hn-Z-Kv-²\m-b H-cp Nn-{X-Im-c³ ]-IÀ-
¯pw. ]s£ ‘{]m-©n-¡n-X-¨-§s\' F-¶ `m-Kw ]-IÀ-¯m³ km-[y-aÃm-Xm-Ip¶p. C-
§-s\ Po-h-\p-Å Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-§Ä A-¡me-¯v kp-e-`-amWv. F-¦nepw _m-ly-{]-Ir-
Xn-bp-sS Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-¯n-em-Wv B-´-c-kz-`m-h- Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-s¯-¡mÄ A-hÀ A-[n-Iw
hn-cp-Xv Im-Wn-¨n-«p-ÅXv.
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3. ^-en-X-k-ar-²n
sh-×-Wn-{]-Øm-\-I-hn-X-bp-sS `m-h-]-cam-b k-hn-ti-jX - -I-fnÂ {]-Y-a-Øm-\w
^-en-X-k-ar-²n-bv-¡mWv. G-Xp Im-cyhpw ^-en-X-¯nÂ s]m-Xn-ªp ]-d-ªm-em-Wv G-
ähpw ^-en¡p-I F-¶ aÀ-½w ]qÀ-Æ-I-hn-I-sf-t¸m-se sh-×-Wn-{]-Øm-\-I-hn-Ifpw I-
-dnªp. irw-Kmcw, `-àn ap-Xem-b c-k-§Ä-t]mepw sh-×-Wn-¡-hn-X-bnÂ lm-ky-
¯n-\v Io-sg-bmWv. Cu-iz-c-·m-sc-t¸mepw I-fn-bm-¡m³ C-hÀ-a-Sn-¨nÃ. C-hÀ-¡v tZ-ho-
tZ-h-·mÀ a-\p-jy-sc-t¸m-se k-I-e-am-\p-jn-I-ZuÀ-º-ey-§-fp-Å, a-Öbpw amw-k-hp-ap-
Å hy-àn-I-fmWv. sh-×-Wn-a-l-\mWv Cu-iz-c-t\mSp-t]mepw ^-en-Xw s]m-«n-¡p-¶ k-
{¼-Zm-bw Xp-S-§n-h-¨-sX-¦nepw Ip-ªn-¡p-«³ X-¼p-cm-\m-Wv C-Xn-\v G-ä-hp-a-[n-Iw {]-
Nm-cw \-ev-Inb-X.v Xm-sg \Â-Ip-¶ aw-K-f-tÇmIw D-Zm-l-cWw,
“D-SÂ ]m-Xn ]-Ip-t¯-ä a-S-hm-sc N-Xn-¨p-ta
s\-¨nÂ hn-®m-äp hn-S-\m-a-¨n-s¡m-Xn-b-\m-{ibw”
AXp-t]m-se ‘]p-{Xhn-tbm-K-k-¦-S-h-imÂ' D-Åp s]m-Åp-¶ Ip-ªn-¡p-«³-X-¼p-cm³
B hnh-cw \-Sp-h-¯Ñ-s\ A-dn-bn-¡p-¶ I-¯v B-cw-`n-¡p-¶Xv.
“......cm-[Xsâ
B-«w-I-n-«-Sp-¯n-«p-Sp-]-pS-h-b-gn-tªm-cp...¯n-te¡mþ
tbm-«-¡-®n«p-t\m¡pw I-]-S-h-SIn-tim-c¶p” ssI sXm-gp-¶ H-cp aw-K-f-tÇm-I-t¯m-Sp-
Iq-Sn-bmWv. Cu \n-Êw-K-Xbpw Øn-X-{]-Ú-Xz-hp-am-Wv sh-×-Wn-{]-Øm-\ I-hn-I-fp-
sS ^-en-X-¯n-sâ aÀ½w. Cu I-gnhp-sIm-p-X-s¶-bmWv “C-hÀ-¡v kz-bw ]-cn-lm-
khpw A-\y-]-cn-lm-k-hpw G-Xm-v Hcp-t]m-se-bm-bn”¯oÀ-¶-sX-¶v tUm.Fw.eo-
emhXn ‘\-h-cwKw' F-¶ {K-Ù-¯nÂ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
“D-c-bv-¡Ww, tIÄ-¡n-etlm Nn-cn¨p
a-cn-bv¡-Ww am-\p-jÀ am-\yIoÀ-t¯!”
F-¶n-§-s\ X-sâ Im-hy-¯n-eq-sS Im-hym-ZÀ-iw sh-·-Wn-a-l³ hy-à-am-¡p-¶-XnÂ
\n-¶p-saÃmw sh-×-Wn-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS lm-ky-c-k-{]-[m-\w hy-à-am-Ipw.
4. irw-Km-c-{]-Xn]-¯n
irw-Km-c-¯n-sâ A-Xn-{]-k-c-am-Wv sh-×-Wn-{]-Øm-¯n-sâ a-säm-cp k-hn-
tijX. ‘A-gn-ª-irw-Kmcw' ‘aq-cniv-irw-Kmcw' F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å hn-ti-j-W-§Ä
sh-×-Wn-I-fp-sS irw-Km-c-¯n-\p-s-¦nepw A-Xn-sâ ]n-¶nÂ km-ap-Zm-b-Po-hn-X¯n-
sâ A-[x-]-X-\-am-sW-¶ hn-i-Zo-Ic-Ww \n-cq-]-IÀ \Â-Ip-¶pv. sh-×-Wn-{]-Øm-\-
I-hn-X-bnÂ Im-Wp¶-Xv i-cn-¡p-]-d-ªmÂ irw-Km-c-a-sÃ-¶pw irw-Km-c-¯n-sâ ]-Ým-
¯-e-¯n-ep-Å lm-ky-am-sW-¶p-ap-Å a-säm-cp-hm-b-\bpw \n-e-hn-epv.
“I-µ-À¸m-tbm-[-\-¯n-¶-`n-cp-Nn s]-cp-Io-«-§p-sNÃp-¶ t\cw
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I-¶Â-¡mÀ-tÆ-Wn-Xm\pw I-W-h\p-sam-cp-an-¨-§p-hm-gp-¶ ImWmw
Ft¶-ssh-j-½y-sa-¶n-«n-Xn-_-X I-cp-Xo-«n§p-t]m-¶n-«p ]ns¶
sN-¶mepw Im-Wp-a-¨n-s¡m-Xnb-s\ \n-[n-Im-¡p-¶ `q-Xw IW-t¡”
C-XnÂ ]qÀ-ÆmÀ-²w ]q-t´m-«-¯n-sâbpw D-¯-cmÀ-²w sh×-Wn A-Ñ-tâ-Xp-amWv. c-
p I-hn-Ifpw irw-Km-c-{]-Xn-]m-Z-\-¯nÂ A-{K-K-Wy-cmWv. Im-a-{Io-U-bv-¡-`n-cp-Nn-tXm-
¶n ImÀ-th-Wn-sb k-ao-]n-¡p-t¼mÄ {]-Xn-_-Ô-am-bn I-Wh-s\ k-ao-]w Im-Wp-¶-Xm-
Wv ]qÀ-ÆmÀ-²-¯n-se hn-h-£n-Xw. hn-j-a-t¯m-sS aS-§n hopw sNÃp-t¼mÄ \n-[n
Im-¡p-¶ `q-Xw t]m-se A-hn-sS A-¨n-s¡m-Xnb-s\ Im-Wm-sa-¶ D-¯-cmÀ-²-¯n-se
B-Jym-\w sIm-v Imhyw a-t\m-l-c-am-bn-cn-¡p¶p. irw-Kmc-s¯ ^-en-X-¯nÂ sIm-
s-¯n-¡p-¶ co-Xn-bm-Wn-XnÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv. I-hn-X-bp-sS ]qÀ-ÆmÀ-²-¯nÂ irw-Km-cw
am-{X-am-Wp-ÅXv. D-¯-cmÀ-²-¯nÂ irw-Km-c-s¯-¡mÄ ^-en-X-am-Wv {]-[m-\w. C-Xv sh-
×-Wn-bp-sS irw-Km-c-{]-Xn-]m-Z-\-¯n-sâ {]-tXy-I-X-bmWv.
5. Im-hy-e£yw þ B-\-µ-e-Ïn/Po-hn-X-ho£-Ww
A-\p-hm-NI-sâ am-\kn-I kw-kv-Im-cw k-¼p-ã-am-¡Ww. A-Xn-\p-Å D-]m-[n-bm-
Wv I-hn-X F-¶ hn-Nm-c-aÃ sh-×-Wn-amÀ-¡p-m-bn-cp-¶Xv. sh-×-Wn-am-sc-kw-_-Ôn-
¨v I-hn-X A-hÀ-¡v hn-t\m-tZm-]m-[n am-{X-am-bn-cp¶p. ]-Þn-X-·m-cp-sS B-kzm-Z-\-t¯-
¡mÄ km-[m-c-W-¡m-cp-sS c-k-am-bn-cp-¶p A¶-s¯ I-hn-I-fp-sS e-£yw. ‘Aw-t_m-]-
tZiw' F-gp-Xn-b-Xn-¶p hn-i-Zo-Ic-Ww F-¶ a-«nÂ sh-×-Wn-a-l³ F-gp-Xn-bXp-t]mse
‘ap-¡mepw aq-V-cm-Wn-Ö-KXn' F¶pw ‘_p-[P-\w ZpÀÃ`w' F¶pw ‘XÂ-¡m-ew tI«p-
sIm-m-Sp-h-Xdn-I a-lm-aq-V-cmWv' F¶pw t_m-²y-ap-m-bn-cp-¶ AhÀ, km-[m-c-W-
¡mÀ-¡p c-kn¡-Ww F-¶ D-t±-iw h-¨m-Wv I-hn-Xm-\nÀ-½m-Ww sN-bv-XXv. km-[m-c-W-
¡mÀ-¡p cp-Nn-¡p-¶ hn-j-b§Ä, A-hÀ-¡p a-\-Ên-em-Ip-¶ `m-j-bnÂ, c-kn-¡p-¶ co-
Xn-bnÂ k-c-k-am-bn F-gp-Xp-I-bm-Wv A-hÀ sN-bv-XXv. A§-s\ lm-kyhpw irw-Km-
chpw em-fn-Xyhpw sh-×-Wn-¡-hn-X-I-fp-sS ap-J-ap-{Z-I-fmbn.
kz-Im-cy-¡-¯p-I-fnÂ ]-e-bn-S-¯pw kz-´w a-\-Êp-Xp-d-¶p-Im-«p-Ibpw X-§-fp-sS
B-´-c Zpx-J-§Ä D-ÅnÂ X«pw hn-[w B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbv-X I-hn-IÄ X-s¶
D-¯-c-£-W-¯nÂ A-sXm-s¡ ad¶v “B-s«, ]-s¯ a-«m-bn-t¡m-t« \-½p-sS tN-
ãIÄ” F-¶p ]-dªp-sIm-v ]qÀ-Æ-Øn-Xn-sb {]m-]n-¡p¶p. “s]m-Xp-sh ]-d-ªmÂ
Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ D-]-cn-X-e-¯n-ep-Å Nn-täm-f-§-fnÂ sX-¶n-s¯-¶n-¡-fn-¡p-I-bÃmsX,
A-Sn-¯-«n-te-¡q-fn-bn-«p sN-¶p ap-¯p-hm-cp-hm-\p-Å {i-a-§-sfm¶pw A-hÀ sN-¿p-¶-
Xm-bn Im-Wp-¶nÃ” F-¶n§-s\ sh×-Wn I-hn-I-fp-sS Po-hn-X-ho-£-W-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v
tUm.A-I-hqÀ \m-cm-b-W³ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. “I-hnX-sb \n-Êm-c-am-¡n-¯-Ån-bXp-
sIm-Ã B-g-¯nÂ sIm- Po-hn-X-k-ao-]-\-co-Xn-bp-sS k-hn-tij-X-sIm-mWv Cu
emL-h-t_m-[w h-¶p-s]-«-sX¶v” Fw.eo-emh-Xn A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. FÃm Po-hn-X-
hym-]m-c-§-fnepw k-¦-ev-]-§-fnepw k-a-{K-am-bn hym-]n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶ A-h-t_m-[-am-Wv
sh-×-Wn-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶ em-Lhw. cXn, timIw, hm-Õ-eyw, `-àn C-¯-c-¯n-se Xo-
{h-`m-h-§-sf-sbÃmw X-s¶ A-hÀ em-L-h-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv ssI-Imcyw sN-¿p-¶-Xv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 10
 ]p-Xp-Xm-bn-In«n-b Im-hy-cq-]-§Ä
sh-×-Wn-{]-Øm-\w a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bnÂ ssI-h-cp¯n-b `m-h-]-chpw cq-]-]-c-
hpam-b ]p-Xp-a-Ifpw ]-cn-jv-Im-c-§fpw \mw NÀ-¨-sN-bv-Xp-I-gnªp. `mjm-ssi-en-
bnepw B-hn-jv-Im-c-co-Xn-bnepw A-Xp ssI-h-cp¯n-b ]p-Xp-a-IÄ-¡p ]pd-sa a-e-bm-f-
¯n-\v Nn-e ]pXn-b Im-hy-cq-]-§fpw Cu {]-Øm-\w kw-`m-h-\-sN-bv-Xn-«pv. A-h F-
s´Ãm-sa-¶v t\m-¡mw.
1. I-hn-X-bn-ep-Å bm-{Xm-hn-hcWw
I-hn-X-bn-ep-Å bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W-¯n-\v a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ BZyw P-·w \Â-Inb-Xv sh-
×-Wn-{]-Øm-\-amWv. sh×-Wn AÑ-sâ cm-ta-iz-c-bm-{X-bmWv Cu h-Ip-¸nÂ-s]-Sp-
¯m-hp-¶ B-Zy-s¯ Ir-Xn F-¶v D-ÅqÀ ]-d-bp¶p. sh×-Wn AÑ-s\ Xp-SÀ-¶v ]-
ecpw bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W Im-hy-§Ä c-Nn-¡p-I-bp-mbn. \-Sp-h-¯Ñ-sâ A-ã-an-bm-
{Xbpw irw-tK-cn-bm-{X--bpw, sh-×-Wn-al-sâ kw-K-ta-i-bm-{X, ]m-enb-¯p sN-dn-b-Ip-
ªp-®n A¨-sâ Im-in-bm-{X XpS-§n H-t«-sd bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W-Im-hy-§Ä \-ap-¡v e-`n-
¨n-«pv. \-Sp-h-¯Ñ-sâ A-ã-an-bm-{X-bmWv Cu C-\-¯nÂ kÀ-tÆmÂ-¡r-ãam-b
IrXn. tI-c-f-hÀ-½ Ip-ªn-¡p-«³-X-¼p-cm³, sIm-«m-c-¯nÂ i-¦p-®n F-¶n-h-cp-sS Xq-
en-Im-Nn-{X-§fpw ]-cm-aÀ-i-§fpw Cu Im-hy-¯n-sâ ta-· hÀ-²n-¸n-¡p¶p. am-{X-aÃ
A-¶p \-¼q-Xn-cn-k-ap-Zmb-s¯ hn-j-an-¸n-¨n-cp-¶ ]-e {]-iv-\-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-ap-Å km-
µÀ-`n-I-hn-hc-Ww CXn-s\m-cp-N-cn-{X-aq-eyhpw \Â-Ip¶p.
2. hÀ-®-\m-ß-I-Im-hy§Ä
C-¶s¯ ‘ô¨À' te-J\-§-tfm-Sp ]-e-X-c-¯nepw km-ay-ap-Å hÀ-®-\m-ß-Iam-
b Im-hy-§Ä a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ B-Zy-am-bn D-S-se-Sp¯-Xv sh-×-Wn-{]-Øm-\-Im-e-¯m-
Wv. sh-×-Wn-al-sâ ]q-c-{]_-Ôw C-Xn-\v an-I-¨ D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. ‘ô¨À' te-J-\-
§-fp-sS k-l-P-kz-`m-ham-b hÀ-®-\m-Nm-Xp-cn-bpw, Nn-{X-W-km-aÀ-°y-hpw, `m-j-bp-sS
N-Sp-eam-b Im-hym-ß-I-X-bpw, B-hn-jv-I-c-W-¯n-sâ kzm-`m-hn-I-kp-µ-cam-b HmPÊpw
Cu Im-hy-¯n-\pv.
3. I-Ym-Im-hy-§Ä
kv-{XoI-sf A-`nkw-t_m-[-\ sN-bvXp-sIm-v I-Ym-Im-hy-§Ä c-Nn-¡p-¶ GÀ-
¸mSpw sh-×-Wn-{]-Øm-\-¡m-e-¯m-Wv B-Zy-ap-m-bXv. I-Y-bv-¡p-ÅnÂ-¡-Ybpw im-
Jm-Nw{I-a-W-§-fp-am-Wv ]u-cmWn-I Im-ew sXm-«v C-ý-bp-sS X-\Xm-b I-Ym-Jym-\-k-
{¼-Zmbw. Cu kz-`m-hw X-s¶-bm-Wv C¯-cw Im-hy-§-fnepw A-\p-hÀ-¯n-¡p-¶Xv.
4. I-hn-X-¡-¯p-IÄ
sh-®-Wn-{]-Øm-\-Ime-¯v a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ C-Zw-{]-Y-a-am-bn D-Zv-`-hn-¨ a-säm-cp-Im-
hy-cq-]-am-Wv I-hn-X-¡-¯pIÄ. sh×-Wn AÑ-sâ Ime-¯v P-·-sa-Sp-¯ Cu {]-Øm-
\w hf-sc P-\-{]o-Xn t\Sn-b H-cp hn-t\m-Z-am-bn-cp¶p. a-lm-I-hn-{X-b-¯n-sâ Im-ewh-
sc a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ A-Xp \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 11

 ]nÂ¡m-e I-hn-X-bnÂ sh×-Wn-{]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ kzm-[o-\w
sh-×-Wn-{]-Øm-\w a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bp-sS ]nÂ-¡m-e-h-fÀ-¨-bnÂ G-sd kzm-[o-\w
sN-ep-¯n-bn-«pv. sh-×-Wn-{]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ t\-cn-«p-Å ]n-´p-SÀ-¨-¡m-c-\m-Wv h-Å-
t¯mÄ. kz-X-{´-I-h-\-§-fn-em-bmepw hn-hÀ-¯-\-§-fn-embmepw sh-×-Wn-{]-Øm-\-
am-bn-cp-¶p h-Å-t¯m-fn-\v amÀ-¤-ZÀiIw. Ip-ªn-¡p-«³-X-¼p-cm-\pw Ip-qÀ \m-cm-b-
Wta-t\m\pw H-Sp-hnÂ Ip-ªn-¡r-jv-Wta-t\m-\p-am-Wv h-Å-t¯m-fn-s\ G-ähpw kzm-
[o-\n-¨ I-hnIÄ.
“D-S-ep-S-b-h-k-´ -e-£v-an-sbt¸m
e-S-hn-bn-em-a-S-hm-cnÂ-au-en-bmsf
kv-^p-S-cpNn-sbm-Sp -I-p-ap-«n-tbm-tcm
hn-S-\r-]-s\m«n-S Ip-än-t]m-se \n-¶p”
F-¶ h-Å-t¯m-fn-sâ tÇm-I-¯n-\v sh-×-Wn-alsâ
“\n-e-hn-s«m-¶p ]-I-¨p-\n¶p-t]m-bv Rm³
Ip-e-sh-«oSn-\ Ip-än-hm-g-t]mse”
F-¶ {]-tbm-K-t¯m-Sp-Å A-Sp-¸w kv-]-ã-amWv.
h-Å-t¯mÄ I-hn-X-bv-¡v sh-×-Wn-{]-Øm-\-hp-am-bp-Å c-à_-Ôw ]-Z-c-N\m-
tIm-a-f-Xzw, irw-Km-c-{]-Xn-]¯n, lm-ky{]-tbm-K-ioew, Nn-´m-Ku-c-h-¯n-sâ A-`mhw,
I-hn-X-bv-¡p s]m-Xp-sh-bp-Å amw-kf-X, B-g-anÃm-bv-a, {]-km-Zm-ß-I-Xzw, B-´-c a-t\m-
hym-]m-c-§-sf-¡mÄ _m-ly-kz-`m-h-hn-ti-j-§Ä Im-Wm\pw hÀ-®n-¡m-\p-ap-Å hm-
k-\ ap-Xem-b ]-e Aw-i-§-fnepw kv-]-ã-amWv. taÂ-¸-d-ª km-ay-§-fmÂ “sh-×-
Wn-{]-Øm-\-¡mÀ¡v ‘ap-e-bq-«m-sX \n-ev-¡p-t¶m-c-e-km-]mw-Kn’bm-bn-cp-¶p I-hn-X.
Ah-sf Im-tem-Nn-Xam-b ]-cn-jv-Im-c-a-\p-k-cn¨v ‘X-¦-¸-«p-d-hp-¡’bn-Sp-hn-¡p-I-bm-Wv h-
Å-t¯mÄ sN-bv-XXv” F-¶n§-s\ tUm.A-I-hqÀ \m-cm-b-W³ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
]nÂ-¡me-¯v Ip-än-¸pd-¯v tI-i-h³ \m-bÀ, In-«p-®n \mbÀ, h-Å-t¯mÄ tKm-
]m-eta-t\m³ XpS§n ‘h-Å-t¯mÄ kv-Iq-fnse’ I-hn-I-sfÃm-hcpw X-s¶ h-Å-
t¯mÄ h-gn-¡p-Å sh-×-Wn-{]-Øm-\ {]-`m-hw X-s¶-bm-Wv sh-fn-hm-¡n-bXv. ti-jw
h-cp-¶ Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \m-bÀ, N-§-¼p-g, `m-kv-Ic³, H-f-¸a-®, h-b-emÀ F-¶o I-hn-I-
sfÃmw h-Å-t¯mÄ ssi-en-bp-sS A-\p-IÀ-¯m-¡-fmWv. B-[p-\n-I-I-hn-I-fnÂ h-Å-
t¯mÄ ssi-en-bp-sS kzm-[o-\w Xo-sc-bnÃm-¯ G-II-hn F³.hn.Ir-jv-W-hm-cn-b-
cmWv. F-¶mÂ C-t±ls¯ ‘C-cp-]Xmw \q-äm-n-se io-shmÅn’ F-¶v \n-cq-]-IÀ hn-
ti-jn-¸n-¡p¶p. ss\-kÀ-¤n-Iam-b {]-Xn-`, ]m-Þn-Xyw, k-lr-Z-b-Xzw, \À-½-c-kn-I-Xzw,
D-]-lm-k-hmk-\, ssi-eo-hÃ-`-Xzw, Im-hy-e-£yw, Im-hy-co-Xn XpS-§n F³.hn.sb io-
shmÅn-tbm-Sv _-Ô-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ Im-cy-§Ä A-\-h-[n-bmWv. ]-Z-§-fp-sS aqÀ-¨bpw i-
ànbpw B-bn-cp-¶p io-shm-Ån-bp-sSbpw F³.hn.bp-sSbpw Im-hy-¯n-sâ {]-tXy-I-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 12

XIÄ. Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bp-sS {]-Xo-Iam-b irw-Km-c-¯n-sâ Øm\¯v ‘_o-`-Õ's¯ {]-
Xn-jvTn-¨ io-shm-Ån-bp-sS A-\-´-c-h-Im-in X-s¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p b-YmÀ-°-¯nÂ
F³.hn. Xm-´m-§-fp-sS Ime-¯v I-hn-X-bnÂ h-¶p-s]-« A\m-tcm-Ky-I-cam-b {]-h-W-
XI-sf B-t£]-lm-ky-sa-¶ cq-£am-b B-bp-[w sIm-v F³.hn.bpw io-shm-
Ånbpw F-XnÀ¯p.
 sh-×-Wn-{]-Øm-\w þ ]-cm-P-b-tl-Xp¡Ä
sh-×-Wn-{]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ ]-cm-P-b-¯n-\v _m-ly-hpw B-`y-´-c-hpam-b Im-c-W-§-
fpv.
1. _m-ly-Im-c-W§Ä
 hy-h-Øn-Xn-bn-epm-b amäw
Cw-¥o-jv hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n-sâ h-fÀ-¨bpw A-Xn-sâ `m-K-am-bpm-b F-gp-

¯n-sebpw hm-b-\-bn-sebpw {]-_p-²-Xbpw s]m-Xp-sh k-aq-l-¯n-se amä-§-
sfm¶pw kzo-I-cn-¡m-Xn-cp-¶ sh-×-Wn-{]-Øm-\-¡mÀ Aw-Ko-I-cn-¨nÃ. C-{]-Im-cw
hy-h-Øn-Xnbn-epm-b amä-s¯ DÄ-s¡m-Åm³ I-gn-bmsX-t]mb-Xv C-h-cp-sS ]-
cm-P-b-Im-c-W-§fn-sem-¶mWv.
 cq-]-{àw
Im-hy-¯n-sâ cq-]-¯n-\v {]m-[m\yw \Â-Ip-¶ co-Xn-bm-Wv sh-×-Wn-am-cnÂ
Im-Wp-¶Xv. Im-hy-hn-j-b¯nt\m AÀ-°¯nt\m {]m-[m\yw C-hÀ \Â-In-bn-cp-
¶nÃ. C-¡m-c-W-¯mÂ Im-hy-¯n-sâ B-ßm-hv \-ã-s¸-Sp-Ibpw kw-th-Z-\-hn-Lv-
\-ap-m-hp-Ibpw sN-bvXp.
 \m-Sp-hm-gn-¯¯n-sâ A-]Nbw
Nm-XpÀ-hÀ®yw tNmZyw sN-¿-s¸-«-t¸mÄ A-t¶ h-sc km-lnXyw ssI-
Imcyw sN-bv-Xn-cp-¶ D-¶-X Ip-e-Pm-XÀ-¡v Øm-\w \-ã-s¸«p.
2. B-´-cn-I-Im-c-W§Ä
 k-a-Imen-I hn-jb-§-tfm-Sp-m-bn-cp-¶ hn-{]-Xn]¯n
sh×Wn {]Øm-\-¡mÀ Imhy-hn-j-b-¯nÂ sshhn[yw ]peÀ¯n-b-h-

cmWv. hnjb kzoIm-cy-¯nÂ Npäp]m-Sp-Isf t]mepw B[m-c-am-¡nb AhÀ
]t£ Ah-bnse D]-cn-Xe hkvXp-X-IÄ am{Xta hnj-b-ambn kzoI-cn-¨p-Åp.
Ihn-Xsb hnt\m-tZm-]m[n F¶ e£y-¯n-sem-Xp-¡nb AhÀ Iogv¯-«nse
A²zm-\n-¡p¶ hn`m-K-¯nsâ \nXy-Po-hnX kwLÀj-§-Ä H¶v cv apà-I-
§-fn-e-ÃmsX Imhy-hn-j-b-ambn kzoI-cn-¨n-Ã. kaq-l-t¯mSv cN\m]-c-amb
{]Xn-]¯n ]peÀ¯n-bn-Ã.
 kw-LÀ-jm-ß-I hn-j-b-§-fnÂ t]m-epw A-Xn-cp-I-S-¶ em-L-hXzw
]p-{X³ t]¸-«n hn-j-ta-äp a-cn-¨-Xn-s\-¸-än Ip-ªn-¡p-«³ X-¼p-cmc-sâ I-hn-XI-
¯v B-cw-`n-¡p¶-Xv C-{]-Im-c-amWv:
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 13
“....cm-[ Xsâ
B-«w I-n-«-Sp-¯n-«p-Sp-]p-S-h-gn-tªm-cp....¯n-te¡mþ
tbm-«-¡-®n-«p t\m¡pw I-]-S-hn-SIn-tKm-cs\”
F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å Im-hy-`mK-¯v kw-LÀ-jm-ß-I hn-j-b-§-fnÂ t]mepw A-Xn-em-
L-hXzw ImWmw
 ^-en-X-]-cn-lm-km-Zn-I-f-nep-Å A-Xn-cp-I-S-¶ A-`n-\n-thiw
cXn-þ-tim-Iw-þ-hm-Õ-eyw-þ-`àn BZn-bmb Xo{h-`m-h-§sf emL-h-t¯msS
ssIImcyw sNbvX sh×Wn Ihn-IÄ Pohn-X-¯nse Kuc-h-amÀ¶ hnj-
b§fnÂt¸mepw ên-X-þ-]-cn-lm-kmZn ZpÀ_e hnIm-c-§Ä¡mWv {]m[m\yw
\ÂIn-b-Xv. kzbw ]cn-lm-khpw A\y-]-cn-lm-khpw ssI apX-em-bXv sImmWv
A¢n-jvS-§-fmb Imhy-hn-t\m-Z-§-fn-teÀs¸-«-Xv.
3. ]-¨bm-b irw-Km-c-¯n-sâ A-Xn-cp-I-S-¶ A-h-XcWw
irwKm-c-`m-k-¯nsâ {]Xy-t£m-Zm-l-c-W-§-fmWv sh×Wn IrXn-IÄ.
sshinI X{´-¯nsâ ]p\ÀP-·-§-sf¶p hnti-jn-¸n-¡m-hp¶ ‘Awt_m-]-
tZi’§sf-gp-Xm¯ sh×Wn Ihn-I-fmcpw Xs¶-bn-Ã. ‘sh×-Wn-bpsS irwKmcw
hmkvX-h-¯nÂ B cks¯ ]Ým-¯-e-am¡n sImpÅ lmky-amWv’ F¶
DÅq-cnsâ {]kvXm-h\ bYmÀ°-¯nÂ lmks¯ tZymXn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ irwKm-cm-
`m-ks¯ shfn-hm-¡p-¶p.
ap³Ime hÀj-tNm-Zy-§Ä
1. ‘]-¨-a-e-bm-f-{]Øm-\’¯n-\p a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯n-ep-Å Øm-\w ]cn-tim-[n-
¡pI. (2017)
2. sh×Wn Ihn-IÄ¡v ae-bm-f-I-hnXm Ncn-{X-¯n-epÅ Øm\-sa´v? (2015)

3. ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnÂ sh×Wn {]Øm\w hcp-¯nb amä-§Ä kw{K-ln-¡p-I.
(2014-C)
4. sh×Wn Ihn-I-sf-¸än Hcp D]-\ymkw Fgp-XpI? (2011)
5. aebm-f I-hn-X-bn-se Im-ev-]\n-I ]qÀ-Æm-hØ-sb hn-aÀ-i-\m-ß-I-am-bn hn-e-bn-cp-
¯p-I. (2011)
6. sh×-Wn-¡-hn-X-IÄ Bg-¯n-epÅ Pohn-X-ho-£-Whpw Nn´bpw DÄs¡m-Åp¶n-
Ã. icntbm? (2007)
7. sh×Wn {]Øm\w ae-bmf Ihn-X-bpsS hfÀ¨-bnÂ hln¨ ]¦v hne-bn-cp-¯p-
I. (2005)
8. sh×Wn {]Øm-\-¯n\v ae-bm-f-¯nÂ ZoÀLm-bp-Ên-ÃmsX t]mIm-\pÅ Imc-W-
§Ä ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. (2004)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 14

9. sh×-Wn-amÀ Xäp-Sp-¸n¨p \S-¯nb irwKm-cs¯ kmcn-bp-Sp-¸n-¡pI am{Xta
hÅt¯mÄ sNbvXn-«p-Åp. Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS km[pXzw ]cn-tim-[n-¡pI.
(2001)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 15

t]¸ÀþH-¶v sk-£³þ_n
a-e-bm-fw
bq-Wn-ävþ 5.2
Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bp-sS B-hnÀ-`m-hw
B-[p\n-I I-hn-{X-b-¯n-sâ I-hn-X-IÄ
]-Xn-s\«mw \q-äm-n-sâ a-²y-t¯m-sS (hym-h-kmbn-I hn-¹-h-Imew) bq-tdm-
]y³þA-ta-cn-¡³ km-ln-Xy-cwK-¯v D-S-se-Sp-¯ I-emþkm-ln-Xyþ_u²n-I ap-t¶-ä-
amWv Im-ev-]-\nIX. “B-´-cn-Im-\p-`q-Xn-I-fnÂ G-Im-{K-am-Ip-hm³ th-n _m-lym-\p-
`q-Xn-I-fnÂ \n¶pw \n-hr-¯-am-I-em-Wv ImÂ-]-\nI-X” F-¶m-Wv B-_Â t{Imw-_n-
Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bv-¡p \ÂIp-¶ \nÀ-h-N\w. G._m-e-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å Cu {]-Øm\-s¯
a\w t\m-¡n-sb-¶p hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡p¶-Xv CXp-sIm-mWv. {^-©p hn-¹-h-¯n-sâ `m-K-
am-bn cq-]w sIm- Cu {]-Øm-\w \-thm-°m-\-Im-e-L-«-¯n-se cm-{ão-bþkm-aq-
lnIþ{]-`p-Xz sI-«p-]m-Sp-I-tfmSpw h-kv-Xp-\n-jvTam-b I-emþkmw-kv-Imcn-I {]-h-WX-I-
tfmSpw I-e-ln¨p. Ie-sb Ip-dn-¨pÅ bm-Ym-ØnXn-I k-¦-ev-]-§-fnÂ \n¶pw sX-¶n-
am-dn hyàn-sb I-e-bp-sS tI-{µ-Øm\-¯v {]-Xn-jvTn¨p. a-\p-jy-sâ kv-t\-lhpw
tZjyhpw hn-kv-a-bhpw ss\-cm-iyhpw tIm-]hpw tim-Ihpw AXp-t]m-ep-Å F-®-a-ä
hn-Im-c-§fpw `m-h-\m-kp-µ-c-am-bn {]-Im-in-¸n¡p-I F-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p Im-e-]\n-I I-hn-
I-fp-sS e-£yw.
Im-e-]-\n-I-X a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ
C-cp-]Xmw \q-äm-n-sâ B-cw-`-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ Im-ev-]-\n-
I-X DZ-bw sN-¿p-¶Xv. A-Xn-\v ap³-]v h-sc a-Wn-{]hm-f ]m-c-¼-cy-t¯m-Sv Iq-dp ]p-eÀ-
¯n-bn-cp-¶ \n-tbmþ¢mkn-Iv {]-Øm\w, A-´À-`m-h-¯n-\p {]m-[m\yw \ÂIn-sIm-p-
Å G.B-dn-tâbpw k-a-Im-en-I-cp-tSbpw ¢m-kn-¡Â Im-hym-`n-cpNn, I-hnX-sb t\-c-
t¼m-¡n-\p-Å D-]m-[n-bm-bn am{Xw ho-£n-¨n-cp¶ sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ (sh¬-aWn) I-hn-IÄ
XpS-§n Xn-I¨pw hy-Xy-kv-X-§fm-b aq-¶p `m-hp-I-Xz-§-fmWv (I-em-hm-k-\IÄ) ]-c-
kv]-cw kzm-[o-\n¨pw \n-tj-[n¨pw \n-e-hn-ep-m-bn-cp-¶Xv. A-h-bp-sS kzm-[o-\-Xbpw
]-c-kv-]-c kw-LÀ-j-hp-am-Wv ]pXn-sbm-cp Im-hy-{]-Øm-\-¯n-\v hgn-sbm-cp-¡n-bXv.
tl-Xp¡Ä
• C-cp-]Xmw \q-äm-n-sâ B-Zy Z-i-I-§-fnÂ tIc-fw hn-Zym-`ym-k-]-cam-b D-WÀ-hv
t\Sn. ]-{X-{]-hÀ¯-\w \nÀ-Wm-b-Iam-b i-àn-bm-bn Xo-cp-¶Xpw C-¡m-e-¯m-bn-
cp¶p. ]p-¯³ hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n-sâ `m-K-am-bn P-\-§Ä ]m-Ým-Xy km-ln-Xy-¯nepw
kw-kv-Im-c-¯nepw A-h-t_m-[-ap-Å-h-cmbn.
• tZ-io-b-t_m-[hpw a-X-\-hoI-c-W {]-Øm-\-§fpw km-aqln-I ]-cn-jvI-c-W b-Xv-\-
§fpw ]p-¯³ A-h-t_m-[-¯n-\v B-¡w Iq«n.
• km-aqln-I L-S-\-bp-sS \n-bm-a-I i-àn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶ Iq-«p-Ip-Spw-_ hy-h-Øn-Xnbpw
Pm-Xn-k-{¼-Zm-b-hpw X-IÀ¶p. hy-àn-bp-sS hn-Im-k-s¯-bpw, kzX-{´ Im-a-\-I-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 1

sfbpw X-S-ªn-cp-¶ Cu Øm-]-\-§-fp-sS X-IÀ-¨ hy-àn-bp-sS/I-hn-bp-sS hn-im-
eamb tem-I-ho-£-W-¯n-\v \n-Zm-\-ambn.
Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bp-sS DZ-bw
C-cp-]-Xmw-i-X-Ihpw a-ebm-f I-hn-X-bn-se ImÂ-]-\n-I-bp-Khpw G-Xm-v H-tc
ka-b-¯m-Wv ]n-d-hn-sb-Sp-¯Xv. Ir-{Xn-aa-mb ¢m-knIv ssi-en-bnÂ Ip-Sp-§n h-f-sc-
¡m-e-am-bn hoÀ-¸p-ap-«n I-gn-ªn-cp-¶ a-e-bm-f-I-hnX-sb Im-ev-]\n-I `m-h-\-bp-sS kz-X-
{´hpw am-Z-I-hpamb tem-I-¯n-te-¡v {]-th-in-¸n-¡p-hm-\p-Å b-Xv-\-§Ä 19þmw \q-äm-
n-sâ H-Sp-hnÂ X-s¶ I-p Xp-S-§n-bn-cp¶p. {]-Ir-Xn hÀ-®-\m-]-c-§fm-b ‘a-ebhn-
emkw' (G.BÀ), hn-iz-cq]w (hn.kn. _m-e-Ir-jv-W-]-Wn¡À) F-¶o Ir-Xn-I-fn-em-Wv
a-e-bm-f-¯n-se Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bp-sS B-Zym-¦p-c-§Ä Im-Wm³ I-gn-bp-I. F-¶mÂ A-
´À-`m-h-]-c-am-bn Im-ev-]-\nI-X-tbm-Sv A-Sp-¸w ]p-eÀ-¯p-¶ A-h-bn-se Im-hy-`m-jbpw
]-Z-Xn-c-sª-Sp¸pw \n-tbm-¢m-kn-Iv ]m-c-¼-cy-s¯ A-\p-kv-a-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-XmWv. kn.Fkv.
kp-{_-Ò-Wy³ t]m-än-bpsS ‘H-cp hn-em-]-hpw' sI.kn. tI-i-h-¸n-Å-bpsS ‘B-k-¶
acW Nn-´mi-X-I'hpw C-¯-c-¯nÂ ]-cn-K-Wn-t¡- Im-ev-]-\n-Im-¦p-c-§Ä X-s¶-
bmWv. Cu Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶ B-´-c-Zpx-J-¯nÂ H-cp Im-e-L-«-¯n-sâ Nc-aw
ImWp-¶Xn-t\m-sSm-¸w ]pXn-b Im-e-L-«-¯n-sâ D-Z-bhpw \n-]p-Wcm-b t{im-Xm-
¡Ä¡v tIÄ-¡mw. tam-l-§fpw \n-cm-i-I-fp-saÃmw D-ÅnÂ InS-¶v ]p-I-bp-¶ Im-e-
L-«¯n-sâ ]nd-tI kz]v-\m-ß-Ihpw Xo-{h-hn-Im-cm-ß-Ihpw tIh-ew `m-h-\m-]-c-hp-am-
b km-ln-Xy-IrXn-IÄ \n-d-ª H-cp Im-eL-«w Pz-en-¡p¶-Xv Xn-I¨pw kzm-`m-hn-I-amWv.
\-thm°m-\ Im-e-L-«-¯n-se cm-{ão-b, km-aq-ln-I, {]-`p-Xz sI-«p-]m-Sp-I-tfmSpw I-e-
tbbpw {]-Ir-Xn-tbbpw im-kv-{Xo-b am-\-Z-Þ-§Ä A-\p-k-cn-¨v h-kv-Xp-\n-jvT-am-¡m-
\p-Å {i-a-§Ä¡pw F-Xncm-b H-cp I-em-]-am-bn-cp¶p Cu Im-e-v¸-\nI-X.
{io-\m-cm-b-W ZÀ-i-\§Ä, Km-Ôn-b³ B-ZÀ-i-§-fp-sS {]-N-c-Ww, A-bn-t¯m-
¨m-S-\ {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ B-hnÀ-`mhw, t£-{X {]-th-i-\-¯n-\p th-n-bp-Å k-a-c-k-
¶m-l-§Ä F¶n-h P-\-§Ä-¡n-S-bnÂ kzm-X-{ý-¯n-\p th-n-bp-Å B-{K-lw
hfÀ¯n. A-¶v \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶ ^yq-UÂ hy-h-ØnXn-tbm-Sv P-\-§Ä-¡v sh-dp-¸p-
mbn. km-aq-ln-Ihpw cm-{ão-b-hpam-b Cu km-l-N-cy-§-fn-em-Wv I-hn-{X-bw km-ln-
Xy-cw-K-t¯-¡v IS-¶p h-cp-¶Xv. ImÂ-]-\n-I-X-bp-sS ]p-Xn-bm-Imi-s¯ b-YmÀ-°-
¯nÂ D-Zm-¯-am-¡n-¯oÀ-¯-Xv Ip-am-c-\m-im³, D-ÅqÀ F-kv.]-c-ta-iz-c¿À, h-Å-
t¯mÄ \m-cm-b-Wta-t\m³ F-¶n-h-cmWv.
Ip-am-c-\m-im³
a-ebm-f I-hn-Xm-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ Im-ev-]\n-I bp-K-¯n-\v B-cw-`w Ip-dn-¨ A-h-Xm-
c-]p-cp-j-\m-Wv Ip-am-c-\m-im³. kw-kvIr-X _-lp-ehpw Øq-te-Xn-hr-¯-]-c-hpam-b
aWn-{]hm-f L-«-¯n-\p ]pd-ta B-²ym-ßn-I-X-bp-sS k-tµ-iw ]c-¯n F¯n-b F-gp-
¯-Ñ-sâ A-h-Xm-cw t]m-se-bmWv, hÀ-W-\m-{]-[m-\am-b \n-tbmþ¢m-kn-Iv co-Xn-¡v
]ndtI (sh¬a-Wn L-«-¯n-\p tijw) Ip-am-c-\m-im³ Im-hy-cw-K-t¯-¡v h-cp-¶Xv.
Cuiz-c kv-t{Xm-{X-§-fpw sN-dp-\m-S-I-§fpw F-gp-Xn B-cw-`n-¨ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Im-h-
k]-cy ]-Iz-X-bmÀ-Ön-¡p¶-Xv {io-\m-cm-b-W ZÀ-i-\-¯n-sâ `m-K-am-bpm-b ù-Xn-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 2
Ihpw B-²ym-ßn-I-hpam-b k-apÂ-¡À-jw h-gn-bmWv. Xp-SÀ-¶v IÂ¡-«m hm-k-¯nsâ
`m-K-am-bn \-thm-°m-\-¯n-sâ ap-{Z-IÄ A-t±-lw kzmw-io-I-cn-¨p. B Im-e-L-«-¯nÂ
Bw-Kte-b I-hn-I-fp-sS Ir-Xn-I-fp-am-bn ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sm³ B-im-\p I-gn-ªn-cp¶p.
Bim³ I-hn-X-bp-sS h-gn-¯n-cn-h-n-s\ kq-Nn-¸n¡p-¶ ‘ho-W-]qhv' X-s¶ D-Zm-l-cWw.
sjÃn, Io-äv-kv Xp-S§n-b Bw-Kte-b I-hn-I-fp-sS hn-em-]-Im-hy-§fp-sS kz-chpw
`mhhpw ho-W-]q-hnÂ {]-I-S-am-bn Im-Wmw. 1909þÂ Ip-am-c-\m-im³ ‘ho-W-]qhv' {]-kn-
²o-I-cn¨p. a-ebm-f I-hn-X-bp-sS N-cn-{X-¯n-se H-cp hen-b kw-`-h-am-bn-cp-¶p AXv.
cq]-¯nepw `m-h-¯nepw A-Xp-h-sc-bpm-b G-Xp Im-hy-t¯-bpw-ImÄ hy-Xy-kv-X-am-
bn-cp-¶ Cu Ir-Xn Im-ev-]-\n-I-{]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ sh-¶n-s¡m-Sn ]m-dn¨p. hn-th-Im-\-µ
ZÀ-i-\-§-fpw, Sm-tKm-dn-sâ \-hk--cWn-Ifpw _u-²-ZÀ-i-\-§fpw A-t±-l-¯nÂ hn-kv-
a-bm-h-lam-b kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-¯n-bn-«pv.
B-im-\m-i-b Kw-ò-c³
a-ebm-f I-hn-X-bnÂ Cu-iz-c-`-àn-bnÂ Du-¶n \n¶p-sIm-v Po-hnX-s¯ kw-_-
Ôn-¨ B-g-tadn-b X-Xz-Nn-´ B-Zy-am-bn A-h-X-cn-¸n¨-Xv F-gp-¯-Ñ\mWv. A-Xn-\p-
tijw `m-cXo-b X-Xz-Nn-´-bp-sS D-Zm-¯ aq-ey-§Ä X-sâ Im-hy-§-fn-eq-sS {]-k-cn-¸n¨
a-lm\m-b I-hn Ip-am-cm-\m-im-\mWv. X-Xz-Nn-´bpw C-Xn-hr-¯hpw X-½nÂ i-ÐmÀ-°-
§-sf-t¸m-se CW-¡n tNÀ-¯v I-hn-X-bnÂ B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-hm³ I-gn-ªp-sh¶-Xv
Bim-\p am{Xw ssI-h-¶ hn-P-b-amWv. L-\-Kw-ò-cam-b B-i-b-{]-]-©-am-Wv B-im³
I-hn-X-bnÂ \nd-ªp \nÂ-¡p-¶Xv. AXp-sIm-p X-s¶-bm-Wv B-im³ B-i-b-Kw-ò-
c³ F-¶ tÇm-Iw {]m-[m-\y-aÀ-ln-¡p-¶Xv.
X-¯z-Úm-\nbm-b I-hn
Po-hn-Xw hn-cp-² Zz-µz-§-fp-sS k-a-hmbw (Binary Opposition) B-sW-¶ t_m-
[-am-Wv B-im-sâ X-Xz-Nn´-¡v A-Sn-Øm\w. P-\-\wþa-cWw, kp-JwþZpxJw,
\³aþXn³-a, k-XywþA-k-Xyw, kv-t\-lwþtZ-jyw, hn-[nþa-\p-jy³, D-bÀ-¨þXmgv-N
F¶n-h-bn-e-[n-jvTn-Xam-b B-g-tadn-b Po-hn-X X-¯z-§Ä B-im³ I-hn-X-bn-eq-sS
Bhn-jv-I-cn-¡p¶-Xv Im-Wmw. Cu Pohn-X X-Xz-§-sfÃmw `m-cXo-b ZÀ-i-\-§-fnÂ
Du¶n \n¶p-sIm-m-Wv B-im³ B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv. a-\-Ên-sâ B-g-tadn-b A-\p-`-
h-§-fp-sS ]-Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ \n¶p-sIm-m-Wv B-im³ X-Xz-Nn-´-IÄ-¡v cq-]w \Â-
InbXv. a-\-Ên-s\ s\m-¼-c-s¸-Sp¯n-b ap-dn-hp-Ifpw hn-§-ep-I-fp-saÃmw B-im-s\
bYmÀ-° Úm-\n-bm-¡n amän. H-tc-ka-bw Po-hn-XIm-anbm-b H-cp I-hnbpw hn-cmKn
(tem-I-Im-cy-§-fnÂ X-ev-]-c\Ãm-¯)bm-b X-Xz-Pn-Úm-kphpw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ hyàn-
Xz-¯nÂ Zz-µzm-ß-Ie-bw {]m-]n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. A-ssZz-X hm-Zn-bp-sS k-\m-X-\-Xz-¯nÂ
\n¶pw _p²-a-X hn-izm--k-¯n-eq-sS-bp-Å h-fÀ-¨bpw imiz-X kv-t\-l-¯n-sâ am-\-hn-
I-ZÀ-i-\-hp-am-Wv Ip-am-c-\m-im-sâ X-Xz-Úm-\-¯n-sâ Im-XÂ-. B-im³ I-hn-X-bn-
eqsS D-cp-¯n-bn-cp-¶ X-¯z-ZÀ-i-\§-sf Xm-sg-¡mWpw hn-[w t{Im-Uo-I-cn-¡mw.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 3

(i) P-\-\wþa-cWw (£-WnI-X)
a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ B-sI c-p bm-YmÀ-°y§-tf DÅq. H-¶v P-\\w. a-säm¶v
a-cWw. ar-Xyp-t_m-[-am-Wv I-hn-I-sf X-¯z-Nn-´-I-cm-¡n am-äp-¶Xv. km-a-\y-_p-²n-¡v
D¯-cw e-`n-¡m-¯ H-cp {]-Xn-`m-k-am-Wv a-cWw. ar-Xyp-t_m-[-¯n-\v A-Sn-s¸-« I-hn-I-
fnÂ \n¶pw a-l¯m-b Zp-c-´-Im-hy-§Ä P-\n-¡p¶p. B-im-sâ J-Þ-Im-hy-§-
sfÃmw a-l¯m-b Zp-c-´-Im-hy-§-fmWv. {Xn-Im-e-Úm-\nbm-b I-hn `q-X-`m-hn hÀ-¯-
am-\§-sf I¬-ap-¼nÂ I-p-sIm-v Po-hnX-s¯ hym-Jym-\n-¡p-I-Ibpw a-c-W-sa-¶
{]-Xn-`m-k-¯n-\v hn-i-Zo-Ic-Ww \Â-Ip-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶p.
DZm: ‘H-cp \n-Ý-b-anÃ-sbm-¶n-\pw...... tem-I-c-l-ky-amÀ-¡p-ta'
b-YmÀ-°- Úm-\w e-`n-¨-hÀ Np-cp-¡w am-{X-am-sW-¶v B-im³ Nn-´m-hn-ãbm-b koX-
bnse Cu h-cn-I-fn-eq-sS kq-Nn-¸n-¡p¶p. C§-s\ a-c-W-s¯, A-Xn-sâ c-l-ky-s¯
DZvtLmjn-¡p-¶ Im-hy-§-fm-Wv B-im-sâ J-Þ-Im-hy§Ä.
(ii) i-co-chpw B-ßmhpw
B-im³ I-hn-X-bnÂ apg-§n \nÂ-¡p¶-Xv i-co-c-¯n-sâ \-iz-c-X-sb-¡p-dn¨pw
B-ßm-hn-sâ A-\-iz-c-X-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-ap-Å X-Xz-Nn-´-bmWv. i-coc-s¯ a-®nÂ Xy-Pn-
¡p-I-bpw B-ßm-hn-s\ tam-£-¯n-te-¡p-bÀ-¯p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶ a-l¯m-b `m-cXo-b
ZÀ-i-\-am-Wv B-im-sâ I-hn-X-I-fnÂ \nd-ªp \nÂ-¡p-¶Xv. B-im-sâ t{]-a-k-¦Â-
¸hpw Cu X-¯z-Nn´-sb A-Sn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp-¯n-bm-Wv cq-]-s¸-«n-«p-ÅXv.
‘amw-k-\n-_-²-aÃ cmKw' F-¶p ]mSn-b B-im-s\ \-bn-¡p-¶-Xv Cu X-¯z-ZÀ-i-\-amWv.
Im-aw ico-c _-²hpw t{]-aw Zn-hyam-b H-cp hn-Im-c-hp-amWv.
(iii) kv-t\-lw tZz-jw
kv-t\-lw temI-s¯ kzÀ-¤-am-¡n am-äp-¶p-sh-¶pw kv-t\-l-cm-lnXyw `q-an-sb
\c-I-am-¡n XoÀ-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw B-im³ ]m-Sn-bn-«pv. kv-t\-l-¯nÂ \n¶pw D-Zn-
¡p¶p tem-I-sa¶pw A-Xv kv-t\-l-¯mÂ A-`n-hr-²n {]m-]n-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw kv-t\-l-
am-Wv tem-I-¯n-sâ i-àn-tI-{µ-sa¶pw kv-t\-lw G-hÀ¡pw B\-µw {]-Zm-\w sN-¿p-
¶p-sh¶pw kv-t\-l-cm-lnXyw a-c-W-am-sW¶pw ]m-Sp-¶ B-im³ “kv-t\-l-am-W-Jn-e-
km-c-aq-gn-bnÂ” F-¶ X-Xz-ZÀ-i-\-am-Wv B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv. `m-c-X-¯n-se ]p-cm-tW-Xn-
lm-k-§-fp-sS FÃmw km-c-kÀ-Æ-kz-am-bm-Wv B-imsâ Cu Nn-´m-ar-Xw \n-e-sIm-Åp-
¶Xv.
(iv) kp-J Zpx-J-§Ä
a-\p-jy-Po-hnX-¯nse C-cpfpw sh-fn-¨-hp-am-bn kp-J Zpx-J§-sf B-im³ A-h-
X-cn-¸n-¡p¶p. C-l-tem-I-Po-hn-Xw X-s¶ Zpx-J-I-c-amWv. ‘A-h-\n-hm-gvhp-In-\m-hp Iãw’
F-¶p ]m-Sn-bn-«p-Å B-im³ Cu Zpx-J-k-Xy-am-Wv sh-fn-hm-¡p-¶Xv. \n-c-´-c-am-bn IpSn-
¨n-d-¡p-¶ Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ I-bv-¸p-\oÀ Im-e-{I-a-¯nÂ a-[p-c-am-bn A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶p-sh-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 4

¶-Xm-Wv B-im³ ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. G-Xp Zpx-J-¯n-sâ \-Sp-¡-S-enepw k-t´m-j-¯n-sâ
H-cp Xp-cp-¯v D-m-Ipw. Zpx-Jw a-\p-jy-s\ Úm-\n-bm-¡n amäp-¶ k-Zv-Kp-cp-hm-sW¶pw
B-im³ {]-kv-Xm-hn-¡p¶p.
(v) hn-[nþa-\p-jy³
hn-[nbpw a-\p-jy\pw X-½n-ep-Å G-äp-ap-«-enÂ a-\p-jy³ Z-b-\o-b-am-bn ]-cm-P-b-
s¸-Sp-Ibpw hn-[n hn-P-b-t`-cn ap-g-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶-Xm-bn B-im³ {]-kv-Xm-hn-¡p¶p.
FÃm-h-cpw hn-[n-¡v A-[o-\-cmWv. hn-[n-bp-sS ]n-Sn-bnÂ \n¶pw c-£-t\-Sp-hm³
BÀ¡pw km-[yaÃ. C§-s\ hn-[n-bp-sS I-¿n-se ]m-h-Ifm-b a-\p-jy-sâ D-bÀ-¨ Xmgv-
N-IÄ Ah-s\ F-hnsb-sSms¡tbm sIm-p-sN-s¶-¯n-¡p¶p. hn-[n-bpsS Cu
clkyw a-\p-jy-\v A-Úm--XamWv.
DZm: “B-c-dn-hq \o-b-XnX³
{Xm-kp s]m-§p-¶Xpw Xmt\
Xm-Wp-t]m-Ip-h-Xpw” (I-cp-W) F-¶v B-im³ ]m-Sn-bn-«p-v.
a-äv D-Zm-l-c-W§Ä
“I-cp-Xp-hXn-l sN-¿ h-¿, sN-¿m³
h-cp-Xn e-`n-¨-XnÂ \n-¶n-Sm hn-Nmcw;
]-c-a-ln-X-a-hp-a-dn-ªp-IqSm, bmbpþ
Øn-c-X-bp-an,Ã-Xn-\n-µy-ao-\-c-Xzw!”
“I-t® a-S-§p-I I-cn-ªp a-en-ªp amip
a-®m-Ip-ao ae-cp hn-kv-ar-X-am-Ip-an-t¸mÄ
F-®o-Sp-ImÀ-¡p-an-Xp-Xm³ K-Xn km²y-sa´v
I-®o-cn-\m-eh-\n hm-gv-hp In-\mhp Iãw”
(vi) D-bÀ-¨ Xm-gv-N-IÄ
Po-hn-Xw \nav-t\m-¶-X-§-fn-eq-sS-bp-Å bm-{X-bm-sW-¶v B-im³ I-s-¯p¶p.
Po-hn-X-am-sI D-bÀ-¨ Xm-gv-N-I-fp-sS H-cp ]-c-¼-c-bmWv. C-¶v k-¼-¯n-sâbpw k-ar-²n-
bp-sSbpw ku-µ-cy-¯n-sâbpw FÃmw aqÀ-¯n-I-fm-bn Im-W-s¸-Sp-¶-hÀ \m-sf A-Km-
[-KÀ-¯-§-fn-te-¡v ]-Xn-¡p-¶ Nn{Xw \-½Ä Npäpw Im-Wp¶p. Im-a-tZh-sâ ]-«-a-ln-
jn-sb-t¸m-se hm-Wn-cp-¶ hm-k-h-Z-¯ I-c-W-N-c-§Ä tO-Zn-¡-s¸-«v iv-a-im-\-¯nÂ
In-S-¡p-¶ Nn{Xw I-cp-W-bn-eq-sS B-im³ hc-¨v Im-«p¶p. C-tX Po-hn-X-XXz-am-Wv
hoW-]q-hnepw Bim³ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. (lm! ]p-jv-]ta, A-[n-I-Xpw-K-]-Z-¯nÂ...)
(vii) \³-a-Xn³-a-IÄ
IÀ-½-ê-s¯ A-[n-I-cn-¨p-Å `m-cXo-b X-Xz-Nn-´-bm-WnXv. \³-a sN-¿p-¶-
hÀ¡v k-Zv-^-e-§fpw Xn³-a sN-¿p-¶-hÀ-¡v X-IÀ-¨bpw kw-`-hn-¡p-sa-¶-Xm-Wv B
XXz-¯n-sâ kmcw.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 5

“A-\y-Po-h-\pX-In kz-Po-hnXw
[-\y-am-¡p-a-ate, hn-th-InIÄ”
(ix) am-\-hn-IX
`m-cXo-b X-Xz-Nn-´-bp-sS ap-Jy L-S-I-§fn-sem¶m-b am-\-hn-I-X X-s¶-bm-Wv
Bim³ I-hn-X-bn-se ap-Jy-`m-h-hpw.
“H-¶Ã \ma-bn k-tlm-Z-c-c-Ãn ]qth
H¶Ãn I¿n-l c-Nn¨-Xp \m-saÃmw”
I-hnXzw Ip-am-c-\m-im-\nÂ
Im-hy-I-e-sb-¡p-dn¨pw Im-hym-ßm-hn-s\-Ip-dn¨pw D-¶-Xam-b B-ZÀ-i-§Ä h-¨p
]p-eÀ¯n-b I-hn-bm-Wv Ip-am-c-\m-im³. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Im-hy-§-fnÂ `m-jm-\n-jv-IÀ-
j-Xbpw Hu-Nn-Xy-Zo-£bpw ]m-en-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. {io-\m-cm-b-W ZÀ-i-\-§-fnÂ B-Ir-ã-
\m-bn \-t¶ sN-dp-¸-¯n-te tbm-K-Po-hn-Xw ]-cn-io-en-¨ I-hn-bm-Wv A-t±lw. km-l-N-
cy-h-imÂ ]nÂ-¡me-¯v euIn-I Po-hn-Xw ssI-s¡m- A-t±-l-¯n-sâ D-ÅnÂ Cu
hn-cp-² Zz-µz-§Ä X-½n-ep-Å kw-L«-\w \n-c´-cw \-S-¡pIbpw tbm-K-Pohn-X aq-ey-
§Ä hnP-bw h-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xn-cp¶p. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Im-hy-§-fn-seÃmw C-Xv
Zriy-amWv. \-fn\n, eo-e, ko-X, am-XwKn, hm-k-h-Z-¯ Xp-S§n-b A-t±-l-¯n-sâ \mbn-
I-am-scÃm-hcpw B-im-sâ k-\ym-k-Po-hnX-s¯ tXmÂ-¸n-¨ euIn-I Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ
{]-Xo-I-§-fmWv. F-¶mÂ Zn-hm-Ic³, B-\µ³, D-]-Kp-]v-X³ F-¶o \m-b-I-I-Ym-]m-{X-
§-fn-eq-sS Xsâ k-l-P-hm-k-\-bp-sS km-£m-Xv-Im-cw A-t±-lw t\-Sp-¶p-v.
C-l-tem-I-Po-hn-X-X-¯n-\p-a-¸p-dw a-säm-cp Po-hn-Xw D-s¶pw A-hn-sS a-\p-jy³
imizX tam-£w t\Spw F-¶ ]-£-¡m-c-\m-b-n-cp-¶p Ip-am-c-\m-im³. F-¶mÂ “D-]m-
kn-¡p-¶p ZpxJ-s¯ Rm³”, “A-h-\n-hm-gv-hp In-\m-hp I-ãw”, “\-c-Po-hn-Xam-b
thZ\”, “A-Xn-\n-µy-ao \-c-Xzw” F-¶n§-s\ Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ £-Wn-I-X-sb-¡p-dn-¨v
BhÀ-¯n-¨v ]m-Sp-¶ I-hn Zpx-tJm-]m-k-I-\m-Im-sa¶pw hn-jm-Zmß-I-t\m, A-ip-`-Nn´-
It\m B-Imw F-¶pw hm-bn-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶-h-cm-tW-sd-bpw. “kp-ta-cp-hn³-taÂ I-ev-]-{Zp-
a¯n-sâ sIm-¼nÂ ho-W-]q-hv hopw hn-SÀ-¶v tam-£w {]m-]n-¡p-sa-¶-dn-bn-¡p-¶”
B-im³ X-sâ FÃm Im-hy-§-fnepw Cu Bi-bw sh-fn-hm-¡p-¶pv. eo-em-a-Z-\-·mÀ
tXm-gn-¡p ZÀi-\w \ÂIn “hopw tN-cpw” F-¶-dn-bn-¡p-Ibpw Zn-hm-I-c-\pw
koXbpw kz-ln-X-¯mÂ tam-£w {]m-]n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶pv. am-Xw-Knbpw km-hn-
{Xnbpw C-l-tem-I-¯nÂ X-s¶ tam-£-{]m-]v-Xn ssI-h-cn-¨-h-cmWv. D-]-Kp]v-tXm-]-tZ-i-
¯mÂ hm-k-h-Z-¯bpw tam-£-{]m-]v-Xn t\-Sp-¶pv. `-ànbpw X-Xz-Nn-´bpw Ip-am-c-
\m-im-sâ Im-hy-§Ä-¡v a-Ip-Sw NmÀ-¯p-¶ L-S-I-§-fmWv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 6

ZmÀ-i-\nI³
B-im-sâ I-hn-X-I-sfÃmw X-s¶ DZv-t_m-[-\-]-c-§-fmWv. `m-h-]-c-X-bv-¡v {]m-[m\yw
\Â-In-bn-«p-Å A-h-bnÂ a-\p-jy-Po-hnX-s¯ A-t\z-j-Wm-ß-I-am-¡p¶p. Cu A-t\z-
j-W-¯nÂ H-cp ZmÀ-i-\nI-sâ ho£-W-tIm-Wm-Wv B-im³ kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. H-cp
B²ymßn-I ZÀ-i-\-[m-c-bm-WXv. B-im-s\ kv-t\-l-Km-b-I-\m-¡n am-äp-¶-Xnepw Cu
ZmÀ-i-\n--IX-bv-¡v ]-¦pv. k-Kp-W-`-ànbpw A-ssZz-X Nn-´bpw _u-²-ZÀ-i-\hpw
lyq-a-\n-k-hp-a-S-¡-ap-Å ZÀ-i-\-§-sf-Ãmw X-s¶ B-im³ Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS A-´À-[m-c-
bmbn hÀ-¯n-¡p¶p.
s]-cn-b a¬-]p-än\I-¯n-cp-¶v Nn-cX-]w sNbv-X I-n-cmX-sâ a-lm-ZÀi\w Du-\w
X«msX \-ap-¡v ]-IÀ-¯n X-¶ I-hn H-cm-tf D-m-bn-«p-Åq F-¶m-Wv B-im-s\-¡p-dn-
¨v kp-Ip-amÀ A-go-t¡m-Sv A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p-ÅXv. I-Sp-¯ hn-jm-Z-§-fnÂ \n-¶v Im-cp-
Wy-a-kr-Wam-b im-ń-bn-te-¡v I-hn lrZ-bw kw-LÀ-j-§-fn-eq-sS F-¯n-t¨-cp-¶
A\p-`-ha-Wv hm-b-\-¡mÀ-¡v B-im³ Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ \n¶pw e-`n-¡p-¶Xv.
B-im-sâ Im-hy-§-fn-se {]-W-b k-¦-ev-]w
kv-t\-l-Km-b-I³ F-¶m-Wv B-im³ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. amw-k-\n-_-²-aÃm-¯
cm-K-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pw {]-]-©-¯n-sâ X-s¶ \n-e-\n-ev-]n-¶m-[m-cam-b kv-t\-l-sa-¶ `m-h-
s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-am-Wv B-im³ \n-c´-cw ]m-Sn-s¡m-n-cp--¶Xv. i-co-c-s¯ `q-an-bn-te-¡v
XÅp-Ibpw B-ßm-hn-s\ tam-£-¯n-te-¡p-bÀ-¯p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶ D-Zm-¯am-b H-cp
kv-t\-l-k-¦-ev-]-am-Wv B-im³ I-hn-X-bnÂ \n-d-ªp \nÂ-¡p-¶Xv. B {]W-bw tIh-
ew kv{Xo ]p-cp-j-_-Ô-aÃ, a-dn-¨v Zn-hy-X-bn-se-¯n hne-bw {]m-]n-¡p-¶ B-ßm-hn-sâ
im-ń-bmWv. Pm-Xnþa-XþhÀ-¤ Nn-´-IÄ b-YmÀ-° {]-W-b-¯n-\v {]-Xn_-Ôw kr-ãn-
¡p-¶n-sÃ¶pw B-im³ Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¡p¶p.
1) Im-awþt{]-awþkv-t\-lw
kv-t\-l-¯nsâ kq-£v-a-t`-Z-§fm-b Im-aw, t{]aw, kv-t\-lw F-¶nh-sb kw-_-
Ôn-¨v B-im³ hn-i-Z-am-bn ]m-Sn-bn-«pv. C-{µnbw, i-co-cw, a\-Êv F-¶n§-s\ a-\p-
jysâ hnhn-[ X-e§-sf kv-]À-in-¡p-¶ Cu `m-h-t`-Z-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨v a-e-bm-f-¯n-em-Zy-
ambn ]m-Sn-bXpw Nn-ń-¨Xpw Ip-am-c-\m-im-\mWv. a-Wn-{]hm-f I-hn-X-I-fnÂ \nd-ªp
\nÂ-¡p-¶ i-co-c-\n-_-²am-b Ima-s¯ ]-cn-Xy-Pn-¡p-¶ B-im-³ C-{µn-b-§-sfbpw
ico-c-s¯bpw hn-«v a-\v-Ên-sâbpw lr-Z-b-¯n-sâbpw X-e-§-fn-te-s¡-¯p-¶p.
2) kzm-X-{ýw
Pm-Xn-bp-sSbpw a-X-¯n-sâbpw hÀ-W-¯n-sâbpw hÀ-K-¯n-sâbpw FÃmw
t]cnÂ k-aq-lw kv-t\-ln-¡p-¶ B-ßm¡-sf A-I-äp¶p. hn-[nbpw \n-b-a-hp-saÃmw
A-hÀ-s¡-Xn-sc {]-Xn-_-Ô-§ Ä D-bÀ-¯p¶p. F-¶mÂ Cu {]-Xn-_-Ô-§-sf-sbÃmw
A-Xn-Po-hn¨p-sIm-v A-h-km-\w kv-t\-lw hnP-bw t\-Sp-¶p F-¶ ZÀ-i-\-am-Wv Bim-
\p-m-bXv. b-h-\ \m-S-I-§-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶ A-Km-[am-b Zpc-´-t_m-[-am-Wv B-im³
Ihn-X-bn-se {]-W-b-k-¦Â-¸§-sf D-Zm-¯-am-¡p-¶Xpw B-im-s\ a-lm-I-hn-Xz-¯n-te-
¡p-bÀ-¯p-¶-Xpw. C-¯-c-¯nÂ Zpc-´-t_m-[-ap-f-hm-¡p-¶ {]-Xn-_-Ô-§-fm-Wv
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 7
hn[nbpw, km-aqln-I \n-b-a-§-fpw, hÀ-W hÀ-Km-Zn t_m-[-§-fpw. Cu {]-Xn-_-Ô-§Ä-
¡p ta-ep-Å {]-W-b-¯n-sâ hn-P-b-amWv B-im-sâ A-SnØm-\ hn-jbw.
“bp-h-P-\-lrZ-bw kz-X-{´-am-Wv A-h-cp-sS Im-ay ]-cn-{K-tl-Ñ-bnÂ” F-¶p hn-iz-
kn-¡p-¶ Ip-am-c-\m-im³ X-sâ {]-W-b-k-¦Â-¸-¯n-sâ A-hym-tJy-bam-b Nn{Xw
F¶p hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶ ‘eo-e'bnÂ C-¯-c-¯nÂ k-aq-lw XoÀ-¯ {]-Xn-_-Ô-§Ä
X-IÀ-¯ {]-Wb-s¯ D-ÅnÂ t]-dn A-\y-]p-cpj-s\ hn-hm-lw sN-t¿-n h-¶ \m-bn-
I-sb-bm-Wv BZyw A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. bu-h-\m-cw-`-¯nÂ \-ãam-b C-ã-Im-ap-I-
s\-t¯-Sn ]n-Xr-\n-Ý-b-{]-Im-c-ap-Å hn-hm-lw t]mepw th-s-¶p h-¨v k-\ym-k-Po-hn-
Xw h-sc \-bn-¨ ‘\-fn\n' tbm-Knbm-b Zn-hm-I-cs\ (Im-apI³) I--tXm-sS tbm-Km-ß-
I-eb-\w {]m-]n-¡p-¶-XmWv ‘H-cp kv-t\lw' F-¶p Iq-Sn \m-a-Ic-Ww sN-¿-s¸-« ‘\-fn-
\n'bp-sS C-Xn-hr-¯w. ‘Nn-´m-hn-ãbm-b ko-X'bn-emI-s« KÀ-`n-Wnbm-b X-s¶ Im-«n-
ep-t]-£n-¨ `À-¯m-hn-s\ I-W¡-äv hn-aÀ-in-¡p-¶ ko-X A-Xn-t\-¡mÄ th-K-X-bnÂ
Ah-s\ \ym-bo-I-cn-¨v X-sâ {]-Wb-s¯ Zr-Vo-I-cn-¡p¶p. ‘Zp-c-h-Ø'bnÂ am-¸n-f-e-
l-f-¡m-cnÂ \n¶pw c-£-s¸-t«m-Sn ]p-e-b-¡p-Sn-bn-e`-bw {]m-]n-¨ km-hn{Xn Nm-¯-\p-
am-bn A-\p-cm-K-¯n-em-Ip¶-Xv ap³-sNm-¶ D-Zm-l-c-W-§-fn-se-¶-Xpt]m-se hÀ-¤þhÀ-
®mXo-X t{]-a-`m-h§-sf t]-dn-s¡m-mWv. hm-k-h-Z-¯-bp-sS A-ý-cw-Kw B-im-sâ
{]-W-b-k-¦-ev-]-¯n-sâ D-Zm-¯ `m-h-am-bm-Wv A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨n-«p-ÅXv. t{]-a-¯n-\v
{]Xn_-Ôw \nÂ-¡p-¶ k-aq-l-t¯bpw hy-h-Øn-Xn-tbbpw cq-£-am-bn hn-aÀ-in-¡p-
Ibpw t{]-a-¯n-sâ kzm-X-{ý-s¯ ap-à-I-WvTw {]-iw-kn-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶p
Bim³.
3) {]-W-b-ssØcyw
t{]aw kz-X-{´-am-bn-cn¡-Ww F-¶ ho£-Ww ]p-eÀ-¯p-¶ B-im³ Im-ap-Io-Im-
ap-I³-am-cp-sS {]-W-b ssØ-cy-s¯bpw {]-IoÀ-¯n-¡p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. FÃm {]-Xn-
_-Ô-§-sfbpw F-XnÀ-¯v tXmÂ-¸n-¡p-hm³ X-¡ I-cp-¯v Im-ap-Io Im-ap-I³-amÀ-¡v
D-m-Ip-¶p F-¶-Xm-Wv B-im-sâ Im-gv-N-¸mSv. {]-W-b-¯n-eq¶n-b lr-Z-b§-sf ]n-ń-
cn-¸n¡m-t\m thÀ-s]-Sp¯mt\m H-cp i-àn¡pw km-²yaÃ. Cu X-¯z-am-Wv eo-e,
\fn\n, Zp-c-h-Ø F-¶o Ir-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS B-im³ B-hn-jv-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
“Bcpw tXmgn, D-e-InÂ a-d-bp-¶-nÃ, {]m-W³ sh-Sn-ªmÂ
¯o-cp-¶nÃo {]-W-b-P-Sn-eamw {]m-Wn-X³ kv-t\-l-_-Ôw”þ F-¶n§s\ ‘eo-em'Im-hy-
¯n-sâ A-h-km-\-`mK-¯v X-sâ kv-t\-l-k-¦-ev-]w A-k-µn-Kv-[am-b `m-jb
- nÂ tc-J-
s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-v Ip-am-c-\m-im³.
4) km-Xzn-I-{]Wbw
a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ £-Wn-I-Xbpw t{]-a-¯n-sâ A-Y-hm kv-t\-l-¯n-sâ A-
\-iz-c-Xbpw hÀ-Wn-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv B-im³ Ir-Xn-I-sfÃmw Xs¶. FÃm Ir-Xn-I-fp-
tSbpw tI-{µmi-bw kv-t\-l-am-sW-¦nepw km-Xzn-I-{]-W-b-¯n-sâ h-àm-hm-bn-cp-¶p
B-im³. t`m-K-¯neÃ, Xym-K-¯n-em-Wv kv-t\-l-¯n-sâ a-lXzw F-¶ Nn-´m-K-Xn-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 8
bmWv A-t±-l-¯n-\p-ÅXv. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn ]-cn-]m-h-\-kv-t\-l-¯n-\p-th-n
BßmÀ¸-Ww sNbv-Xv a-c-W-s¯-t¸m-epw a-[p-co-I-cn-¨-h-fm-Wv \-fn-\n-bn-se \m-bn-I.
Chcp-sS t{]-aw km-Xzn-I-am-bn-cp¶p. B-im-sâ {]-W-b-k-¦-ev-]-§-fnÂ km-Xzn-I-
`mhw I-s-¯m³ I-gn-bp-sa-¶v eo-emh-Xn So-¨dpw A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«pv.
B-im³ I-hn-X-I-fn-se tZ-io-bX
`m-c-Xo-bþIm-fnZm-k Im-hy kw-kv-Im-c-¯nÂ \n¶v an-gn Xp-d-¡p-¶ tZ-h-`q-an-bpsS
km-¶n-²y-am-Wv \-fn-\n-bnÂ ‘\Ã ssl-a-h-X-`q-hm'bn \n-es - Im-Åp-¶Xv. `m-c-Xo-bam-b
B-Zn-cq-]-§-fp-sS A-]qÀ-Æ-kp-µ-cam-b B-Jym-\-cq-]-§Ä C-hn-sS Im-Wmw. N-Þm-e-`n-
£pIn, Icp-W F-¶o Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ _u-² I-Ym-k-µÀ-`-§-fp-sS tZ-i-`q-an-I-bm-bn
IhnX am-dp-¶pv. Cu tZ-i-cq]w ‘\-fn-\n'bp-tS-XnÂ \n¶v hn-`n-¶hpw G-sd \m-K-cn-I-
hp-amWv. Pm-Xn-hy-h-Ø-bp-sS \n-jvTq-cX-sb ]-cn-l-kn-¡p-Ibpw _p²-sâ {]m-tbm-Kn-
I-Po-hn-X-¯n-e-[n-jvTn-Xam-b Pohn-X \n-e-]m-Sn-\v ap³-Xq-¡w \-ev-Ip-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶-
XmWv Cu Ir-XnIÄ. N-Þm-e-`n-£p-In-bn-se kv-t\-l_-Ôw `m-c-X-¯n-se Pm-Xn
BhnÀ-`m-h-¯n-s\-Xn-sc \n-e-sIm-Åp-¶-Xp-amWv. tI-c-f-¯n-se km-aq-ln-I-cwK-¯v
tIm-fn-f-¡w kr-ãn-¨ Ir-Xn-bmWv ‘Zp-chØ'. a-äp J-Þ-Im-hy-§-fnÂ \n¶pw hy-Xy-
kv-X-am-bn B-im-sâ hÀ-¯-am-\-Im-es¯, tI-c-f-¯n-se \-thm-°m-\Im-e N-cn-{X-
L«s¯ I-hn-X-bv-¡v hn-j-b-am-¡p-¶n-S-¯m-Wv Zp-c-h-Ø-bn-se C-Xn-hr-¯w th-dn-«v
\nÂ-¡p-¶Xv. A-¡m-e-¯pm-b am¸n-f e-l-f-bm-Wv A-Xn-\v ]-Ým-¯-e-sam-cp-¡n-bXv.
“F-{X s]-cp-am¡Ä, i-¦-cm-Nm-cy³-am-sc{Xtbm Xp-©³-amÀ Ip-©³-am-cpw
{Iq-cbmw Pm-Xn-bmÂ \q-\-a-e-kn-t¸mbv
tI-c-f-am-Xm-th \n³ h-b-änÂ”
C-{]-Im-c-ap-Å I-hn-bp-sS DZv-t_m-[-\-§Ä A-¶v tI-c-f-¯nÂ H-cp hn¹-hw
Xs¶-bp-m¡n. Pm-Xn Nn-´-s¡-Xn-cm-bp-Å B-im-sâ {]-Jym-]-\§-sf hn-i-Zo-I-c-
W§-sf {]-Xn-tj-[§-sf A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n s{]m-^. tPmk-^v ap--tÈ-cn
At±ls¯ ‘hn-¹-h-¯n-sâ ip-{I-\-£-{Xw' F-¶p hn-fn¨p.
B-im-sâ kzm-X-ý-ZÀi\w
“kzm-X-{ýw X-s¶-b-arXw
kzm-X-{ýw X-s¶ Po-hn-Xw” þ F-¶n-§-s\ tÇm-I-cq-]-¯nÂ X-sâ kzm-X-{ý-t_m-
[§-sf kw-t£-]n-¨ Ip-am-c-\m-im-sâ kzm-X-{ý ZÀ-i-\§-sf {]-[m-\-am-bpw 3 B-bn
Xn-cn-¡mw.
(i) Im-hy-`m-jm-hn-j-b]-cw
a-ebm-f Im-hy-`m-j-sbbpw hn-j-b-s¯bpw F-gp-¯Ñ-\p tijw ‘]m-c-X-{ý-
¯nÂ \n-¶p kzm-X-{ý-¯n-te-¡v \-bn-¨ a-\p-jy I-Ym-\p-Km-bn'bm-Wv Ip-am-c-\m-im³.
km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ A-t¶m-fw {]-_-e-am-bp-m-bn-cp-¶ bm-Ym-ØnXn-I ]-£-¯n-sâ \nb-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 9

am-h-en-IÄ X-¨pS-¨v Po-hn-X-K-Ônbm-b Im-hy-§Ä c-Nn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p A-t±lw. ae-
bm-f-¯n-se Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bp-sS ]-S-l-[z-\n-sb-¶p hn-ti-jn-¸n¡-s¸-Sp-¶ ‘\-fn-\n'bn-eq-
sS-bmWv Cu am-äw kw-Pm-X-am-Ip-¶Xv. ‘\-fn-\n'bp-sS A-h-Xm-cn-I-bnÂ G.BÀ
Cuamäs¯ A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv ‘K-Xm-\p-K-Xn-I-Xz-t¯-¡mÄ \h-\-thmtÃ-J I-ev-
]-\-I-fn-em-bn-cn¡-Ww I-hn-IÄ {i-²n-t¡-Xv' F-¶n-§-s\-bmWv. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ
Im-hy-§-fn-se `m-jmþhn-j-b-]-c-§fm-b a-äp kzm-X-ý-ZÀ-i-\-§Ä Xm-sg ]-d-bp-¶-h-
bmWv.
• a-em-bm-f `m-j-bp-sS ta-ep-m-bn-cp-¶ kw-kvIr-X Zp-jv-{]-`mh-s¯ A-h-km-\n-
¸n¨p.
• {]m-k-¯n-\p th-n I-hn ]-Zy-s¯ _-en sIm-Sp-¡p¶-Xv £p-{Z`q-X {]o-Xn-¡m-
bn ]p-{X-s\ _en-sIm-Sp-¡p¶-Xp t]m-se \n-µy-am-sW-¶v {]-Jym-]n¨p.
• I-hn¡pw I-hn-bp-sS ]m-Þn-Xy-¯n-\p-aÃ I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä-¡m-Wv {]m-[m-\y-sa-¶v
Øm-]n-¨p.
• Im-hy-s¯ X-Xz-Nn-´m-]-c-am-¡n
(ii) km-aq-ln-Iþkm-ap-Zmbn-I ]-cw
k-aq-l-¯nÂ \n-e-hn-en-cp-¶ A-\m-Nm-c-§-fp-sS s]m-Å¯-cw hy-à-am-¡p-I-bm-
bn-cp-¶p B-im³ Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS e-£yw. A-h-i k-ap-Zm-b-sa-¶ K-W-¯nÂ-s¸-Sp-¶
Cug-h k-ap-Zm-b-¯nÂ P-\n-¨ A-t±-lw kz-k-ap-Z-b-¯n-sâ km-aq-ln-Ihpw cm-{ão-b-
hpam-b A-h-i-X-IÄ-s¡-Xn-sc Imhyw c-Nn-¨p. 1908þÂ c-Nn-¡-s¸-« ‘H-cp Xo-b-¡p-«n-
bpsS hnNm-c'¯nÂ C-Xv B-cw-`n-¡p-¶p-sh-¦n-epw 1919þÂ F-gp-X-s¸-« ‘knw-l\m-Z'¯n-
em-Wv ]qÀ-¯n-bm-Ip-¶Xv. A-\p-`-h-¯n-sâ sh-fn-¨-¯nÂ km-aq-lyam-b D-¨-\o-N-
Xz§sf F-XnÀ-¡p-hm³ X-tâ-Sw Im-Wn-¨-Xnsâ ^-e-amWv Cu Ir-XnIÄ. km-aq-lnIþ-
km-ap-Zmbn-I tI-{µn--X-§fm-b A-t±-l-¯n-sâ kzm-X{ý ZÀ-i-\-§Ä PmXn-t_m-
t[mÑm-S-\-¯n-epw, am-\-h kzm-X-{ý-¯n-ep-a-[n-jvTn-X-amWv. Cu hn-Im-c-§Ä X-s¶-
bm-Wv Zp-ch-Ø, N-Þm-e-`n-£p-In F-¶o Im-hy-§-fnepw B-im³ {]-I-Sn-¸n-¨-Xv.
“]ma-c-Nn-¯w ]pI-ªp \o-dp-¶ [q-aam-b CuÀ-jybmWv” A-t±-l-¯n-\v PmXn. A-bn-
¯-¯n-sâ-bpw Pm-Xn-bp-sSbpw AÀ-°-iq\y-X sh-fn-hm-¡n Pm-Xn-t`-Z-_p-²n \-¶-sÃ¶v
A-t±-lw ]mSn.
DZm: ‘A-´-W-s\-¨-a-¨p-sÅm-cp I-¿sÃm
l-´ \nÀ-½n-¨p sN-dp-a-t\-bpw’
‘s\Ãpw Np-h-«nÂ ap-f-bv-¡pw
Im-«p-]pÃÃ km-[p-]p-e-b³
(N-Þm-e-`n-jpIn)
‘Zp-c-h-Ø'bn-se Nm-¯-s\bpw km-hn-{Xn-sbbpw H-cp-th-f-sb-¦nepw A-I-än-\nÀ-
¯n-bn-cp-¶-Xv Pm-Xn-hy-h-Ø-IÄ XoÀ-¯ A-kzm-X-{ý-amWv. kz-´w Ime-s¯ {]-tl-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 10
fn-IÄ-¡v D¯-cw I-s-¯m³ ]p-d-tIm-«v k-©-cn-¨ A-t±lw ‘Im-en-¶-Sn-bn-ep-a-kz-
Ø-X'bp-sS tIm-em-l-e-§Ä ap-g-¡p-¶ k-a-Im-enI-X-tbm-Sm-Wv {]-Xn-I-cn-¨Xv.
“am-äp-hn³ N-«§-sf kz-bw A-sÃ-¦nÂ
am-äp-a-XpI-fo \n-§-sf-¯m³”
F-¶v I-hn B-lzm-\w sN-¿p¶p.
(iii) am-\-h-kv-t\-l]-cw
B-im³ X-sâ Im-hy-§-fn-eq-sS hn-`mh-\w sNbv-X kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâ ]-c-aam-b
e-£yhpw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ B-i-b-§-fp-sS A-SnØm-\ `m-h-hpw- Po-hn-X-¯nÂ ‘kv-t\-
lamw Ip-fnÀ ]q-\n-emhv' ]-c-¯p-I-bmWv. km-aq-ln-Im-k-a-Xz-§Ä Zp-co-I-cn-¨v km-tlm-
Zcyw ]p-eÀ-¶mÂ am-{X-ta b-YmÀ-° kzm-X-{ýw t\-Sm-\m-hq F-¶ ]-£-¡m-c-\m-Wv
A-t±lw.
(iv) {]-W-b-kzm-X-{ýw
B-im³ Im-hy-¯n-eq-sS A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶ {]-W-b-¯n-\v 3 X-e-§-fm-Wp-ÅXv.
1) B-im³ I-an-Xm-¡Ä-¡v kz-bw \nÀ-®-bm-h-Im-iw \Â-Ip¶p.
D-Zm:
bp-h-P-\-lrZ-bw k-X-{ámþ
W-h-cp-sS Im-ay ]-cn-{K-tl-Ñ-bnÂ (eoe)
kz-´w h-[p-hn-s\ A-sÃ-¦nÂ hc-s\ kzo-I-cn-¡m³ bp-h-P-\-lr-Z-b-¯n-\v
XnI¨pw kzm-X-{ý-ap-v F-¶v B-im³ ]-d-bp¶p.
2) B-im³ X-sâ Im-hy-§fn-se \m-bn-I-amÀ-¡v A-h-k-c-hm-Z-kz-`m-hw \Â-Ip-¶p.
DZm:
I-cp-Xn-b-hÄ ad-¨p Im-anXw
I-cp-a-\ ]q-n-hÄ Im-«n eu-InIw (eo-e)
eo-e X-sâ D-Xv-I-S-am-b A-`n-\n-th-iw a-d-¨ph-¨v Zp-Ê-l-am-b thZ-\-tbm-sS
temIm-Nm-cw B-N-cn-¨p. (am-e-bn-SÂ \nÀ-Æ-ln-¨p).
3) {]-W-b-¯n-\v Zr-VXzw \Â-Ip-¶p.
“]-gIn-b X-cphÃn am-änSmw
]p-g-sbm-gpIpw h-gn th-sd-bm-¡nSmw
I-gn-bpa-h, a-\-kz-n-amÀ a\þ
sÊm-gn-h-X-iIy-sam-cm-fn-eq-¶n-bmÂ” (eo-e)
Nn-c-Im-e-am-bn a-c-¯nÂ ]-SÀ-¶p h-fÀ-¶p h-¶n-«p-Å h-Ån-sb B hr-£-¯nÂ
\n-¶v ASÀ-¯n a-säm-¶nÂ ]-SÀ-¯mw. F-fp-¸-¯nÂ A-Xv km-[y-a-sÃ-¦nepw t¢-in-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 11

¨mÂ km-[yw Xs¶. lr-Z-bm-ep-¡fm-b ]p-cp-j³-amcpw kv-{Xo-Ifpw A-h-cp-sS
a\kv H-cm-fnÂ D-d¨p-t]m-bmÂ ]n-s¶ hn-«-I-ep¶-Xv A-km-[y-amWv. {]-W-b-¯n-sâ
Xo-{h-Xbpw sI-«p-d¸pw C-hn-sS sh-fn-hm-¡p¶p.
J-Þ-Im-hy-§-Ä
B-[p\n-I J-Þ-Im-hy-§Ä B-Jym-\-§-sf-t¸m-se e-Lp-Im-hy-§Ä X-s¶-
bmWv. B \n-e-bv-¡v H-_n-P-Îo-hv en-dn-Iv B-Wv B-[p\n-I J-Þ-Im-hy-§-sf-¶p
]dbmw. C-Xn-hr-¯¯n-sâ kp-{][m-\ `m-K-¯n-\p am{Xw an-gn-hp \ÂIn, A-{][m-\
`mK§-sf kq-Ny-cq-]¯n-tem AÃm-sX-tbm H-Xp-¡n B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv
B[p\nI J-Þ-Im-hy-¯n-sâ coXn. C-XnÂ {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶ I-Ytbm kw`-htam \mS-
Io-btam Im-hymß-Itam hn-Im-c-]qÀ-Wtam B-bn-cn-¡pw. B-kzm-Z-I-{i²-sb B-IÀ-
jn-¡-¯ hn-[w `m-h-Xo-{hhpw G-Im-{K-hp-am-bn-cn-¡-W-sa-¶p am-{Xw. A-t¸mÄ \m-Xn-
ZoÀ-Lhpw \m-S-Io-b-hpam-b {]-Xn-]m-Zyw, `m-h-Xo-{h-Xbpw `m-h-\m-ß-I-Xbpw cq-]-km-c-
fy-Xp-amÀ-¶ {]-Xn-]m-Z\w, Hu-Nn-Xy-`m-kp-cam-b A-e-¦m-c{]-tbm-Khpw hÀ-W-\-bpw,
s]m-Xp-sh Im-ev-]\n-I {]-`m-h-e-bn-Xam-b A-´-co-£w F-¶n-h-sb-Ãm-am-Wv B-[p\n-I
J-Þ-Im-hy-§-fp-sS {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ. B-im-sâ ho-W-]q-hm-Wv a-e-bm-f-¯n-se e£-
W-sam-¯ B-Zy-s¯ J-Þ-Im-hyw.
B-im-sâ J-Þ-Im-hy-§-fp-sS {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ
‘Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful emotions' F-¶ thÀ-Uv-kv hÀ-
¯n-sâ \nÀ-h-N\-s¯ A-\p-kv-a-cn-¡p-¶ I-d-XoÀ-¶ Im-hy-§-fm-Wv B-im-sâ J-Þ-
Im-hy§Ä. hn-Nm-c-X-e-t¯-¡mÄ hn-Im-c X-e-X-¯n-\p {]m-[m\yw \ÂIn- A-\p-hm-
NIsc A-\p-`q-Xn X-e-¯n-te-¡v D-bÀ-¯p¶ sdm-amân-Iv Im-hy-§-fm-Wnh.
I) B-im-sâ Im-hy`mj
a) efn-X kw-kvIr-X ]-Z-§fpw a-e-bm-f ]-Z-§fpw C-S-I-eÀ-¶p-Å a-t\m-l-cam-b
`mj
b) k-µÀ-`-¯n-\n-W-§p-¶ ]-Z§-sf t_m-[-]qÀ-Æw Xn-c-sª-Sp-¯v D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p
c) hm-¡p-IÄ sIm-pX-s¶ H-c-´-co-£w kr-ãn¨p
d) [z-\n-{]-[m-\am-b `m-j ]-d-ªv A-XnÂ ]-Xn³-a-S-§v B-i-b§-sf [z-\n-¸n-
¡p¶p.
DZm: “A-\n-b-{ń-X-am-bn Nn-e-t¸m-go
a-\-tam-Sm-¯ Ip-amÀ-¤-ansÃ-tSm”
e) `m-j `m-h-§-sf ]qÀ-W-ambpw {]-Im-in-¸n-¡m³ A-]-cym-]v-X-am-Wv F-¶ k¦-Sw
B-im³ h-¨p ]p-eÀ-¯n-bn-cp¶p. 'C-¶p `m-j-bn-X-]qÀ®-a-tlm' F-¶v B-im³
X-s¶ hn-e-]n-¨n-«pv.
f) A-£-c-§-sf Iq-«n-bnW-¡n \-£-{X§-sf hn-cn-bn-¨ I-hn þ B-im-sâ Im-hy-`m-
j-bn-eq-sS I-S-¶-ph-cp-¶ Nn-{X-§-fp-sS em-hWyw C-hn-sS kq-Nn-¸n-¡p¶p.
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g) _m-ly-kw-Ko-X-t¯m-sSm-¸w I-hn-X-bnÂ \nd-ªp \nÂ-¡p-¶ B-ćn-I
kwKoXw þ ]-Z-§-fp-tSbpw hm-Iy-§-fp-tSbpw {]-tXy-I kw-hn-[m-\w sIm-v
h¶p tN-cp-¶-Xm-Wn-Xv.
h) Ku-c-h-amÀ-¶ hn-j-b-s¯bpw ssh-hn-[y-amÀ-¶ `m-h-§-sf-bpw B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-
hm-\p-Å I-cp¯pw ssN-X-\yhpw \nd-ªp \nÂ-¡p-¶ `mj.
i) Imhyw hn-t\m-tZm-]m-[n A-sÃ¶pw A-Xv Ku-c-h-am-b Pohn-X X-Xz-§-fp-sS
BJym-\-am-sW-¶p-apÅ t_m-[w B-im-sâ Im-hy-`m-j-bnÂ X-s¶ \nd-ªp
\nÂ-¸p-v.
II. hÀ-®\
a) hÀ-W-\-bnÂ ]-Iz-Xbpw an-X-Xzhpw ]m-en-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
b) ]-cn-an-Xam-b hm-¡pIÄ-sIm-v hc-¨p tNÀ-¯n-cn-¡p-¶ A-t\-Iw Xq-en-Im-Nn-{X-
§Ä Im-Wmw.
c) I-Ym-]m-{X-hÀ-W-\-bnÂ Aw-K-{]-Xyw-K-hÀ-W-\-bv-¡p {]m-[m\yw C-Ã.
d) I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS cq-]-hÀ-W-\-sb-¡mÄ `m-hm-hn-jv-I-c-W-¯nÂ {i-²-bq¶n
e) Xn-I-ª a-\-im-kv{X-t_m-[-¯n-sâ ]-Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ \n¶p-sIm-v I-Ym-]m-{X-
¯n-sâ a-\-Ên-eq-sS k-©-cn-¨v A-h-cp-sS a-\-Ên-s\ sh-fn-hm-¡p-Ibpw at\m-hym-
]m-c§-sf H-¸n-sb-Sp-¯v B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-I-b-pw sN-bv-Xp.
f) kv{Xo hÀ-W-\-bnÂ ]qÀ-Æ I-hn-I-fp-sS ZuÀ-_-ey-§Ä H¶pw B-im-s\ Xo-n-
bn-«nÃ. kv-{Xo-hÀ-W-\-bnÂ A-an-Xm-th-i-anÃ. k-`y-X-bp-sS A-XnÀ-h-c-¼pI-sf
ewLn-¨n-«p-anÃ. D-SÂ A-{]-[m-\hpw \-iz-c-hp-am-sW-¶v B-im³ hn-iz-kn-¨n-
cp¶p. a-\kpw B-ßm-hp-am-Wv B-im-sâ {i-²m-tI-{µ-§Ä.
g) {]-Ir-Xn hÀ-W-\-bnÂ B-im³ A-Xy-´w X-ev-]-c-\m-bn-cp¶p.
III. A-e-¦m-c-§Ä
i-Ðm-e-¦m-c-§Ä k-µÀ-`w B-h-iy-s¸-Sp-¶ A-h-k-c-§-fnÂ am-{X-am-bn B-im³
Np-cp¡n. B-im-\v i-Ðm-e-¦m-c-§-fnÂ {`-aw CÃ. ]m-Þn-Xy {]-I-S-\-anÃ. Zzn-Xo-bm-£-
c-{]m-kw an-¡-hm-dpw I-hn-X-I-fnÂ Im-Wmw. B-i-b-hn-i-Zo-Ic-Ww e£yw h¨p-sIm-
p-Å Np-cp-¡w AÀ-°m-e-¦m-c-§fpw B-im³ {]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«pv. km-taym-àn A-e-
¦m-c-§-fm-tW-sd-bpw. A-Npw-_n-X-§fm-b A-t\-Iw sa-ä-^-dp-Ifpw B-im³ I-hn-X-
bnÂ Im-Wmw.
IV. `m-hm-hn-jv-I-c-W£-aX
hnhn-[ `m-h-§Ä kq-£v-a-am-bn A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨v A-\p-hm-NI-s\ B-IÀ-jn¨p.
Bim-sâ J-Þ-Im-hy-§-sfÃmw hn-Nm-c-X-e-t¯-¡mÄ hn-Im-c-X-e-¯n-\v {]m-[m\yw
\ÂIn. hm-b-\-¡mÀ-¡v A-\p-`q-Xn-Ifpw A-\p-`-h-§fpw ]-IÀ-¶v \Â-Ip-¶ ip²
sdmamân-Iv Im-hy-k-¦-ev-¸-¯n-te-¡v B-im³ a-e-bm-f-I-hnX-sb D-bÀ¯n. ssh-Im-cn-
I-X-bpw kz-]v-\-Nn-{X-§fpw `q-XIm-e c-Xnbpw hÀ-¯-am-\-Im-e-t¯m-Sp-Å F-XnÀ¸pw
FÃmw \nd-ªp \nÂ-¡p-¶ \n-ch-[n a-t\m-l-c-Im-hy-§Ä-¡v B-im³ P³-a-a-cpfn.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 13

B-im-\n-se Im-ev-]\n-I L-S-I-§Ä
Im-ev-]\n-I L-S-I§-sf cq-]-Xew, `m-hX-ew F-¶n-§-s\ 2 B-bn Xn-cn-¡mw.
I) cq-]X-ew
1) _nw-_-I-ev-]-\
C-ta-Pp-Ifpw _nw-_-§-fp-ap-]-tbm-Kn-¨v I-hnX-sb Iq-Sp-XÂ [z-\n-]-c-X-bp-Å-Xm-¡n
am-äp¶p.
DZm: ]p-f-I-§Ä I-bv-¯n-em¼Â
sX-fn-bn¡pw X-a-km-k-ao-c-\nÂ
C-fIpw h-\-cm-Pn sh-®nemþ
shm-fn-bmÂ sh-Ån-bnÂ hmÀ-¯-t]m-se-bm-bv
X-a-km-\-Zn-bp-sS Xo-c-¯m-Wv hm-ev-ao-In-bp-sS B-{iaw. cm-{Xn-bnÂ B \-Zn-bnÂ a-µ-
am-cp-X-t\-äv B-¼Â-¸q-¡Ä hn-S-cp¶-Xv I-mÂ \-Zn tImÄ-a-bnÀ sIm-Åp-
IbmtWm F-¶v tXm-¶pw. B Im-änÂ Cf-In \n-ev-¡p¶ B h-\-cm-Pn-bnÂ [-h-f-
hÀ-®am-b N-{µn-I hym-]n-¨n-cn-¡p¶-Xp I-mÂ Im-Sp ap-gp-h³ shÅn-sIm-p
hmÀ-¯XmtWm F-¶v tXm-¶pw.
2) knw-t_m-fn-kw
{]-Xo-I-§-fp-sS k-lm-b-t¯m-sS I-hn-X-bp-sS A-´À-`m-h-¯n-sâ B-gw hÀ-²n-
¸n-¡p-¶ co-Xn sdm-amân-Iv- I-hn-X-I-fnÂ Im-Wmw. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn ho-W-]q-hnÂ
Ihn a-\p-jyXzw B-tcm-]n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. ku-µ-cy-¯n-sâ-bpw sF-iz-cy-¯n-sâbpw
hÀ-W-i-_-fn-a-bp-sSbpw {]u-Vn-bp-sSbpw {]-Xn-cq-]-am-bn-«m-Wv I-hn ]p-jv-]§-sf
hn-`m-h-\w sN-¿p-¶Xv. ‘ho-W-]q-hn'eqsS ‘A-[n-I-Xpw-K-]-Z-¯nÂ' tim-`n-¨ncp-¶ Hcp
kv-{Xo-bp-sS ]-X-\-s¯bpw {]-Xo-I-h-Xv-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
3) \n-tbm-¢m-kn-Iv ]m-c-¼-cy-§-tfm-Sp-Å {]-Xn-tj-[w
`m-h-ku-µ-cy-t¯-¡mÄ cq-]-L-S-\-bnÂ {i-²-bq¶n-b \n-tbm-¢m-kn-Iv {]-Øm-\-
¯n-s\-Xn-sc-bp-Å i-àam-b {]-Xn-tj-[-am-bn-cp-¶p Ip-am-c-\m-im-sâ Ir-XnIÄ.
hoW-]q-hn-eq-sS B-im³ Xp-S-§n-h-¨ ImÂ-¸-\n-I hn¹-hw a-ebm-f I-hnX-sb Hcp
]p-Xp-bp-K-¯n-te-¡v \-bn¨p. F-¦nepw B-Vym-\p-I-c-W-k-{¼-Zm-b-¯n-sâ A-e-¦m-c-
{àw, \n-cÀ-°-I ]-Z{]-tbmKw, K-Xm-\p-K-Xn-IXzw C-h-bnÂ \n-s¶Ãmw B-im³ ]qÀ-
W-ambpw ap-à-\m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. \n-Xw-_-Kp-cp-X-bmÂ Xm³ \n-ew-hn-Sm³ I-gn-bm-Xn-£n-
Xn-bnÂ-¯-§p-an-t£m-Wo-cw-`-Xm-\{tX hm-k-h-Z-¯m-Jybm-b hm-c-kp-µcn” F-¶
‘Icp-W'bnÂ Im-Wp-¶ {]-tbm-Kw IÂ-¸-\-I-fnÂ A-§n-§p Im-Wp-¶ K-Xm\pKXn-
I-Xz-¯n-\v {]-I-Sam-b H-cp D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. ‘ssI-¸q-hv', ‘]-Z-]-¦Pw' ap-Xem-b \ncÀ-
°-I cq-]-I§fpw ‘tem-e-tam-l-\-am-bv-¯¦ ]-¦P-s¯ shÃpw h-ew-Imev' F-¶n-
§-s\-bp-Å hn-c-k-IÂ-¸-\-Ifpw B-im-sâ I-hn-X-I-fnÂ Im-Wmw. ]-cn-hÀ-¯-\
Ime-L-«-§-fnÂ Po-hn-¡p-¶ I-hn-I-fnÂ ]-g-b k-{¼-Zm-b-§-fp-sS Aw-i-§Ä X§n-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 14
\nÂ-¡p¶-Xv kzm-`m-hn-I-amWv. ]t£, B-im-sâ Im-hy-IÂ-¸-\-I-fn-se Ømbn
bmb kz-`m-hw CXÃ, k-ap-Nn-X-§fpw ssN-X-\y-`-cn-X-§fpw Bb ssh-hn-[y-amÀ-¶
\h-\-thm-tÃ-J-§-fp-sS k-¶n-th-i-amWv. k-¦oÀ-Wam-b ]-Z{]-tbmKw, A-\pI-c-W
{`-aw, hr-¯-\n-_²-X, hÀ-W-\ Xp-S-§n-b-h-bn-seÃmw B-imsâ \n-tbm-¢mkn-Iv
]mc-¼-cy-§-tfm-Sp-Å {]-Xn-tj-[w {]-I-S-amWv.
4) {]m-k{]-tbm-K-Nm-Xpcyw
Zzn-Xo-bm-£-c-{]m-kw B-im-sâ an-¡ Ir-Xn-I-fnepw Im-Wmw.
II) `m-hX-ew
B-im-sâ Ir-Xn-I-Ä cq-]-X-e-t¯-¡mÄ `-h-X-e-¯n-\v {]m-[m\yw sIm-Sp-¯n-cn-
¡p¶p.
1) hn-jm-Zmß-IX
B-im-sâ I-hn-X-IÄ A-Xn-Kq-Vam-b Po-hn-X-kv-t\-lhpw A-Xn-i-àamb
sshcm-Kyhpw X-½n-ep-Å kw-LÀ-j-¯n-sâ I-hn-X-I-fmWv. Cu kw-LÀj-s¯ k-a-
\z-b-am-¡p¶ ]-cn-Wm-a-[m-c-bm-Wv B-im-sâ Im-hy-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv. I-Sp-¯
hn-jm-Z-§-fnÂ \n-¶v Im-cp-Wy-a-kr-Wam-b im-ń-bn-te-¡v I-hn-lrZ-bw kw-LÀ-j-§-
fn-eq-sS F-¯n-t¨-cp¶p. Pohn-X ]-cm-P-b-§-fnÂ \n-¶m-Wv hn-jm-Zmß-I-X cq-]w
sImÅp-¶-Xv.
2) Kr-lm-Xp-cX
]-¨bm-b Pnhn-X bm-YmÀ-°y-§-fnÂ \n¶pw H-fn-t¨m-Sp-¶ I-hn Kr-lm-Xp-c-X-
bpsS `m-h-§-fm-Wv I-hn-X-bnÂ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv.
3) hyàn-t_m-[w
k-aq-l tI-{µn-Xam-b hn-j-b-§-fnÂ \n¶pw hy-àn t_m-[-¯n-\v {]m-[m\yw
sIm-Sp¯p-sIm-p-Å Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv B-im³ c-Nn-¨Xv. hy-àn-I-fp-sS a-t\m-hym-]m-c-
§sf A-t±-lw X-sâ I-hn-X-I-fn-eq-sS A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p.
4) ku-µ-cym-cm-[\
Bim-sâ Im-hy-IÂ-¸-\-I-fp-sS {]-`-h-Øm-\-§Ä A-t\z-jn-¨p sNÃp-t¼mÄ
Ah-bnÂ G-dn-b-Iqdpw {]-Ir-Xn-bnÂ-\n¶pw kzo-I-cn-¨-h-bm-sW-¶p Im-Wmw. Np-äp-]m-
Sp-ap-Å kp-µ-c-h-kv-Xp¡-sf hÀ-Wn-¨v Xr-]v-Xn-b-S-bp-¶-h-cm-Wv sdm-amân-Iv I-hnIÄ.
DZm-l-c-W-am-bn ko-X-bp-sS ]-Ým-¯-e hÀ-W-\ \-S-¯p-t¼mÄ A-hn-sS-bp-Å D-Zym\w,
]q-hm-I, ]pÂ-¸-çv, kq-cy-kvX-a\w, N-t{µm-Zbw, \-£-{X§Ä, \n-emhv, ]q¡Ä, kp-K-
Ôw F-¶n-§-s\- {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS a-t\m-lmcn-X ap-gp-h³ B-hm-ln¨p-sIm-m-Wv I-hn
Im-hyc-N-\ \nÀ-Æ-ln-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
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5) kzm-X-{ý-t_m-[w
k-aq-lw D-bÀ-¯p-¶ hn-e-¡pI-sf ew-Ln¨p-sIm-p-Å ]qÀ-W-kzm-X-{ý-
¯nsâ a-lXzw B-im³ X-sâ I-hn-X-I-fn-eq-sS A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
DZm: kzm-X-{ýw X-s¶-b-arXw
kzm-X-{ýw X-s¶ Po-hnXw
]m-c-X-{ýw am-\n-IÄ-¡v
ar-Xn-tb-¡mÄ `-bm\Iw
F-¶ B-ZÀ-i-¯nÂ A-t±-lw Dd-¨p \n-¶p. kzm-X-{ýw, A-`n-am\w, Po-hn-X-hn-ip-²n
F-¶n-h-bv-¡v D-¯-a aqeyw I-ev-]n-¨n-«p-Å hy-àn-bm-Wv Ip-am-c-\m-im³.
D-ÅqÀ.F-kv.]-c-ta-iz-c-¿À
B-im-sâbpw h-Å-t¯m-fnsâbpw k-a-Im-en-I\m-b D-ÅqÀ B-[p\n-I I-hn-{X-
b-¯n-se ‘DÖz-e i-Ðm-Vy'\mWv. ]m-Þn-Xyhpw I-hn-Xzhpw H-¯n-W§nb B Ihn-
{]Xn-` Im-e-¯n-sâ {]-h-W-X-IÄ DÄ-s¡m-v X-Z-\p-kc-Ww Im-hy-c-N-\-bn-teÀ-s¸-Sp-
I-bm-bn-cp¶p. ‘BÀ-j-kw-kvIm-c `-à'\m-b A-t±-lw Ihn-X kp-lr-¯v-kÃm-]w
t]mse tIh-ew hn-t\m-Z-aÃ F-¶pw A-XnÂ Nn-e B-ZÀ-i-§fpw, e-£y-§-fpw, X-Xz-
k-c-Wn-Ifpw ]m-en-t¡--Xp-s¶pw sX-fn-bn¨p. Pohn-X [À-½-§-fp-sS ZÀ-¸-W-§fpw
hym-Jym-\-§-fp-am-bn cq]m´-cw {]m-]n¨ B Im-hy-§-fnÂ D-Åq-cn-se I-hn-tb-¡mÄ
X-tXzm-]-tZ-ãm-hn-s\-bm-Wv Im-Wm-\m-hp-I. Ihn-X ku-µ-cym-ß-I-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xn-t\m-
sSm-¸tam A-XnÂ Iq-Sp-Xtem [À-t½m-]-tZ-i-am-bn-cn¡-Ww F-¶ \n-jvIÀ-j D-Åq-cn-
\p-m-bn-cp¶p. k-aIm-e Po-hn-X-¯n-te-¡v ]p-cm-X-\ kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ Po-h-hm-bp
{]k-cn-¸n-¡p-I; A-Xv `m-thm-±o-]-\-]-c-am-bn B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-IþC-Xm-bn-cp-¶p D-ÅqÀ I-
hn-X-bp-sS e-£yw.
D-ÅqÀ I-hn-X-I-fp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ
BÀ-j-[À-½-¯nÂ A-[n-jvTn-Xam-b Nn-´tbm A-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨p-Å A-`n-am-\-tam
G-sd-¡p-sd [n-j-Wm-]-c-am-bn-¯-s¶ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶ Im-hy-§-fm-Wv D-Åq-cn-tâXv.
kp-JþZpx-J-§Ä, am-\pjn-I _-Ô§Ä, Po-hn-X-km-^-eyw, Im-e-L-«-¯n-sâ {]-h-W-
XÄ F-¶o am-\-Z-Þ-§-f-\p-k-cn-¨v ]cn-tim-[n-¨mepw ]u-cmWn-I ZÀ-i-\-§-fn-e-[n-jvTn-
Xam-b aqey-t_m-[-am-Wv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Im-hy-§-fp-sS A-´À[m-c F-¶p hyàw.
F¶mÂ G-sX-¦nepw th-Zm´ X-Xz-§fntem B-Nm-c-§fntem A-h H-Xp-§n \nÂ-¡p-
¶nÃ. k-a-Imen-I bm-YmÀ-°y-§-tfbpw ]u-cmWn-I k-¦-ev-]-§tfbpw H-tc co-Xn-bnÂ
k-ao-]n-¨ A-t±-lw km-[m-c-W-aÃm-¯ Im-gv-N-¸m-Sn-eq-sS-bm-Wv Po-hnX-s¯ \n-co-£n-¨n-
cp-¶Xv. k-a-Imen-I k-aq-l-¯n-sâ Xm-ev-]-cy-§-tfm-Sv s]m-cp-¯-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\v
thn-t¸mepw A-t±-lw X-sâ Im-gv-N-¸m-Sv D-t]-£n-¨n-cp-¶nÃ. ù-Xn-I-Po-hn-Xw am-{X-
aÃ Po-hn-Xw F-¶ ]-£-¡m-c\m-b D-Åq-cn-sâ Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ `m-cXo-b X-Xz-Nn-´-bp-sS
I-eÀ-¸nÃm-¯ A-h-Xc-Ww Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw.
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Im-hy`mj
kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-{]-Np-c-am-Wv D-Åq-cn-sâ Im-hy`m-j ]-d-bp-¶-sX´pw D-Öz-e-i-Ð-
¯nÂ ]-dbp-I F¶-Xv D-Åq-cn-sâ H-cp iàntbm ZuÀ-_eytam B-bn-cp¶p. D-Åq-cn-
sâ ]m-Þn-Xyhpw `m-jm-kzm-[o-\hpw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Im-hy-`m-j-bnÂ \nd-ªp \nÂ-
¡p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. kw-kv-Ir-X-¯nÂ \n¶pw a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ \n¶pw k-µÀ-`-¯n-\v
C-W§pw hn-[w ]-Z§-sf Xn-c-sª-Sp-¯v D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v D-Åq-cn-\p-Å ]mS-hw
F-Sp-¯p-]-d-tb-Xp Xs¶. C-{X-am{Xw ]-Z-k-¼-¯p-Å a-säm-cp a-e-bm-fI-hn Dtm
F-¶p kw-i-b-amWv.
Imhy-ssien
sh¬a-Wn {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ A-\-´-cm-h-Im-in-sb-¶ \n-e-bv-¡p-Å Im-hy-P-o-hn-X-am-Wv
h-Å-t¯mÄ B-cw-`n-¨-sX-¦nÂ tI-c-f-hÀ-½ {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ ]n-´p-SÀ-¨-mh-Im-in-
sb¶ \n-e-bv-¡v Ih-\-ssi-en cq-]-s¸-Sp¯n-b I-hn-bm-Wv D-ÅqÀ. tI-c-f-hÀ-½ {]-Øm-
\-¯n-sâ ap-Jy-[À-½-§-fm-bn-cp-¶ kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z{]-tbm-K-¯n-ep-Å hnti-j {]-Xn-
]¯n; {]m-k-¯n-ep-Å \n-jv-IÀ-j; A-e¦m-c I-ev-]-\-I-fn-ep-Å B-th-iw F¶n-h
DÅqÀ I-hn-X-I-fp-tSbpw ap-J-ap-{Z-I-fmWv.
D-ÅqÀ D-Öz-e-i-Ðm-Vy³
]-Þn-X-am-{X-th-Zyam-b ]-Z-§Ä D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I, hn-Nn-{Xam-b AÀ-°m-e-¦m-c-§Ä
IW-¡n-e-[n-Iw {]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I Xp-S§n-b Im-hy-[À-a§-sf A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bm-Wv
DÅq-cn-s\ ]-Þn-X-Ihn, D-tÃ-J-Km-b-I³ F-s¶Ãmw hn-fn-¡p-¶Xv. H-cp h-kv-Xp-hn-s\
X-s¶ ]-e ho£-W-tIm-WnÂ \n¶p-sIm-v A-Xn-sâ hn-hn-[-§fm-b k-hn-ti-j-
XIsf ]qÀ-W-ambpw A-e-¦m-c-k-ar-²am-b `m-j-bnÂ hÀ-®n-¨-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-ep-Å
D-Åq-cn-sâ ]mS-hw \n-cq-]-I³-am-sc A-Ûp-X-]-c-X-{´-cm-¡n-bn-«pv. Im-hy-¯n-sâ
iÐ-`w-Kn-bnÂ A-t§b-äw {i-²-bq¶n-b D-ÅqÀ {]m-k-`w-Kn-¡v C-W-§p-¶ ]-Z-§-tf-
bm-Wv t_m-[-]qÀ-Æw Xn-c-sª-Sp-¯v D-]-tbm-Kn-¨Xv. {]m-k-Zo-£-bv-¡p th-n ip-²-a-
e-bm-f-]-Z-§-sfbpw kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§-sfbpw am-dn-am-dn {]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ D-Åq-cn-\p
`mjm-kzo-I-c-W-¯nÂ I-hn-X-bp-sS {]m-k-`w-Kn-bp-sS i-Ð-ku-Ip-am-cy-hpw {i-h-W-kp-
J-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p A-SnØm-\ am-\-Z-Þ-§-sf-¶p Im-Wmw. “Zp-Kv-[-an-cp-¶-Xm-a-²y-c-
]m{X-¯nÂ a-Zy-an-sX§-s\ h-¶p tNÀ¶p” F-¶ {]u-V-kw-kv-Ir-X-¯nÂ ]nw-K-f
FgpXn-b D-ÅqÀ Xs¶
“H-scm-ä a-X-ap-p-e-In-¶p-bncmw t{]a-a-sXm-¶tÃm
]-c-s¡ \-s½ ]m-e-ar-Xq«pw ]mÀ-Æ-W-i-in-_nw-_w”
F-¶v kw-Ko-X-a-[p-cam-b ip-² a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bnÂ ]m-Sp-t¼mÄ A-\p-hm-N-IÀ A-Ûp-X-
s¸Sp-I X-s¶ sN-¿pw.
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kw-kv-Ir-X-¯nepw a-e-bm-f-¯nepw Hcp-t]m-se ]m-ÞnXyw t\-Sn-bn-cp-¶ D-Åq-cn-sâ
]-Z-k¼-¯p X-s¶-bm-Wv \n-cq-]-I-cnÂ \n¶pw ‘D-ÅqÀ D-Öze-i-Ðm-Uy³' F-¶p
_lp-a-Xn-¡v A-t±-l-s¯ AÀ-l-\m-¡n-bXv.
DÖz-e i-Ð-{]u-Vn-bn-ep-f-hm-Ip-¶ hn-Im-c-{`w-iw
‘ap-g-§p-¶ i-Ð-§-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv X-¶n-se hn-Úm-\nbm-b I-hn-¡p ]m-Sm-\p-Å-
sX-¶ Hu-Nn-Xy-am-Wv X-sâ kÀ-¤m-ß-I-X-bp-sS Im-XÂ’ F-¶v kz-bw hn-ti-jn-¸n-
¡p¶ I-hn-bm-Wv D-ÅqÀ. Xm³ Gsd B-Z-cn-¨n-cp-¶ N-¼p-¡-fp-tSbpw a-lm-Im-hy-§-
fp-tSbpw A-\p-c-W\-am-Wv A-t±-lw a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ \-S-¯-nb-Xv. A-h-bn-se
hÀ-®-\m-{]-Zam-b \n-tbm ¢m-kn-Iv ssi-en-sb B-Wv A-t±-lw Im-hy-§-fnÂ DÄ-tNÀ-
¯-Xv. ZpÀ-{K-lam-b kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-k-¼-¯pw D-tÃ-Jm-Zn A-e-¦mc ssh-Nn-{Xy-§fpw
{]t_m-[-\m-ß-I `m-jbpw hn-{`-am-ß-IX-bp-am-Wv A-t±-lw \n-tbmþ¢m-kn-Iv ]m-c-¼-cy-
¯nÂ \n¶pw kzo-I-cn-¨n-«p-ÅXv.
I-em-]-cam-b H-cp ZuÀ-_-ey-sa-¶p hn-fn-¡m-hp-¶ ]-Zm-\p-cm-Khpw AÀ-°-ssh-
Nn{Xy k-¼m-Z-\-¯n-\p-Å hy-{K-Xbpw km-[m-c-W-¡m-sc AI-än \nÀ-¯p-¶ ZpÀ-L-S
]Z{]-tbm-Khpw an-Yym-Uw-_-chpw A-Xn-hÀ-W-\hpw D-ÅqÀ I-hn-X-I-fnÂ hn-Im-c-{`w-i-
ap-m¡n. ZpÀ-L-Sam-b kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z-§fpw k-am-k-§fpw A-{]-kn-²am-b ]p-cm-W
I-Ym-kq-N-\-Ifpw B-ib ZpÀ-{K-l-X-bp-m-¡p-Ibpw Iq-Sp-XÂ k-¦oÀ-W-X kr-ãn-¡p-
Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. `m-h-§Ä-¡v C-hn-sS hn-Im-c-{`w-iw kw-`-hn-¡p¶p. `m-j-bn-sebpw
B-i-b-¯n-sebpw Cu h-{Io-I-cn-¡Â lm-kþirw-Km-cþI-cp-Wm-Zn hn-Im-c-§-fp-sS
Bhn-jv-I-cn-¡Â ^-e-h-¯m-hp-I-bnÃ. C-Xn-hr-¯ kzo-I-c-W-¯nÂ C-Xn-lm-kþ]p-cm-
WmZnþ N-cn-{X-h-kv-Xp-XI-sf ]-cn-K-Wn¡p-I hgn- Cu hn-Im-c-{`w-iw Ip-td-¡q-Sn i-à-
am-hp-I-bm-Wv \-½p-sS [z-\n-Im-cm-Zn-I-fpw aäpw Du-¶n-¸-d-ªn-«p-Å I-hn-X-bp-sS aÀ-½-
Øm-\o-b-§fm-b Hu-Nn-Xy-Zo-£-tbbpw c-km-\p-KpW-]-Z {]-tbm-K-t¯bpw D-ÅqÀ
Ah-K-Wn-¡p¶p. a-[p-c-hn-Im-c-§Ä sIm-pw lr-Z-b-¯n-te-¡v B-ªn-d-§p-¶ B-i-
b-§Ä sImpw ap³-\nÂ-¡p-¶ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ ‘t{]-a-kwKo-X'¯nÂ t]m-epw
“t]À¯pw X-½nÂ ]r-Yn-hy-]vtX-tPm-hm-bvhm-Im-i§Ä
]n-W-¸p-tat-·Â kr-ãn-bn-eo-i³ ]n-cn-¸p-kw-lr-Xn-bmÂ” F¶pw a-äp-ap-Å h-cn-IÄ
IS-¶p-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
D-Åq-cn-sâ hm-Nm-eam-b ssi-en-bnÂ i-Ð-]m-I-sa-¶ Kp-W-¯n-\v Øm-\w Ip-dbpw.
‘DNn-X-]-Z-§Ä D-Nn-X-Øm\-¯v D-Nn-X-co-Xn-bnÂ k-¶n-th-in-¸n-¡p-I' F-¶ Im-fn-Zm-
km-Zn-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶ co-Xn-bÃ D-Åq-cn-tâ-Xv. B-i-b-§-fp-sS B-[nIyw Imc-Ww ]-d-
bm\Ã, ]d-ªp Xp-S-§n-bmÂ \nÀ-¯m-\m-bn-cp-¶p A-t±-l-¯n-\p hn-jaw. B-kzm-Z\-
s¯ C-Xv F-{X-am{Xw _m-[n-¡p-¶p-s-¶v A-t±-lw B-tem-Nn-¡m-dnÃ.
a-ebm-f a-lm-Im-hy-§-fnÂ t{i-jvTam-b N-cn-{X-Imhyw ‘D-am-tI-c-f'¯n-eqsS
‘Dab-½' dm-Wn-sb A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ \m-SIo-b kw-L-«-\-§fpw kw-`-h-_m-lp-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 18

eyhpw h-n-Nn-{X-`m-h-§fpw kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bn tZym-Xn-¸n-¡p-¶p-sh-¦nepw irwKmcþ
lmkþIcp-W hn-Im-c-§Ä-¡v D-t±-in-¨ ^-ew e-`n-¡p-¶nÃ. BÀ-j-[À-½-¯n-sâbpw
B-ß-Xym-K-¯n-sâbpw {]-Xo-Iam-b IÀ®-s\ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶ ‘IÀ-®-`q-j-W'¯nÂ
hÀ-t®m-Xv-IÀ-j-t_m-[-t¯m-Sp-Å ]-cn-lm-khpw aäpw C-¯-c-¯nÂ hn-Im-c-{`w-i-t¯m-
sS-bm-Wv B-hn-jv-I-r-X-ambncn-¡p-¶Xv. ‘]nw-K-f'bv-¡pm-b am-\-km-´-chpw hn-c-
ànbpw D-Åq-cn-sâ D-Öz-e-i-Ð-{]u-Vn-bnÂ hn-Im-c-hn-tcN-\w t\-Sp-¶nÃ. A-t±-l-
¯n-sâ Im-ev-]\n-I J-Þ-Im-hy-§-sfÃmw X-s¶ \n-tbm-¢m-kn-Iv ]m-c-¼-cy-¯n-sâ
AXn-i-tbm-àn \nÀ-`-c-Xbpw A-e¦m-c P-Sn-e-X-bpw- hn-c-k-Xbpw \n-d-ª-h-bm-Ip-
¶Xpw a-säm¶pw sIm-Ã. hen-tIm-bn-¯-¼pcm-t\m-Sp-Å a-a-X-bnÂ \n-¶pm-b
ZznXo-bm-£-c-{]m-k-\njvT B-ib-s¯ h-{Io-I-cn-¡m\pw \n-cÀ-°-I ]-Z-§Ä Iq-Sp-X-
em-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-¡m\pw Im-c-W-am-Ip-¶pv. \nÊw-K `mh-s¯ lr-Z-b-kv-]r-¡m-¡p-
¶-XnÂ Bim-s\m-¸-tam, `àn-t]m-ep-Å BÀ-{Z `m-h-§-fp-sS B-hn-jv-I-c-W-¯nÂ
hÅ-t¯m-fn-s\m-¸tam D-ÅqÀ F-¯m-¯-Xn-sâ Imc-Ww C-XmWv.
hÀ-®\
a-lm-Im-hy-§-fp-sS hÀ-W\m-ssi-en-bm-Wv J-Þ-Im-hy-§-fnepw D-ÅqÀ ]n³-Xp-
SÀ-¶Xv. F-ń-s\bpw hn-i-Z-am-bn hÀ-®n-¨-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶ \n-tbm-¢m-kn-Iv Im-hy-kw-
kv-Im-cw D-Åq-cn-s\ kzm-[o-\n-¨n-cp¶p. Im-hy-k-µÀ-`-¯n-\n-S-bnÂ hÀ-®-\-IÄ-¡m-bn
e-`n-¡p-¶ H-ch-k-chpw A-t±-lw \-ã-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bnÃ. C-Xn-hr-¯-¯n-\n-S-bnÂ hÀ-®-
\-bv-¡m-bn im-Jm-Nw-{Ia-Ww \-S-¯m\pw D-ÅqÀ a-Sn-Im-Wn-¨n-«nÃ.
kw-`-h-§-tfbpw h-kv-Xp-¡-tfbpw Ø-e-§-tfbpw I-Ym-]m-{X-§-tf-bp-saÃmw F-{X
hÀ-®n-¨mepw a-Xn-h-cm-¯ H-cp A-\p-`-h-am-Wv D-ÅqÀ I-hn-X-bnÂ \nd-ªp \nÂ-¡p-
¶Xv. I-hn-X-bn-se ]-e hÀ-®-\-Ifpw C-Xn-hr-¯-s¯ hy-Y-mØq-e-am-¡p-Ibpw
AXnsâ sI-«p-d-¸n-s\ X-IÀ-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xn-«p-Å-Xm-bn Im-Wmw.
A-e-¦m-c{]-tbm-K-§Ä
D-Åq-cn-sâ A-e-¦m-c-hn-j-b¯n-ep-Å A-Xn-XmÂ-¸cyw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ ssi-en-
bp-sS H-cp ap-{Z-X-s¶-bmWv. ame tImÀ-¯n-Sp-¶ D-Xv-t{]-£, D-tÃ-Jw Xp-S-§n-b-h-bnÂ
]g-¡w sIm-p-Å \nÀ-Po-hXzw A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶pv. A-e-¦m-c-¯n-\p th-n-bpÅ
A-e-¦m-cw ]-e-t¸mgpw A-[n-I-¸-äm-bm-Wv A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. F-¦nepw Im-hy-i-co-c-
¯nsâ kn-cbpw c-à-hp-am-bn hÀ-¯n-¡p-¶ k-Po-hm-e-¦m-c-§Ä [m-cm-fw A-t±-lw
D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«pv. i-Ðm-e-¦m-c{]-tbm-K-¯n-ep-Å D-Åq-cn-sâ ]mS-hw \n-cq-]-I³-am-sc
AÛp-X-]-c-X-{´-cm-¡n-bn-«pv. Zzn-Xo-bm-£-c-{]m-kw FÃm Ir-Xn-I-fnepw Im-Wmw.
“hn-izw-`-cmÀ-¯n-hn-\n-hr-¯n-hn-[m-\-hnÚÀ
hn-iz-kv-X-`r-Xy³ hn-ekpw in-_n-cm-Pn-c-¯nÂ” (X-cw-KnWn)
A-\p-{]mkw, b-aIw, tÇ-jw F-¶o A-e-¦m-c-§fpw Im-hy-¯n-ep-S-\o-fw Im-Wmw. b-a-
I-§Ä I-hn-bp-sS ]-Z-kzm-[o-\-¯n-\v aIp-tSm-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn \n-e-\nÂ-¡p¶p. I-hn-X-
bp-sS `m-h-ku-Ip-am-cy-t¯-¡mÄ cq-]-`w-Kn-bnÂ {i-²-bq-¶n D-ÅqÀ i-Ðm-e-¦m-c-§Ä
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 19

sIm-v Im-hy-i-coc-s¯ aq-Sn-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. {]m-k-Zo-£-bv-¡p th-n
]Z§-sf t_m-[-]qÀ-Æw Xn-c-sª-Sp-¯v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ D-ÅqÀ I-hn-X-bnÂ A-\u-Nn-
Xyhpw c-k-`w-Khpw \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶-Xm-bn \n-cq-]-I³-amÀ Nq-n-¡m-«n-bn-«pv. C-Xn-hr-
¯-¯n-\v B-IÀ-j-Wo-b-X ]-I-cp-I-bm-Wv AÀ-°m-e-¦m-c-§-fp-sS e-£yw. D-]am, D-Xv-
t{]-£, cq]-Iw F-¶o A-e-¦m-c-§Ä A-t±-lw k-ar-²-am-bn {]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-v. Cu
A-e-¦m-c{]-tbm-K-§Ä ]-e-t¸mgpw Im-hy-¯n-sâ Aw-Kn-ck-s¯ ]cn-t]m-jn-¸n-¡p-¶-
Xn-\p ]I-cw c-k-`w-Kw kr-ãn-¡p-¶ A-\u-Nn-Xy {]-tbm-K-§-fm-bn A-h-ti-jn-¡p-I-
bm-Wv sN-bv-Xn-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
D-Åq-cn-sâ J-Þ-Im-hy-§Ä
B-[p\n-I J-Þ-Im-hy-e£-Ww D-Åq-cn-sâ J-Þ-Im-hy-§Ä ]qÀ-W-ambpw
A\p-k-cn-¡p-¶nÃ. a-lm-Im-hy-§-fp-sS ssi-en-bnÂ F-gp-X-s¸-« J-Þ-Im-hy-§-fm-
Wnh. kw-£n-]vX-X, G-Im-{K-X, `m-h-Ko-X-§-fp-sS Xo-{h-X C-h-sbm¶pw D-ÅqÀ Ir-Xn-
IÄ-¡nÃ. F-ń-t\bpw hn-i-Z-am-bn hÀ-Wn-¡p-¶ kz-`m-h-am-Wv D-ÅqÀ {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡p-
¶Xv. ap-Jy I-Y-¡n-S-bnÂ [m-cm-fw D-]-I-Y-IÄ hÀ-Wn-¨v A-t±-lw Im-Sp-I-b-dp¶p.
BJym-\-I-§-fp-sS B-Jym-\-kz-`m-hw C-Xn-epv. ‘H-_v-P-Îo-hv en-dnIv' AÃþ Hcp ‘H_v-
P-Îo-hv F-]nIv' ssi-en-bm-Wv D-Åq-cn-tâXv. H-¶n-e-[n-Iw ]p-cm-hr-¯-§sftbm Zr-iy-
§sftbm tImÀ-¯nW-¡n auen-I `m-h-§Ä D-WÀ-¯-p-¶ C-Xn-hr-¯-§-fm-Wv
At±lw kzo-I-cn-¨Xv. J-Þ-Im-hy-e-£-W-{]-Im-cw C-Xn-hr-¯-¯n-sâ {][m-\ `m-h-
¯n-\p an-gn-hp \Â-In B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡Ww. _m-¡n A-{]-[m-\w þ D-Åq-cn-sâ J-Þ-Im-
hy-§-fnÂ Cu ssi-en s]m-Xp-sh kzo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«nÃ. A-{][m-\ `m-K-§Ä I-hn-X-bnÂ
ap¶n-«p \nÂ-¡p-Ibpw {][m-\ `m-K-§Ä \n-dw a-§n \nÂ-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶ Im-gv-N-
bm-Wv D-Åq-cn-sâ Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ Im-Wm³ I-gn-bp-I.
D-Åq-cn-sâ J-Þ-Im-hy-§-fnÂ \m-SIo-b C-Xn-hr-¯-am-Wv kzo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-
¶-sX-¦nepw A-Xn-s\ \m-S-Io-b-am-bn B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-¶-XnÂ D-ÅqÀ th-{X hnP-bw
ssI-h-cn-¨n-«nÃ. hÀ-W-\-bnÂ an-XXzw ]m-en-¨n-«nÃm-¯ D-ÅqÀ A-e-¦m-c-_-lp-eam-b
Imhy-ssi-en-bm-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-¨Xv. {]-I-c-W-ip-²n A-t±-l-¯n-\p-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. AXp-
sIm-pX-s¶ hn-`m-hþA-\p-`m-hþhy-`n-Nm-cnI-sf D-Nn-X-am-bn Iq-«n-bnW-¡n c-k-
t]mjWw \nÀ-Æ-ln-¡m\pw D-Åq-cn-\p km-[n-¨nÃ. D-Åq-cn-sâ J-Þ-Im-hy-§-fnÂ
`àn-Zo-]n-I, ]nwK-f, IÀ-W-`qj-Ww F¶n-h {]m-[m-\y-aÀ-ln-¡p¶p. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ
J-Þ-Im-hy-§-Ä an-¡Xpw ssZÀ-Ly-ta-dn-b-h-bmWv. h-Å-t¯m-fn-sâ a-Kv-Z-e-\-a-dn-b-
t¯mSpw Ip-am-c-\m-im-sâ I-cp-W-tbmSpw kmayw h-ln-¡p-¶ Ir-Xn-bmWv ‘]nw-Kf'.
Icp-W-bnepw a-KvZ-e-\ a-dn-b-¯nepw F-¶Xp-t]m-se ]nw-K-f-bnepw H-cp th-iy-bp-sS
am\-km´-cw hÀ-Wn-¡p¶p. F-¦nepw ]nw-K-f-bp-tSbpw a-Kv-Z-e-\-a-dn-b-¯n-sâbpw
hmk-h-Z-¯-bp-tSbpw am-\-km´-cw hn-`n-¶am-b co-Xn-bn-emWv. A-e-¦m-c-k-½n-{iam-b
Ir-{Xn-a`m-j Im-hy-c-N-\-bv-¡m-bn kzo-I-cn-¨ D-Åq-cn-\p ]nw-K-f-bp-sS am-\-km´-cw
hniz-k-\o-b-am-bn B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-hm³ km-[n-¡m-sX t]m-bn F-¶v tPmk-^v ap--
tÈ-cn-sb t]m-ep-Å \n-cq-]-I³-amÀ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«p-v.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 20

D-ÅqÀ I-hn-X-bn-se km-aq-ln-I-X-bp-sS X-e-§Ä
B-im-s\-t¸m-se km-aqln-I hn-¹-h-Iml-fw ap-g-¡m-sXbpw h-Å-t¯m-fn-s\-
t¸mse tZ-io-b {]-_p-²-X-bp-sS ap-Jy-[m-c-tbm-Sv tN-cm-sX-bpw P³-aw sIm-v ta-em-
f\m-b D-ÅqÀ A-Sn-¨-aÀ-¯-s¸-« A-[xIr-X hÀ-¤-¯n-sâ D-bÀ-s¯-gp-t¶Â-¸n-\m-bn
]mSn. B hÀ-¤-¯n-sâ B-ß-Xym-K-]-cam-b Po-hn-X-a-lXzw Im-hy-¯nÂ ]-IÀ¯n
“Dd¡w a-Xn N-§mXn! bp-°m-\w sN-bv-Xn-Sm-an\n” F-¶v DZv-t_m[-\w sN-bv-X
At±lw, “]q-a-I-\m-bmepw ]p-ev-]p-gp-hm-bmepw Nm-hnt¶m \msftbm a-ä¶mtfm?”
F¶v sNmÃn a-\p-jy-cn-ep-m-tI- k-a-Xz-Nn-´ sh-fn-hm¡n.
D-Åq-cn-sâ I-hn-Xm-k-am-l-c-§-fnÂ tNÀ-¯n-«p-Å Nn-´m-_-Ôp-cam-b Nn-e I-hn-
X-I-fm-Wv a-g-¯pÅn, Xp-¼-¸qhv, _m-em-¦pcw, t{]-a-kw-KoXw, kp-Jw kp-Jw Xp-S-
§nbh. B-im³ ho-W-]q-hn-eq-sS a-\p-jy-Pohn-X Nn-{Xo-Ic-Ww sN-bv-XXp-t]m-se £-
Wn-Ihpw \n-Êm-c-hpam-b H-cp a-g-¯p-Ån-bn-eq-sS a-\p-jy-Po-hn-Xw Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-I-
bmWv D-ÅqÀ. B-i-b-{]u-Vnbpw Nm--cpXbpw \n-d-ª ]-Zy-§Ä am-{X-am-Wv ‘Xp-¼-¸q-
hn'Â Im-Wp-¶-Xv.
‘B-Vy³ ap-XÂ-¡-ý-P-t\m-f-amÀ-¡pw
s]-ä-½ `q-tZ-hn;]n-Xm-hp ssZhw’ F-¶m-Wv I-hn-¡v ]-d-bm-\p-ÅXv. Cu tem-I¯nÂ
FÃm-hcpw k-a³-am-cmWv. ‘t{]-a-kw-Ko-X-'¯n-eqsS ‘N-Þm-f-\nepw {_m-Ò-W-\n-epw
Htc Po-h-ssN-X-\y-am-Wv kv-^p-cn-¡p-¶-sX¶v' hy-à-am-¡p-¶ A-t±-lw Pm-Xn a-Xm-
Ôcm-b a-\p-jy³-amsc,
“a-\p-jy-\n¶pw in-ip-hm-Whsâ
a-\-Ên-\mÂ aÀ-¡-S-\nÀ-hn-tij³
e-t£m-]e-£w iX-Iw I-gn-tª
e-£y-s¯ t\m-¡m-\-h-\-£n-t\Sq” F-¶v {]-Jym-]n-¡p-¶pv.
X-Xz-Nn-´
• “\-ap-¡n-ep-b-cmw, \-Sp-InÂ-¯n¶mw \-ev-Ip-InÂ t\-So-Smw;
\-ap-¡v \m-ta ]-Wn-h-Xp-\m-Iw \-c-I-hp-aXp-t]mse”
• “hnf-¡p ssI-h-i-ap-Å-h-s\§pw hnizw Zo-]-abw”
• “hn-¯-sa-ń-\p aÀ-¯y-\p hnZy-ssI-h-i-am-hp-InÂ
sh-®-bp-s-¦nÂ \-dp-s\-bv th-dn-«p I-cp-tX-W-tam?”
‘tZ-iob-X' þ D-ÅqÀ I-hn-X-I-fnÂ

tI-c-f `q-{]-Ir-Xn hÀ-®-\-bv¡pw tZ-im-`nam-t\m-±o-]-I-§fm-b hÀ-®-IÄ¡pw
DÅqÀ X-sâ Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ Øm-\w I-s-¯n-bn-«p-v.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 21

“A-Sn-b-\n-\n-bp-apmw P³-a-sa-¶m-e-sXÃmþ
a-Sn-ap-XÂ apSn-tbm-fw \n-¶n-emI-s« Xm-tb!”
F-¶n-§-s\ ‘D-am-tI-cfw' a-lm-Im-hy-¯n-sâ ]-Ým-¯-e hÀ-®-\-bnÂ X-s¶ tZ-iob-
X-tbm-Sp-Å A-`n-\n-th-iw am-Xr-`q a-l-Xz-hÀ-®-\-bn-eq-sS D-ÅqÀ sh-fn-hm-¡n-bn-cn-
¡p¶p-. kzm-X-{ým-\´-cw c-Nn-¨ ‘B Np-S-e-¡fw' F-¶ I-hn-X-bn-eq-sS Km-Ôn-Pn-
bpsS Zm-cp-Wam-b A-ýhpw Km-Ôn-b³ ZÀ-i-\-§fpw B-dp J-Þ-§-fn-em-bn hn-h-cn-
¡p-¶pv. Aw-ln-km-a{´-tam-Xn-¯¶ - Km-Ôn-Pn-sb kzm-X-{ým-\´-cw hÀ-Ko-b-X-bp-
tSbpw hn-`m-Ko-b-X-bp-tSbpw Xo-s¸m-cn-I-fp-bÀ-¯n-bm-Wv \mw F-Xn-tc-ä-sX¶pw k-Xyw,
[À-½w F-¶n-h-bn-e-[n-jvTn-Xam-b Po-hn-X-a{´w sNmÃn-¯-¶ Kp-cp-hn-s\ `m-c-X-a-¡Ä
X-s¶ sImÃm-\n-d-§n-sb¶pw A-t±-lw X-sâ Im-hy-¯nÂ A-]-e-]n-¨p.
‘ssI-c-fn-bp-sS IÀ-®-]p-Wyw' F-¶v k-Rv-P-b³ hn-ti-jn-¸n-¨ ‘IÀ-®-`q-j-W-
¯nÂ' BÀ-j-`m-c-X-¯n-sâ a-l-Xz-§-fnÂ kzmÀ-°-XymK-s¯ ]-c-tam-¶-X Øm\-¯v
{]-Xn-jvTn-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. C-Xn-eq-sS {]mNo-\ `m-cXo-b kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-\p-m-tI-
\-thm-°m\-s¯ [z-\n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw A-Xn-sâ t]-cnÂ tZ-im-`n-am\-s¯ D-±o-]n-¸n-¡p-I-
bp-am-bn-cp-¶p D-Å-qcn-sâ Im-tem-Nn-X-e-£yw. 1928þÂ F-gp-X-s¸-« ‘]nw-K-f'bnepw IÀ-
®-`q-j-W-¯nepw `m-c-X-`q-an-bp-sS Zn-hy a-l-Xz-s¯ hm-gv-¯p-I-bm-Wv A-t±-lw sN-¿p-
¶Xv.
“a-[y-a-tem-I-¯nÂ `m-c-X hÀ-j-¯nÂ
D¯-a-ssaYn-e ]-¯-\-¯nÂ
am-\-h-Pm-Xn-bnÂ am-\p-jo hÀ-¤-¯nÂ
Pm-X-bmb-Xv sImp” þ F-s¶-gp-Xn I-hn-bp-sS D-Öz-e tZ-im-`n-am-\hpw ss]-Xr-I-
kz¯m-b ]u-cm-Wn-I-Xz-¯n-ep-Å `-ànbpw sX-fn-bn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv X-sâ I-hn-[À-½w
F¶pw sh-fn-hm-¡p-¶p.
`m-c-X-kv-{Xo-IÄ A-kz-X-{ćpw A-Sn-a-Ifpw ]p-cpj-\p KÀ-`-[m-\-]m-{X-§-fp-am-Wv
F-¶ an-kv ta-tbm-hn-sâ `m-c-X-kv-{Xo-hn-aÀ-i\s¯ 'Nn-{X-im-e' F-¶ tZ-io-b-X Xp-fp-
¼p-¶ Imhyw sIm-m-Wv D-ÅqÀ F-Xn-cn-«Xv.
“`m-c-X-£ta, \n-sâ s]¬-a-¡-f-Sp¡f-
¡m-cnIÄ, ho-Smw-Iq-«nÂ-¡p-Sp§pw X-¯-½IÄ” - F-¶ hn-e-Ip-d-ª ]-cn-lm-k-¯n-
\v tZ-hIn, Km-Ômcn, ]m-©men, k-Xy`m-a Xp-S§n-b G-Xm\pw am-Xr-Im-h-\n-X-I-fp-sS
Nn-{X-§Ä {]-ZÀ-in-¸n-¡p-¶-tXm-sSm¸w, D-Åq-cn-sâ BÀ-j-`m-c-Xm-`n-am-\hpw B A-`n-
am-\-¯nÂ \n-¶p-m-Ip-¶ k-ap-¶-X Nn-´-Ifpw Cu Ir-Xn-bnÂ Im-Wm³ km-[n-¡pw.
‘P-·-Zm-{XnIÄ kv-{XoIÄ; IÀ-½-t\-{Xn-IÄ kv-{XoIÄ' F-¶n§-s\ kv-{XoI-sf {]-IoÀ-
¯n-¡p-¶ `m-K-§Ä Nn-´m-kp-µ-c-§-fmWv. kv-{Xo-sb am-Xm-hmbpw tZ-hn-bmbpw i-àn-
kz-cq-]n-Wn-bmbpw I-cp-Xn-t¸m-¶ ]p-Wy-`q-an-bm-Wv `m-cXw. kr-ãnbpw Øn-Xnbpw ]-cn-
]m-e-\-hp-saÃmw kv-{Xo-bpsS Hu-Zm-cy-amWv. kv-{Xo-bn-sÃ-¦nÂ X-e-ap-d-Ifpw kw-kv-Im-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 22

chpw hn-Zybpw Po-hn-X-hp-anÃ. Cu a-«nÂ D-Åq-cn-sâ A-`n-am-\hpw kv-{Xo-I-tfm-Sp-Å
_-lp-am-\hpw Cu Ir-Xn-bnÂ {]-I-S-am-Ip¶p.
am-\-h-kv-t\-l-Ko-Xn F-¶p hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡m-hp-¶ t{]-a-kw-Ko-X-¯nÂ, “H-scm-ä-a-
X-ap-p-e-In-\p-bncmw t{]-a-a-sXm-¶-tÃm” þ F-¶n§-s\ BÀ-j-[À½-s¯ sh-fn-hm-¡p-
I-bm-Wv I-hn.
Np-cp-¡-¯nÂ, “B-im-sâ Bi-b-ss\À-aeytam h-Å-t¯m-fn-sâ \n-ÊÀ-¤-em-
fnXy-tam D-Åq-cn-\nÃ. ]-t£ D-Åq-cn-sâ hm-Kv-hn-em-kw A-hÀ-¡p-anÃ. Ihn-X
Bimsâ ap-¼nÂ Iq¸p-ssI-tbm-sS \n-ev-¡p-¶ in-jybpw h-Å-t¯m-fn-sâ A-cn-InÂ
\À-½-kÃm-t]m-Zyp-àam-b Im-an-\nbpw D-Åq-cn-sâ ]n-¶m-se c-Xv-\-`m-cw Npa-¶p \-S-
¡p-¶ Zm-knbpw BWv” þ F-¶v Fw.BÀ. \m-b-cp-sS A-`n-{]m-bw kzo-Im-cy-amWv.
h-Å-t¯mÄ \m-cmb-W-ta-t\m³
P³-a-kn-²am-b I-hn-Xzw, A-km-am-\y c-N-\m-Iu-iew, ku-µcy-t_m[w, {]-Ir-
Xyp-]mk\, Hu-Nn-Xy-Zo-£, \m-S-Iob-X, i-ÐmÀ-°-ku-µcyw F-¶n-h-bmÂ a-ebm-f
Ihn-X-bv-¡v ]pXn-b `m-hp-I-Xzw \ÂIn-b A-\p-Krlo-X Ihn. a-ebm-f I-hn-X-bp-sS cq]-
`m-h-§Ä am-än-a-dn-¨v \-thm-°m-\-¯n-\p XpS-¡w Ip-dn-¨ B-[p\n-I I-hn-{X-b¯n-sem-
cmÄ. ]-{´-mw h-b-ÊnÂ Xs¶ ‘In-cm-Xi-X-I'hpw ‘hym-km-h-Xm-c'hpw c-Nn-¨ h-Å-
t¯mÄ P³-a-kn-²am-b {]-Xn-`-bp-sS kp-hÀ-W-kv-]À-i-hp-am-bn-«m-Wv Im-hy cw-K-
t¯¡v I-S-¶p-h-¶Xv. {]m-cw-`-¯nÂ sh¬a-Wn {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ X-WÂ]-än I-hn-
Xmc-N-\ \-S¯n-b I-hn-bm-W-t±lw. F-¶mÂ sh¬a-Wn {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ sIm-¨p
he-b-¯nÂ H-Xp-§n-¡q-Sm³, Iq-Sp-XÂ hn-I-kz-cam-b N-{I-hm-fw tXSn-b h-Å-t¯m-
fn-\p I-gn-ªnÃ. c-ho-{µ\m-Y Sm-tKmÀ, t{]w-Nµv, kp-{_-Ò-Wy-`mc-Xn Xp-S§n-b tZ-io-
b-hm-Zn-I-fp-am-bp-Å \nc-´-c k-¼À-¡hpw a-äv km-aqln-I _-Ô-§fpw h-Å-t¯m-
fnsâ km-lnXy-temI-s¯ hn-I-kz-c-am-¡n. A-tXm-sSm-¸w kw-kvIr-X hn-Zym-`ym-khpw
]-c-¶ hm-b-\-bpw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ c-N-\m-{]-{Inb-sb thp-thm-fw k-lm-bn-¨ L-S-I-
§-fm-Wv. 1919þm-sS `m-c-X-¯nÂ kzm-X-{ý-¯n-\p th-n-bpÅ t]m-cm-«-§Ä i-à-am-
Ith, Km-Ôn-bnÂ \n¶pw DuÀ-Öw DÄ-s¡m-v tZ-io-b-{]-Øm-\-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸«
{]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fnÂ A-t±-lw `m-K-`m-¡mbn. A-bn-t¯m-¨m-S-\-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«v \-S¶
{]-t£m-`-§-fn-se {]-hÀ¯\w Cu A-h-Ø-bn-em-Wv {i-²-t\-Sp-¶-Xv. 1940þ\p ti-j-
ap-Zn-¨ I-½yq-Wn-Ìv B-i-b§-sf DÄ-s¡m-Åp-Ibpw Im-thy-Xn-hr-¯-¯nÂ hn-Z-Kv-Z-
ambn C-W-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶p--t±lw. B-i-b-¯n-I-hpw, in-ev-]-Nm-Xp-cyhpw {]-km-
Zm-ß-I-Xbpw DÄ-s¡m- A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Im-hy-§Ä ]p-tcmK-a-t\m³-ap-Jam-b
cm{ãob ]-cn-Wm-a-§Ä DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶-h-bp-amWv.
h-Å-t¯mÄ I-hn-X-bp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ
Im-ev-]\n-I I-hn-X-I-fnÂ {]-Xn-^-en-¡p-¶ kzm-Ñ-µyw, em-fn-Xyw, i-¿m-ku-`m-Kyw,
am-[p-cyw, {]-km-Zw Xp-S§n-b Kp-W-§Ä h-Å-t¯mÄ I-hn-X-bnÂ {]-I-S-amWv. ‘e-fn-X-
tIm-a-f-Im-´-]-Zm-h-en-bp-sS Ihn' F-¶ hn-ti-j-Ww A-t±-l-¯n-\p tN-cpw. F-¦nÂ
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 23
Iq-Snbpw ¢mkn-Iv Im-hy-kw-kv-Im-cw X-s¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p h-Å-t¯mÄ I-hn-X-bp-sS
ASnØm-\ in-e. ]p-cm-tW-Xn-lm-k-§-tfm-Sv hm-Nyamtbm kq-Nyamtbm _-Ôw ]p-eÀ-
¯p-¶ Im-hy-§tfm I-hnX-Itfm am-{X-ta A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Imhy-tem-I-¯nÂ Im-Wp-
I-bpÅq. H-cp kzÀ-W-\n-[-n-t]m-se k-¼-¶am-b `q-X-Ime-s¯ B-hn-jv-I-cn¨v, AXp-
t]m-se `m-kp-cam-b H-cp `m-hn-sb kz-]v-\w ImWp-I F-¶ co-Xn-bm-Wv h-Å-t¯mÄ
kzo-I-cn-¨Xv. ‘a-g-hnÃn-sâ ]n-¶nÂ \o-em-Im-i-sa-¶-t]mse' h-Å-t¯m-fn-sâ FÃm
Ihn-X-IÄ¡pw ]n-¶nÂ th-Z-]p-cm-tW-Xn-lm-k-§-fnÂ \n¶pw Du-dn-¡qSn-b H-cp
kwkv-Im-c-hn-ti-jw ]-Ým-¯-e-sam-cp-¡p¶-Xv Im-Wmw F-¶v s{]m-^.Fw.sI. km-\p
A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«pv. C-Xn-hr-¯-¯nepw in-ev-]-¯nepw k-¦oÀ-W-X H-gn-hm-¡n-s¡m-
p-Å h-Å-t¯m-fn-sâ Im-hy§Ä Po-hn-X-\n-co-£-W-§Ä DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶Xpw
ssZ\wZn-\ Po-hn-X-t¯m-Sv G-sd A-Sp-¸w ]p-eÀ-¯p-¶-h-bp-amWv. ]m-c-¼-cym-[njvTn-X
Im-hy-k-¦-ev-]-§-sfbpw Po-hn-X-ZÀ-i-\-§-sfbpw kzo-I-cn-¨ I-hn ]qÀ-Æ-kq-cn-IÄ ]-d-
ªp-h-¨ aq-ey-§Ä Xm³ Po-hn-¨ Im-e-L-«-¯n-sâ km-aqln-I Po-hn-X-hp-am-bn X³-a-
bo-`-hn-¸n-¨v A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p. Imen-I N-e-\§-sf I-®p-Xpd-¶v Im-Wm\pw A-h-bv-¡-\p-
kr-X-am-bn Im-e-k-]-cy-sb Xm-f-s¸-Sp-¯m\pw I-gn-ª A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Xq-en-I-bnÂ
\n¶pw a-t\m-l-c-§fm-b [m-cm-fw hm-Mv-a-b Nn-{X-§Ä ]n-d-¡p-I-bp-mbn. ho-cþ
irwKm-cþhm-Õ-ey `m-h-§Ä¡pw A-t±-lw {]m-[m\yw \Â-In-bn-cp¶p.
h-Å-t¯mÄ I-hn-X-IÄ A-Xn-sâ ku-µ-cym-ßI-X-sImpw i-¿m-am-[p-cyw-
sImpw a-e-bm-f-Imhy-tem-I-s¯-bm-I-am-\w {X-kn-¸n¨p. B-im-sâ K-l-\mÀ-°-
Iamb Im-hy-§-sf-¡mfpw D-Åq-cn-sâ ]m-Þn-Xy {]-[m-\am-b Im-hy-§-sf-¡mfpw cN-
\m-]-c-am-bn em-fnXyw ]p-eÀ¯n, i-Ð-kp-µ-c-am-bn \n-e-sIm-p F-¶-Xm-Wv h-Å-
t¯mÄ I-hn-X-bp-sS {]-tXyI-X. ]u-cm-Wn-Iam-b `m-c-Xo-b ]m-c-¼-cy-s¯ X-sâ k-]-
cy-bn-ep-S-\o-fw D-bÀ-¯n-¸n-Sn-¨p-sIm-v kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ ]p-c-kv-IÀ-¯m-hm-Ip-I-bm-
bn-cp-¶p A-t±lw. ]u-cmWn-I kw-kvIr-X km-ln-Xy-¯n-se Pohn-X ZÀ-i-\-§fpw
an¯p-I-fpw, F-gp-¯-Ñ³ Ir-Xn-I-fn-sebpw \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fn-tebpw `m-h-§fpw cq-]-in-
ev-]hpw ssZ-\wZn-\ Po-hn-Xm-\p-`-h-§fpw kzmw-io-I-cn-¨v kz-X-{´m-h-Xc-Ww \-S-¯n-sb-
¶-Xm-Wv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Im-hy-§fp-sS {]-tXy-I-XIÄ. Im-e_n-µp-hnÂ \n-¶v ]n-d-
tIm«v t\m-¡p-¶ H-cp `m-h-\-bn-eq-sS ku-µ-cy-¯n-\v \n-dam-e NmÀ¯n, hr-£-¯nÂ
Ce-Ifpw ]q-¡fpw t]m-se ]-Z§-sf cq-]-s¸-Sp¯n, Imhyw kr-ãn-¡p-I-bmWv Cu
A\p-Kr-lo-XI-hn sN-bv-XXv. A§-s\ t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ ¢m-kn-Ivþsdm-amân-Iv `m-h-§-
fpsS kw-tbm-K-am-Wv h-Å-t¯mÄ I-hn-X-sb-¶p ]-d-bmw.
h-Å-t¯mÄ ‘i-Ð-kp-µc³'
B-i-b-{]-Nmc-Ww H-cp h-i-am-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mgpw ‘kp-µ-c i-Ð-¯n-te ]mSq' F-¶p-
d-¸n-¨ I-hn-{]-Xn-`-bm-Wv h-Å-t¯mÄ. A-Xn-\mÂ Xs¶ 'i-Ð-kp-µc³' F-¶ kwÚ
sIm-m-Wv A-t±-lw {]-i-kv-X-\m-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. X-sâ kz-X-kn-²am-b Imhy-ssi-en-
bmWv A-t±-l-s¯ Cu A-\iz-c \m-a-t[-b-¯n-\v AÀ-l-\m-¡n XoÀ-¯Xv. h-Å-t¯m-
fn-s\ P-\-Io-b-\m-¡p-¶ {][m-\ L-S-Ihpw i-Ð-ku-µcyw X-s¶-bmWv.
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Imhy-ssien
(i) Im-hy`mj
\m-S³-]m-«p-I-tfm-SnW-§n \nÂ-¡p-¶ {i-h-W-a-[p-cam-b H-cp Im-hy-`m-j-bm-Wv
hÅ-t¯m-fn-tâXv. {i-h-W-kp-J-¯n\pw kw-Ko-Xm-ß-I-X-bv-¡p-am-Wv A-t±-lw Iq-Sp-
XÂ {]m-[m\yw \Â-In-bXv. e-fn-X-tIm-a-f-Im-´-]-Zm-h-en-bp-sS sX-c-sª-Sp-¸nÂ
At±lw G-sd {i-²m-ep-hm-bn-cp¶p. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ `m-j-bp-sS em-fn-Xyhpw hy-à-
Xbpw {i-t²-b-a-t{X. \n-c¦p-i hy-àn kzm-X-{ý-hm-Znbpw hn-¹-h-Im-cn-bpam-b H-cp
ip² sdm-amân-Iv I-hn-bÃ h-Å-t¯mÄ. ¢m-kn-Iv kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ kp-`-K kq-{X-§-
fmÂ \n-b-{ń-X-am-Wv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ hn-Im-c-§fpw hn-Nm-c-§-fpw. s{]m-^. Fw.A-Nyp-
X³ Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¨Xp-t]m-se “kw-kvIr-X I-hn-X-I-fp-tS-bpw, ]m«pw a-Wn-{]-hm-f-hp-
am-bn sh¬a-Wn \-¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ h-sc h-fÀ-s¶¯n-b a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bp-tSbpw ]m-c-¼-
cy-§-fnÂ th-cq¶n, A-h-bnÂ \n-¶v B-tcm-Ky-Zm-b-I-§fmb t]m-j-Imw-i-§Ä h-en-
s¨-Sp-¯v h-fÀ¶v, ]pXn-b Im-hy-¯n-sâ A-´-co-£-¯nÂ \n-¶v NqSpw sh-fn-¨hpw
kzmw-io-I-cn-¨v {]-hr-²-ssN-X-\y-am-bn X-sâ lr-Z-b-¯n-sâ hÀ-Whpw kp-K-Ôhpw
apän-b ]p-jv-]-§-fp-sS H-cp hk-´w kr-ãn-¡p-I-bm-Wv h-Å-t¯mÄ sN-bv-X-Xv”.
sh¬a-Wn {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ Nph-Sv ]n-Sn-¨v ap-à-§fpw B-Jym-\-§fpw c-Nn-¨v Im-hy-
tem-I-t¯-¡v I-S-¶ph-¶ Cu I-hn Xp-SÀ-¶n-t§m-«v B-[p\n-I J-Þ-Im-hy-§fpw
`mh-Ko-X-§fpw tZ-io-b-I-hn-X-Ifpw aäpw c-Nn-¡p-I-bp-mbn.
(ii) hr-¯ \n_-²X
\n-tbmþ¢mkn-Iv Im-hy-]m-c-¼-cy-t¯m-Sp-Å {]-Xn-tj-[-sa-t¶m-Ww ]qÀ-W-ambpw
{Zmhn-U hr-¯-§Ä D-]-tbm-Kn-¨v sIm-p-Å Im-hy-co-Xn-bm-Wv h-Å-t¯m-fnÂ Im-Wm-
hp-¶Xv. C-¡m-c-y-¯nÂ F-gp-¯Ñ-s\ ]n³-Xp-S-cp-I-bm-Wv h-Å-t¯mÄ sN-¿p-¶Xv.
(iii) A-e-¦m-c{]-tbm-Kw
sh¬-a-Wn {]-Øm-\-¡m-cp-sS Im-ew h-sc {]-Nm-c-¯n-ep-m-bn-cp-¶ AÀ-°m-e-
¦m-c-¯n-\v {]m-[m\yw Ip-d-¨v {i-h-W-kp-Jw kw-Ko-Xmß-I-X F¶n-h e£yw h¨p-sIm-
p-Å i-Ðm-e-¦m-c-§-fm-Wv h-Å-t¯mÄ {]-tbm-Kn-¨Xv. A-\p-{]mkw, Zzn-Xo-bm-£-c-
{]m-kw F-¶n-h-bv-s¡m-¸w X-s¶ c-k-t]m-j-W-¯n-\m-bn ho-cþI-cp-Wþirw-Km-c-§Ä
{]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶pv. D]-a, D-Xv-t{]-£, cq-]-Iw Xp-S§n-b AÀ-°m-e-¦m-c-§-fpw- kµÀ-
t`m-Nn-X-am-bn A-t±-lw Im-hy-¯n-en-W-¡n-bn-«pv.
(iv) hÀ-®-\
(a) I-Ym-]m-{X hÀ-®\

I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS cq-]-hÀ-W-\-bv-¡m-Wv Im-hy-¯nÂ Øm-\w \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-
¶Xv. sh¬a-Wn {]-Øm-\-¡m-sc A-\p-kv-a-cn-¸n¡pw hn-[w Aw-K-{]-Xyw-K hÀ-W-\-
IÄ ImWmw. A-Ço-e-t¯m-Sv sXÃp-a-Sp-¡m-¯ kv-{Xo-hÀ-W-\-Ifpw A-h-bp-sS {]-tXy-
I-X-bmWv. DZm: a-KvZ-e-\ a-dn-b-¯nÂ \m-bn-Ibm-b a-dn-b-¯n-sâ N-e\w, `mhw, Aw-K-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 25

hn-t£]w, t\-{X-Xp-Sn-¸p-IÄ XpS-§nb kq-£-amw-i-§-fp-sS t]mepw lr-Zyam-b hÀ-
W-\-bm-Wv \-S-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. F-¶mÂ K-W-]-Xn-bn-se ]mÀÆ-Xo hÀ-W\ t]m-se
Np-cp-¡w Nn-e k-µÀ-`-§-fnÂ h-Å-t¯mÄ k-`y-X-bp-sS h-c-¼pI-sf ew-Ln-¡p-¶-
Xmbpw Im-Wmw. [m-cm-fw hm-Mv-a-b-Nn-{X-§Ä A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Xq-en-I-bnÂ \n¶pw ]nd-
¶p ho-Wn-«pv.
(b) kw-`-h-hÀ-W-\
G-äp-ap-«Â þ (DZm: in-jy\pw a-I-\pw)
bm-{X þ (a-Kv-Z-e-\-a-dn-b-¯n-sâ bm{X, A-f-Im-]p-cn-bn-eq-sS-bp-Å ]-c-ip-cma-sâ bm{X)
(c) Ø-e-hÀ-W\
Ø-e-hÀ-W-\-bnÂ Zr-iy-am-\w \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p¶p. cm-P-[m-\nI-sf hÀ-Wn-¨n-cn-
¡p¶-Xv D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. DZm: _-Ô-\-Ø\m-b A-\n-cp-²-\nÂ _m-Wm-kpc-sâ cm-P-
[m\n, io-tam-sâ ]q-ta-S, a-Kv-Z-e-\-a-dn-b-¯n-sâ `-h\w, ssI-emkw, sX-cp-hoYn, tZ-h-
tem-Iw C-§-s\ FÃm Ø-ehpw h-Å-t¯mÄ hÀ-Wn-¨n-«p-v.
(d) Im-ew
{]-`mXw, {]-tZmjw, kq-cy³, N-{µ³, cm{Xn F-¶n§-s\ k-a-bhpw Im-ehpw
kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-h-bp-sS hÀ-W-\-Ifpw h-Å-t¯mÄ I-hn-X-bnÂ Im-Wmw.
(e) {]-Ir-Xn hÀ-W\
A-\h-[y kp-µ-cam-b {]-Ir-Xn hÀ-W-\-IÄ Im-hy-¯nÂ k-¶n-th-in-¸n-¨n-cn-
¡p¶p. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn am-Xr-hµ-\w F-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂ tI-c-f {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS _-Ôp-c-
`m-h-§Ä B-hn-jv-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
“]-¨bmw hn-cn-¸n-« k-ly-\nÂ X-e-sh¨pw
kz-Ñm-Ïn-a-WÂ-¯n«mw ]m-tZm-]-[m-\w ]qpw
]Ån-sIm-oSp-I \n³ ]mÀ-iz-bp-Ü-s¯-¡m¯p
sIm-Åp-¶q Ip-am-cnbpw tKm-IÀ-t®-i-\p-at½”
A½-sb A-Sn-ap-Sn t\m-¡n-bn-cp-¶p B ku-µ-cy-ZÀ-i-¯n-em-\-µn-¡p-¶ H-cp ss]-X-
ensâ sh-fn-]m-Sp-I-fm-Wn-Xn-ep-Å-Xv.
(v) {]I-c-W ip-²n
a-lmI-hn h-Å-t¯mÄ kÀ-Æ {]-[m-\-am-bn I-W-¡m-¡n-bn-cp-¶ Im-hy-Kp-W-
amWv {]-I-c-W-ip²n. Cu ]-Zw h-Å-t¯m-fn-sâ kz-´w km-t¦Xn-I ]-Z-amWv. kz-I-hn-
X-I-fn-seÃmw Cu {]-I-c-W-ip-²n Im-¯p-kq-£n-¡p-hm³ h-Å-t¯mÄ {i-²n-¨n-cp¶p.
G-sXm-cm-i-bhpw A-e-¦m-c c-N-\bpw ]-Z-hp-saÃmw A-Xp {]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ k-µÀ-`-
t¯m-Sv s]m-cp-¯-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-XmWv Cu {]-I-c-W-ip²n. ]pÃp-t]m-se I-hn-X-sb-gp-
Xm³ I-gn-hpm-bn-cp-¶n«pw {Zp-X-I-hn-Xm \nÀ-½m-W-¯nepw Iq-«p-I-hn-Xm-{]-Øm-\-
¯nepw h-Å-t¯mÄ G-À-s¸-Sm-Xn-cp-¶Xv Cu {]-I-c-W-ip-²-nbn-ep-Å \n-jvT-sIm-m-
bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶p Ip-«n-Ir-jv-W-am-cm-cv A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. ('a-lm-I-hn-bp-sS in-ev-]-im-e-
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bnÂ' F-¶ te-J\w) hm-Kv-tZ-h-X-bp-sS ]p-cp-jm-h-Xm-c-am-bm-Wv am-cm-cv h-Å-t¯m-
fns\ hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv.
`m-jm-`n-am-\w
`m-jm-tkh-\w `m-jm-kv-t\-lw X-s¶-bm-sW-¶v D-d-¨p-hn-iz-kn-¨ h-Å-t¯mÄ
ae-bm-f`m-j t\-cn-Sp-¶ A-h-K-W-\-bnÂ A-t§b-äw Zpx-Jn-¨n-cp¶p. A-½n-ª-¸men-
t\m-sSm-¸w H-cp-h-\nÂ e-bn-¨p tN-cp-¶-Xm-Wv Ah-sâ am-Xr-`m-j. F-¶mÂ a-e-bm-fn-I-
sf-t¸m-se kz-´w `mj-sb \n-Êm-c-h-Xv-I-cn-¨p Im-Wp-¶ a-säm-cp P-\-hn-`m-Kw D-m-
hnÃ. a-äv `m-j-IÄ ]Tn-¡p¶-Xv \Ã-Xp Xs¶. ]-t£- A-Xv kz-´w `mj-sb ]p-d-¯m-
¡n-s¡m-mI-cp-sX-¶p am-{Xw.
“a-äpÅ `m-j-IÄ tIh-ew [m-{Xn-amÀ
aÀ-¯y-\p s]-ä-½ X³ `m-jX³”
F-¶ h-Å-t¯m-fn-sâ h-cn-I-fnÂ Xp-fp-¼n-\nÂ-¡p-¶Xv am-Xr-`m-jm-kv-t\-l-
amWv. a-ebm-f ]-Z-§Ä-¡p-Å em-fn-Xyhpw im-eo-\-Xbpw H-¶p th-sd X-s¶-bm-W-
tÃm! h-Å-t¯m-fn-sâ I-hn-X-IÄ-¡p-m-bn-cp-¶ k-hn-ti-jam-b i-¿m-Kp-W¯n-\p
Im-c-Whpw I-hn-bp-sS am-Xr-`m-jm-{]-Xn-]-¯n-bm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶p ]-d-bmw.
Cw-¥o-jv hn-Zym-`ym-kw kÀ-Æ-{X- hym-]n-¡p-I-bpw, Cw-¥o-jv hn-Zym-`ym-kw t\-Sn-b-
hÀ kÀ-¡mÀ D-tZym-K-¯nepw a-äv D-¶-X Øm-\-§-fnepw e-Ï-{]-XnjvT t\-Sp-Ibpw
sNbv-X Im-e-¯mWv ‘F-sâ `mj' F-¶ Imhyw A-t±-lw c-Nn-¡p-¶Xv. s]-ä-½bm-b
a-e-bm-f-am-Wv a-\p-jy-\p A-½bpw Kp-cphpw tem-I-Úm-\-amÀ-¤-hp-sa-¶v A-t±lw Cu
I-hn-X-bn-eq-sS sX-fn-bn-¡p¶p.
“G-sXm-cp th-Z-hpta-sXm-cp im-kv-{Xhp
ta-sXm-cp Im-hy--hpta-sXm-cmÄ¡pw
lr-¯nÂ ]-Xn-tb-W-sa-¦nÂ kz-`m-jX³
h-{à-¯nÂ \n-¶v tIÄ-¡-thWw”
F-¶-t±-lw Iq-«n-t¨À-¡p-¶p-apv.
h-Å-t¯mÄ I-hn-X-I-fn-se tZ-io-bX
kzm-X-{ý-ka-cw `m-c-X-¯nÂ H-c-án-Pzm-e-bm-bn I-¯n-¸-SÀ¶p-sIm-n-cp-¶
Ime¯v `m-c-Xo-b-cp-sS A-`n-am-\-t_m[-s¯ X-«n-bp-WÀ-¯m\pw sFIy-t_m[-s¯
hfÀ-¯m-\p-ap-X-Ip-¶ A-t\-Iw sN-dp-I-hn-X-IÄ h-Å-t¯m-fn-tâ-Xm-bn ]p-d-¯p-h-¶p.
\-½p-sS ]qÀ-Æ-kw-kv-Im-c-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v A-t§b-äs¯ A-`n-am-\-t_m-[-ap-m-bn-cp-¶
h-Å-t¯mÄ ]p-cm-W-I-Y-I-fn-se ho-c³-am-sc Nq-n-¡m-«n A-h-cp-sS amXr-I ]n³-Xp-S-
cm³ P-\-§sf DZv-t_m-[n-¸n¨p. Km-Ônk-s¯ Pohn-X ZÀ-i-\-am-bw-Ko-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw
\m-\m-Xz-¯nÂ G-IXzw F-¶ k-¦-ev-]w A-\p-hm-N-I-\p-am-bn ]-¦p-h-bv-¡p-I-bm-Wv
hÅ-t¯mÄ. a-X-k-ln-jv-Wp-X \-½p-sS ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-am-¡-W-sa-¶ At±-l-¯n-sâ
Blzm-\w {]-kn-²-amWv. kz-´w tZ-i-¯n-sâ hocyw DÄ-s¡m- I-hn-X-IÄ sIm-v
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P-\X-sb {]-_p-²cpw IÀ-½-\n-c-X-cp-am-¡n-b A-t±-lw sh-bnÂ-kv cm-P-Ip-am-c³
\ÂInb ]«pw h-fbpw \n-c-kn-¡p-I-bp-mbn.
“`m-c-X-sa-¶ t]À- tI-«m-e-`n-am\
]q-cn-X-am-I-W-a-´-cwlw
tI-c-f-sa-¶p tI-«m-tem Xn-f-bv¡Ww
tNm-c \-ap-¡v R-c-¼p-I-fnÂ”
F-¶v ]m-Sn P-\-§-fnÂ tZ-im-`n-am-\w h-fÀ¯n-b h-Å-t¯mÄ I-hn-X-bp-sS B-ß-ssN-
X\yw tZ-io-b-X-bmWv. tI-c-f-¯n-se G-ä-hpw hen-b ‘tZio-b Ihn' F-¶p _-lp-a-Xn-
¡À-l\m-b A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Im-hy-§-fn-eq-sS A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ tZ-io-b-X-bp-sS
hn-h-n[ am-\-§Ä Xm-sg sIm-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p¶p.
(i) ]p-cm-W-I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sSbpw N-cn-{X ]p-cp-j³-am-cp-sSbpw BÀ-j-`m-c-¯n-sâbpw
A-]-Zm-\-§Ä hm-gv-¯p¶p.
‘Km-ÔnPn' h-Å-t¯m-fn-\p ]u-cWn-I am-Xr-I-bn-ep-Å H-cp A-hXm-c ]p-cp-j-\mWv.
C³-Uy³ tZ-io-b-X-bp-sS {]-Xo-I-am-bm-Wv A-t±-lw Km-Ôn-Pn-sb A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-
¶Xv.
“Ko-X-bv-¡p am-Xmhm-b `q-an-sb Zr-V-an-Xpþ
am-Xncn-sbm-cp IÀ-½-tbm-Kn-sb {]-k-hn¡q
ia-ta io-en-s¨-gp-an¯-cw knw-l-¯ns\
Kw-Kbm-sdm--gp-Ip-¶ \m-«n-se i-cn-¡n{X
awK-fw Ip-d-bv-¡pw I-ev-]-]m-Z-ap-m-bv hcq”
F-¶n§-s\ sNmÃn `m-c-X-¯nsâ `m-hn `m-K-t[-bw Km-Ôn-Pn-bnÂ AÀ-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-
cp-¶p I-hn ‘F-sâ Kp-cp\m-Y'\n-eqsS.
(ii) tZio-b ]-Xm-I-bp-sS a-lXzw Dd-s¡ ]m-Sn-s¡m-v tZio-b {]-Øm-\-¯n-\v Bth-
ihpw D³-ta-jhpw th-tcm-«hpw \Â-Ip¶p.
DZm: “t]m-cm t]m-cm! \m-fnÂ \m-fnÂ Zq-c-Zq-c-ap-bcs«
`m-c-X-£v-am tZ-hn-bp-sS Xr-¸m-Xm-IIÄ”
`m-c-X ]-XmI-sb kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâ {]-Xo-I-am-bm-Wv A-t±-lw hn-`mh-\w sN-¿p-¶Xv.
DZm: “Ir-X-Øcmw \-½p-sS-bo \n-Xy-kz-X-{´-Xme-X
k-Xy-s¡m-Sn-a-c-¯n³-taÂ kw-tim-`n-¡-s«!”
(iii)
ssh-tZin-I {à-s¯ A-]-e-]n-¨v kz-tZin-hÂ-¡W-s¯ D-d-¸n-¡p¶p.
hn-tZ-i-ta-[m-hn-¯-¯n³ Io-gnÂ izm-kw-ap-«n- A-`n-am-\-t_m-[hpw B-ß-hn-izm-khpw
\-ã-s¸-« P-\X-sb kz-tZ-im-`n-am\ t_m-[-¯mÂ D-WÀ¯n.
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DZm: “\-½Ä \q-ä \q-epw-sIm-pw, \-½Ä s\bv-X h-kv-{Xw-sImpw
\nÀ-½n-X-\o-Xn-s¡m-c-ým-h-kc-Ww!”
{_n-«o-jv `-c-W-¯n³ Io-gnÂ A-\p-`-hn-¡p-¶ A-Sn-a¯w
DZm: “_Ôp-c Im-© Iq-«n-em-sW-¦nepw
_Ô-\w _Ô-\w X-s¶ ]m-cnÂ”
(iv)km-aqln-I hn-aÀi-\w
{]-iv-\-k-¦oÀ-Wam-b H-cp Im-e-L-«-¯n-eq-sS `mc-Xw I-S¶p-t]m-¶ A-h-k-c-¯n-
em-Wv h-Å-t¯mÄ I-hn-X-I-sf-gp-Xn-bXv. km-aqln-I cm-{ão-b {]-iv\-§-tfm-Sp-Å {]Xn-
_-²-Xbpw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ I-hn-X-bnÂ \nd-ªp \nÂ-¡p-¶ tZ-io-b-Xbpw H-tc \m-W-
b-¯n-sâ c-p h-i-§Ä X-s¶-bmWv. D-¨-\o-NXzw \n-d-ª k-aq-l-¯nÂ km-aq-ln-
Im-\o-Xn-I-fp-sS ^-e-am-bn \-c-I-bm-X-\ A-\p-`-hn-¡p-¶ ]-«n-Wn-¸m-h-§Ä-¡m-bn
AaÀjw sIm-Åp-Ibpw D-¨-\o-N-Xz§-sf A-t±-lw hn-aÀ-in-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p.
DZm: “a-cn-¡-km-[mcm-W ao hn-i-¸nÂ Z-ln-¡tem \-½p-sS \m-«nÂ am{Xw
sF-Iy-£-b-¯mÂ A-Sn-a-Èh-§Ä C-Sn-ªp-IqSpw Np-Sp-Im-«nÂ am-{Xw” (am¸v)
(v) tZ-io-b t\-Xm-¡³-am-sc {]-IoÀ-¯n-¡p-¶ I-hn-XIÄ
kzm-X-{ýk-a-c \m-b-I³-amcm-b a-lmßPn, s\-lv-dp F-¶nh-sc {]-IoÀ-¯n¨p-
sIm-v h-Å-t¯mÄ F-gpXn-b I-hn-X-IÄ tI-c-fo-b-cnÂ tZ-io-b-t_m-[w h-fÀ-¯p-¶-
Xn-\v k-lm-b-I-am-bn `-hn¨p. ‘F-sâ Kp-cp-\mY³' F-¶ Ihn-X C-Xn-\v D-¯-a D-Zm-l-c-
W-amWv. _m-¸p-Pn-sb {io-_p-²-t\m-Spw tb-iphn-t\m-Sp-saÃmw D-]-an¨p-sIm-v h-Å-
t¯mÄ c-Nn-¨ Cu J-Þ-Imhyw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ kzm-X-{ý k-a-c-t¯m-Sp-Å {]-Xn_-
²-X sh-fn-hm-¡p-¶-XmWv.
(vi) ]p-cm-W-I-YI-sf C-Xn-hr-¯-am-bn kzo-I-cn-¨ J-Þ-Im-hy-§-Ä¡n-S-bnÂ t]mepw
tZ-im-`nam-\ t{]m-Öz-e-§fm-b ]-cm-aÀ-i§Ä
DZm: in-jy\pw a-I-\p-sa-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂ km-£mÂ in-h-]p-{X-\pw, Cu-iz-c-\pam-b KW-
]-Xn-bp-sS sIm-¼p-sh-«n `q-an-bn-en-«p \nÂ-¡p-¶ `m-c-X-]p-{X-s\ Nq-n-¡m-«n h-Å-
t¯mÄ ]m-Sp¶p.
“hÃmbv-a tZ-h-IÄ-s¸-Sp-¯-hXpw £an
s¸m-¶Ãm-bn-cp¶ l l `m-c-X-]qÀ-Æ càw”
C-{]-Im-cw P-\-§-fnÂ A-`n-am-\-t_m-[w h-fÀ-¯n tZio-b kzm-X-{ý-¯n-\m-bn t]m-cm-
Sm³ A-t±-lw Ah-sc k-Ö-cm-¡n-¯oÀ-¯p c-ho-{µ-\m-Y Sm-tKmÀ, kp-{_-Ò-Wy-`mcXn
F-¶o tZ-io-b-I-hn-I-fp-sS \n-c-bn-te-¡v a-e-bm-fw \ÂIn-b hn-e-s¸-« kw-`m-h-\-bm-Wv
h-Å-t¯mÄ.
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(vii) a-X-k-ln-jvWpX
Pm-Xn-a-X-hÀ-¤ hÀ-® hy-Xym-k-§-fp-sS t]-cnÂ tZ-io-b-X-e-¯nepw {]m-tZin-I

X-e-§-fnepw `m-c-Xo-bÀ hn-L-Sn-¨p \nÂ-¡p-Ibpw ]-c-kv]-cw G-äp-ap-«p-Ibpw sN-bv-X-
t¸mÄ a-Xkm-tlm-Z-cy-¯n-sâ a-lm-{]-hm-N-I-\m-bn h-Å-t¯mÄ I-S-¶p-h¶p. Cu-iz-
c³-amÀ ku-lmÀ-±-¯n-em-sW¶pw _p-²n-iq-\ycm-b a-\p-jycpw A-h-cp-sS ]n-¶nÂ
kzmÀ-°cm-b Nn-e {`m-´³-am-cp-am-Wv I-em-]-§fpw kw-LÀ-j-§-fpw kr-ãn-¡p-¶-
sX¶pw h-Å-t¯mÄ Xpd-¶p ]-d-bp¶p.
Cu-iz-c³-amÀ FÃm-hcpw Htc-t]m-se a-l-Xz-ap-Å-h-cm-sW-¶v h-Å-t¯mÄ
BhÀ-¯n-¨p ]m-Sn-bn-«pv. a-KvZ-e-\-a-dn-b-¯nÂ X-s¶ {In-kv-Xp-hn-s\bpw Ir-jv-W-
s\bpw Xm-c-Xayw sN-bv-Xv C-cp-h-cp-tSbpw a-lXzw I-s-¯p-hm-\pw- kv-Xp-Xn-¡m\pw
]p-I-gv-¯n-]m-Sm\pw h-Å-t¯mÄ {i-an-¨n-«p-Å-Xmbn Im-Wmw. ssl-µ-h ]p-cm-W-§-
fnÂ \n-¶p am-{X-aÃ ss_-_n-fnÂ \n-¶pw apÉow a-X-{K-Ù-§-fnÂ \n-¶p-saÃmw C-Xn-
hr-¯w kzo-I-cn-¨ h-Å-t¯m-fnsâ Cu a-X k-ln-jv-Wp-X-bpw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ tZ-io-
b-ho-£-Whpw tZ-io-b-t_m-[-hp-saÃmw {]-iw-k-\o-b-a-t{X.
am-Xr-`m-jm, BÀ-j-`m-c-t¯m-Sp-Å B-cm[-\, `m-c-X¯nÂ ]qÀ-ÆIm-e am-lm-
ßyw, ]p-cm-X-\m-cm-[ycm-b hy-ànIÄ, k-a-Xzwþkm-tlm-Zcyw F-¶n-h-sb-¸än-sbm-s¡
F-gp-Xp-t¼mÄ h-Å-t¯mÄ Iq-Sp-XÂ B-th-i-`-cn-X\pw hm-Nm-e-\p-am-Ip¶-Xv Im-Wmw.
h-Å-t¯mÄ I-hn-X-bp-sS A-\p-`q-Xn c-kw A-Xn-sâ D-¨-Øm-bn-bn-se-¯p¶Xv Cu
hn[ k-µÀ-`-§-fn-emWv. C-h-sbm-s¡ hm-bn-¡p-t¼mÄ tZio-b Ihn, hm-Iy-kp-µ-c-³
Xp-S§n-b hn-ti-j-W-§Ä-¡v Xn-I¨pw AÀ-l-\m-Wv h-Å-t¯m-sf-¶v \n-Êwi-bw ]-d-
bm³ km-[n-¡pw.
kv-{Xo-kz-Xzm-hn-jv-¡m-cw h-Å-t¯mÄ Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ
‘`m-c-X-kv-{Xo-IÄ X³ `m-h-ip-²nsb' hn-iz-t¯m-f-ap-bÀ¯n-b a-lm-I-hn-bm-Wv
hÅ-t¯mÄ \m-cm-b-W ta-t\m³. tZ-io-b-{]-Øm-\-¯n-tâbpw \-thm-°m-\-¯n-
tâbpw {]-Xyb-im-kv-{X ]-cn-k-c-¯nÂ \n¶p-sIm-v kv-{Xo-kz-Xz-ZÀ-i-\-§Ä-¡v
B¡w Iq-«p-I-bm-bn-c-p-¶p h-Å-t¯mÄ. B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS c-N-\m-]-Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ
kv{Xo-IfnÂ {]-I-S-am-bn Ip-sIm-n-cp-¶ kz-X-{ý-hm-©-bv¡pw kzm{i-b
_p²n¡pw i-àn-]-I-cp-¶ Im-hy-§-fm-Wv A-t±-lw c-Nn-¨Xv. BÀ-j-kw-kv-Im-c {]-`m-
h-¯nÂ A-Sn-bpd-¨v hn-iz-kn-¨n-cp-¶ A-t±-lw AXp-sIm-pX-s¶ ]p-cm-tW-Xn-lm-k-
§-fn-sebpw N-cn-{X-tc-J-I-fn-sebpw {]-kn-²-§fm-b kv-{Xo-I-Ym-]m-{X-§-sf Im-hy-¯n-
eq-sS A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p.
‘_-ln-jv-Ir-Xbm-b A-´À-P\w' F-¶ Im-hy-¯n-eq-sS \-¼q-Xn-cn k-ap-Zm-b-
¯nse A-\m-Nm-c-§Ä-s¡-Xn-sc a-d¡p-S D-t]-£n-¨v [o-c-am-bn {]-Xn-I-c-n-¨ {`-ã-bm-b
A-´À-P\-s¯ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p-v h-Å-t¯mÄ. ‘a-Zn-cm-in I-S-¸p-d-¯nÂ' kv-{Xo-
kzm-X-{ý-¯n-\p A-XnÀ-h-c-¼n-Sp-Ibpw s\-dn-tI-Sp-IÄ-¡v A-XnÀ-¯n I-ev-]n-¡m-¯-h-
cpam-b ]p-cp-j³-amÀ-¡p t\sc,
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“\q-dp-\q-dm-bn-cw ]q-am-¶p Kr-ln-Wn-amÀ
\m-cn-¡p Nm-thm-f-t-a-I]-Xv-\o-{hXw” þ F-¶n§-s\ A-aÀ-jw sIm-Åp-¶p-ap-v
tZ-io-b-{]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ t{]-c-W-bnÂ s]m-Xp C-S-§-fn-te-¡p-Å kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS
I-S-¶p-hc-hv sh-fn-hm-¡p-¶ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Im-hy-amWv ‘_-Ô-\-Ø\m-b A-\n-
cp²³' H-cp ]p-cm-W-IY-sb A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n c-Nn-¨ Ir-Xn-bm-sW-¦nepw C-¡me-s¯
H-cp tI-cfo-b Ip-Spw-_-¯n-se kv-{Xo-bp-sS kz-X-{ý-hm-Rv-Obpw kzm-{i-b-t_m-[hpw
{]-I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-am-Wv C-Xn-se \m-bn-Ibm-b D-j. X-sâ D-d-¡-d-bnÂ h-¨v
cmP-`-S³-am-cmÂ _-Ô-\-Ø-\m-¡-s¸-« A-\n-cp²-s\ hn-«p-In-«-W-sa-¶-Xm-bn D-j-bp-sS
imTyw.
“Rm-\m-f-b-¨n-l-h-cp-¯n-b-Xm-Wp Xs¶þ
¯m-\m-cy-]p-{X-s\-gp-¶-Åp-I-bÃ sN-bvXp;
\m-\m-X-c-¯n-e-]-cm-[-sam-cmÄ-¡p _Ôþ
Øm-\m-]v-Xn-b-\y-\pantXm _-en-hw-i-[À-½w?”
C-Xm-Wv D-j-bp-sS \n-e-]mSv. th-nS-¯v X-tâ-Shpw I-cp¯pw IÀ-t½m-Õp-I-Xbpw
{]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶ D-j \m-\m-hn-Im-c-]-cn-hm-cn-X-sb-¦nepw A-\pcm-ssK-I-Nn-¯bm-b
Ipeo-\ \m-bn-I-bmWv. Xm-Xm-`n-emj-s¯ am-\n-¡m-sX X-sâ t{]-a-[m-aam-b A-\-n-
cp²s\ Xp-d-¦nÂ sN-¶v Im-Wm³ D-j a-Sn-¡p-¶nÃ. A-\n-cp-²-t\m-sSm-¸w c-£-s]-
Sm\pw A-hÄ B-{K-ln-¡p¶p. Xm³ t{]-an-¡p¶-Xv H-cp D-¯-a-]p-cp-j-t\-bm-sW-¶v
AhÄ-¡v \n-Ý-b-ap-v. kv-{Xo-kzm-X-{ý-¯n-\p th-n-bp-Å h-Å-t¯m-fn-sâ A-`n-em-
j-¯n-sâ {]-Xo-I-am-Wv D-j. h-Å-t¯m-fnsâ Cu am-\-k-]p{Xn H-cp ]-cn-[nh-sc
Bimsâ \m-bn-Iam-tcm-Sv c-à_-Ôw ]p-eÀ-¯p-¶pv.
‘\m-S-Iob-X' þ h-Å-t¯mÄ Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ

J-Þ-Im-hy§-sf Iq-Sp-XÂ B-IÀ-j-I-am-¡m\pw A-Xn-\p an-gn-hp ]-I-cm-\p-
ambn I-hn-IÄ \m-S-Io-bam-b A-h-X-c-W-co-Xn kzo-I-cn-¡m-dp-v . C-Xn-hr¯-s¯ \mS-
Io-b-am-bn A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv C-Xv km-[n-¡p-¶Xv. \m-S-Ihpw \m-S-Io-b-
Xbpw cpw c-mWv. \mS-Iw H-cp I-em-cq-]hpw \m-S-Io-b-X H-c-hX-c-W k-t¦-X-hp-
amWv. \m-S-Io-b-X D-d-bv-¡-W-sa-¦nÂ hnj-bw kw-L-«-\m-ß-Iam-b Po-hn-X-am-bn-cn-
¡Ww. h-Å-t¯m-Ä A-t±-l-¯n-sâ J-Þ-Im-hy-§-sf-sbÃmw Xn-I¨pw \m-S-Io-b-am-
bm-Wv A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ J-Þ-Im-hy-c-N-\-bv-¡m-bn \m-S-Io-bam-b
A-h-X-c-W-co-Xn D-]-tbm-Kn-¨v hnP-bw h-cn-¨ G-I I-hn h-Å-t¯m-fm-sW¶pw Im-Wmw.
A-t±-l-¯n-sâ J-Þ-Im-hy-§-fn-ep-S-\o-fw \m-S-Io-b-X-bp-sS Aw-i-§-sf I-s-¯p-
hm³ km-[n-¡pw.
a) \m-S-Io-bam-b XpS-¡w
A-\p-hm-N-I-cp-sS {i-² ]qÀ-W-am-bn B-IÀ-jn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p th-n I-Y-bn-se H-cp
{][m-\ I-Ym-]m-{X-s¯ Xn-I¨pw \m-S-Io-b-am-bn A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p sIm-m-Wv h-Å-t¯m-
fn-sâ J-Þ-Im-hy-§Ä B-cw-`n-¡p-¶Xv. B-in-tÊm, \-a-kv-Im-c-tam, h-kv-Xp \nÀ-t±-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 31
itam C-XnÂ CÃ. I-Ym-]m-{X-¯n-sâ t]tcm a-äv h-kv-Xp-¡tfm H¶pw \Â-InÃ.
C§s\ I-Ym-]m-{X-am-sc-¶p ]-d-bm-sX B I-Ym-]m-{X-¯n-sâ cq-]-`m-h-§Ä hÀ-
Wn¨pw C-X-c I-Ym-]m-{X-§fp-sS {]-Xn-I-c-W-§Ä B-hn-jv-I-cn¨pw A-\p-hm-N-IcnÂ
Pn-Úm-k-bp-WÀ-¯n- IY-sb B-IÀ-j-I-am-¡m-\m-Wv h-Å-t¯mÄ {i-an-¨Xv. C-Xn-hr-
¯-¯n-se Xn-I¨pw \m-S-Io-bam-b H-cp ap-lqÀ-¯-¯n-em-bn-cn¡pw I-hn-Xm-cw`w.
injy\pw a-I\pw F-¶ J-Þ-Im-hy-¯n-se ]-c-ip-cm-a-Nn{Xw C-Xn-\v D-¯-a D-Zm-l-c-
W-amWv. a-Kv-Z-e-\-a-dn-bw F-¶ J-Þ-Im-hy-¯n-emI-s« io-tam-sâ ]q-ta-S-bnÂ \-S-
¡p¶ hen-sbm-cp k-Zy-bp-sS k-¶ml-s¯ Xn-I¨pw \m-S-Io-b-am-bn A-h-X-cn-¸n¨p-
sIm-m-Wv Im-hym-cw`w.
b) \m-S-Io-b-X ap-än-\nÂ-¡p-¶ C-Xn-hr-¯-§Ä
h-Å-t¯m-fnsâ FÃm J-Þ-Im-hy-§fpw \m-S-Io-b-X ap-än-\nÂ-¡p-¶ C-Xn-hr-
¯-§Ä sIm-v {i-t²-b-amWv. tem-I Zr-ãn-bnÂ I-sÃ-dn-ªp sIm-tÃ- a-lm-]m-]n-
\nbm-b a-Kv-Z-e-\-a-dn-bw io-tam-sâ ]q-ta-S-bn-te-¡v ss[-cy-k-ta-Xw I-S-¶p-h-cp-¶Xpw
tb-ip-h-n-s\ Im-Wp-¶-Xpw ]-Ým-¯m-]-hn-h-ibm-b A-hÄ I-®ocp-sIm-v B ]m-Zw
I-gp-In X-e-apSn-sIm-v XpS-¨v ]-cna-f-ssX-ew ]q-ip-¶-Xpam-b \m-SIo-b C-Xn-hr-¯-
amWv a-Kv-Z-e-\-a-dn-b-¯nÂ B-hn-jv-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. ‘in-jy\pw a-I-\pw' CXp-t]m-se
\m-S-Io-b-ap-lqÀ-¯-§Ä \n-d-ª H-cp kp-µ-c-Im-hy-amWv. A-Ñ-\pw a-I-fpw, _-Ô\-
Ø\m-b A-\n-cp-²³ F-¶o J-Þ-Im-hy-§-tfbpw \m-SIo-b ap-lqÀ-¯-§Ä k-¶n-
th-in-¸n-¨v Im-hy-cq-]w \Â-Ip-¶-Xn-\v h-Å-t¯m-fn-\p-Å ]m-S-h-¯n-sâ aIp-tSm-Zm-l-c-
W-am-bn Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¡mw.
c) cw-K-ssh-hn[yw
Im-hy-¯nsâ Hmtcm `m-Khpw Xn-I¨pw ssh-hn-[y-amÀ-¶ Hmtcm \m-SIo-b cw-K-
am-bn am-äp-¶p F-¶-Xm-Wv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ J-Þ-Im-hy-§-fp-sS {]-tXyI-X. C-Xn-hr¯-
s¯ hnhn-[ cw-K-§-fm-bn Xn-cn-¨v Ø-e-ssh-hn-[yhpw Iem-ssh-hn-[y-hpw, I-Ym-]m{X-
ssh-hn-[yhpw \Â-In B-IÀ-j-I-am-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p A-t±lw. Cu cw-K-ssh-hn-[y-hn-
\ym-k-am-Wv J-Þ-Im-hy-§Ä-¡v \m-S-Io-b-X \Â-Ip-¶ {]-[m-\-L-SIw.
d) I-Ym-]m-{X ssh-hn[yw
`m-j, thjw, cq-]-`m-h-§Ä F-¶n-h-bn-seÃmw I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä ssh-hn[yw
]peÀ-¯p-¶p. kw-`-h-§-tf-¡mÄ I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fm-Wv h-Å-t¯mÄ Ir-Xn-I-fn-se
{i²m-tI-{µ-§Ä. ]qÀ-W hy-àn-Xz-ap-Å A-t\-Iw I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä \m-S-I-¯n-se-¶Xp-
t]m-se X-s¶ cw-K-{]-th-iw \-S-¯p-Ibpw Xn-tcm-[m-\w sN-¿p-Ibpw sN¿pw ]p-cm-tW-
Xnlm-k {]-kn-²-§fm-b C-Xn-hr-¯w kzo-I-cn-¨v Im-hy c-N-\-bn-teÀ-s¸-«-t¸mgpw h-Å-
t¯mÄ tZ-ho-tZ-h³-am-scbpw Cu-iz-c³-am-sc-bp-saÃmw am-\p-jn-I-X-bp-sS kq-£v-a
]cn-th-j-§Ä \Â-In-bm-Wv A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
DZm: in-jy\pw a-I\pw F-¶ J-Þ-Im-hy-¯n-se ]mÀ-Æ-Xo-]-cta-iz-c³-amÀ.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 32

e) hÀ-W\m-ssh-hn²yw
I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS cq-]-ssh-hn-²y¯n-s\m-¸w Ah-sc hÀ-Wn-¡p-¶ `m-j-bv¡pw
Kw-òc-Xtbm em-fnXytam ]-IÀ-¶p \Â-In J-Þ-Im-hy-§-sf Iq-Sp-XÂ B-IÀ-j-I-am-
¡m³ h-Å-t¯mÄ ]-cn-{i-an¨p.
DZm: ‘a-KvZ-e-\ adn-b'¯nÂ io-tam-sâ ]q-ta-S-bnÂ A-¯m-g-ap-®p-¶ {In-kv-Xp-hn-sâ
cq-]-`m-h¯n-s\m-¸w Kmw-òcyw ssI-h-cn-¡p-¶ h-Å-t¯m-fn-sâ B-Jym-\-co-Xn {In-kv-
Xp-hn-s\ tX-Sn-bp-Å a-KvZ-e-\ a-dn-b-¯n-sâ bm-{X-hÀ-®n-¡p-t¼mÄ Xn-I¨pw em-fnXyw
ssI-h-cn-¡p¶p.
f) kw-`m-j-W hn-\ym-kw
I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä-¡v hy-Xn-cn-à-X-bmÀ-¶ `m-jbpw kw-`m-jW ssi-enbpw \Â-In
J-Þ-Im-hy-¯n-\v \m-S-Io-b-X kr-ãn-¡p-¶-Xnepw h-Å-t¯mÄ hn-P-bn¨p. Cu kw-`m-
j-W hn-\ym-kw ]m-cm-b-W th-f-bnÂ A-\p-hm-N-I-cnÂ Zr-iym-\p-`q-Xn D-WÀ¯n. hÅ-
t¯m-fn-sâ FÃm J-Þ-Im-hy-§-fpw C-Xn-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn Im-Wn-¡mw.
DZm: ‘in-jy\pw a-I-\pw' F-¶ Im-hy-¯n-se ]mÀ-Æ-Xn-bp-sS tIm-] {]-I-S\w.
“In-«o-etbm Z-£n-W-thp-thmfw
hn-in-ã\mw in-jy-\nÂ-\n-¶n-Zm-\ow;
Zn-hym-bp-[w hÃ-Xp-ap-p _m¡nþ
sb-¶m-eXpw \Â-In-b-\p-{K-ln-¡mw!
a-I³ ]-cn-t¡-äp a-cn-¡n-se´p
a-lm-c-Y³ in-jy-\-Sp-¡-en-tÃ?”
]p-{X-hm-Õ-eyw-sIm-v a-Xn-a-d¶p-t]m-b H-c-½-bp-sS hm-¡p-I-fm-WnXv. kw-`m-j-W-¯n-
eq-sS I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS kz-`m-h-¯n-te-¡v sh-fn-¨w ho-ip-¶-Xn-\v h-Å-t¯m-fn-\p Ign-
ªn-«pv.
g) kw-L«-\w
kw-L-«-\m-ß-Iam-b Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ I-em-]qÀ-Wam-b B-hn-jv-Im-c-am-Wv \m-SIw.
\m-SI-s¯ \m-S-I-am-bpw, Im-hy-s¯ \m-S-Io-b-ambpw \n-e-\n-dp-¯p-¶-Xv A-XnÂ \n-d-
ªp-\nÂ-¡p-¶ kw-L-«-\-amWv. C-Xn-s\ _m-ly-sa¶pw B-`y-´-c-sa¶pw c-m-bn
Xncn-¡mw. I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä X-½n-ep-Å Bi-b-ssh-cp-²y-§-fm-Wv _m-ly-kw-L-«-\-
¯n\v I-f-sam-cp-¡p-¶Xv. DZm: in-jy-\pw aI\pw F-¶ Ir-Xn-bnÂ ‘]-c-ip-cm-a\pw KW-
]-Xnbpw’ X-½n-epw, ‘in-h\pw ]mÀ-Æ-Xnbpw’ X-½n-ep-Å kw-L-«\w. B-`y-´-c kw-L-«-
\-¯n-sâ cw-K-`q-an a-\p-jy-a-\-ÊmWv. Cu kw-L-«\-s¯ B-hn-jv-I-cn-¨v hn-P-bn-¸n-¡-
W-sa-¦nÂ I-hn-IÄ-¡v A-t§-bä-s¯ I-hn-Xz-kn-²nbpw a-\-im-kv{X-t_m-[hpw B-h-
iy-amWv. a-Kv-Z-e-\-a-dn-bw \m-emw-`m-K-¯nÂ \m-bn-I-bp-sS am-\-kn-I-kw-LÀj-s¯
Ihn G-ähpw B-IÀ-j-I-am-bn Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv B-`y-´-c-kw-L-«-\-¯n-\v D-Zm-l-
c-W-amWv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 33
h) c-km-hn-jv-IcWw
ho-cþI-cp-WþirwKm-c c-km-Zn-I-fp-sS hn-P-b-I-c-am-b k-¶n-th-iw h-Å-t¯mÄ
Imhy§-sf \m-S-Io-b-am-¡p-¶ {][m-\ L-S-I-amWv. D-Zm-: I-cp-Wwþa-Kv-Z-e-\-a-dnbw
ho-cw þ in-jy\pw a-I-\pw, irw-Km-cw þ _-Ô-\-Ø-\m-b A-\n-cp²³
h-Å-t¯m-fn-sâ J-Þ-Im-hy§Ä
C-Xn-hr-¯ L-S-I-§Ä A-\p-]m-X-t_m-[-t¯m-sS B-IÀ-j-I-amw-hn-[w kw-hn-
[m\w sN-¿m³ J-Þ-Im-hy-§-fnÂ A-t±-l-¯n-\p km-[n-¨n-«pv. C-Xn-hr-¯ ]p-tcm-
K-Xn-¡v km-[-Iam-b a-«nÂ am{Xw hÀ-W-\-I-fnepw A-e-¦m-c-§-fnepw XmÂ-]cyw
ImWn-¡p-I, I-Ym-kw-`-h-§-tfbpw I-Ym-k-µÀ-`-§-tfbpw e-fn-X-kp-µ-cam-b hm-Mv-a-b-
Nn-{X-§Ä h-gn ]qÀ-hm-Xn-im-bn-bmb a-«nÂ {]-Xy-£-hÂ-¡-cn-¡p-I, kÀ-tÆm]-cn I-Ym-
]m-{X-§-sf A-h-bp-sS ]u-cmWn-I ]-cn-th-j-¯n-\v \n-d-¸-IÀ-¨ h-cm-¯-hn-[w B-kzm-
Z-\-¯n-\v B-¡w Iq-«-¯-¡-hn-[-¯nÂ am-\-ho-I-cn¡p-I F-¶n-h-bm-Wv a-äv {]-tXy-I-
XIÄ. _-Ô-\-Ø\m-b A-\n-cp²³, in-jy-\pw, a-Kv-Z-e-\-a-dnbw, A-Ñ\pw a-Ifpw
F¶n-h-bm-Wv B-[p\n-I J-Þ-Im-hy-§-fnÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯m-hp-¶ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ
{]Jym-X-Im-hy§Ä. `m-h-Ko-X-§-fp-sS kw-£n-]v-X-X h-Å-t¯mÄ Ir-Xn-IÄ-¡v a-t\m-
lm-cnX ]-I-cp¶p. A-\mh-iy hÀ-W\-Itfm A-e-¦m-c-§tfm J-Þ-Im-hy-¯nÂ
Is-¯m-\m-hnÃ. hÀ-®-\-bnÂ A-t±-lw an-XXzw ]m-en-¨n-cp¶p. Im-hy-¯n-sâ
hÀW\, A-e-¦m-cw, hn-tij-Ww F-¶o kq-£-amw-i-§-fn-seÃmw C-Xn-hr-¯-¯n-sâ
G-Im-{Kam-b ]p-tcmK-Xn e£yw h¨p-sIm-m-Wv h-Å-t¯mÄ Im-hyc-N-\ \-S-¯n-bn-
cp-¶Xv. h-Å-t¯mÄ Im-hy-§-fn-se hnIm-tcm-jv-a-f-Xbpw `m-h-\bpw {]-im-´-kp-µ-c-
amWv. aqÀ-¯am-b eu-In-Im-\p-`-h-§-fn-em-Wv A-Xv th-cq-¶n \nÂ-¡p-¶Xv. AXp-
sImv X-s¶ B-ËmZw, A-¼-çv, ZpxJw, tZjyw, hm-Õ-eyw, ]-Ým-¯m]w, tZ-i-
`àn, {]W-bw þ Xp-S§n-b hn-Im-c-§fpsS Du-jv-a-fm-hn-jv-I-c-W-am-Wv h-Å-t¯mÄ
Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ Im-Wm-\m-hpI.
Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS ssN-X\yw h-Å-t¯m-fnÂ
]m-«p-{]-Øm-\-¯n-sâbpw {Zm-hn-U-Im-hy-kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ-bpw \m-tSm-Sn-Km-\-]m-
c-¼-cy-¯n-sâbpw A-´À-`m-h§-sf B-hm-ln¨p-sIm-v Ir-jv-WKm-Y c-Nn-¨ sN-dp-
tÈcn X-sâ Im-hy-s¯ A-t§b-äw {i-h-W-a-[p-c-am¡n. D-d-¡p-]m-«n-sâ B-ćn-I kw-
KoX-s¯ B-hm-ln-¡p-¶ a-Rv-P-co-hr-¯-¯n-em-Wv Ir-jv-WKm-Y c-Nn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-
¶Xv. Im-hy-`m-j-bnepw X-tâXm-b em-fn-Xyhpw hy-àn-Xzhpw am-[p-cyhpw {]-I-Sn-¸n-
¡p¶ Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS ssN-X\yw h-Å-t¯mÄ Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ G-sd kzm-[o-\w sNep-
¯n-bn-«pv. \m-S³-]m-«p-I-tfm-SnW-§n \nÂ-¡p-¶ {i-h-W-kp-µ-cam-b Im-hy-`m-j-
bmWv h-Å-t¯m-fn-tâ-Xpw, kw-Ko-Xm-ß-I-am-bn a-[p-c-]-Z§-sf t_m-[-]qÀ-Æw CW-¡n
tNÀ-¡p-¶-XnÂ I-hn sN-dp-tÈ-cn-sb ]n³-Xp-S-cp-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw.
‘Ir-jv-W-Km-Y' Km-Ym-{]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ s\-Spw-Xq-WmWv. Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bv¡pw
ap³]v ‘Km-Y' F-¶mÂ ]m-s«-¶m-bn-cp-¶p AÀ°w. Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS {]-Nm-c-t¯m-sS
Km-Y-bv-¡v ]m-s«-¶ AÀ-°w \-ã-s¸-Sp-Ibpw a-RvP-co hr-¯w F-¶ k-hn-ti-jmÀ-°w
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 34
ssI-h-cn-I-bpw sN-bvXp. a-Rv-P-co-hr-¯-¯nÂ F-gp-Xn-bmÂ am-{X-ta Km-Y B-hp-I-
bpÅq F-¶p kmcw. Ir-jv-WKm-Y Iq-SmsX Cu {]-Øm-\-¯n-\v A-[n-Iw kw-`m-h-\-
IÄ H¶pw X-s¶ D-m-bn-«nÃ, `m-c-X-Km-Y, `m-K-h-X-Km-Y, Kn-cnKm-Y F-¶o Ir-Xn-Ifpw
h-Å-t¯m-fn-sâ N-{I-Km-Y, k-XyKm-Y F-¶o I-hn-X-Ifpw am-{X-amWv Cu hn-`m-K-¯nÂ
DÄ-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. sN-dp-tÈ-cn-¡p ti-jw 5 \q-äq-p-IÄ ]n-¶n-Sp-t¼m-gm-Wv h-Å-t¯m-
fnsâ Im-e-L«w. A-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ D-mb-Xv B-sI 5 Km-Y-IÄ am-{Xw.
Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ Xo-£-W `m-h-§-sf \n-c-kn¨p-sIm-v a-[p-chpw {]-k-¶-hpam-b
h-i§-sf B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mem-Wv Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bv-¡v {]k-àn In-«p-¶Xv. Cu
AÀ-°-¯nÂ a-[p-c-Im-hy {]-Øm-\-am-Wv sN-dp-tÈcn kr-ãn-¨-sX-¶v F³. ap-Ip-µ³
A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. C-Xn-\p k-am-\am-b {]-Øm-\w h-Å-t¯m-fnÂ Zr-iy-ambn. IÀ-½-
`q-an-bp-sS ]n-©p-ImÂ, B-¼m-Sn-bnÂ sNÃp-¶ A-{Iq-c³ F-¶o I-hn-X-I-fnÂ Cu
bm{X-bp-sS ]qÀ-®-X Im-Wm-\m-hpw. C-tXmsS Cu Im-hy-{]-Øm-\w Iq-¼-S-bp-Ibpw
sN-bvXp.
1. `m-h-Ko-X-§-fp-sS D-Zm-¯m-hn-jv-Im-c-§-fm-bn h-Å-t¯m-fnsâ ‘km-ln-Xy-a-RvP-
cn’sb ]-cn-K-Wn¡m-tam? (2017)
2. Im-ev-]-\n-I-Im-hy-sa-¶ \n-e-bnÂ 'ho-W-]q-hn'sâ Øm-\-sa´v? (2017)
3. a-e-bm-fn-I-fp-sS-bn-S-bnÂ tZ-io-b-t_m-[w h-fÀ-¯m-\p-X-Ip-¶ I-hn-X-IÄ c-Nn-¨p {]-
i-kv-Xn-t\Sn-b h-Å-t¯mÄ \m-cm-b-Wta-t\m-sâ Ir-Xn-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨p NÀ-¨-sN-¿pI.
(2016)
4. \mS-Iob-amb Ah-X-c-W-amWv hÅt¯mfnsâ JÞ-Im-hy-§sf {it²-b-am-¡p-
¶-Xv F¶ {]kvXmhw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. (2015)
5. km£m-Xv¡-cn-¡m-\m-hm¯ {]W-b-¯nsâ Ihn-bmWv Ipam-c-\m-im³. Cu A`n-
{]m-bs¯ hnaÀi-\-]-c-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. (2014)
6. ZmÀi-\n-I-Xzhpw Ihn-Xzhpw Ipam-c-\m-imsâ Ihn-X-I-fnÂ F§s\ kt½fn¸n-¨n-
cn-¡p¶p? (2013)
7. ‘hÅt¯mÄ i_vZ-kpµ-c³’þ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I. (2011C)
8. hnim-e-amb AÀ°-¯n-epÅ tZio-b-t_m[w Bim-\nepw DÅq-cnepw
hÅt¯mfnepw hyXykvX kz`m-h-§-tfmSv IqSn-bmWv DÄt¨À¶n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. aqh-
cp-sSbpw Bi-b-tem-I-§Ä Xpe\w sNbvXv \ncq-]n-¡p-I. (2010)
9. sh×-Wn-bp-sS L-«-¯nÂ D-¯-a ]p-cp-j³ Im-hy-hn-j-b-am-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw hy-
àn-bp-sS kp-th-X-cm-\p-`q-Xn-IÄ A-´-Êp-ä Im-hy-hn-j-b-a-sÃ-¶ k-¦-ev-]w \n-e-hn-
ep-m-bn-cp¶p. C-XnÂ \n-s¶m-cp hy-Xn-bm-\-am-Wv J-Þ-Im-hy-§Ä þ D-]-hm-Zn-
¡p-I. (2010)
10. ‘Bim³ Bi-b-Kw-ò-c³’ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I. (2009)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 35

11. ‘hnIm-c-¯nsâ Bg-¯n-epÅ At\z-jWw Bim-\nÂ, DÖze i_vZ {]uVn-
bnÂ kw`-hn-¡p¶ hnIm-c-{`wiw DÅq-cnÂ; hnIm-c-X-c-f-X-bpsS {]k-¶X
hÅt¯mfnÂ’þ Cu ka-ky-sb \n§-sf-§s\ kao-]n-¡p-¶p. (2007)
12. Ipam-c-\m-im³ Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p¶ {]Wb k¦-ev]-¯nsâ A]qÀÆ-XIÄ hni-I-
e\w sN¿pI. (2006)
13. Ipam-c-\m-imsâ Ihn-X-I-fnÂ {]Xn-^-en-¡p¶ kzmX{ý ZÀi\w hnaÀi\
ZrjvSym hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. (2002)
14. Ir-jv-W-Km-Y-bp-sS ssN-X\yw h-Å-t¯m-fnÂ F-{X-t¯m-fw Xp-S-cp-¶p-s-¶v ]-cym-
tem-Nn-¡p-I. (2002)
15. ae-bmf IhnXm kmln-Xy-¯nse kp{]-[m\ L«s¯ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p¶ Ihn-I-
fmWv Ipam-c-\m-im³, hÅt¯mÄ, DÅqÀ F¶n-hÀ. Ch-cpsS Ihn-X-I-fpsS khn-
ti-j-X-IÄ hnh-cn¨v kaÀ°n-¡p-I. (2000)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 36

a-ebmfw
bqWn-ä-vþ5.3
I-hn-Xm-km-ln-Xyw, I-hn-{X-b-¯n-\p ti-jw
\n-tbm-¢m-kn-Iv ]m-c-¼-cy-¯nÂ \n¶pw sdm-amân-Iv Im-e-L-«-¯n-te-¡p-Å a-e-bm-
f-I-hn-X-bp-sS h-fÀ-¨-bv-¡v \mµn- Ip-dn¨-Xv Ip-am-c-\m-im-\mWv. B-im³, D-ÅqÀ, h-Å-
t¯mÄ F¶o I-hn-{X-bw G-Xm-v 3 ]-Xn-äm-p-Im-ew a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bp-sS Ip-e-]-Xn-I-
fm-bn hn-cm-Pn¨p. ]n-¶o-Sv ]pXn-b X-eap-d ]pXn-b Im-hy-k-¦-ev-]-§fpw {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-
§fp-am-bn cw-K-{]-th-iw sN-bvXp. N-§¼p-g Ir-jv-W-]n-Å, C-S¸-Ån cm-L-h³-]n-Å,
Pn.i-¦-c-¡p-dp¸v, _m-em-a-Wnb-½, H.F³.hn., ]n.`m-kv-Ic³, h-b-emÀ, C-S-tÈcn, ssh-
tem-¸nÅn, F³.hn. Ir-jv-W-hm-cn-bÀ F-¶n§-s\ I-hn-{X-b-¯n-sâ ]n-³Km-an-I-fm-bn
{]-Xn-`m-[-\³-am-cp-sS H-cp \o- \n-cX-s¶ a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn-te-¡v IS-¶p h¶p. C-h-cp-
sS Im-hy-c-N\-sb kzm-[o-\n-¨ ZÀ-i-\-§fpw {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-§fpw ssh-hn-[y-ta-dn-b-h-
bm-bn-cp¶p. Ch-cnÂ Hm-tcm-cp-¯-cp-tSbpw Im-hy-c-N-\m-co-Xn-IÄ¡pw ssh-hn-[yhpw H-
¸w hy-àn-Xzhpw D-m-bn-cp¶p. kz-´w Øm-\w a-ebm-f I-hn-Xm-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ D-d-¸m-
¡p-¶-Xn\v Cu {]-Xn-`m-[-\³-amÀ-¡v km-[n-¡p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp.
I-hn-{X-b-¯n-sâ ]n³-Km-an-I-fnÂ H¶mw X-e-ap-d-bnÂ-s¸-« Ip-än-¸pd-¯p tI-i-h³-
\mbÀ, \m-e-¸m-«p \m-cm-b-Wta-t\m³, sh-®n-¡p-fw tKm-]m-e-¡p-dp¸v, ]-Å-¯p-cma³,
tacn-tPm¬-tXm-«w Xp-S§n-b I-hn-IÄ I-hn-{X-bw ap-t¶m-«p h-¨ Im-ev-]\n-I e-£-W-
§Ä-¡v A-\p-kr-X-am-bn Imhyw c-Nn-¨-h-cmWv. C-hÀ-¡v ti-jw h-cp-¶ a-ebm-f I-hn-
X-bnÂ \mw ZÀ-in-¡p¶-Xv H-cp hi-¯v an-Ìn-k-¯n-sâ kzm-[o-\hpw a-dp hi-¯v amÀ-
Iv-kn-k¯n-sâ kzm-[o-\-hp-amWv. an-Ìn-Iv Im-hy k-¦-ev-]-§-fp-am-bn a-ebm-f I-hn-X-bn-
te-¡v I-S-¶p-h-¶ Pn.i-¦-c-¡p-dp¸pw ip-²-sdm-amân-Iv I-hn-X-I-fp-sS B-hn-jv-IÀ-¯m-¡-
fm-bn amdn-b C-S¸-Ån I-hn-Ifpw amÀ-Iv-kn-b³ ku-µ-cy-im-kv-{X-¯n-sâ h-àm-¡-fm-bn
amdn-b ]n-ev¡m-e I-hn-{X-b-hpw (H.F³.hn, ]n.`m-kv-Ic³, h-b-emÀ) a-e-bm-f I-hn-X-bn-
se {i-t²-b-§fm-b A-[ym-b-§-fm-bn \n-e-sIm-Åp¶p. sdm-amân-Iv Im-hyc-N-\ \nÀ-Æ-
ln¨ ssh-tem-¸n-Ånbpw C-S-tÈ-cnbpw H-cp ]p-Xp-bp-K-¯n-sâ {k-ãm-¡-fm-bn C¶pw B-
Z-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶p. Xp-SÀ-¶-t§m-«v B-[p\n-I km-ln-Xy-{]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ cq-]-]-chpw `m-h-
]-chpw `m-hp-I-Xz-]-c-hpam-b A-´À-Kuc-hw t]-dn k-a-Imen-I I-hn-X \-½p-sS ap-¼nÂ
{]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN-bvXp.
1. an-Ìn-Iv Im-hy-§fpw Pn.i-¦-c-¡p-dp-¸pw
an-Ìn-kn-khpw knw-t_m-fn-khpw i-¦-c-¡p-dp-¸n-sâ I-hn-X-I-fp-sS c-p {]-[m-\-e-
£-W-§-fmWv. F-¦nÂ-t¸mepw A-Xy-ń-I-am-bn B I-hn-X-I-fp-sS {][m-\ hnj-bw km-
am-\y-Po-hn-Xw X-s¶ B-bn-cp-¶p. Po-hn-X-t¯m-Sp-Å km-ao-]yhpw bm-YmÀ°y-t_m-
[hpw A-t±l-s¯ BZyw ap-XÂ-¡pX-s¶ km-aq-ly-ho-£-W-ap-Å H-cp I-hn-bm-¡n
XoÀ¯p. H-cp {]-Ir-Xn Km-b-I\pw {]-Ir-Xyp-]m-k-I-\p-am-bn-«m-Wv i-¦-c-¡p-dp-¸v Im-hy-
cwK-¯v {]-th-in-¨Xv. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Ihn-X tIh-ew `m-h-\m]-cw F-¶-Xn-e-¸p-dw B-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 1

i-b-]-chpw hn-Im-c-]-c-hp-amWv. Npäpw \-S-¡p-¶ kaq-l N-e-\-§-fp-sS ]p-tcmK-a-t\mÀ-
Ö-apÄ-s¡m- BZÀ-i im-enbpw a-\p-jy-kv-t\-ln-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p Pn. F-¶ Im-ev-]\n-
I Ihn. Zn-¡m-em-Xn-hÀ-¯nbm-b BZÀ-i N-{I-hm-f-§-fm-Wv F¶pw Pn- ¡v `m-h-\m-k-
t¦-X-§-fm-bn-cp-¶Xv.
2. ip² sdm-amân-Iv Im-eL-«w (C-S-¸-Ån {]-Øm\w)
a-ebm-f I-hn-X-bn-se ip² sdm-amân-Iv {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ DZ-bw \mw ZÀ-in-¡p¶-
Xv C-S-¸-Ån I-hn-X-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv. C-S-¸-Ån cm-L-h³-]n-Å-bpw N-§¼p-g Ir-jv-W-]n-
Åbpw Iq-Sn Im-ev-]\n-I hk-´w X-s¶ kr-ãn-¨p. C-h-cp-sS Im-hy c-N-\m-k-{¼-Zm-b-
¯n-sâ k-hn-ti-j-XI-sf C-{]-Im-cw kw-{K-ln-¡mw.
1) ip² sdm-amân-Iv Imhy-ssi-en-bm-Wv c-N-\-bv-¡v kzo-I-cn-¨Xv.
2) `m-h-\m-hn-em-khpw ]-Z-k-ar-²nbpw sIm-v a-e-bm-f-`mj-sb kw-Ko-X-am-¡n am-
äm³ C-hÀ-¡v km-[n¨p. am-Xr-`m-j-bp-sS taÂ Cu I-hn-IÄ-¡p-m-bn-cp-¶ kzm-
[o-\w A-Ûp-Xm-h-l-amWv.
3) `m-j-bp-sS em-fn-Xy-am-Wv C-h-cp-sS I-hn-X-I-fp-sS G-ähpw hen-b B-IÀ-j-Wob-
X.
4) Km-\m-ß-I-Xbpw kw-Ko-Xm-ß-I-X-bp-saÃmw C-S-¸-Ån-bp-sSbpw N-§-¼p-g-bp-
tSbpw I-hn-X-I-fnÂ \nd-ªp \nÂ-¡p¶p.
5) Xn-I-ª ar-Xyp-t_m-[hpw \n-cm-i-bp-am-Wv C-h-cp-sS I-hn-X-I-fp-sS `m-hmÀ-°-s¯
{i-t²-b-am-¡p-¶Xv.
6) hn-¹-h-t_m[w, a-\p-jy-kv-t\-lw, k-a-Xz-Nn-´ F-¶n-h-sbÃmw C-h-cp-sS I-hn-X-bp-
sS `m-h-X-e-¯nÂ \n-d-ªp \nÂ-¡p¶p.
7) t{]-a-hpw ss\-cm-iyhpw km-Un-khpw a-tkm-¡n-k-hp-saÃmw C-S-¸-Ån {]-Øm-\-
¯n-sâ k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fm-bn \n-e \nÂ-¡p¶p.
8) a-ebm-f I-hn-X-bp-sS ss\-kÀ-¤n-Iam-b H-cp {]-hm-lw \m-S³ ]m-«p-IÄ-¡p ti-
jw N-§-¼p-g-bn-em-Wv ZÀ-in-¡p-¶Xv. A-{X-am{Xw ss\-kÀ-¤n-Ihpw A-\m-bm-k-
hpam-b H-gp-¡m-bn-cp-¶p N-§¼p-g I-hn-X-I-fnÂ I-s-¯m³ km-[n-¡p-¶Xv.
DZm: Im-\-\-t¨m-e-bnÂ B-Sp-ta-bv-¡m³
9) £Wn-I hn-Im-c-§-fp-sS {]-hm-l-sa-¶p N-]-e kw-Ko-X-sa-¶p-saÃmw N-§-¼pg-sb
hn-aÀ-in-¡p-¶-h-cp-apv. F-¦n-epw ip² sdm-amân-Iv I-hn-X-I-fp-sS ZuÀ-_-ey-am-bn
am-{X-ta A-Xn-s\ I-s-¯m-\mhq.
10) Xn-I-ª ku-µ-cym-kzm-Z-I\m-b I-hn-bm-bn-cp-¶p N-§-¼p-g. ku-µcyw A-t±-l-
¯n-\v H-cp ZuÀ-_eyw X-s¶ B-bn-cp¶p.
a-c-W-ti-jhpw X-e-ap-d-I-fn-eq-sS Po-hn-¡p¶ A-\-iz-c\m-b Km-\-K-ÔÀ-Æ-\m-Wv N-
§¼p-g Ir-jv-W-]n-Å. a-ebm-f Im-hy \-t`m-a-Þ-e-¯nÂ D-Zn-¨p-bÀ-¶ Im-e-s¯-¶-
t]m-se C¶pw Pz-en-¨p \nÂ-¡p-¶ H-cp I-{a-\-£-{Xw. I-hn-{X-b-§-fp-sS I-hn-X-I-fnÂ
\n-¶v `n-¶-kz-c-¯n-ep-Å I-hn-X-I-fm-Wv N-§-¼p-g-bnÂ \n-¶v e-`n-¨n-«p-ÅXv. I-hn-Xbpw
I-hn-bp-sS a-t\m-`m-hhpw X-½n-epÅ Km-V-_-Ô-am-Wv N-§¼p-g I-hn-I-fp-sS {]-tXyI-
X. Po-hn-Xm-\p`h-§fpw kz-´w Nn-´m-K-Xn-Ifpw A-t±-lw Im-hy-hn-j-b-am¡n.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 2

A-bÂ-¡m-c-\pw G-Xm-v k-a-h-b-kv-I-\p-am-b C-S-¸-Ån cm-L-h³-]n-Å-bpw C-tX
co-Xn-bn-epÅ Im-hy c-N-\-bnÂ A-t±-l-¯n-\v Iq-«p-m-bn-cp¶p. tem-I-¯n-sâ Im-]-
Syhpw \n-jvTq-c-Xbpw t{]-ahpw t{]-a-ss\-cm-iyhpw Zpx-J-hp-am-Wv c-p-t]-cp-tSbpw I-
hn-X-I-fp-sS ap-J-ap{Z. Im-hy-c-N-\-bn-ep-Å Cu {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ sIm-v C-S¸-Ån {]-Øm-
\w F-s¶m-cp Im-hy-kc-Wn X-s¶ cq]w-sImp.
N-§-¼p-g I-hn-X-I-fp-sS FÃm Kp-W-§fpw H-¯p-tNÀ-¶ 'c-aW³' F-¶ hn-em-]-
Im-hyhpw X-sâ D-ä-kp-lr¯m-b C-S¸-Ån cm-L-h³-]n-Å-bp-sS Z-b-\o-bam-b A-ý-
s¯ A-\p-kv-a-cn-¨v F-gp-Xn-b-XmWv. Ihn Cu Ir-Xn-¡v H-cp \m-S-Io-b-X Iq-Sn tNÀ-¯n-
cn-¡p¶p. N-§-¼pg-sb k-lr-Zb tem-I-¯n-sâ B-cm-[y-I-hn-bm-¡nb-Xv c-a-W³
Xs¶. A-Xnse Cu-c-Sn-IÄ B-bn-c-§-fp-sS Np-p-I-fnÂ X-¯n-¡-fn¨p. A-£-c-Úm-
\-anÃm-¯-hÀ t]mepw A-Xv G-äp-]mSn. ]p-cm-X-\ Km-\-hr-¯-§-sf N-§¼p-g X-sâ e-fn-
X-tIm-a-fa-mb ssi-en-bnÂ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨-t¸mÄ km-am-\y P-\-§Ä a-Xn-a-d-¶v A-XnÂ e-
bn¨p-t]m-bn F-¶-Xm-Wv hm-kv-Xhw.
B-ß-kp-lr-¯n-sâ Zpx-J-I-cam-b Zp-c´-s¯ C-Xn-hr-¯-am-¡n c-Nn-¨ Cu Ir-Xn-
bnÂ H-cp km-aq-ly--{]-iv-\w Iq-Sn I-hn DÄ-s¡m-Ån-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. A-Xn-se \m-b-I\m-b
c-aW-sâ Zm-¼-Xy-¯n-\p XS-Êw \n-¶-Xv km-aq-lyam-b D-¨-\o-N-Xz-amWv. \m-K-cn-I-X-bp-
sS FÃm BÀ-`m-S-§-fnÂ \n-¶pw AI-¶v ]m-h-s¸-«-h-cnÂ ]m-h-s¸-«-h-\m-bn I-gn-ªp-
Iq-Sp-¶ H-cp bp-hm-hm-bn-cp-¶p c-aW³. \m-Kcn-I ku-`m-Ky-§-fnÂ a-Xn-a-d-¶p Po-hn-¡p-
¶ H-cp bp-h-Xn-bm-bn-cp-¶p N-{µn-I. A-hÀ X-½nÂ bm-Zr-Ýn-I-am-bn ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp¶p. ]-
cnN-bw h-fÀ-¶v h-fÀ-¶v Xo-{h A-\p-cm-K-am-bn. Xm-gv-¶ k-ap-Zm-b-¯nÂ-s]-«-h-\pw \n-kz-
\pam-b c-aW³ Cu A-\p-cmK-s¯ ]-c-ky-am-bn Aw-Ko-I-cn¡p-¶nÃ. am-{X-hpaÃ, c-a-
W³ X-sâ Z-b-\o-bm-hØ tXm-g\m-b aZ-\-t\m-Sv ]-d-bp-¶p-ap-v. N-{µnI-sb Po-hn-X-
¯n-sâ bm-YmÀ-°y-§Ä t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯m³ hn-^-eam-b H-cp {i-aw c-a-W³ \-S-¯n-
bn-cp¶p. F-¶mÂ D-]-tZ-i-cqt]-W c-a-W³ ]-d-bp-¶-sXm-¶pw t{]-aw aq-¯v A-Ôbm-
b N-{µn-I tIÄ-¡p-¶nÃ. A-h-fp-sS tXm-gnbm-b `m-\p-a-Xnbpw ]-d-bp¶p. “Im-e-¯n-sâ
am-ä-¯nÂ \n-sâ t{]-a-am-Ip-¶ a-g-hnÃpw H-cp ]-t£ amªp-t]mImw”. A-h-fp-sS a-dp-]-
Sn A-t¸mÄ C-{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp¶p.
“\m-I-¯n-em-Zn-Xy-Zo-]-sam-cp]t£
\m-sf-s¸m-Sp¶-s\ sI-«pt]m-Imw;
h-än-hc-p t]m-tb-¡mww kz-b-aXnþ
c-äp In-S¡pw k-ap-{Z-saÃmw”.
‘C-sXm-s¡ kw-`-hn-¨mepw Rm³ F-¶p Rm³ X-s¶- B-bn-cn-¡pw. F-\n-¡v ca-W-t\m-
Sp-Å t{]-aw an-¶n-¯n-f-§p-IX-s¶ sN-¿pw’ F-¶v N-{µn-I D-d-¸n¨p. A-\p-Iq-eam-b H-cp
k-µÀ-`-¯nÂ A-hÄ c-aW-sâ I-gp-¯nÂ ]p-jv-]-am-eyhpw AÀ-¸n¨p.
Xp-SÀ-¶v A-h-fp-sS A-\p-cm-Kw h-gn-amdn. am-Xm-]n-Xm-¡Ä \n-Ý-bn-¨ hn-hm-l-¯n-\v
A-hÄ k-½-Xn-¨p. F-¶p-am-{XaÃ, B {]-W-b-\m-bI-s\ lrZ-b-tIm-hn-enÂ \n-¶v \n-jv-
¡-cp-Ww X-Ån ]p-d-¯m-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. A-h-\mI-s« ss\-cm-iy-¯n-sâ AKm-[ KÀ-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 3
¯-¯nepw ]-Xn¨p. B-tLm-j-§Ä c-v F-®-am-Wv ]n-¶o-Sv A-hn-sS \-S-¶Xv. N-{µn-I-
bp-sS hn-hmlm-tLm-jhpw c-aW-sâ B-ß-l-Xym-tLm-j-hpw. C-{X-bp-am-Wv c-a-W\n-se
I-Ym-h-kvXp.
t{]-a-Km-b\m-b N-§¼p-g ‘c-a-W-\nÂ' H-cp km-aq-ly-hn-aÀ-i-I\pw hn-¹-h-Im-cn-
bpw Iq-Sn B-Ip-¶pv. c-a-W-\nÂ Xp-S-§nh-¨ Cu hn-aÀ-i-\-kz-`m-hw AY-hm hn-¹-
hmk-àn N-§-¼p-g-bp-sS A-\-´-c-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ Ip-td-¡q-Sn hy-à-am-bn Im-Wm³ I-gn-
bpw. ‘c-à-]p-jv-]§Ä' D-Zm-l-c-W-am-sb-Sp-¡mw. A-Xnse ‘hm-g¡pe', ‘D-·m-Z-¯nsâ
Hm-S-¡p-gÂ', ‘B sIm-Sp-¦mäv' F-¶o I-hn-X-I-fnÂ sXm-gn-em-fnþap-X-em-fn kw-L-«-\-§Ä
A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶p. k-aq-l-¯n-se D-¨-\o-N-Xz§-sf D³-aqe-\w sN-bv-Xv km-aq-ly-k-
aXzw ssI-h-cp-¯-W-sa-¶ e£yw Cu I-hn-X-I-fnÂ hy-à-am-Ip¶p.
hm-g¡pe
hn-¹h-I-cam-b Im-ev-\-]-\nI (Revolutionary Romantic) Im-hy-amWv ‘hm-g-¡pe'.
tI-c-f-¯n-se Xo-£-Wam-b P³-anþIp-Sn-bm³ hy-h-Øn-Xn-bp-sS ]-Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ c-Nn-
¡-s¸-« Im-hy-am-WXv. C³-Uy-¡v kzm-X-{ýw In-«p-¶-Xn\pw G-Xm-v H-cp ]-Xn-äm-p-ap-
t¼ hn-¹-h-hocyw D-WÀ-¯p-¶ Cu Imhyw N-§-¼p-g-bmÂ c-Nn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p F-¶-
XmWv Cu Im-hy-¯n-sâ km-aq-ly-{]-kàn. N-§-¼-pg-sb P-\-Io-b-\m-¡p-¶ {]-[m-\-
L-S-I-hpw C-Xp X-s¶-bm-Wv.
‘a-e-b-¸p-eb³' X-sâ Ip-Sn-en-sâ apä-¯p H-cp hm-gssX \-«p h-fÀ¯n. ‘A-g-In-
]p-e-¡Ån' A-Xn-s\ X-sâ A-cp-a-¡n-Sm-§-fnÂ H-¶m-bn¯s¶ Hm-a-\n-¨p. b-Ym-Im-ew
th- ip-{iq-j-IÄ sN-bvX-Xp sImv “A-Xp th-Kw h-fÀ-¶p h-¶p”. A-Xn-sâ X-W-
enÂ h-¶n-cp-¶v A-g-In-bpsS ‘I-cp-am-Sn-¡p-«³-amÀ' aÃ-Sn-¡p¶-Xv I-mÂ s]m-cn-sh-bv-
en-sâ lr-Z-b-¯nÂ-t¸mepw A-en-hn-sâ \-\-hp-m-Ip-a-s{X. B Rm-en-¸q-hn-sâ ]gw,
am-tXh-sâ `m-j-bnÂ A-Xn-sâ kzm-Zv... B hm-g Ip-e-¨mÂ ‘A¨³' A-cn hm-§m-\m-bn
sh-«n hnÂ-¡p-sa-¶ \o-en-bp-sS ]-cn-`hw, AY-hm ]-g-am-bmÂ A-Xn-se hen-b ]¦pw
Xm³ H-ä-bv-¡p I-«p Xn-¶pw F-¶ A-h-fp-sS ap-¶-dn-bn¸v, A-¶v A-h-fp-sS ‘sXm-S'bn-se
sXm-en D-cnbpw F-¶ I-cp-h-tÅm-sâ òj-Wn F-¶n§s\ 'B sImXn-b k-amP-
¯n'sâ ‘A-Km-[-hpw' ‘A-\p-I-¼-\o-b-hp-am-b' A-`n-{]m-b-§Ä tI-«n-«m-IWw, I-gn-hXpw
th-Kw Ip-e-bv-¡-W-sa-¶v B hm-g-t]mepw I-cpXn.
Im-¯n-cn-¸n-sâ A-h-km-\-sa-t¶m-Ww hm-g Ip-e-¨p. b-YmÀ-°-¯nÂ A-¶m-Wv
Xncp-thm-Ww ]p-e-b-Ip-Sn-en-te-¡v IS-¶p h-¶Xv. a-e-b\pw A-g-In¡pw A-h-cp-sS A-cp-
a-¡n-Sm-§Ä¡pw Dm-b B-\µw! ‘Ip-e aq-¯v sh-«n ]-gp-¸n-s¨-Sp-¡p-hm³ a-e-b-\p-ap-
ÅnÂ Xn-Sp-¡-am-bn-cp¶p. b-Ym-Im-ew hm-g¡p-e aq-¯v ]m-I-ambn. ]t£, Xsâ Hm-a-\-
¡n-Sm§-sf þ B ]-g-¯n-sâ km-tZmÀ¯v ‘\m¡-¯v shÅw' h-¶n-cp-¶ I-cp-am-Sn-¡p-
«³-am-sc km-£n \nÀ-¯nþa-e-b-¸p-e-b³ B Ip-e-sh-«n tXm-fn-te-än a-p-X-em-fn-bp-sS A-
Sp-¡-te-¡v \-S¶p. A-tXm-sS B ]p-e-¡p-Sn-enÂ A-ebpw ap-dbpw \n-e-hn-fn-bp-ambn. a-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 4

eb-\v a¡-sf B-iz-kn-¸n-¡m³ hm-¡p-I-fnÃm-bn-cp¶p. G-Xm-\pw A-£-c-§Äþhm-¡p-
I-fÃþAh-sâ \m-hnÂ \n¶pw sX-dn¨p. “I-c-bm-sX a-¡-sfþI-ev-]n-¨pþX-¼n-cm³þH-cp
hm-g th-sdþRm³ sIm-p-t]m-s«”.
C-hn-sS I-hn¡pw Nn-e-Xv ]-d-bm-\pv, k-aq-l-t¯m-Sv A-sÃ-¦nÂ km-aq-ly hy-h-
ØnXn-tbm-Sv.
“CXn-s\m-s¡ {]-Xn-Im-cw sN-¿m-X-S§ptam
]-XnX-tc \n-§Ä X³ ]n³-ap-d-¡mÀ”
Im-hy-am-[p-cy-¯n-\p ]p-d-ta, I-hn-bp-sS hn-¹-h Nn-´m-K-Xnbpw Cu I-hn-X-bnÂ hy-
à-am-Ip¶p. tZ-io-bhpw km-aq-ly-hpam-b Np-äp-]m-Sp-I-fnÂ \n-¶v {]-tNmZ-\w DÄ-s¡m-
v F-gpXn-b I-hn-X-I-fm-Wn-h. B-Zy I-hn-Xm-k-am-lm-cam-b ‘_m-jv-]m-Rv-Pen' ap-XÂ
‘\o-dp-¶ Xo-¨p-f' h-sc-bp-Å \m-ev]-¯n aq-¶v Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ Hm-tcm-¶pw, ]p-d-¯n-d§n-b
Im-e¯v, Hmtcm kw-`-h-am-bn-cp¶p.
{]-[m-\-s¸-« C-X-c-Ir-Xn-IÄ
1) c-à-]p-jv-]-§Ä 2) ]m-Sp-¶ ]n-im-Nv 3) kz-c-cm-K-kp-[ 4) aZn-tcm-Õ-hw 5) k-¦-ev-]-
Im-ń 6) Xn-tem-¯-a, 7) kv-]-µn-¡p-¶ A-Øn-am-Sw 8) I-fn-t¯mgn (t\m-hÂ), 9) tZ-h-
Ko-X (Ko-X-tKm-hn-µ-¯n-sâ ]-cn-`m-j) 10) Zn-hy-KoXw (tkm-fasâ Song of Sonsgþsâ hn-
hÀ-¯-\w) 11) A-]-cm-[n-IÄ 12) h-k-t´m-Õ-hw 13) a-Kv-Ze-\-tam-ln\n (ss_-_n-fn-se
a-Kv-Z-e-\-a-dn-bw þ A-hÄ tbm-ip-hnÂ A-\p-c-à-\m-bn-cp-¶p F¶v Cu I-hn-X-bnÂ k-
¦-ev-]n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p).
Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bp-sS h-k-´-Im-ew
kz-]v-\w ]p-c- I-®p-I-fnÂ Po-hn-X-s¯-¸p-WÀ-¶ Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bp-sS hn-em-k-
kw-K-a-am-bn-cp-¶p N-§¼p-g I-hn-X. A-Xmb-Xv Im-ev-]\n-I I-hn-X-bnÂ h-k-´ Im-ew
kr-ãn¨-Xv N-§¼p-g B-bn-cp¶p. {]-W-b-¯n-sâ A-ssZz-Xm-a-e-`m-h-kv-]µn-X hn-Zyp³-
ta-J-e-I-fnepw B-ZÀ-i-¯n-sâ Kn-cn-irw-K-§-fnepw hn-l-cn-¨ `mh-\, A-\o-Xn-tbm-Sv Ip-
cn-ip-bp-²w {]-Jym-]n-¨ `mh-\, {Kmao-W hn-ip-²n-bnepw \m-S-³ Cu-W-§-fnepw ap-§n-
\n-hÀ-¶ `mh-\, B-ß-th-Z-\-I-fnÂ A-`n-c-an-¨ `m-h-\ F-¶n-h-sbÃmw tNÀ-¶v Im-ev-]\n-
I `m-hp-I-Xz-¯n-sâ _-lpap-J km-£m-Xv-Im-c-am-bn-cp-¶p N-§¼p-g I-hn-X. {]-Xn-]m-Zy-
¯n-se-¶-t]m-se {]-Xn-]m-Z-\-¯nepw h-ioI-c-W k-aÀ-°am-b I-hn-X-I-sf-gpXn-b N-
§¼p-g a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ ‘HmÀ-^yqkv' F-¶-dn-b-s¸«p. a-ebm-f I-hnX-sb P-\-Io-b-am-¡n-
b-XnÂ N-§-¼p-g-bv-¡p-Å ]-¦v \n-kv-Xp-e-amWv.
“a-e-scm-fn Xn-cfpw a-[p N-{µn-I-bnÂ a-g-hnÂ-s¡m-Sn-bp-sS ap-\ ap¡n” N-§¼p-g
F-gpXn-b I-hn-X-I-fp-sS kzm-[o\w, {]-ikv-X k-a-Imeo-\ I-hn-I-sf F-¶-t]m-se Xp-SÀ-
¶p h-¶ X-e-ap-d-bn-se {]-kn-²cm-b I-hn-I-sfbpw ap-dp-sI ]pÂ-In-bn-cp¶p. hk-´w
hn-cn-bp-¶Xp-t]m-se B-bn-cp-¶p N-§-¼p-gbp-sS Xq-en-I-¯p-¼nÂ ]-Z-§Ä hn-SÀ-¶n-cp-
¶Xv. X-sâ I-hn-X-bp-sS am-kv-a-c h-e-b-¯n-te-¡v H-cp Im-e-L«-s¯ X-s¶ A-t±-lw
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 5
\-bn¨p. H-cp b-p-Kw X-s¶ A-t±-lw kr-ãn¨p. N-§-¼p-g-bv-¡p ti-jw C-{X-tb-sd A-\p-
IÀ-¯m¡-sf t\Sn-b a-säm-cp I-hn D-m-bn-«nÃ. B-im-\nÂ XpS-§n h-¨ Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-
bp-sS Aw-i-§Ä A-Xn-sâ ]qÀ-®-X-bn-Â F-¯p¶-Xv N-§-¼p-g-bp-sS I-hn-X-I-fn-eq-sS-
bmWv. A-h G-sXm-s¡ F¶v \-ap-¡v ]cn-tim-[n-¡mw.
Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bp-sS L-S-I§Ä (Romantic Elements)
A. `m-hX-ew
1. hn-jm-Zmß-I-X
¢m-kn-Iv I-hn-X-bp-sS `m-hX-ew {]-km-Zm-ß-I-am-bn-cp-¶p F-¶mÂ Xn-I-ª hn-jm-
Zm-ß-I-X-bm-Wv sdm-amân-Iv I-hn-X-I-fnÂ \nd-ªp \nÂ-¡p-¶Xv. Po-hn-X ]-cm-Pb-§-
tfm-Sp-Å I-hn-bp-sS {]-Xn-I-c-W-¯nÂ \n-¶mWv Cu hn-jm-Zmß-I-X cq-]w sIm-Åp-
¶Xv.
2. A-´À-ap-J-X
_mly-tem-I-¯nÂ \n¶pw X-¶n-te-¡p X-s¶ DÄ-h-en-bp-¶ I-hn-tbbpw I-Ym-
]m-{X-§-tf-bp-am-Wv sdm-amân-Iv I-hn-X-I-fnÂ Im-Wm³ I-gn-bp-¶Xv.
3. kz-]v-\-tem-Iw
Np-äp-]m-Sp-ap-Å bm-YmÀ-°y-§-fnÂ \n¶pw DÄ-h-en-ªv Xn-I-ª kz-]v-\-tem-I-
¯n-te-¡v sdm-amân-Iv I-hn I-S¶p-t]m-Ip¶p.
4. Kr-lm-Xp-cX
Np-äp-]m-Sp-Å ]-cp-]-cp-¯ bm-YmÀ-°y-§-fnÂ \n¶pw H-cp ò-cp-hn-s\-t¸m-se H-fn-
t¨m-Sp¶ sdm-amân-Iv I-hn Kr-lm-Xp-c-X-bp-sS `m-h-§-fm-Wv I-hn-X-bnÂ B-sI {]-I-Sn-
¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.
5. hyàn-t_m[w ('A-l'¯n-sâ kzcw)
a-\p-jy-i-àn-bnepw a-\p-jy-kzm-X-{ý-¯n-ep-ap-Å A-S-§m-¯ A-`n-am-\w sdm-
amân-Iv I-hn-X-bp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv.
6. kzm-X-{ý-t_m-[w
k-aq-lw D-bÀ-¯p-¶ hn-e-¡pI-sf ew-Ln¨p-sIm-v ]qÀ-® kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâ a-
lXzw {]-IoÀ-¯n-¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv sdm-amân-Iv I-hnIÄ.
7.ku-µ-cym-cm-[\
Np-äp-]mSpw Im-Wp-¶ kp-µ-c-h-kv-Xp¡-sf hm-Nm-e-am-bn hÀ-®n-¨v B-ß-kw-Xr-]v-
Xn-b-S-bp-¶ {]h-WX sdm-amân-Iv I-hn-I-fnÂ {]-I-S-am-bn Im-Wmw.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 6

8. {]-Ir-Xn kv-t\-lw
{]-Ir-Xn-tb-bpw {]-Ir-Xn-bn-se kp-µ-c-Zr-iy-§-tfbpw hÀ-Wn-¨v A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-
XnÂ C-hÀ A-t§-bäww Xm-Xv-]cyw {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡p¶p.
9. H-Sp-§m-¯ PnÚm-k
10. A-Ûp-Xw
11. a-c-W-t¯m-Sp-Å A-`n-\n-th-iw
12. A-an-Xm-th-iw
13. `m-h-A-ØncX or N-©-e-X
15. a-tkm-¡n-kw (B-ß-]o-U\w)
16. {]-W-b-Nm-]eyw
17. £-Wn-I-`m-h-§Ä
18. \n-cmi-X
B. cq-]X-ew
1) Xn-c-sª-Sp-¯ ]-Z§Ä
e-fn-X-kp-µ-c-]-Z-§Ä Xn-c-sª-Sp-¯v a-[pc-a-t\m-l-cam-b Imhyw \nÀ-½n-¡p¶p. ]-Z{]-
tbm-K-¯n-ep-Å km-c-fy-am-Wv sdm-amân-Iv I-hn-I-fp-sS H-cp k-hn-ti-j-X
2) Km-\mßI-X
ip-²-sdm-amân-Iv I-hn-X-IÄ A-Xn-sâ i-Ð-ku-Ip-am-cyw-sIm-v kw-Ko-X-t¯m-Sv Iq-Sp-
XÂ A-Sp-¯p \n-ev-¡p¶p.
3) _nw-_-I-ev]-\
C-ta-Pp-Ifpw _nw-_-§fpw D-]-tbm-Kn-¨v I-hnX-sb Iq-Sp-XÂ [z-\n-]-c-X-bp-Å-h-bm-¡n
am-äp¶p.
4) knw-t_m-fnkw
{]-Xo-I-§-fp-sS k-lm-b-t¯m-sS I-hn-X-bp-sS A-´À-`m-h-¯n-sâ B-gw hÀ-²n-¸n-¡p-¶
co-Xn sdm-amân-Iv I-hn-IÄ ]n-´p-S-cm-dpv.
5) \n-tbm-¢m-kn-Iv ]m-c-¼-cy-§-tfm-Sp-Å {]-Xn-tj[w
(k-¦oÀ-W ]-Z{]-tbmKw, A-\p-I-c-W-{àw, hr-¯-\n-_²-X, hÀ-W-\ ap-X-emb-h-tbm-Sv
F-XnÀ¸v)
km-ln-Xyw A-\p-I-c-W-am-Wv F-¶ [m-c-W Xn-cp-¯n-s¡m-v km-lnXyw B-ßm-hn-jv-Im-
c-am-Wv F-¶ [m-c-W kr-ãn¨p.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 7

]n. Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \m-bÀ (1905þ1978)
A-tÚ-bam-b k-Xy-s¯bpw A-Úm-Xam-b e-£y-s¯bpw {]-Xy-£-bm-Im-¯
tZ-hn-tbbpw tX-Sn-b-e-ª Ihn. Pm-{K-¯nepw kz-]v-\-¯nepw kp-jp-]v-Xn-bnepw I-hn-
bm-bn-cp-¶ A-t±-l-¯n-\v tI-c-f-{]-Ir-Xnsb ({]-]-©s¯) H-¶m-sI H-cp A-¼-e-am-bn
Im-Wm-\pw B-Imi-s¯ A-Xn-sâ taÂ-¡q-c-bm-bn k-¦Â-¸n-¡m-\pw, ta-L§-sf ta-
ªp \-S-¡p-¶ ]-ip-¡-fm-bn Im-Wm\pw I-gn-ªn-cp¶p. Ihn-X Po-hn-Xw X-s¶ B-bn
sIm-p-\-S-¶ I-hn-bm-Wv ]n.Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \mbÀ. a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ D¬-a h-gn-sªm-gp-
Ip-¶ Cu I-hn-X-IÄ a-e-bm-fn D-Ån-S-t¯m-fw Im-ew \n-e-\nÂ-¡pw.
Im-ev-]-\n-Imw-i-§Ä ]n.bp-sS I-hn-X-I-fnÂ
1) hn-c-l-th-Z-\-bpw Kr-lm-Xp-c-Xbpw B-tßm-]m-ew-`hpw B-i-¦-Ifpw þ A-t±-l-¯n-
sâ `m-h-Km-\-§-fnÂ \nd-ªp \n-ev-¡p¶p. DZm: I-fn-bÑ³, Hm-W-\n-em-hv
2) \-ã-t_m-[-¯n-\v hy-àn-X-ehpw km-aqln-I X-e-hp-ap-v þ Cu tem-I-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ
t\-tS-Xp t\-SmsX, FÃmw \-ã-s¸-Sp-¯n-bh-sâ Ip-ä-t_m[w.
3) kuµ-cy B-cm-[-I³ þ tI-c-f-{]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS \n-Xy-Im-ap-I³
4) kz-]v-\-k-©m-cn þ hn-Zq-c-X-bnÂ {]-Im-iw ]q-¡p¶ tem-Iw tX-Sn-bp-Å bm{X.
5) A-bXv-\ efn-Xam-b `m-j
6) ssh-Im-cn-Im-hn-jv-Ic-Ww
7) kzm-`m-hn-I-X-bp-Å {]-Xo-I-§fpw _nw-_-§fpw þ C-ta-Pp-I-fp-sS tLm-j-bm-{X
8) A-tN-X-\-§-sf am-\-ho-I-cn-¡p-¶-XnÂ X-Xv-]-c³
9) kv-t\-l-¯n-sâ aqÀ-¯oa-Xv cq-]-am-b A-½-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å A-\h-[n I-hn-X-IÄ þ C-
Xv s]-ä-½bpw am-Xr-`q-anbpw B-Wv
10) kw-Ko-Xmß-IX
`m-cXo-b kw-kv-Im-c-t¯m-Sp-Å AN-©-e-am-b Iqdpw C-S-¡m-ew sIm-v B kw-
kv-Im-c-¯n-\p h-¶p tNÀ-¶ NypXn-tbm-Sp-Å H-Sp-§m-¯ A-aÀ-jhpw Ip-ªn-cm-a³-\m-
b-cp-sS I-hn-X-I-fnÂ kÀÆ-{X Im-Wmw. '`-à-Ihn' F¶pw C-t±-lw A-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p. Po-
hn-X-kv-t\lw, k-Po-h-am-b tI-c-fo-b-X Xp-S§n-b Kp-W-§-fm-Wv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ `-àn-
ck-s¯ B-IÀ-j-I-am-¡p-¶Xv. A-Sp-¯v \nÂ-¡p-¶ k-tlm-Zc-s\ Im-Wm³ I-gn-
bmsX, Ah-sâ Zpx-J-§-fnÂ ]-¦p-tN-cm\pw Ah-s\ B-iz-kn-¸n-¡m\pw X-¿m-dm-ImsX,
kzmÀ°-X-tbm-sS s]-cp-am-dp-¶h-\v kzÀ-¤w In-«p-I-bnÃ F-¶p X-s¶ A-t±lw Dd-¨p
hn-iz-kn-¡p¶p. Cu hn-[ Nn-´-I-fmÂ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ I-hn-X-IÄ Iq-Sp-XÂ hn-im-eam-
b ]-cn-[nI-sf A-h-ew-_n-¡p¶p.
A-ń-¯ncn, Hm-W-kZy, I-fn-bÑ³, Xm-a-c-t¯mWn, \n-d]-d, ]q-¡fw, Nn-e-s¼men,
a-Wn-ho-W, iw-J-\mZw, ku-µ-cy-tZh-X, h-bÂ-¡-c-bnÂ F-¶n-h-sbm-s¡ {]-kn-² I-hn-
Xm-k-am-lm-c-§-fmWv. I-hn-bp-sS Im-ev-]m-SpIÄ, F-s¶ Xn-c-bp-¶ Rm³, \n-Xy I-\yI-
sb tX-Sn F¶n-h B-ß-I-Y-IÄ.
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HmÀ-½n-¡m³
“A-{X-taÂ {]m-W\pw {]m-W-\-m-bv \n-¶p \o
bm-{X ]-d-bm-sX t]m-b-Xp-Nn-X-tam?
hn-®n³ sh-fn-¨w F-gp-Xn \n-¶oSptam
I®n-sem-cp Ip-dn Iq-Sn £-W-{]t`”
(I-fn-bÑ³)
“tIh-©n tI-dn-t¸m-tbmWþ
sh-®n-emh-Wn cm-hpIÄ”
(Hm-W-\n-emhv)
]o-Sn-I-¯n-® ho-Sm-¡n-Ê-tlmZ-cn a-b§th
ssI-t¡m-g-bmÂ-_-¦-fm-hp XoÀ-¡p-ao Rm³ a-cn¡Ww
I-ªn-sh-Åw Ip-Sn-¡m-sX ss]-X-§Ä ]n-S-bp-t¼mgpw
s]-cp-¯ thX-\w \n-¶p hoÀ-¡p-ao Rm³ a-cn-¡Ww
(\-c-_en)
F-´p t\-So Po-hn-X-¯nÂ? tNm-Zn-¡p-¶q \-£-{X§Ä
FÃmw sIm-Sp-¯p Rm³ t\-Sn I-®p-\oÀ-¯pÅn
(Xm-a-c-t¯mWn)
_m-em-a-Wn-b-½ (1909þ2004)
B-ZÀ-i-hn-ip-²n-bp-sS Kw-Km-{]-hm-l-am-Wv _m-em-a-Wn-b-½-bp-sS FÃm Ir-Xn-I-
fnepw Im-Wp-¶-Xv. am-Xr-Xz-¯n-sâ a-l-¯zhpw ]-cn-ip-²nbpw A-Xp \Â-Ip-¶ \nÀ-hr-
Xnbpw F-{X hÀ-Wn-¨mepw I-h-bn-{Xn-¡v Xr-]v-Xn-bm-Ip-¶nÃ. {]-]-© h-kv-Xp-¡-sf-sb-
Ãmw Xsâ Hm-a-\-¡p-ªp-§-fm-bn A-hÀ Im-Wp¶p. hn-ip-²n-bp-sS Ihn-X F-¶p hn-ti-
jn-¸n-¡-s¸-«-h-bm-Wv _m-em-a-Wn-b-½-bp-sS I-hn-XIÄ. B Im-e-L-«-¯nÂ \nd-ªp \n-
¶n-cp-¶ k-a-Xzw, kzm-X-{ýw F-¶o B-i-b-§Ä KmÀln-I ko-abn-sem-Xp-¡n B-hn-jv-
I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. (th-e-¡mcn, t]m-ä-½ F-¶o I-hn-X-IÄ) Iq-«n-se In-fn-bp-sS Zpx-J-¯n-
eq-sS _-Ô-\-¯n-em-bn-cn-¡p-¶ k-aq-l-tN-X-\-bp-sS i-Ðw tIÄ-¸n-¡p¶p. a-gp-hn-sâ
I-Y, hn-izm-an-{X³, hn-ò-j-W³ F-¶o I-hn-X-I-fnÂ a-\-im-kv-{X-]-chpw ZmÀ-i-\n-I-hpam-
b co-Xn-bnÂ kzm-X-{ý-s¯ A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p¶p. am-Xr-`m-h-¯n-sâ a-t\m-c-Y-§fpw
A-\p-`q-Xn-Ifpw A-Xn-at\-tmm-l-cam-b Nn-{X-§-fn-eq-sS ssN-X-\y-h-¯m-bn {]-Im-in-¸n-¨n-
cn-¡p-¶p F-¶-Xm-Wv _m-em-a-Wn-b-½-bp-sS I-hn-X-I-fp-sS G-ähpw hen-b k-hn-ti-jX.
C-S-tÈ-cn tKm-hn-µ³-\m-bÀ (1905þ1974)
Po-hn-Xm-h-t_m-[-¯n-sâ auen-I i-Ð-hp-am-bm-Wv C-S-tÈ-cn tKm-hn-µ³ \m-bÀ a-
ebm-f km-ln-Xy-¯n-te-¡v IS-¶p h-¶Xv. C-¶n-sâ sImSpw NqSpw X-Wp-¸p-ta-ev-¸n¨v,
\m-sf-bp-sS {]-Im-iw Ip-Sn-¸n-¨v X-sâ I-hn-X-bp-sS buh-\w \-ã-s]-Sp-¯m-sX A-t±-lw
kw-c-£n¨p. X-sâ k-a-b-{]m-b-¡mcm-b ]-e I-hn-Ifpw Im-ev-]-\nI temI-¯v hn-l-cn-
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¡p-t¼mÄ A-t±-lw Ip-td-¡q-Sn ap-t¼m-«v I-S-¶p-sN-¶v I-gn-ªn-cp-¶p. Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ
[mÀ-½n-Ihpw B-ZÀ-im-ß-I-hpam-b A-h-ØI-sf A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¨v C-S-tÈ-cn F-gp-Xn-bn-
«p-Å ]-e I-hn-X-I-fnepw A-t±-lw kzo-I-cn-¨n-«p-Å \n-e-]m-Sv {]m-tbmKn-I a-\p-jy-Xz-hm-
Z-¯n-tâ-XmWv.
{]-Ir-Xyp-]m-k-I\m-b I-hn-bm-Wv C-S-tÈcn. A-\-\y-e-Ï-\hpw A-\p-I-c-W-¯n-\v
h-g-§m-¯-Xpam-b H-cp Im-hy-ssi-en-bp-sS DS-a. \mS³-sam-gn-I-fp-sS Po-hn-¡p-¶ ku-
µcyw B I-hn-XI-fnÂ \nd-ªp \n-ev-¡p¶p. A-f-Im-hen, I-dp-¯ sN-«n-¨nIÄ, ]p-
¯³-I-ehpw A-cn-hm-fpw, H-cp ]n-Sn, s\Ãn-¡, X-¯z-im-kv-{X-§Ä D-d-§p-t¼mÄ, Im-hn-
se ]m-«v F-¶n-h-bm-Wv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ {]-[m-\ Im-hy-{K-Ù§Ä. ‘Iq-«p-Irjn' F-¶
\m-S-I-hpw A-t±-lw c-Nn-¨n-«pv. {Km-a-¯n-sâ hn-ip-²nbpw {Km-ao-W-Po-hn-X¯nâ em-fn-
Xyhpw C-S-tÈ-cn I-hn-X-I-fp-sS {]-tXy-I-X-bmWv.
‘]-Wn-apS-¡w', ‘]p-¯³-I-e-hpw A-cn-hm-fpw' F-¶o Ir-Xn-IÄ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ a-
äp I-hn-X-I-tf-¡mÄ A-ev-]w hy-Xy-kv-X-amWv. hn-¹-hm-lzm-\-am-Wv c-n-epw.
“A-[n-Im-cw sIm-¿-W-amZyw \mw
A-Xn-\p-ta-emI-s« s]m-¶m-cy³” (]p-¯³-I-ehpw A-cn-hm-fpw)
\nb-aw \nÀ-½n-¡m-\p-Å A-[n-Im-cw t\-SWw. A-Xn-\v km-bp-[-k-a-c-aÃ th-Xv. B-bp-
[-anÃm-sX X-s¶ i-àn t\-S-Ww.
“Ip-gn-sh-«n-aqSp-I th-Z-\IÄ
IpXn-sImÄ-I i-àn-bn-te-¡p \-½Ä” (]-Wn-ap-S¡w)
Pohn-X t¢-i§-sf ss[-cy-]qÀÆw, i-àn-]qÀ-Æw t\-cn-SWw. k-aq-l-¯n-sâ t¢-i-§-
fnepw th-Z-\-I-fnepw ]-¦p-tN-cWw. A§-s\ iàn-t\-Sn hy-h-Øn-XnI-sf am-än a-dn-
¡Ww. C-Xm-Wv C-S-tÈ-cn hn-`mh-\w sNbv-X k-a-c-amÀ¤w.
Im-hy-k-hn-ti-j-XIÄ
• I-ep-jn-X-am-bn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶ Im-e-¯n-sâ [z\n
• ]-Z-em-fnXyw
• B-i-b-§Ä-¡v G-Io-`mhw
• ]m-c-¼-cy-t¯m-Sp-Å a-t\m-`mhw
DZm: “C-¯-d-hm-Sn-¯-tLm-j-Ws¯-t]mse
hr¯n-sI-«n-«nÃ a-säm-¶p-aq-gn-bnÂ”
– F¶v Du-ä-t¯m-sS hn-fn-¨p ]-d-bp-¶pv.
• KmÀln-I Po-hn-X-kw-LÀ-j§Ä
DZm: hn-hm-l-k-½m\w, s]§Ä
• {]-Ir-Xym-ßm-hv {h-W-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-Å \-K-c-Po-hn-X-t¯m-Sp-Å {]-Xn-tj[w
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 10

DZm: “I-fnbpw Nn-cnbpw I-c-¨n-ep-ambvþ
¡-gnbpw \-c-s\m-cp b-{´-am-bmÂ
Aw-_-t]-cmtd, \o am-dn-t¸m-Iptam
B-Ip-ebm-sam-c-gp-¡p-Nm-embv”
(Ip-än-¸p-dw ]mew)
b-{´-bpK-¯n-sâ IS-¶p Ib-äw sIm-v sXm-gnÂ \-ã-s¸-« s\Ãp-Ip-¯p-Im-cn ]m-dp-
hpw, N-In-cn-¸-Wn-¡m-cnbpw {Km-a-hn-ip-²n-bp-sS {]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fmWv.
ssh-tem-¸n-Ån {io-[-cta-t\m³ (1911þ1985)
Im-ev-]\n-I Im-e-L-«-¯nÂ ]n-d-hn-sb-Sp-s¯-¦nepw XoÀ¯pw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn bm-
YmÀ-°y¯n-sâ ]m-X sh-«n-s¯-fn-¨ I-hn-bm-Wv ssh-tem-¸nÅn. kÀ-¤-{]-{In-b-bnÂ \-
hbp-K kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ h-àm-hm-Wv A-t±lw.
I-hn-X-bp-sS k-hn-ti-j-XIÄ
• lyq-a-\n-kw
• im-kv-{Xmh-t_m-[w DZm: kÀ-¸-¡m-Sv F-¶ I-hnX
• kzm-X-{ý-t_m[w
• A-[zm-\-¯n-sâ a-lXzw DZm: a-e-Xp-c-¡Â F-¶ Ihn-X
• ]pXn-b X-e-ap-d-bp-sS hnPbw
• amÀ-Iv-kn-b³ ku-µ-cy-im-kv-{X-¯n-sâ kzm-[o\w
• hn-¹-hm-lzm\w
• a-X-\n-tj[w
• kv-{Xo-kzm-X-{ýw
• A-Sn-a¯w, P³-an-¯w ap-Xe-mb Nq-jW-§-tfm-Sp-Å F-XnÀ¸v
• `m-j-bp-sS I-cp¯v
• Im-¨n-¡p-dp¡n-b I-hn-X
F³.hn.Ir-jv-W-hm-cyÀ (1916þ1989)
sdm-amân-Iv I-hnX-I-tfm-Sp-Å Xn-I-ª {]-Xn-tj-[-am-Wv F³.hn.bp-sS I-hn-XIÄ.
“Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ IS-te I-hn-X-bv-¡p R-§Ä¡p a-jn-¸m-{Xw” F-¶v {]-Jym-]n-¨-Xv ssh-
tem-¸n-Ån-bm-sW-¦nepw B X¯zw A-`n-em-j§-sf AS-¡n \nÀ-¯n-s¡m-v \-S-¸n-em-
¡nb-Xv C-S-tÈ-cnbpw hm-cn-b-cp-amWv. Im-ev-]-\nI-X-tbm-Sv hn-S-]-d-ªv Po-hn-X-bm-YmÀ-
°y-§Ä A-t\z-jn-¨v A-t±-lw C-d-§n-¯n-cn¨p.
F³.hn. kz-ám-b B-Jym-\-ssi-en X-s¶ Xn-c-sª-Sp¯p. a-ebm-f I-hn-X-bnÂ
cq-]-]-cam-b \n-ch-[n ]-co-£-W-§Ä A-t±-lw \-S¯n. K-Zy-I-hn-X-Ifpw \o- I-hn-X-
I-fpw Ip-td-¡q-Sn \o- I-hn-X-I-fp-saÃmw F³.hn. c-Nn¨p. \o--I-hn-X-IÄ ]pd-¯p
h-¶-t¸mÄ (1948) a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ A-Xv H-cp ]-cn-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-sâ H-¶m-a-¦-am-bn Aw-Ko-I-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 11
cn-¡-s¸«p. ]pXn-b sS-Iv-\nIv, ]pXn-b Po-hn-Xm-h-t_m[w, ]pXn-b `mjm-ssien, ]pXn-b
A-´-co-£-W-co-Xn F-¶n-h-bm-sbÃmw Im-ev-]\n-I L-S-I§-sf ap-dn-¨p \o-¡p-¶ i-kv-
{X-{In-b kz-´w Im-hy-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ Hm-PÊpw tX-PÊpw \n-e-\nÂ-¡m-\m-h-iy-am-
sW¶pw A-t±-lw Xo-cp-am-\n¨p.
‘Xo-h-n-bn-se ]m«v' F-¶ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ {]-kn-²am-b I-hn-X-bn-se \m-bI³,
\m-bnI-sb h-io-I-cn-¡m³ D-]-tbm-Kn¨ ‘Hm-S-¡pgÂ' A-h-km-\w I-¯p-¶ Xo-bn-te-¡v
h-en-s¨-dn-bp-¶pv. AXp-t]m-se I-hnbpw X-sâ Im-ev-]\n-I apc-fn h-en-s¨-dn-ªv Nm-«-
hmdpw ]-S-hmfpw ssI-s¡m-Åp¶p. C-S¸-Ån I-hn-I-fp-tS-Xv t]m-se `m-h-\-bnÂ ap-
gpInb Pohn-X k-¦-ev-]-¯nÂ A-`n-c-an-¡p-¶ \m-b-I-sc-bÃ F³.hn. kr-ãn-¨Xv, a-dn-¨v
Pohn-X bm-YmÀ-°y-§-tfm-Sv s]m-cp-Xp-¶ \m-b-I-cm-Wv A-t±-l-¯n-tâXv. D-Zm: a-Zn-cm-in-
bn-se sX-cp-hp-I-fnÂ ssh-Ip-t¶-chpw cm-{Xn-I-fnepw A-e-ªp Xn-cn-bp-¶ sN-dp-¸-¡m-
c³, (a-Zn-cm-in-bn-se cm-{Xn), A-cn hm-§p-hm³ a-Wn¡p-tdm-fw Iyq \nÂ-t¡-n h-cp-¶
{]m-cm-Ï-¡mc³ (Km-Ônbpw tKm-Zv-sk-bpw) Po-hn-Xm-cw-`-¯nÂ \-h-h-[p-hn-s\ _-emÂ-
kw-Kw sNbv-X F-©n-\ob-sd sh-Sn h-¨p ho-gv-¯n kz-´w Zm¼-Xy Zp-c´-s¯ Xo-{h-X-
tbm-sS A-\y-hÂ-¡-cn-¸n-¨- hr²³ (A-se-Iv-kn-kv ]p-Wy-hm-f³ F-¶ I-hn-X) C§-
s\ t]m-Ip-¶p A-t±-l-¯n-sâ \m-b-I-I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä.
`m-h-]-c-ambpw cq-]-]-c-ambpw F³.hn.bp-sS Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ sdm-amân-kn-k-t¯m-Sp-Å F-
XnÀ-¸v F-{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-¶p F-¶v ]cn-tim-[n-¡mw.
A. `m-h-]-cam-b am-äw
1) sdm-am-ân-Iv I-hn-X-bp-sS C-Xn-hr-¯-¯nÂ \n¶pw dn-b-en-k-¯n-sâ X-e-¯n-te-¡p-
Å I-hn-X-bp-sS h-fÀ-¨-bv-¡v \m-µn-Ip-dn¨-Xv ssh-tem-¸n-Ånbpw F³.hn.bp-am-Wv.
2) a-\p-jy-Po-hnX-s¯ ap-Jy-{]-ta-b-am-bn kzo-I-cn-¨p.
3) sdm-amân-¡n-sâ B-ß-]-c-X-bnÂ \n¶pw \nÀ-hy-àn-]-c-X-bn-te-¡v Ihn-X am-dp-¶-
Xv F³.hn-bp-sS I-hnX-I-tfmSpw Iq-Sn-bmWv.
4) {]-Ir-Xn-kv-t\-lw A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ t]mepw B-Ip-e-X-IÄ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ I-
hn-X-I-fn-epv. ]t£ Cu B-Ip-e-X C-S¸-Ån I-hn-X-I-fnÂ CÃ.
DZm: “_m-¡n hÃ-Xp-ap-tm?
]qhp-t]mbv, ]q-¡m-ew t]mbv
]¡n-t]mbv, ]d-h-t]mbv
_m-¡n hÃ-Xp-ap-tm?”
5) lyq-a-\n-kv-äv ho£-Ww þ C-S¸-Ån I-hn-I-fp-tSXp-t]m-se kz-ZÀ-È-\ tI-{µn-XaÃ;
km-aq-ln-Iam-b bm-YmÀ-°y-¯nÂ A-[n-jvTn-Xam-b am-\-hn-IXm-t_m[w.
DZm: {Km-aw
6) B-[p\n-I a-ebm-f I-hn-X-bn-se \-ã-aq-ey hn-jm-Z-¯n-sâ kz-cw B-Zy-am-bn D-bÀ-
¶p tIÄ-¡p¶-Xv F³.hn.bp-sS I-hnX-I-tfm-Sp Iq-Sn-bmWv.
7) A-\y-h-Xv-I-cWw, A-kv-Xn-Xzw, Zpx-Jw C§-s\ B-[p\n-I X-e-ap-d-bp-sS `m-h-X-
e§-sf I-hn-X-bn-te-¡v B-hm-ln-¨Xpw F³.hn. Xs¶.
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B. cq-]]cw
1) hr-¯-¯n-se-gp-Xp¶-tX I-hn-X-bm-hq F¶ sdm-amân-k-kn-¯n-sâ Im-gv-N-¸mSn-
t\m-Sp-Å F-XnÀ-¸m-bn-cp-¶p A-t±-l-¯n-sâ K-Zy-I-hn-XIÄ.
2) sdm-amân-Iv I-hn-X-I-fp-sS e-fn-X-kp-µ-c-]-Z-§Ä-¡p ]I-cw Im-hy-`mK-s¯ Xn-
I¨pw A-\p-`-hn-¡m³ D-X-Ip-¶ ]cp-j-§fm-b ]-Z-§Ä (Nn-t´-cn-Sm-¯ ]-Z-§Ä)
Im-hy-¯n-te-¡v I-S-¯n-hn-«Xpw F³.hn. B-bn-cp¶p.
D-Zm: F-en-IÄ F-¶ I-hn-X-bn-se ]pcp-j ]-Z-§Ä
3) `m-h-Ko-X-t¯m-Sp-Å {]-Xn-tj-[-am-bn-cp-¶p F³.hn.bp-sS \o- I-hn-XIÄ.
DZm: Xo-h-n-bn-se ]m-«v
4) _nw-_-§fpw C-ta-Pp-Ifpw D-]-tbm-Kn-¨v I-hnX-sb Iq-Sp-XÂ [z-\n ]qÀ-®-§-
fm¡n.
5) a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn-se ]pXn-b `m-hp-IXzw cq-]w sIm-Åp-¶-Xpw F³.hn.bp-tSbpw
ssh-tem-¸n-Ån-bp-tS-bpw I-hnX-I-tfm-Sp Iq-Sn-bmWv.
“]m-c-¼-cy-§-fp-sSbpw ]-Xn-hp-I-fp-sSbpw Ib-dp s]m-«n-¡p-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw I-cp-
¯p t\-Sp-¶ Ir-XnIÄ” F-¶m-Wv F³.hn.Ir-XnI-sf ssh-tem-¸n-Ån hm-gv-¯p-¶Xv.
‘Ihn-X-bpsS Iq¼-S-ªpthm’ F¶ hnJym-X-amb {]iv\-ap-¶-bn¨v ae-bm-f-Ihn-Xsb
]mc-¼-cy-kn-²-amb cN\mkt¦-X-§-fnepw ]Z-Nm-]-ey-§-fnepw ASn-bm³ A\p-h-Zn-
¡msX, ka-{K-amb ]cn-hÀ¯\w krjvSn¨ {]Xn-`m-[-\-\mWv F³.hn.-IrjvW-hm-cn-
bÀ. Na-XvIr-X-amb ]Z-§fpw ssien-Ifpw H¯n-W-¡n, D]-t_m[ cN\ XoÀ¡p-I-
bmIWw Imhyw F¶ [mcW At±lw Xncp-¯n-¡p-dn-¨p. ‘Bßmem] {]mNpcyw
sImpw hnjm-Z-]-cX sImpw GI-cq-]hpw ]Ým-·p-J-hp-am-bn-¯oÀ¶ \mev]-Xp-I-
fnse ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnÂ Xsâ {]Xn-Im-ev]-\n-Ihpw AÀ°-]p-cp-j-hp-amb \ne-]m-Sn-
\mÂ A`n-cpNn \ho-I-c-Whpw ]Y-hy-Xn-bm-\hpw km[n¨p’sh¶-XmWv F³.-hn.-bpsS
al-Xz-ambn hnaÀi-I-scm-¶-S¦w ]d-bm-dp-Å-Xv. ‘Xoh-n-bnse ]m«nÂ’ Ipd-h³ Xsâ
aIpSn I¯n-b-S-§p¶ ]«-S-bnÂ FdnªXv F³.-hn.-bpsS Imev]-\n-IXm \ncm-k-
¯nsâ {]Xo-I-am-sW¶v hnZ-Kv²-ambn \nco-£n-¡-s¸-«n-«p-v. kmaq-lnI t_m[w
DWÀ¯nb ImÀ¡-iyhpw, s]mÅ-bmb AXnsâ AÀ° Xe-§-fpw, Pohn-X-¯ns\Xn-
sc-bpÅ D]-lm-khpw F³.-hn.-I-hn-Xbv¡v Akm-[m-c-W-Xzw \ÂIp-¶p.
1. Imev]-\nI IhnX ambn-I-am-sW¶ [mcW Dd-¸n-¡Â
“A¡p-g-en³ sNdp-kp-jncw hgn-sbm-gpIo hniz-hn-tam-l-\-Km\w
sNänS;sNänS òXn hfÀ¯pw LÀL-c-tLm-c-kvX-\n-X-hn-cmhw
a\-aXp tIÄt¡ hnIm-c-X-cw-K-a-S§n ab-§n-bp-d§o sXÃnS
]p\-c-Xn-epÂ¡-S-hn-t£m-`-§-fp-Zn¨p ]pf-¨p-Xn-aÀ¡pIbmbo”
(Xo-h-n-bnse ]m«v)
(Xsâ lrZ-b-lm-cn-Wn-bmb \mbn-Isb AÀ²-cm{Xn ]m«nsâ Znhy-iàn sImv
BIÀjn¨p hcp¯n \r¯w sN¿n¨ Kmb-I³, HSp-hnÂ AtX iàn-sImv
Ahsf Xncn-¨-b-bv¡p-Ibpw ]n¶oSv Xsâ HmS-¡p-gÂ I¯p¶ Xobn-te¡p
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 13
hen-s¨-dn-bp-Ibpw sN¿p¶p. AXp-t]mse Ihn Xsâ Imev]-\nI apcfn hen-s¨-
dnªv Nm«-hmdpw ]S-hmfpw ssIsImÅp-¶p.)
2. \mb-I-k-¦Â]w:-þ CS-¸Ån Ihn-I-fp-tSXv t]mse BIm-i-\n-jvT-amb (`m-h-\-
bnÂ apgp-In-b) PohnX k¦-ev]-¯nÂ A`n-c-an-¡p¶ \mb-I-c-Ã. adn¨v aZn-cmin-
bnse sXcp-hp-I-fnÂ sshIp-t¶-chpw cm{X-nI-fnepw Ae-ªp-Xn-cn-bp¶ sNdp-¸-
¡m-c³, Acn hm§p-hm³ aWn-¡q-dp-I-tfmfw Iyq \nÂt¡n hcp¶ {]mcm-
_v[-¡m-c³, Pohn-Xm-cw-`-¯nÂ \h-h-[p-hns\ _emÂkwKw sNbvX F©n-\o-
bsd shSn h¨p hogv¯n kz´w Zm¼-Xy- Zp-c-´s¯ Xo{h-X-tbmsS A\y-h-Xv¡-
cn-¨-h-X-cn-¸n¨ hr²³.
3. a\p-jy-Xz-¯nsâ kzmX-{ým-`n-\n-thiw
“F§p a\p-jy\p N§e ssIIfn
es§³ ssIbp-IÄ s\mń-Sp-I-bmþ
sSt§m aÀ±\, ahnsS {]lcw
hogp-h-sXsâ ]pd-¯m-Ip¶p”
4. IhnX D]-t_m[ cN\bÃ; t_m[-]qÀÆ-amb {]Xn-tj-[-amWv
“CÃ km{am-Pyhpw anÃn-S-a-¯-hp-þ-
anÃ amÕ-cyhpw aqjn-I-cnÂ”
(F-en-IÄ)
“hoWtNmcbmÂ¯s¶
hÔy-bm-btÃm `qan;
thWtam \nW-aXnÂþ
¸ns¶bpw Xobm-fn-¡m³”
þ cp No\-s¸¬Ip-«n-IÄ
5. k¼¯pw A[n-Im-chpw hngp-§p¶ BZÀi-temIw/cmjv{Sob PoÀ®X
DZm: “Acn-hm-§p-hm³ IyqhnÂ Xn§n-\nÂ¡p¶p KmÔn
Acn-sI Iqä³ Imdn-tedn \o§p¶p tKmUvsk”
6. {]IrXn kvt\lw/]mcn-Øn-XnI t_m[w (C-S-¸-Ån-I-hn-IÄ {]IrXn hÀ®\
Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶pv ]t£ BIp-e-X-bm-Ip-¶n-Ã)
“_m¡n hÃ-Xpaptm?
]qhp-t]m-bv, ]q¡mew t]mbv
]¡n-t]m-bv, ]dh t]mbv
_m¡n hÃ-Xpaptm”
7. lyqa-\nÌv ho£Ww þ CS-¸Ån Ihn-I-fp-tSXv t]mse kzZÀÈ\ tI{µnXaÃ;
kmaq-ln-I-amb bmYmÀ°y-¯nÂ A[n-jvTn-X-amb am\-hn-I-Xm-t_m-[w.
DZm: {Kmaw
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8. kqN-I-§Ä/ _nw_-§Ä A\p-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. B[p-\nI kaq-l-¯nÂ \n¶pw
kzoI-cn-¡p¶ _nw_-kq-N-I-§-fn-eqsS kmwkvIm-cnI aqey-§-sfbpw at\m-`m-h-
§-tfbpw BWv Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.
DZm: kv{Xosb hÀ®n¨v Ah-i-cmb CS-¸-Ån-¡-hn-I-fpsS Imhy-io-e-§sf
(aªs¯¨n ]q¦p-e-t]mse) ]uUÀ, dqjv, Iyq«Ivkv XpS-§nb ]pXnb _nw_-
§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
“Ip«n-¡q-d-bv¡p-taÂ ‘dqjp’ ]pc-«nb
N«ä sN¦hnÄs¨-¼I-¸q-hnepw
‘tImSn’en]vÌn¡p ]pc-«n, \dpw Nncn
tamSn-bnÂ sam«n« taml-\-¨p-nepw”
bphXnbphm-¡-fpsS BtÇ-jWw, Npw_\w Ch-sbÃmw C¯-c-¯nÂ _nw_-
kq-N-I-§-fm-Ip-¶p-v.
9. Imhym-ß-I-sa¶v hnfn-sIm Imev]-\nI {]tbm-K-§-fpsS Øm\¯v ‘I«³Im-
¸n-’sbbpw ‘sNfn-’sbbpw ‘hnbÀ¸n-’s\bpw ‘tImf-d’-sbbpw km[m-c-Wo-I-cn¨v
{]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
10. ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bnÂ hÀ¤t_m[w \ndª IhnX (hm-g-¡p-e) Ah-X-cn-¸n¨ N§-
¼p-g-bpsS Øm\¯v tNcn-I-fnÂ ASn-ªp-Iq-Snb ]pd-t¼m¡v P\-X-bpsS
cmjv{So-b-a-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p.
“IpXnÀ¶qdpw Nfn tNÀ¶ Xd-bntem; am\p-jnI
]Xn-cp-IÄ, ]Xn-X-·m, scsd hmgp¶q
IpjvT-tcmKw ]nSn-s]-t«mÀ, Imhn-h-kv{X-ap-Sp-¯-hÀ,
]«n-Wn-¡mÀ, ]\-¦-ÅnÂ ]pf-¨n-Sp-t¶mÀ
hosS-gm-t¯mÀ, \msSgm-t¯m, cmi-b-täm-c§p Xn§n-
¡q«p-I-bm-sWm-«-t\Iw kv{Xo ]pcp-j-·mÀ!”
‘]mc-¼-cy-§-fp-sSbpw ]Xn-hp-I-fp-sSbpw Ib-dvs]m-«n-¡p-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw
Icp-¯p- t\Sp¶ IrXn-IÄ’ F¶v sshtem-¸nÅn F³.-hn.-Ir-Xn-Isf hmgv¯p-
¶Xpw asäm¶pw sIm-Ã.
am-säm-en-¡-hn-IÄ
kp-hy-à-§fpw b-YmÀ-°-§-fpam-b Im-hym-\p-`q-Xn-I-fnÃm-sX ]qÀ-Æ-Km-an-I-fp-sS
A-\p-`q-XnI-sf ]-IÀ-¯p-¶ I-hn-I-sf-bm-Wv am-säm-en- I-hn-IÄ F-¶p ]-d-bp-¶Xv. ‘km-
ln-Xy hm-c-êw' F-¶ {]-Jym-X te-J-\ ]-c-¼-c-bn-em-Wv Fw.Ir-jv-W³-\m-bÀ N-§-
¼p-g-bp-sS A-Ôam-b A-\p-IÀ-¯m-I-À-¯m¡-sf am-säm-en I-hn-IÄ F-¶p hn-ti-jn-¸n-
¨Xv. h-b-emÀ cm-a-hÀ-½, H.F³.hn.Ip-dp¸v, ]n.`m-kv-¡c³, H-f-¸-a-® F-¶o I-hn-I-fm-
Wv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ hn-e-bn-cp-¯-enÂ am-säm-en I-hnIÄ. hm-Mv-a-b-Nn-{X-]m-Shw, B-i-b-
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`-{Z-X, {]-Xn-]m-Zyw, cq-]-hn-tijw, h-tNm-hn-\ym-kw F-¶o L-S-I-§-fnÂ N-§¼p-g I-hn-
X-I-fp-sS ip-² A-\p-Ic-Ww Im-Wmw.
]n.`m-kv-¡-c³ (1924þ2007)
I-hnbpw Km-\-c-N-bn-Xmhpw N-e-¨n-{X kw-hn-[m-b-I-\p-am-bn-cp-¶p ]n.`m-kv-¡c³.
]-Z-k-¼-¶-\m-b I-hn-bÃ ]n.`m-kv-¡c³. hm-Nm-e-\paÃ. Np-cp-§n-b hm-¡p-IÄ sIm-p
X-s¶ ià-ambpw hy-à-ambpw B-i-b-§Ä {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡p-hm\pw hn-Nm-c-X-cw-K-§Ä D-
m-¡p-hm\pw A-t±-l-¯n-\p I-gn-bp¶p. Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bp-sS ap-J-ap-{Z-Ifm-b Km-\m-ß-
I-Xbpw hn-Im-c-hm-bv]pw tim-I-Ñm-bbpw tIma-fssi-enbpw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Ir-Xn-I-
fnÂ kmÀ-h-{Xn-I-am-bn Im-Wmw.
Pz-en-¡p-¶ hn-¹-h-Nn-´-I-fpw A-t±-lw c-Nn-¨n-«pv. hocyw Xp-Ån-¯p-fp¼pw hm-
f-s{X, ho-W-b-sÃ³ Xqen-I F-¶v D-d-s¡ {]-Jym-]n-¨ A-t±-lw _qÀ-jzm-hÀ-¤-¯n-sâ
aÀ-±-\-ap-d-I-sfbpw A-l-¦m-c-s¯bpw F-XnÀ¯p. H-cp ]p-¯³ km-aqln-I hy-h-Øn-Xn
tI-c-f-¯nÂ \n-e-hnÂ h-tc--Xn-sâ B-h-iy-I-X A-t±-lw I-hn-X-I-fn-eq-sS t_m-[y-
s¸-Sp-¯n.
h-b-emÀ KÀ-Ön-¡p-¶p, \-h-tI-cfw, HmÀ¡p-I hÃ-t¸m-gpw, ]m-Sp-¶ a¬-Xcn, k-
{X-¯nÂ H-cp cm-{Xn, H-ä I-¼n-bp-Å Xw-_p-cp Xp-S§n-b I-hn-Xm-k-am-lm-c-§fpw A-\h-
[n kn-\n-am-Km-\-§fpw c-Nn-¨n-«pv. Iq-SmsX “]n.`m-kv-¡c-sâ sX-c-sª-Sp-¯ I-hn-X-
Ifpw”.
h-b-emÀ cm-a-hÀ-½ (1928þ75)
A-²zm-\n-¡p-¶-h-sâbpw ]m-h-s¸-«-h-sâbpw lr-Z-b-¯p-Sn-¸p-IÄ-¡v A-£-c-§-fn-
eq-sS ssN-X\yw ]-IÀ-¶ I-hnbpw Km-\-c-N-bn-Xm-hp-am-Wv h-b-emÀ.
“kv-t\-ln-¡-bnÃ Rm³ t\m-hp-am-ßm-hn-s\
kv-t\-ln-¨n-Sm-s¯m-cp X-¯z-im-kv-{X-s¯-bpw”
F-¶ h-cn-I-fnÂ, hyYn-X lr-Z-b-§-fnÂ IcpW sNm-cn-bp-¶ H-cp I-hn-sb-bm-Wv Im-Wp-
¶Xv. A-h-bnse Cu-Whpw Xm-fhpw B-IÀ-j-I-am-bn-cp¶p. N-§-¼p-g-¡-f-cn-bnÂ ]-b-
än-s¯-fn-ª A-t±-l-¯n-sâ I-hn-XIÄ Cu hn-[-am-b-XnÂ A-X-v`p-X-s¸-Sm-\nÃ. Im-]-Sy-
s¯bpw A-[n-Im-c-s¡m-Xn-tbbpw A-l-¦m-c-s¯bpw s]m-bv-ap-J-§-sfbpw A-Ô-hn-
izm-k-§-sfbpw B-t£-]n-¨p sIm-p-Å I-hn-X-I-fm-Wv A-t±-l-¯nÂ \n-¶v ssI-c-fn-
¡v e-`n-¨-XnÂ A-[n-I-hpw.
B-[p\n-I bp-K-¯n-se Zp-jn-¨ {]-h-WX-I-tfm-Sp-Å A-aÀ-jhpw {]-Xn-tj-[hpw
tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ H-cp I-hn-X-bnÂ A-t±-lw F-gpXn.
“\m-e-W-bv-s¡m-cp ]n-©p-Ip-ªns\
\m-Wn-hn-ä-Xm-Wn¶-se
B-d-W-bv-¡n-\n \n-sâ Ip-ªns\
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bm-cp-hm-§p-ao-¨-´-bnÂ?” a-\p-jy-sâ hn-e A-\p-Zn-\w Ipd-ªp h-cn-IbmtWm?
k-aq-l-¯nÂ ]-IÀ-¨ hym[n-t]m-se ]-SÀ-¶p ]n-Sn-¡p-¶ aq-ey-NypXn-tbm-Sv F-XnÀ-
¸p-Å H-cp hn-¹-h-I-hn-bm-sW-¦nepw H-cp kmbp-[ hn-¹-h-t¯m-Sv A-t±-l¯n-\v XmÂ-]-
cy-ap-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. aÀ-±-Icpw Nq-j-I-cp-anÃm-¯ k-a-Xz-kp-µ-cam-b H-cp tem-Iw þ A-Xm-
bn-cp-¶p A-t±-lw kz-]v-\w I-Xv.
H.F³.hn. Ip-dp-¸v (1931þ2016)
C-S¸-Ån I-hn-I-fnÂ \n-¶v {]-tNm-Z-\-apÄ-s¡m-v Im-hy-cw-K-t¯-¡v IS-¶p h-¶
H.F³.hn. A-\p-`-h-k-Xy-s¯ Xo-£W-X-tbm-sS B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡p-¶ I-hn-bmWv. h-b-
emÀ cm-a-hÀ-½-sb-t¸mse, C-t±-lhpw km-am-\y-P-\-§Ä-¡v D-t¯-P-Iam-b co-Xn-bnÂ
Im-hy-c-N-\-\-S¯n. a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ kzm-`mhnI ssi-enÂ A-t\-Iw Km-\-§fpw C-t±-
lw c-Nn-¨n-«p-v. A-Ir-{Xn-a a-t\m-l-cam-b io-ep-Ifpw ssi-en-Ifpw sIm-v k-Po-hhpw
lr-Zy-hp-am-Wv H.F³.hn.bp-sS I-hn-X-Ifpw Km-\-§-fpw. k-aq-l-¯n-se A-[xØn-X hÀ-
¤-¯n-sâ lr-Z-b-¯n-te-¡v IS-¶p sNÃp-hm³ am{Xw B-IÀ-j-I-Xzhpw hn-¹-h-ho-cyhpw
H.F³.hn. I-hn-X-IÄ-¡v Dv. F-¶mÂ A-h shdpw hn-¹-h-Km-\-§-fÃ. k-l-Po-hn-I-fp-
sS I-ã-¸mSpw th-Z-\bpw I-v I-hn a-\-Ên-epm-b k-l-Xm-]-]hpw {]-Xn-tj-[hpw Im-
hy-cq-]w ssI-s¡m--h-bmW-h. k-aq-l-¯n-se Xm-tg-¡n-S-bn-ep-Å-h-cp-sS a-\-Ên-te-¡v
IS-¶p sNÃm³ I-hn-¡p km-[n-¨-Xn-sâ ^-e-am-WnXv. 'A-cn-hmfpw cm-¡p-bn-epw' Xp-S§n-
b B-ZyIm-e I-hn-X-I-fnÂ NneXv Cu K-W-¯nÂ s]-Sp-¶-h-bmWv.
‘\o-e-¡-®p-IÄ', “H-cp tZ-h-Xbpw c-p N-{I-hÀ-¯n-am-cpw” Xp-S-§n-b-h-bnÂ hn-
jm-Zm-ß-I\m-b I-hn-sb-bm-Wv hm-b\ - -¡mÀ-¡v Im-Wm³ I-gn-bp-I. N-§-¼p-g-bpsS ‘am-
säm-en-¡-hn'sb-¶v Po-hn-Xm-h-km-\w h-sc A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-t¼mgpw P-\Io-b ]-£-
¯n-sâ hm-¡pw, ]m-cn-Øn-Xn-I-X-bp-sS {]-hm-N-I-\p-am-bn-cp-¶p A-t±-l-w. ku-µ-cy-¯n-
sâ A-\-kyq-Xn-sb-¶v hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ A-t±-l-¯nsâ Im-hy-§-fnÂ hy-à-am-
bpw 3 L-«-§Ä Im-Wmw.
1) A-Xn-Im-ev-]-\n-I-Xbpw hn-¹-hm-`n-\n-th-ihpw H-¯n-W§n-b {]-Y-a-L«w.
2) X-\n-a-bn-te-¡v ]-cn-hÀ¯-\w t\-Sp-¶ cmw L«w.
3) ]-Iz-X-bp-sS Xr-Xo-bL-«w
N-§-¼p-g-bp-sS ssh-bàn-X kz-]v-\`m-j km-aqln-I `m-j-bm-bn ]-cn-W-an-¡p-¶-
Xv H.F³.hn.bp-sS Im-e-¯mWv.
H-f-¸-a-® kp-{_-Ò-Wy³ \-¼q-Xn-cn-¸m-Sv (1923þ2001)
\-¼q-Xn-cn k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-se bm-Ym-Øn-Xn-Iam-b B-Nmc-§-tfmSpw \n-b-a-hy-hØ-
I-tfm-Sp-ap-Å {]-Xn-tj-[hpw shÃp-hn-fn-Ifpw C-t±-l-¯n-sâ I-hn-X-I-fnÂ ap-g-§n -tIÄ-
¡mw. hn-¹-hm-ZÀ-i-§fpw km-l-kn-I-Xbpw \n-d-ª-h-bm-Wv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ an-¡ Ir-
Xn-I-fpw. kzm-X-{ýhpw k-a-Xzhpw km-tlm-Z-cyhpw Xn-I-ª H-cp \Ã \m-sf D-m-Ip-
sa-¶v A-t±-l-¯n-\v {]-Xo-£-bpv. ]t£, A-Xn-\v ]-g-b B-Nm-c-§-fpw, kw-kv-Im-chpw
s]m-SnX-«n an-\p-¡n-sb-Sp-¯mÂ a-Xn-bm-Ip-sa-¶v A-t±-lw I-cp-Xp-¶nÃ. k-aq-eam-b ]-cn-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 17

hÀ¯-\w X-s¶ th-W-sa-¶m-Wv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ ]£w. ho-W, A-i-co-cnIÄ, C-e-
¯mfw, B-\-ap¯v, Aw-_, \-t§-a-¡p-«n ap-X-em-b-h-bm-Wv H-f-¸-a-®-bp-sS {]-[m-\-Ir-
XnIÄ.
I-hn-{X-bm-\´-cw ae-bmf I-hn-X-bnÂ h-k-´-Im-ew A-kv-X-an-¨p F-s¶m-cp s]m-
Xp [m-c-W-bpv. F-¶mÂ B-im-sâ ZÀ-i-\-s¸-cp-a-bpw, D-Åq-cnsâ D-Zv-t_m-[-\-{]n-b-X-
bpw, h-Å-t¯m-fn-sâ `m-h-in-ev-]-s¸m-en-abpw DÄ-t¨À-¶ ‘\-h-kw-kv-Im-cw' Im-hy-cq-
]w {]m-]n-¡p-¶ Im-gv-N-bm-Wv ]n-¶o-Sv \mw Im-Wp-¶Xv. Im-hy-c-N-\-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å A-h-
t_m-[-¯n-\v B-¡w Iq-Snb Cu Im-e-L-«-¯nÂ I-hn-I-fp-sS F-®hpw {I-am-\p-K-X-am-
bn hÀ-²n¨p. A-h-cnÂ {]-[m-\-s¸-« Nne-sc Ip-dn-¨p am-{X-am-Wv \-½Ä C-hn-sS NÀ-¨ sN-
bv-XXv.
N-e-¨n-{X Km-\-§Ä-¡v km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯n-ep-Å Øm\w
C-cp-]Xmw \q-äm-nÂ G-ähpw A-[n-Iw P-\-{]o-Xn t\-Sn-sb-Sp-¯ I-em-cq-]-am-Wv
kn-\n-a. kn-\n-a-tbm-sSm-¸w kw-Ko-Xhpw ]-e ]-S-hp-Ifpw I-S¶p. A-\n-tj-[yhpw A-\-
h-Zy-kp-µ-c-hpam-b H-cp Km-\-]m-c-¼-cyw a-e-bm-f-¯n-\pv. \m-S³-]m-«p-IÄ ap-XÂ k-a-
Imen-I Ihn-X h-sc \o-p-\nÂ-¡p-¶p B ]m-c-¼-cyw. I-hn-X-bnÂ \n-¶p hy-Xy-kv-X-
amWv Km-\§Ä. Km-\w Xm-f-¯n-\v ap³-Xq-¡w \Â-Ip¶p. {]-tXy-In-¨v N-e¨ - n-{X Km-\-
§-Ä. Cu-W-¯n-\v {]m-[m-\y-ap-Å N-e-¨n-{X-Km-\-§-fn-se hm-¡p-IÄ-¡v km-c-fy-apv.
Zr-iy-¯n-sâ s]m-en-a-bv¡pw A-´-co-£-kr-ãn¡pw th-n D-]-tbm-Kn-t¡- kw-
Ko-Xw tIh-ew Km-\-§-sf-¶ k-¦p-Nn-XmÀ-°-¯n-te-¡v Np-c-p§n. kw-Ko-X-¯n-sâ P-
\Iob cq-]-sa-¶ \o-e-bnÂ A-h H-cp kw-kv-Ir-Xn-bp-sS lr-Z-b-Xm-f-am-bn amdn. I-Ym-]m-
{X-§-fp-sS hn-Im-c-hm-bv-]n\pw \r-¯-cw-K-§-fp-sS B-hn-jv-Im-c-¯n\pw Km-\-§sf B-
{i-bn-¨-tXm-sS kz-X-{´-hy-ànXzw {I-ta-W A-h-bv-¡v ssI h¶p. Zr-iy-h-Xv-I-cn-¡m³
I-gn-bm¯ ssh-Imcn-I \n-an-j§-sf aqÀ-¯-am-¡m\pw Km-\§-sf D-]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp¯n.
A-tXm-sS B-[-aÀ-®y-¯n-sâ sXm-«n-enÂ ]nd-¶p ho-W N-e-¨n-{X-Km-\w au-en-I-Xz-¯n-
sâ ]m-X-bn-eq-sS k-©-cn-¨v kz-´hpw kz-X-{´-hpam-b C-cn-¸n-Sw I-s¯n.
N-e-¨n{Xw H-cp P-\-Io-bm-hn-jvIm-c am-[y-a-amWv. N-e-¨n-{X-¯nÂ tkm-t±-iy-am-bn
tNÀ-¡p-¶ Km-\-§Ä-¡v \n-b-Xam-b N-«-¡q-Spv. I-Ym-k-µÀ`w, C-Xn-hr¯w, k-a-b-]-
cn-anXn, Syq¬ F-¶o L-S-I-§-Ä Km\-s¯ H-cp N-Xp-c-¯n-\p-Ån-em-¡p¶p. A-XmI-s«
Km-\-c-N-bn-Xm-hn-sâ kzm-X-{ý-s¯ H-cf-hp h-sc l-\n-¡p-¶-Xp-amWv. F-¦nepw B ]-
cn-an-Xn-¡p-ÅnÂ \n-¶p X-s¶ I-em-ta³-a-bp-Å Km-\-§Ä kr-ãn-¡m-\m-bn F¶-Xv N-e-
¨n-{X-¯n\pw A-h-bn-eq-sS ]p-d-¯p-h-¶ Km-\-§Ä¡pw Kp-W-I-c-am-bn `-hn¨p. kn-\n-a-
tb-¡mÄ ]-e-t¸mgpw kn-\n-am-Km-\-§Ä {i-²n-¡-s¸-«Xpw A-¡m-c-W-¯m-emWv.
H-cp N-e-¨n-{X Km-\w {i-²n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-sâ ]n-¶nÂ \m-ev A-SnØm-\ L-S-I-§-
fm-Wp-ÅXv. tIÄ-¡p-t¼mÄ X-s¶ lr-Zy-am-bn tXm-¶p-¶ Im-hy-I-ev-]-\IÄ, B-IÀ-j-
Iam-b CuWw. a-[p-cam-b B-em-]\w, lr-Z-b-¯nÂ ]-Xn-b-¯-¡ hn-[-ap-Å Nn-{Xo-Ic-
Ww F-¶n-h-bmW-h. N-e-¨n-{X Km-\-cwK-¯v ]-eXp-sImpw hy-ànXzw Øm-]n-¨ N-e-
¨n-{X Km-\-c-N-bn-Xm-¡-fm-Wv ]n.`m-kv-¡c³, h-b-emÀ cm-a-hÀ-½, H.F³.hn.Ip-dp-¸v, bq-
k^-en tI-t¨cn, {io-Ip-am-c³ X-¼n Xp-S-§n-bhÀ. C-hÀ H-tc-ka-bw I-hn-Ifpw Km-\-c-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 18
N-bn-Xm-¡-fp-amWv. D-¯-a-Ihn-X F-¶-t]m-se D-¯-a-Km-\-§fpw kÀ-¤m-ß-I {]-Xn-`-bp-
sS k-´m-\-amWv.
a-e-bm-f-N-e-¨n-{X-Km-\-im-J-bv-¡v kz-´hpw kz-X-{´-hpam-b hy-ànXzw t\-Sn-s¡m-
Sp-¡p-¶-XnÂ \ho-\ I-hn-{Xbw (]n.`m-kv-¡c³, h-b-emÀ, H.F³.hn) h-ln-¨ ]-¦v \n-
kv-Xp-e-amWv. aq-hcpw Im-hy-cwK-¯v {]m-KÛyw sX-fn-bn-¨ ti-j-am-Wv kn-\n-am-Km-\-th-
Zn I-¿-S-¡n-bXv. N-§-¼p-g-bp-sS Im-hy-]m-c-¼-cy-¯nÂ ap-Kv-²-cmbpw hn-¹-hm-th-i-¯n-
sâ A-án-Øp-enw-K-§Ä a-\-ÊnÂ kq-£n-¨p-am-Wv ]n.`m-kv-¡c³, h-b-emÀ, H.F³.hn.
F-¶n-hÀ Im-hy-cw-K-t¯-¡v IS-¶p h-cp-¶Xv. A-¡m-c-W-¯mÂ X-s¶ am-säm-en-¡-hn-
IÄ F-¶v C-hÀ B-t£-]n-¡-s¸«p. F-¦nepw N-§-¼p-g-bp-sS Im-hy-¯n-se P-\-{]n-b
L-S-I-§Ä G-ähpw tbm-Pn-¡p¶-Xv Km-\-§Ä-¡m-Wv F-¶v I-s-¯nb-Xv C-h-cmWv.
1) N-{µ-If-`w NmÀ-¯n-bp-d§pw Xo-cw.... (h-b-emÀ)
2) Kp-cp-hm-bq-c-¼-e-\-S-bnÂ
H-cp Znh-kw Rm³ t]m-Ipw..... (h-b-emÀ)
3) iw-Jp-]p-jv-]w I-s®-gp-Xp-t¼mÄ
i-Ip´-tf \ns¶-tbmÀ-½-h-cpw.... (h-b-emÀ)
4) kzÀ-¤-t¯-¡mÄ kp-µ-c-am-Wo
kz-]v-\w hn-Scpw {Km-aw..... (h-b-emÀ)
5) a-\p-jy³ a-X§-sf kr-ãn¨p
a-X-§Ä ssZ-h§-sf kr-ãn-¨p.... (h-b-emÀ)
6) \m-gn-bp-cn-¸mep-sImv
\m-Sm-sI I-eym-Ww ............. (]n.`m-kv-¡c³)
7) sa-sÃ sa-sÃ ap-J]Sw
sX-sÃm-Xp-¡n..... (H.F³.hn)
8) C-{µ-\o-en-a-tbmepw
Cu an-gn s]m-bv-I-I-fnÂ (H.F³.hn)
{Xn-aqÀ-¯n-IÄ Km-\-c-Nm-cwK-¯v {]-th-in-¡p-t¼mÄ B-cpw Ir-jn-bn-d-¡m-¯ hn-
f-`q-an A-hÀ-¡v kz-´-am-bn In-«n. A-hn-sS hn-¯n-« A-hÀ \q-dp-ta-\n sIm-bv-sX-Sp¯p. a-
ebm-f kn-\n-am-Km-\-N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ h-k-´-am-bn C-¡me-s¯ I-W-¡m-¡p-¶-XnÂ
sXÃpw A-\u-Nn-Xy-anÃ.
Km-\-N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ c-mwL-«w B-b-t¸m-tg¡pw A-h-Ø-amdn. Po-hn-X-km-l-N-cy-
§-fnepw I-em-k-¦-ev-]-§-fnepw h-¶ am-äw Km-\-¯n-sâ kz-`m-h-s¯bpw A-h-X-c-W-
s¯bpw _m-[n-¨p. D-¯-cm-[p-\n-I I-hn-X-bv-¡v F´pw hn-j-b-am-Ip-¶-Xp t]m-se-bm-Wv
C¶-s¯ Ime-s¯ N-e-¨n-{X-Km-\-§-fpw. H-cp X-cw ^yq-j³ X-cw-Kw F-hn-sSbpw A-e-
b-Sn¨p. AÀ-°-iq-\yam-b hm-¡p-Ifpw {]-tbm-K-§fpw Km-\-§-fp-sS L-S-\-bnÂ kzm-[o-
\w sN-ep¯n. N-e-¨n-{X Km-\c-N-\ H-cp bm-{ń-I {]-{In-b-bm-bn am-dn-bXpw ]m-«n-sâ \n-
e-hm-c-¯-IÀ-¨-bv-¡v Im-c-W-ambn. C-¶v N-e-¨n-{X-Km-\-§Ä kw-Ko-X-¯n-t\-¡mfpw I-
t¼m-f-¯n-\m-Wv {]m-[m\yw sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. Km-\-§Ä ‘S¬' I-W-¡n-\v ‘^¬' B-Ip-
¶ H-cp Im-gv-N-bm-Wv C-t¸mÄ I-p-h-cp-¶Xv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 19

1. N-§-¼p-g-bpsS ‘hm-g-¡p-e’sb-¶ I-hnX-sb A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n A-t±-l-¯n-sâ I-hn-
X-I-fp-sS kz-`m-h k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ hn-e-bn-cp-¯pI. (2016-C)
2. ae-bmf Ihn-X-bpsS am[p-cyhpw ]Z-ku-µ-cyhpw \nd-sªm-gp-Ip-¶-XmWv N§¼p-
g-bpsS Ihn-X-IÄ þ \ncq-]n-¡p-I. (2015-C)
3. Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS GsXÃmw LS-I-§-fmWv ]n.-Ip-ªn-cm-a-³ \mb-cpsS Ihn-X-
bnÂ ImWp-¶-Xv. (2015)
4. Imev]-\nI Ihn-X-bnÂ hk-´-Imew krjvSn¨Xv N§-¼p-g-bm-Wv. icntbm?
(2014-C)
5. N§-¼p-g-¡-hnX ]nÂ¡me Ihn-Isf GsX-¦nepw Xc-¯nÂ kzm[o-\n-¨n-«ptm?
(2013)
6. Ne¨n-{X Km-\§-sf km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ ]-cn-K-Wn-t¡--Xptm? (2012)
7. ae-bm-f-¯nse Imev]-\nI hncp-²-Xbv¡p F³.-hn.IrjvW-hm-cn-b-cp-sSbpw B\-
µn-sâbpw IrXn-IÄ DZm-l-cn-¡mtam? (2012)
8. N§-¼pg ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnÂ hcp-¯nb amä-§Ä hne-bn-cp-¯pI. (2006)
9. B[p-\nI alm-I-hn-{X-b-¯n\v tijw ae-bmf IhnX ssIh-cn¨ hfÀ¨-bpsS
kz`mhw hni-I-e\w sN¿pI. (2005)
10. D-]-t_m-[ c-N-\-bm-Wv Ihn-X F-¶ C-S-¸-Ån-¡-hn--I-fp-sS k-¦-ev]-s¯ kz-´w I-
hn-XIÄ-sIm-v \n-tj-[n-¨ B-fm-Wv F³.hn.Ir-jv-W-hm-cnbÀ. Cu {]-kv-Xm-h-\ bp-
àn-k-lam-tWm? (2001)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 20

t]-¸À þ 1 sk-£³þ_n
aebm-fw
bq-Wnäv 5.4
a-ebm-f I-hn-X-bn-se B-[p-\nI-X (D-¯-cm-[p-\n-I {]-hW-X)
B-[p-\nI-X (Modernity)
I-e-bnepw km-ln-Xy-¯nepw Pohn-X k-¦-ev-]-§-fn-ep-saÃmw B-[p-\n-I-X hen-
sbm-cp N-e-\m-ß-I i-àn-bm-bn \n-e-\n¶p. km-ln-Xy-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw k-
hnti-j kz-`m-h-amÀ-¶ H-cp Po-hn-X-ho-£-Whpw B-hn-jv-I-c-W-k-{¼-Zm-b-hp-am-Wv B-
[p-\nI-X. `m-j-IÄ X-½n-ep-Å A-XnÀ-h-c-¼p-IÄ a-dn-IS-¶v km-ln-Xy-¯n-se B-[p\n-I
{]-h-W-X-IÄ FÃm `m-jm-km-ln-Xy-§-fnepw hym-]n-¨p \nÂ-¡p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. N-cn-
{X-¯nÂ a-\p-jy-\v k-hn-ti-jam-b H-cp Øm-\w B-[p-\n-I-X k-¦-ev-]n¨p. A-\-ám-b
]p-tcm-K-Xn-bneq-sS kp-`-{Zam-b `m-hn kr-ãn-¡m-\p-Å b-Xv-\-am-bn B-[p-\n-I-X N-cn-{X-
s¯ ho-£n¨p. ImÂ-\q-äm-p-Im-ew a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn-se a-p-Jy-[m-c-bp-sS kz-chpw Xm-
\hpw B-[p\nI (Modern)am-bn-cp-¶p.
Cw-¥o-jv km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ Sn.Fkv. F-en-b-«n-sâ th-kv-äv emâv (Waste land) F-¶
Ihn-X ]n-d-hn-sb-Sp-¯-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv B-[p-\n-I-X-b¡v B-cw-`w Ip-dn-¡p-¶Xv. F-
¶mÂ a-ebm-f I-hn-X-bn-te-¡v B-[p-\n-I-X kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-¯m³ Xp-S-§n-b-Xv 1960I-
tfm-sS-bmWv. A³-]-Xp-I-fp-sS D-¯-cmÀ-²-t¯m-sS {]-Xy-£-s¸-«p Xp-S§n-b B-[p-\n-I-
X-bp-sS B-Zy-Im-e-ap-Jw N-§¼p-g I-hn-X-bp-sS Om-b-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v ]-d-bmw- A-
¿-¸-¸-Wn¡À, I-S-½-\n-«, Pn. Ip-am-c-]n-Å Xp-S§n-b I-hn-I-fp-sS B-ZyIm-e c-N-\-I-fnÂ
N-§-¼p-g-¡-hn-X-bp-sS kzm-[o-\-X {]-S-I-am-bn¯-s¶ Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpw. {ItaW B
kzm-[o-\-X \n-tj-[m-ßI kzm-[o-\-X-bm-bn am-dp-I-bm-Wv D-m-bXv. bq-tdm-tI-{µn-Xam-b
B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{Xhpw Im-hy-am-Xr-I-I-fp-am-Wv a-e-bm-f-Im-hy-]m-c-¼-cy-
s¯ hn-tÑ-Zn-¡m³ k-lm-b-I-am-bn-¯oÀ-¶Xv. im-kv-{Xo-b lyq-a-\n-k-t¯bpw im-kv-
{Xo-b ho-£-W-t¯bpw kzmw-io-I-cn-¨ i-¦-c-¡p-dp¸pw ssh-tem-¸n-Ånbpw F³.hn.Ir-
jv-W-hm-cn-bcpw \-½p-sS I-h-n-XbnÂ B-tcm-Ky-I-chpw \nÀ-Wm-b-I-hpam-b ]-cn-hÀ¯-
\w h-cp-¯n-b-h-cm-Wv. Ch--tcm-sSm-¸w C-S-tÈ-cn, ]n.Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \m-bÀ Xp-S§n-b I-hn-
I-fp-sS c-N-\-I-tfbpw B-Z-cn-¡p-¶p-s-¦nepw ZÀ-i-\ X-e¯ntem Im-hy-hy-hlm-c co-
Xnbntem A-h-cp-sS ]m-c-¼-cy-aÃ B-[p-\n-IÄ ]n³-Xp-SÀ-¶Xv. t\-sc a-dn-¨v Cw-¥-n-epw
A-ta-cn-¡-bnepw h-fÀ-¶v hn-I-kn-¨Xpw Sn.F-kv.F-en-b«v, F-{km-t]m-v Xp-S§n-b I-hn-
IÄ {]-Øm-\-]-c-am-bn D-d-¸n-¨-Xpam-b Im-hy-ku-µ-cy-k-¦-ev-]-§fpw Im-hym-h-t_m-[-
§-fp-am-Wv a-e-bm-f-I-h-Xn-bn-se B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS A-Sn-¯-d ]-Wn-XXv. ]m-Ým-Xy-\m-Sp-
I-fnÂ kw-`-hn¨-Xp t]m-se \-K-c-h-Xv-I-c-W-¯n-sâ {]-iv\-§tfm bp-²-s¡-Sp-Xn-I-tfm
I-½yq-Wn-kv-äv hy-h-Ø-bp-sS tam-l-¯-IÀ-¨-tbm H¶pw a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ kw-`-hn-¨n-«nÃ.
F-¦nepw kzm-X-{ým\-´-c `m-c-X¯n-se hn-I-k-\-§-fn-epm-b ap-c-Sn¸pw A-\n-Ýn-X-
Xzhpw cm-{ão-b {]-Øm-\-§-fp-sS ]mÀ-e-saâ-dn tam-l-t¯m-Sp-Å F-XnÀ¸pw B-[p-\n-I-
X-bp-sS I-S-¶p h-c-hn-\v C-hn-sS ]-Ým¯-e-sam-cp-¡n-b-Xm-bn Im-Wmw.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 1
a-ebm-f I-hn-X-bn-se B-[p-\n-I-X ku-µ-cy-im-kv-{X-]-chpw {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-]-c-
hpam-b H-cp hn-tÑ-Z-am-bn-cp¶p. A-Xv Im-hy-`m-j-bp-sS \-ho-I-c-W-¯n-\p h-gn sX-fn¨p.
a-ebm-f I-hn-X-bnÂ {]-I-Sam-b {][m-\ B-[p\n-I {]-h-W-X-IÄ Nph-sS tNÀ-¡p-¶p.
1) G-I-Xm-\hpw I-hn-IÀ-¯r-Xz-tI-{µn-X-hpam-b B-Jym-\-¯n-\p ]I-cw _-lp-ap-Jhpw
hn-tI-{µo-Ir-X-IÀ-¯r-Xzm-Jym-\-§fpw B-[p-\n-IX sIm-p-h¶p.
2) a-[p-c-kz-]v-\-i-Xm-hen- ]q-¯p-\n-¶ Im-ev-]\n-I ho-£-W-s¯bpw a-[p-cI-m-´-]-Zm-hn-
en-bnÂ A-[n-jvTn-Xam-b Imhy-ssi-en-tbbpw B-[p-\n-I-X \n-tj-[n-¡m³ {i-an¨p.
3) ]-Z-kw-Ko-Xw Np-cp-¡n Imhy-ssi-en-sb ]-cp-jhpw kq-£-va-hp-am-¡n XoÀ¯p.
4) Im-hy-_nw-_-hy-h-Ø-bm-bn-¯oÀ-¶p Im-hy-`m-j.
5) kmw-tKm-]mwK L-S-\-sb-¶ Hu-NnXy-t_m-[-¯n-sâ Øm-\¯v in-Yn-e-_nw-_-§-fp-
tSbpw Xm-f-t¡-Sp-I-fp-tSbpw hm-Iy-L-S-\-IÄ D-m¡n.
6) I-hn-X I-hn-bp-sS Im-hy-_nw-_ \nÀ-½m-W-£-a-X-tbbpw `m-jm-]-cam-b I-c-hn-cp-Xn-
t\bpw HmÀ-an-¸n-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-¯oÀ¶p.
7) tIm-am-fn-¯-¯n-tâbpw B-t£-]-lm-ky-¯n-sâbpw \ntj-[ ]n-Xr-cq-]-IÀ-¯r-Xz-
s¯ (Negative father figure) km-aqln-I hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-\m-bn D-]-tbm-Kn¨p.
8) G-Xp tIm-am-fn-¯-chpw Zp-c-´m-h-t_m[-s¯ DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶-Xn-\mÂ B-[p-\n-I-cp-
sS lm-kys¯ ‘I-dp-¯ lm-kyw' F-¶v hn-aÀ-i-IÀ hn-ti-jn-¸n¨p.
9) \-thm°m-\ Im-hy-]m-c-¼-cy-¯n-eq-sS ssI-am-dn h-¶ am-\-hn-I-X-sb-¶ a-lm-Jym\-
s¯ \n-c-kn-¨p sIm-v hn-`-à a-\-Êmbn, \n-Ê-lm-b-\m-bn Po-hn-t¡-n h-cp-¶ H-
ä-s¸-« hy-àn-I-fp-sS a-t\m-\n-e-I-fm-bn am-\-hn-IX-sb ]p-\À-\nÀ-Æ-Nn¨p.
10) a-X-¯n-sâ B-Zn-a-t_m-[-§-fnÂ D-bnÀ-s¡m- ]p-cm-hr-¯-§-tfbpw B-Zn-cq-]-§-
tfbpw I-hn-X-bp-sS kmw-kv-Imcn-I A-Sn-¯-d-bm-bv kzo-I-cn¨p.
11) \m-tSm-Sn hn-Úm-\o-b-¯nse (Folklore) A-Im-ev-]-\n-Iam-b hm-bv-¯m-cn-Ifpw sNmÂ-
h-Sn-hp-Ifpw A-\p-jvTm-\-]-cam-b _nw-_-{]-tbm-K-§fpw B-[p\n-I Ihn-X DÄ-
s¡mp.
12) ]m-Ým-Xy Im-hy-co-Xn-tbbpw ku-µ-cy-im-kv-{X-s¯bpw tKm-{X-hÀ-¤-]m-c-¼-cy-hp-am-
bn hn-f-¡n-t¨À¯p-sIm-v H-cp Imhy-ssi-enbpw kw-kv-Im-chpw cq-]-s¸-Sp-¯m-\m-
Wv B-[p-\n-IÀ {i-an-¨-Xv.
13) \m-Sn-sâ X\-Xp kw-kv-Im-c-s¯bpw Nn-Ó-hy-h-Ø-tbbpw I-hn-X-bn-te-¡v B-h-mln-
¡m³ {i-an-s¨-¦nepw I-hn-X-bp-sS P-\-Io-b-h-Xv-I-cW-s¯ B-[p-\n-I-X \n-c-kn-¨p H-
¸w hy-àn-bp-sS kz-Im-cy-`m-j-Wtam km-´z-\tam B-bn I-hnX-sb am-än-sb-Sp-¡m³
{i-an-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p.
14) hy-h-Øm-cm-ln-Xy-sa¶-Xv ]pXn-b hy-h-Ø-bm-bn kzo-I-cn-¨-tXm-sS Im-hy`m-j X-
s¶ H-cp A-«n-a-dn-bm-bn XoÀ¶p.
“hy-h-Ø-sbÃmw in-Yn-ew {]-[m-\w B-hn-jv-Im-c-co-Xn-Xm³” F-¶-Xm-bn-¯oÀ-¶p
]pXn-b ku-µ-cy-im-kv{Xw
15) Im-hy-`m-j-bnepw cq-]-¯nepw B-[p-\n-IX sIm-p-h-¶ B-{I-a-W-]-cam-b amäw
‘^yq-¨-dn-Ìp-kz-`mhw' DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 2

Im-ev-]-\nI-X, ]p-tcm-KXn, am-\p-jnI-X, kmÀ-h-tZ-io-b-X Xp-S§n-b a-lm-Jym-\-§-
sf hn-L-Sn-¸n-¨p sIm-p-Å {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-\n-e-]m-Sp-IÄ B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS ]n-¶nÂ
{]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-¶p-v. A-h-bp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-p-am-{X-ta cq-]þ`m-hþ`m-hpI-
Xz X-e-§-fnÂ h-¶ am-ä-s¯ hn-e-bn-cp-¯m-\m-hp-I-bpÅq.
I. cq-]]-cw
B-[p-\n-I-X a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bp-sS cq-]-X-e-¯nÂ Im-Xem-b am-ä-§Ä h-cp¯n. \-
ho-\-`m-j, ]p-Xn-b-Xm-fw {]-Xn-am-\-I-ev]-\, e-b-`wKn, ]p-Xn-b-hm-¡p-IÄ, Nn-{XI-em kzm-
[o\w, \ho-\ _nw-_-§Ä, L-S-\ F-¶n-§-s\ Im-hy-cq-]-¯n-sâ B-´-c-L-S-I-§-fn-
seÃmw B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS kzm-[o-\w ZÀ-in-¡mw.
a) B-[p\n-I Ihn-X-bn-se `m-jm-{]-iv\w
B-[p\n-I I-hn-IÄ-¡v B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡m-\p-Å `m-h-§Ä ]qÀ-Æm-[n-Iw kq-£v-a-§-
fpw k-¦oÀ-®-§-fp-am-Wv. A-h-bv-¡v A\p-tbm-Pyam-b co-Xn-bnÂ `mj ssI-Imcyw
sN-¿m³ {i-an-¡p-¶ I-hn-IÄ-¡v `m-jm-]-c-am-bn [m-cm-fw {]-iv-\-§tfbpw t\-cn-tS-
-Xm-bn h-cp¶p. Po-hn-Xm-\p-`-h§-sf X-§-fp-tS-Xv am-{Xam-b Im-gv-N-¸m-Sn-eq-sS ho-
£n-¡p-t¼mÄ D-m-Ip-¶ Im-hy-\p-`q-Xn-I-fm-Wv A-hÀ Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv. A-\p-`-h-
§Ä kz-Im-cy-§-fm-bXp-sIm-v ]-e-t¸mgpw km-[m-c-W-]-Z§Ä-sIm-v A-hÀ-¡v
Xr-]v-Xn-s¸-Sm-\m-InÃ. A-t¸mÄ I-hn D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ `m-jbpw ‘kz-Imcy' `m-j-bm-
bn t]m-Ipw. 1922þÂ ‘X-cn-ip-`qan' IS-¶p h¶-Xv `m-jm-]-cam-b \-ho-\X-sb hn-fn-¨-
dn-bn¨p-sIm-m-bn-cp-¶p.
Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bp-sS A-Xn-`m-hp-I-Xzhpw ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-sâ A-k-Xy-`m-j-W-
§fpw k-aq-l-¯n-\p ]I-cw kw-Pm-Xam-b BÄ-¡q-«w F-¶ bm-YmÀ-°yhpw Im-hy-
`m-j-bnÂ ]pXn-b A-t\z-j-W-§Ä-¡v hgn-sbm-cp¡n. Cu aq-¶v L-S-I-§fpw `m-j-
bp-sS aqey-tim-j-W-¯n-\v B-¡w Iq«n. ]-{X-{]-hÀ¯-\w `m-j-bp-sS B-ćnI ssN-
X-\y-s¯ X-IÀ-¯p I-fªp. A-Xv `mj-sb hym-h-kmbn-tImÂ-]-¶-am-¡n amän. ]-c-
ky-§Ä A-k-Xy-s¯ B-hÀ-¯n-¨v D-]-tbm-Kn-¨v `mj-sb a-eo-a-k-am¡n. C§-s\
B-ßm-hv \-ã-s¸-« `m-j B-[p-\n-I-X-bn-eq-sS H-cp D-bnÀ-s¯-gp-t¶Â-¸v \-S¯n.
F-®-a-ä X-e-ap-d-IÄ ]-Sn-]-Sn-bm-bn kr-ãn-s¨-Sp-¯ ssP-h-cq-]-am-Wv `m-j. A-Xv k-
aq-l-¯n-sâ kz-¯p-k-¯-bp-amWv. k-aq-l-¯nsâ sFIyw \n-e-sIm-Åp¶-Xv A-h-
cp-sS `m-j-bn-emWv. F-¶mÂ \-K-c-hÂ-¡c-Ww BÄ-¡q«-s¯ kr-ãn¨p. A-Xn-sâ
D-t]mÂ-]-¶-am-bn _m-t_Â`m-j k-aq-l-¯nÂ cq-]w sImp. C§-s\ aqey-timj-
Ww kw-`-hn-¨ `m-j-tbm-Sp-Å {In-bm-ß-I I-em-]-am-Wv B-[p-\n-I-cp-sS `m-j-bnÂ Im-
Wp-¶Xv. \-ho-\-§fm-b Xm-f-L-S-I-§fpw hm-Iy-L-S-\-Ifpw Nn-¶k-¶n-th-i-§-fpw
B-hn-jvI-c-W co-Xn-bn-se ]p-Xp-a-Ifpw sIm-v `mj-sb i-àhpw k-Po-h-hp-am-¡n
am-äm³ B-[p-\n-IÀ {i-an-¨p.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 3

“C-¶p `m-j-bn-X-]qÀ-®-an-§tlm
h¶p-t]mw ]n-g-bp-aÀ-°-i-¦-bmÂ” þ F-¶ hn-em-]-¯nÂ \n-¶v `mj-sb kw-_-Ôn-
¨ \-ho-\ k-¦-ev-]-§Ä a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bnÂ B-cw-`n-¡p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. B-[p\n-I
a-ebm-f I-hn-I-fnÂ I-S-½-\n-«-bpw A-¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡cpw A-¡n-¯hpw I-¡mSpw Np-Ån-
¡m-Sp-saÃmw `m-jbpsS Cu A-]qÀ-®X-sb a-\-Ên-em-¡p-I-bpw I-hn-X-bv-¡v ]p-Xp-
`m-j-bp-sS ssN-X\yw ]-IÀ-¶p \Â-Ip-Ibpw sN-bv-X-h-cm-Wv.
b) Xm-fmß-IX
]-Z-§-fp-sS hm-NymÀ-°w am-{X-aÃ Xm-f-{I-ahpw I-hn-X-bnÂ `m-hm-hn-jv-I-c-W-¯n-
\p-Å H-cp kPo-thm-]m-[n-bmWv. B Xm-fw `m-hm-\p-Kp-W-am-bn-cn-¡p-Ibpw thWw.
GXp I-hn-X-bnepw H-¶p-t]m-se h-¨p L-Sn-¸n-¡m-hp-¶ H-cp _mly-tam-Sn-bmbn Cu
Xmf-s¯ ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv sXäv. F-¶mÂ D-]-cn-L-S-\-bp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-« H-cw-
iw F-¶ \n-e-bnÂ \n¶pw A-Xn-sâ B-´-cn-I-bp-àn-bp-sS kw-Ko-X-am-Wv Xm-fw F-
¶ t_m-[w B-[p-\n-I I-hn-X-bnÂ {]-_-e-ambn. C§-s\ I-hn-X-bv-¡p-ÅnÂ A-Zr-
iy-am-bn e-bn-¨p tNÀ-¶n-cn-¡p-¶ B-ćn-I Xm-fw B-[p\n-I I-hn-X-bp-sS `m-h-X-e-
¯n-\v Iq-Sp-XÂ I-cp-¯v ]-IÀ¶p. \-½p-sS \m-S³-]m-«p-I-fnÂ D-d-§n-¡n-S-¡p-¶ Xm-
f-ssN-X-\y-s¯ ap-gp-h³ B-lm-hn-¡p-¶-tXm-sSm-¸w ]pXn-b ]pXn-b Xm-f-§Ä kr-
ãn-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\pw B-[p-\n-IÀ ]-cn-{i-an¨p. H.F³.hn-bp-tSbpw I-S-½-\n-«-bp-
tSbpw kp-K-X-Ip-am-cn-bp-tSbpw a-[p-kq-Z-\³ \m-b-cp-tSbpw I-hn-X-I-fnÂ B-[p\n-I
a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bp-sS Xm-f-ssN-X\yw Xp-Sn-¨v \nÂ-¡p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw.
c) {]-Xnam-\ I-ev-]\
k-¦oÀ-W am-\kn-I A-\p-`q-Xn-I-fp-sS hnhn-[ X-e§-sf kq-£a-X-tbm-Sp Iq-Sn
sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯m³ {i-an-¡p-¶ B-[p\n-I I-hn-IÄ A-Xn-\v I-gn-hnÃm-¯ hn-[-¯nÂ
\n-jv-]-µ-§fm-b ]-Z-§-fm-Wv hy-h-lm-c-`m-j-bnÂ I-s-¯p-¶Xv. B ]-Z-§-fnÂ H-
«p-ap-¡mepw ZpÀ-hym-Jym-\w sN-¿-s¸-Sm-hp-¶-h-bmWv. G-sd-¡p-sd ar-X-§-fp-amWv.
C¯-cw ]-Zm-hn-e-tbm-Sv aÃn-tS-n-h-cp-¶ I-hn-I-fp-sS {]-iv-\w hm-b-\-¡mcpw a-\-Ên-
em-¡n-tb a-Xn-bm-hq. F-¶mÂ Cu {]-iv-\-¯n-\v D¯-cw ]-d-tb-Xv hm-b-\-¡mc-
sâ I-S-abÃ. Cu km-l-N-cy-¯nÂ I-hn-IÄ X-s¶ \n-c-´-c ]-cn-{iaw-sIm-v hy-h-
lm-c-`m-j-bn-se ]-Z-§Ä-¡v \-h-ssN-X\yw \Â-Inbpw Ah-sb cq-]m-´-c-s¸-Sp-
¯nbpw kµÀ-t`m-Nn-X-am-bn {]-tbm-Kn¨pw ]-cn-lm-cw I-s-¯m-\pÅ \q-X-\-{i-a-
§Ä B-cw-`n¨p. A§-s\ F-gp-¯p-Im-c³ ]pXn-b hm-¡p-I-tfbpw hm¡p-sIm-p-
Å Nn-{X-§tfbpw Im-hy-c-N-\-bv-¡m-bn B-{i-bn-¡m³ Xp-S§n. B-[p\n-I a-e-bm-f-
I-hn-X-bnÂ ]n-d-¶p-ho-W {]-Xn-am-\-§Ä I-hn-X-bpsS Cu {]-h-W-X-bv-¡v D-¯-a D-Zm-
l-c-W-amWv.
d) e-b-`w-Kn
{]-`m-j-W-¯n-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ hm-¡p-IÄ B-ß-`m-j-Wam-b I-hn-X-bv-¡v tbm-
Pn-¡m-¯-Xm-bn-cp¶p. \nc-´-c D-]-tbm-Kw sIm-p-m-Ip-¶ B-ß-{]-Im-i-\-ti-jn-
¡pd-hv F-¶ im-]w F-gp-¯p-Imc-s\ B-ß-\n-µ-tbm-fw sIm-s-¯n-¨p. Xp-SÀ-¶v I-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 4
hn-IÄ ZpÀ-t½-Êp sN-¯n-am-än em-fn-Xy-Zo-]vXn-sIm-v I-hn-X-bv-¡v Iq-Sp-XÂ `m-h-
Xo{hX ssI-h-cp¯n. A§-s\ B-[p\n-I I-hn-X-bnÂ `m-j A-Xn-sâ e-b-`wKn-sIm-
v kw-Ko-X-km-{µ-am-Ip-¶ Im-g-vN-bm-Wv Im-Wm³ km-[n-¡p-¶Xv. I-hn-X-bpsS Cu
e-b-`w-Kn Xs¶ `m-h-\p-km-cn-bm-bn am-dn am-dn IS-¶p h-cp¶p. Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ k-
Xyhpw ku-µ-cyhpw B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-hm³ {]-Im-i-ku-µcyw \n-d-ª kw-Ko-Xw I-hn-
X-bn-te-¡v kw-{I-an-¡p¶p. Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ ò-j-Wnbpw t]-Sn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ h-i-§fpw
Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ \n-im-ku-µcyw \n-dª kw-Ko-Xw I-hn-X-bnÂ hym-]-cn-¡p¶p.
a-[p-kq-Z-\³ \m-b-cp-tSbpw kp-K-X-Ip-am-cn-bp-tSbpw FÃmw I-hn-X-I-fnÂ Cu kw-Ko-
Xm-ß-I-Xbpw e-b-`w-Knbpw A-\p-`-hn-¨-dn-bm³ km-[n-¡pw.
e) \q-X-\-]-Z{]-tbm-K-§Ä
c-p hm-¡p-IÄ Iq-Sn-t¨À-¶mÂ H-cp \-£{Xw ]n-d-¡p-¶p F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p Im-ev-
]\n-I I-hn-I-fp-sS k-¦-ev]w. F-¶mÂ c-p hm-¡p-IÄ Iq-Sn-t¨À-¶mÂ aq-¶ma-Xv
D-m-Ip¶-Xv D-Xv-I-WvT-b-m-sW-¶v B-[p-\n-IÀ A-dn-bp¶p. c-p-hm-¡p-IÄ Iq-Sn-t¨-
cp-t¼mÄ aq-¶m-a-Xp-m-Ip¶-Xv A-XnÂ \n¶pw `n-¶am-b H-cp k-¯-bmWv, A-Xv
DuÀ-Ö-amWv. Cu DuÀ-Ö-am-Wv B[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS \n-bm-a-I L-SIw. hm-b-\-¡m-sc
B-IÀ-jn-¡p-¶Xpw A-h-cp-sS a-\-ÊnÂ A-kz-Ø-X-IÄ kr-ãn-¡p-¶Xpw Cu DuÀ-
Öw X-s¶-bmWv. B-ß-{]-Im-i-\-¯n-\p-Å {]-Xn-k-Ôn-sb F-gp-¯p-Im-c³ ]pXn-b
]-Z kr-ãn-bn-eq-sS Xc-Ww sN-¿p¶p. PoÀ-Wn-¨ ]-Z-§-fnÂ \n-¶p X-s¶ \q-X-\ {]-
tbm-K-§Ä cq-]-s¸-Sp-¯n A-]qÀ-Æ ]-Z-§Ä A-hÀ kr-ãn-¡p¶p. Nn-e-t¸mÄ \n-L-
p-¡-fnÂ \n-¶v ]pXn-b {]-tbm-K-co-Xn-IÄ A-hÀ Nn-I-sª-Sp-¡p¶p. F-¶mÂ \n-
L-p-hn-ep-Å AÀ-°w am-{X-aÃ I-hn-IÄ A-h-bn-eq-sS hy-Rv-Pn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. \q-X-
\am-b AÀ-°-§Ä A-hÀ hm-¡p-IÄ-¡v \Â-Ip¶p. `m-hn-bn-se \n-L-p-¡m-c³
C¶-s¯ I-hn-I-fp-sS {]-tbm-K-hn-ti-j§-sf hn-i-Zo-I-cn¨p-sIm-Åpw. B-[p\n-I a-
e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bnÂ C-{]-Im-cw I-hn-a-\-Ênsâ DuÀ-Öw DÄ-s¡m-v A-t\-Iw ]pXn-
b hm-¡p-IÂ ]n-d-hn-sb-Sp-¯n-«pv. Np-Ån-¡m-Sn-sâ I-hn-X-I-fnÂ IS-¶p h-cp-¶ i-
h-s¨-v, h-cÄ-s¡m-¡v-, an-gnc-àw F-¶o hm-¡p-IÄ B-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Cu DuÀÖ-
t{km-X-Ên-\v D-¯-a D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¡mw.
f) Nn-{X-I-ebpw `m-jbpw
B-[p\n-I I-hn-IÄ Nn-{X-I-e-bp-sS h-c-I-fp-tSbpw hÀ-®§fp-tSbpw ku-ayebw
HmÀ-½-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ I-c-hncp-tXm-sS-bm-Wv Im-hyc-N-\ \nÀ-Æ-ln-¡p-¶Xv. Zr-iy-I-e-
bnÂ \n¶pw ISw-sIm- ]-Zm-hen- I-hn-X-bp-sS kq-£-a `w-Kn- sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-XnÂ
G-sd k-lm-b-I-am-bn `-hn¨p. C§-s\ Nn-{X-I-e-bp-sS Zr-iy-]-cam-b ]qÀ-®-X \nd-
ªp \nÂ-¡p-¶ [m-cm-fw I-hn-X-IÄ-¡v B-[p-\n-IÀ P³-a-a-cpfn. B-[p-\n-Icm-b a-
ebm-f I-hn--I-fnÂ I-hn-X-bv-¡v Zr-iy-am-\w {]-Zm-\w sN-¿p-¶ I-S-½-\n-«-bp-tSbpw
H.F³.hn.bp-tSbpw Np-Ån-¡m-Sn-tâbpw c-N-\m-co-Xn {i-t²-bw Xs¶.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 5

g) _nw-_-§Ä
hm-¡p-IÄ A-\p-hm-N-I a-\-ÊnÂ [z-\n-¸n-¡p-¶ Nn-{X-am-Wv C-taPv. hn-Im-c-{]-
hml-s¯ A-Xn-sâ km-{µ-X-bnÂ ]-IÀ-¶p \Â-Ip-¶-Xn-\p th-n B-[p\n-I I-hn-
IÄ in-Yn-e-_n-_w§-sf k-ar-²-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p. ]-g-b I-hn-IÄ D-]-tbm-Kn-
¨p t]m-¶ ]qÀ-® _nw-_-§-tf-¡mÄ ]-Xn³-aS-§v i-à-am-Wv B-[p-\n-I-cp-sS inYn-
e _nw-_-§Ä. P-tem-]-cn-X-e-¯nÂ sX-fn-ªp Im-Wp-¶-Xv a-ªp-I-«-bp-sS H³-]-
XnÂ H-cp `m-Kw am-{X-amWv. B-[p-\n-I-cp-sS in-Yn-e-_nw-_-§-fpw Cu H³-]-XnÂ H-cp
`m-Kw sh-fn-hm-¡p-Ibpw Xm-sg-bp-Å H³-]-XnÂ F-«p `m-K-¯n-sâbpw i-àn H-fn-¸n-
¨v h-bv-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p.
h) L-S\
km-ln-Xy-cq-]-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-Å G-Xv Nn-´-bnepw BZyw HmÀ-an-t¡- h-kv-Xp-X,
cq-]-¯n-sâ {]m-[m\yw A-Sn-Øm-\-]-c-am-bn¯-s¶ `m-h-t¯m-Sv _-Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p
F-¶-XmWv. I-hn-X-bp-sS L-S-\ hr-¯ hn-Nm-c-amWv. B-[p\n-I I-hn-IÄ ]-c-¼cm-K-
Xam-b hr-¯ k-¦-ev]-s¯ \n-cm-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw I-hn-X-bv-¡v B-´-cn-I Xm-fhpw e-b-
`w-Knbpw ]-IÀ-¶p \Â-Ip-Ibpw sN-bv-Xn-cn-¡p¶p. H-¸w L-S-\m-]-cam-b ]-e ]-co-£-
W-§fpw I-hn-X-bnÂ Xp-SÀ-¶p sIm-n-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p.
‘ap-à-O-µÊv' F-¶v C-t¸mÄ hy-h-l-cn-¡-s¸-«p-h-cp-¶ hr-¯-hn-ti-jw a-e-bm-f-
¯nse ‘B-[p-\n-I' I-hn-I-fp-sS kw-`m-h-\-b-t{X. tI-I, X-cw-KnWn, \n-c-W-hr-¯w
Xp-S§n-b ]-g-b hr-¯-§-fp-sS Xm-f-{I-aw am{Xw kzo-I-cn-¨v hÀ-W-§fpw h-cn-Ifpw
b-tY-ãw Iq-«n-¡pd-¨p sIm-p-Å-XmWv Cu O-µ-Êv. {]-tXy-I \n-bm-a-h-en-I-sfm-¶pw
C-h-bv-¡v _m-[-IaÃ.
Z-bm-iq-\yam-b k-a-Im-en-I-X-bp-sS ku-µ-cy-am-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-hm³ B-[p\n-I I-hn-
IÄ hn-Im-c-c-ln-Xam-b `m-j kr-ãn-s¨-Sp¯p. hm-Nm-e-Xbpw \m-S-Io-b-Xbpw {]-N-c-
Wm-ß-I-Xbpw \n-d-ª `m-j-bv-¡p ]I-cw A-e-¦m-c-c-ln-Xhpw hn-Im-c-c-ln-X-hpam-b
`m-j A-hÀ {]-tbm-Kn-¨p. `m-j kw-Ko-X-t¯m-S-Sp-¡p-Ibpw _nw-_-I-ev-]-\-Ifpw {]-
Xo-I-§fpw an-¯p-Ifpw Iq-Sn-¡pg-ªv hn-i-Zo-I-c-Wm-Xo-Xam-b i-Ðþ`m-hþ[z-\n-IÄ
\n-d-ª kw-Ko-X-am-bn ]-cn-W-an-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.
B) `m-h]-cw
{]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS A-\p-I-c-W-am-Wv I-e F-¶ ]-g-b-k-¦-ev-]-¯n-sâ Øm\-¯v {]-Ir-
Xn-sb ]p-\-kr-ãn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv I-e F-¶ ]pXn-b k-¦-ev-]w cq-]w-sImp. B-[p\n-I Po-
hn-Xm-\p-`-h-§-fnÂ \n-¶v cq-]w sIm-Åp-¶ I-hn-X-bp-sS ]p-Xn-b- `m-hX-ew \-ã-aq-ey-hn-
jm-Z-¯nÂ F-¯n \n-ev-¡p¶p. B-[p\n-I k-aq-lw kv-t\lw, I-cp-W, A-\pI-¼, ]-cnK-
W-\ Xp-S§n-b am-\pjn-I aq-ey-§sf-sbÃmw \-ã-s¸-Sp¯n-b H-cp k-aq-l-am-bn am-dn-bn-
cn-¡p¶p. Ah-sâ D-ÅnÂ \n¶pw am-\p-jn-IX tNmÀ-¶p t]m-hp-Ibpw ]I-cw ar-Ko-b-
X IS-¶p Iq-Sp-Ibpw sN-bvXp. ‘Modern man is a hollow man, He is a staffed man’ F-¶v än.F-
kv.F-en-b-«n-sâ X-cn-ip `q-an-bn-se hm-¡pIÄ Cu bm-YmÀ°yw sh-fn-hm-¡p¶p.
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“Xm-c-ap-W-cm-¯ s\-Sp-cm-hp-I-Ä IW-s¡
Xm-cp hn-cn-bm-¯ a-W-em-gn-IÄ I-Ws¡”
B-bn-¯oÀ-¶ Cu `q-an-bp-sS A-h-Ø-sb-¡p-dn-¨v hn-e-]n-¡p-¶ kp-K-X-Ip-am-cnbpw 'Im-
cp-Wy-¯n-sâ \o-cp-d-h-IÄ t]mepw h-än-t¸m-bn-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶v" im-´-bnÂ hn-e-]n-¡p-
¶ I-S-½-\n-«bpw a-cp-`q-an-bm-bn-¯oÀ-¶ Cu {]-]-©-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v s\m¼-cw sIm-Åp-¶
H.F³.hn.bp-saÃmw B-[p\n-I a-ebm-f I-hn-X-bp-sS `m-h-Xe-s¯ {]-Im-in-X-am-¡p¶p.
B-[p\n-I I-hn-bp-sS `m-h-X-e-¯nÂ \n-d-ªp-\nÂ-¡p-¶ L-S-I-§Ä {]-[m-\-
ambpw ]-s¯-®-amWv. km-£n-Xzw, \nÀ-hy-àn-]c-X, A-bp-ànI-X, ZmÀ-i-\nI-X, iq-
\yXm-t_m[w, ]pXn-b ku-µ-cy-ZÀ-i\w, hÀ-¯-am-\Im-e {]-kàn, hn-j-b kzo-I-c-W-
¯n-se k-hn-tij-X, bm-YmÀ-°y-¯n-sâ km-{µo-I-cWw, cq-]-ssh-Nn-{Xyw.
1) km-£nXzw
I-hn H-cn-¡epw cwK-¯p h-cm-sX Np-äp-]m-Spw \-S-¡p-¶ kw-`-h-§Ä-¡v km-£n-
bm-bn \n-e-sIm-Åp-¶ H-cp A-h-Ø-bn-em-Wv B-[p\n-I I-hn-X-IÄ cq-]-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
H-cn-¡epw cwK-¯p h-cm-sX k-aq-l-¯n-sâ kq-£-a-N-e-\-§-sf-t¸mepw A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-
¯n-s¡m-v Im-hyc-N-\ \nÀ-Æ-ln-¡p-¶ H-cp ]pXnb ssi-en-bm-Wv B-[p\n-I I-hn-X-
bp-sS `m-h-]-cam-b G-ähpw {]-[m-\-s¸-« k-hn-tij-X. kp-K-X-Ip-am-cn-bp-tSbpw
H.F³.hn.bp-tSbpw A-¡n-¯-¯n-tâbpw A-¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡-cp-tSbpw a-[p-kq-Z-\³ \m-b-cp-
tSbpw ]-e I-hn-X-I-fnepw \nd-ªp \nÂ-¡p¶Xv Cu km-£n-Xz-a-t\m-`m-h-amWv.
2) \nÀ-hy-àn]-cX
X-s¶-¡p-dn-¨p am{Xw kw-km-cn-¡p-¶ A-Xn-bp-à-n]c-X-bnÂ \n-¶v \nÀ-hy-àn-]-c-
X-bn-te-¡v B-[p\n-I I-hn-IÄ amdn. hy-àn-Xz-¯n-sâ B-hn-jv-I-c-WaÃ, A-XnÂ \n-
¶p-Å ]-em-b-\-am-Wv I-hn-X F-¶ Sn.F-kv.F-en-b-«nsâ ZÀ-i-\-am-Wv B-[p\n-I a-e-bm-
f-I-hn-X-bnepw \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶Xv. A-]-am-\-\-ho-Ic-W (a-\p-jy-Xz-lo-\-am-¡-s¸-«) kn-
²m-´-am-Wv B-[p\n-I a-e-bm-f-I-hn-I-fp-sS ku-µ-cy-\n-baw. H.F³.hn.bp-tSbpw A-¿-
¸-¸-Wn-¡-cp-tSbpw A-¡n-¯-¯ntâbpw a-[p-kq-Z-\³ \m-b-cp-tS-bpw I-S-½-\n-«-bp-
tSbpw FÃmw I-hn-X-I-fnÂ C-{]-I-m-cw \nÀ-hy-àn-]-c-X-bp-tSbpw A-]-am-\-\-ho-I-c-W-
¯n-sâbpw Nn-{X-§Ä ZÀ-in-¡m³ I-gn-bpw.
3) A-bp-àn-IX
¢m-kn-Iv Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS bp-àn-]-c-X-bp-tS-bpw sdm-amân-Iv I-hn-X-bp-sS hn-Im-c-]-c-X-
bp-tS-bpw Øm\-¯v B-[p\n-I I-hn-IÄ A-bp-àn-IX-sb A-h-tcm-[n¨p. Im-cy-Im-c-W
_-Ô-s¯-¡m-fp]-cn A-´À-ZÀ-i-\-§f - mWv (intation) B-[p\n-I a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bnÂ \nd-
ªp \nÂ-¡p-¶Xv. a-\p-jy\pw Po-hn-Xhpw X-½n-epÅ h-enb s]m-cp-¯-t¡-Sm-Wv B
A-bp-àn I-Xm-ZÀ-i-\-¯n-\v A-Sn-Øm\w. A-Xmb-Xv kmw-tKm-]mw-K L-S-\-sb-¶ (B-Zn
a-²ym-´-s]m-cp¯w) Hu-NnXy-t_m-[-¯n-sâ Øm\-¯v in-Yn-e _nw-_-§-fp-tSbpw Xm-
f-t¡-Sp-I-fp-tSbpw hm-Iy-L-S-\-IÄ D-m¡n. H.F³.hn-bp-sS kq-cy-Ko-X-¯nÂ \nd-
ªp \nÂ-¡p-¶ A-´À-ZÀ-i-\-§Ä C-Xn-\v D-¯-a D-Zm-l-c-W-§-fmWv.
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“kz-]v-\-¯n-se-¶-t]m-em-in-eIÄ
]m-Sp-s¶m-scm-ä-h-cn-¸m-«p-tIÄ-¸q Rm-\n§s\
sI«p-t]m-bv R-§f - n-se kq-cy³
sI-Sp¯ntbm sI-«pt¼m Xmt\, A-dnho-e A-dn-hoe”
C§-s\ N-{µ-_nw_-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨v I-hn D-bÀ-¯p-¶ Cu tNm-Zy-§Ä A-bp-àn-I-
§fm-b A-´À ZÀ-i-\-§-fm-bn A-h-ti-jn-¡p-¶-Xv Im-Wmw.
4) ZmÀ-i-\n-IX
Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ FÃm A-h-Ø-I-tfbpw kw-_-Ôn-¨ B-g-ap-Å ZÀ-i-\-§Ä B-
[p\n-I a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bp-sS `m-h-Xe-s¯ i-àhpw k-¦oÀ-®-hp-am-¡n am-äp¶p. P-\\w,
a-cWw, kpJw, ZpxJw, kzm-X-{ýw, A-Sna-¯w C§-s\ FÃm-¯n-tâbpw AÀ-°w B-
[p-\n-IÀ A-t\z-jn-¡p¶p. A-t\z-j-W-§-fp-sS A-h-km-\w \n-cm-i-\m-bn-¯o-cp-¶ A-
h³ FÃm¯n-t\mSpw bm-{X ]d-ªv C-d-§n-¸p-d-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. Np-Ån-¡m-Snsâ
bm-{Xm-sam-gnbpw Un.hn-\-b-N-{µ-sâ bm-{X-¸m«pw B-[p\n-I I-hn-X-I-fnÂ hym-]-I-am-bn
\nd-ªp \nÂ-¡p-¶ b-m{Xm _nw-_-§-fp-saÃmw C-hn-sS A-\p-kv-a-cn-¡mw.
“t]m-Ip-¶-sX-ń-s\-¶-dn-bnÃtÃm
t]m-Im-Xn-cn-¡m³ I-gn-bnÃtÃm (bm-{X-¸m«v)”
F-¶p ]m-Sp-¶ hn-\-b-N-{µ\pw
“]-Sn ]m-Xn Nm-cn Xn-cn-¨p-s]m-bv-s¡mÅp
I-cÄ ]m-Xn Nm-cn Xn-cn-¨p s]m-bv-s¡mÅp”
F-¶v A-½-tbm-Sv bm-{X sNmÃp-¶ Np-Ån-¡mSpw FÃmw a-ebm-f I-hn-X-bpsS Cu ZmÀ-
i-\n-I-ap-Jw hy-à-am-¡p¶p.
5) iq-\yXm-t_m-[w
Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ AÀ-°-a-t\z-jn-¨n-d-§n-¯n-c-n-¡p-¶ B-[p\n-I I-hn-IÄ Xn-I-ª
iq-\yXm-t_m-[-¯nepw \nÀ-hn-Im-c-X-bnepw F-¯n \nÂ-¡p¶p. sdm-amân-Iv I-hn-I-fp-sS
hn-jm-Zm-ß-I-X-bp-sS Øm\-¯v C-¶v B-[p\n-I I-hn-X-bnÂ Dd-ªp-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-¡p¶-Xv
\nÀ-hn-Im-c-Xbpw iq-\yXm-t_m-[-hp-amWv Cu \nÀ-hn-Im-cX-sb t`-Zn-¨v ]pXn-b IÀ-½-
ssN-X\yw t\-Sm³ B-lzm-\w sN-¿p-¶ I-S-½-\n-«bpw \nÀ-hn-Im-c-X-bp-sS i-àam-b ap-
Jw {]-Im-in-¸n-¡p-¶ sI.Pn.i-¦-c-¸n-Åbpw k-¨n-Zm-\-µ\pw Pn.Ip-am-c-]n-Å-bp-saÃmw
B-[p\n-I a-ebm-f I-hn-X-bp-sS `m-hX-ew hy-à-am-¡p¶p.
6) \-ho-\-ku-µ-cy-ZÀi-\w
B-[p-\n-I-cp-sS ku-µ-cy-ZÀ-i-\-¯nÂ hn-cp-t²m-àn-Ifpw ]-cn-lm-k-§-fp-saÃmw
\nd-ªp \nÂ-¡p¶p. A-¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡-cp-sS I-hn-X-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶ hn-cp-t²m-àn-Ifpw
]-cn-lm-k-§fpw C-Xn-\v D-¯-tam-Zm-l-c-W-§-fmWv.
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“kv-Xp-Xn-]mSp-I \mw, aÀ-¯y-\v kv-Xp-Xn-]mSp-I \mw
X-¶-bÂ-]-¡-¯-c-h-bÀ \n-d-bm-s]-®n\v
s]-cp-h-bÀ \-ev-Ipw aÀ-¯y-\v kv-Xp-Xn-]mSp-I \mw”
Zp-c-´-§-fp-sS ap-J¯p-t\m-¡n-bp-Å ]-cn-lm-k-¨n-cn C-XnÂ {]-I-S-am-Wv. ]m-]-¯nÂ
t]mepw ]pWyw ZÀ-in-¡p-¶ Ipg-ªp a-dn-ª Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ k-a-kv-X-`m-h-§-fp-tSbpw
H-¶m-sb-Sp-¯v B-tÇ-jn-¡p-¶ ]pXn-b ku-µ-cy-ZÀ-i-\-am-Wv B-[p\n-I a-ebm-f I-hn-X-
bnÂ \nd-ªp \nÂ-¡p-¶Xv.
7) hÀ-¯-am-\-Im-e-{]k-àn
Im-ev-]\n-I I-hn-IÄ `q-X-Im-e-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v hm-Nm-eam-bn ]m-Sn-b-t¸mÄ B-[p-\n-
IÀ hÀ-¯-am-\-Im-e-t¯m-Sv i-à-am-bn {]-Xn-I-cn¨p. Np-äp-]m-Sp-I-fp-sS Im-]-Sy-§-sf A-
hÀ Xp-d-¶p-Im«n. hÀ-¯-am-\Im-e Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ Xobpw NqSpw A-hÀ G-äv hm§n. \m-
K-cnI-X-tbmSpw A-Xn-sâ D-t]m-ev-]-¶am-b D-]cn-t`m-àr-kw-kv-Im-c-t¯mSpw A-hÀ \n-
tj-[m-ß-I-am-bn {]-Xn-I-cn¨p. hÀ-¯a - m-\Im-e tI-c-f-¯n-sâ Po-hn-Xm-hØ-I-tfm-Sv i-
à-am-bn {]-Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶ I-hn-X-I-fm-Wv A-¡n-¯w ap-XÂ a-[p-kq-Z-\³ \m-bÀ h-sc-bp-
Å B-[p\n-I I-hn-I-fnÂ \n-¶pw ]n-d-hn-sb-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
8) hn-j-b-kzo-I-c-W-¯n-se k-hn-ti-jX
ZmÀ-i-\n-I-X-bp-sS Ku-c-hw \n-d-ª B-[p\n-I I-hn-X-IÄ Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ k-akv-
X ta-J-e-I-tfbpw A-\m-hc-Ww sN-¿p¶p. A-]-am-\-ho-I-c-Ww, A-\y-h-Xv-Ic-Ww Po-hn-
X-¯n-sâ ]n-S-¨n-epIÄ, bm-X-\IÄ, ssew-Kn-Im-`n-\n-th-i§Ä, G-Im´-X, \n-Kq-V-Nn-
¯-hr-¯nIÄ, a-cWw, B-ß-lXy, \n-Ê-lm-b-X C§-s\ FÃm km-aqln-I {]-ta-b-
§fpw X-Xz-Nn-´m-hÂ-¡-cn-¡-s¸-«v B-[p\n-I a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn-eq-sS ]p-d-¯p-h¶p.
“C-e-hm-«n-Zpx-Jw s]m-Xn-ªp-sI«n
am-dm-¸nÂ kz-]v-\w \n-d-¨p-sI«n
hy-Y-h-¨p-®m³ Nn-äp-cpfn-sbm-s¶-Sp¯v
C-Sw-Im-eph-¨v ]-Sn I-S-¡p¶”
B-[p\n-I a-\p-jy-sâ Nn{Xw B-[p\n-I a-ebm-f I-hn-X-bp-sS X-Xz-Nn-´m-hÂ-¡-cn-¡-
s¸-« {]-ta-b-¯n-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn \n-e-sIm-Åp¶p.
9) bm-YmÀ-°y-¯n-sâ km-µo-Ic-Ww
h-kv-Xp-X-I-tfbpw h-kv-Xp-¡-tfbpw A-Xn-sâ X-\n-a-b-nÂ H-¸n-sb-Sp-¯v km-{µo-I-
cn-¨v lr-Z-b-kv-]À-in-bm-¡n am-äm³ B-[p\n-I I-hn-IÄ-¡v km-[n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. C§-s\
B-[p\n-I I-hn-X B-g-ap-Å A-\p-`-h-am-bn am-dp¶p. H.F³.hn., kp-K-X-Ip-amcn, I-¡mSv,
a-[p-kq-Z-\³ \m-bÀ F-¶n-h-cp-sS I-hn-X-I-sfÃmw C§-s\ A-\p-`-h-§-fm-bn am-dp¶p.
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10) cq-]-ssh-Nn-{Xyw
F-gp-¯p-Imc-sâ kzm-X-{ý-t_m-[w cq-]-]-co-£-W-§-fn-te-¡v I-hnI-sf \-bn¨p.
Hmtcm I-hn-X-bpw A-Xn-sâ `m-h-¯n-\v Xn-I¨pw A-\-p-tbm-Pyam-b Hmtcm cq-]-¯nÂ ]n-
d-hn-sb-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. A-km-[m-c-Wam-b `m-jm co-Xn-bm-Wv C-hÀ kzo-I-cn-¨-Xv.
`m-hp-I-Xz-]-cn-Wm-a]-cw
1) F-gp-¯p-Imc-sâ kzm-X-{ýw
c-N-\-bp-sS \n-an-j-¯nÂ F-gp-¯p-Im-c³ kz-X-{´-\mWv. X-¶n-te-¡n-d-§m\pw X-
sâ k¯-sb kr-ãn-¡p-hm-\p-ap-Å kzm-X-{ýw A-bmÄ-¡pv. Cu kzm-X-{ý-am-Wv
]pXn-b `m-hp-I-Xzw. Xm-\m-cm-sW-¶v A-dn-bp-Ibpw X-s¶-t¸m-se A-t\-IÀ k-aq-l-¯nÂ
D-s¶pw F-gp-¯p-Im-c³ I-s-¯p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p.
2) ZpÀ-{K-lX
B-[p\n-I F-gp-¯p-Im-c³ X-sâ kr-ãn \-S-¯p¶-Xv k-am-\-lr-Z-b-§Ä-¡p th-
n-bmWv. AÃm-¯-hÀ-¡v I-hn-bp-sS {]-Xn-am-\-§fpw _nw-_-§fpw `m-h-§fp-sam¶pw
]qÀ-®-am-bn a-\-Ên-em-hnÃ. C-Xv B-[p\n-I I-hn-X-bp-sS `m-hpI-Xz X-e-¯nÂ {]-Xn-k-
Ôn-IÄ kr-ãn-¡p-Ibpw Ihn-X ZpÀ-{K-l-am-sW-¶ B-tcm]-Ww D-b-cp-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p.
sI.Pn.i-¦-c-¸n-Å-bp-tSbpw k-¨n-Zm-\µ-sâ I-hn-X-IÄ ZpÀ-{K-l-am-sW¶ tXm¶Â Cu
AÀ-°-X-e-¯nÂ \n¶p-sIm-p am-{X-ta hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p-hm³ km-[n-¡p-I-bp-Åq.
3) \³-a-bn-ep-Å hn-izm-kw X-IÀ-¶p
a-\p-jy-hw-i-¯n-sâ B-I-am-\-ap-Å ip-`-{]-Xo-£-Ifpw hn-izm-khpw X-IÀ-¶p F-
¶-Xm-Wv B-[p\n-I a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn-se `m-hp-I-Xz-¯n-\v kw-`-hn-¨ a-säm-cp ]-cn-Wmaw.
h-cm³ t]m-Ip-¶ a-lm-Zp-c-´-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v òXn-tbm-sS ap-¶-dn-bn-¸v \Â-Ip-¶ I-hn-X-IÄ
B-[p-\n-I-cp-sS kw-`m-h-\-bmWv. k-¨n-Zm-\-sâ-bpw H.F³.hn-bp-tSbpw A-¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡-
cp-tSbpw FÃmw I-hn-X-I-fnÂ \nd-ªp \nÂ-¡p¶Xv Cu `m-hp-I-Xz-amWv.
4) N-e-\mß-IX
im-kv-{X-km-t¦Xn-I ]p-tcm-K-Xnbpw hmÀ-¯m-hn-\n-a-b th-Khpw bm-{Xm-th-K-X-bp-
saÃmw k-aql-s¯ A-t§b-äw N-e-\m-ß-I-am¡n. hy-h-km-b-hÂ-¡-cWw, \-K-c-hÂ-
¡c-Ww F-¶n-h-bn-eq-sS I-S-¶p-h-cp-¶ km-aq-ln-I-]-cn-hÀ¯-\w B-[p\n-I I-hn-X-bp-
sS `m-hp-I-Xz-s¯ Iq-Sp-XÂ k-¦oÀ-®-am¡n.
5) hy-àn-k-¯bpw k-aq-l-k-¯bpw
F-gp-¯p-Imc-sâ hy-àn-k-¯bpw hm-b-\-¡mc-sâ hy-àn-k-¯bpw kw-h-Zn-¡-
s¸-Sm-\p-Å a-t\m-`m-h-am-Wv `m-hp-I-Xzw. H-cp k-Po-h-k-aq-l-¯n-sâ k-¯-bv-¡v H-cp I-
hn-X-bp-am-bn kw-h-Zn-¡m-\p-Å I-gn-hm-Wv B k-aq-l-¯n-sâ `m-hp-I-Xzw. I-S-½-\n-«-bp-
sS Ip-d-¯nbpw im-´bpw H.F³.hn.bp-sS `q-an-¡v H-cp N-c-a-Ko-Xhpw a-[p-kq-Z-\³ \m-
b-cp-sS \m-dm-W-¯p-{`m-´-\p-saÃmw C-{]-Im-cw hy-à-k-¯-bn-te-¡pw k-aq-l-k-¯-bn-
te¡pw B-nd-§n kw-h-Zn-¡m-\p-Å i-àn ssI-h-¶ I-hn-X-I-fmWv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 10

6) aq-ey-kw-LÀ-jhpw Xn-c-kv-Im-chpw
Im-ew aq-ey-k-¦-ev-]-¯nÂ am-äw h-cp-¯p-Ibpw aq-ey-kw-LÀ-jw `m-hp-I-Xz-s¯
]-cn-Wm-a-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p.
“B-ß-l-Xy-bv¡pw sIm-e-bv-¡p-an-S-bneq
SmÀ-¯-\mZw-t]m-se ]m-bp-¶ Po-hnXw”
F-¶p ]m-Sp-¶ Np-Ån-¡mSv Cu aq-ey-kw-LÀj-s¯ hy-à-am¡p-I X-s¶ sN-¿p¶p.
A-imń, I-elw, X-IÀ-¶ k-Zm-Nm-c-t_m-[w C§-s\ \-ho-\-`m-hp-I-Xz-¯n-sâ kq-£v-
a-Xe-§-sf-sbÃmw t]-dn-s¡m-m-Wv B-[p\n-I a-ebm-f I-hn-X-bp-sS h-fÀ¨.
B-[p\n-I I-hnIÄ
am-[-h³ A-¿¸-¯v
Im-hy-c-N-\-bn-se bp-ày-[n-jvTn-Xam-b B-Jym-\ co-Xn-sb \n-c-kn¨p-sIm-p \m-
K-cn-I-Po-hn-X-¯n-se H-ä-s¸-S-epI-sf A-Xn-tâXm-b in-Yn-e-_-Ô-§-fnÂ B-hn-jv-I-cn-
¡m-\p-Å {i-aw Xp-S-§p-¶-Xv am-[-h³ A-¿-¸-¯n-sâ I-hn-X-I-fn-emWv. `m-h-§-fp-sS H-
ä-bm³ B-hn-jv-¡m-c-§-fn-em-Wv C-t±-lw {i-²-bq-¶n-bXv. B-ZÀ-im-ß-Ihpw Alw-t_m-
[-P-\y-hpam-b Im-ev-]\n-I IÀ-¯r-Xz-¯n-\p ]I-cw ]-e IÀ-¯r-Xz-§-fp-sS _-lp-kz-c-X-
bm-Wv B-[p-\n-IX sIm-p-h-¶Xv. ‘Rm³' F¶-Xv cm-a\pw in-h\pw Ir-jv-W\pw H-
s¡ tNÀ-¶ k-¦oÀ-W IÀ-¯r-Xz-am-Wv. A§-s\ ]-e-Xm-bn hn-L-Sn-¡p-¶ IÀ-¯r-Xz
{]-Xn-k-Ôn-sb am-[-h³ A-¿-¸-¯n-sâ I-hn-X-IÄ B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p¶p. ]m-c-¼cy-t_m-
[mw-i-§fpw hÀ-¯-am-\Im-e Po-hn-Xm-h-Ø-Ifpw Iq-Sn-t¨-cp-¶ {]-iv-\m-[n-jvTnX tem-I-
am-Wv ]p-Xp-I-hn-X-bp-sS temIw. ]qÀ-ÆIm-e c-N-\-I-fnÂ \n-¶p-Å D-²-c-Wn-IÄ sIm-v
Im-hy-`m-j-tbbpw Im-hy-cq-]-t¯bpw an-{in-X-am-¡p-¶ co-Xn A-¿¸-sâ {]-kn-² c-N-
\bm-b ‘a-Wn-b-d-bnÂ' F-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂ X-s¶ Im-Wmw.
DZm: “am-\-¯q-s¶-§m\pw s]m-«nho-tWm....”
I-f-]-dn¡pw I-f-sam-gnIÄ
Iu-Xp-I-am-bv ]mSn
am-säm-en-IÄ IqSn ({]-Xn-a-bp-sS ap-¶nÂ)
A-¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡À
B-[p\n-I I-hn-X-bp-sS h-àmhpw {]-tbm-àm-hp-am-Wv tUm.sI.A-¿-¸-¸-Wn¡À.
N-§-¼p-g-¡-hn-X-bp-sS kzm-[o-\-X B-Zy-Im-e-c-N-\-I-fnÂ Zr-iy-am-sW-¦nepw {Ita-W
Im-hy-`m-j-tbbpw cq-]-t¯bpw ]p-Xp-¡n-¸-Wnªp-sIm-v B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS cm-P-in-ev-
]n-bm-bn am-dp-I-bm-Wv A-¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡À sN-bv-XXv. km-aqln-I {]-iv-t\m³-ap-J-am-bn-cp-¶
a-ebm-f Im-hy-co-Xn-sb hy-àn-hm-Zm-[n-jvTn-Xam-b a-\p-jym-h-Ø-bp-tSbpw kz-Xz-{]-Xn-
k-Ôn-bp-tSbpw B-hn-jv-Im-c-am-bn am-äp-I-bm-Wv sN-bv-XXv. A-Xn-i-àam-b km-aq-ln-Im-
h-t_m-[hpw hn-aÀ-i-\hpw DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶-h-bm-Wv ]-Wn-¡-cp-sS I-hn-X-IÄ. km-aqln-
I Po-hnX-s¯ tIm-am-fn-¯-c-¯n-tâ-Xm-b \n-tj-[-X-e-§-fn-eq-sS A-]-\nÀ-½n-¨v ]-cn-l-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 11
kn-¡p¶p. C-¯-c-¯nÂ I-hn-X-sb D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ A-¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡-cp-sS kz-X-kn-
²am-b sF-d-Wn{]-tbm-Kw A-Xn-kq-£-ahpw aqÀ-t¨-dn-b-Xp-am-bn-¯o-cp¶p. tam-j-Ww,
]q-Pyw, I-Sp-¡ Xp-S§n-b c-N-\-IÄ D-Zm-l-c-W§Ä.
F³.F³.I-¡m-Sv
¢m-kn-Iv Im-hy-hyp-Xv-]-¯nbpw A-`ym-khpw ssI-ap-X-em-¡n-s¡m-v a-e-bm-f-Im-
hy-cw-K-t¯-¡v {]-th-in-¨ I-hn-bm-Wv F³.F³.I-¡m-Sv. sN-dp-tÈ-cnbpw F-gp-¯-Ñ\pw
Ip-©³-\-¼ymcpw N-¼q-Im-c³-amcpw sh¬-a-Wn-¡-hn-Ifp-sam-s¡ B-bn-cp-¶p I-¡m-
Snsâ Im-hy-hyp-Xv-]-¯n-bnÂ B-Zy-Ime-¯v {]-th-in-¨-hÀ a-lm-`m-c-Xhpw cm-am-b-W-hpw
ss_-_nfpw {Ko-¡v ]p-cm-W-§fp-sam-s¡ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ a-\-ÊnÂ B-Zn-_nw-_-§-fp-sS
H-cp a-lm-irw-J-e X-s¶ XoÀ-¯n-cp¶p. H-cp-]t£, B-[p\n-I I-hn-I-fnÂ C-{X am{Xw
A-\p-`-h-§-fpsS Cu-Sp-h-bv-¸p-Å I-hn-IÄ th-sd D-m-Ip-sa-¶v tXm-¶p-¶nÃ. F-¶n«pw
]-g-b X-«-I-¯nÂ \n¶pw AI-¶p am-dn B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS {][m-\ h-àm-hm-bn-¯oÀ-
¶p F-¶-Xm-Wv {i-t²-bam-b Im-cyw. sXm-Åm-bnc-¯n A-dp-]-Xp-I-fnÂ h-¶-am-äw I-¡m-
Sn-sâ ]m-c-¼-cy-t_m-[-¯nÂ hn-Å-ep-IÄ kr-ãn-¡p-Ibpw `m-hp-I-Xz-s¯ A-Sn-ap-Sn A-
gn-¨p-]-Wn-bp-I-bpw sN-bvXp. ]pXn-b Im-e-¯n-sâ a-t\m-`mh-s¯ ]m-c-¼-cy-`m-h-hn-i-I-
e-\-§-fnÂ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡m-\m-hn-sÃ-¶p I-¡m-Sv a-\-Ên-em¡n. “timIw, Pp-Kp-Xv]-k, iq-
\y-X, òXn, G-Im-In-X, \n-Ê-lm-b-X Xp-S§n-b ]-e `m-h-§-fp-sS k-¦oÀ-®-cq-]-am-bn-
cp¶p” AXv. k-hn-ti-jmÀ-°-¯nÂ ‘hn-jm-Z'sa-¶p hn-fn-¡m-hp-¶ B `m-h-am-Wv B-
[p\n-I I-hn-I-fp-sS A-´À-`m-h-sa-¶v F³.F³.I-¡m-Sp X-s¶ \n-co-£n-¨n-«pv. Im-hy-
_nw-_-§-fp-sS km-{µ-Xbpw kq-£v-a-Xbpw I-¡m-Sn-sâ I-hnX-sb ]-e-t¸mgpw ZpÀ-{K-l-
am-¡p-¶pv.
\m-K-cn-I-X-bp-sS A-Ôam-b D-]-t`m-K-Xr-jv-Wbpw Xn-c¡pw th-Khpw am-\p-jn-I-aq-
ey-§-fp-sS \-ã-t_m-[hpw H-s¡ B-bn-cp¶p I-¡m-Sn-sâ Im-hy-hn-j-b-§Ä. {Km-a-
¯nÂ P-\n-¨p h-fÀ-¶ I-¡m-Sn-\v {Km-aw t]mepw H-cp ]oU\ A-\p-`-h-am-bn-«m-Wv tXm-
¶p-¶Xv. \m-K-cnI-X-tbmSpw A-t±-l-¯n-\v I-Sp-¯ A-kw-Xr-]v-Xn-bm-bn-cp¶p. th-Xmfw,
]m-Xmfw, c-à-c£-kv Xp-S§n-b _nw-_-§Ä sIm-m-Wv \m-Kcn-I Po-hnX-s¯ I-¡m-
Sv A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv.
tem-Iw ss]-im-Nn-I-am-bn-¯o-cp-I-bmWv. kzm-X-{ým\-´-c kz-]v-\-§-fp-tSbpw I-
½yq-Wn-Ìv tam-l-§-fp-tSbpw X-IÀ-¨, A-Ôam-b D-]-t`m-Km-k-àn-bnÂ F´pw `-£n-¨p
XoÀ-¡p¶ -hym-h-kmbn-I \m-K-cnI-X, A-XnÂ-s¸-«p sR-cn-ª-aÀ-¶p t]m-Ip-¶ hy-àn-
Po-hn-X-§-fp-sS ù-Xo-Ihpw B-ßo-b-hp-am-b hy-Y C-h-sbm-s¡ Xo-{h-am-bn \-s½ A-
\p-`-hn-¸n-¡m³ t]m-¶ c-N-\-I-fm-Wv I-¡m-Sn-tâXv. a-\p-jy-sâ Pp-Kp-]v-km-h-lamb
ssZ\yw I-¡m-Sn-sâ I-hn-X-bnÂ B-hÀ-¯n-¨p h-cp-¶ a-säm-cp `m-h-k-¦-e\ - -amWv. D-Zm-
l-c-W-am-bn ]mÀ-¡nÂ F-¶ [z-\n-km-{µam-b sNdn-b Ihn-X A-h-km-\n-¸n-¡p¶-Xv C-
§-s\-bmWv.
ap-Xp-ImÂ am-h-©p-a-S-¡n-«n-gbpw th-Xmfw
Im-¯p InS-¸q \n-s¶ h-ln-¡m³
ap-¶nÂ Ip-WvT-X-sbm-gpIpw ]m-X-bv-¡-¡scþ
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 12
sb-gp-\n-e-am-fn-I-bnÂ
Io-g-¸-S-hp-I-fnÂ Ip-¸n-¨nÃp-IÄ ]mInþ
¡-b-dn-t¸m-Ip-hXm-tcmþ
A-Ûp-Xta, \o-bn-¨m-c-\n-dw ]q- a-lm-iq-\y-X-hn«p
]pd-¯p IS-¶p I-gn-sªt¶m
t]m-I k-tJ tX kp-J-cm{Xw `q-bmXv
in-Yn-e-am-Ip-¶ hy-àn-Xz-§-fp-sS k-µn-Kv-²m-h-Ø-I-fn-eq-¶p-¶-Xm-Wv c-N-\-IÄ F-¦n-
epw A-h km-aq-ly-hn-aÀ-i-\-]-c-§Ä Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. 1964þÂ {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨ ‘B-bnc-¯n
sXm-Åm-bnc-¯n A³-]-¯n-aq-¶v', Xp-SÀ-¶p {]-Im-in-¸n-¨ ]m-Xm-f-¯n-sâ ap-g¡w, ]-I-
e-dp-Xn-¡v ap³]v, h-{P-Ip-Þew, k-^-e-ao-bm-{X Xp-S-§n-b-h-bm-Wv C-t±-l-¯n-sâ {]-
[m-\-Im-hy-{K-Ù§Ä. B-[p\n-I _qÀ-jzm-\m-K-cn-I-X-bv-s¡-Xn-sc ku-µ-cym-ß-Ihyw
hym-h-lm-cn-I-hpam-b {]-Xn-tj-[-am-bn-cp-¶p I-¡m-Sn-sâ c-N-\-IÄ. A-hkm-\ Ir-Xnbm-
b 'k-^-e-ao-bm-{X'bnÂ F-¯p-t¼mÄ Imhy-ssi-en-bnepw c-N-\-bnepw A-¨S-¡w ]m-
en-¡p-Ibpw B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-tSbpw ]m-c-¼-cy-¯n-tâbpw B-tcm-Ky-]-cam-b k-a-\zbw A-
t±-lw I-hn-X-bnÂ kzo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. Im-hy-c-N-\-bnÂ \n-c-´-cam-b ]-co-£-W-
§Ä \S-¯n I-hnX-sb ]-c-amh-[n ]n-cn-ap-dp-¡-ap-Å-Xm-¡m³ {i-an-¨ I-¡m-Sv, tcm-Km-Xp-
c-\m-bn, B-k-¶am-b a-cW-s¯ A-`n-ap-J-am-bn-¡-n-cp-¶ Ime-¯v c-Nn-¨ I-hn-XIÄ,
`m-h-Ko-X-¯n-sâ em-fn-Xyhpw Nm-cp-X-bp-ap-Å-XmWv. hn-Im-c-¯n-sâ kz-Ñ-µ-am-b {]-hm-
l-am-WXv. k-^-e-ao-bm-{X-bn-se I-hn-X-IÄ-¡v A-kp-e-àm-b kzo-Ic-Ww A-\p-hm-N-I-
cnÂ \n-¶v e-`n-¨-Xp-aXp-sIm-p-Xs¶.
kp-K-X-Ip-am-cn
B-[p-\n-I-X Im-ev-]-\n-I-]m-c-¼-cy-s¯ \n-tj-[n-¡m³ `m-jm-hn¹-hw \-S-¯n-b-
t¸mÄ Im-ev-]\n-I `m-hp-I-Xz-s¯ km-{µ-am-¡n ssh-b-àn-Im-\p-`q-XnI-sf kq-£va-X-
tbmSpw Xo-{h-X-tbmSpw Iq-Sn ]p-\À-\nÀ-½n-¡m-\p-Å am-[y-a-am-¡n-¯oÀ-¯p kp-K-X-Ip-
am-cn-bp-sS I-hn-XIÄ. a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn-se `m-h-Ko-Xm-]m-c-¼-cy-s¯ B-[p\n-I hy-Y-
IÄ B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡m³ hn\n-tbm-Kn-¨ I-hn-bm-Wv kp-K-X-Ip-amcn. ]m-c¼-cy \n-tj-[-tam
Po-hn-X-\n-tj-[-tam hn-\m-i-t_m-[tam kp-K-X-Ip-am-cn-bp-sS c-N-\-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶nÃ. kv-
t\-lhpw k-lm-\p-`q-Xnbpw B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS A-]am-\ \-ho-I-c-W-¯n-\p ]I-cw h-bv-
¡p-¶ kp-K-X-Ip-am-cn-bp-sS Ihn-X B-[p-\n-IX ssI-hn-«p-I-f-ª aqey-t_m-[-§-fp-sS
]qÀ-W-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v ]-dbmw. A-h-tl-fn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ kv-{Xo-Xz-¯n\pw h-\-\-io-I-c-W-
¯n\pw A-]-am-\-\-ho-I-c-W-¯n-\p-sa-Xn-sc hn-«p-ho-gv-N-bnÃm-sX s]m-cp-Xp-¶ km-aq-ln-
I-{]-hÀ-¯-I Iq-Sn-bm-Wv AhÀ. {]-Y-a-Ir-Xnbm-b 'ap-¯p-¨n-¸n'sIm-p X-s¶ k-lr-Z-
b lr-Z-b-§-fnÂ C-Sw-t\-Sm³ A-hÀ-¡v I-gn-ªp.
]p-cm-X-\ `m-cXo-b ZmÀ-i-\n-I-cp-sS k-Xym-t\z-j-W XÂ-¸-c-Xbpw A-hÀ I-
s¯n-b Po-hn-X-k-Xy-§fpw DÄ-s¡m-v ssNX-\y [-\yam-b lr-Z-b-¯nÂ \n-¶v D-d-
sh-Sp-¯ hn-Nm-c-hn-Im-c-§-fm-Wv kp-K-X-Ip-am-cn-bp-sS I-hn-X-I-fp-sS km-cmw-iw F-¶v
s]m-Xp-sh ]-d-bmw. Po-hn-X bm-{X-bnÂ A-\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-Ip-¶ B-i-Ifpw \n-cm-i-Ifpw
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 13

ò-Xn-Ifpw B-i-¦-Ifpw C-cp«pw sh-fn-¨hpw k-t´m-jhpw k-´m-]-hp-saÃmw (a-\p-jy-
Po-hn-X-¯n-se tI-h-e Zpx-J§Ä) kp-K-X-Ip-am-cn-bp-sS I-hn-X-I-fp-sS ap-Jy-hn-j-b-amWv.
a-\p-jy-sâ kzmÀ°-X, A-l-¦mcw, kv-t\-l-cm-ln-Xyw, \-io-I-c-W-{]-hW-X, A-
kzm-X-{ýw, Akq-b Xp-S-§n-b-h-bm-Wv Zpx-J-tl-Xp¡Ä. \n-tÈ-jw am-äm³ I-gn-bm-¯
hn-[w C-h a-\p-jy-a-\-ÊnÂ ]-än-t¨À-¶n-cn-¡p¶p. Po-hn-X-¯n-sebpw {]-Ir-Xn-bn-tebpw
C-cp- hi-§-tfm-Sv I-hn-bn-{Xn-¡v Iq-Sp-XÂ Xm-ev-]-cy-apv. Cu Zpx-Jm-`n-c-Xn¡pw kz-
bw ]oU-\-¯n-eq-sS-bp-Å B-ß-hn-ip-²o-Ic-Ww F-¶ hn-izm-k-¯n\pw {]m-[m\yw
\Â-In-s¡m-p-Å I-hn-X-IÄ G-sd {i-t²-b-§-fmWv.
DZm: ‘Im-fn-b-aÀ-±\w' F-¶ I-hn-X ]p-cm-W-¯n-se Im-fn-b-\nÂ \n-¶v G-sd hy-Xy-kv-X-
ambn ‘a-Zm-Ô-Imcw' \n-d-ª a-\p-jy-a-\-Êm-Wv C-hn-Sp-s¯ Im-fnb³.
a-Zm-Ô-Im-cw am-dnem, angnþ
Xpd-¶p ]qÀ-®-X I-oem
A-dn-ªp Rm-s\-¶p-tÅm-co shdpþ
al-´, I-®m am-ªo-em
B-ß-hn-ip-²o-I-c-W-¯n-\m-bn F-{X ]o-U-\-§Ä th-W-sa-¦nepw k-ln-¡m³þX-
¶n-se I-ev-ajw (]m]w) FÃmw ]p-d¯p-t]m-Ipwh-sc N-hn-t«-äp N-X-ª-c-bm³þX-¿m-
dm-bn \nÂ-¡p-¶ a-\p-jy-a-\Êv. A-Xm-Wv C-hn-Sp-s¯ Im-fnb³. amdm-tcm-K-¯n-sâ ]n-
Sn-bnÂ s]«v Cu-izc-s\ hn-fn¨p tI-gp-¶ a-\p-jy-\m-Wv ‘K-tP{µ-tam£w' F-¶ ]pcm-
W I-Y-bp-sS ]-Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶Xv.
s^-an-\n-k-¯n-sâ I-em-]-kz-`m-hw kzo-I-cn-¡m-sX `m-c-Xo-b-]m-c-¼-cy kv{Xo k-¦-
ev-]-¯n-sâ aqey-t_m-[-¯nÂ \n¶p-sIm-m-Wv kv-{Xo-]pcp-j {]-W-b-s¯bpw _-Ô-
s¯bpw I-hn B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv. A-kw-Xr-]v-Xam-b kv-{Xo-tN-X-\-bp-sS km-¶n-²y-am-
Wv C-h-cp-sS I-hn-X-I-fnÂ Im-Wm-\m-hp-I. \n-c´-cw ]p-cp-j-tâbpw k-aq-l-¯n-tâbpw
]o-U-\-¯n-\p hn-t[-b-am-Ip-¶ D-]-t`m-K-h-kv-Xphm-b kv-{Xo-bp-sS Zpx-J§Ä, A-kw-Xr-
]v-Xam-b {]-W-b-hpw Im-¯n-cn¸pw A-kv-Xn-Xz hy-Y-Ifpw kp-K-X-Ip-am-cn-bp-sS c-N-\I-sf
B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS a-säm-cp ap-J-am-¡p-¶p-v. Po-hn-Xw A-\-ám-b Im-¯n-cn-¸m-sW-¶
B-[p\n-I Pohn-X ZÀ-i-\-t¯m-Sv Hm-cw tNÀ-¶p t]m-Ip-¶-h-bm-Wv kp-K-X-Ip-am-cn-bp-sS
I-hn-XIÄ.
{]-[m-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ þ ]m-Xn-cm-¸q¡Ä, cm-{Xna-g, C-cpÄ-¨n-d-IpIÄ, A-¼-e-aWn, ]m-hw am-
\-h-lr-Zbw, kz-]v-\-`qan, Xp-em-hÀ-j¸-¨, cm-[-sb-hn-sS?, Ir-jv-W-I-hn-XIÄ, tZ-h-Zmkn.
B-äqÀ c-hn-hÀ½
¢m-kn-k-¯n-sâ ]n-cn-ap-dp-¡hpw `m-jm-]-cam-b Ir-Xy-Xbpw B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS _-
lp-kz-c-Xbpw H-cp-an-¨p tNÀ-¯-Xm-Wv B-äq-cn-sâ I-hn-X. B-[p\n-I a-\p-jy-sâ kz-Xm-
t\z-j-W-am-Wv B-äq-cn-\p {]n-b-s¸-« Im-hy-hn-jbw. Im-hym-ß-I bm-YmÀ-°y-¯n-sâ B-
hn-jv-I-c-W-¯n-eq-sS Ihn-X A-Im-ev-]-\n-I-am-bn am-dp-I-bm-Wv sN-¿p-¶Xv. A-Xv Im-hy-
`mj-sb K-Zy-`m-j-W-am-¡p¶p. ¢m-kn-Iv in-£-W-]m-S-h-t¯m-sS I-hnX-sb Im-¨n-¡p-dp-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 14

¡n [z-\ym-ß-I-am-¡m³ {i-an-¡p¶p. B-[p-\n-IX-sb C-X-c-I-hn-I-fp-sS K-Zym-ß-I-c-N-\-
I-fnÂ \n¶pw B-äq-cn-sâ I-hnX-sb hy-Xy-kv-X-am-¡p¶Xv Cu-sbm-cp ssI-b-S-¡-amWv.
I-hn-X-bv-¡v F´pw hn-j-b-amImw F-s¶m-cp A-h-Ø kw-Pm-X-am-¡nb-Xv B-[p-\n-I-X-
bmWv. B-äq-cn-sâ Im-hy`m-j B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS s]m-Xp k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ B-hm-ln-¡p-
¶p-s-¦nepw ZpÀ-{K-laÃ. a-e-bm-f-hr-¯-§-fp-tSbpw \m-tSm-Sn-io-e-I-fp-tSbpw kw-km-
c-`m-j-bnse Cu-W-§-fp-tSbpw `w-K-s¸-Sp-¯-en-eq-sS X-\Xm-b Im-hy-hy-h-lm-cw I-s-
¯p-I-bm-Wv B-äqÀ sN-¿p-¶Xv.
I-S-½-\n-« cm-a-Ir-jv-W³
a-[y-hÀ-¤-`m-hp-I-Xz-¯nÂ \n-¶v {Km-ao-W-`m-hp-I-Xz-¯n-te-¡v B-[p-\n-IX-sb ]-cn-
hÀ-¯n-¸n-s¨-Sp-¯ I-hn-bm-Wv I-S-½-\n-« cm-a-Ir-jvW³. ]m-Ým-Xym-[p-\n-I-X-bp-am-bn _-
Ô-s¸-«n-«p-s-¦nepw kz-t£-{Xi-àn kz-´w {Km-a-¯n-sâ \m-tSm-Sn-]m-c-¼-cy-¯n-em-Wv
F-¶v Xn-cn-¨-dn-ªp F-¶-Xm-Wv I-S-½-\n-«-bp-sS {]-tXyI-X. I-S-½-\n-« {Km-a-¯n-se A-
\p-jvTm-\-]-cam-b ]-S-b-Wn-¸m-«nsâ Xm-f-¯nepw \m-S³-hy-h-lm-c-¯nepw Du-¶n-\n¶p-
sIm-m-Wv X-sâ I-hn-X-bp-sS X«-Iw I-S-½-\n-« ]-Wn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. B-[p-\n-I-X h-c-
¨p-Im-«p-¶ Po-hn-Xm-h-Ø-IÄ X-s¶-bm-Wv I-S-½-\n-«bpw A-\p-`-hn-¡p-¶Xv. hÀ-¯-am-\-
Im-e-¯n-sâ B-kp-c-X-I-fn-te-¡v I-S-½-\n-«-bp-sS kw-lm-c-i-àn-sb hn-fn-¨p-WÀ-¯n
FÃm hn-[-¯n-ep-Å Du-Xn-_m-[-I-tfbpw D-¨mS-\w sN-¿p-¶ hn-tam-N-I-{In-b-bm-bn I-
hnX-sb D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I-bm-Wv I-S-½-\n-« cm-a-Ir-jv-W³ sN-¿p-¶Xv. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ {]-
kn-²-c-N-\-Ifm-b I-S-½-\n-«, Ip-d¯n, im-´ Xp-S§n-b c-N-\-Ifn-sems¡ Cu-sbm-cp k-
¦-ev-]w Im-Wmw. A-tXm-sSm-¸w hÀ-¯-am-\-Im-e-¯n-sâ Zp-ãm-h-Ø-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-Å \n-
in-Xam-b hn-aÀ-i-\hpw DÄ-s¡m-Åp¶p. A-¿-¸-¸-Wn¡À, F³.F³.I-¡m-Sv F-¶n-h-
cnÂ \n¶pw I-S-½-\n-« cm-a-Ir-jvW-s\ hy-Xy-kv-X-\m-¡p¶-Xv Io-gm-f-hÀ-¤-¯n-sâ hn-tam-
N-\-Imw£-sb A½ ssZ-h-_nw-_-¯n-eq-sS B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS hy-h-lm-cn-I-X-e-¯n-te-
¡p sIm-ph-¶p F-¶-XmWv.
B-[p-\n-IX-sb Xm-tem-en-¡p-¶ I-hn-bm-Wv I-S-½-\n-«. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ I-hn-X-I-
fnÂ irw-Km-c-apv, lm-ky-apv, A-aÀ-j-apv, I-cp-W-apv, hn-jm-Z-apv, shÃp-hn-fn-
I-fpv. Cu `m-h-§-sfÃmw B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ H-cn¡Â-t]mepw ar-Zphm-b k-ao-]-
\-aÃ A-t±-l-¯n-\p-ÅXv. “sX-dn-bp-sS No-fp-IÄ sX-¶n-¨p s\-dn-bp-sS Iq-d Io-dpw” F-
¶v A-t±-lw X-s¶ ]-d-bp-¶pv. “sX-dn-bp-sS No-fp-IÄ sX-¶n-¡p-“t¼m-gpw e-fn-Xam-b
]-Z-§fpw Xm-fhpw B I-hn-X-IÄ-¡v Nm-cp-X-tb-äp-¶p-apv. “\o-äep-t]mepw ]qÀ-¯n-
bm-¡n-¸p-©n-cn-Xq-Ipw Xmfw” F-¶p Xp-S§n-b h-cn-I-Ä C-Xv hy-à-am-¡p¶p. B-[p-\n-
I-X-bp-sS ar-Xyp-t_m[w, \n-cÀ°-I-t_m[w, sF-d-Wn, km-aq-lyam-b B-t£-]-lmkyw
Xp-S§n-b kz-`m-h-§Ä I-S-½-\n-« I-hn-X-bn-se k-©m-co-`m-h-§-fmWv. \-K-c-¯n-sâ A-
kp-c-X-IÄ-¡v B-izm-kw ]-I-cm³ I-gn-bp-¶ {Km-ao-W-kw-k-I v m-c-¯nsâ Cu-Sp-h-bv-]p-I-
fm-Wv I-S-½-\n-«-¡-hn-XIÄ. B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS K-Zym-ß-Ihpw {]-`m-j-W-]-c-hpam-b Im-
hy`m-j D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p-s-¦nepw ]-S-b-Wn-¸m-«n-sâ tKm-{X-kv-ar-Xn-I-fpw Nn-Ó-§fpw
\n-c-¡p-¶ Km-\m-ß-I `m-j-bn-em-Wv {]-kn-²am-b I-hn-X-IÄ an-¡Xpw F-gp-Xn-bn-cn-¡p-
¶Xv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 15
sI.k-¨n-Zm-\-µ³
N-§-¼p-g-sb-t¸m-se Iu-am-cw I-gnbpw ap-t¼ I-hn b-i-ÊmÀ-Ön¨p. Im-ev-]\n-I
{]-Øm-\-t¯m-Sv _-Ô-s¸-Sp-¯m-dp-Å Kr-lm-Xp-c-Xbpw A-´À-ap-J-Xbpw Bßo-b hy-
Ybpw B-ZyIm-e Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ Im-Wmw. {I-ta-W A-Xv Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bp-sS A-\-´-c-P-
\nbm-b B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS I-dp-¯ \n-g-em-bn h-fÀ¶p. I-hn-¡p X-t¶m-Sv am-{X-ta {]-Xn-
Úm-_-²-X-bp-Åq F-¶p hm-Zn-¨n-cp-¶ B-Zy-L-«-¯nÂ \n-¶v k-Zym-km-£mÂ-¡m-c-£-
aam-b km-bp-[-hn-¹-h-¯n-sâ Im-l-f-hm-Z-I-\mhp-I F-¶ L-«-¯n-te-¡pÅ {Zp-X-hn-Im-
k-am-Wv k-¨n-Zm-\-µ-sâ- I-hn-kz-Xz-¯n-sâ H-cp k-hn-ti-j-XþH-cä-¯v \n-¶v a-tä A-ä-
t¯-¡p-Å B-tµm-f\w. A-¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡À I-gn-ªmÂ Im-hy-`m-j-bnÂ \n-c´-cw A-gn-
¨p]-Wn \-S-¯n-bn-«p-Å I-hn-bmWv. sI.k-¨n-Zm-\µ³. F-¦nepw A-kz-Øhpw tZ-im-S-
\-{]n-b-hpam-b Im-ev-]-\n-I-IÀ-¯rXzw B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS t_m-[-{]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-se-
hnsStbm H-fn-ªn-cn-¸pv. AXp-sIm-p X-s¶ Xm³ a-[y-hÀ-¤-¯n-sâ I-hn-bm-sW-¶v
I-hn-¡v Xpd-¶p {]-Jym-]n-t¡-n-h-cp¶p. a-[y-hÀ-K-¯n-sâ Nm-©m-«hpw D-]-cn-hÀ-¤-Im-
a-\-Ifpw F-¶mÂ Io-gm-f-hÀ-¤-t¯m-Sp-Å A-`n-ap-Jyhpw k-¨n-Zm-\-µ-sâ c-N-\I-sf _-
lp-ap-Jhpw _-lp-kz-c-X-bp-Å-Xp-am-¡n am-äp¶p. Xm-f-_-²am-b Imhy-ssi-en D-]-tbm-
Kn-¨n-«p-s-¦nepw O-tµm-ap-à-`m-j-bp-sS Im-hy-km-²y-X-IÄ ]-c-amh-[n hn\n-tbm-
Kn¡p-I F-¶-Xm-Wv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ coXn. B-ZyIm-e c-N-\-Ifm-b A-©p-kq-cy³, B-
ß-Ko-X, B-k-¶-a-c-W-Nn-´-IÄ Xp-S§n-b I-hn-X-I-fnÂ kÀ-h-\m-i-t_m-[hpw A-kv-Xn-
Xz-hy-Y-bpw iq-\yXm-t_m-[hpw ar-Xyp-hm-©-bp-sam-s¡ Im-Wm-sa-¦nepw F-gp-]-Xp-I-
tfm-sS km-aqln-tIm³-ap-J-am-bn-¯o-cp-I-bm-Wv an-¡ c-N-\-I-fpw. C³-U-y³ kv-sI-
¨pIÄ, ]\n, k-Xy-hm-Mv-aq-ew Xp-S§n-b I-hn-X-I-fnÂ ssh-bàn-I a-\p-jym-h-Ø-bv-
¡Ã, km-aq-ly a-\p-jym-h-Ø-bv-¡m-Wv {]m-[m-\yw. Im-e-¯n-sâ {Iq-cX-I-tfm-Spw A-[n-
Im-c-hy-h-Ø-bp-sS Zp-ã-\o-Xn-I-tfmSpw ]n-U\-§-tfmSpw tcm-jw sIm-Åp-¶ H-cp I-hn-
IÀ-¯r-Xz-s¯ F-gp-]-Xp-IÄ-¡p ti-j-ap-Å I-hn-X-I-fnÂ Im-Wmw. A-Sn-b-ń-cm-h-Ø
Ime-¯v k-¨m-Z-\µ-\v Ihn-X {]Xn-tcm-[-¯n-sâ `m-j B-bn-cp¶p. B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS
A-]-am-\-ho-I-c-W-¯nÂ \n-¶p ]p-d-¯p-IS-¶v a-m-\-hn-I-X-bp-sS B-Im-i-§Ä tX-Sn-b-
Xm-Wv k-¨n-Zm-\-µ-sâ I-hn-X-bnÂ h-¶ Kp-W-]-cam-b amäw. C³-Uy³ a-[y-hÀ-¤-¯n-sâ
Po-h-X-¯nepw `m-hp-I-Xz-¯nepw kw-`-hn-¨ am-ä-§Ä k-¨n-Zm-\-µ-sâ Im-hy-Po-h-X-bm-{X-
I-tfbpw kzm-[o-\n-¨n-«pv. a-X-\n-c-t]-£am-b B-ßo-b-X-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å A-t\z-j-Wm-
bn I-hnX-sb D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-hm\pw A-t±-lw X-¿m-dm-Ip-¶pv.
X-Ym-KX-sâ tcm-jw \n-d-ª [ym-\-am-Wv k-¨n-Zm-\µ-sâ I-hn-X. A-Xv `q-an-bp-sS
\-ã-s¸-« im-ń-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å k-a-c-kv-t{Xm-{X-am-Ip¶p. I-¯n-ap-\-bn-eq-sS \-S¶p-
sImv Cu tem-I-¯n-se a-lm-Zp-c-X-§-fp-tSbpw Xo-{h-k-¦-S-§-fp-tSbpw D-d-hn-Sw tX-
Sp-¶ bm-YmÀ-°y-a-dn-bp-¶ _p²-sâ t{Im-[w k-¨n-Zm-\µ-sâ I-hn-X-I-fn-epv. C³-
Uy³ hÀ-¯-am-\-Im-e-¯n-sâ {h-Wn-Xm-h-Ø-I-fm-Wv A-t±-lw X-sâ I-hn-X-I-fnÂ B-
hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn-se tem-I-`m-j-I-fp-am-bn _-Ôn-¸n-¡p-¶-XnÂ \nÀ-®m-bI- ]-¦p-
h-ln-¨ A-t±-lw a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bv-¡v ]p-Xp-ta-¨nÂ ]p-d-§fpw B-hn-jv¡m-c co-Xn-Ifpw
\n-c´-cw B-cm-ª-bmÄ Iq-Sn-bmWv. ap-à-O-µ-Ênsâbpw K-Zy-¯n-sâbpw Im-hy-km-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 16

²yI-sf C-{X-tb-sd km-£m-Xv-I-cn-¨ a-säm-cp I-hn-bnÃ. kz-´w ho-Sp-am-ähpw cp-Nn-t`-Z-
§fpw ap-XÂ A-¡bpw B-mfpw hm³-tKm-Kbpw sZ-dn-Zbpw se-\n\pw h-sc A-t±-l-
¯n-\v Im-hy-hn-j-b-ambn. {]m-tZ-in-Ihpw tZ-io-bhpw A-´À-tZ-io-b-hpam-b am-\-§-fp-
Å B-tKm-f-I-hn-X-bm-Ip-t¼mgpw A-Xn-sâ th-cp-IÄ tI-c-f-kw-kv-Im-c-¯nepw a-e-bm-f-
¯n-ep-am-bn-cp¶p. kz-´w X-«-I-¯n-sâ hn-f-tbm-Sv ap-Jw Xn-cn-¡m³ H-cn-¡epw A-t±-l-
¯n-\v I-gn-ªnÃ. {]-Ir-Xnbpw a-\p-jy\pw k-aq-lhpw `n-¶n-¨p \nÂ-¡p-¶ a-\p-jy-kzm-
X-{ý-s¯ `-c-W-Iq-S-§Ä N-hn-«n-sa-Xn-¡p-¶, A-kp-cam-b B-[p\n-I Im-e-¯n-Â \n-
¶p-Å hn-tam-N-\-am-Wv k-¨n-Zm-\µ-sâ Im-hy-kz-]v-\-§-fnÂ C-XÄ hn-cn-bp-¶Xv.
{]-[m-I-hn-X-k-am-lm-c-§Ä þ A-©p-kq-cy³, F-gp-¯-Ñ-s\-gp-Xp-t¼mÄ, ]o-U\-Imew,
th\Âa-g, I-bäw, I-hn-_p²³, tZ-im-S\w, a-e-bmfw, A-]qÀ®w, kw-`m-j-W-¯n-\v H-
cp {iaw, hn¡v, km£n.
sI.Pn.i-¦-çnÅ
B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS O-tµm-ap-à-Imhy-ssi-en kzm-b-¯-am-¡n-s¡m-p a-e-bm-f-Im-
hy-cwK-¯v h-¶ I-hn-bm-Wv sI.Pn.i-¦-çn-Å. {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-s¯bpw N-cn-{X-
s¯bpw \n-tj-[n-¨ B-[p-\n-IX-sb {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-]-c-am-bn N-cn-{X-h-Xv-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-
Wv sI.Pn.F-kv sN-bv-XXv. hy-àn-bp-sS A-kv-Xn-Xz-hm-Z-]-cam-b th-Z-\-I-sfbpw B-i-¦-
I-tfbpw kw-ò-Xn-Itfbpw km-aq-ln-I-h-Xv-I-cn-¨v N-cn-{X-¯n-se ]o-V-\-¡m-e-hp-am-bn k-
a-\z-bn-¸n-¨v kz-Im-cy-Xbpw km-aq-ln-I-Xbpw X-½n-ep-Å A-XnÀ-h-c-¼p-IÄ am-bv-¨p I-
fªp-sIm-v B-[p-\n-I-`m-hp-Xz-¯nÂ Xo-£-Wam-b H-cp ap-Jw A-t±-lw \ÂIn.
sI.Pn.i-¦-c-¸n-Å-bp-sS I-hn-X-I-fn-se \n-a-áP-\-X a-[y-hÀ-K-¯nÂ-s¸-Sp-¶ a-e-
bm-fn-bmWv. B a-e-bm-fn-¡v kz-ám-b H-cp N-cn-{X-ap-v. a-[y-hÀ-K-¯n-sâ Po-hn-X-hp-am-
bn _-Ô-s¸« tNm-Zy-§f-Wv sI.Pn.Fkv. D-¶-bn-¡p-¶Xv. Cu tNm-Zy-§-sf hn-`n-¶-{]-
I-c-W-§-fnÂ {]-Xn-jvTn-¡m-\pw B-g-¯n-ep-Å Im-hym-t\z-j-W-am-¡m-\pw k-a-{Kam-b
cm-{ão-b-t_m-[-am-¡m\pw A-t±-l-¯n-\p I-gn-bp¶p. cm-{ão-b-¯n-sâ ]-cnNn-X Nn-{X-
§Ä-¡p ]I-cw k-aq-l-¯n-sâ hn-\n-a-b-§-fnepw kw-kv-Im-c-¯nepw ap-{Zn-X-am-bn-cp-¶
cm-{ão-b-¯n-sâ \n-Kq-V-hn-Nm-c§-sf A-\m-hc-Ww sN-¿p-¶ co-Xn-bm-Wv A-t±-l-¯n-
tâXv. cm-{ão-b-¯n-sâ k-¦oÀ-®am-b `m-jm-´-c§-sf kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâbpw s]m-Xp-
hy-h-lm-c-§-fp-tSbpw Cu-Sp-h-bv-]p-I-fnÂ I-s-¯p-¶ I-hn-X-I-fm-Wv sI.Pn.F-kn-sâ
k-a-Im-en-I-I-hn-XIÄ.
sI.Pn.F-kn-sâ I-hn-X-I-fn-se `m-j F-Sp-¯v ]-d-tb- {]-Xy-I-X-bp-Å-XmWv. Po-
hn-Xw `m-j-bn-eq-sS sh-fn-¨w Im-Wp-I-bÃ `m-j-bm-bn \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-I-bm-Wv sN-¿p-¶Xv.
kw-kv-Imc-s¯ hn-c-Nn-¡p-¶ ap-gp-h³ Nn-Ó-§-fp-tSbpw k-am-lm-c-am-Wn-hn-sS `m-j. Nn-
Ó-im-kv-{X-]-camb tem-I-ZÀ-i-\-am-Wv sI.Pn.F-kv I-hn-X-I-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶Xv. a-[y-hÀ-¤-
Po-hn-Xhpw kw-kv-Im-c-hpw Ip-sd Nn-Ó-§-fmbpw A-h-bp-sS hym-I-c-W-ambpw \n-e-\nÂ-
¡p¶p.
_w-KmÄ, \n-iÐ-X, A-tbm[y, B-\-µ³ Xp-S§n-b B-Zy-L-«-I-hn-X-I-fn-se ap-
dpIn-b Xo-{h-C-S-Xp-]-£ I-Wn-i-hm-Z-¯n-sâ Øm\-¯v B-tßm-]-lm-k-¯n-sâ Np-S-
e¨n-cn-bm-Wv sI.Pn.F-kn-sâ ]nÂ¡m-e I-hn-X-I-fnÂ \n-d-bp-¶Xv. Im-]-Syw, s]m-§¨w,
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 17
F-XnÀ-¡-s¸-tS-h-tbm-Sv H-¯p-XoÀ¸v, \-thm°m-\ hn-¹-h-]m-XI-sf ssI-sbm-gn-ªv
hy-àn-Xm-ev-]-cy-kw-c-£-W¯n-sem-Xp-§n-b-Xn-sâ a-\x-km-£n-¡p-¯v XpS-§n Xm\pw
Xm-\pÄ-s¸-Sp-¶ \m-Kcn-I a-e-bm-fn a-[y-hÀ-Khpw t\-cn-Sp-¶ A-ßo-b-{]-Xn-k-Ôn-bp-sS
`n-¶-X-e-§-fm-W-t±-l-¯n-sâ I-hn-X-bnÂ B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv.
_m-e-N-{µ³ Np-Ån-¡m-Sv
_m-e-N-{µ³ Np-Ån-¡m-Sn-sâ Im-hy`m-j ]m-c¼-cy Imhy-t_m-[-¯n-sâ NqSpw
Nqcqw DÄ-s¡-m-tÅ--XmWv. `m-j-bn-se sNmÂ-h-Sn-hp-I-sfbpw hr-¯-t`-Z-§-tfbpw
lr-Zn-Ø-am-¡n _m-e-N-{µ³ X-sâ B-ćn-I Po-hnX-s¯ B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡m³ B-[p-\n-X-
I-bv-¡p-ÅnÂ Xm-f-_-²hpw K-Zym-ß-I-hpam-b Im-hy-hy-h-lm-c§-sf cq-]-s¸-Sp-¯n-sb-
Sp¯p. hÀ-¯-am-\-Im-e-¯n-sâ ]o-U-\m-\p-`-h-§-sf-t¸mepw hy-àym-\p-`-h-X-e-¯n-te-
¡v B-hm-ln-s¨-Sp-¯v ']m-Sp-¶ ]n-im-Nnsâ' DÄ-ap-g-¡-t¯m-sS B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p¶p. F-
gp-]-Xp-I-fn-se sN-dp-¸-¯n-sâ hy-YI-sf _m-e-N-{µ-sâ I-hn-X-IÄ G-äp-hm-§p¶p. l-
Xm-ibÀ, G-Im-InIÄ, ]o-UnXÀ, {`ãÀ, ho-Sp-hn-«n-d-§n-bhÀ, a-[y-hÀ-¤-¯n-sâ At[m-
tem-I-hm-k-\IÄ, t{]-X-ZÀ-i-\-]-cam-b sh-fn-]m-Sp-IÄ C-h-sbm-s¡-bm-bn-cp-¶p _m-e-
N-{µ-sâ I-hn-X-bn-se N-cn-{X-]-cn-k-c§Ä. "F-s¶-¡p-dn-¨v F-gp-Xp-t¼mÄ Rm³ a-\p-jy-
s\-¡p-dn-¨p X-s¶-bm-Wv F-gp-Xp-¶Xv" F-¶v _m-e-N-{µ³ ]-d-bp-¶pv. I-hn-bp-sS ]o-U-
\m-hØ tem-I-¯n-sâ A-\p-`-h-§-fn-te-¡v km-[m-c-Wo-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-XmWv. ]-Xn-s\-
«p I-hn-XIÄ, A-am-hmkn, KkÂ, am-\-km-´-cw, {Um¡p-f F-¶n-h-bm-Wv {][m-\ I-hn-
Xm-k-am-lm-c-§Ä.
B-[p-\n-I-X C-¶v
B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS `m-hp-I-Xz-]m-c-¼cyw t]-dp-¶ H-cp Iq-«w bp-h-I-hn-IÄ a-e-bm-f-
¯nÂ Im-hy-\nÀ-½n-Xn-bnÂ hym-]-cn-¡p-¶pv. F.A-¿¸³, H.hn.D-j, hn-Pb-e-£van,
tdmkv-tacn, Sn.]n-cm-Poh³, d-ô-¡v A-l-½Zv, tPmk-^v sh¬-taen, A³-hÀ Aen, A-
\n-Xm-X¼n, ]n.]n cm-a-N-{µ³ Xp-S-§n-b-h-cp-sS I-hn-X-IÄ `m-jm-hn-¹-h-¯n-sâ ss]-Xr-
Iw t]-dp-¶-h-cmWv. A-kv-Xn-Xz-Imw-£-IÄ hy-àn-]-c-X-bnÂ \n-¶v N-cn-{X-]-c-X-bnÂ ]p-
\À-hm-b-\m-hn-t[-b-am¡n. kz¯w, k-¯, A-\p-`-hw, `m-j, \m-S-Io-b-Im-hy-cq-]w Xp-S-
§n-bh-sb kw-_-Ôn-¨p-Å ]p-Xn-sb sh-fn-hpIÄ Cu I-hn-X-bp-sS kz-`m-hw cq-]-s¸-
Sp¯n. C-S-Xp-]-£ I-£n-I-tfm-Sv B-`n-apJyw ]p-eÀ¯n-b I-hn-Ifpw a-säm-cp co-Xn-bnÂ
A-Xv DÄ-s¡m-Åp-Ibpw {]-t_m-[-\m-ß-I-co-Xn-bnÂ B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. Np-
cp-¡-¯nÂ A-dp-]-Xp-I-fnÂ D-Zbw-sIm- B-[p-\n-I-X Im-hy-`m-j-bnepw _nw-_-hn-\ym-
k-¯nepw h-cp¯n-b A-«na-dn a-e-bm-fn-I-bp-sS `m-hp-I-Xz-s¯ hf-sc B-g-¯nÂ X-s¶
kzm-[o-\n-¨n-«pv.
Ihn-{X-bw a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bnÂ h-cp¯n-b am-äw \nÀ-®m-b-I-amWv. Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bv-
¡v hgn-sbm-cp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p AhÀ. Im-ev-]-\n-Om-b-bpÅ Bhn-jv-I-c-Whpw J-Þ-
Im-hy-§fpw `m-h-Ko-X-§fpw t]m-ep-Å ]p-Xp-P-\p-Êp-Ifpw h-gn A-hÀ am-ä-¯n-sâ {]-
hN-\w \-S¯n. B am-ä-¯n-sâ ]pÃm-¦p-gÂ hm-Z-I-cm-bn-cp-¶p C-S¸-Ån cm-L-h³-]n-
Åbpw N-§¼p-g Ir-jv-W-]n-Å-bpw. 1930þI-fn-se A-kz-Øam-b Im-em-h-Ø-bnÂ A-
h-cp-sS kz-cw hn-j-®hpw th-Z-\m-`-cn-X-hp-ambn. kw-Ko-Xmß-Ihpw B-ßm-em-]-\-{]-[m-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 18

\-hpam-b I-hn-X-bn-eq-sS C-S¸-Ån Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bp-sS h-c-h-dn-bn-¨p. N-§¼p-g A-Xv X-
cw-K-am-¡n-¯oÀ¯p. tI-c-fo-b-k-aq-lw ITn-\am-b Xn-cn-¨-Sn-IÄ t\-cn-« Im-e-am-bn-cp-¶p
ap-¸-XpIÄ. A-\m-Nm-c-§Ä¡pw Pm-Xo-bam-b D-¨-\o-N-\-Xz-§Ä¡pw F-Xncm-b k-a-c-
¯n-\v cm-{ão-b-am-\w ssI-h¶p. 1929þ47 Ime-s¯ tem-Im-hØ s]m-Xp-hm-bn X-IÀ-
¨bpw th-Z-\bpw \n-d-ª-Xm-bn-cp¶p. km-¼¯n-I X-IÀ-¨bpw a-lm-bp-²hpw Cu Im-
e-b-f-hn-s\ C-cp--Xm-¡n-XoÀ¯p. {]-Xym-im-c-ln-Xam-b Cu L-«-¯n-sâ th-Z-\-IÄ B-
ß-th-Z-\-I-fm-bn kzo-I-cn-¨m-Wv N-§¼p-g F-gp-Xn-bXv. h-Å-t¯mÄ ]m-c-¼-cy-¯nÂ hn-
I-kn-¡m³ Xp-S§n-b I-hnX-sb B-ßm-\m-em-]-\-¯n-sâ Xo-{h-X-bnÂ N-§¼p-g ew-
Ln¨p. kz-bw kw-km-cn-¡p-¶ `mj-sb A-gn-¨p-hn«p-sIm-v N-§¼p-g Im-hy-`m-j-bnÂ
hn-¹hw \-S¯n. ]n-ev¡m-e I-hn-IÄ-¡v `mjm-t_m-[w \-ÂInbXn-t\m-sSm-¸w X-§Ä
hn«p-t]m-tc- C-S-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ t_m-[w Iq-Sn \-evIn-b a-[p-im-e-bm-bn N-§-¼p-g-
bp-sS I-hnX.
B hn«p-t]m-I-em-Wv Ip-ªn-cm-a³-\m-b-tcbpw CS-tÈ-cn-tb-bpw-ssh-em-¸n-Ån-
sbbpw km-[yam-¡n-bXv. Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bv-¡v bm-YmÀ-Xy-¯n-sâ I-®p-IÄ \-ev-Ip-I-bm-
bn-cp-¶p AhÀ. \-K-c-h-Xv-I-c-Whpw P-·n-¯-X-IÀ-¨bpw im-kv{Xo-b-k-ao-]-\-hp-saÃmw
tNÀ¶vv kr-ãn-¨ ]pXn-b Po-hn-Xm-h-Ø-bnÂ tI-c-fm-b-Po-hn-X-hp-ambpw {]-Ir-Xn-bp-am-
bpw _-Ô-¸w-«p hn-I-kn-¨ B-[p\n-I kz-`m-h-ap-Å I-hn-X-bm-bn-cp-¶p AXv. Ip-ªn-cm-
a³-\m-b-cnÂ tI-c-f-{]-IrXn-tbmSpw `q-X-Im-e-t¯m-Sp-ap-Å kmw-kv-Imcn-I kw-hm-Z-
ambpw ss]-Xr-I-¯n-sâ ]p-\-cm-h-l-\-ambpw C-S-tÈ-cn-bnÂ {Kmao-W IÀ-j-I-Po-hn-X-
¯n-sâ sImSn-b bm-YmÀ-Xy-§-tfm-Spw X-sâ Im-e-L-«-¯nssâ N-cn-{X-tÃm-Sp-ap-Å kw-
hm-Z-ambpw Im-ev-]-\n-I-X hn-I-kn¨p. B-[p\n-I im-kv-{X-t¯m-Sp-Å _-Ô-¯nÂ \n-¶p
]n-d-¶pho-W IÀ-¡-iam-b bpàn-t_m-[hpw ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bn-ep-Å hn-izm-khpw Im-hy-]-
cam-N A-¨-S-¡hpw ssh-tem-¸n-Ån-bp-sS Cu-W-§Ä-¡v ssh-Zyp-X-Im-ń \-ev-In.
cq-]-{]-ta-b-§-fn-ep-Å \-ho-I-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p A-dp-]-Xp-I-fn-se B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS
kz-`mhw. B-¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡-cp-sS Ip-cp-t£{Xw F-¶ I-hn-X-bmWv Cu \-h-X-cw-K-¯n-\v {]-
[m-\-ambpw hn-¯p-]m-In-bXv. F³. hn Ir-jv-W-hm-cnbÀ, am-[-h³ A-¿-¸¯v, F³.
F³ I-¡mSv, Fw.F³ ]m-epcv, Fw tKm-hnµ³, B-äqÀ c-hn-hÀ-½ Xp-S§n-b I-hn-I-fn-
eq-sS B-[p\n-I Ihn-X A-Xn-sâ {]-Imi-\w tX-Sn. hy-àn-bp-sS kz-Imcy-tem-I-s¯-¡p-
dn-¨p-Å ZmÀ-È-\n-Iam-b hym-Ipe-X Cu I-hn-X-b]-sS kz-`m-h-am-bn-cp¶p. Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-
bp-sS kq-£v-a-hmZyw B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS B-Zy-\m-fp-I-fn-se Im-hy-`m-j-bnÂ an-Sn-¨n-
cp¶p. B-Jym-\-¯nepw B-hn-jv-¡m-c-¯nepw h-kv-Xp-\n-jvT-X H-gn-hm-¡p-Ibpw 'F-t¶m-
sSm-gn-sI Fń-t\m-Sp-ap-Å _m-[y-X-IÄ-¡v F-Xn-cm-bn \nÂ-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶ a-t\m-
`m-hw F-gp-¯n-sâ co-Xn-Ifn-sem-¶mbn. hy-àn A-h-sâ kz-´w ]p-tcm-ln-X\pw Xm-Xzn-
I\pw {]-Pm]-Xn-bp-ambn. F-gp-]-Xp-I-f-h-km-\-t¯m-sS bp-h-Xz-¯n-sâ hn-lz-e-X-IÄ B-
hn-jv-I-cn-¨ _m-e-N-{µ³ Np-Ån-¡mSntâbpw F. A-¿-¸-sâbpw Ihn-X Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bp-
sS X-c-fn-X-`m-h-§Ä DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶-h-bm-Wv. N-§-¼p-g sN-bv-X-Xn-\p k-am-\am-b H-cp
Xm-cp-Wy-X-cw-Kw kr-ãn-¡m³ _m-e-N-{µ-sâ I-hn-X-bv-¡p I-gnªp. B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS
c-N-\-I-sfÃmw Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bp-sS ZpÀ-º-eam-b Xp-SÀ-¨-bm-Wv F-¶p ]-d-bp¶-Xv i-cn-b-
sÃ-¦nepw N-§-¼p-g-bp-sS kzm-[o-\w c-N-\-bnÂ sIm-p-h-¶ B-[p\n-I I-hn-I-fp-ap-v.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 19

D-¯-cm-[p-\nI-X
amdn-b Im-e-t¯bpw k-aq-l-t¯bpw t\-cn-Sp-Ibpw B-tLm-jn-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-
¶ hm-¡mWv ‘D-tX-X-cm-[p-\nI-X' B am-ä-§-fm-Wv lm-ln-Xy-¯n-se B-[p-\n-IX-sb A-
h-km-\n-¸n-¨Xpw D-¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS B-hnÀ-`m-h-¯n-\v hgn-sbm-cp-¡n-b-Xpw. D-¯-cm-
[p\n-I k-aql-s¯ t\-cn-Sm³, A-Xp-am-bn G-äp-ap-«m\pw A-Xn-s\ hn-aÀ-in-¡m\pw A-
Xn-sâ kz-`m-h-§Ä {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡m\pw A-Xn-\p-ÅnÂ X-s¶ \n-¶p sIm-v A-Xn-sâ ssh-
cp-[y-§Ä {]-Im-in-¸n-¡m\pw km-[yam-b h-gn-I-sfÃmw ]-co-£n-¡p-¶ F-gp-¯m-Wv D-
¯-cm-[p-\n-IX.
h³In-S D-Xv-]m-Z-\-¯n\pw hy-h-km-b-h-Xv-I-c-W-¯n\pw ]I-cw A-dn-hn-sâ Ip-¯-
I-bv¡pw hn-X-c-W-¯n\pw {]m-[m\yw ssIh-¶, tI-{µoIr-X ap-X-em-fn-¯-¯n-sâ
Øm\-¯v hn-tI-{µo-Ic-Ww \n-e-hnÂ h-¶ ]p-¯³ km-l-Ncyw D-]-t`m-Km-[n-jvTn-X-am-
bn-cp¶p. hn-h-c-hpw, hn-Zybpw [-\w X-s¶-bm-bn amdn-b Cu hy-h-Ø-bnÂ hn-\n-a-b-km-
t¦Xn-I hn-Zy-bp-tSbpw cm-{ãm-XnÀ-¯n-IÄ-¡-¸p-d-t¯-¡v hym-]n-¨p \n-ev-¡p-¶ _-lp-cm-
{ã km-¼¯n-I Øm-]-\-§-fp-tSbpw ]pXn-b cm-{ão-b-{[p-ho-I-c-W-§-fp-tSbpw ^-e-am-
bn B-[p-\n-IXzw ]p-\À-\nÀ-Æ-Nn-¡-s¸-«p. 'D-¯-cm-[p-\n-IXzw' F-¶ km-aq-ln-I-{]-Xn-`m-
kw hn-Ikn-I k-ap-l-§-fnÂ am-{XaÃ, A-hn-Ikn-X k-aq-l-§-fnepw {]-Xn-^-en¨p. tI-
c-fhpw A-Xn-sâ `m-K-am-bn-cp¶p. A-Xn-s\ t\-cn-Sm-\p-Å ku-µ-cy-im-kv-{X-]-cam-b {i-a-
am-Wv a-e-bm-f-¯n-se D-¯-cm-[p-\n-I-k-aq-l-¯n-\v h-gn Xp-d-¶-Xv.
B-[p-\n-Im\-´-c a-ebm-f-Ihn-X
B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS \n-tj-Z[-ambÃ, ]-cn-hÀ¯n-X cq-]-am-bm-Wv a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bnÂ
D-¯-cm-[p-\nIX {]-I-S-am-b-Xv. F-¬-]-Xp-IÄ ap-XÂ B-[p\n-I I-hn-X-bv-¡p-m-b am-
ä§-sf B-[p\n-tIm-¯-c-X-bm-bn hym-Jym-\n-¡m³ A-¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡À {i-an-¨n-cp-¶p.
1979þÂ I-em-Iu-ap-Zn-bnÂ {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨ ‘B-[p\n-tIm-¯-c I-hn-Xm {]m-cw-`-L«w'
F¶ B te-J\w, F-gp-]-Xp-IÄ h-sc-bp-Å D-¨m-[p-\n-I-X-bv-¡v ti-j-ap-Å I-hnX-sb
B-[p\n-tIm-¯-c-sa-¶v hn-fn-¡m-\m-Wv Xm-ev]-cy-s¸-«-Xv.
km-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn-epm-b km-Zr-iy-anÃm-¯ Ip-Xn-¨p-Nm-«w `mh-\-bp-sS kz-`mh-s¯
am-än a-dn¨p-sIm-v B-[p-\n-I-X-bnÂ \n-¶p-Å hn-S-]-d-bÂ ]qÀ-®-am¡n. b-{´-h-Xv-Ir-X-
k-aq-l-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v B-[p-\n-I-X ]p-eÀ¯n-b `-bm-i-¦-IÄ-¡v ]I-cw b-{´-s¯ B-
tLm-j-]qÀ-Æw kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv D-¯-cm-[p\n-I k-aqlw. A-sXm-cp am[y-a k-aq-l-
amWv. sS-en-hn-j\pw CâÀ-s\-äp-am-Wv A-Xn-sâ hn-{K-l§Ä. C-e-Ivt{Sm-Wn-Iv kw-kv-Im-
c-¯n-em-Wv C¶-s¯ k-aq-l-¯n-sâ \n-e-\n-Â¸v. hn-t\m-Zhpw hn-h-c-hpw, kw-kv-Im-
chpw FÃmw C-hn-sS I-t¼m-f-h-Xv-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶p. I-t¼m-fhpw I-ebpw X-½n-ep-Å _m-
Ô-h-¯n-\v km-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy ImÀ-½n-IXzw h-ln-¡p-¶p. kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-hn-hm-l-am-Wv ‘D-
¯-cm-[p-\n-IXzw' F-¶p ]-d-ªmepw sX-änÃ.
D-¯-cm-[p\n-I a-e-bm-f-km-lnXyw A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p¶-Xv B-[p-\n-I-X-bnÂ \n-¶p
hy-Xy-kv-Xam-b tI-c-f-s¯-bmWv. a-cp-¶nÃm-¯ kÀ-¡mÀ B-ip-]-{Xn-Ifpw B-Zm-b-anÃm-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 20

¯-Xn-\mÂ ]q-«n-t¸m-Ip-¶ kÀ-¡mÀ hn-Zym-e-b-§fpw km-am-\y-\n-e-hm-cw t]m-ep-
anÃm¯ tdm-Up-Ifpw A-gna-Xn \n-d-ª D-Zym-K-Ø kw-hn-[m-\hpw `-c-W kw-hn-[m-
\hpw ssI-¡q-en sIm-p-am{Xw A-[ym-]-I-\n-ba-\w km-[y-am-Ip-¶ A-h-Øbpw kÀ-
gv-g-I-em-im-e.p-sS \n-e-hm-c-¯-IÀ-¨-bp-saÃmw H-cp hi-¯v D-Å-t¸mÄ X-s¶ a-dp-h-i-¯v-
G-ähpw ]pXn-b km-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw D-]-t`m-K-km-a-{Kn-Ifpw a-dp-\mS³-sXm-gn-e-h-k-
chpw ^m-j\pw e-`y-am-Ip¶p. ssh-cp-²y-k-¦-cam-b Cu A-h-Ø-bn-em-Wv D-¯-cm-[p\n-
I F-gp-¯p-ImÀ-¡v km-ln-Xy-\nÀ-½m-Ww \-S-¯m-\p-ÅXv. AXp-sIm-v X-s¶ D-¯-cm-
[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS B-hn-jvI-c-tWm-]m-[n-Ifpw B-Jym-\-co-Xn-Ifpw cq-]-`m-h-\bpw hy-Xy-kv-
X-amWv.
ssh-hn-[y-amÀ-¶ G-gp-¯n-sâ h-gn-IÄ
1. N-cn-{X-¯n-tâbpw ]m-c-¼-cy-¯n-tâbpw ]p-\À-hm-b-\-IÄ
2. D-]-`m-Zm-k-àn-¡p ap-¶nÂ hn-e-bnÃm-Xm-bn-¯oÀ-¶ N-cn-{X-t¯m-Sp-Å Kr-lm-Xp-cXzw
3. {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X {]m-amWyw Xn-c-kv-¡-cn-¡Â
4. en-_-d-en-k-t¯m-Sp-Å kw-LÀjw{]Xn-tcm-[w
5. km-t¦Xn-I hn-Im-k-t¯m-Spfv-e {]Xn-tcm-[w
6. km-t¦-Xn-I-Xz-¯n-sâ B-tLmjw.
7. aäp am-[y-a-§-fp-sS B-hn-jvIm-c co-Xn-I-Ä kzo-I-cn-¡Â
8. ssi-eo-an-{i-Ww.
9. kmw-kv-Imcn-I k-tµ-lw
10. N-cn-{X-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å hy-h-Øm]n-X k-¦-ev-]-§-fn-ep-Å A-hn-izm-kw
11. h-kv-Xp-\n-jvT-X-tbm-Sp-Å A-hn-izmkw
C-{]-Im-cw hy-àn-]-c-X-bnÂ Du-¶n B-[p-\n-I-X A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨ ku-µ-cy-aq-ey§-sf D-
¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X Xn-ckvIcn-¡p-¶p. B-i-b-§Ä¡pw Nn-´-IÄ-¡p-saÃmw H-cp kmÀ-
Æ-P-\o-\-cq-]-am-Xr-I (universal design) D-s-¶v A-Xv hn-iz-kn-¡p-¶nÃ.
12. a-\p-jy-{]-iv-\-§Ä-¡v ]-cn-lm-cw \nÀ-t±-in-¨v \Â-Ip-¶ a-Xw, {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{Xw, bp-
àn Xp-S§n-b N-«-¡q-SpI-sf A-hn-iz-kn-¡p-¶p.
13. B-[p-\n-I-X `q-X-Im-e-¯nsâ \-ã-¯nepw A-kv-Xn-Xz-¯n-sâ ssi-Yn-ey-¯nepw B-
ß-h-¯-bp-sS X-IÀ-¨-bnepw hn-e-]n-¨n-cp¶p. D-¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bm-Is« Cu-kz-`m-h-k-
hn-ti-j-XI-sf km-aq-ln-Im-kv-Xn-Xz-¯n-sâ ]p-Xp-cq-]-am-bn I-W-¡m-¡p-¶p.
14. G-Im-Xv-aIam-b bp-àn-¡v ]I-cw in-Yn-eo-Ir-X-hpw s]m-Xp A-f-hnÂ H-Xp-¡m-\m-hm-
¯-Xpam-b _-lp-Xz§-fnÂ hn-iz-kn-¡p-¶p.
15. AÀ-°-¯n-sâ B-g-t¯-¡mÄ D-]-cn-X-e _nw-_-§Ä¡vv {]m-[m\yw ssI-h-cp-¶p.
16. -£W`w-Kp-c-¯n-sâ B-tLm-jw
17. sNdn-b sNdn-b Pohn-X Nn-{X-§Ä h-c-bv-¡p-¶ h-ep-¸w Xo-sc Ip-d-ª I-hn-XIÄ.
F-¦nepw Po-hn-X-\n-co-£-W-¯n-sâ hn-im-eam-b temI-s¯ DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶-h-bm-Wv
k-a-Imen-I I-hn-X-IÄ
18. I-hn-sbbpw I-em-Im-c-s\bpw Np-än \n-¶n-cp-¶ _p-²n-Po-hn ]-cn-th-j-§Ä CÃm-sX-
bmbn. A-\p-hm-NI-\v I-hn-¡v Xp-eyam-b Øm-\w e-`n-¨p. k-aq-l-¯n-sâ G-Xv A-
h-Ø-bn-ep-Å-h\pw I-hn-bm-Im\pw I-hn-X-bp-am-bn k-¼À-¡-¯n-teÀ-s¸-Sm\pw km-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 21

[n¨p. C-Xv I-hn-X-bn-se P-\m-[n]-Xy bp-K-am-sW-¶v D-¯-cm-[p-\n-IÀ {]-Jym-]n-¡p-
¶p.
19. hm-sam-gn-bp-sS kzm-`m-hnI-X
`m-j-bnepw `m-h-¯nepw km-[m-c-WXzw ap-J-ap-{Z-bmbn. Nyp-X-kw-kv-Im-c-sa¶pw A-
Ço-e-sa¶pw {Km-ay-sa¶p-sam-s¡ t]-cp \-ev-In I-hn-X-bn-te-¡v {]-th-i-a-\p-h-Zn-¡m-
sX am-än \nÀ-¯-s¸-«n-cp-¶ ]-Z-§fpw A-\p`-h-tem-I-§fpw B-tLm-j-]qÀ-Æw I-
hnXm-tem-I-t¯-¡v Xn-cn-¨v F-¯p-¶ Imgv-N B-[p\n-I L-«-¯nÂ Im-Wmw. F-gp-¯n-
se cm-{ão-b-ambn, i-àam-b co-Xn-bnÂ X-s¶ hmbv-samgn, h-g-¡-§Ä k-a-Imen-I
I-hn-X-bnÂ {]-Xy-£-s¸«p. 'sImcn', 'tX-¨p-an-\p¡v', 'I-a¯n' 'sImSw', 'sIm-«'
Xp-S§n-b {]-tbm-K-§Ä-¡v ap-¼v I-hn-X-bnÂ {]-th-i-\-anÃm-bn-cp¶p. F-¶mÂ C-¶v
\n-Xy-hy-h-lm-c-¯n-ep-Å ]-Z-§Ä A-tX kzm-`m-hnI-X-tbm-sS I-hn-X-bnÂ A-Wn-\n-
c-¡p-¶p.
20. B-[p\n-I Ihn-X Nn-{X-I-e-bp-sS k-t¦-X§-sf kq-£v-a-ambn D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p. hm-
¡p-IÄ Nn-{X-\nÀ-½m-W-¯n-\p-Å h-c-Ifpw hÀ-®-§fpw B-Ip-¶Xp-t]m-ep-Å A-\p-
`-h-am-WXv. F-kv.tPm-k-^n-sâ 'h-cIÄ' 'Ip-«n-I-fp-sS Nn-{X-Imc³' Xp-S-§n-b-h D-Zm-
l-cWw.
21. K-Zy-¯n-sâ Im-hy-km-[y-X-I-sfbpw kÀ-¤-ti-jn-tbbpw DÄ-s¡m- \-h-I-hn-IÄ
Gsdbpw hn-l-cn-¡p¶-Xv K-Zy-cq-]-¯n-em-Wv.
22. ]-c-¼-cm-K-X hr-¯-§fpw \m-S³-Xm-f-§fpw ]p-Xn-b `m-hp-I-Xz-¯n-\v C-W-§p-¶ a-
«nÂ D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
23. A-\p-`-h§-fp-sS B-hn-jv¡m-c-§-fp-sS Xn-cn-¨n-S-em-Wv A-sÃ-¦nÂ ]p-\-sc-gp-¯m-Wv
hÀ-¯am-\ I-hn-X-bnse a-säm-cp {]-hW-X. ]m-cUn, B-t£-]-lm-kyw, I-dp-¯ lm-
kyw, an-{ic-N-\ Xp-S§n-b k-t¦-X-§-fp-]-tbm-Kn-¨v aq-ey-§Ä-¡p-h-¶ AÀ-°-\m-
ihpw ]p-Xn-b-Im-e-s¯ Po-hn-X-k-¦oÀ-®-X-Ifp-sam-s¡ k-aÀ-°-am-bn B-hn-jv-¡-cn-
¡p-¶ H-cp Iq-«w I-hn-I-fp-v. sI. BÀ tSmWn, G.kn. {io-lcn, kn.Fkv. P-b-N-
{µ³ XpS§n-b-h-cp-sS c-N-\IÄ Cu hn-`m-K-¯nÂ-s¸-Sp-¶p.
D-Zm-: \m-Sy-{]-[m-\w \K-cw Z-cn{Zw
IÀ-¯m-hv Xp-©-¯p-fhm-b Zn-hy³
A-Xn-¦-se-§m-sm-cn-S-¯n-cp¶p
t\m-¡p-¶ UmÀ-hn³ I-Y-sb-´p I-p
(kn.Fkv. P-b-N-{µ³ þ UmÀ-hn³ c-ma-sâ Xn-kokv)
F-¡m-e-s¯bpw am-Xr-Im-Im-hy-§-fm-bn sIm-m-Sp-¶-h-bn-se Imhy-ssi-en-¡v lm-
kym-\p-Ic-Ww XoÀ-¡p-Ibpw H-¸w A-h-bn-se D-Å-S-¡-¯n-sâ D-Zm-¯-X-bv-¡p-t\-sc
hÀ-¯-am-\-Im-e-Po-hn-X-¯n-se £p-{Z-X-IÄ D-bÀ-¯n-¡m-Wn-¨v sImª-\w Im-Wn-
¡p-¶ co-Xnbpw C-hn-sS Im-Wmw.
24. ap³-Im-e-I-hn-I-sfm¶pw t\-cn-«n-«nÃm-¯ km-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sS tem-I-¯m-Wv D-¯-
cm-[p\n-I I-hn-IÄ G-gp-Xp-¶Xv. b-{´-tN-X-\-bv¡pw a-\pjy-tN-X-\-bv-¡p-an-S-bn-se
kwLÀ-j kv-Y-e-am-Wv D-¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bp-tS-Xv. cq-]-¯nepw {]-ta-b-¯n-ep-ap-Å am-
än-sb-gp-¯p-I-fn-eq-sS ss]-Xr-I-t¯m-sSm-¸w kz-bw \-ho-I-cn-¡m³ C-Ñn-¡p-¶ I-hn-
X-bm-Wv A-Xv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 22

Im-hy-`m-j-bnepw Im-hy-cq-]-¯nepw k-a-Imen-I am-Xr-I-IÄ ew-Ln-¡p-t¼m-tg ]pXn-b
Ihn-X B-hnÀ-`-hn-¡p-¶pÅq. B A-Xn-ew-L-\-¯n-sâ kz-c-t`-Zw ]pXn-b I-hn-X-I-fnÂ
i-à-am-Im³ Xp-S-§n. A³-hÀ A-enbpw ]n.]n. cm-a-N-{µ-\pw Fkv. tPm-k^pw FÃmw
DÄ-s¸-Sp-¶ sN-dp-¸-¡mcm-b I-hn-IÄ F-gpXp¶-Xv B-[p-\n-I-X-bv-¡v ti-j-ap-Å I-hn-
X-bp-sS `q-]-S-am-Wv am-ä-¯n-sâbpw X-IÀ-¨-bp-sSpw \n-an-j-th-K-ap-f-vf Im-ew ]pXn-b I-
hn-X-bp-sS cq-]-s¸-S-en-\v a-s®m-cp-¡n \nÂ-¡p-¶pv. B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS A-\p-Ic-Wtam
]qÀ-®tam hn-]pe-\tam B-bn-¯o-cp-¶ I-hn-X-bÃ C-t¸mÄ F-gp-X-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.
N-cn-{Xhpw k-aq-lhpw aqÀ-¯am-b bm-YmÀ-°y-am-Wv ]p-Xp-I-hn-X-bnÂ. A-Xn-sâ {]-Xn-
\n-[m-\aÃ, ]mTm-´-c-Xz-am-Wv ]p-Xp-I-hn-X. B-Jym-\m-ß-IXzw A-Xn-sâ kz-`m-h-§-fn-
sem-¶m-bn-¯o-cp¶Xv Cu k-hn-ti-j-X \n-an-¯-amWv. kzm-X-{ým\-´-c k-aq-l-¯n-sâ
k-¦oÀ-®-X-IÄ I-hn-X-bnÂ {]-Xn-^-en¨p. B-tKmfo-b-X-bp-tSbpw hn-h-c-km-t¦-Xn-I-Xz-
¯nsâbpw cm-{ão-b-an-Yy-I-fp-sSbpw ]pXn-b Im-ew B k-¦oÀ-®-X-bv-¡v ]pXn-b ]mT-
§Ä \-ev-Ip¶p.
A-³-hÀ A-en-bp-sS -"-Im-´-X-bp-sS A-¼-Xp-hÀ-j-§Ä’ Cu ]p-Xp-]mT-¯n-sâ {]-
Im-i-\-amWv. B-Jym-\m-Xv-aI-amWv Cu Im-hyw. kzm-X-{ý-kp-hÀ-®-Pq-_n-en-bm-Wv Im-
hy-]-Ým-¯-ew. 1947 B-K-Ìv 14 AÀ-[-cm{Xn-bnÂ X-e-X-IÀ-¶v ho-«n-se¯n A-¼-Xp-hÀ-
j-am-bn A-t_m-[m-h-Ø-bnÂ In-S-¡p-¶ cm-L-h³ F-¶ kzm-X{ý k-a-c-tk-\m-\n-sb-
¡p-dn-¨v kp-hÀ-®-Pq-_n-en th-f-bnÂ tUm-Iyp-saâ-dn F-Sp-¡p-¶ B-Jym-Xmhn-eq-sS
Ihn-X hn-I-kn-¡p-¶p.cm-Lh-sâ N-cn-{Xw Hcp hy-àn-bpsS N-cn-{X-aÃ. kaql-s¯ cq-
]-s¸-Sp¯n-b kw-`-h-§-fp-sS N-cn-{X-am-WXv. cm-L-h³ F-¶ t]-cn-\v C³-Uy³ N-cn-{X-
¯nÂ hen-b AÀ-°-§-fp-v. temI-¯n-se G-ähpw Kp-W-hm\pw ho-cy-hm-\pam-b ]p-
cp-j³ B-cm-sW-¶ tNmZy-¯n-sâ D-¯-c-am-bn-cp-¶tÃm tIm-k-te-{µ\m-b cm-Lh³.
B cm-Lh-\v ]nÂ-¡me-¯v F-´p kw-`-hn-¨p-sh¶pw cm-L-h³ F§-s\ ]n-¶o-Sp-Å
hy-h-lm-c-§-fnÂ BhÀ-¯n-¨p-sh¶pw \-ap-¡-dn-bmw. k-a-c-`-S\m-b cmLh-sâ \n-Xyam-
b A-t_m-[m-h-Øbpw kzm-X-{ý-]nd-hn cm-{Xn-bn-se ]-ip {]-k-hhpw hÀ-¯-am-\-Im-e-
¯n-sâ hoUntbm Iym-a-d I-®p-Ifpw cm-{ão-b-[z-\n-I-fp-Å ]mT-§-fp-WÀ-¯n B I-
hnX-sb D-¯-cm-[p\n-I `m-hp-I-Xz-¯n-sâ sIm-Sn-b-S-bm-f-am-¡p-¶p.
N-cn-{X-¯n\pw N-cn-{X-cm-ln-Xy-¯n-\pw C-S-bv-¡p-s]-« H-cp \n-i-Ð-X-e-ap-d-bp-sS hoÀ-¸p-ap-
«-em-Wv A³-h-dn-sâ I-hn-X-bp-sS Ø-e-Im-e§-sf \n-b-{ń-¡p-¶Xv. Cu A-ip-`-Im-ew
A-\p-`-hn-¡p-¶ \-K-c-hpw \-Kc-]m-Xbpw ho-Sp-amWv ‘a-g-¡m-e-¯n-se' -Ihn-X-I-fnÂ {]-
[m-\-ambpw sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¶ Ø-e-cmin. a-e-bm-fn-bp-sS s]m-Xp-Po-hn-X-t_m-[-¯nÂ
\n¶pw A-I¶p-t]m-bn ssh-b-àn-I-X-bp-sS Xp-cp-¯nÂ I-gn-tb-n h-¶ I-hn-X-bp-sS
`m-j-tbbpw hnj-b-s¯bpw A-hn-sS-\n¶pw A-SÀ-¯n-sb-Sp-¯v P-\-Io-b A-Sn-¯-d-
bnÂ F-¯n-¡m-\m-Wv ]pXn-b F-gp-¯p-ImÀ {i-an-¨Xv. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn kw-km-c-`m-j-
tbm-Sv I-hnX-sb F-{X-am{Xw tNÀ-¯p-\nÀ-¯m-sa-¶v tPmk-^v ]-cn-{i-an-¡p-¶p. a-e-bm-
fn-bp-sS Po-hn-X-co-Xn-bnÂ \n¶pw A-I¶p-t]m-b I-hnX-sb kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâ hnim-e
C-S-§fn-te-¡v Xn-cn-sI hn-fn-¡p-I-bm-Wv tPm-k^v.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 23

\n\¡p-th-Xv kzm-X-{ýatÃ?
C-hn-sS A-tX-bpÅp
C-ã-apÅ-Xp ]-dbmw sN¿mw
tXm-«nÂ-t]m-bn Ip-fn¡mw
]-d-¼n-se-¯p-¶ I-cn-In-ew ]nS-I-tfm-tSm¸w
Nn-e-bv¡mw
Xn-®-bnÂ X-g-¸m-bn-«n-cn¡mw
A-½bpw A-¸-\pw Iq-«p-mIpw
I-hnX-sb C-hn-sS kw-km-c-`m-j-bp.s sX-fn-a-bn-te¡pw {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS A-Xn-cp-I-fnÃm-¯
sh-fn-¼-d-¼p-I-fn-te¡pw Iq-«n-s¡m-v h-¶n-cn-¡p¶p. hm-sam-gn hg-¡w I-hn-X-bnÂ-\n-
d-bv-¡p¶ tPmk-^v F-gp-¯n-sâ Zr-iy-aqeyw t\-Sn-sb-Sp-¡p¶-Xv I-hnX-sb Nn-{X-I-e-
bp-am-bn A-Sp-¸n-¨m-Wv. tPm-k-^n-sâ H-«p-an-¡ c-N-\-I-fnepw h-cn-IÄ Nn-{X-¯n-sâ Iym-
³hm-kn-te-¡v ]-IÀ-¶m-Sp-¶-Xv Im-Wmw.
B-[p-\n-Im\-´-c a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bnÂ ]-cn-ØnXn-bp-sS km-¶n-²yw G-ähpw Iq-Sp-
XÂ Im-Wp¶-Xv Sn.]n. cmPoh-sâ I-hn-X-I-fv-em-sW-¶p ]-d-bmw. tN-X-\hpw A-tN-X-\-
hpam-b {]-Xo-I-§Ä I-hn-X-bp-sS L-S\-sb \nÀ-®-bn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. {]-Ir-Xn Zr-
iy§Ä, {]-Ir-Xn-]m-T§Ä, acw, X-Sm-I§Ä, D-dp-¼v, ]q-¨, a-Õyw, B-a, Im-¡, ao³
]n-Sp¯w, shÅw, ]p-g F-¶n§-s\ X-e-s¡-«nepw {]-ta-b-¯nepw Hcp-t]m-se ]-cn-
ØnXn km-¶n²yw h-cp-¶ c-N-\-IÄ cm-Po-h-tâ-Xm-bn-«p-v.
I-c-bv-¡p ]n-Sn-¨n-«
ao³ t]mse
]n-S-bp-¶ I-S-enÂ(a-Õyw)
t]m-b th-\-enÂ
ho-«n-se In-W-dnÂ
H-cp \oÀ-t¡men
A-Xn-s\ tam-ln-¨
c-p X-h-fIÄ
Ah-sb Nq-gv-¶p \n-¶
]-¨-¸m-b-enÂ
]-c-kv]-cw ]p-WÀ¶p InS¶p
N-¯p (shÅw)
C§-s\ F-hn-sS t\m-¡n-bmepw {]-Xo-I-§Ä ]-cn-Øn-Xn ku-lr-Zw Øm-]n-¡p-¶-Xm-
bn Im-Wmw.
Hm-tcm {Km-ahpw `n-¶-cp-Nn-I-fp-sSbpw Im-gv-N-I-fp-sSbpw K-Ô-§-fp-sSbpw kv-]À-i§-fp-
sSbpw \m-\m-Xz-§-fn-se G-I-Xz-amWv. ]m-cn-ØnXn-I \·-sb Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡p-¶Xp-sIm-
mWv Cu ssh-Pm-Xy-¯n-se k-Po-h-X \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶Xv. Cu A-´-co-£-¯n-te-¡m-
Wv Ir-{Xn-a-Xzhpw G-I-ap-J-hpam-b A-[n-\n-th-i-kw-kv-Im-cw I-S-¶p-h-cp-¶-Xv. H-ä-cp-Nn-
bp-tSbpw G-I-co-Xn-bp-tSbpw X-Xz-im-kv-{X-am-Wv A-hÀ ap-t¶m-«p h-bv-¡p-¶Xv. ]-cn-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 24

ØnXn-bp-sS ssh-hn-²yhpw N-e-\m-ß-I-Xbpw C-Xn-sâ ap-¶nÂ \-ã-am-Ip¶p. Cu ]-c-
Wm-a-¯n-sâ tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯-em-Wv ]n. ]n cm-a-N-{µ³ 'am-¼-g-¡mew' F-¶ I-hn-X-bn-eq-
sS \-S-¯p-¶Xv. \m-«n³-]pd-s¯ am-§-IÄ-s¡Ãmw cpNn Cu amw-tKm-{^q-«n-¡p-
ÅXmtWm F-¶ a-I-fp-sS tNm-Zy-¯n-\v D¯-cw I-s-t¯-n h-cp-¶ H-cÑ³. A-bmÄ
H-cp Im-e-L-«-¯n-se- tI-c-f-{]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS B-Jym-\-¯ne-sS `q-X-Im-e-kw-kv-Imc-s¯
A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv. am-¼-g-¡m-e-¯n-te-¡p-Å Cu a-S-¡-bm-{X am-hp-I-fp-tSbpw am-
§-I-fp-sSbpw ssh-hn-²y-¯n-te-¡p-Å bm-{X-bmWv. cp-Nn-I-fn-sSbpw K-Ô-§-fp-sSbpw
Im-gv-N-I-fp-sSbpw H-cp ku-hÀ-® {Km-a-]-Ým-¯-ew A-Ñ³ B-hn-jv-Icn-¡p-t¼mÄ H-tc
cp-Nn-bp-tSbpw Im-gv-N-bp-sSbpw C-¯n-cn h-«-¯nÂ Po-hn-t¡-n-h-cp-¶ a-IÄ-¡v AÑ-
sâ Im-eL«w Hu-ÕpIyw \n-d-ª-Xm-Wv.
A-h-km-\-s¯ a[p
I-Whpw h-en-ö¼n
sb-dnbpw t\-cw am§þ
b-n-¡p Xp-W t]mImþ
s\mcp-h³ thWw; \msf
B hn-¯p ap-f-bv¡Ww
X-Wepw tX\pw I\n
ª-cp-fm³ Xp-W-bv¡Ww
]m-cn-ØnXn-I Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ \³-a Cu h-cn-I-fnÂ Xp-fp-¼n \nÂ-¸pv. F-¶mÂ C-¶m-
I-s« A-¯-cw P-·-§-sf-sbÃmw \-in-¸n-¡p-¶ tI-h-eam-b B-\-µw am-{X-am-Wp-ÅXv.
hm-§p-I Ip-Sn-¡pI
]p-d-t¯-s¡-dnbp-I
Po-hn-Xw \n-d-s¨mco
Iq-Sp-IÄ \m-tf-¡nÃ
{Kmao-W \-· C-hn-sS It¼m-f-h-Xv-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶p.
Z-fn-sX-gp-¯p-ImÀ
N-cn-{X-Im-c-amÀ tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯msX-t]m-b, km-ln-Xy-Im-c³-amÀ Im-Wm-sX t]mb A-Sn-bm-
f P-\-hn-`mK-§-fp-sS Po-hn-Xw ap-Jy-[m-c-bn-te-¡v I-S-¶p-h-cn-Ibpw D-¯-cm-[p\n-I a-e-
bm-f-I-hn-X-bn-se i-àam-b H-cp [m-c-bm-bn-¯o-cp-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp.. Z-fn-sX-gp-¯v H-cpX-
cw {]-Xn-tcm[hpw A-tX ka-bw A-Xn-Po-h-\ X-{´-hp-am-sW-¶v ]-d-bmw. ]m-d-I-sfbpw
a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-s¯-bpw tNÀ-¯p-h¨p-sIm-p-Å Fw. _n -a-t\m-Pnsâ ]m-d-IÄ F-¶
c-N-\ Z-fn-X-Nn-´-sImpw ]m-cn-ØnXn-I A-ht_m-[w sIm-pw {i-t²-b-amWv. I-dp-¯
\n-d-hpw, ]-Xp-s¡-bp-Å h-fÀ-¨-bpw, X-IÀ-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ kz-Xzhpw C-cp-hn-`m-K-¯n-\p-apv.
A-Xn-s\ \n-b{ń-¡m³ A-hÀ-¡v B-Ip-¶nÃ. Xp-e-ª IÃnÂ Im-Wp¶-Xv Ah-sâ I-
®p-I-fmWv. DS-ª Hmtcm IÃpw Hm-tcm P-·-§-fp-am-Wv.
D-S-bv-¡-s¸-« Hmtcm IÃnepw
H-Sn-ª FÃpw H-gpInb tNm-cbpw
h-cbpw \n-d-hp-am-bn-ImWmw
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 25
D-d-h-IÄ I-®o-cmWv
D-d-¨ ]md-I-tfm-tcm¶pw
hf-cp-¶ I-dp-¯ a-\p-jy-cmWv.
I-dp-¸n-sâ ku-µ-cy-im-kv{Xw C-hn-sS Im-Wmw. Xm-Wbn-S-§-fnepw Po-hn-X-ap-s-¶pw,
Iq-«m-bv-a-bp-sS I-cÄ-Xp-Sn-¸m-Wv A-hn-Sp-s¯ Po-hn-X-Xm-f-sa¶pw D-Å t_m-[-¯n-te-¡v
k-aql-s¯ ]-cn-hÀ-¯n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v C¯-cw F-gp-¯n-\v \Ã ]¦pv. Fkv. tPm-k^v,
Fw-_n a-t\mPv, Fw BÀ tc-Wp-Ip-amÀ, F-kv I-tejv, cm-Lh³ A-t¯m-fn XpS-§n Z-
fn-Xv Po-hn-Xm-\p-`-h§-sf sXm-s«-Sp-¡m-hp-¶ `m-j-bnÂ- B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡p-¶ H-cp ]-äw I-
hn-IÄ \-ap-¡v Dv. A-[zm-\-¯n-tâbpw Iq-«m-bv-a-bp-tSbpw CÃm-bv-a-bp-tSbpw i-Ð-a-
am-Wv A-hÀ-¡p-Å-Xv.
kv-{Xo-]-£ c-N-\IÄ
B-Zn-a-Im-ew ap-XÂ X-s¶ ]p-cpj-sâ Nq-j-W-¯n\pw A-Zn-Im-c-¯n\pw hn-t[-b-
cmbn, A-Sn-a-bm-bn I-gnªp-t]m-¶ k{XoI-fp-sS A-\p-`-h-temIhpw ap-Jy-[m-cm-hn-jv-Im-
c-§-fnÂ I-S-¶p-h¶p. enw-K-hn-th-N-\hpw im-cocn-I am-\-kn-I-]o-U-\-§fpw {]-iv-\-h-Xv-
I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ th-Zn-bm-bn- D-¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X am-dn. Z-fn-Xv -cN-\-IÄ t]m-se CXpw H-cp
B-bp-[hpw A-Xn-Po-h-\-X-{´hpw B-bncp¶p. k-a-Im-en-I-a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn-se {i-t²-
bam-b kv{Xo km-¶n-²y-§-fm-Wv hn.Fw. Kn-cn-P, km-hn{Xn cm-Poh³, hn-P-b-e-£van,
tdmkv-tacn, A-\n-Xm-X¼n, I-Wn-tamÄ, B-im-e-X Xp-S-§n-b-h-cp-tSXv. kv-{XoXzw F-¶
A-hØ-sb i-co-cw sImpw a-\Êp-sImpw A-\p-`-hn-¡p-t¼m-gp-m-Ip-¶ kq-£v-a-
`w-Kn-Ifpw km-{µ-X-I-fpw B-k-àn-Ifpw H-s¡ A-hÀ B-hn-jv-I-cn-¨v ]p-cp-j-`n-¶am-b
H-cp A-\p-`-h-temI-s¯ {]-Im-in-¸n-¡p-I-bp-mbn. ]-cn-Øn-Xn kvv-{Xo-hm-Z-¯n-t³-Xm-b
{]-tXy-I-X-IÄ ]p-eÀ-¯p-¶ G-Xm\pw c-N-\-IÄ ]p-d-¯p-h¶-Xv {]-tXy-Iw ]T-\w AÀ-
ln-¡p-¶-h-bmWv.
Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bp-sS I-S-¶p-hc-hv D-¯-cm-[p\n-I I-hn-X-bnepw
B-[p-\n-I-X-bn-se-¶h-®w D-¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bn-te¡pw Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bp-sS H-cp ]m-
X \o-fp¶p. ]-t£ A-Xv B-tLm-j-]qÀ-Æam-b H-cp h-chÃ. hn-Im-c-¯n-tâbpw In-\m-
hn-tâbpw Ip-s¯m-gp¡Ã. {]-Xy-£-¯n-\p-]I-cw ]-tcm-£-`m-h-§-fnÂ Im-ev-]-\n-Iam-b
H-cp- Xpd-Êv ]pXn-b I-hn-I-fnÂ ]-ec - n-ep-apv. _n-w_m-h-en-bp-sS Xo-{ham-b H-Xp-¡-
¯nÂ sX-fn-ªp Zo-]v-X-am-Ip-¶ ]-tcm£am-b H-cp ssh-Im-cn-I- `m-h-am-WXv. Cu c-l-
kym-`n-apJyw Nn-e A-]-I-S-§Ä h-cp-¯n-h-bv-¡p¶p. A§-s\ in-ev-]-¯n-sâbpw `m-j-
bp-sSbpw ]pXn-b h-gn-IÄ I-s-¯p-¶-XnÂ \n-¶v Ah-sc ]n-t¶-«v h-en-¡p¶p. Cu
Im-ev-]-\nI-X. ssh-cp-²y-§-fp-sS kw-LÀ-j-¯n-\p ]I-cw G-I-kzcw, `n-¶-{]-Xo-Xn-I-fp-
sS a-d-hnÂ tI-{µ-am-bn \nÂ-¡p-¶ H-cp {]-XoIw, hn-Nm-c-§-fp-sS Xp-d-¶ Ø-e-¯n-\p
]I-cw ]qÀ-Æ \n-Ýn-X-Xz-¯n-sâ A-S-ª Ø-ew þ A§-s\ \n-ch-[n kz-`m-h-§Ä Nn-
e-t¸m-sg-¦nepw ]pXn-b F-gp-¯nÂ I-S-¶p-h-cp¶-Xv `m-h-Ko-X-¯n-sâ tam-ln¸n-¡p-¶
B- BtÇ-j-¯n-sâ ^-e-am-bmWv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 26

Im-hy-]m-c-¼-cy-¯n-sâ Im-temNn-Xam-b ]p-Xp-¡-en-\v ]n.]n. cm-a-N-{µsâ ‘Im-sW-
¡msW' ‘c-m-bv ap-dn¨-Xv' F-¶o k-am-lm-c-§Ä-¡v I-gnªp. F-¶mÂ cm-a-N-{µ-sâ
I-hn-X-bnÂ \-h-Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bp-sS \n-gÂ ho-Wp-In-S-¸pÅ-Xv Im-Wm-sX t]m-Im-\m-hnÃ.
ssh-tem-¸n-Ån-bp-sS kzm-[o-\w A-h-bnÂ hf-sc {]-I-S-am-bn-cp¶p. ‘]m-ssekv', ‘a-g-
s¸m-«³' F-¶o k-am-lm-c-§-fn-eq-sS a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bnÂ \ã-am-bns¡m-n-cp-¶ Ip-«n-
¯-hpw, \n-jv-I-f-¦-Xbpw Xn-cn-sI sIm-p-h-cm³ tam-l-\-Ir-jvW\p I-gnªp. Cu I-
hn-X-Ifpw ]p-Xn-sbm-cp Im-ev-]-\nI-Xm {]-Xo-Xn D-m-¡p-I-bpw sN-bvXp.
{]-iv-\-§fpw {]-Xn-k-Ôn-Ifpw D-m-bn-cn-¡mw. G-¦nepw \n-e-hn-ep-Å Im-hy-am-
Xr-I-I-fm-Sv B-[-aÀ-Wy-anÃm-¯ H-cp Iq-«w bp-h-I-hn-IÄ a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bp-sS `m-hn F-
§-s\-bm-hp-sa-¶v kq-N-\-IÄ X-cp¶p. F-¶mÂ AXpsIm-p-am-{Xw ]pXn-b I-hn-X-
bp-sS X-¨p-im-kv{Xw Xo-cp-am-\n-¡m³ h-¿. F-´p-X-s¶-bm-bmepw amdn-b kaq-l ]-cn-X-
kv-Yn-Xn-bnÂ ]pXn-b Ihn-X A-h-K-Wn-¡m³ h-¿m-¯ H-cp km-¶n²yw X-s¶-bmWv. ]n.
]n. cmaN-{µ³, sI. BÀ tSmWn, Fkv. tPm-k^v, d-ô-¡v A-l-½Zv, hn.Fw. Kn-cn-P,
A\n-X X¼n, sI. cm-P-tKm-]mÂ, ]n.F³ tKm-]o-Irjv-jvW³, a-t\m-Pv Ip-dpÀ, tam-l-
\-Ir-jv-W³ Im-eSn, Zn-hm-I-c³ hn-jv-Wp aw-Kew, cq-t]-jv t]mÄ Xp-S-§n-b-hÀ D-¯-cm-
[p\n-I I-hn-X-bp-sS `q-]-S-¯nÂ Nq-n-¡m-«m³ I-gn-bp-¶ t]-sc-Sp-¯ \m-a-t[-b-§-
fmWv.
{][m-\ D-¯-cm-[p\n-I I-hn-Xm ]T-\§Ä
a-e-b-f-Ihn-X B-[p-\n-Im-\´-cw þ kn.BÀ.{]-kmZw
G-Im-´ \-K-c-§Ä þ ]n.sI.cm-P-ti-Jc³
l-cn-X-ZÀi-\w B-[p-\n-Im\-´-c I-hn-X-bnÂ þ kn.BÀ.{]-kmZv
au-\-¯n-sâ ap-g-¡-§Ä þ F³.{]-`m-Ic³
1. ‘B-[p\n-I I-hn-X' F-¶ ho£-Ww A-¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡-cp-sS I-hn-X-IÄ-¡n-W§p-tam?
]cn-tim-[n-¡pI. (2017)
2. a-ebm-f I-hn-X-bnÂ Zr-iy-am-Ip-¶ B-[p\n-I {]-h-W-X-I-sf¸-än {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-I?
(2015)
3. B-[p\n-I I-hn-X-bp-sS G-sXÃmw {]-h-W-X-I-fm-Wv F³.F³.I-¡m-Sn-sâbpw k-¨n-
Zm-\-µ-sâbpw I-hn-X-I-fnÂ Im-Wm-\m-hp-I? (2014)
4. ‘B-[p-\n-I-X' (Modernity) F-¶-Xn-\v km-ln-Xy-NÀ-¨-bnÂ F-´m-Wv {]-kàn? B-
[p\n-I a-ebm-f I-hn-X-I-fnÂ \n-¶v D-Zml-c-W \Â-In hn-i-Z-am¡p-I. (2009, 2011-C)
5. D-¯-cm-[p\n-I ]-cn-k-c-¯-n-se I-hn-I-fp-sS ]p-Xp-c-N-\-IÄ A-´À-`m-h-]-chpw in-ev-]-
]-c-hpam-b _-lp-kz-c-X F§-s\ {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶p F-¶p A-t\z-jn-¡p-I. (2010)
6. ssi-eo-\n-jvT-am-b \-ho-\-X-Ifpw {]-ta-b-\n-jvTam-b ho-£-W hy-Xn-bm\hpw ‘B-
[p-\n-I-X'bp-sS k-am-thi-s¯ Xz-cn--¸n-¨n«pv. Cu \n-co£-Ww ap³-\nÀ-¯n a-
ebm-f I-hn-X-bn-se B-[p\n-I {]-h-W-XI-sf A-]-{K-Yn-¡p-I. (2007)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 27
7. B-[p\n-IX a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bp-sS cq-]-`m-h-§-fnÂ h-cp¯n-b am-ä-§Ä A-¿-¸-¸-Wn-
¡-cp-sS I-hn-XI-sf A-Sn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp-¯n ]-cn-Nn-ń-¡p-I. (2004)
8. D-]-\y-kn¡pI:þ D-¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ (2002)
9. Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bp-sS ZpÀ-º-eam-b Xp-SÀ-¨-bm-Wv a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-[p-\n-IX þ Cu
A-`n-{]m-bw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. (2001)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 28

t]¸À þ H¶v sk-£³ þ _n
aebmfw
bq-Wnäv 6.1
\mSIw
tI-cfo-b \m-tSm-Sn-¡-e-I-fnÂ-\n-¶v kzmw-io-I-cn-s¨-Sp-¯ A-`n-\-b-{]-[m-\am-b H-
cp ]mc-¼-cy-aÃ a-ebm-f \m-S-I-¯n-tâXv. Cw-¥o-jv hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n-sâbpw X-an-gv kw-
Ko-X-\m-S-I kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâbpw k-a-\z-b-am-Wv B-ZyIm-e a-ebm-f \m-S-I-§Ä-¡p-
Å-Xv. km-aq-ln-I-am-ä-§-fp-sS Np-hSv ]n-Sn-¨v \m-S-I-§Ä-¡v am-ä-§Ä kw-`-hn¨p. ]-©-
k-Ôn-k-a-\z-bhpw {]-Jym-]n-Xam-b C-Xn-hr-¯-hp-am-bn-cn¡-Ww \m-S-I-sa-¶ ]u-c-kv-
Xy kn²m´-s¯ \n-cm-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv B-[p\n-I K-Zy-\m-S-I§Ä. A-h-bp-sS {]-Xn-
]m-Zy-hnj-bw ]u-cm-Wn-Iw, sF-Xn-lm-kw, N-cn-{X-]-cw, km-aqlyw F-¶n§-s\ G-Xv
hn-[-¯nÂ-s¸-Sp-¶X - p-am-Imw. ‘cq-]-a-Rv-P-cn-bnÂ' F._m-e-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å C-{]-Im-cw ]-d-
bp¶p.
kw-kvIr-X-\m-S-I-¯n-sâ L-S-\-bv-¡v apJw, {]-Xn-ap-Jw, KÀ-`w, hn-aÀ-i\w, \nÀ-
Æl-Ww F-¶n§s\ A-©v L-S-I-§Ä D-.v K-Zy-\m-S-I-§-fnÂ B-cw`w, a-[y-aw,
Ah-km-\w F-¶v aq-¶v hn-[-¯n-Â \m-S-I-L-S\-sb A-Sn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶p.
C-Xn-s\ hn-h-c-W-L«w, k-tµ-l-L«w, \nÀ-Æ-l-WL-«w F-¶-co-Xn-bnepw X-cw Xn-cn-¨n-
«p-v. hn-h-c-W-L-«w I-Y Xp-S-§p-t¼m-gp-Å Øn-Xn-tb-bpw, k-tµ-lL-«w A-Xn-ep-m-
Ip-¶ ]-cn-hÀ-¯-\-§-fp-sS I-em-i-L-«-s¯bpw hn-h-cn-¡p¶p. \nÀ-Æ-l-W-L-«-¯nÂ
IY-sb A-Xn-sâ A-ý-¯n-te-¡v F-¯n-¡-Xm-b A-h-Øm-]-cn-Wm-a-¯n-\v hn-t[-
b-am-¡p-¶p. C-Xv \m-S-I-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]-g-b Im-gvN-¸m-SmWv. \m-S-I-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å
B-[p-\n-Iam-b H-cp Im-gv-N-¸m-Sn-te-¡v F-¯p-t¼mÄ \mS-Iw F-¶-Xv kw-`m-j-W-¯nÂ
c-Nn-¡-s¸-«-Xpw, hm-¡pw tN-ã-Ifpw sIm-v cw-K-th-Zn-bnÂ \n-¶v t{]-£-I-\n-te-¡v
hy-\y-kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xpam-b Po-hn-X-kw-L-«-\-§-fp-sS I-Y-bm-Wv.
a-ebm-f \m-SIwþ {]m-cw-`-L-«-§-fn-eqsS

bq-tdm-]y³ tIm-a-Un-I-fnÂ \n¶-m-cw-`n¨v, ]m-gvkn, a-dmTn \m-S-I-§-fn-eq-sS X-an-g-
I¯pw ]n-s¶ tI-c-f-¯n-ep-sa-¯n-b-Xm-Wv \mS-Iw F-¶ k-¦Â¸w. tI-c-f-¯nÂ
\mSIw, kw-Ko-X-\m-S-I-§-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv B-cw-`n-¡p¶-Xv. X-an-gv kwKo-X \m-S-I-§-fm-
Wv C-Xn-\v Im-c-W-am-bn-¯o-À¶Xv. `m-jm kw-kvIr-X \m-S-I-§-fpw, X-an-gv `m-jm \m-S-
I-§fpw k-a-\z-bn-¸n-¨v sIm-v H-cp A-h-X-c-W-¯n-\v {i-aw \-S-¶n-cp¶p. C-Xv X-s¶-
bm-bn-cp¶p a-ebm-f kwKo-X \m-S-I-§-fp-sS A-Sn-Øm-\w.
IÃqÀ D-½³-^n-en-t¸m-kv sj-bv-Iv-kv-]n-bÀ Ir-Xn-bnÂ \n-¶v ]-cn-`m-j-s¸-Sp-¯n-b
‘BÄ-am-dm-«-am-Wv’ (1886), (tIma-Un Hm-^v F-td-gvkv) a-eb
- m-f-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ \m-S-
I-Ir-Xn. a-e-bm-f-\m-S-I-c-N-\-IÄ-¡v XpS-¡w Ip-dn¨-Xv tI-c-f-hÀ-½ h-en-b-tIm-bn-X-¼p-
cm-sâ A-`n-Úm-\-im-Ip´-fw hn-hÀ-¯-\-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv. 1882þÂ {]-Im-in-Xam-b
imIp-´-f-hn-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-\p ap-¼v tI-c-f-¯nÂ \mS-Iw F-¶ t]-cnÂ A-dn-b-s¸-«n-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 1
cp¶Xv X-an-gv-\m-«nÂ \n¶pw tI-c-f-¯nÂ h-¶v A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶ kw-Ko-X-\m-S-I-§-fm-
bn-cp¶p. km-lnXy-temI-¯v N-{I-hÀ-¯n]-Zw A-e-¦-cn-¨n-cp-¶ tI-c-f-hÀ-½-bp-sS
hnhÀ-¯-\-]-cn-{iaw Cu Z-i-bnÂ {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-hm³ a-e-bm-fn-Ifm-b km-ln-Xy-Im-c-
·m-sc t{]-cn-¸n¨p. kw-kv-Ir-X-¯nÂ \n-¶v hn-hÀ¯-\w sNbv-X Cu Ir-Xn h-f-sc-b-[n-
Iw B-kz-mZ-I-·m-sc k-¼m-Zn¨p. ]n-¶o-Sv H-«-\h-[n kw-kvIr-X \m-S-I hn-hÀ-¯-\-
§fpw kz-X-{´-\m-S-I-Ir-Xn-Ifpw ]p-d-¯n-d-§n-sb-¦nepw ]-eXpw cwK-¯v A-h-X-cn-¸n-
¨n-cp-¶nÃ. Im-fn-Zm-km-Zn kw-kv-Ir-X-\m-S-I-§Ä a-e-bm-f-¯n-te-¡v ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp¯p-I
F¶ D-t±-iy-t¯msS ‘]-©-cm{Xw', ‘am-[y-ahn-tbm-Kw', ‘Nm-cp-Z¯w' F-¶n-§-s\
A\h-[n \m-S-I-§Ä hn-hÀ¯-\w sN-¿-s¸-«p. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ cw-K-`m-j-sb-¡p-dnt¨m
cw-Km-hX-c-W km-[y-X-I-sf-¡p-dnt¨m A-hÀ Nn-ń-¨n-cp-¶nÃ. kw-kv-Ir-X \m-S-I-§-
fpsS Np-hSvv ]n-Sn-¨v a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ kzX-{´ \m-S-I-§-fpw,km-aq-ln-I-{]-iv-\-§Ä A-h-
X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶ a-e-bm-f-¯n-tâXm-b \m-S-I-§fpw {]-l-k-\-§fpw ]-s¯m³-]Xmw
\qämn-s\m-Sp-hnÂ {]-Xy-£-s¸«p. N-{µn-Im-\m-Sn-I (Ip-ªn-¡p-«³ X-¼p-cm³þ1891);
F-{_m-b-¡p«n (I--¯nÂ hÀ-¤o-kv am-¸n-fþ1893); a-¯-hn-emkw (kn.hn cm-a³-]n-
Åþ1893); N-¡o-N-¦cw (ap³-jn cm-a-Ip-dn-¸vþ 1894), I-Ãym-Wn \m-S-Iw (sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ
sIm-¨p-®n X-¼p-cm³,1892)-, a-dn-bm-½m-\m-S-Iw (]n.sI sIm-ö-¸³ X-c-I³,1892) F¶n-
h D-Zm-l-c-W-§-fm-Wv.
kw-kvIr-X `mjm \m-S-I-§Ä an-¡-hmdpw A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶Xvv sI-«v IÃymWw,
hn-hm-lw, ]n-d-¶mÄ Xp-S§n-b h-tc-Wy-hÀ-¤ Ip-Spw-_ B-tLm-j-§-fn-em-bn-cp¶p.
C¡m-c-W-§-fmÂ km-[m-c-W-¡mÀ-¡v Cu \m-S-I-§Ä Im-Wm-\p-Å A-h-k-c-§Ä
Dm-bn-cp-¶nÃ. C¯-cw k-µÀ-`-§-fn-em-Wv A-h-sb -I-fn-bm-¡p-¶Xpw km-[m-c-W P-
\-§Ä-¡v a-\-Ên-em-Ip-¶-Xp-am-b \m-S-I-§Ä ]n-d-¶Xv.
B-Zy-Ime-s¯ {][m-\ \m-S-I-§-fnÂ Nn-e-h kn.hn'bpsS ‘N-{µ-ap-Jo-hn-em-kw'
(1885), sIm-¨p-®n X-¼p-cmsâ ‘IÃym-Wn-IÃym-Ww'(1881), sI.kn tI-i-h-]n-Å-bp-sS
‘e£v-ao-IÃym-Ww’ (1893), I--¯nÂ hÀ-¤o-kv am-¸n-f-bpsS ‘F-{_m-b-¡p-«n’, sIm-ö-
¸³ X-cIsâ ‘a-dn-bm-½’ (1903), Xp-S-§n-b-h-bm-bn-cp¶p. sNdn-b H-cp C-S-th-f-bv-¡v
tijw kn.hn cm-a³-¸n-Å ‘Ip-dn-¸nÃm-¡-fcn' F-¶ B-t£-]-lm-ky \m-S-I-hp-am-bn
cwK-¯v h¶p. kn.hn'bp-sS ]nÂ¡m-e \m-S-I-§Ä ‘sX--\mw-tIm-«v l-cn-N-{µ³’
(1918), ‘_-Sv-eÀ ]-¸³’ (1921), F-¶n-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p kn.hn'bp-sS {]-[m-\ \m-SI Ir-Xn-
IÄ {]-lk-\w F-¶ hn-`m-K-¯nÂ-s¸-Sp-¶-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
X-an-gv\m-S-I-kw-L-§Ä A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶ N-cn-{X-]pcm-W \m-S-I-§fpw tI-c-f-
¯nÂ K-Wyam-b kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-¯n. cm-am-bWw, a-lm-`m-c-Xw,`m-Kh-Xw Xp-S-§n-
bhsb C-Xn-hr-¯-am-¡n-bp-Å kw-Ko-X-\m-S-I-§Ä-¡v G-sd B-kzm-Z-I-cp-ap-m-bn-
cp¶p. kn.hn'bp-sS B-Jym-bn-Ifpw C-µp-te-Jbpw \m-S-I-cq-]-¯nÂ F-¯n-b-t¸mÄ
]pXn-sbm-cp \m-S-I-k-¦Â-¸w a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ hn-I-kn¨p. X-an-gv \m-S-I-I-¼n-\n-I-fp-sS
amXr-I-bnÂ sk-äp-I-fp-am-bn-«m-Wv a-eb
- m-f-¯nÂ B-Zy \m-S-I-I-¼-\n-IÄ D-m-bXv.
1903þÂ F-gp-X-s¸-« k-Zm-c-a ap-XÂ-¡m-Wv b-YmÀ-°-¯nÂ a-ebm-f \m-S-I-th-Zn-bp-sS
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 2

N-cn{Xw B-cw-`n-¡p-¶-sX-¶v {io.F³ {io-I-Þ³ \m-bÀ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. C-cp-
]Xmw \q-äm-n-sâ B-Zy-L-«-¯n-epm-b kn.hn cm-a-³-]n-Å-bp-sS {]-l-k-\-§fpw
aebm-f \m-S-I-¯n-sâ h-fÀ-¨-bv-¡v ]pXn-b ap-Jw k-½m-\n-¨p.
kn.hnbpw C-hn-bpw
kn.hn
kz´w N-cn-{Xm-Jym-bn-I-I-fnÂ `q-X-Im-e-´-co£-§-tfm-Sv A-t§-äw k-Xy-k-ÔX
]p-eÀ¯n-sIm-p-Xs¶, Xn-cp-h-´-]pc-s¯ k-aq-ln-I-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ \ÃXpw
No¯bpam-b A-´À-`mh-s¯ A-en-bn-¨p tNÀ-¡m³ k.hn cm-a³-]n-Å-bv-¡v I-gn-ªn-
«pv. ‘t{]-am-arXw’ t]m-ep-Å km-aq-tly-Xn-hr-¯-{]-[m-\am-b H-cp Ir-Xn-bn-te-¡p
hcp-t¼mÄ k-a-Im-en-I-k-aq-l-¯n-sâ ]-e ap-J-§fpw AÂ-¸-am-{Xam-b B-\mÑm-Z-\-
t¯m-sS {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp¶p. Xn-cp-h-\-´-]pc-s¯ k-aq-lnIPo-hn-X-¯n-sâ ]-te-X-«p-I-
fp-am-bn kn.hn'¡pm-b Km-Vam-b k-¼À-¡w, B co-Xn-bnÂ A-t±-l-¯n-\v BÀ-Pn-
¡p-hm³ I-gn-ª A-\p-`-h-Úm\w, B-Jym-bn-I-fnÂ ]qÀ-®-am-bpw B-hn-jvI-c-W
km-^Ãyw A-S-ªnÃ. A-Xn-sâ H-cp _-lnÀ-{]-I-S-\-am-[y-aw Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-¶p A-t±-l-
¯n-sâ {]-l-k-\-§Ä. kn.hn cm-a³-]n-Å-bv¡v, \m-SI-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw
]pXn-b-am-Xr-I-bm-bn {]-l-k-\-cq]-s¯ kzo-I-cn-¡p-hm³ t{]-c-W-bpw ss[-cyhpw \Â-
Inb-Xv A-ta-NzÀ \m-S-Im-hX-c-W kw-L-§Ä B-Wv.
kn.hn'bp-sS {]-l-k-\-§Ä ]m-Ým-Xy \m-S-I-¯nÂ kmÀ-h-{Xn-I-X t\Sn-b
kµÀ`w, ioew, B-Nmcw, hyàn-ssh-Ieyw Xp-S-§n-b-h D-]-tbm-Kn-¨v lm-kyc-kw
Dt¯-Pn-¸n-¡p-¶ ‘^m-gv-kp'I-fp-sS kzm-[o-\w DÄ-s¡m-n-cn-¡p¶p. \m-S-I-§Ä
kn.hn'bp-sS C-ãm-\n-ã-§-sf-bpw [z-\n-¸n-¡p-¶pv. A-Ôam-b ]m-Ým-Xy ]-cn-jv-Im-
c¯n-t\mSpw A§-s\ t\-Sp-¶ B-Sw-`-c-§-fpsS ]p-dw-]q¨n-t\mSpw A-t±-l-¯n-\v
FXnÀ-¸m-bn-cp¶p. B-[p\n-I hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n-sâ t\À-¡v ]p-dw-Xn-cn-ªv \nÂ-¡p¶-h-
tcm-Sv ]-cn-lm-kw ]p-d-s¸-Sp-hn-¡m³ A-t±-lw a-d-¶-Xp-anÃ. I-Y-Ifn-tbm-Sv hf-sc Iw-
_w D-m-bn-cp-¶ kn.hn'bp-sS \m-S-I-§-fnÂ {]-kn-² I-Y-I-fn-{K-Ù-§-fnÂ \n-¶p-Å
D-²-c-Wn-IÄ D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«pv. H-cp \S-sâ cw-K-t_m-[hpw \m-S-Im-h-Xm-cI-sâ t{]m-
tbm-Kn-I-Úm-\hpw kn.hn F-¶ {]-Xn-`m-im-en-bnÂ H-¯v tNÀ-¶-t¸mÄ a-e-bm-f-\mS-
I-tem-I-¯n-\v ]pXn-b H-cp h-gn-Xp-d-¡-en-\p Im-c-W-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p.
C.hn
‘ko-Xm-e-£v-an', ‘cm-P-tI-i-h-Zm-kv', ‘C-cp-hn-¡p-«n-]nÅ', F-¶o N-cn-{X-\m-S-I-§-
fn-eq-sSbpw ‘cm-a-cm-P-]-«m-`n-tjIw’ F-¶ ]p-cm-W-I-Ym-\m-S-I-¯n-eq-sS-bm-Wv C.hn \m-
S-I-cw-K-t¯-¡v F-¯p-¶Xv. N-cn-{X-\m-S-I§Ä, ]p-cm-W-I-Y-IÄ F-¶n-§-s\- c-p-]p-
Xn-b-hn-`m-K-§-fp-sS D-Û-h-¯n-\v Im-c-W-am-bn-¯o-cp-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp. 1926 Â F-gp-X-s]-
« ‘ko-Xm-e-£van’ bm-Wv a-e-bm-f-¯n-Â B-Zy-s¯ N-cn-{X-\m-S-Iw. Cw-¥o-jv sdm-am-än-Iv
\m-S-I-§-fp-sS Om-b-bnÂ Ku-c-h-ap-Å H-cp hnj-bw ssI-Imcyw sN-¿p-¶ a-e-bm-f-¯n-
se B-Zy-s¯ KZy \m-SIw. ]p-cm-W-I-Y-bpÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶ B-Zy-s¯ K-Zy-\m-S-I-sa-¶
\n-e-bnÂ k-hn-ti-jam-b Øm-\-aÀ-ln-¡p¶-Xv ‘cm-a-cm-P-]-«m-`n-tj-I-am-Wv’. 1925Â
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 3

Øm\m-tcml-Ww sNbv-X a-lm-cm-Pm-hn-sâ A-`n-tj-Im-h-k-c-¯nÂ A-`n-\-bn-¡p-hm-
\m-bn cm-am-bW-I-Y K-Zy-\m-S-I-am-¡n F-gp-Xp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. {io-cmas\ Cu-iz-cm-h-Xm-
c-sa-¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ B-ZÀ-k-¼-¶\m-b H-cp cm-Pm-hm-bn-«m-Wv C.hn Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
lr-Z-b-iyq-\y-\pw Zp-ã-\pam-b H-cp hy-àn F-¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ hn-`-h-k-¼¯p-sIm-pw,
kp-J-tem-ep-]-X-sIm-pw _p-²ni-àn \-in-¨ I-Ym-]m-{X-am-Wv cm-hW³. C-_v-k³ {]-
Øm-\w a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-¯p-¶-Xphsc Cu.hn'bp-sS kzm-[o-\-X-bm-bn-
cp-¶p C-hn-sS {]-I-S-am-bn I-Xv.
N-cn-{X-\m-S-I§Ä
N-cn-{X-]-cam-b kw-`-h§-sf ap³-\nÀ-¯n F-gp-X-s¸-« \m-S-I-§-fm-Wv N-cn-{X-\m-S-
I§Ä. H-cp `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bpsStbm D-¶-X-Øm-\o-b\m-b H-cp t]m-cm-fn-bpsStbm Po-
hn-X-¯n-se \nÀ-®m-b-I-am-b N-cn{X kw-`-h§-sf A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶ \m-S-I-am-Wn-sX-
¶v ]-d-bmw. C.hn'¡v ti-jw \n-ch-[n N-cn-{X-\m-S-I-§Ä F-gp-X-s¸-Sp-Ibpw cwK-¯v
A-h-X-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN-bv-Xn-«pv. ssI-\n-¡-c-Ip-am-c-]n-Å-bp-sS th-en-¯-¼n-Zf-h,
ImÂ-h-cn-bn-se I-ev-]-]m-Z-hw, kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-¶mÄ C¶n-h C-Xn-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-§-fmWv.
‘th-ep-X-¼n-Zf-h’ C-XnÂ {][m-\ Ir-Xn-bmWv. DuÀ-Ö-kz-eam-b \m-S-Io-b-kw-`-h-§-
fpw, kw-`m-j-W-§-fmepw kÀ-Æ-hym-]n-bm-bn \nÂ-¡p-¶ H-cp [o-cam-b A-´-co£s¯
Cu \mS-Iw kr-ãn-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶pv. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ FÃmhn-[ km-[y-X-I-sfbpw {]-tbm-
P-\-s¸-Sp¯n-sImv, {In-kv-Xp-hn-s\ Ip-cn-inÂ X-d-¨ kw-`h-s¯ B-kv-]-Z-am-¡n ‘ta-
cn sIm-tden’ c-Nn-¨ ‘_-dm-_kv’ F-¶ B-Jym-bnI-sb A-h-ew-_-am-¡n F-gp-Xn-b-
XmWv ‘IÂ-h-cn-bn-se I-ev-]-]m-Zhw’ F-¶ \m-SIw. tI-c-f-hÀ-½ ]-g-Èn-cm-Pm-hn-sâ km-
l-kn-Ihpw [o-c-hpam-b Po-hnX-I-Y tI-f-N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ ]-Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ A-h-X-cn-¸n-
¨ Ir-jv-Wta-t\m-sâ \m-S-I-amWv ‘]-g-Èncm-P’. N-Sp-e-X-bnÃm-¯ cw-Km-hn-jv-Im-cWw,
kw-`m-j-W-§-fp-sS A-\u-Nn-Xyw, \m-S-I kw-`m-j-W-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-Å A-hy-àamb
t_m-[w C-sXÃmw Cu \m-S-I-¯n-sâ \yq-\-X-I-fmWv. \o-e-I-WvT¸n-Å-bpsS ‘th-ep-X-
¼nZ-fh’, ‘C-c-hn-¡p-«n-¸n-Å’, PK-Xn F³ B-Nm-cn-bpsS ‘C-f-b-Sp-¯v dm-Wn’, ‘Im-bw-
Ip-fw sIm-¨p-®n’ F-¶n-h-bm-Wv ]n-¶o-Sv h-¶ {]-[m-\ N-cn{X \m-S-I§Ä.
]p-cm-W-I-Ym-\m-S-I-§Ä
a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ ]p-cm-W-I-Ym-\m-S-I-am-bn-cp-¶p ‘cm-a-cm-P-]-«m-`n-tj-Iw’.
Cu.hn'bpsS Cu \m-S-I-¯n-\v tijw, ]p-cm-W-I-Y-IÄ-¡v k-a-Imen-I Np-äp-]m-SnÂ k-
¶n-th-in-¸n¨p-sIm-v ]pXn-sbm-cp B-Jym-\-ssi-en \Â-Ip-¶ \n-ch-[n \m-S-I-§Ä D-
mbn. _w-Km-fn \m-S-I-§Ä Cu ]pXn-b {]-h-W-X-bv-¡v h-gn-sX-fn-bn-¨-Xv. Zzn-tP-{µ-
emÂ dm-bp-sS \m-S-I-§Ä ]-eXpw hn-hÀ-¯-\ cq-]-¯nÂ a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ {]-Xy-£-s¸-
«v Xp-S-§n-bn-cp¶p. ]p-cm-W-I-Ym-k-µÀ-`§-sf ]p-Xn-b ]-Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ {]-iv-\m-ß-I-
am-bn ssI-Imcyw sNbv-X dm-bp-sS \m-S-I-§Ä¡v, ]n-¶o-Sv `m-j-bn-epm-b {]-iv-\-\m-
S-I-§-fp-sS ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bnepw t\-cn-b-tXm-XnÂ kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-¯p-hm³ kzm-[o-\n¨p.
kn.F³ {io-I-WvT³ \m-b-cp-sS ‘km-tI-Xw', ‘e-¦m-e-£v -an', ‘Im-©-\-ko-X' Xp-S-§n-b-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 4
h a-e-bm-f-¯n-se ]p-cm-W-I-Ym-\m-S-I-§-fnÂ {]-[m-\-s¸-«-h-bmWv. sI.cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-
Å-bpsS ‘cm-h-W³', Xn-t¡m-Snbsâ ‘s]mÂ-¡n-co-Sw', D-Åq-cn-sâ ‘Aw_', hn.Ir-jv-
W³ X-¼n-bpsS ‘DuÀ-½n-f' Im-hm-ew hn-iz-\m-Y-¡p-dn-¸nsâ ‘X]-kv', F³.]n sNÃ-
¸³ \m-b-cpsS ‘IÀ®³' s]m³-Ip-¶w hÀ-¡n-bpsS ‘IÀ®³' C-h-bmWv Cu hn-`m-K-
¯nÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯m-hp-¶ a-äv Ir-XnIÄ.
km-ap-Zmbn-I \m-S-I§Ä.
km-ap-Zm-bn-I ap-t¶ä-s¯ e£yw h¨p-sIm-v B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡-s¸-« \m-S-I-§-fm-
Wv km-ap-Zmbn-I \m-S-I§Ä. k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-se A-Ô-hn-izm-k-§-sf-bpw, kvv{Xo kzm-X-
{ý-¯n-\p-th-nbpw i-àam-b `m-j-bnÂ {]-Xn-I-cn-¡p-I-bpw, A-Xn-s\ P-\-§Ä-¡n-
S-bn-te-¡v F-¯n-¡p-hm³ G-ähpw \vÃ amÀ-¤w Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-¶p 1930 I-tfm-Sv Iq-Sn A-
h-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-« \m-S-I§Ä. CXn-sâ `m-K-am-bn-«m-Wv ‘A-Sp-¡-f-bnÂ \n-¶v A-c-§-t¯-
¡vv’, ‘E-Xpa-Xn', ‘a-d-¡p-S-bv-¡p-Ån-se a-lm-\-cIw' Xp-S§n-b \m-S-I-§Ä A-c-t§-dn-
bXv.
\-¼q-Xn-cn k-ap-Zm-b-¯nÂ ]Tn-¡m\pw Nn-ń-¡m\pw kzm-X-{ýw e-`n-¡m-sX A-
Sp-¡-f-bnepw a-d-¡p-S-bnepw X-f-bv-¡-s¸-« A-´À-Ö-\§-sf ]p-d-t¯-¡v sIm-p-hcn-
I F-¶ \-thm°m-\ ZÀi-\w A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨ \m-S-I-amWv ‘A-Sp-¡-f-bnÂ \n-¶v A-c-§-
t¯-¡v' (1930þhn.Sn `-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Sv), hr-²\m-b \-¼q-Xn-cn-bp-sS aq¶mw th-fn-bm-bn km-
]-Xv-\y-¯n-sâ Zp-cn-X-§fpw `À-Xr-{K-l-¯n-se ]oT-\-§-fpw k-ln-¡m-\m-hm-sX B-
ßl-Xy sNbv-X C-«n-¸m-]v-Xn-sb A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv ‘a-d-¡p-S-bn-se a-lm-\-c-I-¯n-
eq-sS' (1931) Fw.BÀ._n. s]¬-Ip-«nI-sf hn-Zym-`ym-kw sN-¿m³ X-¿m-dm-Im-¯, A-
Xn-\p-th-n B-sc-¦n-epw {i-an-¨mÂ Ah-sc A-Xn\p-t]mepw k-½-Xn-¡m-¯ \-¼q-Xn-
cn k-ap-Zm-b-s¯-bmWv ‘E-Xp-aXn' F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n-eq-sS t{]w-Pn B-hn-jv-I-cn-¨-Xv.
Cu \m-S-I-Ir-¯p-¡Ä FÃm-hcpw \-¼q-Xn-cn k-ap-Zm-b-¯nÂ X-s¶-s]-«-h-cm-bn-
cp¶p. A-hÀ-¡v am-{X-sa \-¼q-Xn-cn k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-se t\cn-b am-ä-§Ä t]mepw Xn-cn-¨-
dn-bm-\m-bn km-[n-¡p-I-bpÅp. Imc-Ww A-X-h-cp-sS Po-hn-X-¯n-sâbpw A-\p-`-h-¯n-
sâbpw `m-K-amWv. AXp-sIm-v X-s¶-bm-Wv A-hÀ-¡v kz-´w k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-se A-\-
§m-]m-d-Ifm-b hn-izm-kn-I-sfbpw B-Nm-c-§-sfbpw t_m-_v sh-¨v X-IÀ-¡m³ km-[n-
¨-Xv.
apÉow k-ap-Zm-b-¯nÂ bm-sXm-cp-hn-[-¯n-ep-ap-Å am-ä-§Ä B Im-e-b-f-hnÂ D-
m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. Zm-cp-Wam-b Cu A-hØ-sb k-aq-l-¯n-\v ap-¶nÂ sIm-p-h-cp-¶-Xn-
\v Bcpw X-s¶ X-¿m-dm-bn-cp-¶nÃ. sI.Sn ap-l-½-±m-Wv C-Xn-\v ss[cyw Im-Wn-¨-Xv. ‘C-
Xv `q-an-bmWv' F-¶ sI.Sn'bp-sS \m-S-I-am-Wv B-Zy-am-bn ap-Éow k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-se A-
Ô-hn-izm-k§-sf Xp-d¶vv Im-Wn-¨Xv. apÉow k-ap-Zm-b-¯nÂ \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶ A-\m-
Nmcw, A-Ô-hn-izmkw, ]m-c-X-{ýw, _-lp-`m-cymXzw F-¶nh-sb Iq-Sp-XÂ Xo-{h-X-tbm-
sS Xp-d¶vv Im-Wn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p sI.Sn'bp-sS \m-S-I§Ä.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 5

{In-kv-Xy³ k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-se A-\m-Nm-c-§Ä-¡v t\-sc \mS-Iw H-cp ]-S-hm-fm-¡n hn-P-
bn-¨ \m-S-I-Ir-¯p-¡-fnÂ H-cm-fm-Wv s]m³-Ip-¶w hÀ¡n. k-aql-s¯ \-·-bn-te-¡v
\-bn-¡m³ km-[n¡pw hn-[-¯n-ep-Å B-i-b-§Ä DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p s]m³-
Ip-¶-¯n-sâ \m-S-I§Ä. ‘BÄ¯m-c', ‘kzÀ-¤w \m-Wn-¡p-¶p', ‘h-gn-Xpd-¶p' F-¶n-h
{][m-\ \m-S-I-§-fmWv.
cm-jv-{So-b \m-S-I§Ä
km-aqln-I {]-iv-\§-sf I-cp-t¯m-sS k-ao-]n-¨ \m-S-I-§-sf-bm-Wv km-aq-ln-I-
\m-S-I-§Ä F-¶ hn-`m-K-¯nÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv. cm-{ão-b {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-am-Wv cm-
{ão-b-\m-S-I-§Ä F-gp-Xm³ F-gp-¯p-Im-sc t{]-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. 1930þ\v ti-jw tZio-b
ka-cw ]pXn-b L-«-¯n-te-¡v I-S¶p. ap-¸-Xp-I-fp-sS A-h-km-\-am-b-t¸m-tg¡pw tkm-
jy-en-kv-äv B-i-b-¯n-\v {]m-[m\yw Iq-Sn-h-¶p.A-Xn-sâ ^-e-am-bn IÀ-j-I {]-Øm-\w
cq-]w sImp. P-·nbpw Ip-Sn-bm\pw X-½n-ep-Å kw-LÀ-j-¯n-\v hm-in hÀ-²n¨p-sIm-
n-cp-¶ A-h-k-c-¯n-em-Wv sI.Zm-tam-Zc³ ‘]m-«-_m¡n' c-Nn-¨-Xv. ‘]m-«-_m¡n' a-e-
bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ cm-{ão-b \m-S-I-amWv. hÀ-¤-k-a-c-¯n-sâ ]-Ým-¯-e-am-Wv C-Xn-
\p-f-f-Xv. P-·n-bp-sS Nq-j-W-¯n-\v hn-t[-bcm-b Ir-jn-¡mÀ A-h-cp-sS A-h-Im-i-§Ä
t\-Sn-sb-Sp-¡m³ \-S-¯p¶ t]m-cm-«-am-Wv C-Xn-se ap-Jy {]-tabw. IÀj-I-sXm-gn-em-fn-
I-fp-sS Po-hn-Xw ]-Ým-¯-e-am-¡n-bpf-f ‘c-à-]m\w' Zm-tam-Zc-sâ a-säm-cp \m-SIw. sX-
t¡a-e-_m-dn-se IÀ-j-I-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ kw-LÀ-j-Im-ß-Iam-b A-h-Ø-bm-Wv C-S-tÈ-
cn tKm-hn-µ³ \m-b-cpsS ‘Iq-«p-Ir-jn'þ1940. a-®nÂ ]-Wn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶ km-[m-c-W IÀ-
j-I-cp-sS Pohn-X {]-iv-\-am-Wv C-XnÂ ssI-Imcyw sN-¿p-¶Xv. `q-an-bnÂ A-²zm-\n-¡p-
¶-h-cp-sS tam-N-\-am-Wv Cu \m-S-I-§f - p-sS e-£yw. Xn-cp-hnXmwIq-dn-se cm-{ão-b-ka-
cw ]-Ým-¯-e-am-¡n Ip-«-\m-Sv sI.cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å F-gpXn-b \m-S-I-amWv ‘{]Xna'. tI-
i-h-tZ-hn-sâ {]-[m-\-a-{ń, Rm-\n-¸ I-½yq-Wn-ãm-Ipw, ap-t¶m-«v, s]m³-Ip-¶w hÀ-¡n-
bpsS ‘tP-Xm-¡Ä', hn-i-dn-¡p Im-äp th-, X-I-gn-bp-sS tXm-änÃ, tXm-¸nÂ `m-kn-bp-
sS \n-§-sf-s¶ I-½yq-Wn-Ìm¡n, C¶-se C-¶v \msf, ap-Sn-b\m-b ]p-{X³, H-fn-hn-se
HmÀ-½IÄ, ]n.Ir-jv-W-]n-Å-bp-sS Po-hn-Xw {]-ta-b-am-¡n ]-cn-¸n³ tIm-Sv apc-fn c-Nn¨v
‘k-Jm-hv', C.Fw.F-Êv \-¼q-Xn-cn-¸m-Sn-sâ Po-hn-Xw {]-ta-b-am-¡n F-gpXn-b C.Fw.F-
Êvv, Sn.sI cm-a-Ir-jvW-sâ tZ-i-{Zm-lnIÄ, kn.sP tXm-a-Ên-sâ hn-j-hr-£w,sN-dp-Im-
Sn-sâ \-½-sfm-¶v ,kz-X{´, ]n.sP Bâ-Wn-bp-sS C-¦p-em-_n-sâ a-¡Ä Xp-S-§nbh {]-
[m-\-s¸-« cm-{ão-b \m-S-I-§Ä.
km-aqly \m-S-I§Ä
cm-{ão-bhpw km-ap-Zm-bn-I-hp-am-b am-ä-§Ä-s¡m-¸w km-aq-ln-Iamb s]m-cp-¯-
t¡-Sp-I-sf-bpw \m-S-I-¯nÂ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡m-\p-Å {i-aw D-m-bn. kzm-X-{ý-¯n-\p-th-
n km-ln-Xy-s¯bpw H-cp D-]m-b-am-¡n-am-ävn-bhÀ, kzm-X-{ým-\´-cw \-thm-°m-\-
¯n-sâ am-ä§-sf DÄ-s¡m-Åp-I-bpw, am-ä-§-fp-sS `m-K-am-bn cq]w-sIm- k-a-c-§-sf-
bpw, A-Xn-sâ km-aqln-I e-£y-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw DÄ-s¡m-Åp-Ibpw X-§-fp-sS \m-S-I-
§Ä-¡v A-Xv {][m-\ C-Xn-hr-¯-am-bn am-dp-Ibpw sN-bv Xp. C-¯-c-¯n-em-Wv km-aqln-
I \m-S-I-§Ä-¡v XpS-¡w Ip-dn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 6
C-S-tÈ-cn tKm-hn-µ³ \m-b-cp-sS Iq-«v I
- r-jn km-aqln-I \m-S-I-¯n-\v D-¯-a D-Zm-
l-c-W-amWv. H-cp ]-g-b \m-bÀ X-d-hm-«n-se Aw-K-§Ä X-§-fp-sS Ip-Sn-bm-·mcm-b A-
_q-_-¡dpw th-ephp-sam-¶n-¨v P-·nXzw h-en-s¨-dn-ªp ]mS-¯p Ir-jn-bn-d-¡m³-t]m-
b-Xm-Wv Iq-«vIr-jn-bn-se {]-Xn-]m-Zyw.
a-ebm-f \m-S-I-th-Zn-bpwþkm-aq-ly \m-S-I-§fpw
]m-Ým-Xyhpw X-an-gv þkw-kvIr-X \m-S-I-§-fp-sSbpw A-\p-I-c-W-§-fnÂ \n-¶pw,
hn-hÀ-¯-\-§-fnÂ \n-¶p-am-Wv a-e-bm-f-\m-S-I-¯n-sâ N-cn{Xw B-cw-`n-¡p-¶Xv. Im-gv-N-
bvv-¡v H-cp Iu-Xp-I-sa-¶ \n-e-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p P-\-§Ä \m-SI-s¯ BZyw k-ao-]n-¨Xv.
]n-¶o-Sv Im-em-Im-e-§-fnÂ \m-S-I-¯n-\pm-b hn-Im-k-]-cn-Wm-a-§Ä-s¡m-¸w B-kzm-
Z-\-¯n-sâ-bpw, \m-S-Im-hn-jv-I-c-W-¯n-sâbpw co-Xn-IÄ am-dn-h-¶p. 1930 IÄ-¡v ap³-
]vv h-scbpw \m-S-Ihpw P-\-§fpw X-½nÂ {]-Xy-£-aÃm¯ H-cp A-IÂ-¨ \n-e-\n-¶n-
cp¶p. B-kzm-Z-\-¯n-\p-Å H-cp D-]m-Zn F-¶ \n-e-bnÂ \n¶pw \mS-Iw X-§-fp-sS km-
aq-ly-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâbpw Iq-sS-`m-K-am-sW-¶pÅ tXm-¶Â D-f-hm-Ip-¶Xvv hn.Sn `-«-Xn-cn-
¸m-Sn-s\-t¸m-se-bp-Å \-thm°m-\ {]-hÀ-¯-I-cp-sS-bpw, A-h-cp-sS \m-S-I-§-fp-sSbpw
I-S¶vv h-c-thm-sS-bm-Wv. km-ap-Zm-bn-I-hpw, cm-{ão-b-hpam-b \m-S-I-§Ä Iq-Sp-XÂ D-m-
bXpw Cu Im-e-L-«-¯nÂ X-s¶-bmWv. k-aq-lw F-¶ L-S-\-bp-sS DÄ-¯-«p-I-fm-Wv
a-X-hpw, k-ap-Zm-b-hpw,cm-{ão-bhpw FÃmw Xs¶. AXp-sIm-v Cu hn-`m-K-¯nÂ-s¸-«
\m-S-I§-sf s]m-Xp-sh km-aq-ly-\m-S-I-§Ä F-¶ hn-`m-K-¯nÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯p-hm-\pw
km-[n-¡pw.
km-aq-ln-Ihpw cm-jv -{So-b-hpam-b A-Ô-Im-c-¯n-sâ \m-fp-IÄ Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-¶p
1930IÄ. tI-c-f P-\-X kz-bw H-cp am-ä-¯n-\v X-¿m-dm-bn \n-¶ H-cp {]-tXy-I L-«w Iq-
Sn-bm-bn-cp-¶p C-Xv. \-thm°m-\ \m-S-I-{X-bw F-¶v hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡m-hp-¶ ‘A-Sp-¡-f-
bnÂ \n-¶v A-c-§t- ¯-¡v ' (hn.Sn), ‘a-d-¡p-S-bv-¡p-Ån-se a-lm-\-c-Iw' (Fw.BÀ._n),
‘E-Xp-a-Xn' (t{]wPn) Xp-S§n-b \m-S-I-§Ä Cu ]-Ým-¯-e-¯n-em-Wv cw-K-s¯-¯p-¶-
Xvv. \-¼q-Xn-cn kv-{XoI-sf A-Sp-¡-f-bp-sS C-cp-«nÂ \n¶pw ]p-dw-sh-fn-¨-t¯-¡v sIm-
p-h-cm-\m-Wv hn.Sn {i-an-¨-sX-¦nÂ, s]¬-Ip-«n-I-fp-sS hn-Zym-`ym-k Im-cy-¯nÂ \-¼q-
Xn-cn k-ap-Zm-bw sh-¨v ]p-eÀ-¯n-bn-cp-¶ hn-e-¡p-IÄ-s¡-Xn-sc-bm-Wv t{]w-Pn \m-S-I-sa-
gp-Xn-bXv. \-¼q-Xn-cn k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-se kv-{Xo-IÄ E-Xp-a-Xn-bm-Ip-¶-tXm-sS XnI-ª G-
Im-´-X-bn-te¡pw C-cp-«n-te¡pw X-Å-s¸-Sp-¶ H-cp Zp-Ê-l Im-gv-N-bmWv ‘E-Xp-a-
Xn'bnÂ Im-Wm³ I-gn-ª-Xv. Cu \m-S-I-§Ä s]m-Xp k-aq-l-¯n-\v ap-¶nÂ F-¯n-b-
t¸mÄ F-XnÀ-¸p-I-fpw, A-tXm-sSm-¸w hn-¹-h-I-cam-b am-ä-§-fpw \-¼q-Xn-cn k-ap-Zm-b-
¯n-\p-ÅnÂ \-S-¶p. k-aq-l-¯n-sâ Xm-gv-¶ hn-`m-K-§-fn-ep-Å-h-cmI-s« X-§Ä-¡v t\-
cn-tS-n h-cp-¶ Nq-j-W§-sf tNmZyw sN-¿m-\p-Å BÀ-Ö-h-hpw Cu \m-S-I-§Ä D-
m-¡n-s¡m-Sp¯p. IÀ-j-I-hn-`mK-s¯ {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-bv-Xpw, a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-
Zy-s¯ cm-{ão-b \m-S-I-hp-am-bn am-dn-bXvv sI.Zm-tam-Zcsâ ‘]m-«-_m¡n' F-¶ \m-S-I-
am-Wv. a-e-_m-dn-se IÀ-j-I-{]-Øm-\-¯nÂ \n¶pw D-S-se-Sp-¯ H-cp I-em-kr-ãn-bm-Wv
]m-«-_m¡n. A-Xn-se I-Ybpw I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-saÃmw IÀ-j-I Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ {]-Xn-^-
e-\-§Ä am-{X-amWv. ImÀjn-I k-a-c-§Ä \n-c´ - -c-am-bn \-S-¶n-cp-¶ Im-e-b-f-hnÂ ]m-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 7

«-_m¡n-t]m-se-bp-Å \m-S-I-§Ä Im-Wm³ ]¯pw ]-{´pw ssaÂ AI-se \n-¶v
B-fp-IÄ h-¶n-cp-¶p-sh-¶Xvv km-aqln-I \m-S-I-§Ä P-\§-sf F-{X-t¯m-fw kzm-[o-
\n-¨p Xp-S-§n-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶-Xn-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. sX-t¡ a-e-_m-dn-se IÀ-j-I-Po-hn-X-
¯n-sâ kw-LÀ-jm-ß-Iam-b ]-cn-tÑ-Z-am-Wv C-S-tÈ-cn tKm-hn-µ³ \m-b-cpsS ‘Iq-
«vIrjn'. a-®nÂ ]-Wn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶ km-[m-c-W IÀ-j-I-cp-sS Po-hn-X-s¯-bm-Wv \m-S-I-
¯nÂ {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¨-Xv. tI-i-h-tZ-hn-sâ ‘apt¶m-«v, X-I-gn-bpsS ‘tXm-ä-nÃ', sI.cm-a-Ir-jv-
W-]n-Å-bp-sS ‘{]-Xn-a' XpS-§n km-aqln-I hn-j-b-§-sf D-¶-bn¨p-sIm-p-Å \m-S-I-
§Ä ]n-¶o-Sv D-mbn.
1930þIÄ-¡pw 40þIÄ-¡pw C-S-bn-epm-b C¯-cw \m-S-I-§-fm-Wv a-e-bm-f-\m-S-
I-th-Zn-sb k-Po-h-am-¡n-am-än-b-Xv. N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bn H-cp ]-cn-Wm-a-Z-i-bn-em-bn-cp-¶ tI-c-
f-s¯bpw C-hn-Sp-s¯ P-\-§-sfbpw \m-S-I-sa-¶ am-[y-a-¯n-eq-sS ]-cn-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-\v
hn-t[-b-am-¡m³ kmw-kv -Imcn-I \m-b-I-·mÀ {i-an-¨v F-¶p-ÅXvv X-s¶-bm-Wv C-¯-
c¯n-sem-cp am-ä-¯n-\v Im-c-W-am-bX - pw. P-\-§Ä-¡v ]-d-bm-\p-Å-Xpw, {]-Xn-I-cn-¡m³
]-ämsX-t]m-b-Xpw, X-§-fp-sS X-s¶ Po-hn-X-s¯-bp-am-Wv Hmtcm \m-S-I-¯nepw A-hÀ
I--Xv. \m-S-I-sa-¶ \n-e-bnÂ a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ ]-co-£-W-§Ä Im-cy-am-bn D-m-Ip-¶-
Xpw, Iq-Sp-XÂ km-[y-X-I-sf tX-Sn-b-Xpw 1940þIÄ-¡v ti-j-amWv. ]m-Ým-Xy \m-S-I-§-
fp-sS kzm-[o-\w C-Xn-\v {]-[m-\-Im-c-W-am-bn amdn.
a-ebm-f \m-S-I-thZn 1940þIÄ-¡v tijw

\m-S-I-th-Zn-bnÂ A-Xv -`p-Xw D-f-hm-¡n-b dn-b-en-k-¯n-sâ t{]m-Zv -Lm-S-I\m-b C-
_vv-k-\m-Wv a-ebm-f \m-S-I-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ G-ähpw Iq-Sp-XÂ kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-¯n-b-
«p-Å ]m-Ým-Xy \m-S-I inÂ]n. tI-c-fo-b \m-S-I-§-fnÂ \m-ev-]-Xp-I-fnÂ G-ähpw A-
[n-Iw kzm-[o-\w D-m-bXpw C-_v k-sâ \m-S-I-§-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. C-_vk-sâ \m-S-I-
§Ä {]-iv-\ \m-S-I-§Ä F¶pw A-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p. km-aqln-I {]-iv-\§-sf tI-{µo-I-cn-
¨p-Å \m-S-I-§-fm-b-Xn-\m-em-Wv C-§-s\ ]-d-bp-¶-Xv.
C-_vk-sâ \m-S-I-§-fn-se Nn-e {]-tXy-I-XIÄ.

• kvv-{Xo-]pcp-j _-Ô-§-fnepw hy-àn-bpw k-aq-lhpw X-½n-epÅ sIm-ÅÂ-s¡m-Sp-
¡p-I-fnepw A-´À-eo-\-amb ssh-hn-[yhpw Zp-c-´hpw `m-h-]qÀ-®-am-bn A-h-X-cn-
¸n-¡Â.
• {]-ta-b-¯n-sâ cw-Km-h-X-c-W-¯n-\v B-h-iy-anÃm-¯ kw-`-h§Ä, cw-K§Ä, ]m-
{X§Ä, hm-¡p-IÄ F¶n-h H-gn-hm-¡n.
• A-\mh-iy D-]-I-Y-Ifpw C-c-«-\qÂ {]-tbm-K-§fpw hÀ-Ön-¨p
• t{]£-sc _p-²n-ap-«n-¡p-¶ ]-cn-Wm-a-Kp-]v-Xn H-gn-hm-¡n.
• Ø-e-Im-e§-sf I-gn-bp¶-{X H-gn-hm-¡n.
• \m-S-Ic-N-\ Ku-c-h-]qÀ-®am-b H-cp {]hÀ-¯n-bm-sW¶pw an-X-Xz-am-Wv \m-S-I-¯n-
sâ Po-h-[m-sc-sb-¶pw t_m-[-ap-m-hp-I.
a-e-bm-f-\m-S-I-§-fpsS am-ä-§Ä-¡v h-gn-sh-¨Xvv C-_vk-sâ Cu \m-S-I-Nn-´-I-Ä X-s¶-
bm-Wv. a-e-bm-f-¯n-te-¡v C-_vk-s\ ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xvv F._m-e-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å-bm-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 8
Wv. 1935þÂ – ‘t{]-X-§Ä-¡v’ F-gpXn-b kp-ZoÀ-Lam-b A-h-Xmcn-I a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ
]pXn-b am-ä-§Ä-¡v Xp-S-¡-ambn. ‘tdm-kv aÀ-tjmw' F-¶ C-_v-k³ \m-S-I-¯n-\v
kn.\m-cm-b-W-]n-f-f \ÂIn-b kz-X-{´m-\p-Ic-Ww Cu L-«-¯nÂ {i-t²-b-am-Wv .
F³.Ir-jv-W-]n-Å
F³.Ir-jv-W-]n-Å-bv-¡v DÄ-s¡m-Åm³ I-gnª-{X C-_v-k³ \m-S-tImÀ-Öw a-
e-bm-f-¯nÂ a-ämÀ¡pw X-s¶ DÄ-s¡m-Åm³ I-gn-ªnÃ. AÀ-°-iyq-\yam-b t\-c-
t¼m-¡p-IÄ¡pw X-In-Sw a-d-bv¡-ep-IÄ¡pw A-c-§v ap-jn-¸n-¡p-¶ h-en-¨p-\o-«-ep-IÄ-
¡pw Ir-jvW-]n-Å-bp-sS \m-S-I-§-fnÂ km-Ym-\-anÃ. au-en-Iam-sbm-cp Pohn-X {]-iv\-
s¯ bm-YmÀ°y-t_m-[-t¯m-sS k-kq-£v-aw hn-i-Ie-\w sN-bvXp. h-f-sc-¡p-d-¨p-
am{Xw I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fpw kw-`-h-§-gfpw kzo-I-cn-¨v Po-hn-Xw I-em-]-c-am-bn hy-Rv-Pn-¸n-
¡p-I-bm-Wv C-_v-k-s\-t¸m-se F³.Ir-jv-W-]n-Åbpw sN-bv -X-Xv . ‘I\y-I'bm-Wv hy-
à-am-b D-Zm-l-cWw. Zp-cm-{K-ln-Ifm-b A-Nv-O-\-½-am-cpsS Ip-ä-I-cam-b A-\m-Øbpw
I-\y-I-bp-sS Po-h-im-kv-{X-]-cam-b P-·-hm-k-\-Ifpw X-½n-em-Wv C-hn-sS kw-L-«-\w.
‘A-\p-c-RvP-\w', ‘_-em_-ew', ‘ap-S-¡p-ap-XÂ', ‘A-gn-ap-J-t¯-¡v', ‘Ip-S-¯n-se hn-f-
¡vv' F-¶o \m-S-I-§fpw Po-h-kp-ä a-\p-jy-K-Ônbm-b kw-L-«-\m-ß-I kw-`-h-§Ä \n-
b-{X-W-t¯m-sS Im-gv-N-sh-¡p¶p. H-cp Zp-c-´-\m-S-Iw \Â-Ip-¶ i-àam-b A\p-t_m-
[-¯n-t·-em-Wv F³.Ir-jv -W-]n-Å-bp-sS kr-ãn]-c-X hÀ-¯n-¡p-¶Xv. C-_v k-sâ \m-
SIo-b k-t¦-X-§fpw c-N-\m-co-Xn-tbbpw H-cp-]-cn-[nh-sc A-\p-I-cn-¨n-«p-v F³.Ir-jv-
W-]n-Å.
F³.Ir-jv-W-]n-Å-bp-sS \m-S-I-¯n-sâ {]-{Xy-I-X-IÄ.

• 1930þ40 h-sc-bp-Å tI-c-f-¯n-sâ kmw-kv -Imcn-I a-Þew.
• bq-tdm-]y³ \m-S-I-§-sfbpw I-em-{]-Øm-\-§-sfbpw ]-än-bp-Å A-h-t_m[w
• UmÀ-hn-sâ ]-cn-Wm-a-hm-Zw
• t{^m-bn-Un-sâ am\knIm]{KY\kn²m´§fpsS kzm[o\w.
• cm-{ão-b km-aqln-I k-¼¯vvL-S-\bn-epÅ s]m-«n-s¯dn.
• \ho-\ hn-Zym-`ymkw
• ]m-c-¼-cy-aqÃy-§-fnÂ \n-¶v hy-Xn-N-en-¡m-\p-Å `m-cXo-b a-\-Ên-sâ hn-apJX.
• Zr-iyhpw {i-hy-hpam-b _nw-_-I-ev-]-\-I-fn-eq-sS cq-]-s¸-« cw-K-`m-j.
• a-e-bm-f-¯n-se {]-iv-\-\m-S-I-§-fp-sS t{]m-Zv -Lm-SI³þ
{]-i-\-\m-SIw
C-_vksâ ‘tUmÄ-kv lu-kv', ‘tKm-kv-ä-kv' Xp-S§n-b \m-S-I-§Ä ]p-d-¯p-h-¶-
t¸mÄ A-Xn-sâ cq-]-hpw, `m-hhpw {]-tXy-I-NÀ-¨-bv-¡v hn-t[-b-am¡-n h-¶-t¸mÄ
]m-Ým-Xy-\m-S-I N-cn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ \Â-In-b-t]-cm-Wv {]-iv-\-\mS-Iw F-¶p-ÅXv. {]-iv-\-
\m-S-I-§Ä k-aq-l-¯n-se {]-tXy-I H-cp cm-jv -{So-b-am-btXm AÃm-¯tXm B-b H-cp
{]-iv-\-s¯-bm-Wv cw-K¯vv A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ th-n Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv.
H-cp {]-iv-\-\m-S-I-¯n-\v H-cp b-YmÀ-° \m-S-I-am-bn-cn-¡m³ km-[n-¡p-I-bnÃ. Imc-Ww
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 9
\m-S-I-¯n-sâ A-h-km-\-¯nÂ t{]-£I-s\ t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ Nn-e-Im-cy-§Ä D-
vv. \m-S-I-¯nÂ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«-{]-iv-\w t{]-£-IÀ X-Ån-¡-f-bp-I-tbm A-Xn-\v
t\-sc ap-Jw Xn-cn-¡p-Itbm sN-bv -XmÂ `m-hn-bnÂ k-aq-lw t\-cn-Sm³ t]m-Ip-¶ `-hn-
jy-¯p-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨v \mS-Iw h-f-sc-hn-e-s¸-«v kq-N-\-IÄ \Â-Ip-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶p. \m-
S-I-§-fnÂ tI-{µ-¯nÂ {]-Xn-jvTn-¡-s¸-« {]-iv-\-t¯-¡mÄ {]m-[m\yw I-Ym-]m-{X-
§Ä-¡pw, t{]-£I-s\ Xr-]v-Xn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ Nn-e \m-SIo-b ap-lqÀ-¯-§Ä¡pw B-
bn-cn-¡pw. C-_v ksâ ‘tUmÄ-kv lu-knse' {]-iv\w ‘t\m-d' F-¶ H-ä kv-{Xo-bp-sS
{]-iv-\aÃ. A-Xv sam-¯w s]-®m-bn-¸n-d-¶-h-cp-sSbpw {]-iv-\-amWv. kv{Xo-bp-sS kv-{Xo-
Xz-¯n-sâ {]-iv-\-amWv.
a-e-bm-f-¯n-se {]iv-\\m-S-I-§-fpsS e-£-W-§Ä

• Hm-P-Êp-Å ]-Z-§-fp-sS Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸v .
• [z-\ym-ß-Iam-b ]-Z-§-fp-sS k-¶n-thiw
• ]-Z-§-fp-sS Im-hym-ß-Iam-b {I-a-s¸-Sp¯Â
• Ip-dn¡p-sIm-Åp-¶ aqÀ-¨-bp-Å kw-`mjWw
• ZoÀ-L{]-tbm-K§Ä, B-ß-K-X-§Ä F¶n-h H-gn-hm-¡n
• Ø-e-Im-e-{In-b-bp-sS sF-Iyw.
• C-Xn-hr-¯-¯n-sâ aqÀ-²-\y-¯nÂ \n-¶v \m-S-Im-cw-`w
• I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS A-\-´x-kw-LÀ-jw \m-S-I-¯n-\v hn-jb- -am-Ip¶p.
DZm: F³.Ir-jv-W-]n-Å-bp-sS \m-SIw, _-em-_-e-¯n-ep-f-hm-Ip-¶ Cu-Un-¸kvv
tImw-¹-Ivkv.
• kzm-X-{ý-Zmlw, hyàn-t_m-[w Xp-S§n-b hn-j-b-§Ä
DZm: I-\y-I-bn-se tZh-In F-¶ I-Ym-]m{Xw
• ‘Ip-Spw_w' H-cp ]-Ým-¯-e-am-Ip¶p.
• a-cW-s¯ a-[p-co-I-cn-¡p-¶ A-hØ / a-l¯m-b Zp-c-´-k-¦Â¸w
DZm: `-á-`-h-\-¯n-se H-cp sIm-e-]m-XIw, a-c-W-hpw.
• C-Xn-hr-¯w Øq-e-am-Im-Xn-cn-¡m³ \m-S-I-¯n-se Aw-K-kw-Jy-sh-«n-¡p-d¨p.
\m-S-I-¯n-sâ Kuc-hw Ip-d-bv-¡p-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-§-sf-bpw, \m-S-I-hp-am-bn {]-Xy-
£-¯nÂ _-Ô-anÃm-¯-Xpam-b I-Ym-]m-{X§-sf H-gn-hm¡n.
kn.sP tXm-aÊvv
a-e-bm-f-\m-S-I-¯n-sâ ZmÀ-i-\n-Ihpw cw-Km-h-X-cW--]chpam-b B-[p\n-I am-ä-
¯nÂ kn.sP \ÂIn-b kw-`m-h-\-IÄ hn-e-a-Xn-t¡--XmWv. C-_v-k\vv ti-jw ]m-Ým-
Xy-\m-S-I th-Zn-bnÂ Dm-b ]-cn-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä t\m-¡n-¡m-Wm\pw A-h a-e-bm-fn-¡v
]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯n-¯-cm\pw kn.sP X-¿m-dmbn. [z-\ym-ß-I-Xbpw B-hn-jv-I-c-W-]-cam-
b ]p-Xp-abpw kn.sP-bp-sS \m-S-I-§-fp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv. sam-m-jn-sâ ku-µ-
cy-im-kv-{Xw, F-Iv-kv -{]-j-\n-Ìv ZÀ-i-\w Xp-S§n-b ]-Sm-ªm-d³ \m-S-I-k-t¦-X[m-c-IÄ
a-e-bm-f-¯n-te-¡v A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨-h-cnÂ {]-ap-J-\m-Wv kn.sP. kn.sP-bp-sS \m-S-I§-sf
km-[m-c-W \m-S-I-§-fnÂ \n-¶pw thÀ-Xn-cn-¨v \nÀ-¯p-¶ LS-Iw A-Xn-sâ A-´À a-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 10
Þ-e-amWv. {]-Xy-£am-b I-Ym-L-S-\-bv-¡v ]n¶nÂ I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS A-´x-kw-LÀ-
j-¯n-\p {Xn-am-\-]-cn-th-jw NmÀ¯n-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶ H-cp Pohn-X ZÀi-\w C-h-bnÂ \-ap-
¡vv I-s-¯mw. a-säm-cp k-hn-ti-j-X `m-h-k-¦oÀ-®-X-bmWv. \m-S-I-hpw, `m-h-Km-\-
§fpw X-½n-ep-Å A-SnØm-\ hy-Xym-kw \m-S-I-¯n-se Zz-´m-ß-Ihpw `m-h-Km-\-¯n-
se G-I`m-h {]m-[m-\y-hp-amWv. kzm-`m-hn-I-ambpw \m-S-I-¯n-se kw-LÀ-j-¯n-te-¡v
h-gn-sX-fn-bn-¡p-¶ Cu Zz-´-`m-h-Xzw CÃm-bv -I-bmÂ ]-e-\m-S-I-§-fpw `-á-in-ev-]-§-fm-
bn-¯o-cm-dp-v . A-h³ hopw h-c-¶p, 1128þÂ ss{Iw 27, B a-\p-jy³ \o X-s¶ Xp-
S-§n-b-h kn.sP'bp-sS {][m-\ \m-S-I-§-fm-Wv.
‘A-h³ hopw h-cp¶p' F-¶ \mS-Iw ss_-_nÄ ]-Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ c-Nn-¨ \m-S-I-
amWv. aq-¶-¦-§-fnÂ {Zp-h-N-e-\-t¯m-sS B-h-jv-¡-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ H-cp Zp-c-´-\m-S-I-am-
WXv. F-¸n-¡v k-t¦-X-¯n-te-¡p-Å kn.sP'bp-sS Np-h-Sv h-bv]v Zr-iy-am-Ip-¶ Cu \m-
S-Ihpw ss_-_nÄ kw-_-Ônbm-b ‘]m-]-hy-Y-tb-bpw ]-Ým-¯m-]-s¯bpw H-Sp-hnÂ
‘hn-Im-c-aq-À-¨-bn-ep-m-Ip-¶ A-\y-h-XvI-c-W's¯-bp-w sX-fn-hm-¡p¶p. C-Xv F-¸n-Iv
\m-S-I h-Xv-¡-c-W-¯n-sâ `m-K-amWv. kn.sP ]qÀ-®-am-bn F-¸n-Iv k-t¦-X-¯n-te-¡v F-
¯p-¶-Xv 1128þÂ ss{Iw 27sâ cN-\-tbm-sS-bmWv.
kn.sP'bp-sS \m-S-I-§ÄþH-cp \n-co-£Ww.
kn.sP-'bvv¡v ap-¼v {]-[m-\-ambpw D-m-bn-cp-¶Xvv {]-l-k-\-§-fpw, kw-kv -Ir-X-\m-S-I-
§-fp-sS XÀ-Ön-a-Ifpw am-{X-am-Wv. C-_vk¬ \m-S-I-cw-K-¯v h-cp¯n-b am-ä§-sf a-
e-bm-f-¯n-se A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨Xvv kvn.sP'bm-Wv . C-Xn-hr¯w, kw-L-«-\w, kw-`m-j-Ww,I-
Ym-]m-{X-§Ä F-¶o L-S-I-§-fnÂ Im-cyam-b am-ä§-sf DÄ-s¡mp-sIm-p-Å am-ä-
§Ä {]-I-S-amWv. {_-lv -¯n-sâ F-¸nIvv \m-S-I-th-Zn-bp-sS kzm-[o-\w kn.sP'bp-sS
ss{Iw \m-S-I-¯nÂ \n-¶pw I-s-Sp-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv .
C-Xn-hr-¯-wþ {]-tXy-I-XIÄ.
Ku-c-h-ap-Å C-Xn-hr¯w
Po-hn-X-KÔn
ZmÀ-i\n-I {]-iv-\§Ä
hn-iz-k-\ob-X
bm-YmÀ°y-t_m-[w
kw-L-«\wþ {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ
hy-ànbpw hy-ànbpw X-½n-ep-Å kw-L«\w
a-\p-jy\pw {]-IrXnbpw X-½n-ep-Å kw-L«\w
a-\p-jy\pw X-sâ hn-[nbpw X-½n-ep-Å kw-L«\w
a-\p-jy-sâ B-i-b-X-e-hpw, B-{K-l-§fpw X-½n-ep-Å kw-L-«\w.
kw-`m-jWwþ {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ
C-Xn-hr-¯w kw-`m-j-W-¯n-eq-sS cq-]w sIm-Åp¶p.
i-àn-bmÀ-¶ kw-`mjWw
E-Pphm-b hm-Iy§Ä
I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS PohnX ]-Ým-¯-e-hpw, PohnX ssi-enbpw A-\p-kr-X-am-bp-Å kw-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 11
`m-j-W coXn.
I-Ym-]m-{Xwþ {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ
`m-h-Xe-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp-¯n-bp-Å I-Ym-]m-{X cq-]o-I-cWw.
hy-àam-b I-Ym-]m-{X ssi-en.
{Xnam-\ I-Ym-]m-{X-cq]w (cq-]w,hm-¡v ,a-\-Êv)
]-cnN-bw tXm-¶n-¸n¡pw hn-[-ap-Å I-Ym-]m-{X kzo-I-cWw.
‘B a-\p-jy³ \o Xs¶' kn.sP'bpsS \m-S-I-hpw, ]m-Ým-Xy kzm-[o-\-hpw.

kn.sP tXm-aÊvv ss_-_nÄ IY-sb A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n c-Nn-¨ \m-S-I-amWv ‘B a-
\p-jy³ \o X-s¶'. ss__nfnsâ Bib]cambkzm[o\w \mSI¯nÂ ImWm³
km[n¡pw. Zm-ho-Zv cm-Pm-hn-sâ I-Y-bm-Wv \m-S-I-¯n-\v B-kv -]-Z-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
bp-²-§Ä ‘[mÀ-½n-I-X-bv-¡v ' ]p-d-¯m-sW-¶p-Å hn-izm-kw Zm-ho-Zn-\v Po-hn-Xm-\p-`-h-
§-fnÂ \n-¶p-ap-m-bn-cp¶p. AXp-sIm-v X-s¶ cw-º-cm-Py-s¯ bp-²-anÃm-sX ]n-Sn-
s¨-Sp-¡m³ am-{X-am-Wv Zm-ho-Zv X-sâ ssk-\y-¯-e-h·m-tcm-Sv ]-d-bp-¶Xv. Du-dn-bm-hv
bp-²-¯n-\v t]m-bXm-b A-h-k-c-¯nÂ, Zm-ho-Zv H-cn-¡Â Du-dn-bm-hn-sâ `m-cy-sb Im-
Wm³ C-S-h-cn-I-bpw, B-Zy-Im-gv-N-bnÂX-s¶ A-h-fnÂ A-\p-cp-à-\m-bn am-dp-Ibpw sN-
¿p¶p. F-´v sN-bv X - n-«pw ‘_-t¯-iv-_sb' kz-´-am-¡-W-sa-¶ A-[x-a-hn-Nm-cw Zm-ho
ZnÂ D-m-Ip¶p. X-\n-¡p-Å FÃm-`m-cy-am-cnepw C-¯-c-¯nÂ {]-Xy-£m-\p-cm-Kw D-
m-hp-I-bpw, ]n-¶o-Sv A-Xv \-ã-s¸-Sp-I-bp-am-Wp-m-b-sX-¶ kXyw Zm-ho-Zv a-d-¡p¶p.
[o-c\m-b cm-Pm-hn-sâ kz-`m-h-ssh-IÃy-am-Wn-Xv . \n-tj-[n-¨ bp-²-¯n\vv A-\pa-Xn
\ÂIn, Du-dn-bm-hn-s\ B bp-²-¯nÂ Zm-ho-Zv N-Xn-¨v sImÃp-¶p ‘_-t¯-iv-_sb' kz-
´-am-¡p¶p. \m-S-Im-ý-¯nÂ Xm³ sN-bv -X ]m-]-¯n-\v {]m-b-Ýn-¯-ap-m-Ip-¶Xvv _-
t¯-iv-_-bnÂ X-\n-¡v P-\n-¨v Ip-ªn-sâ-bpw, X-\n-¡v t\-sc bp-²w sN-¿m³ h-¶ a-
I-sâ-bpw a-c-W-t¯m-sS-bmWv. kz-´w a-c-W-t¯-¡mÄ Zm-ho-Zn-s\ th-Z-\n-¸n¡p-I a-
¡-fp-sS ac-Ww X-s¶-bmWv. F-¶n-cp-¶mepw B th-Z\-sb Zm-ho-Zv Xsâ in-£-bm-bn
a-\-Ên-em-¡p-Ibpw kzo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶nS-¯v \mS-Iw A-h-km-\n-¡p¶p..
\m-S-I-¯n-sâ B-Zy-¯nÂ A-[n-Im-c-hpw, k-¼-¯p-ap-Å tj-Iv -kv -]n-b-dn-sâ \m-

b-I-s\-bpw, \m-bI-sâ kz-`m-h-¯n-se N]-e-X A-bm-fp-sS Zp-c-´-¯n-\v h-gn-bm-bn am-
dp-¶p-sh-¶ tj-Iv-kv-]n-b-dn-b³ \m-S-I-k-¦Â-¸-s¯-bpw, k-t¦-X-s¯-bp-am-Wv D-]-tbm-
Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ A-h-km-\-¯n-epw, Zm-ho-ZnÂ tj-Iv -kv -]n-b-dn-sâ a-säm-
cp Zp-c-´-\m-b-I k-¦Â-¸w I-S-¶p-h-¶n-cn-¡p-¶Xvv Im-Wm-hp-¶-XmWv. I-Ym-\m-bI-\v
X-\n-¡v \-ã-s¸-Sm³ t]m-Ip-¶ G-sXm-¶nÂ \n-¶pw, A-Xn-s\ Xn-cn-¨v ]n-Sn-¡m³ A-h-
k-c-ap-m-bn«pw A-Xn-s\ h-I-sh-bv-¡m-sX kz-bw ]-cm-P-b-¯n-tet¡m/a-c-W-¯n-
tet¡m F-¯p-¶Xm-b amÀ-¤w \m-b-I³ kzo-I-cn-¡p¶p. C-hn-sS Zm-hoZv, aI-sâ A-
{I-aW-s¯ sN-dp-¯v cm-Py-s¯ kw-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p ]-Icw, Xm³ sN-bv X - sX-än-\v
{]m-b-Ýn-¯w sN-¿m-\m-Wv X-¿m-dm-Ip-¶-Xv. cm-Py-s¯ kp-c-£n-X-am¡p-I F-¶ B-h-
iy-s¯/A-Xn-\p-Å A-h-kc-s¯ \n-cm-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv Im-Wm³ I-gn-bp-¶-Xv. F-
¶mÂ {]m-b-Ýn-¯ ^-e-amI-s« X-sâ a-c-W-t¯-¡mÄ h-ep-Xm-b, X-sâ a-¡-fp-sS a-c-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 12
W-hpw. Zm-ho-Zv F-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-¯n-\v tj-Iv -kv -]n-b-dn-b³ \m-b-I-k-¦Â¸-s¯ {]-Xn-
\n-[m-\w sN-bv-Xp F-¶-Xm-Wv Cu \m-S-I-¯n-se ]m-Ým-Xy \m-S-I k-¦Â¸w. Zp-c-´-\m-
b-I k-¦Â-¸-am-Wv C-hn-sS kzo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
tXm-¸nÂ-`mkn
a-ebm-f \m-SI-s¯ P-\-a-[y-¯nÂ sIm-s-¯n-¨v kmÀ-h-{Xn-Iam-b Aw-Ko-Im-cw t\Sn-
b D-Öz-e\m-b \m-S-I-Ir-¯m-Wv tXm-¸nÂ `mkn. I-½yq-Wn-Ìv B-i-b-§-fm-Wv `m-kn-
bp-sS an-¡-\m-S-I-§-fp-sSbpw A-SnØm-\ {]-tabw. \m-Sp-hm-gn-¯-¯n-s\-Xn-sc I-½yq-
Wn-kv-äv B-i-b-§-fp-sS \-Sp-hnÂ \n¶p-sIm-v sXm-gn-em-fn hÀ-¤-¯n-\pm-b ap-t¶-
ä-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v ]-d-bp-¶ \m-S-I-amWv ‘\n-§-sf-s¶ I-½yq-Wn-Ìm¡n' F-¶ \m-SIw. Ir-
jn-¡m-cp-sSbpw IÀ-j-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw Xo-£v-Wam-b {]-iv-\-§Ä e£y-
t_m-[-t¯m-sS A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶ kÀ-tÆ-¡Ãvv,ap-Sn-b-\m-b ]p-{X³, ]mÀ-«n-¡p-th-n
t]m-cmSn-b Xy-Kn-Ifm-b {]-hÀ-¯I-sc ]mÀ-«n-¡v A-[n-Im-cw In-«n-bmÂ hn-kv -a-cn-¡-cp-
sX-¶ I-cp-¯p-Å k-tµ-iw hn-fw_-cw sN-¿p-¶ aq-e[-\w Xp-S-§n-b-h `m-kn-bp-sS km-
aqln-I ap-t¶-ä-¯n-\v h-gn-sX-fn-bn¨ {]-[m-\-s¸-« \m-S-I-§-fm-Wv.
sI.]n F-kn.bp-sS D-Z-b-t¯m-sS a-ebm-f \m-S-I-th-Zn P-\-]-£-t¯-¡v \o§n. C-S-Xp-

]-£ B-i-b-§-fp-sS {]-Nm-cWw, I-em-]-cam-b ku-µ-cyhpw km-aqln-I aqÃy-t_m-
[hpw DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶ \m-S-I-§-fn-eq-sS \nÀ-h-ln-¨ sI.]n.Fkvn a-ebm-f \m-S-I k-¦-
Â-¸-¯n-\p X-s¶ ]pXn-b h-gn-¯n-cp-hm-bn-cp-¶p. 1960þI-tfm-Sv Iq-Sn {]-^-jW
- Â \m-S-
I-th-Zn Iq-Sp-XÂ {]Im-tim-·p-J-ambn. hn-iz-tI-c-f I-em-k-aXn, N-§-\m-tÈ-cn Ko-Xm
BÀ-Sv -kv ¢-_v , kqcy-tkm-a Xp-S§n-b {]-^-j-W-Â \m-S-I kw-L-S-\-IÄ D-S-se-Sp-¯p.
sI.Sn ap-l-½Zv
Nn-cn-bnÂ-\n-¶v Nn-´-bn-te-¡v t{]-£I-sc D-WÀ-¯n Ah-sc ssI-t¿m-§m³
]Tn-¸n-¨v \m-S-I-Ir-¯m-Wv sI.Sn ap-l-½Zv. sI.Sn'bp-sS \m-S-I-§-fnÂ Po-hn-Xw F-¶Xvv
taÂ-hn-em-kw sX-än-¡-d-§p-¶ X-]m-ep-c-¸-Sn-I-fmWv. taÂ-hn-em-kw CÃm-¯-h-cp-sS kz-
Xzm-t\zmj-Ww sI.Sn'bp-sS ]-e \m-S-I-§-fnepw \-ap-¡v Im-Wmw. hn-i¸vv cq-£-am-b H-
cp am-\-kn-Im-h-Ø-bm-bn \m-S-I-§n-se I-Ym-]m-{X-§-eq-sS sI.Sn Im-Wn-¨p X-cp-¶p.
apÉow k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-se A-Ô-hn-izm-k-§-sfbpw A-\m-Nm-c-§-sfbpw F-Sp-¯v Im-«n
A-Xn-s\ kw-ip-²o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å {i-aw Nn-e \m-S-I-§-fnÂ {]-I-S-am-Wv. ‘Np-h-¶-
L-Sn-Im-cw', ‘C-Xp-`q-an-bm-Wv', ‘I-d-h-ä]-ip', C-h-bnÂ \n-¶v XpS§n ‘Im-^-dn'se-¯n
A-c§vv ]qÀ-®-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn¨v ‘k'Im-cm-Zy \m-S-I-§-fn-eq-sS \-S¶vv k-a-\z-bn-¸n-¨v
ssI-\m-«n D-m-¡n sIm-Sp-¯ sI.Sn'bp-sS h-gn-¡v ]n-¶o-Sv h-¶ H-cp X-eap-d \-S¶p.
{]-^-j-WÂ \m-S-I-th-Zn-¡v ]pXn-sbm-cp Im-gv -Nm A-\p-`h-s¯ \Â-Im³ sI.Sn'¡vv
km-[n¨p.
kn.F³ {io-I-WvT³ \mbÀ.
Xn-I-ª inÂ-¸-Nm-cp-X-tbm-sS km-aq-ln-I-{]-iv-\-§Ä {]-ta-b-am-¡n \mS-Iw c-Nn-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 13

¨v hy-àn-ap-{Z ]-Xn-¸n-¨v \m-S-¡m-c-\m-Wv kn.F³. {io-I-WvT³-\mbÀ. ‘\-ã-I-¨-hSw'
kn.F-¶n-sâ {][m-\ \m-S-I-§-fnÂ H-¶mWv. `À-¯m-hn-s\ h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw kv-t\-ln-¨n-
cp-¶ im-c-Z F-¶ kvv-{Xo-¡v A-bm-fnÂ \n¶pw e-`n¨ ss]-imNn-I ]oT-\-§-fp-sSbpw
kv-t\-l-anÃm-bv-a-bp-sSbpw I-Y-bmWv Cu \m-S-Iw. X-s¶ D-t]-£n-¨v a-säm-cp kvv{Xo-sb
hn-hm-lw I-gn-¨v A-h-km-\w X-sâ A-cn-In-te-¡v X-s¶ Xn-cn-s¨-¯p-¶ `À-¯mhn-t\m-
Svv hf-sc bp-àn-]qÀ-Æw kw-km-cn-¨v sIm-v sI-«v Xm-en A-gn¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶ im-c-Z-bm-
Wv \m-S-I-¯n-se {]-[m-\-I-Ym-]m-{Xw. \mS-Iw hy-àn-]-c-aÃ, km-aq-ln-I-]-cam-b hn-j-
b-s¯-bm-Wv ssI-Imcyw sN-¿p-¶-Xv. kn.F-¶nÂ ]-Xp-s¡ ]-co-£-WXz-c I-S-¶p-Iq-
Sp-I-bpw, ]p-cm-W-I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä-¡v A-aqÀ-¯-am-b `m-hw sIm-Sp-¡p-I-bpw sN-bvXp.
C-Xn-sâ ^-e-am-bn-cp-¶p cmam-b-W- I-Ym-[n-jvTn-Xam-b \m-S-I-{X-b§Ä. Im-©-\-
ko-Xþe-¦m-e-£v -anþkm-tI-Xw F-¶o \m-S-I-§Ä. H-cp dn-b-en-Ìn-Iv \-h-\m-S-I-cq-]-am-
bn hn-e-bn-cp-¯p¶p kn.F-¶nsâ ‘Ien' F-¶ \m-SIw. B-ZÀ-i-¯-IÀ-¨-bpw aqÃy-
t_m-[-Nyp-Xnbpw Cu \m-S-I-¯nÂ I-s-Sp-¡m³ km-[n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv.
{io-I-WvT³ \m-b-cp-sS \m-S-I-{X-b§Ä.

km-tIXw.
{io-I-WvT³ \m-b-cp-sS ‘km-tIXw' H-cp im-]-I-Y-bp-sS \m-S-Io-bm-hn-jv-Im-c-
amWv. A-tbm-[y `-cn-¨n-cp-¶ Zi-c-Y a-lm-cm-Pm-hn-\p ]p-{X-ku-`mKyw D-m-Im-Xn-cp-¶-
t¸mÄ H-cp bm-Kw \S-¯n A-t±-lw A-Xv km-[n¨p. Iu-kÃy-bv-¡v cm-a-\pw, ssI-tI-
bn-¡v `-c-X-\pw, kp-an-{X-¡v e-£v-a-Wþi-{Xp-Jv -\-·mcpw P-\n¨p. bu-h-\-¯nÂ X-s¶
an-Yn-em-[n-]-Xnbm-b P-\I-sâ ]p-{Xn-am-sc A-hÀ thÄ-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv Xp. cm-a\vv bu-
Æ-cmPyw \Â-Im-\p-Å A-`n-tj-I-¯n-sâ H-cp¡-§-tfm-sS-bm-Wv \m-S-I-¯n-sâ Xp-
S¡w. a-\p-jy-a-\-Ên\vv H-cp \n-an-j-t¯-s¡-¦nepw D-m-bn-t¸m-Ip-¶ Nm-©Ãy-hpw, v-Xn-
sâ ^-e-am-bn t\-cn-tS-n h-cp-¶ {]-iv-\-§fpw A-Xn-sâ [À-½ k-¦-S-§f - n-te-¡p-am-
Wv \m-S-I-¯n-sâ bm{X. Z-ic-Y-t\m-sSm-¸w A-\p-hm-N-Icpw [À-½-k-¦-S-¯n-sâ I-b-
¯n-te-¡v h-en-s¨-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p. A§-s\ In-co-S-¯n-sâ `m-cw `-c-X-\pw, Im-Sn-sâ `w-Kn
cm-a\pw A-\p-`-hn-¡m-\m-bn ]p-d-s¸«p. ]p{X-tim-I-¯mÂ Z-i-c-[\pw a-cn¡pw F-¶
im-]w {K-Ù-Imc³ Cu `mK-s¯ HmÀ-½n-¸n-¡p¶p. ]p-{X-t\m-Sv sN-t¿-n-h-¶ sX-än-
s\ HmÀ-¯v kz-bw th-Z-\ A-\p-`-hn-¨v , ]-Ý-Xm-]-¯n-\v kz-bw hn«p-sIm-Sp-¡m-sX a-c-
W-¯n-te-¡v \-S-¶p-I-b-dp-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶p Z-i-c-Y³.
Z-i-cY-sâ ]m-]-t_m-[w Im-a-¯nÂ \n-¶pw D-S-se-Sp-¡p-¶-XmWv. c-tPm-Kp-W-
¯nÂ \n-¶pw D-Xv -`-hn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv C-Xv . Im-a-Nm-cnbm-b H-cp cm-Pm-hn-sâ ]m-]-hr-¯n-
¡p-Å IÀ-½-^-e-am-Wv ]p{X-tim-I-K-Xam-b A-ýw. Im-a-¯nÂ \n-¶pÅ tamN-\w t\-
Sp-¶-Xph-sc Z-i-cY-s\ ]m-]-{K-l-§Ä ]n-´p-S-cp¶p. im-]-¯nÂ \n-¶v tam-N-\-anÃ. v-
A-X-\p-`-hn-¨v X-s¶ XoÀ-¡Ww. A-t¸mÄ A-Xn-\n-S-bm¡n-b ]m-]-¯nÂ\n-¶v þIm-a-
¯nÂ\n-¶v tam-£w e-`n-¡p¶p.
km-tI-X-NÀ-¨-bnÂ ]m-]þim]-I-Y C-{Xbpw hn-i-Z-am-bn {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡m³ Imc-
Ww km-tI-X-IÀ-¯m-hn-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\-`m-hw a-Xm-ß-I-am-sW-¶ h-kv X
- p-X-bmWv. Im-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 14
©-\-ko-X-bnÂ \n-¶v km-tI-X-¯n-te-¡v I-S-¡p-t¼mÄ C-Xn-hr-¯-¯n-sâ B-hn-jv-I-
c-W-¯nÂ Im-Wp-¶ {][m-\ hy-Xym-kw km-tI-X-¯n-se B-²ymßn-I ]-cn-th-j-amWv.
\m-S-Im-ý-¯nÂ Z-i-c-Y³ H-ä-bv-¡v bm-{X Xp-SÀ-¶v ,a-cW-s¯ h-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv sN-¿p-
¶Xv. X¯zw _-en-I-gn-¨v hy-àn-bm-Im-\p-Å {i-a-¯n-sâ Zp-c-´-am-Wv km-tI-X-¯n-se
Z-i-c-Y³ Im-«n-¯-cp-¶-Xv. a-\p-jy³ hy-àn am-{XaÃ, XXzw am-{X-am-Im\pw A-bmÄ-¡v
I-gn-bp-I-bnÃv. H-¶n-\p th-n a-säm-¶v I-f-bp-t¼mÄ Zpc-´w Xo-£-W-am-Ip¶p. “]qÀ-
® a-\p-jy³” A-§s\-sbm-¶v Dtm F-¶ Nn-´ \-½-fn-e-h-ti-jn-¡p¶p.
e-¦m-e-£van
{io-I-WvT³ \m-b-cp-sS cm-am-b-W I-Ym-[n-jvTn-Xam-b \m-S-I-{Xn-X-b-¯n-se a-²y-
J-Þ-am-Wv e-¦m-e-£van. ko-Xm-]-l-c-W-hpw e-¦m-Z-l-\-hp-am-Wv- \m-S-I-¯n-\v C-Xn-
hr¯w. ]qÀ-Æm-¦w F¶pw D-¯-cm-¦w F¶pw \m-SI-s¯ c-m-bn Xn-cn-¨n-«pv. F-gp-
¯Ñ-\v A-²ym-ß-cm-am-b-W-¯nÂ cm-a`-àn aq-ew {i-²n-¡m³ hn«p-t]m-b e-¦m-N-cn-{X-
s¯bpw cm-£-k-{]-`m-h-s¯bpw e-¦m-e-£v-an-bn-eq-sS ]qÀ-®-X-bn-se-¯n-¡m³ \m-S-
I-IÀ-¯m-hn-\v km-[n-¨p.
e-¦m-e-£v-an bp-²-¯n-sâ \m-S-I-amWv. A-Xn-se I-Ym-]m-{X-§-sfÃmw H-cÀ-°-
¯nÂ A-sÃ-¦nÂ a-säm-cÀ-°-¯nÂ tbm-²m-¡Ä-Xs¶. cma-sâ a-l-¯z-¯n-\v tIm-
«w-X-«m-¯ hn-[w cm-hW-sâ _-lp-ap-J-a-l-Xz-s¯ cw-K-¯m-hn-jv-¡-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv
\m-S-I-¯nÂ.Hmtcm I-Ym-]m-{X-¯n-sâbpw `m-j-W-Xm-fw Hmtcm-¶mWv. Hmtcm kw-`-h-
§fpw \m-S-Io-b-amWv, Hmtcm cw-Khpw N-e-\m-ß-I-amWv. kwL-«-\ {]-[m-\-am-Wv cm-
hW-sâ Po-hn-Xhpw a-c-W-hpw. A-\n-hm-cyam-b Zp-c-´-¯n-te-¡p am{Xw D-b-À-s¶-
¯m³ I-gn-bp-¶ A-km-[m-c-W {]-Xn-`-bp-sS D-S-a-bm-bn cm-hW-s\ kr-ãn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
\m-S-I-¯nÂ hw-tim-²m-c-W-Ir-Xyw G-sä-Sp-¡p-¶ cm-hW-sâ sX-äp-Ifpw Ip-ä-§fpw
Ip-d-hp-Ifpw \mw a-d¶p-t]m-Ip¶p. t\-«-§-fp-sS am{Xw I-Y-bm-bn cm-hW-sâ Po-hn-Xw
t{]-£I-\v ap-¶nÂ \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶p. im-kv-{Xhpw im-kv-{Xhpw X-½nepw i-ànbpw X-
{´hpw X-½nepw C-Ñbpw _p-²nbpw X-½nepw Dv-f-f hy-Xym-k§-sf cm-£-kam-bn {]-
Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶p e-¦m-e-£v-an-bnÂ. e-¦m-e-£v-an-bnÂ B-Zym-h-km-\w ac-W-
ssh-Jn-cn-bm-Wv ap-g-§p-¶-Xv. cm-h-W\pw sF-iz-cy ssN-X-\yhpw AI-¶p hÀ-¯n-¡p-
¶p. ]qÀ-Æm-¦-¯n-se e-¦m-e-£v-an-l-\p-am-·mÀ-¡v k-am-´-c-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p D-¯-cm-¦-
¯nse ko-Xm-l-\p-am-·mÀ. a-äv cw-K-§-fnÂ cm-£-k-hw-i-¯n-sâ ]qÀ-Æ-I-Ybpw `m-
hn-hn-\m-ihpw H-¶pX-s¶ F-¶ ZÀ-i-\-s¯-bpw Cu \mS-Iw t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. cm-
asâ Cu Zp-c-´ aln-a B-hm-ln-¡p-¶-Xnepw A-\m-ÑmZ-\w sN-¿p-¶-Xn-ep-am-Wv e-¦m-
e-£van F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n-sâ hn-Pbw.
Im-©-\koX
cm-am-b-W-¯n-se D-¯-c-Im-Þ-¯n-se ko-Xm-]-cn-Xym-Kw ap-XÂ ko-XmXn-tcm-[m-
\w h-sc-bp-Å I-Y-bm-Wv \m-S-I-¯n\vv th-n Xn-c-sª-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. \m-e-¦-§-fm-
Wv Im-©-\-ko-X-bnÂ D-Å-Xv. cm-am-`n-tj-Im-\-´-c-ap-Å I-Y-sb-bm-Wv H¶mw A-¦-
¯nÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. cm-a³ t\-cn-tS-n h-cp-¶ [À-½ k¦-Sw H¶mw A-
¦-¯nÂ Im-Wmw. ko-Xm-Xym-K-¯n-\v ti-jw ]-{´-tm-fw h-Õ-c-§Ä I-gn-ªv, A-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 15
iz-ta-[-¯n-\p-Å H-cp-¡-§Ä B-cw-`n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶ L-«w. \m-SIo-b kw-L-«-\-¯n-sâ B-
cw-`-am-Wn-Xv. cmw A-¦-¯nÂ cma-sâ ]p-\À-hn-hm-l-¯n-s\-Ip-dn-¨p-Å B-i-b-kw-
L-«-\-§-fm-Wv \-S-¡p-¶Xv. cma-sâ a-t\m-hy-Y i-cn-bm-bn a-\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xv e-£va-W-
\mWv. cm-aþ`-c-X-·m-cp-sS kw-hm-Zw D-{K-am-hp-Ibpw C-cp-hcpw hm-fq-cp-¶ L-«w h-sc
kw-L«-\w F-¯p¶p. aq¶mw A-¦-¯nÂ e-£v-a-W³ hmßo-In-bp-sS B-{i-a-¯n-se-
¯p-Ibpw hn-h-c-§Ä [-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bpw sN-¿p-¶p. hm-ßo-In cma-s\ Im-Wm³-t]m-Ip-
¶ Im-cyw koX-sb A-dn-bn-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. \memw A-¦-¯nÂ ko-Xm-tZ-hn-bp-sS
A-´-cm-ßm-hv cma-sâ A-´x-I-c-W-¯nÂ ap-«n-hn-fn-¡p-¶ a-«nÂ Hmtcm kw-`-h-§fpw
]n-¶m-se h-cp-¶p. Ip-i-e-h-·mÀ cm-a k-¶n-[n-bnÂ F-¯p-¶p. hm-ßo-In-bp-sS km-¶n-
[yhpw D-m-Ip¶p. cm-a-ko-Xm k-am-K-a-¯n-\p-Å A-hkm-\ {]-Xn-_-Ô-§fpw A-äp-
ho-gpv¶p. ko-X H-cn-¡Â Iq-Sn km-tI-X-¯n-\v th-n kXyw sN-¿-W-sa-¶v cm-a³ B-
h-iy-s¸-Sp¶p. cm-a\pw ko-Xbpw A-h-km-\w A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p-¶ cw-Kw Xn-I¨pw iv-
àn-a-¯m-bn am-dp-¶p-v . ko-X-bp-sS Xn-tcm-[m-\-t¯m-Sv Iq-Sn \mS-Iw A-h-km-\n-
¡p¶p.
cma-sâ Po-hn-Xm-i-b-§-fpw, ko-X-tbm-Sp-Å A-Km-Xam-b {]-W-bhpw cm-a-s\ \n-
c´-cw th-«-bm-Sp-¶p-v . B-i-b-§Ä \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-t¼mgpw cm-a³ H-cp km-[m-c-W a-
\p-jy-\p-am-bn-¯o-cp¶p. bp-²-Im-Þw h-sc-bp-Å cm-am-b-W-I-Y-bn-se A-P-¿\pw A-
am-\p-jn-I-\pam-b cm-a³ C-Xn-lm-k-¯n-se ho-c-\m-b-I-\mWv. Im-©-\-ko-X-bn-se cm-
a³ H-cp tim-\m-S-I-¯n-se \m-b-I³ am-{X-amWv. sX-äv sN-¿p-Ibpw Zpx-Jw A-\p-`-hn-
¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶, H-tc ka-bw Zo-c\pw F-¶mÂ ZpÀ-_-e-\pam-b \nÀ-`m-Ky-hm-\m-Wv.
koX-sb A-h-km-\-am-bn I-v ap-«p-t¼mgpw D-Ån-se Zpx-Jw ap-gp-h³ H-Xp¡n-sIm-m-
Wv {]-Xn-Pv-R sN-¿m³ ]-d-bp-¶-Xv.hopw B Po-hn-Xm-i-b-§Ä-¡v ap-¶nÂ X-sâ X-
e-Ip-\n-¡m³ ko-X X-¿m-dm-Ip-¶nÃ. A-Xnepw k-t´m-jw ac-Ww X-s¶-bm-bn-am-dp-¶p
ko-X-bv-¡v .
sN-dp-Im-Sv
km-aqln-I cm-jv -{So-b {]-Xn-Úm-_-²\m-b sN-dp-Im-Sv ]p-tcmK-a-\ km-ln-Xy-{]-
Øm-\-¯n-sâ k-ap-¶-X t\-Xm-¡-fnÂ H-cm-fm-bn-cp¶p. {Kmao-W Po-hn-¯n-sâ DÄ-¯p-
Sn-¸p-Ifpw h-Åp-h-\m-«n-se IÀ-j-I {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ ap-t¶-ähpw sN-dp-Im-Sv X-sâ \m-
S-I-§-fnÂ B-hn-jv-I-cn¨p. ]-©h-Õ-c ]-²-Xn-I-fp-sS kw-hn-[m-\-¯nÂ h-¶v A-Sn-
Øm-\-]-cam-b X-I-cm-dpIÄ, lvvn-µpþapÉow ssa-{Xn-bp-sS {]m-[m-\yw, IÀ-j-IþIÀ-j-I-
s¯m-gn-em-fn {]-iv\ - -§Ä XpS-§n ssh-hn-[y-ap-Å {]-ta-b-§-fm-Wv sN-dp-Im-Sv kzo-I-cn-
¨-Xv . h-Åp-h-\m-Sn-sâ km-aqln-I cm-jv-{So-b Po-hn-X-¯nse ]-cn-hÀ-¯-\-¯nsâ ]m-X
Xp-d-¡m³ sN-dp-Im-Sn-sâ \m-S-I-§Ä-¡v km-[n¨p.
1967þt\m-Sv Iq-Sn X-\-Xv \m-S-I-th-Zn F-¶ Bi-bw H-cn-¯n-cn-ªv h-cp-¶-Xv. im-
kvXmw tIm-«-bnÂ sh-¨v \-S-¶ \m-S-I-¡-f-cn-bnÂ Fw.tKm-hnµ³ ‘X-\-Xv -\m-SIw' F-
¶ Bi-bw ap-t¶m-«v sh-¨-Xv.F-¶mÂ 1974þÂ ‘ssZ-h-¯m-dn-eqsS' Im-hm-e-am-Wv Cu
Bi-bw bm-YmÀ-°y-am-¡n-b-Xv. 1975Â ‘A-h-\-h³ IS-¼' cw-Km-h-Xc-Ww t\-Sn-b-tXm-
sS ]mÀ-®mÀ-°-¯nÂ Cu Bi-bw k-^-eo-I-cn¨p.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 16
Im-hm-ew \m-cm-b-W-]-Wn¡À
tI-c-f-¯n-se X-\Xvv \m-S-I-th-Xn-bp-sS {]-tbm-àm-¡-fnepw {]-Nm-c-In-epw G-
ähpw {]-ap-J-\m-Wv Im-hm-ew \m-cm-b-W-]-Wn¡À. hn-iz-\m-S-I-th-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨v i-cnbm-
b ]-cn-Úm-\-ap-Å \m-cm-b-W-]-Wn-¡À `m-c-Xo-b \m-S-I-]m-c-¼-cy-¯nÂ Iq-Sp-XÂ {]m-
[m\yw IÂ-¸n¨p. `m-cXo-b \m-S-I-¯n-sâ {In-bm-]-cam-b k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ ]p-\-cm-\-
bn-¡m-\p-Å A-t±-l-¯n-sâ \n-kv -X-{ám-b ]-cn-{i-aw a-ebm-f \m-S-I-¯n-\v I-em-ß-
Iam-b ]pXn-b am-\w \-ÂIn. Im-hy-\m-S-I-§Ä \m-tSm-Snþ¢m-kn-Iv ssi-en-bnÂ A-h-
X-cn-¸n-¨v hnP-bw t\-Sm³ A-t±-l-¯n-\v km-[n¨p. tem-I-[À-½n-bpw, \m-Sy-[À-½nbpw
kw-tbm-Pn-¸n-¨p-Å c-N-\bpw A-`n-\-b co-Xnbpw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ \m-S-I-§Ä-¡v kPo-
h hy-ànXzw \Â-Ip-¶p.
X-\Xvv \m-S-I k-¦Â-¸w D-cp-¯n-cn-ªv h-¶Xvv \m-S-I-¡-f-cn-bnÂ \-S-¶ NÀ-¨-I-
fnÂ \n-¶mWv. \m-S-I-I-f-cn-bp-sS {]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä a-e-bm-f-\m-SI-s¯ ]pXn-sbm-cp Zn-
i-bn-te-¡v Xn-cnªp-t\m-¡m³ t{]-cn-¸n-¨n-«p-v . C-Xn-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ hn-tZ-io-
b-hpw, kz-tZ-io-b-hpam-b Nn-e Im-cy-§Ä \m-S-I-t¯m-Sv Iq-«n-t¨À-¡m\pw \m-S-I-I-f-
cn-IÄ Im-c-W-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p. \mS-Iw A-`y-kn-t¡-Xp X-s¶-bm-sW-¶ [m-c-W-bnÂ
\n-¶p-am-Wv 1970þI-fnÂ \m-S-I-I-f-cn-¡v XpS-¡w Ip-dn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xpw.
F³.F³ ]nÅ
cw-Km-hX-c-W Iu-i-e-t¯m-sSm-¸w \m-S-I-¯n-sâ Xm-Xzn-I h-i-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨v h-
fsc-tb-sd t_m-[-ap-Å \m-S-I-c-N-bn-Xmhpw A-`n-t\-Xmhpw \m-S-I kw-hn-[m-b-I-\pw
Iq-Sn-bm-Wv F³.F³ ]n-Å. km-aqlnI s]m-§-¨-§Ä-¡v t\À-¡m-Wv A-t±-lw X-sâ
\m-S-I-Im-gv-NI-sf Xp-d-¶p-hn-«-Xv. N-Sp-eam-b kw-`m-j-W-¯n-eq-sSbpw cw-K-th-Zn-bn-se
]-¨bm-b `m-h {]-I-S-\-§-fn-eq-sSbpw F³.F³ ]n-Å C-Xv km-[n-¡p-¶p. sX-cp-hv Po-
hn-X-¯n-sâ C-cp- ap-J-§fpw hn-izm-k-§-fp-sS s]m-Å-¯-c-§fpw \o-Xn-\ym-b-]oT-
¯n-sâ Im-]Tyhpw Im-en-Iþkm-aq-ln-Iþcm-{ão-b {]-iv-\-§-fp-am-bn \n-_-Ôn-¨v A-t±-
lw A-h-X-cn-¸n¨p. A-ß-_en, t{]-X-temIw, Im-]m-en-I, Rm³ kzÀ-K-¯nÂ, P-·m´-
cw Xp-S-§n-b-h {][m-\ \m-S-I-§-fmWv.
Pn.i-¦-c-]n-Å
]-co-£-W-§-fp-sS th-en-tb-ä-am-Wv Pn.i-¦-c-]n-Å-bp-sS \m-S-I-§-fnÂ Im-Wp-
¶Xv. ‘hn-hm-lw kzÀ-¤-¯nÂ \-S-I-Ivp-¶p', ‘kv-t\-l-ZqX³v', ‘_-µn', ‘]q-Pm-ap-dn' Xp-
S§n-b Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ ]-co-£-W-¯n-sâ ZpÀ-{K-l-X A-[n-Iw _m-[n-¡m-¯ A-I-Im-gv-N-
bp-Å \m-S-I-Ir-¯n-s\ I-s-Sp-¡m-hp-¶-XmWv. \n-in-Xam-b km-aqln-I ]-cn-lmkw,
Xo-{ham-b A-\z-j-W-]c-X, C-h cpw i-¦-c-]n-Å-bp-sS \m-S-I-§Ä-¡p-Å k-hn-ti-
j-X-I-fm-Wv. \m-SI-s¯ t{]-£-I-cp-am-bn kw-h-Zn-¡p-¶ `m-hm-ß-I {In-bm-k-t¦-X-am-
bn i-¦-c-¸n-Å Im-Wp¶p. \m-S³ I-e-bp-sS ssi-en-bnÂ \m-«p-Nn-«-I-fpw A-\p-jvTm-\-
§-fpw B-Nm-c-§fpw DÄ-t¨À-¯p-Å \m-S-Im-hX-cW ssi-en-bm-bn-cp-¶p i-¦-c-]n-Å-
bp-tSXv.
F¬-]-Xp-I-fp-sS Xp-S-¡-t¯m-sS \m-S-I-I-f-cn-Ifpw ]pXn-b \m-S-I ]T\{]-Øm-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 17
\-§fpw ]p-Xp-Po-h³ BÀ-Ön-¡p-hm³ Xp-S-§n. dn-b-en-Ìn-Iv am-Xr-II-sf D-S¨vv hmÀ-
¯p-sIm-v _-lp-e-`m-h-§-fp-tSXm-b ]pXn-sbm-cp cw-K-`m-j-bm-Wv B-[p\n-tIm-¯-c
I-em-Nn-´-I-·mÀ ap-¶m-«v sh-¨-Xv. ]n._m-e-N-{µ³, sI.sP t__n, tPm-bv am-Xyp,
F³.i-in-[-c³ F-¶n-h-cp-sS h-c-hv a-ebm-f \mS-I-temI-s¯ am-ä-¯n-te-¡v \-bn¨p.
G-Im-¦þtd-Untbm \m-S-I§Ä
]m-Ým-Xy km-ln-Xy k-¼À-¡-am-Wv a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ G-Im-¦-\m-S-I-¯n-\v hgn-sbm-
cp-¡n-bXv. H-tc Hc-¦w sIm-v ]qÀ-®X ssI-h-cp-¯p-¶ \m-S-I-k-{¼-Zm-b-am-WnXv. \m-
S-I-¯n-sâ ap-gp-h³ k-s¯-sb-bpw G-Im-¦-¯nÂ k-¶n-th-in-¸n-¨v A-Xn-\v kz-X-{ám-
b hy-ànXzw \Â-IWw. k-¦oÀ-®am-b Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ hn-Im-c-Xo-{ham-b H-cw-iw am-
{X-sa G-Im-¦-\m-S-I-¯n-\v hn-j-b-am-hp-I-bp-Åp. kw-LÀ-j-am-Wv C-hn-sSbpw {]-
[m\w. ]-s¯m³-]m-Xmw i-X-I-¯n-em-Wv \m-S-I-{]-Øm-\-¯n-se H-cp kzX-{´ im-J-
bm-bn C-Xp h-fÀ-¶-Xv . Ø-eIm-e ]-cn-a-Xn-¡p-ÅnÂ ]-c-amh-[n `m-thm-t¯P-\w km-
[n¡p-I G-Im-¦ \m-S-I-[À-½-amWv. A-¸³ X-¼-cmsâ ‘ap-t¶m-«v ho-c-'\m-Wv a-e-bm-f-
¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ G-Im-¦ \m-S-Iw. Cu {]-Øm\-s¯ ap-t¶m-«v \-bn-¨-h-cnÂ {]-[m-
\n-bm-Wv Ip-«-\m-«v sI.cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å-bp-sS-bpw, Pn.i-¦-c-Ip-dn-¸n-sâ-bpw, F-{_lmw
tPm-k-^n-sâbp-sam-s¡ G-Im-¦-\m-S-I-§Ä.
td-Untbm \m-SIw. i-_v-Zm-[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv tdUn-tbm-\m-SIw. kvtä-Pn-se hn-]p-
eam-b cw-Km-hX-c-W km-[y-X-IÄ C-Xn-\nÃ. tdUntbm \mS-Iw B-Zyw {]-t£]-Ww
sN-bvXXvv _n._n,kn-bm-Wv (1923). 1928þem-Wv C-ý-bn-em-Zy-am-bn tdUntbm \mS-Iw {]-
t£]-Ww sN-bv-X-Xv. hnhn-[ C-{µn-b-§-fn-eq-sS A-\p-`q-X-am-Ip-¶ hn-Im-c-`m-h-§Ä
{im-hy-¯n-eq-sS ]-IÀ-¶v sIm-Sp-¡p-¶ {]-tXy-I km-t¦Xn-I amÀ-K-am-Wv tdUntbm \m-
SIw. X-cwKw, ho-c-cwKw (tUm.F-Êv .sI \m-bÀ), i-tem-an (kn.sP.tXm-aÊvv), sN-¼-
\oÀ-]q-¡Ä (sI.G P-ºmÀ), \n-b-a-¯n-sâ kr-ãnIÄ (]n.Fw _m-e-Ir-jv-W³), ]q-
apJw (Pn.`mÀ-K-h³-]n-Å), N-e-\§Ä (Sn.F³ tKm-]n-\m-Y³ \m-bÀ), A-kXn
(F³.hn Ir-jv-W-hm-cyÀ), k-Xy-¯n-sâ ]-Ùm-hv (ssI-\n-¡-c Ip-am-c-]n-Å) ap-X-em-b-
h {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-« tdUntbm \m-S-I-§-fnÂ Nn-e-Xv am-{Xw.
B-[p\n-I \m-S-I-th-Znþk-hn-ti-j-XIÄ.
\m-S-I-¯n-\v Im-gvN-¡m-cpw, B-cm-[-I-cpw D-m-bn-¯p-S§n-b Im-e-¯m-Wv \m-S-
I-¯n-te-¡v Iq-Sp-XÂ B-fp-IÄ I-S-¶p-h-cm³ Xp-S-§n-b-Xv . C-Xv A-ta-NzÀ \m-S-I-th-
Zn-¡v Xp-S-¡w Ip-dn¨p. \m-S-I-IrXn, A-c-§v , t{]-£-I³ C-h-bm-Wv \m-S-I-¯n-sâ
{][m-\ L-S-I§Ä. \-So-\-S-·mÀ, cw-K-kw-hn-[m\w, N-abw, Zo-]-kw-hn-[m-\w XpS-§n
\n-ch-[n D-]-L-S-I-§Ä C-Xp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«v In-S-¡p-¶p. \m-S-I km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ
cq-]-c-N-\-bnÂ h-¶n-«p-Å am-ä-§Ä-¡-\p-k-cn-¨v B-hn-jv-¡-c-W-¯nÂ K-Wyam-b am-äw
h-¶n-«p-v.
tI-c-f-¯nÂ A-ta-NzÀ \m-S-I-th-Zn-bp-sS h-fÀ-¨ X-s¶-bm-Wv {]-^-j-WÂ \m-S-
I-th-Zn-bp-sS h-fÀ-¨-bv¡pw h-gn-sh-¨-Xv. H-cp hn-t\m-Z-sa-¶ \n-e-bnÂ D-S-se-Sp-¯ A-
ta-NzÀ \m-S-I-k-an-Xn hen-b Im-gv -N-¡m-sc kr-ãn-s¨-Sp-¯p. a-äv km-ln-Xy-cq-]-§-fn-se
h-fÀ-¨ X-s¶ \m-S-I-s¯bpw am-ä-§Ä-¡v hn-t[-b-am¡n. C-_v -k-\n-k-¯n-\-¸p-dw \m-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 18
S-I-§Ä D-m-¡m³- {i-an-¡p-I-bpw, A-Xv th--hn-[-¯nÂ t{]-£-I-cn-te-¡v F-¯n-
¡m³ I-gn-bm-sXbpw t]m-b a-säm-cp \m-S-I-¡m-c-\mbn-cp-¶p kn.sP.
\m-S-I-km-ln-Xy-¯n\vv A-Xn-sâ k-hnti-X \Â-Ip-¶-Xv cw-K-th-Zn-bmWv. Po-hn-X-
¯n-sâ A-km-[mc-W-tam, Nn-e ap-lqÀ-¯-§-fnÂ s]m-«n-s¯-dn-bp-sS h-¡-¯p-\nÂ-
¡p-¶ hn-Im-c-]-cam-b k-µÀ-`-§-fnÂ \n-¶v P-·-sa-Sp-¡p-Ibpw X-\Xm-b hn-Im-k-]-cn-
Wm-a-§-fn-eq-sS A-\n-hm-cyam-b A-ý-¯n-te-¡v \o-§p-I-bpw sN-¿p-¶ {In-b-bm-Wv
\m-SIw. Cu {In-bmwi-s¯ kw-`mjWw sIm-v A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶p.
FÃm I-emw-i-§fpw \m-S-I-th-Zn DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶p-v. kw-Ko-Xw,\r-¯w,Nn-{X-sa-gp-¯v
XpS-§n kq-£v -a \n-co-£-W-¯n-eq-sS I-s-Sp-¡m³ I-gn-bp-¶ FÃm L-S-I-§-fp-
sSbpw {]-Xn-^-e-\-am-Wv \m-SIw. km-l-N-cy-§Ä-¡-\p-kr-X-am-bn A-Xn-sâ H-¯p-tN-
cÂ D-m-hp-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p.
sI.]n.Fkn, Im-fnZm-k I-em-tI-{µw, tI-c-f-I-em-\n-ebw, I-enw-K Xn-b-tä-gvkv,
kwK-aw Xn-b-tä-gvkv, \-h-tN-X-\,kw-K-an-{X,kp-cy-tkm-a, cw-K-tN-X-\ Xp-S-§n-b-h {][m-
\ {]-^-j-WÂ \m-S-I-kw-L-S-\-IÄ B-bn-cp-¶p. Øn-c-\m-S-I-th-Zn-sb-¶ \n-e-bnÂ
{]-kn-²n-t\Sn-b ‘I-em-cw-Kw' ]p-Xn-b cwKm-hn-jvI-c-W io-e-§Ä-¡v XpS-¡w Ip-dn-¡p-
I-bpw N-bvXp. kn-\nam-än-Iv A-h-Xc-W-ssi-en-bm-bn-cp-¶p C-h-cp-tS-Xv. C-¯-c-¯nÂ
Hmtcm {]-^-j-WÂ \m-S-I kw-L-S-\-Ifpw B-hn-jv-I-c-W-cw-K¯vv ]pXn-b am-ä-§Ä h-
cp-¯n-sh¨p.
B-[p\n-I {]-h-W-XIÄ
A-kw-_-Ô-\m-SIw
B-[p\n-I ]m-Ým-Xy-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bp-am-bp-Å k-¼À-¡w a-ebm-f \m-S-I-¯nÂ ]pXn-b
{]-h-W-X-IÄ h-fÀ¯n-sIm-n-cp¶p. AXn-sem-¶m-Wv A-kw-_-Ô-\m-S-Iw. A-kv-Xn-Xz-
hm-Z-am-Wv C-Xn-\v B-Zm-cam-b ZÀ-i\w. \m-S-I-¯nÂ C-t¶m-fw Zo-£n-¨v t]m-¶ C-Xn-
hr-¯ ZmÀ-Vyw, ]m-{X-kr-ãn, kw-LÀ-jw Xp-S-§n-b-h A-¸m-sS \n-tj-[n-¡p-I-bm-Wv
C-Xn-sâ au-en-I-kz-`mhw. Im-WnI-sf A-¼-cn-¸n-¡p-I, A-h-cnÂ hn-t£m-`w P-\n-¸n-¡p-
I, kw-i-b-§Ä kr-ãn¡p-I F¶n-h A-kw-_-Ô-\m-S-I-§-fp-sS s]m-Xp-kz-`m-h-amWv.
\m-S-I-¯nÂ kp-L-Sn-Xam-b I-Y-tbm AXn-\v tbm-Pn-¨ I-Ym-]m-{X-§tfm D-m-hnÃ.
bp-àn-]-cam-b Im-cy-§Ä bp-àn-c-ln-X-am-bn A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶ k-{¼-Zm-b-am-WnXv. A-
tX-k-abw, [z-\ym-ß-I-X-bv-¡v {]m-[m-\yhpw Dv. Pn.i-¦-c-]n-Å-bp-sS a-WÂ-¯cn, c-
£m-]p-cpj³, F³.F³ ]n-Å-bp-sS B-acw, F¶n-h A-kw-_-Ô-\m-S-I-§Ä¡vv D-Zm-
l-c-W-amWv.
F-¸n-Iv Xn-b-täÀ
PÀ-½³-Im-c\m-b s_À-t«mÄ-Uv {_-lv-Xv B-hn-jv-I-cn-¨ F-¸n-Iv Xo-tb-ä-dm-Wv a-
e-bm-f-\m-SI-s¯ kzm-[o-\n-¨ a-säm-cp L-SIw. \mS-Iw t{]-£I-\v A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sp¯n-
sIm-Sp-¡p-¶ k-{¼-Zm-bw {_-lv-Xv F-XnÀ-¡p¶p. \mS-Iw A-\p-hm-NI-s\ Im-Wn-¡p-I,
]Tn-¸n¡p-I C-Xm-bn-cp-¶p {_-lv-Xn-sâ \bw. \m-S-Ihpw A-\p-hm-N-Icpw X-½n-ep-Å X-
·-bo-`m-hw {_-lv-Xv ]p-dw-X-f-fp¶p. \m-S-I-¯n\pw I-Ym-]m-{X-¯n\pw C-S-bnÂ A-IÂ-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 19
¨ kr-ãn-¨m-se \mS-Iw A-Xn-sâ e£yw km-£m-Xv-¡-cn-¡p-I-bp-Åp F-¶m-Wv A-t±-
lw kn-²m-ń-¡p¶Xvv. hnIm-tcm-t¯-P-\-am-bn-cn-¡-cp-Xv \m-S-I-¯n-sâ e-£yw, \mS-
Iw t{]-£I-sâ Nn-´-IÄ D-WÀ-¯n km-aq-ln-I-{]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-\v A-t±l-s¯ {In-bm-
ß-I-am-bn k-¶-²-am-¡-W-sa-¶ A-`n-{]m-bw {_-lv-Xv ap-t¶m-«v sh-¡p¶p. kn.sP tXm-
a-Ên-sâ ‘1128þÂ ss{Iw 27’ F-¸n-Iv Xo-b-äÀ {]-h-W-X-bp-Å \m-S-I-am-sW-¶v hn-aÀ-i-
IÀ Nq-n-Im-Wn-¡p¶p.
X\-Xp \m-S-I-thZn.
Pn.i-¦-c-¸n-Å, Im-hm-ew \m-cm-b-W-¸-Wn¡À, kn.F³ {io-I-WvT³ \m-bÀ Xp-S-
§n-b-h-cm-Wv X\-Xv \m-S-I-th-Zn-bp-sS h-àm-¡fpw {]-Nm-c-I-cpw. km-aq-ln-I-{]-iv-\-§-
fnÂ \n-¶v t{]-£I-sc ]n-Sn-¨v am-än A-aqÀ-¯am-b Nn-e k-¦Â-¸-§-fnÂ A-h-cp-sS
_p-²n D-S-¡n-\nÀ-¯m-\m-Wv ]-e-t¸mgpw X\-Xv \m-S-I-th-Zn-¡mÀ {i-an-¡mdv. km-aq-ln-I-
ho-£-W-¯nÂ ]n³-t\m-«w ]-e-t¸mgpw X\-Xv \m-S-I-th-Zn-I-fnÂ Im-Wm-hp-¶-XmWv.
IÀ-®m-S-I-¯n-se b-£-Km-\hpw _w-Km-fn-se Pm-{Xbpw tI-c-f-¯n-se X\-Xv \m-S-I-th-
Zn-¡v t{]-c-Iam-b \m-S-I {]-Øm-\-§-fm-Wv. 1967þÂ kn.F³.{io-I-WvT³ \mbÀ ‘Ien'
F-gp-Xn-b-tXm-sS tI-c-f-¯nÂ X\-Xv \m-S-I-th-Zn F-¶ B-i-b-¯n-\v {]-tbmKn-I cq-]w
D-mbn.
X\-Xv \m-S-I-thZnþ a-e-bm-f-\m-S-I-th-Zn-sb A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n H-cp \n-co-£Ww.

a-ebm-f \m-S-I-¯n-\v tI-c-fo-bam-b H-cp kzXz-t_m[-s¯ BÀ-Ön-¡--Xn-sâ
B-h-iy-IX-sb ap³-\nÀ-¯n-bp-Å Nn-´-bnÂ \n-¶p-am-Wv ‘X\-Xv \m-S-I-thZn' F-¶ k-
¦Â-¸w D-cp-¯n-cn-ªp h-cp-¶Xv. a-ebm-f \mS-Iw A-Xn-sâ {]m-cw-`-Z-i-apX-se ]m-Ým-
XyþX-an-gv \m-S-I-§-fp-sS cw-Km-hX-c-W km-[y-X-I-sf-bm-Wv ]-co-£n-¨v t]m-¶n-cp-¶Xv.
tI-c-fo-b-X-bnÂ \n¶pw A-IÂ-¨- \n-e-\n-¶ a-ebm-f \m-S-I§-sf C-hn-Sp-s¯ a-®n-te-
¡v th-cp-d-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ {i-a-§-fp-sS `m-K-am-bm-Wv kn.F³ {io-I-WvT³ \m-b-cp-sS-
bpw, kn.sP'bp-sSbpw t\-Xr-Xz-¯nÂ X\-Xv \m-S-I-th-Zn F-¶ Bi-bw cq-]-s¸-Sp-¶-
Xpw, {]m-hÀ-¯n-I-am-¡p¶-Xpw.
tI-c-f-¯n-sâ X-\Xvcw-K-I-e-Ifm-b Iq-¯v,Iq-Sn-bm-«w,sX-¿w,Im-¡-cm-Èn \mS-Iw F-¶n-
§-s\-bp-Å cw-K-I-e-I-fnÂ \n¶pw \m-S-I-k-¦Â-¸-§Ä-¡v tbm-Pn-¡p-¶ B-hn-jvI-c-
W ssi-enI-sf X\-Xv \m-S-I-th-Zn DÄ-s¡mp. X\-Xv \m-S-I-th-Zn Nn-e {]-tXy-I-X-
IÄ ap-t¶m-«v h-bv-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.
• ]m-c-¼-cy-hp-am-bn kw-hn-[m-b-I³ _-Ô-s¸-Sp¶p.
• kr-ãn-bp-·p-Jam-b hym-Jym-\§Ä
• Zr-iy k-ar-²am-b B-hn-jvI-c-W coXn
• cw-Km-h-X-c-W-¯n-sâ tI-{µ-_n-µp \S³
• lmkyw B-t£-]-]-c-hpw, k-aql-s¯ ip-²o-I-cn-¡m³ D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xp-amI-
Ww
• \S-sâ BwKn-I hmNn-I A-`n-\-b-¯n-se k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ-¡v Du-¶Â \Â-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 20

Ip¶p
• kw-Ko-X-hpwþAw-K-Xm-f-hp-am-bp-Å k-a-\zbw
• \mS-Iw A-´-co-£ kw-_-Ôn-bm-Ip¶p
• \m-Sy-im-kv-{Xm-[n-jvTn-Xam-b aqey§-sf DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶p
kn.F³ {io-I-WvT³ \m-b-cpsS ‘I-en’, Pn.i-¦-c-¸n-Å-bpsS ‘In-cm-Xw’, Im-hm-ew
\m-cm-b-W-¸-Wn-¡-cp-sS ‘ssZ-h-¯mÀ’, ‘A-h-\-h³-IS-¼’ F-¶o \m-S-I-§Ä X\-Xv \m-
S-I-ssi-en-bp-sS {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ DÄ-s¡m-v F-gp-X-s¸-« \m-S-I-§-fm-Wv.
X\-Xv \m-S-I-th-Zn ]m-c-¼-cym-[n-jvTn-Xam-b k-¦Â-¸-¯nÂ \n-¶v D-bÀ-¶v h-¶-Xn-
\mÂ Ip-cp-t¯m-e-sIm-v A-c-bv-¡v Npäv, sh-Å¡-¨, X-e-bv-¡v Iq-¼-sI«v, Xn-cp-apSn,
A-SnØm-\ hÀ-®-§-fn-ep-Å h-k-v{X-§Ä Xp-S-§n-b-h B-h-iy-¯n-\-\p-k-cn-¨v X\-Xv
\m-S-I-th-Zn-bnÂ kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. A-¶v- h-sc-bp-m-bn-cp-¶ a-ebm-f \m-S-I-s¯ kw-
_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å am-äw hn-¹-h-I-c-am-bn-cp¶p. A-¶v h-sc a-ebm-f
\m-S-I-th-Zn, ISw-sIm- cw-K-th-Zn-¡v tI-cfo-b I-Y F-¶- A-h-Ø-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p \n-
e-\n-¶-Xv. X\-Xv \m-S-I-th-Zn-bn-se-¯p-t¼mÄ tI-cfo-b cw-K-th-Zn-¡v tI-cfo-b I-Y F-
¶ am-ä-am-Wp-m-bXv. {]-X-e-hy-Xy-mk-anÃm-sX t{]-£-Icpw I-fn-¡mcpw H-tc \n-c-¸n-Â
\n¶p-sIm-p-Å A-`n-\-b-co-Xn a-ebm-f \m-S-I-k-¦Â¸-temI-s¯ X-s¶ am-än-a-dn-¡p-
¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.lm-ky-¯n-\v ]p-X-nsbm-cp AÀ-°-Xe-s¯ kr-ãn-¨Xvv X-\Xvv \m-S-I-th-
Zn-bm-Wv. A-¶v h-sc FÃm \m-S-I-§-fnepw lmkyw F-¶-Xv sIm-ta-gv-kyÂ L-S-I-§fn-
sem-¶v am-{X-am-bn-cp¶p. P-\§-sf c-kn-¸n¡p-I F-¶-Xn-e-¸p-dw A-Xn-\v {]-tXy-I Zu-
Xy-§-sfm¶pw X-s¶ D-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. lm-kyw B-t£-]-]-c-hpw, km-aqln-I ]-cn-hÀ-
¯-\-¯n\pw D-Xp-Ip-¶-Xm-bn-cn¡-Ww F-¶v X-\Xvv \m-S-I-th-Zn \n-jvIÀ-jn¨p. C-¯-c-
¯n-ep-Å aqey-h¯m-b am-ä-§Ä a-ebm-f \m-S-I {]-Øm-\-¯nÂ sIm-p-h-cm³ X-
\Xvv \m-S-I-th-Zn-¡v I-gnªp. X\-Xv \m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS Cu ssi-en k-ao-]-Ime-¯v F-
Sp-¯v Im-Wn-¡m³ I-gn-bp¶-Xv Zo-]³ in-h-cm-a³ kw-hn-[m-\w sNbv-X ‘J-km-¡n-sâ
C-Xn-lm-kw' F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n-emWv. Im-gv-N-¡m-sc-bpw, A-`n-t\-Xm-¡-sf-bpw, \m-S-Im-´-
co-£-s¯bpw H-tc th-Zn-bnÂ \nÀ-¯p-¶ Cu \mS-Iw X\-Xv \m-S-I-th-Zn-bp-sS km-[y-
XI-sf D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«pv.
‘X\-Xv \m-S-I-thZn' F-¶-t]-cnÂ tI-c-f-¯nÂ A-c-t§dn-b ]-e-\m-S-I-§fpw A-
Xn-sâ k-¦Â-¸-§-fnÂ \n¶pw XoÀ¯pw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v tUm.Sn.]n kp-
Ip-am-c³ hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-¶pv. a-ebm-f \m-S-I-¯n-sâ kz-Xz-X-e-¯nÂ am-ä-§Â sIm-
v h-cm³ X\-Xv \m-S-I-th-Zn-¡v km-[n-¨p-sh-¦n-epw, X\-Xv \m-S-I-th-Zn A-Xn-sâ {]m-
tbmKn-I X-e-¯nÂ t{]-£-I-\p-am-bn AI-¶v \nÂ-¡p-I-bm-Wp-m-bXv. X\-Xv \m-S-I-
th-Zn-bp-sS `m-j-bpw, Xm-f-hpw, sNmÃpw H-¶pwX-s¶ km-[m-c-W t{]-£-IÀ-¡v F-fp-¸-
¯nÂ a-\-Ên-em-¡m³ I-gn-ªn-cp-¶nÃ. kwKo-X \m-S-I-§-fpw, ]n-¶o-Sv Im-gv-N-bv¡pw
B-kzm-Z-\-¯n\pw Nn-´-I-fp-sS B-h-iy-anÃm-sX h¶ sIm-ta-gv-kyÂ \m-S-Ith-Zn-Ifpw
D-m-¡n-sh-¨ cw-K-t_m-[hpw Cu A-IÂ-¨-bv-¡v Im-c-W-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 21

sX-cp-hv \m-SIw
hy-h-Øm-]n-Xhpw km-{¼-Zm-bn-Ihpw \n-Ýn-X-hpam-b cw-K-th-Zn-sb P-\-a-[y-¯n-
te-¡v t\-cn-«v sIm-p-h-cp-¶-Xm-Wv sX-cp-hp-\m-SIw. \mS-Iw sX-cp-hn-te-¡v C-d§p-I
F-¶v ]-d-bp-t¼mÄ P-\-§-fp-am-bn t\-cn-«v _-Ô-s¸Sp-I F-¶m-WÀ°w. Im-en-I-km-
aqln-I cm-{ão-b {]-iv-\-§-fm-Wv C-h-bnÂ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. IÀ-«t\m cw-tKm-]-
I-c-W-§tfm CÃm-¯ cw-K-th-Zn-bm-Wn-Xv. sX-cphntem ]m-Z-tbm-c-t¯m Cu \mS-Iw
A-c-t§-dmw. {]-Xy-b-iv-kv-{X-]-c-am-Wv sX-cp-hp \m-SIw. A-`n-t\-Xm-¡-tfm-sSm-¸w t{]-
£-Icpw sX-cp-hp-\m-S-I-¯nÂ ]-¦m-fn-I-fm-Ip¶p. sI.sP t_-_n-bp-sS \m-«p-K-²n-I
hf-sc hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨ sX-cp-hv \m-S-I-am-Wv.
Ip-«n-I-fp-sS \m-S-I-thZn
Ip-«n-I-fp-sS am-\-kn-Ihpw ssh-Im-cn-Ihpw B-b hn-Ik-\w e-£y-am-¡nbpw B-
h-cp-sS I-em-`n-cp-Nn t]m-jn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-nbpw Ip-«n-I-fp-sS \m-S-I-th-Zn tI-c-f-
¯nÂ ]-e-bn-S-¯pw {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p¶p. hn-Zym-`ym-k-cw-K-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«v kw-L-Sn-¡-
s¸-tS- {]-hÀ-¯-\-am-WnXv. Ip-«n-I-fp-sS kzm-`mhn-I Xm-Xv-]-cy-§fpw I-em-]-cam-b k-
hnti-j I-gn-hp-I-fp-am-Wv C-XnÂ ]-cn-K-Wn-t¡-Xv. Ip-«n-I-fp-sS \m-S-I-th-Zn bm-YmÀ-
°y-am-¡m³ ]-cn-{i-an-¨-h-cnÂ {]m-[m-\n Pn.i-¦-c-¸n-Å-bm-Wv.
kv-IqÄ Hm-^v {Uma

tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv kÀ-Æ-I-em-im-e-bp-sS Io-gnÂ 1977þÂ B-cw-`n-¨ kv-IqÄ Hm-^v {Um-
a (Xr-ÈqÀ) \m-S-I-¯n-sâ Xm-Xzn-I-hpw {]m-tbm-Kn-Ihpw B-b hn-j-b-§Ä ]Tn-¸n-¡p-
I, ]-cn-io-en-¸n¡p-I F-¶o e-£y-§-tfm-sS {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-¶p.
C-ý³ ]o-¸nÄ-kv Xo-tb-äÀ A-tkm-kn-tb-j³.(sF.]n.Sn.F)

C-ý³ \m-S-I-th-Zn-bp-sS ]p-tcm-K-Xn-¡v t\-XrXzw sIm-Sp-¯ kw-L-S-\-bm-WnXv.
Xn-I¨pw P-\-Io-b kmw-kv-Im-cn-Im-[n-ãn-X-amWv. CX-nsâ {]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä 1943þt_m-
s_-bnÂ Øm-]n-X-am-bn. 1936þÂ e-Jv-t\m-hnÂ cq-]w sIm- ]p-tcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-kw-
L-¯n-sâ `m-K-am-bm-Wv C-]vä cq-]o-Ir-X-am-b-Xv. ]m-c¼-cy I-e-IÄ ]p-\-cp-Öo-hn-¸n-
¡p-I, kmw-kvImcn-I kwc-£-W {]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä sN¿p-I F-¶o e-£y-t¯m-sS
C¶pw \n-e-\nÂ-¡p¶p.
a-ebm-f \m-S-I-th-Zn-bpwþ\m-S-I-km-ln-Xyhpw
a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-ZyIm-e \m-S-I-§-fnÂ A-Xn-sâ km-ln-Xy-h-i-hpw, cw-Km-hn-jv-
Im-chpw X-½nÂ ]-c-kv-]-c-_-Ôn-Xam-b H-cp h-fÀ-¨-bp-sS km-l-Ncyw \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-
¶nÃ. X-an-gv \m-S-I-th-Zn-bp-sS kzm-[o-\w Ip-d-bp-¶Xvv h-scbpw Cu {]-h-W-X \n-e-\n-
¶n-cp¶p. C-S-bv-¡v cw-Km-h-X-c-W-¯nÂ Nn-e am-ä§-sf A-dn-bn-¨p-sIm-v a-dn-bm-½ \m-
SIw, km-Zmcm-a Xp-S§n-b \m-S-I-§Ä I-S-¶p-t]mbn. C-¯-c-¯nÂ \mS-Iw H-cp Im-em-
cq-]-sa-¶ \n-e-bnÂ P-\-kzm-[o-\w D-d-¸n-¨-XÃm-sX A-Xn-sâ km-ln-Xy-cw-K h-i-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 22

§Ä¡vv bm-sXm-cp {]m-[m-\yhpw \Â-In-bn-cp-¶nÃ F-¶-Xm-Wv h-kv-Xp-X.
kn.hn'bp-sS {]-l-k-\-§Ä \m-S-I-km-ln-Xy-¯n\vv hy-Xy-kv-Xam-b H-cp `m-hw ]-
IÀ¶p. km-aq-ln-I-kmw-kv-Imcn-I cwK-s¯ PoÀ-®-X-I-sf-bm-Wv kn.hn X-sâ {]-l-k-
\-§-fn-eq-sS A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨-Xv. F-¶mÂ cw-K-th-Zn-bnÂ th-{X B-hn-jv-¡m-c-§Ä¡vv
kn.hn X-¿m-dm-bnÃ. C.hn'bp-sS N-cn-{X-\m-S-I-§fpw A-Xn-\v ti-jw h-¶ N-cn-{X-]pcm-
W \m-S-I-§fpw \m-S-I-th-Zn-sbbpw \m-S-I-km-ln-Xy-s¯bpw H-cp-t]m-se kzm-[o-\n-
¡p-I-bp-mbn. N-cn-{X-]-c-hpw,]p-cm-W-]-chpw F-¶ \n-e-bn-ep-Å ]p-\-cm-hn-jv-I-c-W-
hpw, A-Xn-sâ K-Zy-cq-]hpw \m-S-I-km-ln-Xy-¯n-\p {]-tXy-I-am-sbm-cp Øm-\w t\Sn-
sIm-Sp-¯p.
1930 ap-XÂ 40þh-sc-bp-Å Im-eL-«w a-e-bm-f-\m-S-I-¯nÂ cw-K-th-Zn-¡m-Wv {]m-
[m\yw sIm-Sp-¯Xv. K-Zy-cq]w, cw-K-th-Zn-¡v A-Sn-Øm-\am-b H-¶v F-¶ \n-e-bn-em-Wv
\n-e-\n-¶Xv. km-aq-ly-hpw, km-ap-Zm-bn-I-hpw, cm-ão-b-hpam-b am-ä§-sf ap³-\nÀ-¯n-bp-
Å {]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fm-bn-cp¶p Cu Im-e-L-«-¯nÂ \-S-¶n-cp-¶Xv. AXp-sIm-v X-s¶
\m-S-I-¯n-sâ cw-K-th-Zn-sb i-à-am¡n, A-Xn-sâ ^-ew P-\-§-fn-te-¡v F-¯n¡p-I
F-¶ e-£y-am-bn-cp-¶p \m-S-I-¯n-sâ ]n-¶-W-bnÂ {]-hÀ-¯n-¨ hn.Sn `-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Sn-s\-
t¸m-se-bp-Å \-thm°m-\ \m-b-I-·mÀ-¡v D-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. km-aqln-I {]-iv-\§-sf hn-
j-b-am-¡n F-¶-XnÂ I-hn-ª km-ln-Xy-hn-ti-j§Ä Cu Im-e-b-f-hn-se \m-S-I-Ir-
Xn-IÄ-¡v D-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ.
1940þI-tfm-sS ]m-Ým-Xy \m-S-I-kzm-[o-\w a-e-bm-f-\m-S-I-¯nÂ Iq-Sp-XÂ i-àn-
bmÀ-Ön-¨p. Cu kzm-[o-\w a-e-bm-f-\m-SI-s¯ km-ln-Xy-]-c-am-bpw, cw-K-th-Zn-bp-sS
km-[y-XI-sf ap³-\nÀ-¯nbpw hn-¹-h-I-cam-b am-ä-§Ä-¡v h-gn-sh-¨p. F³.Ir-jv-W-]n-
Å,kn.sP tXm-aÊv, kn.F³ {io-I-WvT³ \m-bÀ Xp-S-§n-b-h-cp-sS \m-S-I-§-fmWv Cu
am-ä-¯n-\v h-gn-sX-fn-bn-¨Xv. hy-àn-bpw, k-aq-lhpw X-½n-epÅ sImÅÂ-sIm-Sp-¡p-I-
fpw, A-Xn-se A-´Àeo-\am-b ssh-hn-[y-hpw, Zp-c-´hpw `m-h-]qÀ-®-am-bn \m-S-I-km-
ln-Xy-¯n-epw, cw-K-th-Zn-bpepw Htc-t]m-se tNÀ-¯v h-bv-¡-s¸«p. kn.sP'bp-sS \m-S-
I-§-fn-se sam-m-jv kn-²m-´-hpw, F-_v-kv-{Sm-j\pw \m-S-I-km-ln-Xy-¯n-\p X-s¶
]p-Xn-b `m-hw NmÀ¯n-sIm-Sp¯p. kn.F-¶n-sâ \m-S-I-§-fn-se kw-`m-j-W-§-fpw, hn-
h-c-W-§fpw D-¯-a-km-ln-Xy-t¯m-Sv In-S-]n-Sn¡pw hn-[-¯n-ep-Å-Xm-bn-cp¶p.
X\-Xv \m-S-I-th-Zn-bn-te-¡pw, sX-cp-hv \m-S-I-§-fn-te-¡v F-¯p-t¼m-tg-¡pw \m-S-
I-¯n-sâ K-ZyX-ew cw-K-th-Zn-¡v A-Sn-Øm-\am-b H-¶m-bn-¯o-cp-I-bpw, cw-K-th-Zn-¡v
]pXn-b am-ä-§Ä sIm-p-h-cm-\p-Å {i-a-§-fp-am-Wv \-S-¶Xv. B-hn-jv-I-c-W-ssien-
sIm-v a-e-bm-f-¯-\n-a \m-S-I-¯n-te-¡v F-¯n-¡m-\p-Å {i-a-am-Wv X\-Xv \m-S-I-th-Zn-
bnÂ \-S-¶Xv. kw-`m-j-W-§-fn-ep-a-äp-am-bn a-e-bm-f-¯\n-a Iq-Sp-XÂ B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡-
s¸-«p X\-Xv \m-S-I-th-Zn-bnÂ. k-ln-Xy-]-c-am-bp-Å t\-«-§-fnÂ Cu LS-Iw {]m-[m-\y-
a-À-ln-¡p-¶pv. Im-hm-ew \m-cm-b-W-¸-Wn-¡-cp-sS \m-S-I-§Ä C-Xn-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-
amWv. sX-cp-hv \m-S-I-§Ä ]qÀ-®-ambpw cw-K-th-Zn-sb A-Sn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp-¯n B-hn-jv-
¡-cn-¡-s¸-« \m-S-I-cq-]-amWv. C-hn-sSbpw \m-S-I-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ `m-jm-]-cam-b {]-
tbm-K-¯n-epm-b am-äw am-{X-am-Wv Im-Wm-\p-ÅXv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 23

a-ebm-f \m-S-I-hpw, A-Xn-sâ cw-K-I-e-bpw, \m-S-I-km-ln-Xyhpw C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å
G-ä-¡p-d-¨n-ep-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv I-S¶p-t]m-bXv. B-[p-\n-I-X-h-sc-bp-Å \m-S-I§-sf ]-
cn-K-Wn-¡p-t¼mÄ, \mÂ-¸-Xp-IÄ¡pw F-gp-]-X-]-IÄ-¡p-an-S-bn-ep-Å Im-ew X-s¶-bm-
Wv \m-S-I-km-ln-Xy-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw Kp-W-]-cam-b am-ä-§fpw t\-«-§-fp-
apm-b Im-ew. kw`m-j-W-§Ä¡pw, cw-K-hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-§-Ä-¡pw km-ln-Xy-]-cam-b
`m-h-\ \ÂIn-sIm-v \m-S-Ic-N-\ \-S-¯p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p Cu Im-e-L-«-¯nÂ. \mS-Iw
H-cp cw-K-I-e-bm-Ip-t¼mÄ cw-K-th-Zn-¡v X-s¶-bm-Wv {]m-[m-\yw, F-¶n-cn-¡-epw cw-K-th-
Zn-¡v th-n F-gp-X-s¸-« K-Zy-cq-]w km-ln-Xy-ta-· AÀ-ln-¡p¶Xv Cu Im-e-L-«-¯n-
em-Wv. C-Xn-\n-S-bn-epw, B-[p-\n-I-Xb
- v-¡v ti-jhpw Dm-b am-ä-§Ä cw-K-th-Zn-sb A-
Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bp-Å-Xm-sW-¶v hn-e-bn-cp-¯m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. C-hn-sS \m-S-Ic-N-\ km-ln-
Xy-ta-·-bv-¡-¸pdw, cw-K¯vv A-h-X-cn-¸n-t¡--Xn-sâ km-t¦Xn-I cq-]w am-{X-am-bn-am-dp-
I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. C-hn-sS-bm-Wv \m-S-I-km-ln-Xyw, \m-S-I-th-Zn-¡v th-n F-¶ \n-e-bn-te-
¡v h-gn-am-dn-b-Xv. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ-bpw, \m-S-I-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâbpw ]-c-kv-]-c-]q-c-IXzw C-
¯-c-¯n-em-Wv `n-¶-am-bn \n-e-\n-¶Xv.
aebm-fn-bp-sS cw-K-t_m[wþ I-Y-I-fn-bn-epw, B-[p\n-I \m-S-I-¯n-epw
a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ ssh-hn-²y-§-fpw, ssh-Nn-{Xy-§fpw k-a-{K-ambpw A-Xn-a-
t\m-l-c-hp-am-bn B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡m³ I-gn-bp-¶ ]qÀ-®-I-e-I-fnÂ A-Xyp-¯-a-am-Wv I-Y-
Ifn. I-Y-I-fn-bp-sS cw-K-t_m-[w a-äv I-em-cq-]-§-fnÂ \n¶pw Xn-I¨pw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv.
I-YI-fn H-cp an-I-¨ I-em-cq-]-sa-¶ \n-eb- nÂ \n-e-\n-¶-t¸m-gpw, km-[m-c-W a-e-bm-fn {]-
£I-sc B-IÀ-jn-¡p-hm-³ I-Y-I-fn-t¡m, A-Xn-sâ cw-K-I-e-bvt¡m km-[n-¨n-cp-¶nÃ.
C-Xn-\p Im-c-W-§Ä ]-e-Xm-bn-cp¶p. \m-Sy-\r-¯-§-fp-sS tNÀ-¨-bv-s¡m-¸w \m-Sy-im-kv-
{X hn-[n-{]-Im-c-ap-Å A-`n-\-b-¯n-\p-am-Wv I-Y-I-fn-bnÂ {]m-[m-\yw. A-`n-\-b-amI-s«
Bw-Kn-I-hp-amWv. ap-{Z-IÄ D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p-Å A-`n-\-bw D-Zm-¯-hpw, im-kv-{Xm-\p-kr-X-
hp-am-Wv. ‘l-kv-X-e-£-WZo-]n-I'bm-Wv C-Xn-\-Sn-Øm-\w. Cu {][m-\ L-S-I-§-fn-ep-Å
A-SnØm-\ A-dn-hpIÄ-sIm-v am-{X-ta I-Y-I-fn-sb-¶ I-em-cq]-s¯ a-\-Ên-em-¡p-hm-
\m-bn km-[n-¡p-I-bpÅq. k-aq-l-¯n-se D-¶-X Øm-\o-b-cm-b-hÀ-¡v t\-tS--{][m-\
A-dn-hp-Ifn-sem-¶m-bn-cp¶p I-Y-I-fn-sb-Ip-dn-¨p-Å A-dn-hp-IÄ. AXp-sIm-v X-s¶ I-
Y-I-fn-¡v t{]-£-I-cm-bn-¯oÀ-¶Xv, A-Xn-s\-Ip-dn-¨v A-SnØm-\ A-dn-hp-I-fp-Å k-aq-l-
¯n-se D-¶-X-Øm-\o-b-cpw, I-em-´-c-¯nÂ I-Y-I-fn-sb Xm-Xv-]-cyw ]qÀ-Æw ]Tn-
¡m\pw A-dn-bp-hm\pw {i-an-¨-h-cp-am-bn-cp¶p. Im-gv-N-sIm-v a-\-Ên-em-¡m³ ]-äp-¶
H¶pw X-s¶ km-[m-c-W-¡mc-s\ kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw I-Y-I-fn-bnÂ D-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ
F-¶-Xm-Wv bm-YmÀ-°yw.
I-Y-I-fn-bp-sS Ime-¯v Xs¶, I-YI-fn ap-t¶m-«v sh-¨ cw-K-t_m-[-¯n-sâ FÃm
A-SnØm-\ tN-cp-h-I-sfbpw DÄ-s¡m-v I-S-¶p h-¶-Xm-Wv \mS-Iw F-¶ I-em-cq]w.
\m-Sy-\r-¯-§-fp-sS tNÀ-¨-bpw, \m-Sy-iv-kv{Xw A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-b-sÃ-¦n-epw, A-Xn-sâ
e-£-W-Ä DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶ hm-Nn-Im-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-ep-Å A-`n-\-b-s¯-bp-am-Wv \mS-Iw
ap-t¶m-«v sh-¨Xv. ]p-cm-Wtam AÃm-¯tXm B-b H-cp IY-sb taÂ-¸-d-ª L-S-I-§-
fn-eq-sS A-h-X-cn-¸n¡p-I X-s¶-bm-Wv I-Y-I-fn-bpw, \m-S-Ihpw sN-bv-XXv. F-¶mÂ c-
vv I-em-cq-]-§fpw hy-Xy-kv-X-ambXv cw-K-th-Zn-bn-epmb A-Xnsâ B-hn-jv-I-c-W-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 24

¯n-eq-sS-bmWv. \mS-Iw A-Xn-sâ {]m-cw-`-Z-i-bnÂ \n-¶pw B-[p-\n-I-X-bn-te-¡v F-¯p-
t¼mÄ cw-K-m-h-X-c-W-¯n-Â hen-b am-ä-§-sf-bm-Wv kr-ãn-¨Xv. I-Y-I-fn-¡v A¶pw
C¶pw A-Xn-sâ Nn-«-h-«-§Ä-¡p-ÅnÂ \n¶p-sIm-p-Å A-h-X-c-W-am-Wv Im-gv-N-sh-
¨n-«p-Å-Xv. X-d-\n-c-¸nÂ \n¶pw D-bÀ-¶ th-Zn-bnÂ, A-c-§p-tI-fn ap-XÂ [-\mi-cn h-
sc-bp-Å Nn-«-bm-bp-Å N-S-§p-I-fn-eq-sS I-YIfn I-S¶p-t]m-Ip-¶Xv. Im-gv-N-¡m-c-\pw,
I-em-cq-]-¯n-\p-an-S-bnÂ {]-Xy-£-aÃm-¯ H-cp hnS-hv F-t¸mgpw I-Y-I-fn-¡v Dv. km-
[m-c-W-¡mc-s\ kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw C-Xv X-§Ä-¡v th-n-bp-Å-XÃ F-¶ cw-K-
t_m-[-s¯-bp-am-Wv I-YI-fn kr-ãn-¨Xv. F-¶mÂ \mS-Iw A-Xn-sâ B-[p\n-I Zn-i-bn-
te-s¡-¯p-t¼mÄ Im-gv-N-¡m-c-\pw, \m-S-I-¯n-\p-an-S-bv-¡v XpÃyXm-t_m[-s¯ h-fÀ-
¯n-sb-Sp-¯p. A-Xn-sâ cw-K-th-Zn-bn-eq-sS Im-gv-N-¡m-cp-sS cw-K-t_m-[-¯n-\v h-cp¯n-
b am-ähpw C-Xv X-s¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p. K-Zy-`m-jm ssi-en, \m-S³ ]-Z{]-tbm-K§Ä, I-mem-
Im-e-§-fnÂ Xn-c-sª-Sp-¯ I-Y-Ifpw A-Xn-se Po-hn-X-]-cn-k-c-§-fpw, I-Y-bp-sS B-
Jym-\-ssi-en-I-fn-se ]-co-£-Ww (kn.sP-bp-sS-bpw a-äv \m-S-I-§Ä), cw-K-th-Zn-sb I-
Y-bv-¡\p-tbm-Pyam-b co-Xn-bnÂ ]-cn-jv-I-cn-¨Xv, X\-Xv \m-S-I-th-Zn ap-t¶m-«v sh-¨ Im-
gv-N-¡m-c-\pw,A-`n-\-bn-Xm-¡Â-¡pw XpÃy-th-Zn F-¶ k-¦Â-¸w, sX-cp-hv \m-S-I-th-Zn
ap-t¶m-«v sh-¨ km-[m-c-WXzw Xp-S§n-b Htcm L-S-I-§fpw t{]-£I-cnÂ X-§-fp-sS
kmw-kv -Im-cn-I-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ-bpw, X-§-fp-sS X-s¶ k-¦Â-¸-§-fp-sS-bpw, Nn-´-I-fp-
sSbpw {]-Xn-^-e-\-hp-am-Wv \m-S-I-w F-¶ Nn´-sb D-WÀ-¯n-bXvv. C-Xp X-s¶-bm-bn-cp-
¶p a-e-bm-fn-bp-sS \m-S-I-cw-K-t_m-[-hpw. C-Xn-s\ P-\-§Ä kzo-I-cn-¡p-I-bpw, \n-c-kn-
¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp.]pXn-b ]-co-£-W-§Ä hopw \-S¶p-sIm-n-cp¶p. I-YI-fn a-e-
bm-fn-bp-sS cw-K-t_m-[-¯nÂ Im-cyam-b am-ä-§Ä-¡v h-gn-sh-¨nÃ, F-¶mÂ I-Y-I-fn-
bnÂ \n-¶v B-[p\n-I \m-S-I-¯n-te-s¡-¯n-b-t¸mÄ \mS-Iw A-Xn-sâ cw-K-thZn-sIm-
pw, A-Xv P-\-§-fn-ep-m¡n-b cw-K-t_m-[w sImpw P-\-Io-b-am-bn-¯o-cp-I-bp-am-
Wv sN-bv-XXv.
\m-S-I-km-ln-Xy-hpw B-«-¡-Y-I-fpw
A-`n\-bw kw-`mj-Ww F-¶n-h-bn-eq-sS k-¼qÀ-®am-b H-cp a-\p-jy-hym-]mc-s¯
t{]-£-I-cn-te-¡v ]-I-cp-¶ H-cp Zr-iy-{im-hy-I-e-bm-Wv \m-SIw. \m-SI-s¯ k-¼qÀ-®-
I-e-sb-¶v hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡m-dp-v. C-Xn-\v Imc-Ww A-XnÂ km-ln-Xyw, kw-KoXw, \r-
¯w, Nn-{X-I-e F-¶n§-s\ hn-`n-¶-I-e-I-fp-sS km-Ieyw sIm-mWv. Cu \m-S-I-¯n-
sâ cw-Km-h-X-cW-s¯ hn-i-Z-am-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv \m-S-I-¯n-sâ Xn-c¡-Y. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ
s]m-Xp-sh-bp-Å FÃm k-hn-ti-j-X-I-sfbpw DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶ tI-c-f-¯n-sâ ¢m-Ên-Iv
I-em-cq-]-am-Wv I-Y-Ifn. \m-S-I-¯n-te-sX-¶Xp-t]m-se \r-¯w, \r-Xyw, \m-Syw, km-ln-
Xyw, A-`n-\-bw, Nn-{X-sa-gp¯v, in-ev-]-hn-Zy, hm-Zy-kw-Ko-Xw, hm-Nn-I kw-Ko-Xw Xp-S§n-
b D-Zm-¯-I-e-I-fp-sS ]qÀ-®-X I-Y-I-fn-bnepw \-ap-¡v Im-Wm-hp-¶-XmWv. I-Y-I-fn-bp-
sS cw-Km-h-X-cW-s¯ hn-i-Z-am-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv B-«-¡-Y-IÄ. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ-bpw, I-Y-I-fn-
bp-sSbpw cw-Km-h-X-c-W-¯n-\p-Å Cu F-gp-¯p-cq-]-§Ä km-ln-Xy-hn-`m-K-¯nÂ DÄ-
s¡m-Åp-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p.
tI-c-f-¯nÂ \m-S-I-§Â¡vv hf-sc ap³-]v X-s¶ B-«-¡-Y-Ifpw I-Y-I-fnbpw cq-
]w {]m-]n-¨n-cp-¶p. cm-am-b-W-I-YI-sf B-kv-]-Z-am-¡n sIm-«mc-¡-c X-¼p-cm³ c-Nn-¨-h-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 25

bm-Wv B-Zy-s¯ B-«¡-Y. {]-[m-\-ambpw ]p-cm-W-I-YI-sf B-kv-]-Z-am-¡n-bp-Å-h-bm-
Wv B-«-¡-YIÄ. ]-Z-§Ä, Z-Þ-I-§Ä, tÇm-I-§Ä, km-cn-IÄ F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å c-
N-\m-k-{¼-Zm-bw B-«-¡-YI-sf a-äv K-Zy-km-ln-Xy-cq-]-§-fnÂ \n-¶pw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-
¡p¶p. tÇm-I-§Ä an-¡-t¸mgpw I-hn-hm-Iy-hpw, ]-Z-§Ä I-Ym-]m-{X-hm-Iy-§-fp-amWv.
tÇm-I-§Ä I-Ym-]m-{X-¯n-sâ A-h-Ø-sb-]än-tbm, I-Ym-k-µÀ-`-s¯-]äntbm D-Å I-
hn-bp-sS {]-Øm-h-\-bp-amWv. \m-S-I-¯nÂ A-¦-§Ä-¯n-cn¨v, cw-K-hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-§-fpw,
I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS kw-`m-j-Ww, N-e-\w, Xp-S-§n-b-h-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-§-fp-
am-Wv \-S-¯p-¶Xv. C-hn-sS I-Y-I-fn-bp-sSbpw \m-S-I-¯n-sâbpw cw-Km-h-X-c-W-¯n-\v
th-n F-gp-X-s¸-Sp-¶ B-«-¡-Y-bpw,Xn-c-¡-Ybpw A-Xn-sâ L-S-\-bnÂ taÂ-¸-d-ª
Nn-e hy-Xym-k-§Ä Im-Wn-¡p-¶p F-¶-sXm-gn-¨mÂ Cu c-v km-ln-Xy-cq-]-§fpw {]-
Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-¿p-¶ cw-Km-hn-jv-Im-c-t_m-[w H-¶p-X-s¶-bm-sW-¶v Im-Wm³ km-[n-
¡pw. -A-`n\-bw X-s¶-bm-Wv c-v km-ln-Xy-cq-]-§-fp-sSbpw cw-Km-hn-jv-¡m-c-§-fnÂ
\-S-¡p-¶Xv. I-Y-I-fn-bnÂ ap-{Z-I-fp-sS-bpw, ap-J`m-h N-e-\-§Ä¡pw {]m-[m\yw sIm-
Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ \m-S-I-¯nÂ Iq-Sp-XÂ N-e-\m-ß-Iam-b A-`n-\-b-hpw, `m-j-bn-ep-Å km-
[m-c-W kw-`m-W-§Ä-¡p-am-Wv {]m-[m-\yw. C-hn-sS H-cp I-Ysb, cw-K¯vv B-hn-jv-I-cn-
¡m³ th- FÃm-km-[y-X-I-fpw Cu c-v I-e-I-fnepw H¶p-t]m-se D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-
¶p. B-«-¡-Y-bpw, \m-S-IXn-c-¡-Ybpw ap-t¶m-«v h-bv -¡p-¶- s]m-Xphmb cw-K-t_m-[w
C-XmWvv. D-]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ ssi-en-am-{X-am-Wv hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶-Xv. B-«-¡-Y-
bpw, \m-S-I Xn-c-¡-Ybpw D-m-¡n-sb-Sp-¡p-¶ Cu cw-K-t_m-[w km-ln-Xy-cq-]-sa-¶
\n-e-bnÂ C-h-bv-¡v Xpey-{]m-[m-\y-s¯-bm-Wv IÂ-¸n-¨v \Â-Ip-¶-Xv. I-Y-I-fn-bpw, \m-
S-I-hpw k-¼qÀ-® I-em-cq-]-am-bn hn-e-bn-cp-¯-s¸-Sp¶-Xv Cu cw-K-t_m-[-¯n-sâ A-Sn-
Øm-\-¯n-em-Wv. D-®m-bn hm-cy-cp-sS \-f-N-cn-Xw B-«¡-Y-t]m-se {]-i-kv-X-§fm-b \n-
ch-[n B-«-¡-Y-Ifpw A-Xn-sâ cw-Km-hn-jv-¡m-c§Ä-sImpw a-ebm-f km-lnXy-hpw,
Zr-iy-I-em-]m-c-¼cyw k-¼-¶-am-bn-¯oÀ-¶n-cp-¶p. \m-S-I-§Ä-¡v ap³]v, A-Xn-sâ km-
ln-Xy-cq-]am-b Xn-c-¡-Y-IÄ-¡v ap³-]v B-«-¡-Y-I-fm-Wv A-Xn-sâ A-`m-hw ]-cn-l-cn¨-
Xv F-¶v hn-e-bn-cp-¯-s¸-Sp¶-Xv Cu k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fp-sS A-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-emWv.
ap³ImehÀj -tNm-Zy-§Ä
1. ‘a-e-bm-f-¯n-se C-_vk¬' F-¶p F³. Ir-j-Wv-]nÅ-sb hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶-sX´p-
sImv? (2017)
2. ko.sP. tXm-a-Ên-sâ ‘A-h³ hopw h-cp-¶p’ F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n-sâ k-hn-ti-j-X-
IÄ Gh? (2016)
3. kn.-F³. {ioI-WvT³ \mb-cpsS cmam-bW IYm-[n-jvTnX \mS-I§sf ]cn-N-b-s¸-
Sp-¯p-I. (2015)
4. ae-bmf \mS-Ith-Znsb kPo-hhpw P\-Io-b-hp-am-¡p-¶-XnÂ kmaq-ly-\m-S-I-§Ä
{][m\ ]¦p hln¨p kaÀ°n-¡p-I. (2014 C)
5. ‘X\Xp \mS-IthZn ae-bmf \mSI {]Øm-\-¯nÂ ImX-emb amä-§Ä hcp¯n’.
Cu {]kvXm-h\ icntbm? hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I. (2014)
6. F³.-Ir-jvW-]n-Å-bpsS \mS-Ik-¦ev]w hni-Zo-I-cn-¡pI. (2013-C)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 26

7. kn.-sP.tXma-kn-sâbpw kn.-F³.-{io-I-WvT³ \mb-cp-sSbpw \mS-I§Ä Xmc-X-ay-
_p²ym hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. (2012)
8. \mS-Ith-Znbpw \mS-Ikm-lnXyw X½nepÅ ]c-kv]c ]qc-I-Xz-¯nsâ A`mhw ae-
bmf \mS-Ikm-ln-Xy-¯nsâ hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-§sf kzm[o-\n-¨n-«ptm?
(2010)
9. ‘{]iv\-\m-SIw’ F¶m-se´v? ae-bm-f-¯nse {]i-\-\m-S-I-§-fpsS kz`mhw ]cn-
tim-[n-¡p-I. (2006)
10. ae-bmf \mS-I¯nÂ ]mÝm-Xy-kzm-[o\w F{X-bp-s¶v kn.sP. tXma-knsâ
GsX-¦n-ep-samcp IrXnsb ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp¯n IW¡m¡pI. (2004)
11. IY-I-fn-bnÂ \n¶v B[p-\nI \mS-I§-fn-se-¯p-t¼m-tgbv¡v ae-bm-fn-bpsS
cwKt_m-[-¯n\p h¶ amä-§Ä {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-I. (2004)
12. aebm-f-¯n-se \m-S-I-sa-¶ km-ln-Xy-cq-]-¯n-sâ A-`m-hw ]-cn-l-cn¨-Xv B-«-¡-Y-I-
fm-Wv \n-cq-]n-¡p-I. (2000)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 27

t]¸ÀþH-¶v sk-£³þ_n
a-e-bmfw
bq-Wnäv 6.2
t\mhÂ
t\mh-kv, t\mhÃ F¶o ]Z-§Ä tNÀ¶p-m-b-XmWv t\mhÂ F¶ ]Zw.
t\mhÂ ]pXnb Hcp krjvSn-tem-Is¯ Ipdn-¡p-¶p. A¨-Snbpw A\p-_Ô kwkvIm-
chpw cq]w sImSp¯ kmaqlnIm-h-Ø-I-fmWv \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ apgp-h³ kmln-Xy-cq-
]-§-fnÂ \n¶pw `n¶-ambn t\mh-en\v hgn-sX-fn-bn-¨-Xv. 19-þmw \qämnsâ D¯-cmÀ²-
¯n-emWv t\mhÂ, ae-bmf kmln-Xy-¯nsâ Hcp A`n-`m-Py-L-S-I-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶-Xv.
 {]ta-bw
 C-Xn-hr-¯w
 I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä
 ]-Ým-¯-ew
 B-Jym\w
t\mh-en-eqsS hyà-am-¡m³ Dt±-in-¡p¶ {][m\ Bi-b-amWv {]ta-bw. {]ta-
b¯nsâ ASn-Øm\ LS-I-amWv CXn-hr-¯w. kw`-h-§sf AsÃ-¦nÂ {Inb-Isf
{]ta-b-¯nsâ Bhn-jvI-c-W-¯n\v hy\y-kn-¡p-t¼m-gmWv CXn-hr¯w cq]w
sImÅp-¶-Xv. CXn-hr-¯-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«XmWv IYm-]m-{Xw. hyXykvX Xe-¯n-
epÅ IYm-]m-{X-§Ä t\mh-enÂ {]Xy-£-s¸-Sm-dp-v. ASp-¯-Xv, ]Ým-¯-ew. CXn-
hr-¯-t¯-bpw, IYm-]m-{X-t¯bpw ]c-kv]cw _Ôn-¸n-¡p-¶-XmWv ]Ým-¯-ew.
t\mh-ensâ apgp-h-\m-bpÅ A\p-`-hs¯ krjvSn-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶-XnÂ ]Ým-¯-e-¯n\v
hf-sc-b-[nIw {]m[m\yw Dv. ]Ým-¯ew t\mh-enÂ Bß-\n-jvT-ambpw hkvXp-\n-
jvS-ambpw {]Xy-£-s¸-Sm-dp-v. ASp-¯-L«w, BJym\w. FXv hn[-¯n-emWv IYsb
Bkzm-Z-I-\n-te¡v F¯n-¡p-¶Xv F¶Xv BJym-a-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v \nÂ¡p-¶p.
`mj-bmWv CXn-\pÅ am[y-aw. `mj-bpsS {]tbmKw GXv hn[-¯n-em-bn-cn¡pw F¶-
Xv, t\mh-en\v Hcp ssiensb krjvSn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p. Ch-bpsS D¯-a-amb tNcp-h-
bmWv Hcp t\mh-ens\ DZm-¯-am¡n XoÀ¡p-¶-Xv.
tIc-f-¯nÂ t\mh-ens\ cq]-s¸-Sp-¯nb Ncn{X kml-N-cy-§-fnÂ, ChnsS \S-
¸n-em-¡nb hnZym`ymk k{¼-Zm-b-§Ä¡pw, Cw¥ojv `mjbv¡v In«nb kzoIm-cy-
Xbpw {][m\ ]¦v hln-¡p-¶p-v. ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy-Ime t\mh-ep-I-fnÂ {][m-
\-amWv tPm¬ _-\n-bsâ ‘]nÂ{Knwkv t{]m{K-kn-\v’ tPmk^v ]näv X¿m-dm-¡nb
‘XoÀ°m-S-\-]p-tcm-KXn’ F¶ IrXn. 1840Â {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ Cu IrXn hnhÀ¯-\-am-
b-Xn-\mÂ BZy-s¯-t\m-h-se¶ ]cn-K-W\ AÀln-¡p-¶n-Ã. anÊnÊv tImfn³knsâ
‘Z kvsfbÀ kvsfbn³’ F¶ Cw¥ojv IrXn-bpsS ]cn-`m-j-bmb ‘LmX-I-h-[-am-
Wv’(1878) cm-a-t¯-Xv. Hcp kmaq-ln-I-t\m-h-ensâ ]e e£-W-§fpw Cu t\mh-en-
\p-v. anÊnÊv tImfn³knsâ ho£Ww A{X-Iv hnim-e-a-Ãm-¯-Xpw, `mj- A{X
lrZy-a-Ãm¯Xpw F¶nh Cu t\mh-ensâ \yq\-X-I-fmbn Nqn-Im-Wn-¡p-¶p. 1882Â
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 1
BÀ¨vUo-¡³tIm-in-bpsS ‘]ptÃ-en-Ip©p’ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p. Hcp sslµ-h-ss{I-
kvXh kwhm-Z-amWv apJy{]Xn-]m-Zw. t\mh-ensâ e£-W-§-tf-¡mÄ \o- K-Zy-
IYbv¡v kam-\-am-bn-cp¶p Cu t\mhÂ. 1887Â A¸p-s\-Sp-§m-Sn-bpsS Ipµ-eX {]kn-
²o-I-cn-¨p. CXnse IYm-X´p tjIvkv]n-b-dnsâ knw_-en³ F¶ \mS-I-¯n-te-Xm-
Wv. IY-bpsS ]cn-Wm-a-Kp-]n-Xn-bpw, `mjm-km-c-fyhpw Hgn¨v \nÀ¯n-bmÂ t\mh-en-tâ-
Xmb aäv e£-W-§Ä Ipd-hm-Wv. F¶n-cp-¶mepw Hcp henb {]Øm-\-¯nsâ
ap³Km-an-sb¶ \ne-bnÂ Ipµ-eX Ncn-{X-{]m-[m-\yw AÀln-¡p-¶p-v.
BZy-Im-e-t\m-h-ep-IÄ¡v tijw cq]w-sIm aäv t\mh-ep-Isf {][m-\-ambpw
kmaq-ln-I-t\m-hÂ, sdmam³kpÄ¸-sS-bpÅ Ncn-{Xm-Jym-bn-I-IÄ, A]-kÀ¸-I-
t\mhÂ cmjv{So-b-t\mhÂ F¶n§s\ \mev hn`m-K-§-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-
Wv.
kmaq-ln-I-t\m-hÂ
tIcf¯nÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ kmaq-ln-I-amb Npäp-]m-Sp-IÄ t\mh-ensâ {]ta-b-
¯n\v ]Ým-¯-e-ambn hcp-¶-Xns\-bmWv kmaq-lnI t\mhÂ F¶v ]d-bp-¶Xv.
kmaq-ln-Im-h-Øsb Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ ImgvN-]m-Sn\v A\p-kr-X-ambn hnaÀi-\m-ß-I-
am-tbm, AÃm-sXtbm Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy-Ime t\mh-ep-
IÄ CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. ‘LmX-I-h-[-¯nÂ’ hÀ® hnth-N\w kmaq-lnI ]ptcm-
K-Xn¡v hnLm-X-hpw, am\p-jnI aqÃy-§-sf \ntj-[n-¡p-¶-Xp-am-sW-¶p-ÅXv anknÊv
tImfn³kv kaÀ°n-¡p-¶p. ‘-]p-tÃenIp©p-hnÂ’ sslµ-h-þ-ss{I-kvXh kwhm-Z-
amWv apJy {]Xn-]m-Z-ambn hcp-¶-Xv. cma-]-Wn-¡À, ]ptÃenIp©p-]n-Å, Hcp \¼q-Xn-
cn, D]-tZ-in-bmb tImÄ t]mÀ«À F¶n-hÀ ]s¦-Sp-¡p-¶p. H¶mw `mK-¯nse NÀ¨
hÀ® hnth-N-\-s¯ Ipdn¨m-Wv. cmw `mKw _nw_m-cm-[-\-sb-¡p-dn-¨pw, aq¶mw
`mKw tImÄ t]mÀ«À F¶ IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ {]t_m-[-\-hp-am-Wv. kmaq-lnI kml-
N-cy-§sf ap³\nÀ¯n-bpÅ [À½-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ DZvt_m-[-\-amWv ChnsS {]Xn-]m-
Zyw. Ipµ-e-X, Cµp-te-J, imcZ XpS-§nb t\mh-ep-I-fnÂ C¯-c-¯nÂ kmaq-ln-I-
amb Ah-Ø-I-fpsS {]Xn-^-e-\-amWv ImWm³ km[n-¡p-¶-Xv.
Cµp-te-J þ H. Nµpta-t\m³
ae-bm-f-¯nse BZys¯ e£-W-sam¯ t\mh-se¶ hnti-j-W-¯n\v AÀl-
amWv 1889Â {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ H.-N-´p-ta-t\msâ ‘Cµp-teJ’ F¶ t\mhÂ. ]©p-ta-
t\msâ A\-´-c-h-fpsS aI-\mb am[-h-\pw, aI-fpsS aI-fmb Cµp-te-Jbpw X½n-
epÅ A\p-cm-K-amWv t\mh-ensâ apJy-{]-ta-bw. t\mh-Â AXnsâ CXn-hr-¯-hp-
ambn _Ô-s¸« vapt¶m«v hbv¡p¶ kmaq-lnI {]iv\-§fpw, ]ptcm-K-a-\m-i-b-
§Äs¡m-p-amWv ‘Cµp-teJ’ ae-bmf t\mhÂ kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ thdn«
i_vZ-ambn C¶pw \ne\n Â¡p¶Xpw NÀ¨-sN-¿-s¸-Sp-¶-Xpw. Cw¥ojv t\mhÂam-
Xncn Fgp-X-s¸-«n-«pÅ IY F¶mWv t\mh-ensâ Bcw-`-¯nÂ N´p-tam-t\m³ Fgp-
Xn-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ‘ss{]Uv B³Uv {]Pp-Un-kv’, ‘sl³dnäm sS¼nÄ’ F¶o ]mÝm-Xy-
t\m-h-ep-I-fpsS kzm[o\w Cµp-te-Jbv¡v ]n¶n-ep-v. Hcp kap-Zm-b-¯n-\p-Ånse
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 2
ImgvN-¸m-Sp-Isf, kv{XobpsS kzXz-t_m-[s¯ Cµp-teJ F¶ kv{Xo IYm-]m-{X-¯n-
eqsS t\mh-enÌv amän-a-dn-¡m³ X¿m-dm-sb¶p-ÅXv t\mh-ensâ apJy khn-ti-j-X-
I-fn-sem-¶m-Wv. kaq-l-hpw, kmln-Xyhpw ]pcpj tI{µo{InX-ambncp¶ Hcp Ime-
¯mWv ‘Cµp-teJ’ F¶ t\mhÂ krjvSn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. Cu ]Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ tIc-
f-¯nse kmaq-lnI ]cn-hÀ¯-\-¯n\v \mµn-Ip-dn-¡p¶ BZys¯ kv{XoI-Ym-]m-{X-
ambn Cµp-teJ amdp-I-bm-Wv. hnZym-`ym-k-¯nsâ Bh-iy-I-X, kv{XoI-fpsS kmaq-
ln-I-amb D¶-a-\w, Iq«p-Ip-Spw_ hyh-Ø-bpsS ssiY-Ãyw, GI-`mcym k{¼-Zm-b-
¯nsâ Bh-iy-I-X, DtZym-K-¯n-eqsS BÀÖn-¡p¶ hyànt_m-[w, kmwkvIm-cnI
hnImkw F¶n-h-bpsS cmjv{So-b-s¯-bmWv N´p-ta-t\m³ t\mh-en-eqsS Ah-X-cn-
¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. cm-as¯ t\mh-emb ‘imc-ZbnÂ’ a\p-jy-\n-epÅ \·-Xn-·-Isf ]pd-
¯p-sIm-p-h-cm-\mWv {ian-¡p-¶-Xv. a\p-j-Xz-¯n\v \nc-¡m¯ BVy-Xz-s¯bpw,
B`n-Pm-¯y-s¯bpw XÅn-¸-dªv hr²\mb `À¯m-hns\ Dt]-£n¨v imc-Z-bnse
IÃym-Wn-¡p-«n-b½ tIc-f-\-thm-°m-\s¯ ]cn-t]m-jn-¸n-¡p-¶p-v. imcZ N´p-tam-
t\msâ A]qÀ®-amb t\mh-em-Wv.
N´p-ta-t\ms\ ]mÝm-Xy-t\m-h-ep-IÄ hf-sc-b-[nIw kzm[o-\o¨n-cp-¶p. Cu
kzm[o\w At±-l-¯nsâ ImgvN-¸m-Sp-Isf X\n-¡p-Np-äp-apÅ kmaq-ln-I-Np-äp-]m-Sp-I-
fpambn _Ôn-¸n¨v hnaÀi-\-]-c-ambn Nnń-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw, Xsâ cN-\-bn-te¡v Bhn-
jv¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw t{]c-I-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p. lmky-¯nsâ dnb-en-ÌnIv Awi-t¯bpw,
{]W-b-¯nsâ-sdmamânIv Awi-§-sfbpw X½nÂ At±lw _Ôn-¸n-¨p. \·-bpsS
BXy-ń-I-hn-P-b-¯nÂ hnizm-k-aÀ¸n-¨n-cp¶ N´p-ta-t\m\v ae-bmf kmln-Xy-
¯nse a\p-jy-t{]-an-I-fpsS ap³]-ń-bnÂXs¶bmWv Øm\w. kmaqln-I L-S\-sb
\n-tj-[n-¡m³ X-¿m-dm-bn-cp-¶nÃ N-´pta-t\m³. A-Yn-\p-ÅnÂ \n¶p-sIm-p-Å am-ä-
¯n-\m-Wv {]m-[m\yw sIm-Sp-¯Xv.
Ncn-{X-t\m-hÂ
Ncn-{Xm-Jym-bn-I-fmb t\mh-ep-IfnÂ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb kw`-h-§-sf-bmWv {]ta-b-
¯n-\mbn kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. bmYmÀ°y-¯n-s\m-¸w sI«p-I-Y-I-sf-bpw, k¦Â¸-§-
sfbpw Ncn-{X-t\m-h-ep-I-fpsS cN-\bv¡v thn kzoI-cn-¨n-cp-¶p. BJym\ ssien,
Fgp-¯p-Im-c\v t\mh-en-t\m-SpÅ kao-]-\-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v \nÂ¡p-¶p.
ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy-Ime Ncn-{X-t\m-h-ep-I-fnÂ {it²-b-amWv Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ
`cn-¨n-cp¶ hnimJw Xncp-¶mÄ alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ \nÀt±-i-{]Imcw hen-b-tIm-bn-¯-
¼p-cm³ ]cn-`m-j-s¸-Sp-¯nb ‘AIv_À. (1894). AIv_À F¶ ka-Öze ]pcp-j-\n-
eqsS `mc-Xs¯ H¶mbn kao-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ {]tNm-Z\w Cu IrXn klr-ZÀ¡v
\ÂIn. ck-{]-Zm-\-amb BZy-Im-e- t\m-hÂ hnhÀ¯-\-§-fn-sem-¶m-bn-«mWv
‘AIv_À BZ-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. ]n¶oSv ae-bmf t\mhÂ kmln-Xy-¯nÂ Hcp kp{]-
[m\ L«-s¯-¡p-dn-¡p-¶ H¶mbn kn.hn cma³¸n-Å-bpsS t\mh-ep-IÄ amdn.
ae-bm-e-fkm-ln-Xy-¯nÂ Ncn-{Xm-Jym-bnI F¶ imJbv¡v XpS¡w Ipdn-¡p-
¶Xv kn.hn cma³¸n-Å-bpsS Ncn-{X-t\m-h-ep-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnsâ `qX-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 3

Im-e-N-cn-{X-¯nsâ bmYmÀ°y-hpw, Imev]-\n-I-hp-amb ]Ým-¯-eamWv kn.-hn-bpsS
Ncn-{X-t\m-h-ep-IÄ¡p-Å-Xv. ‘amÀ¯m-WvU-hÀ½, ‘[À½-cmP, ‘cma-cm-P-_-l-ZqÀ
F¶n-h-bmWv kn.-hn-bpsS Ncn-{X-t\m-h-ep-IÄ.
]cnWm-a-Z-i-bn-se-¯nb cma-hÀ½ alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ Imew apXÂ, amÀ¯m-
WvU-hÀ½-bpsS Øm\m-tcm-lWw hsc-bpÅ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnsâ Ncn{Xw hnh-cn-
¡p¶ Hcp lntÌm-dn-¡Â sdmam³km-bn-«mWv ‘amÀ¯m-WvU-h-À½’ AhX-cn¸n¨ncn-
¡p-¶-Xv. amÀ¯mWvUh-À½sb Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ cmP-Øm\ {`jvT-\m-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-
n-bpÅ ]ß-\m-`³ X¼n-bp-sSbpw, F«p-ho-«nÂ¸n-Å-am-cp-sSbpw ]²-Xn-I-fpw, cmPy-
¯nse {]_-e-cmb Bdv {]am-Wn-am-cpsS klm-b-t¯msS amÀ¯m-WvU-hÀ½ i{Xp-
¡sf AaÀ¨-sNbvXv cmP-i-ànsb Dd-¸n-¡p-¶-Xp-amb kw`h§Ä CS-I-eÀ¯n-bp-
Å-XmWv IYm-K-Xn. Ncn-{X-I-Y-bp-sS-bpw, Imen-]-\nI kmln-Xy-¯n-sâbpw k½n-{i-
amb amÀ¯mWvUhÀ½ ae-bmf kmln-Xy-¯nse Hcp \mgn-I-I-Ãm-Wv. ]mÝmXy
kmln-Xy-hp-ambn ASp-¯-_Ôw ]peÀ¯n-bn-cp¶ kn.-hnsb kÀ hmÄ«À
kvtIm«nsâ IrXn-IÄ hf-sc-b-[nIw kzm[o-\n-¨n-cn-¶p. kvtIm«nsâ ‘sFhm³tlm’
amXr-I-bm-¡n-bmWv kn.hn amÀ¯m-WvU-hÀ½ cNn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ‘sFhm³tlm’
{]tNm-Z-\-am-bn-s¡m-pÅ ‘amÀ¯m-WvU-hÀ½’ Hcp A\p-I-c-W-ambn amdp¶nÃ.
t\mh-ense CXn-hr-¯w, kw`-h-§Ä FÃmw Xs¶ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnsâ Ncn-{X-
¯n\pw, kn.-hn-bpsS k¼pjvSamb `mh-\m-tem-I-¯n\pw Ah-Im-i-s¸-«-Xm-Wv.
ImÀ¯n-I-Xn-cp-¶mÄ cma-hÀ½ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ `cn-¨n-cp-¶- Ime-L-«-¯nsâ ]Ým-¯-
e-amWv ‘[À½-cmP’ F¶ t\mhÂ. F«p-ho-«nÂ¸n-Å-am-cpsS ]n³Km-an-bmb lcn-]-
©m-\³amÀ cmPm-hn-s\-Xn-cm-bn-¯n-cn-bp-¶Xpw, B {iaw ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xp-amWv
IY. cmP-tI-i-h-Zmkv F¶ tIi-h-]n-Å-bmWv Cu IY-bnse {][m-\-I-Ym-]m-{Xw.
tIi-h-]n-Å-bpsS sNdp-¸w-ap-XÂ Znhm³ BIp-¶-Xp-h-sc-bpÅXmWv CXnse CXn-
hr-¯w. ‘[À½-cm-P-’bpsS XpSÀ¨-bmWv ‘cma-cm-P-_-l-ZqÀ’. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dpw, Sn¸p-
kpÂ¯m-\p-am-bpÅ bp²-amWv Cu t\mh-ense CXn-hr-¯w. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn\v òj-
Wn-bmb ssakqÀ A{I-a-W-¯nsâ \ngÂ cmPy-¯n-\p-ÅnÂ \S-¡p¶ A´x-Ñn-{Z-
§Ä \mS-Io-b-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv cma-cm-P-_-l-Zq-dnÂ.
A´-co-£-kr-jvSn, IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS Cg-In-t¨-cÂ, kw`m-j-W-¯nse NSp-e-X-
bpw, kzm`m-hn-I-X-bpw, ho£W ZmÀVyw, cmPy-¯nsâ GIo-I-cWw kw_-Ôn¨
hyà-amb [mcW F¶nh kn.hn IrXn-I-fpsS {]t{X-I-X-I-fm-Wv. {Inbm-]-c-X, IYm-
]m-{X-{]m-ap-Jyw, kml-kn-I-X, \mS-Io-bX F¶n-§s\ t\mh-ensâ cq]-]-c-amb LS-
I-§sfÃmw Xs¶ H¯n-W-§n-b-XmWv k.-hn-bpsS t\mh-ep-IÄ.
kn.-hn-þbpsS Ncn-{X-t_m-[w
kn.-hn- Bkv]-Z-am-¡p¶ Ncn-{X-¯nÂ ]qÀ®-I-Y-I-tfm, ]qÀ® kw`-h-§tfm
CÃ. ]d-ªp-tI-«Xpw \m«nÂ {]Nm-c-ap-Å-Xp-amb ]e ]g-b-kw-`-h-§fpw IY-Ifpw
ip²-N-cn-{X-¯nsâ ]Z-hn-bÀln-¡m¯ ]e LS-I-§fpw kn.-hnsb {]tNm-Zn-¸n-¨n-«p-
v. Ncn-{X-s¯bpw Xsâ `mh-\tbbpw Iq«n-¡-eÀ¯p-t¼mÄ IYm-]m-{X-§Ä¡v
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 4
hyà-amb cq]w \ÂIp-¶-Xnepw kn.hn kq£va-{i-²-¸p-eÀ¯n-bn-«p-v. cmP-]-£-
¯m-bn-cp¶p kn.hn \ne-bp-d-¸n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. Cu ]£]m-XnXzw Ncn-{X-kw-`-h-§sf cmPm-
hn-\-\p-Iq-e-ambn Xncn-¨p-hn-Sm³ At±-ls¯ t{]cn-¸n-¨p. cmPm-hns\ FXnÀ¡p-¶-
hsc ap³hn-[ntbmsS i{Xp-]-£¯v At±lw AWn-\n-c¯n Ahsc AXn-{I-an-I-
fmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨p. Ah-cpsS Nn´-I-fn-sebpw {]hÀ¯-\-§-fn-se-bpw kXy-k-ÔX
kn.hn ]e-t¸mgpw In-sÃ¶p \Sn-¨p. cmP-Iob {]Xm-]-¯nsâ i_vZta kn.hn IrXn-
I-fnÂ apg§n tIÄ¡m\m-Iq. cmP-hm-gvN-bpsS IognÂ hfÀ¶p-h¶\mSp-hm-gn¯
hyh-Øn-XnbpsS X\n-kz-cq]w kn.hn- IrXn-I-fnÂ sXfn-ªp-Im-Wp-¶p. {]Im-i-
]qÀ®-amb `mhn-bn-te¡v kn.hn F¯n-t\m-¡n-bn-Ã. htcWy hÀK-¯nsâ Pohn-X-hp-
amtb At±-l-¯n\v _Ô-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p-Åq. C§s\ hnaÀi-\-§Ä ]eXpw kn.-hn-
bpsS IrXn-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-v. CsXÃmw hkvXp-X-IÄ BsW-¦nepw CXn-\pÅ Imc-W-
§fpw hyà-am-Wv. k.hn Xsâ t\mh-enÂ {]Xn-]m-Zy-hn-j-b-am-¡n-bXv ka-Im-
enIkmaqly kml-N-cy-¯-tbm, AXnsâ cmjv{So-b-¯tbm Bbn-cp-¶n-Ã. Xncp-hn-
Xmw-Iqdnsâ bYmÀ° Ncn-{X-¯nÂ, {]Pm-X-Xv]-c-\mb cmPmhpw, cmP-`-à-cmb {]P-
Ifpw `cW¯nsâ apJy LS-I-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. CXns\ D·q-e\w sN¿m³ adp-]-£-
¯v {]`p-hÀKw. ChÀ X½n-epÅ kwLÀjw Ncn-{X-]-c-amb A\n-hm-cn-X-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
A¶v _lp-P-\-a-\Êv cmP-]-£-¯m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v Ncn{Xw \s½ t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯p-
¶p. C¯cw Hcp kml-N-cys¯¡pdn¨v hyà-amb [mc-W-bp-m-bn-cp¶XpsIm-
mWv kn.hn cmP-]-£¯v \ne-bp-d-¸n¨Xv.v
‘amÀ¯m-WvU-hÀ’½-bnÂ {KÙ-Im-csâ Bß-kzXzw AsÃ-¦nÂ D¯-a-cm-P-`-c-
W-t¯mSv BZ-c-hpÅ kn.-hnsb amÀ¯m-WvU-hÀ½-bnÂ Fhn-sSbpw ImWm-hp-¶-
Xm-Wv. cmP-i-{Xp-¡-fmb X¼n-am-cpsS iàn F«p-ho-«nÂ ]nÅ-am-cpsS klm-b-k-l-I-
c-W-¯n-emWv ØnXn sN¿p-¶-sX-¦nÂ cmP-i-àn-bpsS Bew-_-hpw, amt¦m-bnÂ
Ipdn-¸v, Xncp-ap-J-¯p-]nÅ apX-emb ]uc-{]-am-Wn-I-f-ÃmsX asä-§p-an-Ã. A[n-Imc
tamln-IÄ A¶pw Dm-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ IÀ¯-hy-t_m-[-hpw, cmPy-kvt\-lhpw
]uc-j-hp-apÅ D¯-a-]u-c-·m-cpsS Imcy-¯nÂ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ A¶pw Zcn-{Z-am-bn-cp-
¶n-Ã. A\´ ]ß-\m-`³ Hcp ]s£ GXv cmPy-¯p-apÅ Hcp hoc-]p-cpj amXr-I-am-
{X-am-Wv. amt¦m-bn-¡Â Ipdn¸pw Xncp-ap-J¯v ]nÅbpw A§-s\-b-Ã. AhÀ ]g-b-
Im-es¯ ]uc-{]-am-Wn-I-fpsS amXr-I-IÄ Xs¶-bm-Wv. alm-cm-Pm-¡-·msc KpW-tZm-
jn-¡m\pw D]-tZ-in-¡p-hm-\p-apÅ {]m]vXn-bpw, Xtâ-Shpw AhÀ¡p-m-bn-cp-¶p.
D¯a cmP-Xz-t¯mSv AhÀ¡-m-bn-cp¶ kvt\lm-Z-c-§Ä aäv bmsXmcp iàn-t¡m,
hnIm-c-¯nt\m hnt[-b-§-f-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. amt¦m-bn-¡Â¡p-dn¸v Irjo-h-e-\mb {Kma-
{]-am-Wn-bm-Wv. Xncp-ap-J-¯p-]nÅ \mK-cn-I-\mb Hcp {]am-Wn-bpw. cp-t]-cp-sSbpw
cmPy-t£-tam-·p-J-amb lrZ-b-hn-Im-c-§Ä¡v kmayw Ds-¦n-epw, Ah-bpsS {]ZÀi-
\-co-Xn-IÄ hn`n-¶-am-Wv. amt¦m-bn-¡Â Ipdn-¸nsâ Ah-X-c-W-¯nÂ kn.-hn¡p {][m-
\-ambn cp-t±-iy-§Ä Dm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶p ImWm³ {]bm-k-an-Ã. H¶v: ]pcm-X\
IÀj-I-]u-c-Xz-¯nsâ Hcp bYm° Nn{Xw hc-¨p-Im-Wn-¡p-I. cm-a-Xm-bn, cmP-`-
ànbpw cmP-kvt\-lhpw IqSn-I-eÀ¶ Hcp ]ucsâ Nn´m-K-Xn-Isf kv]jvS-am-¡p-I.
Cu IYm-]m-{X-§-fn-eq-sS-bmWv kn.hn Xsâ Ncn-{X-t_m-[s¯ t\mh-enÂ AS-bm-f-
s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 5
Ncn-{X-t\m-hÂ kn.-hn¡v tijw.
1854 apXÂ 1940 hsc-bp-ff t\mhÂ kmln-Xy-¯nse {]Y-a-L-«-¯nÂ N´p-ta-
t\m-\pw, kn.hn cma³¸n-Å-bv¡p-ap-m-bn-cp¶ kam-\-amb {]Xn-`m-iàn {]ZÀin-¸n¨
asämcp Fgp-¯p-Im-cs\ Is-¯pI km[y-a-Ã. C¡m-e-b-f-hn-ep-mb t\mh-ep-I-f-
[n-Ihpw XÀÖ-a-Ifpw A\p-I-c-W-§-fp-am-Wv. Nne- Ir-Xn-IÄ¡v Ncn-{Xt\mh-ep-IÄ
F¶ \ne-bnÂ -{]m[m\yw Dv. F¶mÂ Cu t\mh-ep-IÄ H¶pw-Xs¶ kn.-hn-bpsS
Ncn-{X-t\m-hÂ k¦Â¸-§sf ]cn-t]m-jn-¸n-¡p-¶-h-bm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
sFXolhpw Ncn-{Xhpw tbmPn-¸n-¨pÅ kmaq-ln-I-þ-cm-jv{Sob BJym-bn-I-
bmWv cma-hÀ½ A¸³ X¼p-cmsâ ‘`qX-cm-bÀ’(1922) t\mhÂ. tNc-km-{am-Py-¯nsâ
]qÀÆ-Ime kmaq-ln-I-hy-h-kvX-bpw, `q{]-Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw cmjv{Sob hyh-Ø-bp-tSbpw
Hcp eLpNn{Xw ‘`qX-cm-bÀ’ \ÂIp-¶p-v. tIc-f-N-cn-{X-¯nse Hcp s]mXp-hm-fn-s\-
¡p-dn-¨p-Å-XmWv A¼mSn \mcm-b-Ws¸mXp-hm-fnsâ ‘tIc-f-]p-{X³’ (1924). s]cp-am-
¡-·m-cp-sS -Imes¯ tIc-f-¯nsâ hyà-amb cq]w Cu t\mh-enÂ \n¶v Is-Sp-
¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. cmjv{Sob kw`-h-§fpw t{]a-I-Y-Ifpw Iq«n-bn-W¡n sh«-¯p-h-en-b-
X-¼p-cms\ tI{µ-Øm-\¯p \nÀ¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶ t\mh-emWv Sn.-cm-a³ \¼o-isâ
tIc-tf-iz-c³’ (1929). sI.Fw ]Wn-¡À cNn¨ t\mh-ep-I-fmWv ‘tIc-f-knw-lw’,
‘]pWÀtIm-«p-kz-cq-]w’, ‘]d-¦n-¸-S-bm-fn’, ‘[qa-tI-Xp-hn-sâ- D-Zbw’, ‘IÃym-W-aÂ’
F¶n-h. tIc-f-N-cn{Xw Ah-ew-_-am¡n Fgp-Xn-b-h-bmWv BZys¯ \mev t\mh-ep-
IÄ. ]g-Èn-cm-Pm-hnsâ IY ‘tIc-f-knw-l-¯nÂ’ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p.
A]-kÀ¸-I-t\m-hÂ.
Ipäm-t\zm-jW t\mh-ep-I-fmWv A]-kÀ¸-I-t\m-h-ep-I-fnÂs¸Sp-¶-Xv. At\zm-
jW _p²n-¡pw, kq£va-\n-co-£-W-¯n-\pw, A\p-am-\-]m-S-h-¯n-\pw, ssØcy-¯n-
\p-amWv A]-kÀ¸-I-t\m-hÂ {]m[m\yw \evIp-¶-Xv(-sI.Fw Xc-I³). ae-bmf IYm-
t\m-hÂ {]Øm\-§-fnÂ Bcw-`-Im-e¯vXs¶ A]-kÀ¸I IY-Ifpw Øm\w ]nSn-
¨p.
A¸³ X¼p-cm³ 1904Â {]kn²o-I-cn¨ ‘`mkvI-c-ta-t\m³’ BWv ae-bm-f-
¯nse BZys¯ A]-kÀ¸I t\mhÂ. Ff-h-ÃqÀ tZi¯v In«p-®n-ta-t\m³
Fs¶m-cmÄ sImÃ-s¸-Sp-¶p. Abm-fpsS sIme-]m-X-I-¯n\v Imc-W-amb hyàn-bn-te-
¡pw,-Im-c-W-§-fn-te¡pw `mkvI-c-ta-t\m³ F¶ Unä-IvSohv F¯n-t¨-cp-¶-XmWv
IYm-X-´p. kÀ BÀZÀ tImWÂ tUmb-ensâ Unä-In-Sohv IY-I-fmWv ‘`mkvI-c-ta-
t\m³’ F¶ A]-kÀ¸I t\mhÂ cNn-¡m³ A¸³ X¼p-cm\v t{]c-W-bm-bn-
¯oÀ¶-Xv. Ccp-]Xmw \qäm-nsâ XpS-¡-¯nÂ ae-bmfn ]{Xw \S-¯nb F³.sI
IrjvW-]nÅ ‘hen-b-tIm-bn-¡se sIme-]m-XIw F¶ ss{Iw t\mhÂ Fgp-Xn.
1914þÂ Xh-c¯v A½mfp A½ ‘Ia-em-`mbn AYhm e£vao-hn-em-k-¯nse sIme-]m-
XIw’ t\mhÂ Fgp-Xn. ae-bm-f-¯nÂ, Hcp h\nX Fgp-Xnb BZys¯ A]-kÀ¸-I-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 6
t\mhembn-cp¶p CXv. ]n.sI A\-´-]-ß-\m-`-¸nÅ 1926 Â {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ ‘hoc-]m-
e³ AYhm AZv`p-X-cwKw’ BWv ae-bm-f-¯nse Unä-IvSohv t\mhÂ XcwKw
DWÀ¯n-hn-«-Xv. ]WvUn-X-\pw, kmlnXy Ncn{X cN-bn-Xm-hp-amb BÀ.-\m-cm-b-W-¸-Wn-
¡À 1939-þÂ ‘Imf-X{Xn’ F¶ t\mhÂ Fgp-Xn-sImv {]Jym-]n-¨-Xv, ae-bm-f-¯nÂ
A]-cn-Nn-X-amb {XnÃÀ Xm³ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-sW-¶m-Wv. C¯-c-¯nÂ A]-kÀ¸-
I-t\m-h-ep-IÄ \nc-h-[n-bp-m-bn. 1940-þ\v tij-amWv A]-kÀ¸I t\mh-ep-I-fpsS
cwK¯v Imcy-amb amä-§Ä kw`-hn-¡p-¶-Xv.
cmjv{So-b-t\m-hÂ
kmaq-lnI t\mhÂ, kmaq-ln-I-amb Ah-Ø-bpsS `n¶-X-e-§-sf-bmWv {]ta-
b-¯n-\mbn kzoI-cn-¨-sX-¦nÂ, cmjv{Sob t\mh-ep-IÄ kaq-l-¯nse A[n-Imc hyh-
Øn-Xn-tb-bpw, AXn-\p-Ånse am\-hnI aqÃy-§-fpsS {]m[m\y-s¯-bpamWv {]ta-b-
¯n\mbn kzoI-cn-¨-Xv. cmjv{Sob t\mh-ep-I-enÂ AXnsâ kmaq-ln-I-cm-jv{Sobw,
AXnsâ bYmÀ° Npäp-]m-Snsâ X\n-]-IÀ¸m-bpw, hnaÀi-a-]-c-am-bpw, km¦Â¸n-I-
ambpw Fgp-¯p-ImÀ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p.
ae-bm-f-¯nÂ cmjv{So-b-t\m-h-ep-IÄ¡v XpS¡w Ipdn-¡p-¶Xv sI.-\m-cm-b-W-Ip-
cp-¡-fm-Wv. At±-l-¯nsâ ‘]md-¸p-dw’, ‘DZ-b-`m\p’ F¶o hen-b-Ir-Xn-IÄ ià-amb
kmaq-lnI cmjv{Sob hnaÀi-\-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. h©n-\mSv `cn-¨n-cp¶ {ioaqew Xncp-¶m-
fn-s\-bpw, cmPm-hn-sâbpw Znhm³Pn-bp-sSbpw {]oXn-]n-Sn-¨p-]än A[n-Im-c-¯n-se-
¯nb DtZym-K-Ø-·m-cp-sSbpw Zpjv{]-hr-¯n-I-sf-bpw, `c-W¯neSn-ªp-In-S¶ amen-
\y-§sf hen¨v ]pd-¯n-Sp-hm³ \mcm-b-W-Ip-cp-¡Ä ss[cyw ImWn-¨p. Ipcp-¡Ä
FXnÀ¯Xv h©n-\m-«nÂ thcp-d-¸n¨p Ign-ªn-cp¶ Zpjv{]-`p-Xz-s¯-bm-Wv. kztZ-im-
`n-am\n sI.cma-IrjvW ]nÅ-bm-bn-cp¶p \mcm-b-W-Ip-cp-¡-fpsS cv t\mh-ep-
IÄ¡v Ah-Xm-cnI Fgp-Xn-b-Xpw, t\mh-ep-IÄ {]km-[\w sNbvX-Xpw. kmaq-ln-I-\-
ho-I-c-W-¯n-\p-thn A{im´w ]cn-{i-an¨ cma-Ir-jvW-]n-Åbv¡v \mcm-b-W-Ip-cp-
¡-fpsS t\mh-ense cmjv{So-bw, A¶s¯ kaq-l-¯nse P\-§Ä¡n-S-bn-te¡v
F¯n-¡--Xnsâ Bh-iy-I-X-sb-Ip-dn¨v D¯-a-t_m[yw Dmbncp-¶p.
1904Â H¶mw `mK-hpw, 1905Â cmw `mK-hp-am-bn-«mWv ‘]md-¸pdw’ t\mhÂ
{]kn-²o-I-cn-¨-Xv. ]md-¸p-d-¯nse IY XnI¨pw km¦-Â¸n-I-amWv. IYm-cw-Khpw,
IYbpw, IYm-]m-{X-§-fp-saÃmw Iev]-\m-kr-jvSn-IÄ. AtX-k-abw Ch-sbÃmw h©n-
\m-«nse kaq-l-s¯-bpw, DtZym-KØ Zpjv{]-`p-Xz-s¯bpw {]Xn-\n-Zm\w sNbvXp. ‘DZ-
b-`m\p’ AYhm ‘cmjv{Sob \h-`m-cXw’ Bbn-cp¶p Ipcp-¡-fpsS cm-as¯ IrXn.
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnsâ IY-bmWv ‘DZ-b-`m-\p’-hnepw {]Xn-]m-Zyw. alm-`m-cX IYsb Xncp-
hn-Xmw-Iq-dnsâ ]Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ Xncp-¯n-sb-gp-Xp-I-bmWv \mcm-b-W-Ip-cp-¡Ä. A[n-
Imc hnaÀb\w Xs¶-bmWv Cu IrXn-bn-sebpw {]Xn-]mZy hnj-bw.
20-þmw \qäm-nsâ BZy-]-Ip-Xn-bnÂ \mcm-b-W-¡p-cp-¡Ä¡v tijw Dmb
cmjv{Sob t\mh-ep-IfnÂ tIi-h-tZ-hn-sâ-bpw,sNdp-Im-Sn-sâ-bpw,-X-I-gn-bp-sS-bpw
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 7

t\mh-ep-I-fmWv {it²-b-am-bn-¯oÀ¶-Xv. tIi-h-tZ-hnsâbpw, XI-gn-bp-sSbpw hfsc
sNdnb Hcp hn`mKw IrXn-I-fmWv C¯-c-¯nÂ cmjv{Sob t\mh-ep-IÄ F¶ hn`m-K-
¯nÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¯m³ Ign-bp-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ sNdp-ImSv Xsâcmjv{Sob \ne-]m-Sp-IÄ
F´m-sW-¶pw, cmjv{Sobw F´m-sW¶pw Dds¡ {]Jym-]n-¨p-sImv kmln-Xy-c-N\
\S-¯p-I-bpw, AXnÂ FÃmw Xs¶ Xsâ hyà-amb cmjv{Sob ho£-Ws¯
hnaÀin¨pw AÃm-sXbpw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨n-«p-v.
Cý-bnse aX-{`m-ń-s\-bmWv tIi-h-tZhv, ‘{`m´m-ebw’ F¶ t\mh-en-eqsS
Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨-Xv. lnµp-hn-\pw-þ-ap-kÂam\pw X§-fpsS ImgvN-¸m-Sn-epÅ A´-c-hn-t\-
bpw, Cým-]m-¡n-Øm³ hn`-P-\-s¯-bp-amWv t\mh-ensâ {][m\ CXnhr¯ambpw,
AXnsâ ]Ým-¯-e-hp-ambn kzoI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ]m¡n-Øm³ hn`-P-\-t¯msS
A_vZp(-t\m-h-ense IYm-]m-{Xw) IpSpw-_-t¯m-sSm¸w CÉmw cmPy-t¯¡v hn-I-
b-dp-¶p. hgn-at²y apÉow kap-Zm-b-hpw-þ-lnµp kap-Zm-bhpw X½n-ep-mb Iem-]-
¯nÂ, Hcp XpÅn-shÅw t]mepw In«msX a\p-jyÀ ac-W-a-S-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. aX-
¯n-sâbpw hÀ¤o-b-X-bp-tSbpw t]cnÂ a\p-jy³ Dm-¡p¶ Iem-]-§Ä, a\p-
jysâ Xs¶ \mi-¯n-emWv Iem-in-¡p-¶-sX¶v t\mhÂ ]d-ªp-sh-bv¡p-¶p.
‘GWn-¸-Sn-I-fnÂ’ cmjv{Sob DtZym-KØ ZpÀ`-c-W-¯n-s\-Xnsc ap¶-dn-bn¸v
\ÂIp-I-bm-bn-cp¶p XI-gn. km[m-cW Kpa-Ø-\nÂ \n¶v No^v sk{I-«dn Øm\w-
hsc Db-cp¶ tIi-h-¸nÅ F¶ IYm-]m-{X-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv IY-]-d-bp-¶-Xv. Pohn-X-
¯nse _Ô-§-sf-sbÃmw ùXnI hnP-b-¯nse _Ô-§-sf-sbÃmw ùXn-I-hn-P-b-
¯n-\m-bpÅ GWn-¸-Sn-IÄ am{X-am-bmWv AbmÄ I-Xv. AXnÂ Hcp Ipä-t_m-[hpw
tIi-h-]n-Å-bv¡n-Ã. Ime-¯nsâ XnI-hnÂ tIi-h-¸n-Åbv¡pw A[n-Im-c-sam-
gnªpsImSp-t¡n hcp-¶p. Znhm³ `cWw apXÂ tIc-f-¯nse BZyI½yqWnÌv
a{ń-k-`-h-sc-bpÅ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnsâ cmjv{So-b-N-cn-{X-amWv Cu t\mhÂ.
kmaq-ln-I-t\m-h-enÂ \n¶pw cmjv{So-b-t\m-hÂ hsc
ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy-L« Fgp-¯p-Im-cnÂ {][m-\n-I-fmb FÃm-h-scbpw Xs¶
]ÝmXy kmlnXyw hf-sc-b-[nIw kzm[o-\n-¨n-«p-v. Cu kzm[o\w Xs¶-bmWv
\nÝnX CS-th-f-I-fnÂ hyXy-kvX-amb t\mh-ep-I-fpsS cN-\-IÄ¡v Imc-W-am-bn-
¯oÀ¶-Xv. D¶X kap-Zm-b-¯nÂ hfÀ¶p h¶ N´p-ta-t\m-sâ- ]ptcmKa-\-]-c-amb
Imgv-]m-Sn-t\mSv XmZmßyw {]m]n¨Xv ‘ss{]Uv B³Uv {]Pp-Unkv’, ‘sl³dnäm
sS¼nÄ’ F¶o ]mÝmXy kmlnXy IrXn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nÂ, cmP-]-£¯v \n¶p-
sImv hf-cp-I-bpw, cmP-hm-gvN-Im-es¯ [oc-·m-cmb cmPm-¡-·msc Ipdn¨v tI«p
hfÀ¶ kn.hn cma³ ]nÅsb kzm[o-\n-¨Xv kvtIm«nsâ ‘sFhm³tlm--’bp-am-Wv.
Ccp-h-cp-sSbpw hyàn-Po-hn-X-hpw, ]mÝmXy kmln-Xyhpw X½n-epÅ Cu IqSn-t¨-c-
emWv ‘Cµ-pte-J-’ tb-bpw, ‘amÀ¯m-WvU-hÀ½’-tbbpw krjvSn-¨-Xv. Cu t\mh-ep-
IÄ¡v tijw Dm-bh BhÀ¯-\-§-fm-bn-cp-¶-Xn\p Imc-Ww, ae-bmf kmln-Xy-
¯nÂ Nµp-ta-t\m-\pw, kn.-hnbpsSbpw IrXn-IÄ¡v In«nb kzoIm-cy-Xbpw ]pXnb
Hcp BJym-\-ssi-ensb Is-¯m³ Fgp-¯p-ImÀ¡v IgnbmsX t]mb-Xp-am-Wv. Ncn-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 8

{X-t\m-h-ep-IÄ Fgp-Xnb A¸³ X¼p-cm-s\, kÀ BÀXÀ tIm\Â tUmb-ensâ
Ipäm-t\zm-jW IY-IÄ kzm[o-\n-¨p. Cu kzm[o\w ae-bm-f-¯nse BZys¯ A]-
kÀ¸I t\mh-en\v Imc-W-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p.-C-hn-sSbpw hfsc hyà-ambn ]mÝmXy
kmln-Xy-¯nsâ kzm[o\w Is-Sp-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. ]n¶oSv cmjv{Sob t\mh-ep-IÄ,
cmjv{Sob t\mh-en\v ]d-b-¯-¡-hn-[-¯n-epÅ CXc kmlnXy kzm[o-\-§Ä
CÃmbncp-¶p-. Bhn-jvI-c-W-¯nsâ ]pXnb km[y-X-I-sf-bmWv cmjv{So-b-t\m-h-ep-
IÄ kzoI-cn-¨-Xv. kÀÆhpw hn[n-hn-ln-X-sa¶p hniz-kn¨v \jvS-ho-cy-ambn kÀÆ
A\o-Xn-I-fpw kln-¨p-h¶ P\-Xsb kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fn-eqsS cmjv{So-b-{]-_p-²-cm-
¡m-\pÅ {ia-amWv \mcm-b-W-Ip-cp-¡Ä \S-¯n-b-Xv. GIm-[n-]-Xy-¯n\v \oXn-bp-à-
amb `cWw \S-¯m³ km[n-¡nÃ F¶p-apÅ D¯at_m[y-hpw, AXv Xpd¶p ]d-
bm-\pÅ ss[cy-hp-amWv cmjv{Sob t\mh-ep-Isf krjvSn-¨-Xv. cmP-`-c-W-¯n-epw,
DtZym-K-Ø-·mÀ¡p-an-S-bn-epÅ Agn-a-Xn-Isf Xpd-¶p-Im-«p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p cmjv{Sob
t\mh-ep-IÄ.
C¯-c-¯nÂ ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy-Ime t\mh-ep-Isf hne-bn-cp-¯p-t¼mÄ
]mÝm-Xy-t\m-h-ep-IfpsS kzm[o\w hn]p-e-amhpI-bpw, AXnsâ {]ta-bhpw BJym-
\-ssi-enbpw \½psS Fgp-¯p-Im-cp-sS-bp-ÅnÂ hyXy-kvX-amb kzm[o-\-§Ä sNep-
¯pIbpw sNbvXp. Cu kzm[o\w Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-hpambpw, AXnsâ- km-aq-ln-I-þ-
cm-jv{Sob ]Ým-¯-e-§-fp-am-bp-amWv _Ô-s¸-«Xv. Cu hkvXpX Hmtcm Fgp-¯p-Im-
c-s\bpw kw_-Ôn¨v hyXy-kvX-am-b-¯oÀ¶-XmWv kmaq-ln-I-t\m-hÂ apXÂ
cmjv{Sob t\mhÂ hsc-bpÅ hyXykvX taJ-e-I-fn-te¡v t\mhÂ kmlnXyw
sNs¶-¯n-s¸-Sp¶-Xn\pw, H¶v asäm-¶n-te¡v ]n³hm-§n-b-Xn\pw Imc-W-am-bn-
¯oÀ¶Xv.
_wKmfn t\mhepw, ae-bm-f-t\m-hÂ kmln-Xyhpw
t\mhÂ hnhÀ¯-\-§-fmWv _wKm-fns\ tIc-f-¯n-te¡v sImp-h-¶-Xv.
Imń-I-amb Hcp BIÀjWw Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p AXv. kn.-F-Êv. kp{_-Ò-Wy³
t]män F¶ Ihn-bnÂ \n¶v XpS-§p-¶p, ae-bm-fn-bpsS _wKmÄ Ime-¯nsâ IY.
_¦nwN{µ Nt«m-]m-[ym-bpsS ‘ZpÀtK-i-\-µn-\n’ ]cn-`m-j-s¸-Sp¯n `mjm-t]m-jn-
WnbnÂ {]kn-²o-I-cWw XpS-§n-bXv 1907-þÂ Bbn-cp-¶p.]n.sI cmP-ti-J-csâ A`n-
{]m-b-¯nÂ hwK-{]-tZ-i-§-fnse `q{]-Ir-Xn-bm-bn-cp¶p _wKmfn t\mh-enÂ ae-bmfw
Is-¯nb kzm[o\ taJ-e. tZiobt_m[-¯nsâ hfÀ¨-tbmfw ]g-¡-apÅ
_wKmÄ hn`-P-\w, cmjv{So-bw, {_Ò-k-amPw XpS-§nb `mc-Xo-b-X-bpsS hn`n¶ `mh-
§Ä ae-bm-fnsb kzm[o-\n-¨p. tZio-b-X-bpw, A]-cn-Nn-X-Xz-¯nsâ Imev]-\n-I-X,
I½yq-Wnkw XpS-§n-bhbpw CXn\p ImcWw Xs¶-bm-Wv.
_¦nwKv N{µsâ ‘Bµ-\-Tw’, icXv N{µsâ ‘tZh-Zm-kv’, hn`q-Xn-`q-j¬sâ
‘Bc-Wy-Iv’, Xmcm-i-¦À _m\ÀPn-bpsS ‘Btcm-Ky-\n-tK-X-\w’, _naÂ an{X, SmtKmÀ
F¶n-h-cpsS IrXn-IfS¡w ap¶q-dnÂ¸cw IrXn-IÄ ae-bm-f-¯nte¡v hnhÀ¯\w
sNbvXn-«p-v. tIc-fo-b-amb kml-N-cy-§-fpsS ]Ým-¯-e-hpw, Chn-Sps¯ A\p-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 9

_Ô kml-N-cy-§-fpsS lrZb kv]Àin-bmb t\mhÂ Bhn-jvI-c-Whpw hnhÀ¯-
\-¯n\v {][m\ Imc-W-ambn amdn.
Nne _wKm-fn t\mh-ep-I-fn-eq-sS
B\-µ-a-Tw
_¦nw N{µ NmäÀPn FgpXn 1882-þÂ {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ {]Jym-]nX t\mh-emb
‘B\-µ-aTw’ ]Xn-s\«mw \qäm-nsâ HSp-hnÂ \S¶ k\ymkn Iem-]-¯nsâ ]Ým-
¯-e-¯nÂ Fgp-X-s¸« IrXn-bm-Wv. {_n«ojv km{am-Py-¯n-s\-Xn-cm-bpÅ
Cým¡mcpsS hntam-N\ ka-c-¯nsâ IYbv¡v kam-\-ambn AXv ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-
Sp¶p F¶-XnÂ \n¶p Xs¶ AXnsâ {]m[m\yw a\-Ên-em-¡mw. {_n«o-jp-ImÀ Cu
t\mhÂ \ntcm-[n-¨n-cp-¶p. kzX{´ Cý-bpsS tZiob KoX-amb ‘h-tµ-am-X-cw’ BZy-
ambn shfn¨w IXpw Cu IrXn-bn-eq-sS-X-s¶-bm-Wv. tZio-b-X-bpsS `mK-am-bmWv
Cu t\mhÂ ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sNbvX-Xv.
Bc-Wy-Iv
_n`q-Xn-`q-j¬ _tµm]m[ymbv 1939-þÂ {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ t\mh-em-Wn-Xv. _olm-
dnse `KÂ]qÀ PnÃ-bnse ImSp-I-fn-emWv IY \S-¡p-¶-Xv. ]«-W-hm-kn-bmb kXy-N-
c¬ Im«nse FtÌ-änÂ amt\-P-cmbn tPmen kzoI-cn-¡m³ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-\m-Ip-¶p.
Ahn-Sps¯ Pohn-X-hp-ambn s]mcp-¯-s¸«p t]mIm³ Ign-bmsX Dg-ep¶ kXy-N-c¬
PpKÂ {]kmZv F¶ {]IrXn kvt\ln-bp-ambn ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. PpKÂ {]km-Znsâ
hyà-Xzhpw hnNm-c-[m-cbpw kXy-N-c-Wns\ Gsd kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶p. Ah-cn-cp-hcpw
tNÀ¶v h\w {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ A]qÀÆ-ambn Ip-h-cp¶ kky-hÀ¤-§sf ]cn-c-£n-
¡p-hm\pw ]pXnb C\-§Ä \«p-h-fÀ¯p-hm\pw {ian-¡p-¶p. ]s£ FtÌäv DS-a-I-
fpsS XmXv-cy-§Äs¡-Xn-cmb Cu kwcw-`-¯nÂ \n¶v kXy-N-c-Wn\v tJZ-]qÀÆw
]n·m-tdn hcnI am{X-aÃ, a\p-jysâ Øm]nX XmXv]-cy-§Ä¡pw, em`-s¡m-Xn-¡p-
ambn h\w sh«n-s¯-fn-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Iq«v \nÂt¡-nbpw hcp-¶p.
‘]tYÀ ]m©men’(1928) _n-`qXn `qj¬sâ {]i-kvX-amb asämcp t\mh-em-Wv.
Hcp Zcn-{Z-Ip-Spw-_-¯nsâ IY-bmWv t\mh-ensâ {]Xn-]m-Z\ hnj-bw. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-
¯nsâ \nÊ-lm-b-Xbpw, AXn-Po-h-\-hp-amWv apt¶m«v hbv¡p¶ Bi-bw.
Btcm-Ky-\n-tK-X-\w
Xmcmi-¦À _tµm-]m-[ym-bpsS {]i-kvX-amb t\mh-emWv ‘Btcm-Ky-\n-tK-X-\w.
1953-þÂ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸« Cu t\mhÂ temI-km-ln-Xy-¯nse Xs¶ anI-¨-t\m-h-
ep-I-fn-sem-¶mbn amdn. Ccp-]Xmw \qäm-nsâ BZy ]Ip-Xn-bnÂ _wKm-fnÂ, IÂ¡-
¯-bnÂ \n¶v \qdv ssaÂ AI-se-bpÅ tZho-]pcw F¶ {Kma-¯n-emWv IY \S-¡p-
¶-Xv. anim-bpsS IY-bn-eqsS BbpÀth-Zhpw P\-Iob NnIn-Õm-hn-[n-sb-¶pÅ
AXnsâ Øm\w {ItaW ssI¿-S-¡n-sIm-n-cn-¡p¶ Atem-¸-Xnbpw X½n-epÅ
kwL-«-\-¯ns\m¸w kzmX-{ým-\-ć _wKm-fnse DÄ\m-S³ P\-X-bpsS Pohn-X-
s¯bpw t\mh-enÂ at\m-l-c-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. 1961-þÂ \neo\ F{_-lm-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 10
amWv Cu t\mhÂ ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v Btcm-Ky-\n-tK-X\w F¶-t]-cnÂ XÀÖn-a-sN-
bvX-Xv.
“F-´mWv arXyp F¶ tNmZyw DWÀ¯p¶ cN\ F¶v” ae-bm-f-¯nse
kmlnXy Nn´-I-\pw, ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I\pw Ncn-{X-Im-c-\p-amb ]n.sI _me-Ir-jvW³
CXns\ hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Pohn-X-t¯-bpw, ac-W-t¯bpw Ipdn¨v Xcp¶ ka-{K-amb
ho£-W-amWv Cu t\mh-ensâ Bßm-hv.
1907-þÂ XpS-§nb _wKmÄ t\mh-ensâ ]cn-`mj 2014-þse kp\nÂ _tµm-]m-
[ym-bpsS ‘ZpÀtK-i-\-µn-\n’ hsc F¯n \nÂ¡p-¶p. ae-bmf t\mhÂ kmln-Xyw
AXnsâ BZy-L-«-¯n\pw \thm-°m-\-¯n-\p-an-S-bn-emWv _wKmfn t\mh-ep-Isf ]cn-
N-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-t¯bpw AXnsâ _mlyhpw B´-cn-I-hp-amb Ah-
Ø-I-sf-bpw, Cý-bp-tS-XpÄ¸-sS-bpÅ kmaq-lnI cmjv{Sob amä-§-tf-bpw, {]IrXn
XpS-§nb Nn´-I-tfbpw _wKmfn t\mhÂ AXnsâ kphÀ® L«-¯nÂ Xs¶ ]cn-
N-bn-¨n-cp-¶p. ae-bmf t\mhÂ kmln-Xy-¯nsâ t\mthm-°m\ L«w ]mÝmXy
t\mh-ep-I-fp-sS-bpw, _wKmfn t\mh-ep-I-fp-sSbpw hnhÀ¯-\-§-fpsS hen-sbmcp
kzm[o-\-¯nsâ ]Ým-¯-e-¯n-emWv \ne-sIm--Xv. Ch apt¶m«v sh¨ am\p-jnI
Nn´-IÄ \½psS Fgp-¯p-Im-cpsS Nn´m-a-WvU-es¯ Xs¶ amän adn-¨p. a\p-jys\,
Ah-sâ- FÃm Ah-Ø-I-sfbpw AXnsâ kmaq-lnINpäp-]m-SnÂ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-
fnÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-W-sa¶ DÄIm-gvNbv¡v CXv hgn-sX-fn-bn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Poh-
Â kmlnXy {]k-Ym-\hpw, XpSÀ¶p h¶ ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-lnXy {]Øm-\-¯nsâ
Bi-b-§fpw CXn\v IqSp-XÂ t{]cI§fmbn amdn.
aebmf t\mhÂ kmln-Xy-¯nÂ hnIvSÀ lyqtKm-bpsS ]mh-§-fpsS kzm[o-\w
1925 emWv hnIvSÀ lyqtKm-bpsS ‘se andm-_nse’ F¶ {^©p-t\m-hÂ ‘]mh-
§Ä’ F¶ t]cnÂ \me-¸m«v \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m³ ]cn-`m-j-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xv. Cu t\mh-
en\v Ckm-_Â F^v ln]vKpÍv F¶-bmÄ cNn¨ Cw¥ojv hnhÀ¯-\-amWv \me-¸m«v
ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v ]mh-§Ä F¶-t]-cnÂ hnhÀ¯\w sNbvX-Xv. Hcp alXv kmln-
Xy-Im-csâ IrXn ]cn-`m-j-s¸-Sp-¯pI hgn ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xys¯ DZm¯ kmln-Xy-
hp-ambn _Ôn-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv \me-¸m«v \mcm-bW tat\m³ sNbvX-Xv.
Hcn-¡epw \¶m-Im¯ hn[w Hcp-h\pw temI-¯nÂ A[-8]-Xn-¡p-¶n-Ã. kap-
Zmbw Ir{Xn-a-amb \nb-a-§-fnÂ¡qSn {`jvSv IÂ¸n¨v ]pd-¯p-X-Åp¶ \nIr-jvSm-ßm-
¡-fnepw {]Xym-i-bv¡pÅ hgn-bp-s¶v ]mh-§Ä F¶ t\mhÂ \½sf HmÀ½s¸-
Sp-¯p-¶p. a\p-jys\ ]nim-Nm-bn-¯oÀ¡p-¶Xv AÚ-X-bpw, Zmcn-{Zy-hp-am-sW¶pw
Ah-bpsS \nhm-c-W-¯n-eqsSbmWv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sS-bpw, temI ip{iq-j-I-·m-cp-
sSbpw {i² ]Xn-tb--sX¶pw At±lw D]-tZ-in-¨p. kajvSn hmZw, `c-W-]-cn-hÀ¯-
\w, aX-]-T-\w, hnZym-`ymk ]cn-jvIm-cw, kv{Xok-ap-Zm-bw, km{amPyiàn, bp²w,
Zm¼-Xy-Po-hn-Xw, `mj apX-emb ]eXpw ]mh-§-fnÂ NÀ¨-sN-bvXn-«p-v. t\mh-ens\
kw_-Ôn¨v ae-bmf t\mh-enÂ ‘]mh-§Ä’ ]pXn-sbmcp ZmÀi-\n-I-X-es¯ krjvSn-
¨p. a\p-jysâ A´-cm-ßmhv hsc Cd-§n-s¨¶v, a\p-jy³ Xs¶-Xs¶ Xncn-¨-dn-bp-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 11
I-bpw, Ah³ X\n¡v Npäp-apÅ temI-hp-ambn Pohn-X-¯nsâ hyXykvX L«-§-fp-
ambn F§s\ _Ô-s¸-Sp-¶p-sh-¶pw, Xncn¨v kaqlw F¶ hyhØ a\pjy Pohn-
X-hp-ambn F{X k¦oÀ®-ambpw, kq£va-am-bp-amWv _Ô-s¸-Sp-¶-sX-¶p-sam-s¡-
bpÅ ]pXn-sbmcp ZÀi-\-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. ae-bm-f-¯nse Fgp-¯p-Im-cpsS ZmÀi-
\nI Xes¯ CXv Xe-Io-gmbn adn-¨p. kmlnXyw a\p-jy-Po-hnX kv]Àin-bmtb aXn-
bmIq F¶ ho£Ww \½psS BZy-Ime Fgp-¯p-Im-cnÂ DWÀ¯n-bXv ]mh-§Ä
BsW-¶p-]-d-ªmÂ \ntj-[n-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. C¯-c-¯nÂ {^©v-þ-d-jy³ t\mh-ep-I-
fpsS ]cn-Nn-X-amb ùXn-I-hpw, am\-kn-I-hp-amb hnim-e-temIw ae-bm-f-¯nse Fgp-
¯p-Im-scbpw, Ah-cpsS IrXn-I-sfbpw kzm[o-\n-¨p.
tZhnsâ ‘HmSbnÂ \n¶v’ F¶ t\mhenÂ ]mh-§-fpsS kzm[o\w ImWm-hq-
¶-Xm-Wv. ]mh-§-fnse gm§v hmÂ gm§v F¶ IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ kzm[o\w
‘HmSbnÂ \n¶v’ -F-¶-Xnse ]¸phpw \½-fnÂ DWÀ¯pw. ZpÀhr-¯-\mb sX\mÀUn-
b-dnÂ \n¶pw sImsk-¯ns\ Gsä-Sp¯v kwc-£n-¡p¶ gm§v hmÂ gm§v ]nÂ¡m-
e¯v Ah-fpsS kwc-£-W-¯n-\mbn sN¿p¶ Imcy-§-fpsS ]n¶nse DZm-cX ]¸p-
hn-ep-ap-v. sImk-¯ns\ hnhmlw sNbvXv sImSp¯ tijw gm§v hmÂ gm§v
GIm´ hmkw A\p-jvSn-¡p-¶p. ]¸phpw e£n-an-bpsS hnhm-l-t¯msS GIm-´-X-
bn-te¡v F¯n-s¸-Sp-¶p. Ccp-h-cp-sSbpw am\-knI `mh-§Ä hn`n¶amWv. gm§v
hmÂ gm§v A\p-`-hn-¡p¶ NcnXmÀ°X ]¸p-hn\v A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. IYm-]m-{X-
§Ä¡v X½nÂ _mly-hpw, B´-cn-I-hp-ambn Nne kmZr-iy-§Ä Ds¶ Imcyw
\ntj-[n-¡m-\m-In-Ã. ]mh-§Ä tZhnÂ ià-amb kzm[o\w sNep-¯n-b-«p-v.
ssh¡w apl-½Zv _jo-dnsâ IrXn-I-fnepw ]mh-§-fnse al-¯mb BZÀi-`m-h-
§Ä kuc`yw DWÀ¯p-¶-Xmbn ImWmw. i_vZ-§-fnÂ Pohn-X-hy-h-Ø-bpsS kI-
e-am-\-§-sfbpw At±lw tNmZyw sN¿p-¶p. \½psS aqÃy hyh-Ø-I-sfÃmw De-bv¡-
s¸-Sp-¶p. At±-l-¯nsâ IrXnIfnseÃmw A´À [mc-bmbn kvt\lw \ne-sIm-Åp-
¶Xv AXp-sIm-m-Wv. Ak-´p-en-X-amb km¼-¯nI ØnXn, a\p-jysâ CÑm-i-àn-
sb-Xs¶ Iog-S-¡p-¶Xn\v \nZm-\-am-bn-¯o-cp¶p F¶ ZÀi\w ‘_mÃy-ImekJn’-
bnÂ _joÀ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶p. kzmX-{ým-\-ć Ime-L-«-¯nse ae-bmf t\mhÂ
kmln-Xy-¯se CXn-lm-k-k-am-\-amb t\mhÂ F¶v hnti-jn-¸n-¡m-hp¶ ‘kpµ-cn-
Ifpw kpµ-c-·mcpw’ Fgp-Xnb Ddq_v ]mh-§-fnÂ \n¶pw {]tNm-Z-\-apÄs¡m
alXv kmln-Xy-Im-c-\m-Wv. ]mh-§-fn-eqsS {]Im-in-¡-s¸« ‘aÀXy³ kpµ-c-\mWv’
F¶ ImgvN-¸mSv Ddq-_ns\ sXÃÃ kzm[o-\n-¨-Xv.
\thm-°m\ Ime-L-«-¯nse Fgp-¯p-ImÀ kaq-l-¯nse cq£ {]iv\-§-fmb
Zmcn-{Zy-s¯bpw, km¼-¯n-Im-k-a-Xz-§-sfbpw X§-fpsS IrXn-I-fpsS apJy {]ta-b-
ambn kzoI-cn-¨-Xv. hnhÀ¯\ IrXn-I-fpsS kzm[o\w CXnÂ hen-sbmcp ]¦v hln-
¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 12

A\pI-c-W-§-fnÂ \n¶v hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä hsc.
ae-bmf t\mhÂ kmln-Xy-¯nÂ 1930-t\m-SIw Xs¶ N´ptat\msâ ‘Cµp-te-
J-’tb-bpw, kn.-hn-bpsS ‘amÀ¯m-WvU-hÀ½’-bp-sSbpw A\p-I-c-W-§Ä \nc-h-[n-bp-
m-bn. kmaq-ln-I-hpw, Ncn-{Xm-Jym-bn-I-fp-am-bpÅ t\mh-ep-IÄ, A]-kÀ¸-I-t\m-h-
ep-IÄ F¶o hn`m-K-§-fnepw \nc-h[n t\mh-ep-IÄ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-«p. BhÀ¯-
\-hn-c-k-am-bn-cp¶p Ch-sb-Ãmw. t\mhÂ kmln-Xy-¯nse Cu {]h-W-X-Isf
hnaÀin-¨p-sImv Ing-t¡-¸m«v cma³ tat\m³ cNn¨ ‘]d-t§m-Sn-]-cn-Wbw’ (1892),
ae-bm-f-¯nse BZys¯ Bt£-]-lmky t\mh-en\v XpS¡w Ipdn-¨p. Nne t\mh-
ep-IÄ AXnsâ hnjb kzoIm-cy-X, `mjm-{]-tbm-Kw,-F-gp-¯p-Im-csâ hyàn-{]-`mhw
F¶o \ne-I-fnepw {i²-t\-Sn. BZy-L-«-¯n-ep-mb hnhÀ¯-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ ae-bm-f-
t\m-hÂ kmln-Xy-s¯-bpw, kmlnXy k¦Â¸-§-sfbpw Imcy-ambn kzm[o-\n-¡p-I-
bpw, Ah-bpsS hfÀ¨bv¡v \nZm\ LS-I-ambn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp. _¦nw N{µsâ
ZpÀt¤i’ \µn\n’ DÄs¸-S-bpÅ IrXn-IÄ, icXv N{µ NmäÀPn-bp-sS-bpw, SmtKm-dn-
sâbpw IrXn-IÄ XpS§n ]e ]uc-Øy Ir-Xn-Ifpw `mj-bn-te¡v XÀÖn-a-sN-¿-s¸-
«p. aäv temI-`m-j-I-fnÂ \n¶pÅ hnhÀ¯\-§-fnÂ kÀ hmÄ«À kvtIm«v, Ae-
Ivkm-À Uyqa, NmdÂkv Un¡³kv, lmÀUn F¶n-h-cpsS IrXn-I-fp-ap-m-bn. ae-
bm-f-¯nÂ Dmb FSp¯v ]d-b-¯¡ Hcp hnhÀ¯\w hnIvSÀ lyqtKm-bpsS ‘se
andm-_nse’ bpsS XÀÖn-a-bmb \me-¸m-Snsâ ]mh-§-Ä, _Âkm-¡nsâ bqPn-\n-{Km-
W-änsâ XÀÖ-a-bmb tIkcn _me-Ir-jvWsâ ‘kmÔnebpam-Wv.
\thm-°m-\hpw ae-bm-f-t\m-h-epw.
khntij-X-IÄ:
• Zpc-´-t_m[w
• a\p-jy\nse ·bv¡v {]m[m-\yw.
• iyq\Xm t_m[-§-fn-Ã.
• [mÀ½nI Pohn-Xw.
• hn[n-bn-tem, Cuiz-c-\n-tem, ARvPm-X-amb {]]-©-K-Xn-bntem hnizm-kw.
• 1940-þ50 Ifnse kmaq-lnI Ne-\-§-fpsS {]Xn-^-e-\w.
1.-P-·n-¯-¯nsâ Zpjv{]-h-W-X-IÄ
2.-ap-X-em-fn-¯-¯nsâ DZbw
3.-ap-X-em-fn¯w a\p-jy-\yÂ hfÀ¯p¶ A[-a-t{]-c-W-IÄ
4.-ssew-Kn-Im-`n-\n-thiw hcp-¯p¶ Zpcn-X-§Ä
5.DÅ-hcpw CÃm-¯-hcpw X½n-epÅ A´-c-§Ä.
6.-km-aq-lnI LS-\-bpsS Ahy-h-Øn-X-Xzw.
• \qX-\m-i-b-§-fpsS IS¶v hchv
1.kzm{i-b-ioew
2.-kw-L-SnX hn¹-h-{]-Øm-\-§-fpsS DZ-bw.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 13

3.-a-\p-j-Xz-t_m[w
4.Bß-]-cn-tim-[-\.
\thm-°m\w kmln-Xy-cw-K-¯p-mb amä-s¯-bmWv kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. H¶pw
cpw temI-a-lm-bp-²-§fpw, Ah-aqew kmaq-ln-I-cm-jv{Sob cwK-§-fn-ep-mb amä-
hp-amWv CXn\v Imc-W-am-bn-¯oÀ¶-Xv. ae-bm-f-¯nÂ \thm-°m\w dnb-en-k-¯n\v
hgn-sX-fn-bn-¨p. ae-bm-f-t\m-h-Â kmln-Xys¯ Cu Hcp amä¯nte¡v \bn-¨Xv
tIihv tZhv, XI-gn, _joÀ, FÊv.sI s]mä-¡mSv F¶n-h-cm-Wv. tIi-h-tZ-hnsâ
‘HmSbnÂ \n¶v’, _jo-dnsâ ‘_mey-Im-e-k-Jn’, XI-gn-bpsS ‘tXm«n-bpsS aI³’,
FÊv.sI s]mä-¡m-Snsâ ‘Hcp sXcp-hnsâ IY’ F¶nh BZys¯ \thm-°m-\-Ime
t\mh-ep-I-fmbn Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
tIkcn ]pXnb Fgp-¯p-ImÀ¡v \ÂInb {]tNm-Z-\hpw, temI ]cn-Úm-\hpw
ae-bm-f t\mhÂ kmlnXy cwK¯v \thm-°m-\-¯n\v hgn-sX-fn-bn-¨p. ]mÝmXy
kmlnXy-¯nse D¯-a-Ir-Xn-I-fp-am-bpÅ _Ôw Chn-Sps¯ Fgp-¯p-Im-cnÂ Hcp
]pXnbDWÀhv \ÂIn. PohÂkm-lnXy {]Øm-\w, ]ptcm-K-a\ kmlnXy {]Øm\w
F¶n-h-bpsS hfÀ¨-bpw hnIm-khpw kmln-Xy-¯nÂ dnb-en-k-¯nsâ Øm\w Dd-
¸n-¨p. a\p-jy³ kmaq-ln-I-km-l-N-cy-§-fpsS krjvSn-bm-sW¶ amÀIvkn-b³ ZÀi-\-
w ]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy-¯nsâ apJ-ap-{Z-bmbn kzoI-cn-¨Xv CXn\v {][m-\-Im-c-W-§-
fnÂ H¶m-bn-¯oÀ¶p F¶-Xn-s\m¸w tkmjy-enÌv t\mh-ep-I-fpsS IS-¶p-h-c-hn\v
CXv hgn-bm-bn-¯o-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]pXnb cmjv{Sob ZÀi\w X§-fpsS IrXn-I-
fpsS Bß-k-¯-bm¡n amäm³ ]e Fgp-¯p-Imcpw k¶-²-cm-bn. aäp Nne Fgp-¯p-
Imsc kzm[o-\n-¨Xv KmÔn-b³ ZÀi-\hpw kzmX{ý ka-c-hp-am-Wv. s]mXpsh Ne-
\m-ß-I-amb Hcp A´-co£w \thm-°m-\-Im-e¯v DS-se-Sp-¯p.
]n. tIi-h-tZ-hv
ka-c-hocyw Xpfp-¼p¶ PohÂkm-ln-Xy-Im-c-\pw, ]ptcm-K-a\ hmZn-bp-am-bn-«mWv
tIi-h-tZhv kmlnXy cwK-t¯¡v IS¶p hcp-¶-Xv. amÀIvkn-Ìv, se\n-\nÌv XXz-im-
kv{X-¯n-emWv kaq-l-¯nsâ km¼-¯n-I-\oXn tZhv ZÀin-¨-Xv. tIc-f-¯nse ImÀjn-
I-þ -sXm-gn-emfn kwL-S-\IÄ¡pw, hn¹h kwL-S-\-IÄ¡pw tZhv iàn-]-IÀ¶p.
kmaqlnI ]ptcm-K-Xn¡v hnLm-X-amb FÃm ]mc-¼-cy-§-sf-bpw, Ime-l-c-W-s¸«
hnizm-k-§-sfbpw \ntj-[n-¡-W-sa-¶pw, thn-h-¶mÂ A¯cw aqÃy-§Ä
DbÀ¯n-¸n-Sn-¡p¶ cmam-b-W-s¯-bpw, alm-`m-c-X-s¯-t¸mepw Nps«-cn-¡-W-sa¶pw
{]Øm-hn-¨p. Imem\-´-c-¯nÂ tZhn\v amÀIvkn-k-¯n-epÅ hnizmkw tZhn\v \jvS-
s¸-«p. tIi-h-tZhv F¶pw kzmX-{ý-¯n-sâ-bpw, a\p-jy-sâbpw hàm-hm-bn-cp¶p.
1944Â {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ tZhnsâ ‘HmSbnÂ \n¶v’ F¶ t\mh-enÂ bmsXm-
¶n\pw ap¶nÂ Xe-Ip-\n-¡m¯, A²zm-\-io-e-\mb ]¸p F¶ IYm-]m-{Xw tZhnsâ
PohnX ZÀi-\-s¯bpw, sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS al-Xzs¯bpw DbÀ¯n-¸n-Sn-¡p-¶Xv
ImWn¨pX-cp¶p. sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS al-Xzs¯ DbÀ¯n-¸n-Sn¨ HmSbnÂ \n¶v F¶
t\mhÂ ae-bmf kmln-Xy-¯nse, Hcp Ime-L-«-¯nse Gähpw henb Ne-\-am-bn-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 14

cp-¶p. hnIvSÀ lyqtKm-bpsS ]mh-§Ä F¶ t\mh-ensâ kzm[o\w, Cu t\mh-en-
\p-v. ‘\Sn’, ‘AbÂ¡mÀ’, ‘{`m´m-ebw’ F¶n-h-bmWv tZhnsâ t\mh-ep-IÄ. \mS-
I-th-Zn-bpsS ]cn-jvI-c-W-amWv \Sn-bnse {]ta-bw, Cým-hn-`-P-\-¯nsâ ]Ým-¯-e-
¯nÂ aX-{`m-ń\v ASn-a-s¸-«pÅ hÀ¤ob el-f-bpsS òI-c-Zr-iy-§Ä {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-
I-bmWv {`m´m-e-b-¯n-eq-sS. t]mb-Im-e-¯nsâ {]Xm] aln-a-bnÂ \n¶v DW-cm-sX,
Pohn-¡p¶ \mbÀ kap-Zm-b-t¯-bpw, ChÀ¡n-S-bnÂ \n¶v kzmX{ýw B{K-ln-
¡p¶ Cug-h-k-ap-Zm-b-t¯-bpw, A²zm-\-hpw, Iuiehpw sImv Imcyw t\Sp¶
{InkvXy³ kap-Zm-b-t¯bpw aq¶v IpSpw-_-§-fpsS Ncn-{X-¯n-eqsS Ah-X-cn-¸n-
¡p¶ IrXn-bmWv ‘AbÂ¡mÀ’. ‘FXnÀ¸v’tIi-h-tZ-hnsâ Bß-I-Y-bm-Wv.
XIgn inh-i¦çn-Å
kmaq-ln-I-t\m-h-ep-IÄ cNn¨v tIc-fob P\-X-bnÂ kmaq-lnI {]_p-²-X-bpw,
kzmX-{ým-th-ihpw DWÀ¯p-Ibpw, t\mhÂ k¦Â¸s¯ k¼-¶-am-¡p-Ibpw
sNbvXp XI-gn. Xsâ Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-§-fpsS ]cn[n-bn-ep-m-bn-cp¶ Irjn-¡m-cpw,
Ac-b-hn-`mK-hpw, km[m-cW a\p-jy-cp-amWv XI-gnbpsS sNdp-I-Y-IÄ¡pw, t\mh-ep-
IÄ¡pw ]cnkcamb-Xv. XI-gn¡v ZmÀi-\n-I-amb shfn-¨-hpw, DÄ¡-cp¯pw \evIn-
bn-cp-¶Xv amÀIvkn-b³ ZÀi-\-§Ä Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p. IÀj-I-cp-sS-bpw, IÀjI
sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw PohnX {]b-Xv\-§-fpw, Zpcn-Xhpw sshIm-cn-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-
¸n¨ XIgn Cu P\-hn-`m-K-¯nsâ PohnX kzmX-{ý-s¯-bpw, kmaq-ln-tIm-¶-a-\-
t¯bpw e£y-am-¡n-sImv Nqj-W-¯n-\pw,-A-\o-Xn-¡p-sa-Xn-sc-bpÅ hn¹-h-ap-t¶-ä-
§-sf-bpw, {]Xn-tcm-[-§-sfbpw Xsâ IY-I-fnse CXn-hr-¯-¯n-s\m¸w tNÀ¯p-sh-
¨p. a\p-jysâ _mly-Po-hnXw kmaq-ln-I-hy-h-Ø-I-fp-ambn F§s\ _Ô-s¸-Sp-¶p-
sh-¶-Xnsâ t\ÀNn-{X-§fpsS Bhn-jv¡m-c-hpw, AXyp-Zm-¯-amb am\h kvt\l-
hpw, kÀKm-ß-I-Xbpw XI-gn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. Be-¸p-g-bnse tXm«w
sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS IY-\-I-Yb - mWv ‘tXm«n-bpsS aI-\nÂ’ XIgnBhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
tImc-s\¶ {][m-\-I-Ym-]m-{X-¯n-eqsS Ip«-\m-«nse A²zm-\io-ecpw AXp-t]mse
ASn-a-I-fmb IÀj-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS Pohn-X-Zp-c-´-§Ä XIgn BJym\w sN¿p-
¶p. c-n-S-§-gnbnÂ P·n-þ-sXm-gn-emfn hÀ¤ kwLÀj-¯nsâ càw ]pc IY ]d-
bp-¶p. IÀj-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-bpsS PohnXw BJym\w sN¿p¶ ae-bm-f-¯nse
BZys¯ t\mh-em-Wn-Xv. 1957-þÂ XI-gn¡v tI{µ-km-lnXy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv t\Sn-
sIm-Sp¯ IrXn-bmWv ‘sN½o³’. Xr¡p-¶-¸p-g, ]pd-¡mSv IS-¸p-d-§-fnse ap¡p-h-¡p-
Sn-ep-I-fnse Pohn-X-N-e-\-§Ä H¸n-sb-Sp-¯-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ sN½o³ dnb-en-k-hpw,
sdmamân-kn-Êhpw H¯n-W-§nb t{]a-I-Y-bmWv. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse GXmv ImÂZ-
im-_vZ-Im-es¯ cmjv{So-b-N-cn-{X-s¯bpw sk{I-«-dn-tbäv tI{µ-am¡n \S-¡p¶ `c-
W-s¯bpw ]Ým-¯-e-am-¡n cNn¨ t\mh-emWv ‘GWn-¸-Sn-IÄ’.1965þÂ Cu IrXn¡v
tIc-f-km-ln-Xy A¡mZan AhmÀUv e`n-¨p. XI-gn-bpsS Gähpw henb t\mh-emWv
‘IbÀ’. Ccp-¶q-än-b³]Xv sImÃs¯ tIc-f-¯nsâ kmaq-lnI hnIm-k-]-cn-Wma Ncn-
{X-amWv Cu t\mh-enÂ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ‘Xe-tbmSv’, ‘]p¶-{]-h-b-em-dn\v
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 15

tijw’, ‘A\p-`-h-§Ä ]mfn-¨-IÄ’, F¶nh cmjv{Sob t\mh-ep-IÄ. 1984-þÂ `mc-
Xob Úm\-]o-T-]p-c-km-Imcw e`n-¨p.
ssh¡w apl-½Zv _joÀ
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-¯n\v thdn« A\p-`-h-tem-Is¯ km[y-am-¡n-¯oÀ¯ Fgp-
¯p-Im-c-\mWv ssh¡w apl-½Zv _joÀ. buh-\-Imew kzmX{ý ka-c-¯n-sâ-bpw
]n¶oSv Pohn-¡p-hm³ thn-bpÅ Ae-¨n-ep-IÄ \ndª bm{X-IÄsImv \nd-ª-
Xp-am-bn-cp¶p _jo-dn-\v. Cu A\p-`-h-§-fpsS ]Ým-¯-e-¯-es¯ ap³\nÀ¯n-
bmWv _joÀ Xsâ kmln-Xy-Po-hn-X-¯n\v XpS¡w Ipdn-¨-Xv. kmam\yw ae-bm-f-`mj
Adn-bp-¶-hÀ¡mÀ¡pw _joÀ kmlnXyw hg-§pw. hf-sc-¡p-d¨v am{Xw Fgp-Xn-
bn«pw _jo-À kmlnXyw ae-bm-f-¯nse Hcp kmlnXy imJ-bm-bn-am-dn-bXv At±-l-
¯nsâ Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-§-fpsS Icp-¯p-sIm-m-bn-cp-¶p. lmkyw sImv hmb-\-
¡msc Nncn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw, IqsS Ic-bn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \qäm-p-I-fmbn Xsâ
kap-Zm-b-¯nÂ AS-ªp-In-S-¶n-cp¶ A\m-Nm-c-§-fpw, AÔ-hn-izm-k-§fpw _joÀ
Xsâ Fgp-¯n-eqsS Xpd-¶p-Im-Wn-¨p. PbnÂ¸p-Ån-I-fpw, `n£-¡m-cpw, thiy-Ifpw,
]«n-Wn-¡mcpw, kzhÀ¤m-\p-cm-Kn-Ifpw \ndª Hcp temI-am-bn-cp¶p _jo-dn-tâ-Xv.
C¯cw IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS Nn´-IÄt¡m,-hn-Im-c-§Ät¡m AXp-h-sc-bp-m-bn-cp¶
kmln-Xy-¯nÂ Øm\-ap-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
‘_meyIm-e-kJn’ _jo-dnsâ {i²n-¡-s¸« t\mh-ep-I-fn-sem-¶m-Wv. kpl-
dbpw , aPoZpwtI{µ IYm-]m-{X-§-fmbn hcp¶ Hcp {]W-b-I-Y-bmWv _mey-Im-e-k-
Jn. {]kvXpX t\mh-ensâ CXn-hr¯w IYm-Im-csâ Xs¶ Pohn-X-¯nsâ Hcp `mK-
am-sW¶v Fw.]n t]mÄ Fgp-Xnb Ah-Xm-cn-I-bnÂ \n¶pw hyà-am-Wv. AXn-{]Im-c-
amWv ‘_mey-Im-e-kJn Pohn-X-¯nÂ \n¶pw hen-¨p-No-ńb Htc-Sm-Wv. h¡nÂ
càw s]mSn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p’. ]gb- {]-Xm]w s]m¡n-¸n-Sn¨v \S¶v kzbw \in-¡p¶
bmYm-Øn-XnI apÉo-§-fpsS Nn{X-amWv âp¸p-¸m-s¡m-cm-t\-mÀ¶p F¶ t\mhÂ.
kz´w IpSpw-_-¯nsâ IY-bmWv ‘]m¯p-½m-bpsS BSv’. ‘ Xmcm kvs]jyÂ’, ‘
i_vZ-§Ä’, ‘ t{]a-te-J-\w’, ‘ am{ń-I-]q-¨’, ‘ aXn-ep-IÄ’, ‘ A\p-cm-K-¯nsâ Zn\-
§Ä’ apX-em-b-h-bmWv At±-l-¯nsâ aäv {][m-\-t\m-h-ep-IÄ.
Fkv.sI s]mä-¡m-Sv
Úm\]oT]p-c-kvImcw t\Snb \e-bmf t\mh-en-Ìpw, k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-Im-
c\pw Ihn-bp-amWv Fkv.sI s]mä-¡m-Sv. kmln-Xys¯ bm{X-I-tfm-Spw, bm{X-Isf
kmln-Xy-t¯mSpw tNÀ¯p-\nÀ¯nb Fgp-¯p-Im-c³. \ne-bv¡m¯ bm{X-Ifpw
AXnsâ A\p-`-h-§fpambn-cp¶p Fkv.-sI-bpsS kmln-Xy-¯nsâ DuÀÖw. k©m-
c-km-lnXyw F¶ hn`m-Ks¯ ae-bm-f-¯nÂ hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¯Xv Xs¶ Fkv.sI
Bbn-cp-¶p. Hmtcm IrXn-I-fn-eq-sSbpw IS-¶p-t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ, AsXÃmw Øe-Ime
hnh-c-W-§-sf-¶-Xn-t\-¡m-f-¸pdw hyXy-kvX-hpw, hnNn-{X-hp-amb Bfp-I-fpsS Pohn-X-
¯n-eq-sS-bpÅ bm{X-bm-sW-¶pÅ tXm¶-emWpmIp-¶-Xv. Fkv.-sI-bpsS IrXn-I-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 16

fnÂ s]mXpsh AXn-`m-hp-IXzw Zriy-am-Wv. PohnX {]iv\-§-fnÂ \n¶v HmSnsbm-fn-
¡pI s]mä-¡m-Snsâ kz`m-h-a-Ã. a\pjy \·-I-fn-emWv AXnsâ Øm\w.
Hcp kaq-l-¯nsâ apgp-h³ Nn{X-amWv t\mh-enÂ hc-¨p-Im-Wn-t¡--sX-¶mWv
s]mä-¡m-Snsâ A`n-{]m-bw. Cu kao-]-\-¯nsâ BZys¯ ]co-£-W-amWv ‘hnj-I-
\y-I’. {]bXv\ ioe-cmb Bfp-IÄ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ \n¶v hb-\m-«nse I¶n-a-®nÂ
IpSn-tb-dn-¸mÀ¡p-¶p. AhnsS ImSv sh«n-s¯-fn¨v, Irjn-sNbvXv {]Ir-Xn-tbmSv aÃn«v
Pohn-¨ B IpSn-tb-ä-¡m-cpsS Pohn-X-amWv ‘hnj-I-\y-I’-bnse {]ta-bw. ‘Hcp sXcp-
hnsâ IY-’bnÂ, Hcp sXcp-hnse a\p-jy-cmWv IYm-]m-{X-§Ä. tImgn-t¡mSv \K-c-
¯nsâ AI-hpw, ]pdhpw bYm-X-Y-ambn At±lw hc-¨p-Im-«p-¶p. Úm\-]oT
AhmÀUv t\Snb ‘Hcp tZi-¯nsâ IY’ Bß-I-Ym-]-c-amb t\mh-em-Wv. AXnse
{io[-c³ F¶ IYm-]m{Xw s]mä-¡m-«p-X-s¶. {io[-cs\ IYm-]m-{X-am¡n Hcp tZi-
¯n-sâbpw Ahn-Sps¯ a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-§Ä Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.
B{^n-¡³ ]Ým-¯-e-¯n-se-gp-Xnb t\mh-emWv I_o-\. tIc-fo-b-\mb HcmÄ Pohn-
X-amÀKw tXSn B{^n-¡-bnÂ F¯p-¶Xpw XpSÀ¶pÅ kw`-h-§-ep-amWv IYm-X-´p.
a\p-jysâ kÂ¡À½-t_m[w DZm-¯-am-¡m³ kmlnXyw klm-bn-¡-Ws- a¶ Dd¨
A`n-{]m-b-amWv Fkv.sI s]mä-¡m-Sn-\p-Å-Xv.
1940 apXÂ 1960 hsc-bpÅ Ime-L«w {]Xo-£m-cm-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ-bpw, Bim-`w-K-¯n-
sâbpw Ime-am-bn-am-dn. Fgp-¯p-ImÀ hniz-kn-¨n-cp¶ kmaq-ln-I-hpw, cmjv{So-b-hp-am-
b XXzim-kv{X-§Ä¡v tIm«w X«n. Cu kml-Ncyw, Nn´m-t_m-[-apÅ a\p-
jys\a\pjys\ Nn´m-]-c-amb Hcp \ncm-{i-b-Xz-¯n-te¡v sNs¶-¯n-¨p. Cu L«-
¯nÂ kaq-l-¯nsâ Gähpw apIÄX-«n-epw, ASn-X-«n-\p-an-S-bn-epÅ a[y-hÀKw
_lpap-J-ambn {]hr-¯n-¡p-hm³ XpS-§n. Ah³ kz´w Bßm-hn-te¡v ]n³h-en-
bp-Ibpw Ah-\-h-s\-¡p-dn¨v \nÝn-X-ambn Nnń-¡p-hm³ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-\m-hp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. kmaq-ln-I-amb Cu Hä-s¸-SÂ hyànsb A´Àap-J-\pw, A\m-Y-\p-am-¡n-
¯oÀ¯p. A´Àap-J-X-bpsS B´-cnI {]`-h-Øm\w Imev]-\n-I-X-bm-Wv. a\p-jy³
Xs¶-]än t_m[-hm-\m-Ip-t¼m-gmWv Imev]-\n-I-Xsb kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. hyàn X¶n-
te¡v Xs¶ Xncn-bp-¶p. Xsâ kz]v\-§-fn-te-¡pw, Bi-I-fn-te-¡pw, taml-§-fn-te-
¡pw, thZ-\-I-fn-te-¡pw, Bim-`w-K-§-fn-te¡pw Ah³ DÄh-en-bp-¶p. Ddq-_v, Fw.Sn
hmkp-tZ-h³ \mbÀ, hnem-kn\n XpS-§n-b-h-cmWv hyàn-I-fpsS am\-knI Pohn-X-
¯n\v {]m[m\yw sImSp-¯vsImv ae-bm-f-t\m-h-ens\ ]pXp-a-bn-te¡v \bn-¨-Xv.
Ddq-_v
kmaq-ln-I-cm-jv{Sob apt¶-ä-§sf e£y-am-¡n-bpÅ cN-\-I-fnÂ \n¶pw t\mh-
ensâ tI{µ-Øm-\-t¯¡v a\p-jysâ hyàn Pohn-Xs¯ amän-{]-Xn-jvTn-¨-Xnsâ
e£-W§Ä BZyw Is-¯m³ Ign-bp-¶Xv Ddq-_nsâ t\mh-ep-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.
a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS-bpw, am\p-jnI _Ô-§-fp-sSbpw `n¶-X-e-§sf kv]Àin-¡p-¶-
Xpw, AXns\ hn]p-e-amb Iym³hm-knÂ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶XmWv Ddq-_nsâ
t\mhepIÄ.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 17

amb-sâ-bpw, D½m-¨p-hn-sâbpw {]W-b-Po-hnXw tI{µ-am¡n cNn¨ ‘D½m-¨p’-
hnÂ cv Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS IY-I-fm-Wp-Å-Xv.1958-þÂ D½m-¨p-hn\v tIc-f-km-lnXy
A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv e`n-¨p. kwLÀjm-ß-I-amb ae-_m-dnse kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-
amWv ‘kpµ-c-·m-cpw kpµ-cn-I-fpw’-sa¶ t\mh-ense {]ta-bw. 1960-þÂ tI{µ-km-lnXy
A¡m-Zan AhmÀUn\v Cu t\mhÂ AÀl-am-bn.hn]p-e-amb Iym³hm-knÂ
kzmX{ý kac ]Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ cNn¨ Cu t\mh-enÂ ae-_m-dnse P\-§-fpsS
kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ, Ccp-]-Xmw-i-X-I-¯nsâ ]qÀÆmÀ²-¯nÂ Dmb auen-I-]-
cn-hÀ¯-\-§Ä A\m-h-cWw sN¿p-¶p. am¸nf el-f, \mSp-hm-gn¯w apX-em-fn-¯-
¯n\v hgn-am-dp-¶-Xv, tZio-b-{]-Øm-\w, t{SUv bqWn-bsâ hfÀ¨, aX ]cn-hÀ¯\w
XpS-§n-bh ]Ým-¯-e-ambn hcp-¶p.
hnem-kn-\n
hyànbpsS-bpw, kaq-l-¯n-sâbpw B´-cnI Ne-\-§Ä `mhm-ß-I-ambn Ah-
X-cn-¸n¨ t\mh-en-Ìpw, ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I-\p-am-bn-cp¶p hnem-kn-\n-sb¶ Fw.-Ir-jvW-Ip-
«n-ta-t\m³. ‘\nd-apÅ \ng-ep-IÄ’, ‘DuªmÂ’, ‘CW-§m¯ I®n-IÄ’ XpS-§n-bh
Fw.sI tat\msâ {][m-\-s¸« t\mh-ep-I-fm-Wv. ]T\tijw hf-sc-Ip-dª Imew
am{Xta Fw.sI tIc-f-¯n-ep-m-bn-cp-¶p-Åq. ae-bmf kmln-Xy-¯nsâ Npäp-]m-Sp-I-
fnÂ \n¶v amdn, hntZ-i-¯n-cp-¶p-sImv t\mh-ep-IÄ cNn¨ hnem-kn-\n-bpsS IrXn-
I-fnÂ AXn-s\m¯ amä-§fpw Dm-bn-«p-v. adp-\m-S³ ae-bmfn ssIap-X-embn
kq£n-¡p¶ tIc-fob kwkvIm-c-hpw, sX¡p-In-g-t¡-jy-bnÂ P\n-¨p-h-fÀ¶ Ah-
cpsS k´-Xn-I-fpsS k¦-c-kw-kvIm-chpw X½n-epÅ s]mcp-¯-t¡-Sp-IÄ a\p-jym-
Øn-Xz-¯nsâ auenI {]iv\-§-tfm-sSm¸w ssIIm-cyw sN¿p-¶-h-bmWv hnem-kn-\n-
bpsS t\mh-ep-IÄ.
- cmw temIalm-bp-²- Im-e¯v knwK-¸q-cnÂ Xma-kn-¨n-cp¶ ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS
PohnXw ]Ým-¯-e-am¡n Fgp-Xnb t\mh-kp-I-fmWv ‘\nd-apÅ \ng-ep-IÄ’,
‘DuªmÂ’ F¶n-h. t_m[-[mcm kt¦-X-¯nÂ Fgp-Xn-b-XmWv ‘DuªmÂ’. ae-bm-
f-¯nse Gähpw henb t\mh-emWv \mep-`m-K-§-fpÅ Ah-Im-in-IÄ. ate-jy-bmWv
t\mh-en\v ]Ým-¯-ew. a\p-jy-a-\-Êp-I-fpsS \nKq-V-X-Ifpw sshIm-cn-I-amb hncp-²-
`m-h-§fpw kq£va-t_m-[-t¯msS t\mh-enÂ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶p. {]ta-b-ZmÀVy-
apÅ t\mh-em-Wn-Xv. CW-§m¯ ‘I®n-IÄ’, ‘Nqsen’, ‘bm{Xm-apJw’ F¶nh aäv
t\mh-ep-IÄ.
k©m-c-km-lnXy ssien Fkv.sI s]mä-¡m-Snsâ t\mh-ep-I-fnÂ
k©mc kmln-Xy-Im-c-\mb FÊv.sIbpsS t\mh-ep-I-fnÂ, Hcp k©m-cn-bpsS
temIhpw Is-¯mw. H¶n-s\-Ip-dn-¨pÅ hni-Zo-I-c-W-§-fnÂ AXpambn _Ô-
s¸«p hcp-¶- Ncn-{X-s¯-¡qSn kqNn-¸n-¡pI F¶p-ÅXv Hcp k©m-cn-bpsS kq£va
\nco-£-W-§-fp-sSbpw Xsâ ImgvN-I-fpsS hyà-Xsb AXnsâ B´-cnI Xe-¯nÂ
Du«nbp-d-¸n-¡p¶Xn-sâbpw `mKw IqSn-bm-Wv. s]mä-¡mSnsâ bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-¯nsâ
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 18

kzm[o\w t\mh-enÂ IqSp-XÂ Is-¯m³ km[n-¡p-¶Xv s]mä-¡m-Snsâ k©m-c-
km-lXy IrXn-I-fp-ambn AXns\ Xmc-Xayw sN¿p-t¼m-gm-Wv. Øe-Im-e-Ncn-{X-§-sf-
Ip-dn-¨pÅ hnh-c-W-hpw, BJym-\-si-en-bpm¡n-sb-Sp-¡p¶ Zriy-t_m-[-hp-amWv
s]mä-¡m-Snsâ s]mXp-k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ.
‘Im¸n-I-cn-I-fpsS \m«nÂ’ F¶ bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-¯nsâ BZy-`m-K¯v C§s\
]d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p.
‘sam¼mk Xpd-apJw kv]Àin¨ R§-fpsS I¸-enÂ \n¶v ]pd-t¯¡v t\m¡n-
b-t¸mÄ BZyambn Fsâ {i²-bnÂs¸-«Xv hmÀ^nse KpZm-ansâ apIÄ¯-«nÂ\n¶v
AÛp-X-t¯msS I¸-ens\ t\m¡nsImv \nÂ¡p¶ AÀ²-\-ámb Hcp Iqä³
Im¸n-cn-bpsS cq]-am-Wv. B{^n-¡³ h³I-c-bnse Idp¯ hÀ¤-§sf apgp-h\pw
Ah³ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xmbn F\n-¡p-tXm-¶n. ]Xn-s\m¶mw \qäm-nÂ, B{^n-
¡-bm-Ip¶ Ccp-«-d-bpsS hmXnÂ Xpd-¡p-hm³ ]pd-s¸« kml-kn-I-cmb Nne
t\mÀtÆ \mhn-I-cpsS I¸Â IS-enÂ {]Xy-£-s¸-«-t¸mgpw Ah³ C§s\ Xs¶
A¶p angn¨p\n¶n-cn-¡-Ww.1497-þmamnÂ hmkvtIm-Un-Km-a-bpsS I¸Â I-cbv¡W-
ª-t¸mgpw Ah³ C§s\ Xs¶ Xpdn-¨p-t\m¡n \n¶n-«p-m-Ipw’
ChnsS BZyw I \ot{Km-bpsS cq]-¯nÂ \n¶pw, `mh-¯nÂ \n¶pw B{^n-
¡-bpsS Ncn-{X-hp-am-bpÅ Nne ]cm-aÀi§Ä¡qSn Fkv.sI _Ôn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv
ImWmw. ‘Hcp sXcp-hnsâ IY’ bnse aq¶mw A²ym-b-¯nÂ (]-g-b-]m-Shpw ]pXn-b-
a-\p-jy-cpw) ]mSs¯¡pdn¨v C§s\ ]d-bp-¶p.
‘]-«-W-¯nsâ Hcp AI-¶-aq-e-bnÂ ]pg-h-¡¯v ]SÀ¶p-In-S-¶n-cp¶ ]gb
sNfn-h-bÂ {]tZ-iw, {ItaW BÄ¸mÀ¸v AXn-{I-an¨v ap\n-kn-¸m-en-än-bpsS ]pXn-
sbmcp hmÀUmbn hnI-kn¨p hcp-I-bm-Wv. ]v Ipfhm-g-Ifpw AXn-cm-Wn-s¨-Sn-Ifpw
Bäp-h-ªn-t¸m-X-Ifpw hfÀ¶p \n¶n-cp¶ hbensâ Hcp `mKw £bn-ä«nÂ C¶pw
\ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p-v. D¸p-ckw IeÀ¶ B«-s¨fn sI«n-In-S-¡p¶ B ]mS¯v, ISp¯
th\Â¡m-e-¯p-t]mepw Dd-hpw, \\hpw ImWmw’.
ChnsS ]mS-¯n\p-h¶ amä-s¯-¡p-dn¨v kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-s\m¸w Xs¶, B
]mS-¯nsâ Hcp ap³Ime Ncn{Xw IqSn Fkv.sI AhX-cn-¸n-¨n-«p-v.
Hcp k©m-cn-bpsS ImgvN-I-fpsS A\p-`hw hfsc kq£va-am-bn-cn-¡pw. Cu
kq£vaX s]mä-¡m-Snepw Is-¯m-\mbn km[n-¡pw. k©mc kmln-Xy-¯nÂ Xm³
I A\p-`-h-§sf ]IÀ¯p-t¼mÄ, hmb-\-¡m-c-\nepw ImgvN-bpsS A\p-`hw
Dm-Im³ thn `mj-sb, Xsâ ImgvN-bpambn Iq«n-t¨À¯ BJym-\-ssi-en-bmWv
s]mä-¡mSv D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu kzm[o\w s]mä-¡m-Snsâ t\mh-ep-I-fnepw
s]mXp-hmbn Is-¯m-\mbn km[n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. AXp-sImv Xs¶ t\mhÂ
hmb\, Hcp IY-]-d-¨n-en-\-¸pdw Hcp Zriym-\p-`-h-ambn s]mä-¡m-Snsâ t\mh-ep-I-fnÂ
amdm-dp-v. Hcp Zriym-\p-`-hs¯ Dm-¡n-sb-Sp-¡p-hm³ th hni-Zo-I-c-W-§Ä
am{X-amWv t\mh-ense GsXmcp kµÀ`-s¯bpw kao-]n-¡p-t¼mÄ s]mä-¡mSv kzoI-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 19

cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ‘e³ t\m«v _p¡v’ F¶ bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-¯nse e³Nn-{X-§Ä F¶
`mKs¯ sNdnb Hcp hnh-c-Ww.
‘\-Zn-bn-hnsS Ag-Ip-sämcp hf-hp-f-hm-¡n-s¡mp Xmfm-ß-I-hn-em-k-t¯msS
{]h-ln-¡p-¶p. he-Xp-I-c-bnÂ sXÃ-Isse ]mÀe-saâv aµn-c-§-fpw, _nÜ³tKm-]p-
chpw I®m-Sn-¡q-«nÂ HXp-¡nb Nn{Xw t]mse \ne-sIm-Åp-¶p’
‘hnj-I-\yI’ F¶ t\mh-ense, H¶mw `mK-¯nÂ \n¶pÅ Hcp ]cm-aÀiw.
‘B hml\w \ndsb ho«p-km-am-\-§-fm-Wv. s]«n,InS-¡,sN¼v]m-{Xw,-No-\-¨-«n,-
X-I-c-hn-f-¡v,-X-g-¸m-bv,-tIm-gn¡qSv,-I-¸n,IbÀ,-X-cn-¸,-X«n F¶p-th then-¯n-d-
t]mepw B N¡-Sm-h-n-bpsS taÂ¡q-c-ap-«p-amdv hmcn-h-en¨p Iq«n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p’
ChnsS hnh-c-Wt¯¡m-fpw, IY-bnse Hcp kµÀ`t¯-¡mfpw A¸pdw ImgvN-
bpsS hen-sbmcp A\p-`q-Xn-tb-bmWv s]mä-¡mSv krjvSn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. C¯-c-¯nÂ
Øe-Im-e-§-sf-Ip-dn-¨v, AXnsâ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ]n¶m-¼p-d-§-sf-Ip-dn-¨pÅ hnh-c-W-
§Ä, Zriy-]-c-amb A\p-`q-Xnsb Df-hm-¡p¶ BJym-\-ssien F¶nh s]mä-¡m-
Snsâ t\mh-ep-I-fn-se-bpw, k©mc kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fnepw kmay-X-]p-eÀ¯p-¶Xv
Fkv.sI s]mä-¡m-Snsâ bm{Xm-\p-`-h-§Ä At±-l-¯n\v ]IÀ¶v sImSp¯ kq£va
ZÀi-\-¯n-sâ-bpw, kq£va-amb A\z-j-W-¯n-sâbpw {]Xn-^-e\w Xs¶-bm-Wv.
\thm-°-\-Im-es¯ kv{Xokm-¶n-[y-§Ä
efn-Xmw-_nI A´ÀP-\w
\thm-°m-\-Im-es¯ {it²-b-amb BZy kv{Xo km¶n-[y-am-bn-cp¶p efn-Xmw-
_nI A´ÀP-\w. \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯n-\p-ÅnÂ \n¶p-sImv kv{Xo kzmX-{ý-
¯n\pthn-bpw, kmaq-lnI ]ptcmK-Xn-¡p-thnbpw cN-\-IÄ \nÀh-ln¨p efn-Xmw-
_n-I. ‘Aán-km-£n-sb¶’ Hä-t\m-hÂsImv ae-bmf t\mhÂ kmln-Xy-tem-
I¯BZ-c-Wo-b-amb Øm\-¯n\v AÀl-bm-bn-¯oÀ¶p. \thm-°m-\-Im-es¯
{_mÒW kap-Zm-b-¯nse kv{XoPo-hnX¯nsâ IY ]dª t\mhÂ F¡m-e-
t¯bpw ià-amb kv{Xo]£ cN-\-I-fn-sem-¶m-Wv. tXXn-¡p-«n-¡m-hn-sâ-bpw, X¦w
\mb-cp-sSbpw PohnXw CXp-X-s¶-bmWv hmb-\-¡m-cpsS lrZ-b-§-fnÂ Ipdn-¨n-Sp-¶-
Xpw. ad-¡p-S-bp-sS- IognÂ kv{Xo Hfn-¡m³ hn[n-¡-s¸-«Xv AhÄ kzbw B hgn Xnc-
sª-Sp-¯Xv sIm-Ã, adn¨v kap-Zmbw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§-fpsS N«-¡q-SnÂ
Ahsf Xf-¨n-«-Xp-sIm-m-Wv. CXv ‘AKv\n-km£n’ F¶ t\mh-ense am\-¼Ån
CÃs¯ D®n \¼q-Xn-cn-sb¶ IYm-]m-{X-¯n-eqsS \ap¡v ImWm³ km[n-¡pw.
]s£ kz´w Pohn-X-t¯-¡mÄ BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§Ä¡v AbmÄ {]m[m\yw
\ÂIn. CXmWv D®n \¼q-Xn-cnsb A¡m-e-s¯- kapZmb-¯nsâ {]Xo-I-am¡n
amäp¶Xv. kz´w kap-Zm-b-¯nÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ A\o-Xn-s¡-Xnsc {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-I-
bmWv ‘Aán-km£n F¶ t\mh-en-eqsS efn-Xmw-_nI A´ÀP\w e£yw h¨-Xv.
tXXn-¡p-«n-¡mhv F¶ kv{Xo IYm-]m-{X-¯nâ amä-§Ä kv{XoXz-¯nsâ kzX{´
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 20
Nn´-bpsS {]Xn-^-e-\-am-Wv. shdp-samcp `mcy-bnÂ \n¶v \thm-°m-\-¯nsâ ]¦m-fn-
bmb tZhIn am\-¼-Ån-bm-bpw, kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-tk-\m-\n-bmb tZhn-_-l-\mbpw HSp-
hnÂ tbmKn\n kpan-{X-\-µ-bmbpw tXXn-¡p-«-¡mhv amdp-¶p. ]qÀ®-X-bn-te¡v
F¯m³ {ian-¡p¶ a\pjy hmk-\-Iq-Sn-bmWv Cu IYm-]m-{X-¯n-eqsS efn-Xmw-
_nI A´ÀP\w Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨-Xv.
‘Aán-km-£n’- Hcp Ime-L-«-¯nsâ IY ]d-bp-¶-t\m-h-em-Wv. tIcf kmaq-
lnI cmjv{Sob Ncn-{X-¯nse kp{]-[m-\-amb amä-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw Cu t\mh-enÂ
{]Xn-]m-Zn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. efn-Xmw-_nI A´ÀP-\-¯nsâ sNdp-I-Y-IÄ \¼q-Xncn kap-
Zm-b-¯nse kv{Xo apt¶ä-§-fpsS Bh-iy-I-X-sb-¡pdn¨pw, kap-Zm-b-¯nse PoÀ®-
Xm-h-Ø-Isf¡pdn-¨p-Å-Xp-am-Wv.
sI. kc-kzXn A½
Bbn-c-¯n-sXm-Åm-bn-c¯n \mev]-Xp--Ifpw A³]-Xp-Ifpw ae-bmf kmlnXy
aWvU-ew ]pcp-j-tI-{µo-Ir-X-am-bn-cp-¶p. PohÂ kmln-Xy-{]-Øm\w kmln-Xy-¯se
Pohn-Xhpw kmln-Xy-¯nse kuµ-cyhpw cmjv{So-bhpw {]Xn-_-Ô-Xbpw kw_-Ôn¨v
kPo-h-amb hmZ-§fpw hnhm-Z-§fpw DbÀ¯n-hn-Sp-t¼m-gm-bn-cp¶p sI. kc-kz-Xn-
b½ kv{XoI-fpsS _ZÂtemIw krjvSn-¨p-sImv apt¶-dn-b-Xv. XIgn apXÂ Ddq_v
XpS-§n-b-h-cpsS kaIm-en-I-bmbn-bn-«mWv kmln-Xy-cw-K¯v \ne-\n-¶-Xv. kv{Xosb-
¡p-dn-¨pÅ AsÃ-¦nÂ kvss{XW-X-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ B¬tImbvam {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-
¯nsâ \nÀ½n-Xn-Isf apgp-h³ s]mfn-¡p-Ibpw kv{XobpsS bYmÀ°-¯n-epÅ
{]Xn\n-[m-\-§Ä krjvSn-¨pw-sIm-n-cp-¶p. kv{Xosb-¶mÂ arZp-e-hn-Im-chpw Imtam-
t¯-P-I-kp-µc ico-c-h-kvXphpw am{Xw F¶ ]pcpj \nÀ½nX k¦Â¸-s¯-bmWv
kc-kz-Xn-b½ s]mfn-s¨gp-Xn-b-Xv.`n¶-amb PohnX ]cn-k-c-§-fnÂ, `n¶-amb aqÃy-k-
¦Â¸-§-fnÂ P\n¨v hfÀ¶v hep-Xmbn ]n¶oSv kzbw kv{Xok¯ Xncn-¨-dnª
_p²nbpw hnth-I-hp-apÅ hyXykvX-cmb kv{Xo IYm-]m-{X-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p kckz-Xn-
b-½-bpsS IY-I-fnÂ {]Xy-£-s¸-«-Xv.
‘t{]a-`m-P-\w’, ‘s]m¶n³ IpSw’ F¶n-h-bmWv kc-kz-Xn-b-½-bpsS t\mh-ep-
IÄ. kv{Xo v kzmX{ýw Xs¶-bmWv t\mh-ep-I-fnse apJy-{]-ta-bw. t{]a-`m-P\w
H¶n-e-[nIw ]pcpj-·msc {]W-bn-¡p¶ kv{XobpsS IY-bmWv ]d-ª-Xv. Pohn-X-¯n-
sem-¶n-s\-t¸mepw Xsâ kzmX{ý k¦Â¸-\-§Ä¡v apI-fn-te¡v IS-¶p-I-b-dm³
AhÄ X¿m-dm-Ip-¶n-Ã. H¶n¨v Pohn-¡m-\m-{K-ln¨ ]pcp-j-s\m¸w kzmX{ý {]Jym-
]-\-ambn AhÀ ac-Ws¯ ssIh-cn-¡p-¶p. ChnsS acWw Pohn-X-bm-YmÀ°y-§-fnÂ
\n¶pÅ Hfn-t¨m-«-aÃ, adn¨v Pohn-X-¯n-sâ, Bi-b-§-fpsS Gähpw henb
kzmX{ý {]Jym-]-\-ambn amdp¶p.
Sn.G cmP-e-£van
Fgp-Xm-Xn-cn-¡m³ h¿, Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ C\nbpw Fgp-Xn-t¸m-Ipw.
C§s\ ]dªv sImv Xsâ kmln-Xy-Po-hnXw Bß-l-Xy-bnÂ Ah-km-\n-¸n¨
Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-bmWv cmP-e-£van. ]cn-Nn-X-amb A\p-`-h-ta-J-esb kXy-k-Ô-ambn
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 21

Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡m³ Xp\nª Fgp-¯p-Im-cnsb A¶s¯ ]pcpj ta[m-hn¯w
FXnÀ¯p.kv{XobpsS PohnXw Ft¸mgpw ]pcp-j-\p-th-n-bm-sW-¶pÅ kaql-
t_m-[-s¯, B kmaq-ly-t_m-[-¯nÂ \jvS-s¸-Sp¶ kv{Xo kzXzs¯bpw, kv{Xo-
bpsS kzmX-{ý-¯n\v hne¡v IÂ¸n-¡p¶ kaq-l-¯nsâ CS-s]-S-ep-I-sfbpw cmP-
e£van Xsâ kmlnXy krjvSn-IÄ¡v ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n.
‘Hcp hgn-bpw’, Ipsd \ng-ep-I-fpw’, ‘D¨-sh-bnepw Cfw \nem-hpw’, ‘Rms\¶
`mhw’ F¶nh t\mh-ep-I-fm-Wv.
B[p-\n-I-X-bn-te-¡v
khn-ti-j-X-IÄ
• Fgp-¯p-Imc³ kzX-{´-\m-sW¶ Nn´
• hyÀ°-[m-t_m[w, AØn-Xz-t_m[w
• ]m]w F¶ Nn´.
• Pohn-X-¯nsâ \ncÀ°-I-Y-bpw, a\p-jysâ \nÊ-lm-b-X-bpw
• ÇY-_nw-_-§Ä
• Akw-_-Ô-X-tbmSpw \ntj-[-hy-àn-Xz-t¯m-Sp-apÅ B`n-ap-Jyw
• ]mc-¼cy \ntj[w
• hnjm-Zm-ß-I-X, Bß-c-Xn
• Pohn-X-t¯mSpw ac-W-t¯m-Sp-apÅ \nÊw-KX, A-bp-àn-IX
\thm-°m-\-¯nsâ cmw L«w Ah-km-\n-¡-pIbpw, B[p-\n-I-X-bn-te-¡pÅ

XpS¡w Ipdn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶Xv Fw.Sn, hn.-sI.-F³ F¶o Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-eq-sS-bm-
Wv. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS e£-W-§Ä AXnsâ ]mc-ay-¯n-se¯n \nÂ¡p-¶Xv Im¡-
\m-S³, B\-µv, H.hn hnP-b³, ]p\-¯nÂ Ipª-_vZpÅ, tkXp, ]ß-cm-P³ F¶n-
h-cn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.Adp-]-Xp-I-fpsS D¯-cmÀ²w F¯n-b-s¸m-tg¡pw t\mhÂ ]pXnb
kc-Wn-bn-te¡v \o§n. ]pXnb ZÀi-\-§-fp-ambn ]pXnb Xe-apd IS-¶p-h-¶p. \ntj-
[m-ß-I-Xbpw Pohn-Xs¯ kw_-Ôn¨ A]-N-b-t_m-[hpw Ah-cpsS a\-Ênsâ kPo-
h-`m-h-§-fm-bn-¯oÀ¶p. ]Sn-ªm-d³ Nn´-I-cmb Imap, kmÀ{Xv F¶n-h-cpsS ZÀi-\-
§Ä hen-b-co-Xn-bnÂ bph-X-e-ap-dsb kzm[o-\n-¨p. A\y-hÂ¡-c-Ww, AkvXnXz Zp8-
Jw, ]mc-¼cy \ntj[w XpS-§n-bh B[p-\nI t\mh-ensâ apJ-ap-{Z-I-fmbn amdn.
cmjv{Sob A]-N-b-§-fpw, ssewKn-I-PoÀ®-X-Ifpw \á-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡m³ AhÀ
X¿m-dm-bn. hnizm-k-¯-IÀ¨, ac-Wm-`n-ap-Jyw, Bß-c-Xn, ]I-t]m-¡-emWv Pohn-X-
sa¶ hnizm-kw, hyÀ°Xm t_m[w XpS-§n-bh B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS e£-W-§-fmbn
amdn. ae-bm-f-t\m-h-ense Ncn-{X-]-c-amb hgn-¯n-cp-hn-s\-Ip-dn-¡p¶ Ime-ambn B[p-
\n-IX amdn.
Fw.Sn hmkp-tZ-h³ \mbÀ
{Kma-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ DÄ¯p-Sn-¸p-IÄ Fw.-Sn-bpsS Bß-kv]Ài-apÅ t\mh-ep-
IÄ¡v ssNX\yw ]I-cp-¶p. t]mb-Ime {Kma-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ HmÀ½¯p-Sn-¸p-IÄ
Fw.Sn F¶ Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ `mhm-hn-jv¡mc Xe¯nsâ amävIq-«p-¶p-v. IpSpw-_-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 22

Ô-¯nsâ ssiYeyw F{X-t¯mfw a\p-jysâ AØn-Xzs¯ _m[n-¡p-¶p-s-¶p-
ÅXv Fw.-Sn-bpsS IrXn-I-fnÂ \n¶pw hmb-\-¡m-c\v Is-Sp-¡m³ km[n-¡pw.
kz´w X«-I-§-fnÂ \n¶v Nph-Sp-am-äm³ Ign-bmsX thZ-\-b-\p-`-hn-¡p¶ bph-Xo-bp-
hm-¡-fpsS IY-, ]mc-¼-cys¯ IpSªv If-bm³ {ian-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v KmÀln-I-Po-hnXw
_Ô-\-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶Xv, CXn-sâ-sbÃmw k¦oÀ® Xe-§sf Fw.Sn hfsc kq£-a-
am-bn-¯s¶ Xsâ IrXn-I-fn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶p.
‘\mepsI-«v’, ‘Imew’, ‘Akp-c-hn¯v’, ‘aªv’, ‘cm-aq-gw’, ‘hnem-]-bm-{X’,
‘Ad-_n-s¸m-¶v’, ‘]mXn-cmhpw ]IÂsh-fn-¨-hpw’, ‘hmc-Wmkn’ F¶n-h-bmWv Fw.-Sn-
bpsS t\mh-ep-IÄ. A¸p-®n-bpsS bm{X-I-fmWv \mep-sI-«v. IpSpw-_-hpw BNm-c-
§fpw Pohn-X-¯nsâ s\Sp-¦³ Imcm-{K-l-§fpw hyànsb Bl-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v
\m¡p-\o«n Bª-Sn-¡p¶ Ime-k-Ôn-I-fn-eqsS A¸p®n apt¶-dp-t¼mÄ tIc-f-
¯nsâ Fgp-X-s¸-Sm¯ Ncn{Xw DWÀs¶gpt¶Â¡p-¶p. kXy-k-Ô-amb kmaq-lnI
Ncn-{X-¯nsâ ]Ým-¯-e-¯n-ew \mep-sI-«nÂ ZÀin-¡mw. PohnXw GsXms¡ L«-
§-fn-eqsS IS-¶p-t]m-sb-¶mepw ,t]mb-Im-e-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ \ng-ep-IÄ a\p-jys\
]n³´p-S-cp-¶-Xnsâ t_m[-X-e-s¯bpw Fw.Sn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶p. Ahy-à-X-bnse
hyà-Xbpw, A]qÀ®-X-bnse ]qÀ®-X-bp-apÅ Bhn-jv¡m-c-amWv ‘aªv’ F¶
t\mhÂ. C¯-c-¯nÂ a\p-jy-a-\-Ên-sâ, Ahsâ HmÀaI-fp-sS, kzXz-¯nsâ tbmPn-
¸p-I-sf-bpw, hntbm-Pn-¸p-I-sfbpw Fw.Sn Xsâ t\mh-ep-I-fn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶p.
hn.-sI.-F³
A[n-Imc hyh-Ø-bvs¡-Xnsc ià-amb hnaÀi-\-§Ä Xsâ kmln-Xy-c-bn-
eqsS D¶-bn¨ Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\mWv hn.-sI.-F³. {][m\ cN-\-IÄ FÃmw Xs¶
Bt£-]-lm-ky-§-fm-Wv. hn.-sI.F¶nsâ FÃm IY-I-fnepw {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp¶ Hcp
IYm-]m-{X-amWv ]¿³. Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ kzXz-t_m-[-¯nsâ {]Xn-^-e\w Xs¶-
bmWv ]¿³ F¶ IYm-]m-{Xw. UÂln Pohn-X-¯nsâ CSbv¡v Cý-bpsS Xe-
Øm\ \K-cn-bnÂ Ac-t§-dp¶ cmjv{Sob \mS-I-§Ä hn.-sI.-F-¶nÂ DWÀ¯nb
tcm£-amWv ]¿sâ \À½-§-fn-eqsS ]pd-¯p-h-¶-Xv. temI-N-cn-{Xw, km¼-¯n-I-im-
kv{Xw, cmPym-ć cmjv{Sob kw`-h-hn-Im-k-§Ä, `mc-Xob ]pcm-W-Ir-Xn-IÄ F¶o-
hn-j-b-§-fn-epÅ ]c¶ hmb-\-bpsS ]n³_-ehpw hn.sI F³ IrXn-I-fpsS {]t{Xy-
I-X-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ Xsâ Ime-L-«-¯nse GXv kmaq-ln-I-cm-jv{Sob hyh-
Øn-Xn-tbbpw A\m-bm-k-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-hm³ hn.-sI.-F-¶n\v Ign-ªp. {]ta-
bw, inev]w, Bhn-jvIm-cw, F¶o LS-I-§-fnÂ hyà-amb ]pXpa ]peÀ¯p-¶-h-
bmWv hn.-sI.-F-¶nsâ IrXn-IÄ. Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p¶ Hmtcm IYm-]m-{Xhpw Hmtcm
kw`-hhpw hÀ¯-am-\-Ime Pohn-X-¯n-sâ-bpw, AXn-\m-[m-c-amb `qX-Im-e-¯n-sâbpw
]cn-tÑ-Z-§-fm-Wv. C¡m-c-W-§Ä sImv Xs¶ hn.-sI.-F³ IrXn-IÄ ae-bm-f-
¯nse Hä-s¸« k¼-¯m-Wv. ‘Btcm-l-Ww’, ‘]nXm-a-l³’,-‘A-kp-c-hm-Wn’,‘-P-\-dÂ
Nm¯³kv’, ‘kn³Un-t¡-äv’, ‘A\-ćw’ XpS-§n-bh hn.sI F¶nsâ t\mh-ep-I-fm-
Wv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 23

ae-bmf t\mh-ensâ B[p-\n-I-X-bn-te-¡pÅ hfÀ¨bnÂ ae-bm-äqÀ cma-Ir-
jvW³, sI.-kp-tc-{µ³,-kn.-cm-[m-Ir-jvW³ XpS-§nb Fgp-¯p-ImcpsS t\mh-ep-Ifpw
{][m-\-]¦v hln-¨p.
B[p-\n-I-X
Im¡-\m-S³
]pXnb t\mh-ensâ {]Nm-c-I-\pw, {]ZÀi-\-hp-amWv Im¡-\m-S³. kaq-l-
¯nsâ apJw aqSn Agn¨v amäm-\pw, ssewKn-I-Xbpw Imahpw Hfnhpw adhpw IqSmsX
Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw Im¡-\m-Ssâ kmln-Xy-temIw X¿m-dm-Ip-¶p. hÀ¯-am-\-Im-
es¯ \ntj-[n-¨v, kaq-ls¯ shÃp-hn-fn¨v apt¶m-«p-t]m-Ip¶ ]pXnb Xe-ap-dsb
At±lw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Bß-\n-tj-[-¯nsâ kzc-amWv At±-l-¯nsâ IrXn-I-
fnÂ apg-§p-¶-Xv. Fgp-¯p-Im-c³ kaq-l-t¯mSv _m[y-X-bn-ÃmsX kzX-{´-a-\p-jy-\m-
sW¶v hmZn-¡p¶ Im¡-\m-Snsâ IYm-]m-{X-§-sfÃmw kaq-l-¯nsâ krjvSn-I-fm-
Wv. kz´w AØnXzw A\z-jn¨v Ae-bp¶ AhÀ HcÀ°-¯nÂ kaq-l-t¯mSv
]Icw ho«m³ sh¼ÂsIm-Åp-¶p. \ne-hn-en-cn-¡p¶ kmln-Xy-t_m-[s¯ DS-¨p-
hmÀ¡m³ Im¡-\m-S³ {ian-¡p-¶p.
‘DjvW-ta-J-e’, ‘Ggmw-ap-{Z’, ‘hkq-cn’,-‘km-£n’,- ‘]-d-¦n-a-e’,- ‘_Àkm-¯n’,- ‘C-
hnsS Cu Xoc-¯v’, ‘Htdm-X’, ‘AÚ-X-bpsS Xmgvhmc’, ‘{]f-b-¯n-\p-ti-jw’,- ‘a-g-
\n-gÂ {]tZ-iw’, ‘Cu \mbv¡-fpsS temIw’ XpS-§n-bh {][m-\- t\mhepIÄ. Cu
t\mh-ep-I-fnÂ Nne-XnÂ Imap-hn-sâ-bpw,-Im-^v¡-bp-sS-bp-sams¡ kzm[o-\-ap-s¶v
\ncq-]-IÀ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p-v.
Fw. apIp-µ³
a¿-gn-¸p-g-bpsS CXn-lmkw cNn¨v, ae-bmf kmln-Xy-¯nÂ Imep-d-¸n¨ Fgp-
¯p-Im-c-\mWv apIp-µ³. apIp-µsâ t\mh-ep-I-fpsS s]mXp-kz-`m-hw, At±-l-¯nsâ
{][m-\-t\m-h-ep-I-fnse CXn-hr-¯s¯ ASn-Øm-\-am¡n hne-bn-cp-¯m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
{Kma-kw-ip-²nbpw am\-h-aq-Ãy-§fpw h³ \K-c-§-fnÂ Hen-¨n-d§n cm£-kob `mh-
§Ä ssIs¡m-Åp¶ Zim-]-cn-Wm-a-§Ä apIp-µ³ UÂln-bnÂ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.
AwKo-IrX hyh-Øm-]nX [mÀ½nI t_m[-¯n-s\-Xnsc DbÀ¯p¶ shÃp-hn-fn-bmWv
‘Cu temIw AXn-sem-cp-a-\p-jy³’ F¶ t\mh-en\v iàn-]-I-cp-¶-Xv. ]Xnhv
t\mhÂ k¦Â¸-§-fnÂ \n¶v hyXn-N-en¨ IY-bmWv Hcp ZfnXv bph-Xn-bpsS
IZ\IY. Hcp \mS-Im-h-X-c-W-¯nsâ ]Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ ZfnXv bph-Xn-bpsS IZ\w
Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡m-\mWv apIp-µ³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xv. hninjvS kwkvIm-c-¯nÂ \n¶pw ]pd-
¯m-¡-s¸-«-h-cpsS IY-bmWv CXv. BXy-ń-I-ambn I½yq-WnÌv {]Øm-\s¯
hnaÀin-¡p¶ tIi-hsâ hnem-]-§Ä F¶ t\mhÂ {]Xy-£-¯nÂ I½yq-WnÌv
A\p-`mhw ]peÀX¯p-¶-Xp-t]mse tXm¶n-¸n-¡pw. ssk_À kwkvIm-c-¯nÂs¸-
Sp¶ t\mh-ep-I-fnÂ BZy-t¯-XmWv apIp-µsâ \r¯w F¶ t\mhÂ. kaq-l-hp-
ambn s]mcp-¯-s¸-«p-t]m-Im³ Ign-bmsX [À½-k-¦-S-¯nÂs¸«pgep-¶-h-cmWv apIp-
µsâ IYm-]m-{X-§Ä. kz´w thcp-IÄt¯Sn Ae-bp¶ sNdp-¸-¡mÀ hne-¡-s¸«
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 24
Pohn-X-¯nsâ D]m-k-I-cm-bn-am-dp-¶Xv A`n-Im-ay-amb ZÀi-\-ambn hmgv¯p-hm³
km[n-¡p-I-bn-sÃ-¦n-epw, apIp-µ³ ià-\mb Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\m-sW¶pw, ae-bmf
t\mhÂ buh-\-¯nsâ Hc-S-bmfw IqSn-bm-sW¶pw Fcp-taen A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
hyÀ°-Ym-t_m[w Hcp Ime-b-f-hnÂ bph-X-e-ap-d-bnÂ ]SÀ¶p-I-b-dnb bmYmÀ°y-
am-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶p-ÅXv \ntj-[n-¡p-hm\pw km[n-¡n-Ã.
H.hn hnP-b³
H.hn hnP-bsâ Jkm-¡nsâ CXn-lmkw ae-bm-f-t\m-hÂ kmln-Xys¯ Xs¶
cmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-¨p. Jkm-¡n\p ap³]pw. Jkm-¡n\v tijhpw F¶ coXn-bn-emWv
B hn`-P\w kw`-hn-¨-Xv. t\mh-ep-I-fn-eqsS ]cn-N-bn¨p ioen¨ a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xs¯
asäm-cm-Jym\ssien sImv Xncp-¯n-sb-gpXn F¶p-ÅXp Xs¶-bmWv Jkm-¡nsâ
CXn-lm-k-s¯ hyXy-kvX-am-¡p-¶-Xv. Npcp¡n ]d-ªmÂ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ
FÃm-ZÀi-\-§fpw AØn-Xz-Zp8-J-¯nsâ IognÂ Npcp§nt¸mIp¶ Hcp {]Xn-`m-k-am-
cp¶p ‘Jkm-¡nsâ CXn-lm-k-w’ F¶ t\mhÂ. Cu PohnX ZÀi-\-§Ä t\mh-enÂ
{]I-S-a-Ã, X{km-¡nse Hmtcm IYm-]m-{X-§-fnepamWv Cu ZÀi-\-§Ä Dd-ªp-In-S-
¡p-¶-Xv. AXn-sâ-sbÃmw GIo-I-cWw chn-bn-eqsS ]qÀ¯o-I-cn-¡p-¶p. Hmtcm hmb-
\-bnepw ]pXnb temIs¯ Zo£n-¡p¶ Cu t\mhÂ \nc-´-c-ambn hmb-\-¡m-c-
\nsebpw \ncq-]-I-cn-sebpw chnsb Xncp-¯n-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p. ‘Kpcp-km-Kcw’ t\mh-
enÂ Ipªp®n F¶ IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ IÀ½-_-Ô-§-fnse \nÊ-lm-b-sX-bpw,
kz´w AØn-Xz-w Xs¶ Hcp tNmZy-Nn-Ó-ambn amdp¶ PohnXmhØtbbpw Bhn-
jvI-cn-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS hàm-sh¶t]mse D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X-
bpsS hàmhpw IqSn-bmWv H.hn hnP-b³. ]nÂ¡me t\mh-ep-I-fnse {]ta-bw,
ZÀi\w F¶nh XnI¨pw hyX-kvX-am-bn-¯oÀ¶n-cp-¶p. Cý-bnse cmjv{Sob D]-Nm-
]-§-fp-sSbpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS lo\-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâbpw Xpd¶ Nn{Xo-I-c-W-ambn
‘[À½-]p-cmWw’ t\mhÂ. antYm-f-Pn-bpw, Ct¡m-f-Pnbpw ka-\z-bn-¸n¨ t\mh-em-bn-
cp¶p ‘a[pcw Kmb-Xn’. \mK-cn-I-Xbv¡v kw`-hn-¡p¶ ssiY-Ãys¯ Bßo-b-ssi-
en-bn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p¶ t\mh-emWv ‘Xe-ap-d-IÄ’. ae-bm-f t\mhÂ kmln-Xy-
¯nse cv Ime-L-«-§-fnse amä-s¯bpw DÄs¡m B[p-\nI t\mh-en-Ìp-I-fnÂ
H.hn hnP-b\pw DÄs¸-Sp-¶p.
B\-µv
Bg-apÅ Nn´-bp-sSbpw DÄ¡-\-apÅ Pohn-X-ho-£-W-¯n-sâbpw sshIm-cn-
Im-hn-jvIm-c-amWv kmln-Xy-sa¶v t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯nb Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\mWv ]n. k¨n-Zm-
\-´³. kaq-l-¯nsâ {]l-c-taäv GIm-´-ambn thZ-\-bpsS \pIw hen-¨n-g-bp¶ a\p-
jysâ Imev]m-Sp-I-fmWv B\µv ]n´p-S-cp-¶-Xv. {]ta-bw, inev]w, IYm-]m{X kwhn-
[m\w F¶oLS-\-Isf _p²n-]-c-hpw, ZmÀi-\n-I-hp-amb taJ-e-bn-te¡v ]cn-hÀ¯n-
¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p B\-µv. Øe-Ime t_m[-¯nsâ IogvtaÂ adn-¨nÂ, a\p-jym-
ØnXzw t\cn-Sp¶ {]Xn-k-Ôn-IÄ XpS-§n-b-hbpw B\-µnsâ t\mh-ep-I-fpsS {]ta-
b-§-fpw, ZÀi-\-§fpw IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 25

A\y-h-Xv¡-c-W-¯nsâ Bibw DÄs¡m-p-sImv apwss_ \K-c-¯nsâ
]Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ cNn¨ t\mh-emWv ‘BÄ¡q-«w’. A[n-Im-c-b{´w X§-fpsS
Øm]nX e£y-§Ä km£m-Xv¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thn \nc-]-cm-[n-I-fmb P\-§sf
am\-kn-I-am-bpw, imco-cn-I-ambpw XS-hn-em-¡p¶ {IqcX ‘acp-`q-an-IÄ’ Dm-Ip-¶Xv
F¶ t\mh-enÂ ImWn-¡p-¶p. ‘acW kÀ«n-^n-t¡äv’ CXp-t]mse asämcpt\mh-em-
Wv. A\-µ-amb Ime¯n-sâ Bß-th-Z\ Is-¯m-\pÅ bm{X. B bm{X-bnÂ
Imcp-Wy-¯n-sâbpw kl-\-¯n-sâbpw ad-¡m-\m-Im¯ Ah-Ø-IÄ. Imew apdn¨v
IS¶v a\p-jysâ AkvXnXzw tXSn-bpÅ A\z-j-W-¯nÂ a\p-jysâ hnlz-e-X-Ifpw
hn{`m-a-I-amb sshIm-cn-I-X-e-§fpw tKmhÀ²sâ bm{X-I-fn-eqsS B\µv Ahn-jvI-
cn-¨p. Ime-¯n-sâ-bpw, ka-b-¯n-sâbpw Xe-Io-gva-dn-¨nÂ Chn-sS-Im-Wmw.
tkXp
AkvXn-Xz-hmZ ZÀi-\-apÅ asämcp Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\mWv tkXp. IpSpw-_-_-Ô-
§-fnÂ sI«p-]n-Wªv InS-¡p¶ hyàn-I-fpsS [À½-k-¦-S-§-fpw, tIc-fo-b-amb
]Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ \n¶p-sImv IYm-]m-{X-§sf krjvSn-s¨-Sp-¡p-hm-\pÅ B´-cnI
Zmlhpw tkXp Xsâ cN-\-I-fn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶p. PohnXw Hcp k¦Â¸-am-
tWm, bmYmÀ°y-amtWm F¶ Nn´ Hcp Ae-«-em-Wv. Cu Ae-«-enÂ \n¶pÅ
tamN\w sshIm-cnIamb Hcp A\n-hm-cy-X-bm-sW¶v tkXp-hnsâ ]e IYm-]m-{X-
§fpw \s½ A\p-kva-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
‘Incm-Xw’, ‘\\-ª-a-®’v, ‘]mWvU-h-]p-cw’, ‘Adn-bm¯ hgn-IÄ’, ‘\ntbm-Kw’,
‘ssIap-{Z-IÄ’ F¶nh {][m\ t\mh-ep-IÄ. ‘]mWvU-h-]p-c-¯nÂ’ kv{XobpsS
a\Êv hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn A]-{K-Yn-¡p-¶p. kaqlw cq]-s¸-Sp-¯nb \oXn-im-kv{X-
¯nsâ XS-h-d-bnÂ kv{Xo Pohn-¡p-¶p. a\p-jysâ B´-cn-I-`m-h-§fpw Nm©-Ãy-
§fpw A\m-h-cWw sN¿p¶ IrXn-bmWv ssIap-{Z-IÄ.
]p\-¯nÂ Ipª-_vZp-Å
]oTn-X-a-\-Ên\v am{Xta kÀKm-ß-I-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-¡m³ Ignbq F¶ hnizm-k-
¡m-c-\mWv ]p\-¯nÂ Ipª-_vZp-Å. kz´w AØn-Xzs¯ tNmZyw sNbvXp-sIm-
mWv At±lw kmln-Xy-cw-K¯v XpS-¡w-Ip-dn-¨-Xv. ssewKnIm\p-`-h-§Ä¡v
{]m[m\yw \ÂIn XpS-¡w-Ip-dn¨ Ipª-_vZpÅ a\p-jy a\-Ênsâ \áX Xpd-
¶pIm«n. {Ita-W, kz´w kap-Zm-b-¯nse DÅ-d-Isf Xnc-ªp-Xp-S-§n. kz]v\hpw
bmYmÀYyhpw X½n-epÅ CS-I-eÀ¯-nbpÅ ssien-bmWv s]mXpsh kzoI-cn-¡m-dp-
Å-Xv. X¶nÂ Dd-ªp-In-S-¡p¶ hyÀ°Xm t_m[hpw AkvXnXz Nn´bpw Xsâ
IYm-]m-{X-§-fn-eqsS Ipª-_vZpÅ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. NSp-ehpw sNdp-Xp-amb
ssien-bmWv Ipª-_vZp-Å-bp-tS-Xv. IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS _mly Ne-\-§Ä¡mWv
IqSp-XÂ {]m[m\yw sImSp-¡p-¶-Xv.
D¯-c-tI-cf¯nse apÉow kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ PohnXw Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p¶ t\mh-
emWv ‘kvamc-I-in-e-IÄ’ (1980). a\p-jy-t_m[w \ho-I-cn¨v hn¹-h-¯nsâ ]mX tXSn-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 26

t¸m-Ip¶ ]pXp-X-e-ap-d-bpsS Nn{Xw hc-¨p-Im-Wn-¡p¶ ‘Aen-K-Vnse XS-hp-Im-c³’,
KÄ^v cmPy-§-fnse PohnXw A\m-h-cWw sN¿p¶ ‘I\ym-h-\-§Ä’, saUn-¡Â
hnZym-`ym-k¯nsâ Xmfhpw Xmf-¸n-gbpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p¶ ‘acp¶v’ F¶nh ]p\-
¯nÂ Ipª-_vZp-Å-bpsS {][m\ t\mh-ep-I-fm-Wv.
]n. ]ß-cm-P³
kÀÆ-\n-hm-I-cWw Pohn-X-ho-£-W-am-bn-I-cp-Xp¶ B[p-\nI bph-X-e-ap-d-bpsS
FgpX-¯p-Im-c-\mWv ]ß-cm-P³. Pohn-X-¯nsâ \ncÀ°-I-Xbpw kaq-l-¯nsâ
\nÊw-K-Xbpw DbÀ¯n-Im-Wn-¡m³ {ian-¨p. a\p-jysâ A{I-a-hm-k-\-bpw, ssewKn-
tI-Ñbpw Bß-\n-µbpw khn-tij `mh-X-e-§-fnÂ ]ß-cm-P³ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
{Kma-¯nsâ a[pc kv]µ-\-§Ä H¸n-sb-Sp¯v Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-XnÂ kaÀ°-\mWv
]ß-cm-P³. ‘\£{X-§sf ImhÂ’, ‘DZ-I-t¸m-f’, ‘s]cp-h-gn-b-¼-ew’, ‘ih-hm-l-\-
§fpw tXSn’, ‘hmS-Ibv¡v Hcp lrZ-bw’, ‘{]Xn-a-bpw cmP-Ip-am-cnbpw’ XpS-§n-bh
t\mh-ep-IÄ. ]ß-cm-Psâ H«p-an¡ t\mh-ep-I-fpw, sNdp-I-Y-Ifpw Ne-Nn-{X-§-fm-bn-
«p-v.
Jkm-¡n\v ap³]pw Jkm-¡n\v tijhpw F¶ thÀXncnhv
ae-bmf t\mhÂ kmln-Xy-¯nse Hcp hgn-¯n-cnhv Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p H.hn hnP-
bsâ ‘Jkm-¡nsâ CXn-lm-kw’. amPn-¡Â dnb-en-k-¯nsâ km[y-X-IÄ ae-bm-f-
t\m-hÂ kmln-Xy-¯nÂ ]co-£-s¸--Sm¯ Ime¯v Xs¶ efn-X-amb hmMvab Nn{X-
§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-epw, hmb-\-¡m-cs\ hio-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xnepw Cu t\mhÂ
hnP-bn-¨p. amPn-¡Â dnb-en-k-¯nsâ ssk²m-ńIhi-§Ä ]qÀ®ambpw CXn-
t\mSv tbmPn-¡p-¶n-Ã-. bmYmÀ°y-hpw, {]Xo-Xnbpw IeÀ¯p¶ BJym-\w, kz]v\-
§-fpsS At\-I-§-fmb Bhn-jvIm-c-§Ä, an¯nsâ kzm[o\w XpS-§n-bh Jkm-
¡nsâ CXn-lmk-¯nÂ h¶v tNcp¶ amPn-¡Â dnb-en-k-¯nsâ e£-W-§-fm-bn-
¯o-cp-Ibpw sN¿p¶pv. kÀdnben-k-¯nsâ Ht«sd km[y-X-IÄ hnPb³ sImp-
h-¶n-«p-v. anbm³ ssiJsâ ]m³ IpXn-c, B_n-Z¡p ap¶nÂ hcp-¶-Xpw, Ah-
sfbpw sImv ]d-¡p-¶-Xpw, ]n¶o-sSm-cn-¡Â Ah-sfmcp Xp¼n-bm-bn-¯o-cp-¶-Xp-
sams¡ CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-§-fm-Wv. Jkm-¡nsâ an¯p-I-fpw, t\mh-ense IYm-]m-{X-
§-fpsS kz]v\m-S-\§fpw, ZmÀi-\nI e£-W-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp¶ `mK-§fpw
kÀdnb-en-k-¯n-tâ-Xmb Nn«-bn-em-Wp-Å-Xv. Jkm¡v t\mh-ense `mjm]camb
{]tXyIX hf-sc-b-[nIw {]m[m\yw AÀln-¡p-¶p-v.
‘`m-hp-IXzw 21-þmw \qäm-nÂ’ F¶ {KÙ-¯nÂ Pn.-a-Zp-kq-Z-\³ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-
Sp-¶Xv ZmÀi-\n-I-X-tb-¡mfpw, `mjm kuµ-cy-¯nsâ Icp-¯mWv Jkm-¡nsâ CXn-
lm-k-¯n\v DÅ-sX-¶m-Wv. hmb-\-¡m-cs\ Jkm-¡n-te¡pw IYm-]m-{X-§-fn-te¡pw
hen-¨n-Sp¶Xv anX-am-b-`m-j-bn-eqsS hnP-b³ ]dªp hbv¡p¶ ià-amb Zriym-
hnj-jv¡mc-`m-j-bm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-¯n-\v, ‘sN-X-en-bpsS sImSp-ap-Sn-bnÂ ss\km-aen
\S-¶p. Hcp sNcn-hnÂ, hnf-No-ªp-t]mb If-a-¡w t]mse Im«p-tX-\m-«n-IÄ
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 27
Xmtgm«p ]SÀ¶p ]SÀ¶v t]mIp-¶p. Imäpw agbpw Ime-hp-a-cp-¼n-t¸mb taÂapSn-
¸md Iam-\hpw sIm¯-fhpw an\m-c-hp-am-bn-¯oÀ¶-cn-¡p-¶p.’CXv IÀ½ ]c-¼-c-
bpsS kvt\l cln-X-amb IY-bm-Wv- -F¶v hnP-b³ Xs¶ ]d-bp-¶p. PVn-e-amb
kvt\l-¯nsâ AÀ°-an-Ãm-bvI-tbm, euIn-I-amb Pohn-X-¯nse kpJ-]-c-X-I-fpsS
\nizc km[y-X-I-sf-¡p-dnt¨m BWv t\mhÂ ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶-Xv. FÃmw ss\an-jn-I-
amb XmXv]-cy-§-fpsS ]qÀ¯o-I-c-W-¯n-\pÅ km[y-X-I-fmbn HSp-§p-¶p-sh-¶mWv
hnP-b³ ]d-bmsX ]d-ª-Xv. Im¡-\m-Sn-sâtbm apIp-µ-sâtbm B[p-\n-I-X-bÃ
Jkm-¡nÂ sXfn-bp-¶-Xv.-a-dn¨v a\pjy tI{µo-IrX B[p-\n-I-X-bpw-, ]cnØnXn
tI{µo-IrX ]cn-t{]-£yhpw X½n-ep-Å kwLÀj-amWv Jkm-¡n-te-Xv. Bßobm-\z-
j-W-§-fp-sSbpw AXn-ù-Xn-I-Xz-c-I-fp-sSbpw kwLÀj-§fpw t\mh-enÂ \n¶v
Is-Sp-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
kzXzm-t\z-j-Ww, Bßo-b-X, kvt\lw,-a-cWw F¶v XpS§n a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-
¯nsâ XpSp-¸p-Isf Jkm-¡nÂ IpSn-bn-cp-¯p-Ibpw chn-bpÄ¸-sS-bpÅ IYm-]m-{X-
§-fn-eqsS AXns\ GIo-I-cn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p t\mh-enÂ._lp-kw-
kvImc tI{µoIr-X-amb tIc-fo-b- ]Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ \n¶p-sIm-pÅ `mj-bp-tS-bpw,-
`m-h-\-bp-tSbpw kaÀ°-amb {]tbm-K-¯n-eqsS ]pXnb hmb-\m-\p-`-h-s¯bpw Jkm-
¡nsâ CXnlmkw F¶ t\mhÂ \ÂIp¶p. Cu khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv Jkm-¡ns\
aäv t\mh-ep-I-fnÂ \n¶pw hyXy-kvX-am¡n amäp-¶-Xv.
B[p-\n-I-X-bnse kv{Xo km¶n-[yw
am[-hn-¡p«n (I-a-em-kp-c-¿)
kv{XobpsS Nn´-I-sf-bpw, B{K-l-§-sfbpw \nÀ`-b-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-I-bm-
bn-cp¶p am[-hn-¡p«n. kv{Xo Ah-fpsS ssewKnI Nn´-I-sf-tbm, A\p-`-h-§-sftbm
Xpd¶v ]d-ªmÂ Fgp-¯p-Im-cmb ]pcp-j-·mÀ hnaÀi-\-§Ä¡v ]pdsa hyàn-lXy
\S-¯p-hm\pw Xp\n-ªn-cp-¶p. C¯cw hnaÀi-\-§Ä¡v t\sc am[-hn-¡p-«n {i²-
sIm-Sp-¯-tX-bn-Ã. kv{XobpsS sshIm-cn-I-Xsb BtLm-am-¡n-am-änb am[-hn-¡p-«n,
kv{XobpSsS {]W-b-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw cXn-sb-¡p-dn¨pw kzmX-{ý-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw taml-
`w-K-§Ä GÂ¸n-¡p¶ apdn-hp-I-sf-¡p-dn¨pw thZ-\-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-amWv Gsdbpw Fgp-
Xn-b-Xv. kvt\lhpw kzmX-{ýhpw Ft¸mgpw henb A\n-Ýn-X-Xz-¯n-sâbpw Ac-£n-
X-Xz-¯n-sâbpw adp-]p-d-am-sW¶ kXy-amWv am[-hn-¡p«n tIc-f-¯nse kv{XoI-tfmSv
]d-ª-Xv. AXnsâ Is-¯-ep-IÄ kz´w kmlnXy krjvSn-I-fn-eq-sS-bpw, Pohn-X-
¯n-eq-sSbpw Is-¯m³ am[-hn-¡p-«n¡v Ign-ªp.
cpÜ-Wn-s¡mcp ]mh-¡p-«n, Nµ-\-a-c-Ww, ISÂa-bq-cw, at\m-an, IhmSw F¶n-h-
bmWvam[-hn-¡p-«n-bpsS t\mh-ep-IÄ.
kmdm-tPm-k-^v
hyà-amb kv{Xo]-£-cm-jv{So-bs¯ ap³\nÀ¯n cN-\-IÄ \nÀh-ln-¡p¶
Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-bmWv kmdm-tPm-k^v. sân-\nkväv cmjv{Sob-¯n-sâbpw kuµ-cy-im-
kv{X-¯n-sâbpw ]pXnb kmln-Xym-\p-`-h-§Ä ae-bmfn hmb-\-¡mÀ¡v ap¼nÂ Ah-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 28

X-cn-¸n¨ Fgp-¯p-Imcn kmdm-tPm-k^v BWv. kv{XobpsS hyXykvX kzXz-§sf
tIc-f-¯n-sâ kmaqly cmjv{Sob ]cn-k-c-¯nÂ cmjv{So-b-am-bn-¯s¶ kmdm-tPm-
k^v kao-]n-¨p. AXnsâ `mK-ambn kmln-Xy-¯nÂ _ZÂ kuµ-cy-imkv{Xw krjvSn-
¡m-\pÅ {ia§Ä \S-¯n. ae-bmf kmln-Xy-¯nÂ sân-\nÌv cmjv{So-b-¯n\v
hyà-amb Nph-Sp-d-¸n-¨Xv kmdm-tPm-k-^n-eq-sS-bm-Wv. sân-\nkw Xsâ Pohn-X-ho-
£-W-am-sW¶v kmdm-tPm-k^v hyà-am-¡p-¶p. kz´w ]cn-tXm-h-Ø-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ
Xncn-¨-dnhpw, AXn-t\m-SpÅ AaÀjhpw AXnÂ c£-s¸-Sm³ kzbw \S-¯p¶
t]mcm-«-hp-amWv kz´w cN-\-I-fn-eqsS kmdm-tPm-k^v ]co-£n-¨-Xv. D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X-
bpsS hàm-hvIq-Sn-bmWv kmdm-tPm-k-^v.
‘Bem-l-bpsS s]¬a-¡Ä, ‘amäm-¯n’, ‘HX-¸v’, ‘Ducp-Im-hÂ’, ‘BXn’,
‘Btfm-lcn B\µw’ F¶n-h-bmWv t\mh-epIÄ. tIm¡m-©nd F¶ {]tZ-is¯
P\-X-bpsS Bhn-jv¡m-c-amWv ‘Bem-l-bpsS s]¬a-¡Ä’ F¶ t\mhÂ. t\mhÂ
kv{Xo]-£-am-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ Xs¶ a\pjy kaq-l-¯n-\p-mb amä-s¯bpw FSp¯v
ImWn-¡p-¶p.
kv{Xo ]£ cN-\-IÄ \thm-°m-\-¯nÂ \n¶v B[p-\n-I-X-bn-te¡v
kv{Xo]£ cN-\-I-Ä \thm-°m\ Ime-L-«-t¯m-sS-bmWv ià-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶-
Xv. ]pcp-j-ta-[m-hn¯w kaq-l-¯n-epw, kmln-Xy-cw-K¯pw B[n-]Xyw Dd-¸n-¨n-cp¶
Ime¯v AsÃ-¦nÂ A¯-c-samcp B¬tImbva \ne-\n¶ Ime-¯mWv efn-Xmw-_nI
A´ÀP-\-¯n-sâ-bpw, kc-kz-Xn-b-½-bp-sSbpw cN-\-IÄ Dm-Ip-¶-Xv. kzk-ap-Zm-b-
¯nse kv{XoI-fpsS ASn-¨-aÀ¯-s¸« Pohn-X-s¯bpw AXnsâ bmYmÀ°y-§-
sfbpw Xsâ IrXn-I-fn-eqsS Xpd-¶p-Im-Wn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p A´ÀP-\w. kap-Zm-b-
¯nÂ \n¶v kv{Xo¡v In«m¯ kzmX{ýw, A´ÀP\w Xsâ IY-Ifneq-sSbpw
t\mh-en-eq-sSbpw kv{Xo¡v \ÂIn. kc-kzXn A½-bn-te-s¡-¯p-t¼mÄ Ime-¯n\v
ap³]v k©-cn-¡p¶ AsÃ-¦nÂ A§s\ k©-cn-t¡ kv{Xo kzXz-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pw,
]cn-Xn-I-fn-Ãm¯ kv{Xo temI-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-amWv Bhn-jvI-cn-¨-Xv. kc-kz-Xn-b-½-
bpsS kv{Xo IYm-]-{X-§Ä¡v D¯-cm-[p-\nI kv{Xo k¦Â¸-§-fmbpw _Ôn-¸n-¡m-
hp-¶-Xm-Wv. F¶n-cp-¶mepw AXv A{X Bgv¯n-te¡v F¯n-t¨-cp-¶n-Ã. \thm-
°m\L-«-¯nÂ t\mh-ep-IÄs¡Ãmw kmaq-ln-I-amb hnj-b-§-fpw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-
¯nsâ \nÊ-lm-b-X-bp-sams¡ hnj-b-§-fm-b-t¸mÄ, Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-IÄ AhÀ¡v
Npäp-apÅ kv{Xotb-bpw, Ah-fpsS kzmX-{ý-s¯-bp-w X§-fpsS IrXn-I-fn-eqsS AS-
bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-hm-\mWv {ian-¨-Xv. kv{Xo Hcp kmaq-lnI Pohn-sb¶ \ne-bnÂ, Ah-
fpsS _mly temI-s¯-bmWv {]Xn-\n-Zm\w sNbvX-Xv.
am[-hn-¡p-«n, kmdm-tPm-k-^v, sI.-BÀ aoc XpS-§nb B[p-\n-I-hpw, B[p-\n-
tIm-¯-c-hp-amb Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-I-fpsS t\mh-ep-I-fn-te¡v F¯p-t¼mÄ kv{Xo,
bmsXmcp adhp-Ifpw CÃmsX Ahsf -Xs¶ Xpd-¶n-Sp-I-bm-Wv. am[-hn-¡p«n Xsâ
DÅnse kv{Xo¡v Xsâ IY-I-fn-eq-sS-bpw, t\mh-ep-I-fn-eq-sSbpw cq]w sImSp-¯p.
A¶p-hsc kv{Xo ]d-ª-«n-Ãm-¯, kaqlw A\p-h-Zn-¨-«n-Ãm¯ ssewKn-I-X-sb-¡p-dn-
¨pw, Ah-fpsS ssewKnI XmXv]-cy-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw Xpd-s¶-gp-Xn. kmdm tPmk^v
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 29
Xsâ Fgp¯v Xs¶ sân-\-k¯n\p-th-n-bm-sW¶v Dds¡ {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p.
A¶p-hsc ae-bmf t\mhÂ-þ-IYm kmln-Xy-¯nÂ \½Ä I kv{Xo IYm-]m-{X-§-
fnÂ \n¶pw hyXy-kvX-ambn kv{Xo¡v Ah-fpsS icocw Xs¶, cq]w Xs¶ amän
\nÀ¯-s¸« kv{Xo k¦Â¸-§Ä¡pw, kuµcy t_m[-¯n\pw _Z-em¡n XoÀ¡p-¶p.
Cu s]mfn-s¨-gp¯v C¶pw XpS-cp-¶p.\thm-°m-\-¯nÂ \n¶pw B[p-\n-I-X-bn-te-
s¡-¯p-t¼mÄ {k{Xo cN-\-IÄ, ZÀi-\-§Ä F¶nh kv{Xobp-sS-bpw, kaq-l-¯n-
sâbpw _mly Xe-¯nÂ\n-¶pw B\-´-cnI Xe-¯n-te¡v ]p\x-{]-Xn-jvSn¨p F¶p-
ÅXp Xs¶-bmWv hyXym-kw.
B[p-\n-tIm-¯c ae-bm-f-t\m-hÂ
khn-ti-j-X-IÄ
• ]cn-Øn-Xn,BW-h-hn-]¯v F¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Nn´-IÄ
• BZn-hm-kn-IÄ Zfn-XÀ F¶n-h-cpsS kzXzm-hn-jvI-c-W-§Ä
• Øe-s¯bpw Ime-s¯bpw Ipdn-¨pÅ ]pXp-am-\-§Ä
• tZio-b-X, A[n-Im-c-_-Ô-§Ä,-]u-I-k-aqlw F¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]pXn-b
t_m- [-§Ä
• Ncn-{X-¯nsâ Bß-hn-aÀi-\-]-c-amb ]p\À hmb-\
• ]p¯³ am[y-a-tem-I-§-tfm-SpÅ hnaÀi-\w
• hmsamgn Ncn-{X-§Ä, XnckvIrX Ncn-{X-§-fpsS hos-Sp-¸v
• cmjv{Sob PoÀ®-X-bpsS BJym-\w
• {]hm-k-¯nsâ t\mh-ep-IÄ
• {k{Xo kzXz-¯nsâ ]pXnb tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯-ep-IÄ F¶n-§s\ e£-W-§Ä \nc-
h-[n-bm-Wv.
1980-þ-I-tfmSv Xs¶ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS s]mXp-kz-`m-h-§-fnÂ \n¶v amä-apÅ cN-
\m-co-Xn-IÄ Ip-Xp-S-§n. Aß-tI-{µ-amb H¶nÂ \n¶v t\mh-ens\ hyà-amb
cmjv{Sob ]cn-k-c-¯n-te¡v sImp-h-cm-\pÅ {ia-§Ä \S-¶p. ]uc-k-aq-lw, `c-W-
Iq-Sw, A[n-Im-cw, Adnhv, hyàn-bpsS cmjv{So-bm-kvXnXzw ap³]p-Å-Xn-t\-¡mÄ
hncp-²-amb \ne-]m-Sp-IÄ kzoI-cn-¡m³ Fgp-¯p-ImÀ X¿m-dm-bn. Ncn-{Xw,
bmYmÀ°yw, kzXz-t_m[w F¶n-h-bnÂ, ASn-b-´-cm-h-Øbv¡v tijw \ne-\n¶
kmaq-ln-I-cm-jv{Sob amä-§Ä¡-\p-k-X-ambn ]p\8-Øm-]n-¨p. B\-µnsâ D¯-cm-
bWw Cu Iq«-¯nse BZy-t\m-h-ebn hne-bn-cp-¯m³ km[n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. 1940-þ-I-
fnÂ \n¶v 1960-þ-I-fnÂ F¯n-b-t¸mÄ IpSn-tb-ä-¡m-cpsS amäs¯ {]Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p¶
k.hn _me-Ir-jvWsâ Bbp-Ênsâ ]pkvXIw F¶ t\mhÂ AXnsâ `mjm-ssi-
en-sImpw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-¶p. ss__n-fnsâ AKm-[-amb kzm[o-\-apÅ BJym-
\-ssi-en-bmWv t\mh-enÂ Bhnj-jvI-cn-¨-Xv. B\-µnsâ acp-`q-an-IÄ F¶ t\mhÂ
A[n-Im-cw, kaq-lw, P\-X, ASn-¨-aÀ¯Â F¶o L«-§-fn-eq-sS-bmWv IS-¶p-t]m-Ip-
¶-Xv. kn. BÀ ]c-ta-iz-csâ {]IrXn \nb-aw, H.hn hnP-bsâ [À½-]p-cmWw XpS-§n-
bh Cu hn`m-K-¯nÂs¸-Sp¶ t\mh-ep-I-fm-Wv. B[p-\n-I-X-bnÂ \n¶pw D¯-cm-[p-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 30

\n-I-X-bn-te-¡pÅ Nph-Sp-am-ä-¯nsâ e£-W-§sf kzoI-cn¨ t\mh-ep-I-fmWv 1980-
þ1990 Ime-L-«-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ cNn-¡-s¸-«-Xv.
1990-þI-tfmsS B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS k¦Â¸-¯nÂ \n¶pw kzX-{´-ambn D¯-cm-[p-
\n-I-X-bn-te-s¡-¯n. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS hàm-¡-fm-bn-cp¶p D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS
Bcw-`-s¯bpw kzoI-cn-¨-Xv. B[p-\n-I-Xbv¡v e£-W-§Ä XoÀ¯ H.hn hnP-bsâ
‘a[pcw KmbXn’ (1990), ‘a¿-gn-¸p-g-bpsS Xoc-§Ä’ cNn¨ Fw.-ap-Ip-µsâ ‘BZnXy\pw
cm[bpw aäv Nne-cpw-’ F¶ t\mhÂ (1993), B\-µnsâ ‘tKmhÀ²-sâ-bm-{X-IÄ’ XpS-
§n-bh CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-§-fm-Wv.
D¯-cm-[p-\nI t\mh-en\v Nne DZm-l-c-W-§Ä
a[pcw Kmb-Xnþ H.hn hnP-b³
kzc-tNÀ¨-bn-Ãm-bvabpw a\p-jy-Xz-cm-ln-Xyhpw sImv `mhn-bnÂ k¼qÀ®
\mi-¯n\v Imc-W-am-Im³ t]mIp¶ `qan-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ZoÀL-ho-£W IY-bmWv
‘a[pcw KmbXn’ F¶ t\mhÂ. kuay-ambn t]mcmSn BIm-i-§-fn-eqsS ]d-¡p¶
Hcp BÂa-cs¯ \mb-I-\m-bpw, kpI-\y-sb¶ h\-I-\y-Isb \mbn-I-bmbpw Ah-
cpsS {]W-bs¯ krjvSnsb imń-bn-te¡v \bn-¡p¶ alm-{]-Xn-`m-k-hp-am-bmWv
IrXn-bnÂ {]Xo-I-h-Xv¡-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. kz´w Iui-e-¯nsâ {]tem-`-\-§Ä¡v
hg§n Pohsâ kzmXn-IX ImWmsX Ign-bp¶ a\p-jy-hÀ¤-¯nsâ ]X-\hpw tamN-
\-hp-amWv Cu IrXn-bnÂ bYmÀ°-¯nÂ DÄt¨À¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
BZn-Xy\pw cm[bpw aäp-Nn-e-cpwþ Fw.-ap-Ip-µ³
B[p-\n-tIm-¯-c-X-bpsS \nZÀi-\-ambn hmgv¯-s¸-Sp¶ Cu IrXn-bnÂ, BZn-
Xy³ Aý-an-Ãm¯ {]bm-W-§-fn-em-Wv. cm[-bpsS ssI]n-Sn¨v Ken-I-fn-eqsS {`m´-
ambn At¸mgpw HmSns¡m-t-bn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.-P-\n¨ \mÄ apX-emWv PohnXw Bcw-
`n-¡p-¶Xv F¶ [mc-W-bpÅ BZn-Xy³ ]p\À\nÀ½n-¡p-¶p.
tKmhÀZsâ bm{X-IÄþ B\µv
a\p-jy-k-aq-ls¯ th«-bm-Sp¶ a\p-jy³ tIhew D]-I-c-Ww-am-{X-am-sW¶
Nnc-´-\-k-Xys¯ Ac-¡n-«p-d-¸n-¡p¶ IrXn-bmWv ‘tKmhÀ[sâ bm{X-IÄ’. H¶-c-
\q-ämv ap¼v Fgp-X-s¸« `mc-tX´p lcn-Ý-{µ-bpsS {]l-k-\-¯nÂ \n¶v Hcp IYm-
]m{Xw tKmhÀ[³ ka-Im-e-k-aq-l-¯n-te¡v Cd§n \S-¡p-I-bm-Wv. \nc-]-cm-[n-bm-
bn-«pw, \nc-]-cm-[n-sb¶v FÃm-hcpw k½-Xn-¨n«pw injn-¡m³ hn[n-¡-s¸«
tKmhÀ[sâ ap¼nÂ A\o-XnbpsS A´X hnkvar-Xn-bn-em temIw/Imew Xfw-
sI«n InS-¡p-I-bm-Wv. `qX-tam, `mhntbm CÃm-Xmb Abm-fpsS IqsS ]pcm-W-§-fnÂ
\n¶pw Ncn-{X-¯nÂ \n¶pw kmln-Xy-¯nÂ \n¶pw Ht«sd ]m{X-§Ä tNcp-¶p.
NneÀ AbmÄs¡m¸w tNmZy-§Ä tNmZn-¨p-sImv; aävNneÀ Abm-fpsS tNmZy-
§Ä¡n-c-bm-bn. A§s\\nÝe-amb Ncn-{X-¯nÂ Ae-IÄ Cf-Ip-hm³ XpS-§p-I-bm-
Wv. Ncn-{Xhpw ]pcm-Whpw `mh-\bpw sI«p-]n-Wªv InS-¡p-I-bmWv Cu IrXn-bnÂ.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 31

sIm¨-tc-¯n. þ \mcm-b-W³
tIc-f-¯nse BZn-hmkn kaq-l-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Hcp BZnhmkn Fgp-Xnb
BZys¯ t\mhÂ. BZn-hmkn kaq-l-¯nsâ en]n cln-X-amb `mjbv¡v BJym-\-
am-[y-a-¯nsâ Poh-tÊIn ]p\8-{]-XnjvSn¡p-I-bm-Wv. BZn-hmkn kaq-l-¯nsâ
{]mIr-X-amb Nn«-h-«-§sf AÔ-hn-izm-k-sa¶pw A\m-im-ky-sa-¶pw Dd¨v ]dªv
tNmZyw sN¿p-I-bpw Chbvs¡-Xnsc {]Xn-I-cn-¡m³ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp¶ IrXn-bm-Wn-Xv.
Imd-¸p-I-bn-e-bpw, Noª-a-¯n-bpw, tImd-¯p-Wn-bpw, Im¸nbpw C©nbpw Idp-¯-
s]m¶pw sXÅnbpw Ipń-cn-¡hpw tX\pw IhÀs¶-Sp-¡-s¸«v \mK-cn-I-cmÂ h©n-X-
cm-Ip¶ \njvI-f¦ kaq-l-¯nsâ t\c-h-X-c-W-am-Ip¶p sIm¨-tc-¯n.
kq^n ]dª IY þ sI.]n cma-\p-®n
aXw A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ \nb-Xm-hm-Ip¶ Ime¯v ae-bm-fn-bpsS ]qÀÆ Ncn-{X-
¯nÂ \n¶v kmtlm-Z-cy-¯n-sâbpw kwhm-Zm-ß-I-X-bp-sSbpw A\p-`-h-kz-cq]w
Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-I-bmWv ‘kq^n-]-dª IY’-bn-eqsS sI.]n cma-\p-®n.
]s¯m³]Xmw \qäm-nsâ Ah-km\ Ime-§-fnse tIcf kaq-ls¯ BJym\w
sN¿p¶ IrXn-bnÂ Hcp \mSn-sâ Imev]\n-I-X-bpw, B \m«nse P\-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ
Ncn-{Xhpw tI{µ-I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fpsS {]W-b-¯n-sâbpw hnIm-c-Xo-{h-X-bp-tSbpw hÀ®-
\-I-fpw, kaq-l-¯nsâ ASn-¯-«nÂ ab§n InS-¡p¶ aX-ku-lmÀZ Nn´-Ifpw
DÄt¨À¶n-cn-¡p-¶p.
e¯³_-t¯-cn-bnse ep¯-\n-b-IÄþ F³.-F-kv.-am-[-h³
]ptcm-K-\m-ß-Ihpw tcJo-bhpw GI-hp-amb Ncn-{X-sa¶ k¦Â¸s¯ inYn-eo-
I-cn¨v _ZÂ ]T-\-§Ä XoÀ¡p¶ F³.-F-kv.-am-[-hsâ BJym-bn-I-bmWv ‘e´³
_t¯-cn-bnse ep¯-\n-b-IÄ’. sIm¨n-bnse ImbÂ Zzo]p-I-fn-sem-¶nÂ P\n¨p
hfÀ¶ Pko¡ F¶ 14-Imcn 1957 apXÂ 1965 hsc-bpÅ tIc-f-¯nsâ cmjv{So-b-Po-
hnX Ncn-{X-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n kz´w Pohn-X-I-Y-]-d-bp-¶p. AwKo-IrX Ncn-{X-
¯n\v ]pd-¯pÅ Cu _ZÂ Pohn-X-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ- Hcp s]¬Ip-«n-bpsS Pohn-X-¯n-
eqsS hmbn-¡-s¸-Sm-hp¶ P\-N-cn-{X-amWv DÄs¡m-Ån-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
AÔ-Im-c-\-gnþ C tkmt´mjv IpamÀ
Fgp-¯n-s\bpw t\mhÂ hmb-t\bpw kw_-Ôn¨v ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-sa¶v kzbw
[cn¨v h¨n-cp¶ ap³[m-c-W-IÄ CÃm-Xm-¡nb IrXn-bmWv ‘A´-Im-c-\-gn’. Adp-]-Xp-
I-fn-se-bpw, Fgp-]-Xp-I-fn-sebpw cmjv{So-b -Po-hn-X-¯nse \IvkÂ hn¹-h-§-sfbpw
bph-Xz-¯nse hn¹-h-t_m-[hpw AXnsâ ]cn-Wm-a-§fpw AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶, {]Xy-
b-i-kv{X hn{`-a-§sf Xpd¶v Im«p¶ IrXn-bm-Wn-Xv. apt¶m«pw ]nt¶m«pw k©-cn-
¡m³ Ign-hpÅ amä-an-Ãm¯ bmYmÀ°y-ambn Hcp Xpcp-¯ns\ t\mh-enÌv tI{µ-I-
Ym-]m-{X-ambn \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶p. Ncn-{X-¯nsâ Xs¶ hn¹-h-k-a-c-§-fpsS CuSp-sh-
bv]p-Isf XÅn-¡-f-bp¶ Cu Xpcp¯v t\mh-ense Ime-K-W-\sb A{]-k-à-am-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 32

¡pI hgn {]kXpX Xpcp¯v ka-Im-en-I PohnX-¯nse kPo-h-km-[y-X-bmbn amdp-
¶p.
{^m³knkv C«n-t¡m-cþ Sn.Un cma-Ir-jvW³
Ncn-{Xhpw k¦Â¸-hpw, IYbpw Imev]-\n-I-Xbpw Cg-tNÀ¯v \nKq-V-Xm-kn-
²m-´s¯ B[m-c-am-¡n, \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ FÃm hnÚm\ imJ-I-sfbpw ka-\z-bn-
¸n¨v Sn.Un cma-Ir-jvW³ XoÀ¯ BJym-bn-I-bmWv ‘{^m³knkv C«n-t¡m-c’. Ccp-]-
¯n-sbm¶mw \qäm-nse Z kvIqÄ F¶ AXy-´m-[p-\nI ssewKn-I tIfo ]cn-k-c-
¯nÂ \jvS-s¸« ]ucpjw hos-Sp-¡m³ Ah-km-\-{i-a-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ F¯p¶
C«n-t¡mc Xsâ thcp-I-f-t\z-jn¨v \S-¯p¶ bm{X-bnÂ Npcp-f-gn-bp¶ alm-`q-an-I-
bmWv Cu IrXn-bpsS CXn-hr-¯w. KWnX imkv{X-Ú-\mb sslt]-jy-bpsS Ncn-
X-t¯msSm¸w, tdmam km{am-Py-¯nsâ Ncn-{Xhpw, enan-bn-te-X-S-¡-apÅ B[p-\nI
Iem-hn-`m-h-§fpw, ]nbm¯bpw,14-þ15-þ16 \qäm-p-I-fnse tIc-f-¯nse KWnX ]mc-
¼-cy-hpw, \c-t`mPn BtLm-j-§-fpw, It¯m-en¡m k`-bpsS hncp-²-{]-h-¯n-Ifpw
XpS§n FÃm-¯n-s\-¡p-dn¨pw {^m³knkv C«n-t¡m-c-bnÂ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p.
adp-]n-d-hnþ tkXp
apNn-cn-bp-sS, ]«-W-¯n-sâ, tNµ-aw-K-e-¯n-sâ, tIm«-¸p-d-¯n-sâ, sImSp-§-Ãq-
cn-sâ, ]d-hq-cnsâ Ncn{Xw BJym-bn-I-bpsS \sÃm-cp-`m-K-¯nepw Nne IYm-]m-{X-§-
fn-cp¶p ]d-bp¶ IrXn-bmWv tkXp-hnsâ ‘adp-]n-d-hn’. ka-Im-e-hpw, AXnse apJy
IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ HmÀ½I-fpsS ^vfmjv_m¡v IY-\hpw AbmÄ ImWp-¶p. Adn-
bp¶ Nne hyàn-I-fpsS ]mÀiz-Po-hnX IY-Ifpw AhÀ ]d-bp¶ Ncn-{X-¯nsâ NnX-
dnb Xpp-Ifpw tNÀ¶ `mK-hpw, Cu ka-Ime IY-bnse Hcp IYm-]m{Xw Fgp-
Xp¶ asäm-cp-`m-Khpw tNÀ¶v cv `mK-§-fn-embn IrXnsb hn`-Pn-¨n-«p-v. 2000 hÀj-
§Ä¡v ap³]pÅ D]-I-Y-bn-eqsS Cg-tNÀ¯ Cu t\mh-enÂ Ncn-{Xhpw an¯pw
`mh-\bpw ]c-kv]cw IqSn-I-eÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p.
Bcm-¨mÀþ sI.-BÀ.-aoc
A]-am-\n-X-bmb kv{XoXz-¯nsâ iàn hnfn-t¨m-Xp¶ IrXn-sb¶v hnti-jn-¸n-
¡-s¸-Sp¶ ‘Bcm-¨mÀ’ ]m³ Cý³ t\mhÂ F¶ hnti-j-W-¯n\v AÀl-am-Wv.-
k-a-Ime Cý-bpsS cmjv{S hyh-lm-c-¯nsâ Nne Xe-§sf kv]Àin-¡p-¶-Xpw,
Cým Ncn-{X-¯nsâ kwLÀj-§sf apgp-h³ Hcp s]-Ip-«n-bpsS Pohn-X-¯nsâ
bp²-cw-K-t¯¡v sImp-h¶v kw{`-an-¡p-¶-Xp-amb cN-\m-X-{´-amWv IrXn-bnÂ
kzoI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ kakvX iàn-ssN-X-\y-§fpw Bhn-jvI-
cn-s¨-Sp-¡p¶ t\mh-enÂ hyàn-bpsS At_m-[-þ-D-]-t_m[ a\-knse kwLÀj-
§fpw Bhn-jvI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ncn-{X-¯n-eqsS Bcw-`n-¡p¶ IXn \nin-X-amb kmaq-
lnI hnaÀi-\-¯nsâ Idp¯ Nncn-I-fn-eq-sS, \nco-£-W-§-fn-eq-sS-sbÃmw IS-¶p-
t]m-Ip-¶p-v. t\mh-ense Hmtcm t]Pnepw ac-W-sa-¶-Xp-t]mse ià-amb
kv{Xo]£ Nn´-Ifpw t\mh-enÂ Is-Sp-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.-H-tc-k-abw B{K-ln-¡p-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 33

Ibpw shdp-¡p-I-bpw sN¿m-\pÅ kv{Xok-l-P-amb sshIm-cn-I-Xsb `wKn-bmbn
t\mh-enÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p-v.
\new-]q¯v aeÀ¶-\mÄ-þ-a-t\mPv IpdqÀ
kwL-Im-es¯ km[m-cmW Pohn-X-§-sf, X\Xp kwkvIm-c-§-sf, AXn-J-c-
arZp tZmj-§-fpw, Dujvam-¡fpw Dt]-£n¨ {ZanU kwLmX ]mT-¯nÂ {Zmhn-U-¯-
\n-a-bpÅ hm¡p-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn¨v hos-Sp-¡pIbmWv ‘\new-]q¯v aeÀ¶ \mfn-
’eqsS at\mPv IpdqÀ. sFńW-I-fpsS Øe-hÀ®\bmWv Cu t\mh-ensâ
iànbpw kuµ-cy-hpw. al-¯mb \·-I-fpsS Ime-sa¶v \mw sXän-²-cn¨ kwL-Im-
es¯ NXn-bp-sSbpw h©-\-bp-sSbpw cmjv{Sob ]I-t]m-¡-en-sâbpw D]-Pm-]-§-fp-
sSbpw PoÀ®-X-bp-sSbpw Ime-sa¶v Xncp¯n Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv IpdqÀ. apth-´-
cpw, \¶-\pw, I]n-e-cpw, ]c-W-cpw, HuÆbmcpw XpS§n kwL-N-cn-{X-¯nse s]m³Xq-
h-ep-IÄs¡m¸w Ncn-{X-¯nÂ CSw ]nSn-¡msX t]mb abn-e-cpw, N´\pw Noc-bpw,
Nn¯n-cbpw t\mh-enÂ \nd-bp-¶p. {Zhn-Um-£-c-§Ä sImpam{Xw s\bvsX-Sp-¯n-cn-
¡p¶ Cu t\mhÂ kwkvIrXhÂ¡-c-W-¯nÂ \n¶pÅ ae-bm-f-¯nsâ kzX-{´-
{]-Jym-]\w IqSn-bm-Wv.
I¸-en-s\-¡p-dn-s¨mcp hnNn{X ]pkvX-Iwþ Cµp-ta-t\m³
Nn´bnepw BJym-\-¯nepw ssien-bnepw emän³ Ata-cn-¡³ t\mh-ep-I-
tfmSv InS-]n-Sn-¡p¶ ‘I¸-en-s\-¡p-dns¨mcp’ hnNn{X ]pkvXIw Cµp-ta-t\msâ {]Ya
t\mh-em-Wv. Pohn-X-¯n-sâbpw {]a-b-¯n-sâbpw cXn-bp-sSbpw iXm-_vZ-§Ä¡-
¸pdw Pe-k-am-[n-b-Snª P\-dÂ BÂ_Àt«m tabÀ F¶ òam-Im-c-I-¸Â At\z-
jn¨v ]pd-s¸« IrjvW N{µsâ P·m-ć t{]a-¯n-sâbpw Im¯n-cn-¸n-sâbpw IY-
bmWv Cu t\mhÂ. a\p-jy-sc-t¸mse Pohn¨p ap§n acn¨ òam-Im-c-\mb tX¡p-I-
¸-ensâ Bßmhv t{]-ambn Ae-bp-¶Xpw \n[n-bp-am-bn-t¸m-Ip¶ I¸-ep-Isf th«-bm-
Sp-¶Xpw \n[n XncnsI ]nSn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶-hÀ A]-ar-Xyp-hn-\n-c-bm-Ip-¶-Xp-a-S¡w
h\y-amb `mj-bnÂ kwòXn \ÂIp¶ BJym-\-amWv IrXn-bn-em-sI.
a\p-jy\v Hcm-ap-Jwþ kp`mjv N{µ³
]qÀ® hfÀ¨-sb¯pw apt¼ acn-¨p-t]m-Ip¶ Htc-sbmcp Pohn-bmWv a\p-jy³
F¶ \nco-£-W-t¯msS Bcw-`n-¡p¶ ‘a\p-jy\v Hcm-apJw’ [À½w, Imaw, AÀ°w,
tam£w F¶o A²ymb hn`-P-\-§-fn-eqsS Hcp Xd-hm-Sn-sâbpw Hcp {Kma-¯n-sâbpw
Iq«n-sI-«-embn amdp-¶p. PntX-{µ³ Xsâ Imap-Inbpw ]n¶oSv Xsâ `mcy-bp-ambn
B³tacn¡b¨ {]W-b-¯n-\-¸pdw temI-X-Xz-§-fpsS I¯p-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv A²ym-
b-§Ä Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. X¨-\m-«p-I-c-sb¶ P·n `qanbpsS ]e Xe-ap-d-I-fn-embv
IS¶p hcp¶ \qdv IW-¡n\v IYm-]m-{X-§-sf-bmWv t\mh-enÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-
¶-Xv. FÃp-d¸pÅ `mj-bpw, ssNX-\y-h-¯mb Cta-Pp-Ifpw Cu t\mh-ens\ hyXy-
kvX-am-¡p-¶p-sh¶v sI.Fw {]`m-I-c-]nÅ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-
¯nsâ hyXykvX L«-§sf Bhn-jvI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bmWv t\mh-enÂ.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 34

]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy-{]-Øm-\hpw t\mhÂ kmln-Xy-hpw
• Ie Pohn-X-¯n-\p-th-n-sb¶ ImgvN-¸m-Sv.
• kmlnXy-hpw. kmln-Xy-Im-c-·mcpw kaq-l-]p-tcm-KXn ap³\nÀ¯n cN-\-IÄ \S-
¯-Ww.
• FÃm kmln-Xy-krjvSn¡pw AXn-tâ-Xmb cmjv{Sobw Ds-¶pÅ hnizm-kw.
• km[m-cm-W-¡m-csâ ]£¯v \n¶v kmln-Xy-c-N\ \S-¯-W-w.
aebm-f `m-j-bnÂ, 1930þIÄ-¡v ti-j-ap-Å Im-e-L«w, k-aq-l-\n-jvTam-b Nn-e
kp-Zr-V-e-£y-§Ä ]p-eÀ-¯n-bn-cp-¶ H-cp km-ln-Xy-{]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ Im-e-am-bn-cp-¶p-
sh-¶v ]-d-bmw. Po-hÂ km-ln-Xy-sa-¶m-Zy-Im-e-¯pw (1937), ]p-tcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-sa-¶p
(1944) ]n-¶o-Spw Cu hn-`m-Kw km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ A-dn-b-s¸«p. ImÂ-¸-\n-I-Xz-¯n-
sâ A-an-Xam-b \n-d-¡q-«nÃm-¯, Im-]-Sy-anÃm-¯ b-YmÀ-° Po-hn-Xw A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶
km-ln-Xy-s¯-bm-Wv 'Po-hÂ-km-ln-Xyw' F¶-Xv sIm-v AÀ-°-am-¡n-bn-cp-¶-Xv.
1937þÂ Xr-Èq-cnÂ \S-¶ Po-hÂ-km-ln-Xy-k-t½-f-\-hpw,A-Xn-sâ {]-hÀ-¯\ - -§fpw
cmw tem-I a-lm-bp-²w am-än-a-dn-¨ km-aqln-I ]-Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ \nÀ-Öo-h-am-bn-
¯oÀ-¶p. 1944þh-sc-bp-Å Im-e-b-f-hnÂ kw-L-S-\m-{]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-sâ `m-K-aÃm-sX X-
s¶ km-ln-Xy-Im-c-·mÀ A-h-cp-sS Ir-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS ]p-tKm-K-a-\-]-cam-b B-i-b§-sf
B-hn-jv-I-cn-¨p. ]p-tcmK-a-\ km-ln-Xy-Im-c-·mÀ-¡v X-§-fp-tS-Xv am-{Xam-b {]-kn-²o-I-c-
W-§Ä D-m-bn-cp-¶p. hn-¹-h-cm-{ão-b-I-£n-I-fp-sS ]-{X-§fpw am-kn-I-I-fpw Cu Im-
e-b-f-hnÂ ]p-d-¯n-d§n. C¯-cw {]-kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä ]qÀ-W-ambpw I-e-tbmSpw k-aq-
l-t¯mSpw hn-t[-b-Xz-t¯m-sS {]-hÀ-¯n-¨n-cp-¶ A-]qÀ-Æw Nn-e {]-kn-²o-I-c-W-
§fpw ]p-tcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ h-fÀ-¨-bv-¡v Im-c-W-am-bn-¯oÀ-¶p. ‘sXm-gn-em-fn',
‘-{]`m-Xw', tI-kcn, k-tlm-Z-c³ Xp-S§n-b {]-kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä C-Xn-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-am-
Wv. 1944þem-Wv ]p-tcmK-a-\ km-ln-Xy-{]-hÀ-¯-IÀ ]p-tcmK-a-\ km-ln-Xy-k-t½f-\w F-
¶-t]-cnÂ B-Zy-am-bn sjmÀ-®q-cnÂ k-t½f-\w \-S-¯p-¶-Xv.Fw.]n `-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Sv,Pn.i-
¦-c-¡p-dn-¸v ,s{]m-^. tPm-k^vv ap--tÈ-cn,X-I-gn,]n.tI-i-h-tZ-hv,hn..Sn Ip-am-c³,Fw.F-
Êvv tZ-h-Zm-kv Xp-S-§n-b-hÀ k-t½-f-\-¯nÂ ]-s¦-Sp-¯n-cp¶p. 1944 B-b-t¸m-tg-¡pw,
I-½yq-Wn-kv-ävIm-cp-sS i-àam-b H-cp hn-`m-Kw ]p-tcmK-a-\ km-ln-Xy-kw-L-S-\-bv-¡-I-
¯v {]-hÀ-¯n-¨p Xp-S-§n-bn-cp-¶p. 1957 h-scbpw I-½yq-Wn-Ìv B-i-b-§Ä-¡v ap³-Xq-
¡-ap-Å H-cp {]-hÀ-¯-\-am-bn-cp-¶p {]-Øm-\-¯n-tâ-Xv. \mS-Iw,-I-Y,-t\m-hÂ F¶o
kmlnXy cwK-§-fnÂ hen-b-am-ä-§Ä¡v ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-lnXy {]Øm-\-¯nsâ Cu
Ime-b-fhv hgn-sX-fn-bn-¨p. 1954þÂ tIm-«-b¯v \-S-¶ k-t½-f-\-t¯m-Sv IqSn, ]p-tcm-K-
a-\-km-ln-Xy-{]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ {]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä hopw a-µo-`-hn-¨p-Xp-S§n. km-ln-Xyw
H-cp {]-tXy-I cm-{ão-b ]-£-t¯-¡v h-f-cp-hm³ Xp-S-§n-bn-cp¶p. kzm-X-ý-k-a-cm-\´-
cw am-dn-h-¶ km-aq-ln-I-km-l-N-cy-§-fpw, km-ln-Xy-t¯m-Sv kzo-I-cn-¨ ]pXn-b k-ao-]-
\-§fpw H-cp {]v-Øm-\-¯n-sâ N-«-¡q-Sn-\p-ÅnÂ \n-¶v sIm-v km-ln-Xy-kr-ãnI-sf
k-ao-]n¡p-I F-¶ co-Xn-bnÂ am-äw h-cp-¯m-\p-ap-Å km-ln-Xy-Im-c-·m-cp-sS Xm-cp-am-
\hpw B-Wv C-Xn-\v h-gn-sX-fn-bn-¨Xv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 35

kzm[o\w t\mhÂ kmln-Xy-¯n-te-¡v
\½psS kÀKm-ß-I-km-ln-Xy-k-¦Â¸-¯nÂ¯s¶ hfsc AKm-[-amb ]cn-
hÀ¯\w hcp-¯p-hm³ ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-{]-Øm-\-¯n\v Ign-ªp. ae-bmf
kmln-Xy-¯nÂ KZy-¯n\v AXy-[n-I-amb {]m[m\yw t\Sn-sIm-Sp-¡p-hm\pw ]ptcm-K-
a-\-km-ln-Xy-Im-c-·mÀ¡v Ign-ªp. KZy-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ F®-¯nÂ am{X-aÃ KpW-
¯n-epw hÀ²n-¨p. ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-{]-Øm\w ChnsS hf-cp-¶-Xn-\p-ap³¼pÅ
A\p-hm-N-I-cpsS kwth-Z-\-kz-`m-h-hpw, {]Øm-\-¯nsâ hfÀ¨bv¡v tij-apÅ
A\p-hm-N-I-cpsS kwth-Z-\-kz-`m-hhpw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ, IÀj-IÀ,
A[x-Øn-XÀ, Zcn-{ZÀ XpS-§nb Hcp hen-b-hn-`m-Ks¯ kmln-Xym-kzm-Z-I-cpsS Iq«-
¯n-te¡v BIÀjn-¡p-hm³ ]ptcm-K-a\ kmlnXy kwL-S-\bv¡v Ign-ªp. Cu
Bkzm-ZI hn`m-K-am-I-s«, \nXy Pohn-X-¯nsâ \qem-am-e-I-fnÂ apgp-In-¡-gn-bp-¶-h-
cm-bn-cp-¶p. ]mÝmXyhnZym-`ymkw e`n-¨-h-cm-Is«, KZy-km-ln-Xys¯ ]qÀ®-ambpw
kzmKXw sNbvXp.
]ptcm-K-a-\ -km-lnXy{]Øm-\-¯nÂ¯s¶ cv kmln-Xy-im-J-IÄ A¶v
Dm-bn-cp-¶p. H¶v: I½yq-WnÌv kmln-Xy-Im-c-·À. I½yq-WnÌv Bi-b-{]-N-c-
WmÀ°w kmln-Xys¯ {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯nb hn`m-K-am-Wn-Xv. cv: kmln-Xy-¯nse
Iem-aqÃyw tNmÀ¶v t]mIm-sX, {]tbm-P-\-]-cX AwKo-Icn¡pIbpw sNbvX-h-cmWv
Cu hn`m-Kw. ]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy-{]-Øm-\-Im-e¯v FSp¯v ]d-b-¯¡ IrXn-Isf
kw`m-h\ sNbvXXv Cu cmw hn`m-K-¯nÂs¸-Sp¶ Fgp-¯p-Im-cm-Wv.
]n.-tI-i-h-tZ-hv
Be-¸p-g-bnse t{SUv bqWn-b³ {]Øm-\-¯nÂs¸«p cwK¯v hcn-Ibpw sXmgn-
emfn F¶ {]kn-²o-I-c-W-¯nsâ Npa-Xe Ipd-¨p-\mÄ hln-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX ]n.-tI-
i-h-tZhv 1944Â {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ HmSbnÂ \n¶vþ F¶ IrXn ae-bmf t\mhÂ
kmlnXy cwK¯p Ne\w krjvSn-¨p. ]¸p F¶ dn£m-¡m-csâ IY-bn-eqsS kaq-l-
¯nsâ t\À¡v X\n-¡pÅ {]Xn-tj[ `mh-§sf Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-hm³ {ian-¡p-I-
bmWv AXnÂ tIi-h-tZ-hv. Hcp dn£m-¡m-cs\ \mb-I-\m¡n F¶p-Xs¶ sXmgn-em-
fn-IÄ¡pw ]ptcm-K-a-\-Imw-jn-IÄ¡pw Cu t\mhÂ kzoIm-cy-am-bn-¯o-cm³ Imc-W-
am-bn. hÀ¤-§Ä X½n-epÅ hyXym-khpw tZhv CXnÂ `wKn-bmbn Bhn-jvI-cn-¨n-cn-
¡p-¶p. hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn D]cn hÀK-¯n-te¡v t]mIp¶ e£van ]e-t¸mgpw ]¸p-
hn-s\-¡p-dn¨p \S-¯p¶ ]cm-aÀi-§Ä Cu hyXymkw hyà-ambn kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p-
v. (e-£van, IÃym-Wn-tbmSv -þRm³ A½m-hsâ IqsS-t]m-Ip-¶Xv hÃ-hcpw ImÂ
sImd-¨n-em-þ). ]¸p-hn-em-Is« Ah-km\whsc sXmgn-em-fn¡v tPmen-tbm-SpÅ Iqdv
\ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p-v. ]ptcm-K-a\ Nn´-bp-sSbpw Imev]-\n-I-X-bp-sSbpw k½n-{i-`m-h-
amWv tZhnsâ FÃm IrXn-I-fnepw ImWm³ Ign-bp-¶-Xv.
XIgn inh-i-¦-c-¸nÅ
]ptcm-K-a\ t\mhÂ kmln-Xy-[m-cbv¡v hne-]n-Sn¨ kw`m-h\ sNbvX Fgp-¯p-
Im-c-amWv XI-gn. tXm«n-bpsS aI³, sXn-hÀ¤w, cn-S-§gn F¶nh ]ptcm-K-a-\-
km-ln-Xy-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n ]d-bm-hp¶ t\mh-ep-I-fm-Wv. Be-¸p-g-bnse tXm«n-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 36
I-fpsS thZ-\-bn-eqsS AhÀ t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡p¶ iànsb shfn-hm-¡p-I-bmWv tXm«n-
bpsS aI-\nÂ XI-gn. sXmgnÂ ka-c-¯nsâ Xo¨q-f-bnÂ tXm«n-bpsS aIs\ BlpXn
sNbvXp-sIm-mWv t\mhÂ Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. hyànsb D·qe\w sN¿p-¶-Xp-
sImv kaq-l-¯n\p amäw kw`-hn-¡p-¶n-sÃ¶v XI-gn¡v Adn-bmw. t\mhensâ
inev]-`-{Z-Z-tb-¡mÄ IYm-X-´p-hnsâ sI«p-d-¸n-t\-¡mÄ,-tXm-«n-I-fpsS ]¨-bmb Pohn-
Xm-h-X-c-W-¯n-\mWv XIgn CXnÂ {]m[m\yw Iev]n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. cn-S-§-gn-bnÂ
Ip«-\m-S³ IÀj-I-sXm-gn-em-fn-bpsS IY-bmWv XI-gn¡v ]d-bm-\p-Å-Xv. sXmgn-em-fn-
hÀK kZm-Nm-c-t_m-[s¯ BZÀi-hÂ¡-cn¨v DbÀ¯n-Im-Wn-¡p-hm³ XI-gn¡p
km[n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. sXn-hÀ¤-¯nÂ C\nbpw hcp¶ PmY-Isf Im¯n-cn-¡p¶ A[x-
Øn-Xsâ hn¹-h-t_m-[-s¯-bmWv Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ka-c-¯nsâ Xo¨q-f-bnÂ
Bh-iy-ambn hcp¶ XymK-§-fp-sSbpw A\p-`-hn-t¡-n-h-cp¶ thZ-\-I-fp-sSbpw
Nn{Xw kXym-ß-I-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-hm³ XIgn Ft¸mgpw {ian-¨n«p-v.
Fkv.sI s]mä-¡m-Sv
tIc-f-¯nse \m«n³]p-d-§-fnepw ae-tbm-c-§-fnepw Pohn-¡p¶ km[m-c-W-¡m-
cpsS {]iv\-§-fn-te¡p Nqgv¶n-d-§p-hm³ bXv\n¨ Hcp t\mh-en-ÌmWv Fkv.-sI.-s]m-
ä-¡m-«v. sNdp-I-Y-I-fnÂ ]ptcm-K-a-\m-i-b-§Ä ià-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ s]mä-
¡m«v t\mh-ep-I-fnÂ ]ptcm-K-a-\m-i-b-§Ä A{X-am{Xw iàn-bmbn Ah-X-cn-¸n¨p
ImWp-¶n-Ã. F¶mÂ ]ptcm-K-a-\m-i-b-§-fpsS ]n³_-e-t¯msS ]tcm-£-ambn Pohn-
X-Nn-{X-§sf Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-XnÂ Bt±lw hnap-J-\-Ã.
1944-þÂ s]mä-¡m«v Fgp-Xnb hnj-I-\yI F¶ t\mh-enÂ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ
\n¶pw ae-_m-dn-te¡v IpSn-tb-dp¶ þtN-«-·m-cp-sS-þ(-ss{I-kvXh IÀj-I-cp-sS) thZ-\-
Ifpw bmX-\-I-fp-amWv Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ah-cpsS {]iv\-t¯m-SpÅ Fgp-¯p-Im-
csâ kao-]\w ]ptcm-K-a\ Bibw {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. Adntªm Adn-bm-Xtbm
Hssc-Iy-tI-c-f-¯nsâ BZys¯ ]S-hp-IÄ Nhn-«n-¡-b-dnb Cu Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ
ktlm-Z-c-·m-tcmSp {KÙ-IÀ¯m-hn\p tXm¶nb kvt\l-amWv hnj-I-\y-I-bpsS
kjvSn¡p ]n¶nÂ. t\cn«v ]ptcm-K-a-\m-i-b-§sf {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶n-sÃ-¦nepw ]tcm-
£-ambn a\p-jysâ B[zm-\-ti-jn-tbbpw al-Xz-t¯bpw DbÀ¯n-¡m-«p-¶-Xn-eqsS
]ptcm-K-a-\m-i-b-§-fpsS ]£-¯mWv Xms\¶v \ni-_vZ-ambn {]Jym-]n-¡p-Ibpw
sN¿p-¶p. ImÂ¸-\n-I-Ñmb IeÀ¶ a\p-jy-a-lXzt_m-[-amWv s]mä-¡m-Snsâ IrXn-
Isf BIÀj-I-am-¡p-¶-Xv.ssh¡w apl-½Zv _joÀ.
ssh¡w apl-½Zv _jo-dnsâ IrXn-I-fnÂ ]mI-X-bpÅ ]ptcm-K-a-\-Po-hnX
ho£Ww Is-Sp-¡m³ km[n-¡pw. _joÀ ]ptcm-K-a-\-sa-gp-Xm-\mbn a\x-]qÀÆw
XqenI Nen-¸n¨ hyàn-b-Ã. sXmgn-en-Ãm-bva-bpsS cq£-X-bpw, PmXn-hn-tZz-j-¯nsâ
{]_-e-X-bpw, ASn-¨-aÀ¯-ensâ thZ-\bpw tNÀ¶v ac-hn-¸n-¡p¶ a\p-jy-a-\-Êp-Isf
_joÀ IrXn-I-fnÂ \n¶pw hfsc thKw Is-¯m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. Pohn-X-\n-gÂ¸m-Sp-
IÄ F¶ t\mhÂ CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. sXmgn-en-Ãm-bva, lnµp-þ-apÉow hnhml
_Ôw, thiym-k-ap-²m-cWw XpS-§nb {]iv\-§sf ssIImcyw sN¿p-I-bmWv Cu
IrXn-bnÂ _joÀ sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. þb-P-am-\³ thW-sa-¦nÂ Fsâ \m¡nÂ
BWn-b-Sn-t¨m. IÀ¯m-hmb tbip-an-inlm X¼p-cms\ {Iqin-¨Xv ac-¡p-cn-in-em.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 37
]Ån-s¡-ń\m s]m³Ip-cn-ivþ (B-\-hm-cn-bpw-þ-s]m³Ip-cn-ipw) F¶p tNmZn-¡p¶
s]m³Ip-cniptXma-bpsS B Hscmä tNmZyw aXn Hcp bpàn-hm-Zn-bpsS ZoÀL-amb
{]kw-K-t¯mSv InS-]n-Sn-¡m³. Pohn-¯nsâ hen-sbm-cp-`mKw bm{X-I-fn-eqsS IS-¶p-
h¶ _jo-dn\v ]ptcm-K-a\w Bibw am{X-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã, AXv Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p
_joÀ F¶ kmln-Xy-Im-csâ Pohn-X-hpw. AXnsâ {]Xn-^-e-\-amWv _jo-dnsâ
IrXn-I-fnÂ \n¶v \ap¡v Is-Sp-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶-Xpw.
sNdp-Im-Sv
kmaq-lnI]ptcm-KXn cmjv{So-b-amb amä-¯n-eqsS am{Xta DmIq F¶p hniz-
kn¨ sNdp-ImSv tKmhn-µ-¸n-j-c-Sn-bmWv ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-lnXy {]Øm-\-¯nse
cmjv{Sob t\mh-ep-I-fpsS IÀ¯m-hv. ka-Im-enI cmjv{So-b-t¯m-sSm¸w ASn-Øm\
am\p-jnI hym]m-c-§Ä¡qSn NÀ¨-sN-¿p-hm³ Xsâ IrXn-I-fn-eqsS At±lw {ian-
¨n-cp-¶p. AXp-sIm-mWv cmjv{Sob ]Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ, ka-Im-enI {]iv\§sf Ah-
X-cn-¸n¨ At\Iw cmjv{Sob t\mh-ep-IÄ hnkvar-X-am-bn«pw sNdp-Im-Snsâ t\mh-ep-
IÄ C¶pw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶-Xv.
1948 Ime-¯n\ptijw, I½yq-WnÌv {]hÀ¯-IÀ¡-\p-`-hn-t¡nh¶ aÀZ-\-
IY ]d-bp¶ i\n-Zi F¶ t\mh-enÂ sNdp-ImSv aÀZn-Xsâ ZpxJw F¶ A\-iz-c-
amb kXys¯ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ bXv\n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. ka-Im-enI {]iv\-s¯-¡p-dn-
¨mWv ]d-bp-¶-sX-¦nepw aÀZ-I-\pw, aÀZn-X\pw DÅ-S-t¯mfw Imew aÀZn-Xsâ ZpxJw
Dm-bn-cn-¡pw. Cu ZpxJ-¯nsâ ASn-¯«p ImWm³ Ign-ª-XmWv sNdp-Im-Snsâ
hnP-bw. a®n-t\mSv IÀjI sXmgn-em-fn-¡pÅ A`n-hmRvO Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶
a®nsâ amdnÂ F¶ t\mh-en-epw, a[y-hÀX-Ø-\v, Ah³ I½yq-WnÌvImc-\m-sW-
¦nÂt¸mepw Dt]-£n-¡m³ km[n-¡m-¯-XmWv Ahsâ A[n-Im-c-Zm-l-sa¶v Nqn-
Im-Wn-¡p¶ tZh-tem-I-¯n-epw, sNdp-Im-Snsâ cmjv{Sob ho£Ww hyà-am-bn-¡m-
Wm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
kn.hn-bn-se cm-P-`ànþ H-cp \n-co-£Ww
`qX-Im-e-t¯m-Sp-Å B-cm[-\m a-t\m-`mhw, \-ã-ku-`m-Ky§-sf km-£m-Xv-¡-cn-
¡m-\p-Å A-`n-emjw, Xo-{ham-b tZ-i-kv-t\-lw C-h-sbÃmw tNÀ-¶n-W§n-b H-cp am-
\-kn-Im-h-Ø-bnÂ am-{Xta, N-cn{X-t\m-hÂ cq-]w sIm-Åp-I-bpÅp. kn.hn cm-a³-]n-
Å-bp-sS N-cn{X-t\m-h-epIÄ, Xp-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-sâ {]-Xm-]-Ime-s¯ bm-YmÀ-°y-hpw,
`m-h-\bpw Hcp-t]m-se tN-cp-¶ kr-ãn-I-fm-Wv.
cm-P`-àn kn.hn'bp-sS Ir-Xn-I-fn-Â {]-Xn-^-en-¨n-«p-s-¦n-epw, kn.hn cm-P-`-à-
s\-¶ \n-e-bnÂ A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-hm³ a-\x-]qÀ-Æam-b H-cp {i-aw \-S-¯n-bn-«nÃ. Im-cWw,
kn.hn'bv-¡p-Å cm-P-`-àn A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Po-hn-X-]-Ým-¯-e-hp-am-bn h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw
_-Ô-s¸-«p \nÂ-¡p-¶-XmWv. th-ep-X-¼n-bp-sS ssk\n-I kw-c-`-§Ä-¡pm-b ]-cm-P-
b-w, {_n-«o-jp-ImÀ X-§-fp-sS A-[n-Im-cw cm-Py-¯n-sâ ssk\n-I kp-c-£-bn-te-¡pw,
Xp-SÀ-¶p-Å a-äv L-S-I-§-fn-te¡pw hym-]n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å A-h-k-c-ap-m¡n. C-tXm-
sS {_n-«o-jv `-c-W-km-\n[yw i-à-am-bn. kn.hn' cm-P-[m-\n-bnÂ _meyw ap-XÂ Im-Wp-
I-bpw, ]-cn-N-bn-¡p-Ibpw sNbv-X N-cn-{X-cw-K-§-fpw, Z-£n-W-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ ]T-\-§-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 38
fpw, {]-`p-Ip-Spw-_-§-fp-am-bn Dm-b k-¼À-¡-§-fpw, `q-XIm-e {]-Xo-Xn-Ifpw
kn.hn'bp-sS D-ÅnÂ i-à-am-bn-cp¶p. \n-e-hn-ep-Å `-c-W-am-ä-¯nÂ kn.hn A-Xr-]v-X-
\m-bn amdn, Cu A-Xr-]v-Xn kn.hn'bp-sS D-Ån-se N-cn{X-t_m-[-s¯-bm-Wv hn-fn-¨p-WÀ-
¯n-bXv. ho-c-cm-Pm-¡-·m-À, cm-Py-¯n-\p-th-n-bpw, {]-N-IÄ-¡p-th-nbpw Po-hn¨ B
kp-hÀ-®-Im-e-¯n-Â kn.hn kw-Xr-]v-Xn I-s-¯m³ {i-an-¡p-I-bpw, k-a-Imen-I amä-
§-tfm-Sp-Å {]-Xn-tj-[-sa-¶ \n-e-bnÂ t]m-b-Im-e-s¯ X-sâ N-cn-{X-Ir-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS
]p-\m-cm-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p kn.hn. C-¯-c-¯nÂ kn.hn'bp-sS Po-
hn-X- ]-Ým-¯-e-hpw, A-Xn-sâ N-cn{X-t_m-[-hp-am-Wv cm-P-`-àn-sb-¶ hn-[-¯nÂ k.hn-
bp-sS Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ {]-Xn-^-en-¨Xv. A-Xv H-cn-¡epw ‘cm-P-`-à-\m-sW'¶v Im-Wn-¡m-\p-
Å {i-a-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ. Cu {]-Øm-h-\I-sf i-cn h-bv-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv hn-tZ-io-bcm-b D-tZym-
K-Ø-·m-sc-s¡m-p \m-«p-ImÀ-¡v t{Zm-lw hÀ-²n-¨p h-¶-t¸mÄ hn-tZ-i-ta-[m-hn-Xz-
s¯-¡p-dn-¨v kn.hn F-gpXn-b te-J\w.
N-cn-{X \n-cq-]-I-·m-cp-sS Im-gv-N-]m-S-\p-k-cn¨v, cm-Py-Øm-]-I-·mÀ _-lp-a-Xn-t¡m,
A-h-a-Xnt¡m ]m-{X-am-Imw. cm-Py-Øm]-\w \-·-Xn-·-I-fn-eq-sS am-{X-ta km-[y-am-hp-I-
bpÅq. amÀ-¯m-Þ-hÀ-½-bpw Cu \-·-Xn-·-IÄ-¡v ]m-{X-am-bn amdn-b cm-Pm-hmWv.
kn.hn ]-cm-{I-anbmb B Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ kw-Øm-]-I-\vþ B Øm-\-{]-{In-b-bnÂ A-
t±-l-¯n-\v A-\p-jvTn-t¡-n-h-¶ \n-jvTq-c-\o-Xn I-W-¡n-se-Sp¯p-sIm-v Xs¶, A-
Xy-ám-b {]-iw-k-bmWv ‘amÀ-¯m-Þ-hÀ½'bnÂ \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. C-¡m-c-W-
§Ä sIm-pX-s¶ ‘amÀ-¯m-Þ-hÀ-½-'bnÂ {]-I-Sam-b cm-P`-àn Im-Wm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
amÀ-¯m-Þ-hÀ½ t\m-h-enÂ, F-«v-ho-«nÂ ]n-Å-am-cp-sS tbm-Kw-\-S-¶nS-¯p \n-
¶pw ]-c-ta-iz-c-]n-Å-bv-¡v H-cp I-¯v e-`n-¡p¶p. Cu I-¯nÂ, bp-h-cm-Pm-hn-\v D-]-Im-
c-s¸-Sp-¶ hn-h-c-§Ä D-m-Ip-sa¶ tXm-¶-enÂ \n-¶v ssI-bnÂ I-cp-Xp-I-bpw, ]pd-
¯p \n-¶v In«n-b h-kv-Xp B-bXp-sImv, A-ip-²n D-m-Ip-sa-¶v I-cpXn, A-Xv am-dm-
\p-Å Nn-e {In-b-Ifpw sN-bvXp-sIm-mWv, bp-h-cm-Pm-hn-s\ Im-Wm-\m-bn sNÃp-¶Xv.
cm-a-¿À I-¯v hm-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ ]-c-ta-iz-c³-]n-Å A-`n-{]m-bw ]-d-ªXm-b A-
h-k-c-¯nÂ ‘an-m-Xn-cn¡q' F-¶v cm-Pm-hv im-kn-¡p-¶p. C-XnÂ A-Xy-[n-Iw hnj-aw
tXm-\p-¶ ]-c-ta-iz-c-]n-Å-sb-¡p-dn-¨v kn.hn'X-s¶ \-S-¯p-¶ ]-cm-aÀ-iw C-§-s\-bm-
Wv: ‘]-c-ta-iz-c³]n-Å ip-²-\pw, km-[p-hpw, A-Xn-`-à-\pw, hn-iz-kv-X-\p-am-bn-cp¶p.
bp-h-cm-Pm-hn-sâ k-t´m-jw H-¶n-s\am{Xw Zo-£n-¨v A-t±l-s¯ H-cn-¡epw thÀ-]n-cn-
bm-sX tk-hn-¡p-¶ C-¿mÄ A-ev-]w sIm-v hy-k-\n-¡p-I-bpw, tIm-]n-¡p-I-bpw, k-
t´m-jn-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶ Iq-«-¯n-em-bn-cp¶p.' C-hn-sS cm-P-`àn-tbm-Sp-Å {]-Xy-£
D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn-«m-Wv t\m-h-enÂ ]-c-ta-iz-c³-]nÅ-sb Im-Wm-\m-bn I-gn-bp-I. am-t¦m-
bn-¡Â Ip-dn-¸pw, Xn-cp-apJ-¯v ]n-Åbpw cm-Pm-hn-sâ k-t´m-j-§Ä-¡pw, kp-c-£-
bv¡pw th-n F´pw sN-¿m³ X-¿m-dm-Ip-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fm-bn«-Wv kn.hn {in-ãn-¨n-
cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
‘[À-½-cm-P-bnÂ' Kwò-c k-Xz\m-b l-cn-]-©m-\-s\-s¡m-s-Xn-cn-S-hn¨v, A-bm-
sf tXmÂ-¸n-¨v sIm-v tI-i-h-]nÅ-sb D-bÀ-¯n-\nÀ-¯p-hm-\m-Wv kn.hn {i-an-¨-Xv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 39

Cu t\m-h-enÂ cm-Py-`-àn-bpw, cm-P-`-ànbpw H-¶p-t]m-se {]I-S-amWv. ‘cm-a-cm-P-_-l-
Zq-dnÂ' b-YmÀ-°-¯nÂ Xn-cp-hn-XmwIqÀ N-cn-{X-¯n-se hn-[n-\nÀ-Wm-b-I-am-b, B-i-¦m-
Ip-eam-b k-µÀ-`-am-Wp-f-fXv. X-IÀ-¨-bnÂ \n-¶v A-Xn-s\ t\-cn-Sm³ Cu sIm-¨p-cm-Py-
¯n-sâ lr-Z-b-¯nÂ \n-¶pw Pz-en¨p-s]m§n-b km-l-kn-I-hpw, A-Z-ay-hp-am-b B-ß-
ho-cyhpw A-Xn-sâ B-Xy-ń-Iam-b hn-P-b-hp-am-Wv C-Xn-hr¯w. C-hn-sS cm-P`-àn kÀ-
Æ-{]-[m-\-am-bn hn-P-bn-¡p-¶ Im-gv-N-bp-am-Wv Im-Wp-¶Xv. C-XnÂ \n-s¶Ãmw X-s¶
kn.hn'bp-sS Ir-Xn-I-fn-epÅ-Xv a-\-]qÀ-Æ-ap-f-f cm-P-`-àn-bp-sS {]-I-S-\-a-sÃ-¶pw, a-dn-¨v
kn.hn'bp-sS hy-àn-Xz-hp-am-bn C-g-In-tNÀ-¶ ]qÀ-Æ-N-cn-{X-t¯m-Sp-Å Xm-Xv-]cyw cm-P-`-
àn-bn-e-[n-ã-X-am-b-n-¯oÀ-¶-Xm-sW¶pw \-ap-¡v I-s-¯m³ km-[n-¡p-¶-XmWv.
C-µp-te-J-bn-se {In-Xr-a-Xz-hpwþA-hn-izm-ky-X-bpw
H N-´pta-t\msâ Cµp-te-J-sb¶ t\m-hÂ, a-cp-a-¡-¯m-b-¯n-sâ-bpw, Iq-«v-Ip-
Spw-_ hy-h-Øn-Xn-bp-sSbpw sI-«p-]m-Sp-I-fnÂ \n-¶v hy-àn-Po-hn-Xw kz-X-{´-am-¡-s¸-
tS--Xn-sâ B-h-iy-s¯-¡p-dn-¨m-Wv ]-d-bm³ {i-an¨Xv. C-Xv {]-I-S-am-Ip¶-Xv C-µp-te-
J-bp-sS-bpw, am-[-h-sâbpw {]-hÀ-¯n-I-fq-sS-bpw, Nn-´-I-fn-eq-sS-bp-amWv. CXn-t\m-¸w
kv-{Xo-]pcp-j t`-Z-a-t\y Cw-¥o-jv hn-Zym-`ym-kw A-`y-kn-¡--Xn-sâ B-h-iy-I-X-
tbbpw t\m-h-enÂ i-à-am-bn kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶p-v. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ e-£-W-
sam¯ t\m-hÂ F-¶ t]-cn-\v C-µpte-J AÀ-l-amWv. B-Zy-s¯ t\m-h-en-tâ-Xmb
t]m-cm-bv-a-Ifpw t\m-h-enÂ I-s-Sp-¡m-\m-bn km-[n-¡pw. t\m-h-enÂ ]-e-bn-S-§-
fnepw {In-{Xn-a-Xz-hpw, A-hn-izm-k-Xbpw I-S-¶p-Iq-Sn-bn-«p-v F-¶pÅ-Xp X-s¶-bm-Wv
{]-[m-\-t]m-cm-gv-a.
t\m-h-en-sâ I-Y-]-d-¨nÂ, t\m-h-en-kv-äv X-s¶ I-Y-]-d-bp-¶ co-Xnbn-em-Wv kr-ãn-
¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. I-Y-]-d-¨n-enÂ I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fnepw, A-h-cp-sS kw-`m-j-W cw-K-§-fn-epw,
I-Y-bp-sS Nn-e k-µÀ-`-§-fn-ep-am-Wv {In-{Xn-a-Xzw, A-hn-izm-k-X F¶n-h IS-¶p Iq-Sn-
bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. I-Ym-]m-{X§-sf a-d¶v, t\m-h-en-kv-än-\v k´À-t`m-Pn-X-am-bn tXm-\p-¶
Im-cy-§Ä I-Ym-]m-{X§-sf sIm-v ]-d-bn-¡p-¶ k-µÀ-`-§fpw t\m-h-enÂ \n-¶v I-
s-¯m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
t\m-h-en-sâ {]m-cw-`-¯nÂ X-s¶ am-[-h-sâ-bpw, C-µp-te-J-bp-sS-bpw B-Im-c-`w-
Kn-sb-¡p-dn-¨v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p-v. kv-{Xo-]pcp-j ku-µ-cy-¯nÂ A-¶v h-sc \n-e-\n-
¶n-cp-¶ an-I-¨ e-£-W-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨v kq-Nn-¸n¨v, A-Xn-s\ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¨ tijw B e-
£-W-§-fn-ep-Å c-v I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fm-bn C-µp-te-J-tb-bpw, am-[-h-t\bpw ]-cn-N-b-s¸-
Sp-¯p-t¼mÄ Cu c-p-I-Ym-]m-{X-§-Ä t\m-h-en-se a-äv I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä-¡v In-«n-bn-cn-
¡p-¶ kzm-`m-hn-Imwi-s¯ DÄ-s¡m-Åm-sX t]m-hp-I-bpw, A-kzm-`m-hn-Iam-b H-cp {]-
Xo-Xn D-m-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶p. t\m-h-enÂ am-[-h-\pw, C-µp-te-J-bv-¡pw Cw-¥o-jv hn-
Zym-`ym-kw e-`n-¡p-I-bpw, ]p-tcm-K-a-\-]-c-am-bn Nn-ń-¡m³ ti-jn-bp-Å-h-cm-sW-¶pw
t\m-h-en-kv-äv BZyw X-s¶ Im-Wn-¨p X-cp-¶p-v. t\m-h-en-sâ cmmw A-²ym-b-¯nÂ
C-µp-te-J-tbm-Sv X-sâ {]-W-b-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v kw-km-cn-¡p-I-bpw, B kw-km-cw a-e-bmfn
kv-{Xo-bp-sS ]-Xn-{hX-s¯ tNmZyw sN-¿p-¶ co-Xn-bnÂ am-[-h³ kw-km-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ,
A-Xn-s\ i-àn-bp-à-am-bn Im-c-W-§Ä \nc-¯n hm-Zn-¡p-¶ i-àbm-b C-µp-teJ-sb
I-Wm³ I-gn-bpw. ssh-Im-cn-Iam-b k-µÀ-`-¯nÂ, ]p-tcm-K-a-\-hm-Znbm-b am-[-h³ s]-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 40
s«-¶p X-s¶ bm-Ym-ØnXn-I Nn-´m-K-Xn-bn-te-¡v t]m-Ip-¶ Im-gv-N-bm-Wv C-hn-sS Im-
Wm³ I-gn-bp-¶Xv. C-Xv A-kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶p. C-µp-te-J, ]p-tcm-K-a-\-hm-Znbm-
b kv-{Xo-bm-sW-¶v, I-Ym-]m-{X-s¯ sIm-pX-s¶ ]-d-bn-¡p-¶ H-cp hn-Im-c-am-Wv A-
hn-sS D-m-Ip-¶Xv. ]p-tcm-K-a-\-Nn-´-I-fp-Å am-[h-sâ I-Ym-]m-{X-s¯ bm-Ym-ØnXn-
I ]p-cp-j-k-aq-l-¯n-sâ `m-K-t¯-¡v am-än-\nÀ-¯p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶p. ssh-Im-cn-I-X-ew,
Hm-tcm-cp-¯-cnepw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-sW¶-Xv kXyw Xs¶, ]-s£ ]p-tcmK-a-\ Nn-´m-K-Xn-
sb t\m-h-enÂ {]-Xy-£-¯nÂ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨ Cu I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä t\m-h-en-sâ a-äv `m-
K¯pw I-Ym-]m-{X kz-`m-hw \-ã-s¸-Sp-¶-h-cm-bn am-dp-¶p-v. Cu A-h-Ø-bnÂ C-µp-
te-J-bpw,am-[-h\pw k-µÀ-`-§Ä-¡-\p-k-cn-¨v am-ä-s¸-Sp-¶ {I-{Xn-a-I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fm-bn
am-ä-s¸-Sp-¶pv. Im-e-¯n-\pm-b am-äw Xn-cn-¨-dn-bmsX, a-§n-¯p-S§n-b {]-Xm-]-hpw,
CÃm-¯ k-¼¯pw \-Sn-¨v , kv-{Xo-ew-_-W-·m-cmbn k-aq-l-¯nÂ \-S-¶n-cp-¶ \-¼q-Xn-
cn-am-cp-sS {]-Xn-\n-Zn-bm-b, t\m-h-en-se kq-cy-\-¼q-Xn F-¶ I-Ym-]m-{Xw ‘kv-{Xo-{à-
s¯'¡p-dn-¨v sN-dp-tÈ-cn \-¼q-Xn-cn-bp-sS A-Sp-¯v kw-km-cn-¡p-¶ A-h-Ø-bn-epw, sN-
dp-tÈ-cn F-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-¯nÂ t\m-h-en-kv-än-sâ hy-àam-b I-S-¶p-Ib-äw ZÀ-in-¡m³
I-gn-bp-¶-XmWv. A-Xv {In-{Xn-a-Xz-hpw, A-kzm-`m-hn-I-Xbpw Hcp-t]m-se kr-ãn-¡p-¶p-v
B k-µÀ-`-¯nÂ. t\m-h-enÂ, ]-Xn-s\-«ma-s¯ A-²ym-bw, Cu-iz-c-hn-izm-k-s¯-¡p-
dn-¨v am-[-h-\pw, tKm-hn-µ-¸-Wn-¡-cpw, tKm-hnµ-ta-\\pw \-S-¯p-¶ hen-b NÀ-¨-bm-Wv.
\m-Sp-hn« t]m-¶ am-[-hs\, I-s¯n-b Znh-kw cm-{Xn-bnÂ X-s¶ bp-àn-]-c-am-bn Nn-
ń-¨mÂ C-¯-c-¯nÂ H-cp kw-hm-Z-¯n-\v H-cn-¡epw km-[y-X-bn-sÃ-¶p X-s¶ a-\-Ên-
em-¡mw. AXp-sIm-v Xs¶ Cu A-²ym-bw t\m-h-en-sâ B-Zy-ap-X-ep-Å H-gp-¡n-s\
X-S-Ê-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ H-¶m-bn t\m-h-enÂ am-dp¶p. Cu A-²ym-b-¯n-se NÀ-¨m-hnj-bw
DÄ-¡m-¼p-Å-Xm-sW-¶n-cn-¡-epw, t\m-h-en-sâ I-Ym-K-Xn-tbbpw bp-àn-tbbpw
tNmZyw sN-¿p-¶ H-¶m-bn C-Xv am-dp-¶p-sh¶-Xv A-kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bn am-dp-¶p . C-hn-sS-
sbÃmw s]m-Xp-hm-bn Im-Wp-hp-¶ H-cp h-kv-Xp-X, N-´pta-t\m³, X-sâ k-aq-l-t¯m-Sv
]-d-bm-\p-m-bn-cp-¶ ]p-tcmK-a-\ Nn-´-I-sf-sbÃmw t\m-h-enÂ I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fn-eq-sS-
bÃmsX, I-Ym-]m-{X-s¯ am-än \nÀ-¯n X-¶n-eq-sS X-s¶ ]-d-bm³ {i-an-¨ k-µÀ-`-§-
fm-Wv t\m-h-en-se G-ähpw A-kzm-`m-hn-I-hpw, {In-{Xn-a-Xzhpw \n-d-ª C-S§-sf kr-
ãn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-sX-¶p-X-s¶-bmWv.
F³.hn Ir-jv-W-hm-cn-b-cpw B-\-µpwþ Im-ev-]-\n-I-hn-cp-²-X-bp-sS h-àm-¡Ä
F³.hn Ir-jv-W-hm-cy-cp-sS s\-lv-dp-hn-b³ C-S-Xp-]-£-Nm-bv-hmI-Ww A-dp-]-Xp-
I-fp-sS B-Zy-¯nÂ hy-àn-hm-Z-¯n-sâ D-t]m-Xv-¸-¶-am-bn h-¶ B-[p\n-I I-hn-X-bp-sS
t\-Xm-¡-fnÂ \n-¶v F-³.hn-sb A-I-än-bXv. A-ß-]-c-hpw, hn-jm-Z-]-c-hpam-b `m-h§-
sf A-Sn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp-¯n I-hn-X-IÄ c-Nn-¡-s¸-«-Im-e-¯m-Wv F³.hn X-sâ {]-Xn-Im-ev-
]-\n-I-hpw, AÀ-°-]-cp-j-hpam-b \n-e-]m-Sp-I-fn-eq-sS A-`n-cp-Nn-\-ho-I-c-Whpw ]-Y-hy-
Xn-bm-\hpw km-[n-¨-Xv. kz-]v-\-Zo-]v-Xn-bpw, am-bn-I-Xbp-sam-gn-¨mÂ hn-jm-Z-k-¦p-eam-b
B-ß-]-c-X-bm-Wv Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bn-se kÀ-Æ-{]-[m-\am-b Awiw. C-Xn-s\-bm-Wv
F³.hn tcm-[n-¡m³ {i-an-¨Xv.
Xo-h-n-bp-sS ]m-«nÂ F-¶ I-hn-X-bnÂ, Ip-d-^-h³ X-sâ a-Ip-Sn I-¯n-b-Sp-§p-
¶ ]-«-S-bnÂ F-dnª-Xv F³.hn-bp-sS Im-en-]-\n-Im \n-cm-k-¯n-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. hn-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 41
i¸pw ]-Ibpw {Iq-c-]-cn-lm-khpw CW-¡n s\bv-X X-sâ ]-e I-hn-X-I-fnepw F³.hn
\n-e-hn-ep-f-f hy-h-ØnXn-tbm-Sv X-sâ hn-tbm-Pn-¸v hy-à-am¡n. tZi-s¯ F-gp-X-em-Wv
F-gp-¯v F-¶ kXyw Xn-cn-¨-dn-ª F³.hn, tZ-i-¯n-sâ ù-Xn-I-hpw, B-ßn-b-hpw,
ssZ-hn-I-hpam-b A-[n-I-sf-s´-¶v A-\z-jn¨p-sIm-n-cp-¶p. `m-h-]-c-hpw, cq-]-]-c-hpam-
b B-hn-jv-Im-c-§Ä-¡v {]m-[m-\yw sIm-Sp-¡m-sX X-sâ I-hn-XI-sf kw-`-h-§Ä sIm-
v F-³.hn [-\y-am-¡n. D-]-tZ-io-b-X-I-fpw, tZ-io-b-X-Ifpw ssI-tImÀ-¡p-¶ H-cp kÀ-
Æ-tZiob t_m-[-am-Wv F³.hn-bn-se Im-ev-]-\n-I-hn-cp-²-X-bp-sS G-ähpw hen-b e-
£yw. amÀ-Iv-kn-k-s¯-bpw, Km-Ôn-k-s¯bpw F³-hn-bp-sS Ir-Xn-IÄ k-a-\z-bn-¸n-¡p-
¶pv. A-\nÀ-[m-cn-X-§fm-b hn-cp-²-Zz-´-§-fmÂ {]-k-à-am-bn Im-W-s¸-Sp-¶ F³.hn-
bp-sS Im-hy-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ A-[o-i-Xz-sa-¡m-ehpw B-ß-]-c-X-bv¡pw ZpÀ-\n-hm-cam-b
hm-jm-Z-¯n\pw X-s¶-bm-bn-cp¶p.
B-\-µn-sâ c-N-\-IÄ h-cp-¶-Xp-h-sc-bp-Å a-e-bm-f-¯n-se t\m-h-ep-IÄ hy-àn-
_-Ô-§-fp-sS ss\À-aÃy-¯nepw Im-ep-jy-¯n-epw Du-¶Â \Â-In H-cp P-\X-sb \nÀ-
h-Nn-¡m³ {i-an-¡p-¶-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p.I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä tI-{µ-Øm\-¯v \nÂ-¡p-Ibpw
A-h-cp-sS s]-cp-am-ä§Ä, ]-c-kv-]-c-ap-Å s]-cp-am-ä§Ä, ]-c-kv-]-c-ap-Å _-Ô§Ä, A-
h-tbm-Sv {]-Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶ k-aq-l-¯n-sâ \n-e-]m-Sp-IÄ F-¶n-h-bn-eq-sS hn-kv-Xr-Xn t\-
Sp-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶ L-S-\-bm-Wv s]m-Xp-sh a-ebmf t\m-h-en-\v D-ÅXv. H-cp-tI-{µ-¯nÂ
\n¶pw hn-kv-Xr-Xn-bn-te-¡v N-en-¡p-¶ Xn-c-am-e-I-fp-sS N-{I-hyq-l§Ä t\m-h-ep-I-fp-
sS s]m-Xp-kz-`m-hw B-bn-cp¶p. B-\-µn-sâ t\m-h-ep-I-fnÂ hy-àn tI-{µn-Xtam Ip-
Spw-_-tI-{µn-{In-Xtam B-b L-S-\-bnÂ \n¶pw hv-Sp-Xn t\-Sn ssh-hn[yw \n-d-ª k-
aql-s¯ Htc-sbm-cp B-Jym-\-tI-{µ-am-¡n-amän. cm-{ã-¯n-sâbpw k-aq-l-¯n-sâbpw
{]-iv-\-§Ä ap-Jy-am-bn \nÂ-¡p-Ibpw A-X-sâ kzm-[o-\-¯nÂ I-gn-tb-n-h-cp-¶ hy-
àn-IÄ I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fm-bn am-dp-Ibpw sN-bvXp.
t\m-h-en-se I-Ym-]m-{X-§-tf-¡mÄ, A-hÀ A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p-¶ {]-iv-\-§Ä-¡m-
Wv {]m-[m\yw F-¶v h-cp¶p. AXp-sIm-v X-s¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS kz-`m-h-hpw, A-
h-cp-sS _-Ôhpw A-{]-kv-X-am-Ip-¶p.{]-iv-\-§Ä ]-¦v h-bv-¡p-¶ k-aq-l-¯nÂ \n¶pw
hy-àn-bn-te-¡v F-¶ K-Xn-bm-Wv B-\-µn-sâ t\m-h-ep-I-fp-sS s]m-Xp-kz-`m-h-am-bn am-
dp-¶Xv. A-Zr-iyam-b A-[n-Im-cw F-¶ Øm-bnbm-b hy-hØ-sb t\m-hÂ {]-ta-b-¯n-
te-¡v ]-cn-hÀ¯-\w sN-¿p-¶-Xn-\m-Wv B\-µv {i-an-¡p-¶-Xv. t\-cn-«v A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sm-
¯-Xpw, F-¶mÂ FÃm hy-h-lm-c-¯nepw hym-]n-¨v \nÂ-¡p-¶-Xpam-b A-[n-Imc-s¯
I-Ym-]m-{X§Ä, {]-ta-bw F-¶n-h-bn-eq-sS k-aqÀ-¯-am-¡m-\m-Wv B\-µv {i-an-¡p-
¶Xv. {]-_-Ô-`m-j-m-ssi-en B-\-µn-sâ t\m-h-ep-I-fn-se ap-Jy-k-hn-ti-j-X-bm-bn am-dp-
¶pv. Im-ev-]-\n-I-`m-h-¯n-\v F-XnÀ-Zn-i-bn-em-Wv {]-_-Ô-`m-j-bp-sS {]-tbmKw. B-i-
b-kw-hm-Z-¯n-sâ cq-]-am-W-Xn-\p-Å-Xv.X-Xz-Nn´-sb DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶ {]-_-Ô-`m-j-bv-
¡v H-¸w X-s¶ {]-hm-N-I ssi-en-tb-bpw `m-j-bnÂ B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-¶pv. 'Ime-s¯
_-Ôn-¡m-\m-hnÃ. Im-c-Ww Imew bm-{X-bm-Wv. bm-{X-sb _-Ôn-¡p-¶-h³ bm-{Xm-¡m-
c-\Ãm-sX-bm-Ip-¶p'. t\m-hÂ H-cp Po-hn-X-ZÀ-i-\-am-bn am-dp-¶ Im-gv-N-bm-Wv B-\-µn-sâ
t\m-h-ep-I-fnÂ. H-«p-an-¡ I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä-¡pw {]m-tZ-in-Iam-b H-cp hy-ànXzw \-ã-
s¸«v Xm-Xzn-I hy-àn-Xz-s¯ kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶ Im-gv-N-bm-Wv t\m-h-enÂ Im-Wm³ I-gn-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 42

bp-¶Xv. a-\p-jy³ Xm³ A-dn-bm-sX {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p¶-Xv X-sâ X-s¶ D-Ån-se B-i-b-
{]-]-©-s¯-bm-Wv F-¶pÅ t_m-[-s¯-bm-Wv t\m-h-en-kv-äv Im-gv-N-sh-¡p-¶-Xv.
F³.hn-bn-se-bpw, B-\-µn-se-bpw Cu {]-tXy-I-XI-sf A-h-cp-sS c-N\m-tem-I-
¯n-sâ ]-Ým-¯-e-s¯-bpw, AXn-s\m-¸w kr-ãn-¡-s¸-« aäv-t\m-h-ep-I-fp-sS B-i-b-{]-
Jym-]-\hpw Xm-c-Xayw sN-¿-s¸-Sp-t¼m-gm-Wv Im-ev-]-\n-I-hn-cp-²-X-bp-sS km-[y-XI-sf
\-ap-¡v C-h-cnÂ I-s-¯m³ I-gn-bp-¶Xv.
ap³Ime hÀj tNmZy-§Ä
1. Cw-¥o-jv `m-jbpw km-ln-Xy-hp-am-bp-Å k-¼À¡w-sIm-v a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ \q-X-\ km-ln-Xy-{]-
Øm-\-§Ä D-S-se-Sp¯p. hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-I. (2017)
2. ‘J-km-¡n-sâ C-Xnlm-k'¯n-\v a-ebmf t\m-hÂ-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯n-se Øm-\-sa´v?
(2017)
3. H.hn. hn-Pb-sâ ‘J-km-¡n-sâ C-Xn-lm-kw’ a-eb - m-fn-bp-sS t\m-hÂ k-¦-ev-]-¯nÂ H-cp h-
gn-¯n-cn-hm-bn-cp-¶p NÀ-¨-sN-¿pI. (2016)
4. a-ebmf t\m-hÂ km-ln-Xy N-cn-{X-¯nÂ kn.hn.cm-a³-]n-Å-bp-sS N-cn{X-t\m-h-ep-IÄ-¡p-Å
Øm-\w A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. (2016, 2015-C)
5. X-I-gnbpw tI-i-h-tZhpw _-jodpw a-e-bm-f-t\m-hÂ km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ h-cp¯n-b am-ä-§Ä hn-
i-Z-am-¡pI. (2016)
6. ‘C-µp-te-Jbpw’ ‘\m-ep-sI«pw’ hy-Xy-kv-X-Im-e-§-fnÂ c-Nn-¡-s¸-«-h-bm-sW-¦nepw A-h-bn-
se km-aq-ly-Pohn-X {]-Xn-]m-Z-\-¯n-\v k-am-\-X-I-fpv. Cu {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bp-sS km-[pXzw hn-
aÀ-i-\-_p²ym ]cn-tim-[n-¡pI. (2016)
7. ae-bmf t\mhÂ kmlnXy Ncn-{X-¯nÂ kn.-hn. cma³]n-Å-bpsS Ncn{X t\mh-ep-
IÄ¡pÅ Øm\w AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. (2015-C)
8. a-ebmf t\m-hÂ km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xs¯ ‘J-km-¡n-sâ C-Xnlm-k’¯n-\p ap¼pw ]n¼pw F-
¶p thÀ-Xn-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ bp-àn F´v? (2015)
9. H.-hn. hnP-b³ ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS t\mhÂ k¦-ev]s¯ \ho-I-cn¨p F¶v ]d-bmtam? hnaÀi-
\-]-c-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. (2014)
10. ‘Cµp-teJ’bv¡p ap¼pw ae-bm-f-¯nÂ t\mh-ep-IÄ Dm-bn-«p-v. icntbm? F´p-
sImv? (2013)
11. ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯nsâ hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-§-fnÂ _wKmfn kmln-Xy-¯n\v kmc-amb
]¦ptm? NÀ¨ sN¿pI. (2013)
12. bm-{Xm-\p-`-h-§Ä t\m-h-Â c-N-\-bv¡pw I-Ym-kr-ãn¡pw ^-c-{]-Z-am-bn {]-tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp¯n-
b H-sc-gp-¯p-Im-c-\m-Wv F-kv.sI.s]m-ä-¡m-Svþ\n-cq-]n-¡pI. (2013)
13. ]m-h-§-fp-sS hn-hÀ¯-\w a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy-¯n-ep-m¡n-b N-e-\-§Ä hn-eb - n-cp-¯p-I.
(2012-C)
14. ae-bm-f-¯nse Imev]-\nI hncp-²-Xbv¡p F³.-hn.IrjvW-hm-cn-b-cp-sSbpw B\-µn-sâbpw
IrXn-IÄ DZm-l-cn-¡mtam? (2012)
15. B[p-\nI ae-bmf t\mhÂ kmln-Xy-¯nse iàn tI{µ§Ä kqNn-¸n-¨p-sImv hni-Z-
amb Hcp BapJw X¿m-dm-¡p-I. (2011)
16. B[p-\n-Im-\-ć L«-¯nÂ ae-bmf t\mh-ensâ B[mc {ipXn-bnÂ kw`-hn-¨n-cn-¡p¶
amäw B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS ASn-Øm\ `mh-§-fnÂ \n¶v Gsd `n¶-hpw auen-I-hp-am-Wv.
icntbm? (2010)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 43

17. ‘]p-tcmK-a-W km-ln-Xy {]-Øm\w' F-¶m-se´v? a-ebmf t\m-h-Â km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ h-f-À-
¨-bnÂ A-Xn-\p-Å kzm-[o-\-X F-{X-am-{Xw? ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. (2009)
18. t\m-h-en-kv-äv F-¶ \n-e-bnÂ H.hn.hn-Pb-\v a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy-¯n-ep-Å Øm-\w F´v? hn-
e-bn-cp-¯pI. (2005)
19. Iem-Im-c-s\-¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ cmP-`-à-s\¶ \ne-bnÂ Adn-b-s¸-Sm-\mWv kn.-hn.-B-{K-ln-¨-Xv.
At±-l-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-t\m-h-ep-IÄ Xs¶ {]Xy-t£m-Zm-l-c-W-§Ä þ Cu A`n-{]mbw
\n§Ä AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶ptm? (2003)
20. acp-a-¡-¯m-b-¯n-sâbpw Iq-«p-Ip-Spw-_-hy-h-Øn-Xn-bp-sSbpw X-IÀ-¨ A-\p-hm-cy-am-sW-¶
A-h-t_m-[w kr-ãn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p N-´pta-t\m-sâ e-£yw. A-Xn-\p-]-äpw a-«nÂ A-t±-lw
I-Y-bv¡pw I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä¡pw IYmćo-£-¯n\pw cq-]w sIm-Sp¯p. ^-et- am? H-cp X-c-
sam-cp Ir-{Xn-a-Xzw, A-hn-izm-kyX, ‘C-µpte-J’bnÂ B-Zy-´w {]-I-S-am-¡p¶p. ]-cym-tem-Nn-
¡p-I. (2003)
21. 1950-þ\p tij-apÅ ae-bmf t\mh-ense B[p-\n-I-Xsb \n§Ä F§s\ hne-bn-cp-¯p-
¶p. (2000)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 44

a-ebmfw
bqWoävþ6.3
sNdpI-Y
sN-dp-I-Y-sb \nÀ-Æ-N-\-§fnÂ H-Xp-¡n \nÀ-¯m-\m-hnÃ. “H-cmÄ a-äv Nn-e-tcm-Sv
sN-¿p-¶ \m-Xn-ZoÀ-L-am-b kw-hm-Z-sa-¶v” hneyw k-tcm-b-\pw, “H-cp sN-dp-I-Y-bnÂ H-
cm-ib-s¯ am-{X-ta \n-_-Ôn-¡mhq, B e£yw G-Im-{K-X-tbm-sS E-Pp-hm-bn km-^-
ey-¯n-se-¯n-¡m-\mI-Ww I-Ym-Ir-¯v {]-b-Xv-\n-t¡--sX-¶v” l-Uv-k-Wpw, “sNdn-b
I-Y B-bXp-sIm-v sN-dp-I-Y-bm-bnÃ, DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶Xpw P-\n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xpam-b A-\p-
`-h-¯n-sâ G-I-Xz-am-Wv sN-dp-IY-sb t\m-h-enÂ \n-¶v hy-Xy-kv-X-am-¡p-¶-”sX-¶v
AÃ³ t]mbpw \nÀ-Æ-Nn-¡p¶p. C-{]-Im-cw [m-cm-fw \nÀ-Æ-N-\-§Ä sN-dp-I-Y-bv-
¡pv. Np-cp-¡-¯nÂ H-c-\p-`-h-¯n-sâ, H-cp hn-Im-c-¯n-sâ, H-cp a-t\m-`m-h-¯n-sâ
aqÀ-¯am-b B-hn-jv-Im-c-am-Wv sN-dpIY.
]-s¯m-¼-Xmw \q-äm-n-sâ ]p-{Xn-bm-Wv sN-dp-I-Y. 1842þÂ lm-t¯m-Wn-sâ sN-
dp-I-YI-sf hn-aÀ-in-¨v ‘F-Uv-KÀ AÃ³ t]m' c-Nn-¨ D-]-\ym-k-¯n-em-Wv sN-dp-I-Y-bp-
sS B-Zy \nÀÆ-N-\-§Ä Im-Wp-¶-Xv. 1885þÂ {_m-À am-Xyqkv ‘sN-dp-I-Y-bp-sS ZÀ-
i\w' F-¶ {]am-W teJ-\w {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨-tXmsS H-cp {]-tXy-I km-ln-Xy-{]-Øm-\-
am-bn sN-dp-I-Y Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡-s¸-«p. d-jy³ km-ln-Xy-Im-c-·mcm-b \n-s¡m-fm-bv sKm-
KmÀ, Bâ¬ sN-tJmhv, A-ta-cn-¡³ km-ln-Xy-Im-c-·mcm-b F-Uv-KÀ AÃ³ t]m, {^-
©v F-gp-¯p-Im-c\mb tam-¸-kmMpw sN-dpI-Ym {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ Xp-S-¡-¡m-c-m-bn-
cp¶p.
a-ebm-f sN-dp-I-Ym-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ hn-Im-k-N-cn{Xw \m-ev L-«-§-fm-bn hn-`-Pn-¡mw.
I. D-Z-bL-«w
II. \-thm-°m-\L-«w
i) B-cw-`w
ii) dn-b-en-kv-än-Iv I-Y-IÄ
iii) sdm-amân-Iv dn-b-en-kw
III. B-[p-\n-IX
i) H-¶mwL-«w
ii) c-mwL-«w
IV. D-¯-cm-[p-\n-IX
I. D-Z-bL-«w
‘F-´p-mbn' F-¶ hn-hc-Ww XpS§n ‘F-§s\-sbm-s¡ kw-`-hn-¡m-sa-¶pÅ'
Du-lw sI-«nNa¨v ]-d-bp-¶-XnÂ I-Y-I-fp-sS B-cw-`w Im-Wmw. I-Y-]-d-¨n-en-sâ {]mNo-
\ ]m-c-¼cyw `m-c-X-¯n-\pv. ]-©-X-X{´w I-YIÄ, Pm-X-I I-YIÄ, hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy-N-
cnXw, I-Ym-k-cn-XvkmK-cw C-h-sbm-s¡ K-Zy-]-Zy-a-bam-b `m-cXo-b I-Ym-ti-J-c-§-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 1
fmWv. F-¶mÂ ]m-Ým-Xy-kzm-[o-\-¯nÂ \n-¶m-Wv a-ebm-f sN-dp-I-Y-IÄ cq-]w sIm-
Åp-¶Xv. Cw-¥o-jv hn-Zym-`ym-khpw an-j-\-dn-am-cp-sS {]-hÀ-¯-\hpw C-Xn-\v Im-c-W-
ambn. a-e-bm-f I-Ym-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ h-fÀ-¨-bv-¡v a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ {]-N-cn-¨n-cp-¶ B-ß-
t]m-jnWn, hn-Zymhn-t\m-Zn\n, c-kn-I-c-Rv-Pn\n, `mjm-t]m-jn-Wn Xp-S§n-b am-kn-I-IÄ
\nÀ-Wm-b-I ]-¦v h-ln¨p.
a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-I-Y-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å hm-Z-ap-J-§Ä ]-e-XmWv. aqÀ-t¡m-¯v
Ip-amcsâ ‘A-\y-Ym Nn-ńXw' B-sW-¶pw, sS-Iv-kv-äv _p-¡p-I-fnÂ {]-kn-²w sNbv-X
I-Y-I-fm-sW-¶pw, 1824 Â a-X-{]-Nm-c-WmÀ-°w {]-kn-²w sNbv-X ‘sNdp-ss]-X-§Ä-¡v
D-]-Im-cmÀ°w' B-sW-¶p-ap-Å hm-Z-ap-J-§Ä \n-e-\n-ev-¡p¶p.
th-§-bnÂ Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \mb\mÀ (tI-kcn)
C-¶v \mw hn-h-£n-¡p-¶ X-c-¯n-ep-Å a-e-bmf-¯nse B-Zy-s¯ sN-dp-I-Y th-
§-bnÂ Ip-ªn-cm-a³-\m-b-\mcpsS ‘hm-k-\m-hn-IrXn' (1891) B-sW-¶m-Wv s]m-Xp A-
`n-{]mbw. Cw-¥o-jv I-Y-I-fp-sS {]-Xn-cq-]-§-fÃm-bn-cp-¶p \m-b-\mÀ I-YIÄ. \m-«n-se
kw-`-h-§-sfbpw B-fp-I-sfbpw H-s¡ tNÀ-¯v ]-d-bp-¶ Po-hn-X-K-Ônbm-b I-YIÄ.
\m-tSm-Sn-I-Y-I-fp-sSbpw ]-g-s©mÃp-I-fp-sS-bpw A-h-Xc-Ww A-t±-l-¯n-sâ I-Y-I-fnÂ
Im-Wmw. km-ln-Xy-`m-j-bn-em-Wv I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä kw-km-cn-¡p-¶Xv. s\-Sp-\o-f³ hm-
Iy§Ä, N-Sp-eam-b C-Xn-hr¯w, \À-½w I-eÀ-¶ B-Jym-\w C-h-sbm-s¡-bm-Wv tIk-
cn F-¶ Xq-en-Im-\m-a-¯nÂ I-Y-IÄ c-Nn-¨ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ ssien.
P·-\m hn-Ir-Xnbm-b H-cp IÅ-\p ]än-b A-a-fn-sb-¡p-dn-¨v ]-d-bp-¶ ‘hm-k-\m-
hn-IrXn' Ip-äm-t\z-j-W-I-Ybm-b ‘ta-t\m-¡n-sb sIm-¶-Xm-cmWv', ‘Zzmc-I' Xp-S-§n-bh
{][m-\ I-YIÄ.
H-Sp-hnÂ Ip-ªn-Ir-jv-W-ta-t\m³
‘tIm-c-¸ {]`p' F-¶ Xq-en-Im-\m-a-¯nÂ I-Y-I-sf-gp-Xn. \m-bÀ X-d-hm-Sp-IÄ ]-
Ým-¯-e-am-¡n I-Y-IÄ c-Nn-¨-Xn-\mÂ B-Zy-am-bn km-ap-Zmbn-I I-Y-IÄ c-Nn-¨ hy-àn-
sb-¶ _-lpa-Xn t\Sn. \m-S-Iob-X, t{]aw, [o-c-km-l-knI-X, sI-«p-I-Y-IÄ Xp-S-§n-b-
h-bm-Wv C-Xn-hr-¯-§-fp-sS {]-tXyI-X. {]-[m-\-I-Y-IÄ þ I-Ãym-Wn-¡p«n, Pm\p, \m-
cm-b-Wn-¡p-«n, tI-fp-®n aq-¸nÂ \mbÀ.
A-¼m-Sn \m-cm-b-W-s¸m-Xp-hmÄ
hm-b-\-¡mc-s\ hn-t\m-Zn-¸n¡p-I F-¶ e-£y-t¯msS sF-Xn-ly-§-sf B-kv-]-
Z-am-¡n ^-en-X-c-kn-I-I-Y-I-sf-gpXn-b hyàn. PÀ½-s\ sN-dp-a-I-s\-¶pw, sa-bn-en-s\
a-bnÂ hm-l-\-sa-¶p hn-ti-jn-¸n¨ s]m-Xp-hm-Ä hn.sI.F-¶n-s\ HmÀ-an-¸n-¡p-¶p-sh-
¶v F-kv.hn thWp-tKm-]³ \m-bÀ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
{]-[m-\-I-Y-IÄ þ I-bv-a-ÅÈ-sâ I-eymWw, B-Z-cn-¨ ]m-Xn-c, h-f-sIm- h-\n-X, I-
¸-sâ sIm-m«w, D-fn-]n-Sn¨ ssI (Un-ä-Îo-hv I-Y)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 2

Fw.BÀ.sI.kn (sN-¦pf-¯v sNdn-b Ip-ªn-cm-ata-t\m³)
N-cn-{X-kw-`-h§-sf B-{i-bn-¨v I-Ym-]-cn-k-c-§Ä kr-ãn¨p. ‘N-cn-{X-h-kv-XpX-
Itfm N-cn-{X-]-Ým-¯e-§tfm CÃ. tI-c-f-¸-g-a-bp-sS Np-h-I-eÀ-¶n-«p-Å-Xn-\mÂ sF-
Xn-lm-\p-km-cn-I-sf¶pw Fw A-Nyp-X³ \n-co-£n-¡p¶p.
{][m-\ I-Y-IÄ I-®n-¸-d-¼n-se sIm-e-]m-X-I§Ä, a-¿m-«p-a-e-bn-se `qXw, D--¡-®-
\p-®n-bp-sS X-d-hmSv, Fw.BÀ.sI.kn. I-YIÄ.
aqÀ-t¡m-¯v Ip-am-c³
B-Zy-Im-e-I-Ym-Ir-¯p-¡-fnÂ {]-[m\n. km-aqln-I ]-cn-jv-Ic-Ww e-£y-am-¡n
km-ap-Zmbn-I hn-aÀi-\w \-S¯n-b hyàn. Xm-en-sI«v, Zp-cm-Nm-c-§Ä, B-`-c-W{`-aw Xp-
S-§n-bh-bv-s¡-Xn-sc I-Y-I-sf-gpXn. Ip-äm-t\z-j-Whpw \m-bm«pw {][m-\ I-Ym-hn-j-b-
§-fm-bn Im-Wmw.
{]-[m-\-I-Y-IÄ þ F-sâ tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv bm-{X, ]n-imNv, I-en-Im-e-ssh-`hw, a-c-W-]-{Xw,
F-sâ Xo-h-n-bm{X.
sI.kp-Ip-am-c³
c-kn-¸n-¡p-I, P-\-{]o-Xn t\Sp-I A-Xm-bn-cp-¶p kp-Ip-amc-sâ coXn. ‘Po-hn-X-¯n-
sâ ]-IÀ-¸Ã, Iym-cn-t¡-¨-dm-Wv kp-Ip-amc-sâ I-Y-Ifn-se-¶v'. F-³.Kp-]v-X³ \m-bÀ
A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ ò-I-c-I-Y-IÄ A-h-X-cn-¸n¨p. ^-enXw, kv-{Xo-ku-µ-
cy-hÀ-W-\IÄ, X-tâ-S-ap-Å kv-{XoIÄ, {]-W-b-I-Y-IÄ Xp-S-§n-b-h {]-ta-b-am-¡n. B-
tßm-]-lm-kw \n-d-ª B-Jym-\-¯n-eq-sS hm-b-\-¡mc-s\ c-kn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv F-gp-
¯nsâ {]-[m-\-e-£yw. {]-[m-\-I-Y-IÄ þ B-cm-sâ Ip«n, Rm\pw F-sâ t]-Sn-bpw. Ip-
\n-bp-sS Nn-IÕ
C.hn.Ir-jv-W-]n-Å
D-Z-b-L-«-¯n-sâbpw \-thm-°m-\-L-«-¯n-sâbpw C-S-bv-¡v \n-ev-¡p-¶ F-gp-¯p-
Im-c-\m-Wv C.hn. a-µ-lm-kw ap-XÂ A-«-lm-kw h-sc hm-b-\-¡mc-\v km-[y-am-¡p-¶
lm-ky-km-{am«v. Po-hn-Xm-\p-`-h-§Ä Be-¦m-cn-I-`m-j-bnÂ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv
C.hn.sN-bv-X-Xv. kn.hn.bp-sS kzm-[o-\-¯m-ep-Å kw-kvIr-X ]-Z{]-tbm-Kw C.hn.bnepw
Im-Wmw. sN-dp-I-Y-bp-sS G-Im-{K-X-bnÂ \n-¶v sX-¶n-am-dn t\m-h-en-sâ C-Xn-hr-¯-
t¯m-Sv tNÀ-¶v \n-ev-¡p-¶ I-Y-IÄ.
D-Z-b-L-«-¯n-sâ H-Sp-hnepw \-thm-°m-\-L-«-¯n-sâ B-cw-`-¯n-ep-am-bn \n-ev-¡p-
¶ C.hn. A-¡me-s¯ I-Y-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨v \-S-¯p-¶ \n-co£-Ww {i-²mÀ-l-amWv. ‘H-cp
tdm-km-s¨-Sn, H-cp apäw, H-cp s]®v' C-{X-bp-ap-m-bmÂ I-Ym-hn-j-b-ambn. {]-W-b-k-
^-eo-I-c-Whpw A-X-sÃ-¦nÂ a-c-W-¯n-eq-sS Zp-c-´-hp-am-bn am-dp-¶ I-an-Xm-¡-fp-sS Po-
hn-Xhp--am-Wv A¶-s¯ an-¡ I-Y-I-fpw.
kzm-X{ý ka-cw I-Y-bnÂ A-h-X-cn-¸n¨p-sIm-v a-ebm-f \-thm-°m-\-Im-e-I-Y-
IÄ-¡v Xp-S-¡-Imc\m-bn.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 3
B-ZyIm-e sN-dp-I-Y-I-fp-sS {]-tXy-I-XIÄ
• {][m-\ {]-ta-bw t{]aw
• {]-W-b-km-êytam A-sÃ-¦nÂ hnc-lw Imc-Ww a-c-W-¯nÂ I-em-in-¡p-¶
_Ô-§tfm B-Wv Iq-Sp-Xepw
• km-ln-Xy-`m-j-bnÂ kw-km-cn-¡p-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X§Ä
• lm-ky-c-k-{]-[m\w
• B-e-¦mcn-I `m-j-bn-ep-Å B-Jym\w
• k-aq-l-¯n-sâ ]-cn-tO-Z-§Ä I-Y-I-fnÂ ImWmw
• I-Y-]-d-¨-en-se \m-S-Iob-X
• sI-«p-I-Y-I-fp-sS A-h-X-cWw
• s\-Sp-\o-f³ hm-Iy§Ä
• `m-j-bn-se kw-kv-Ir-X-kzm-[o-\w
II. \-thm°m-\ Im-e sN-dp-I-Y
sN-dp-I-Y-bpsS H-¶mw-L-«-¯nÂ \n-¶v cmw \-thm-°m-\-Im-e-¯n-te-¡v Zn-i-
Xn-cn-¨p-hn-«-Xn-\p ]n-¶nÂ {]-hÀ-¯n-¨ {][m-\ cm-{ão-bþkm-aqln-I L-S-I-§Ä C-h-
bmWv.
1) im-kv-{X-¯n-sâ h-fÀ-¨, Cw-¥o-jv hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n-sâ B-cw-`w C-h a-X-hn-izm-k-
§-fp-sS A-Sn-¯-d C-f¡n.
2) ‘H-dn-Pn³ Hm-^v kv-]o-jn-kn'sâ IÀ-¯mhm-b UmÀ-hn\pw ‘tkm-jyÂ tIm-{Sm-
În'sâ IÀ-¯mhm-b dq-tkmbpw Xpd-¶v hn-« B-i-b-§Ä
3) am-ÀIv-kn-sâ Zm-kv Iym-¸n-äÂ
4) t{^m-bn-Un-sâ a-\-:im-kv{Xw
5) 1928 ap-XÂ 1948 h-sc \o-v \n-¶ tZ-io-b-{]-Øm-\w
6) Km-Ôn-b³ B-i-b-§-fpsS kzm-[o-\w
7) ]p-tcmK-a-\ km-ln-Xy-{]-Øm-\w
8) ]-{X-am-kn-I-I-fp-sS {]-Nm-cw
9) tIk-cn ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯n-sIm-Sp-¯ ]m-Ým-Xy-km-lnXy-tem-Iw
10) C-ý³ hn-`P-\w
11) N-«-¼n-kzman, {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp, A-¿-¦m-fn C-h-cp-sS {]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä
i) B-cw-`w
\-thm-°m-\-¯n-sâ B-cw-`w km-ap-Zmbn-I \-ho-Ic-Ww e-£y-am-¡n I-Y-IÄ c-
Nn-¨ hn.Sn.bnepw Fw.BÀ._n.bnepw ap-¯n-cn-t§m-«nepw Im-Wmw. Pm-Xo-b-hy-h-Øn-
Xn-I-fmÂ PoÀ-Wn¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶ H-cp k-ap-Zmb-s¯ \-ho-I-cn¡p-I A-Xm-bn-cp-¶p
A-h-cp-sS e-£yw.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 4

hn.Sn `-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Sv
hn.Sn.bp-sS I-Y-IÄ kz-k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-se kv-{Xo-IÄ A-´x-]p-c-§-fnÂ A-\p-`-hn-
t¡-n h-cp-¶ am-\kn-I im-cocn-I ]o-U-\-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨mWv. B-i-b-{]-Nc-Ww F-¶
e-£y-t¯m-sS c-Nn-¡-s¸-« I-YIÄ. hm-b-\-¡mc-sâ D-ÅnÂ X«pw hn-[w Im-cy-§Ä
A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ I-ev-]\m-ssh`-hw D-Å F-gp-¯p-Imc³. kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS hn-Zym-`ym-k
A-hIm-i \n-tj-[w, km-]-Xv\yw Zpx-Jw, ssh[-hy ]o-V-IÄ C-h-sbÃmw I-Y-bn-eq-sS
A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p.
{][m-\ I-Y-IÄ þ c-P-\o-cwKw, kz-]v-\tam am-b-tbm a·-Xn {`mńtbm
AXv-t]m-se X-s¶ \-¼q-Xn-cn Ip-Spw-_-§-fn-se kv-{Xo-bp-sS \-c-I-Po-hn-X-s¯-¡p-
dn¨v, ‘a-d-bv-¡p-S-¡p-Ån-se a-lm-\-cIw' F-gpXn-b Fw.BÀ._n.bp-w \-thm-°m-\-¯n-
sâ B-cw-`-¯nÂ ]-¦vtNÀ¶p.
ap-¯-cn-t§m-Sv
kw-`m-j-W-§fpw a-t\m-cm-Pyhpw D-]-tbm-Kn¨v I-Y-]-d-bp-¶ ap-¯-cn-t§m-Sv ssI-
Imcyw sNbv-X hn-j-b-§Ä hn-[-hmhn-hmlw, t{]-a-`w-Kw, kv-{Xo-[-\-{]-iv-\§Ä, kv-
amÀ-¯-hn-Nm-chp-sam-s¡-bmWv.
A-ß-lpXn, hn-[-h-bps-S hn[n
\-thm-°m-\-I-Y-IÄ
i) B-cw-`-L«w k-hn-ti-j-XIÄ
(hn.Sn.`-«-Xn-cn-¸mSv, Fw.BÀ._n., ap-¯-cn-t§mSv)
• km-aqln-I ]-cn-jv-I-c-W-{]-Øm-\-§-fp-sS kzm-[o-\-¯nÂ I-Y-I-sf-gp-Xn. (X-e-bn-
se-gp¯v, A-\-´]p-c-¯nÂ \n-¶p-Å B-lzm\w)
• N-«-¼n-kzman, {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp, A-¿³-¦m-fn C-h-cp-sS ZÀ-i-\§Ä
• B-i-b-{]-N-c-W-¯n-\m-bn ]-cp-h-s¸-Sp¯n-b `m-j
• km-ap-Zmbn-I Zp-cm-Nm-c§-sf Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¨v hn-aÀ-in-¡p-¶ I-YIÄ (kÀ-Æ-kz-
Zm\w, a-d-bv-¡p-S-¡p-Ån-se a-lm-\-cIw)
• kv-{Xo-k-aq-l-¯n-sâ I-ã-XIÄ (A-Xn-ITn\w, kz-]v-\tam am-btbm a-·-Xn-{`m-
ńtbm)
]p-tcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-{]-Øm-\w
1936þÂ e-Jv-\u-hnÂ k-t½-fn-¨ ‘C-ý³ t{]m-{K-Êohv ssd-tä-gvkv' A-tkm-kn-
tbj-sâ Np-h-Sp-]n-Nn-¨v 1937þÂ tI-c-f-¯n-se Ip-td sN-dp-¸-¡mÀ Iq-Sn Po-h-Xvkm-ln-
Xy-kwL-S-\ cq-]o-I-cn-¨p. 1944þÂ C-Xv ]p-tcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy kw-L-S-\-bmbn. A-¡me-
¯v \n-e-hn-ep-¶ c-v hm-Z-ap-J-§-fnÂ ‘I-e I-e-bv-¡p-th-n-bmW¶v ‘Hm-kv-ImÀ
sshÂ-Upw, AXÃ I-e Po-hn-X-¯n-\p-th-n-bm-sW¶v' tSmÄ-kv-täm-bn-bpw d-kv-In\pw
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 5

A-`n-{]m-b-s¸«p. ‘Po-hn-X-¯nÂ \n-¶v Po-hn-X-¯n-\p-thn' F-¶ ]-£-t¯m-Sv Km-Ôn-
Pn Iq-Sn tNÀ-¶-tXm-sS ]p-tcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy {]-hÀ-¯-I-cp-sSbpw A-Sn-Øm-\w A-
Xmbn. A§-s\ ]p-tcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-{]-Øm-\-¯-neq-sS-bm-Wv a-ebm-f I-Ym-km-ln-Xy-
¯n-te-¡v dn-b-en-kw I-S-¶p -h-cp-¶Xv.
ii) dn-b-en-Ìn-Iv I-Y-IÄ
\-thm-°m-\-¯n-sâ c-mwL-«w dn-b-en-kv-än-Iv I-Y-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv a-e-bm-fn hm-
bn-¨-dn-ªXv. hn-t\m-Z-t¯-¡mÄ {]-t_m-[-\-]-c-X-bv-¡v {]m-[m\yw G-dn h¶p. FÃm
km-aqln-I {]-iv-\-§fpw I-Ym-hn-j-b-ambn. \n-e-hn-ep-Å a-X-km-aq-ln-I-X-Xz-im-kv-{X-
§-sf I-Ym-Im-c³ tNmZyw sN-bvXp. [-\-A-[n-Im-c-i-àn-IÄ-s¡-Xn-sc i-Ð-ap-bÀ¯n.
]p-tcmK-a-\ km-ln-Xy-{]-Øm-\w I-Ym-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ cq-]-L-S-\-bnepw am-äw h-
cp¯n. {In-bþIm-eþØ-eþkw-`-h ssZÀ-Ly-hpw, I-Ym-]m-{X-_m-lp-eyhpw dn-b-en-Ìn-Iv
I-Y-IÄ Dt]-£n¨p. B-e¦mcn-I `m-j kr-ãn-¡p-¶ `m-hm-ß-I ]-cn-k-c-¯nÂ \n-¶v
km-[m-c-W-¡mc-sâ I-Y-bn-te-¡v I-S-¶p-h¶p. E-Pp-hpw, i-àhpw [z-\n-]qÀ-®-hpam-b
`m-j, k-¦oÀ-Wam-b I-YmL-S-\ e-fn-Xam-b I-Ym-k-µÀ-`-§Ä-¡v h-gn amdn. sI-«n-N-a-¨
I-Y-IÄ-¡v ]I-cw Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ i-àam-b A-²ym-b-§Ä I-S-¶p-h¶p.
\-thm-°m-\-Im-e-L-«-¯n-se dn-b-en-kv-än-Iv F-gp-¯p-Im-scbpw A-h-cp-sS c-N-\-
Ifpw ]cn-tim-[n-¡mw.
XI-gn
a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯n-se ]-cmP-b (dn-b-en-Ìv) {]-Øm-\-¯nÂ-s¸-« sN-dp-I-Y-bp-
sS Øm-]-I³ F-¶m-Wv tIk-cn X-I-gn-sb hn-ti-jn-¸n-¨Xv. tam-¸-km-Mn-sâbpw sN-
tJm-hn-sâbpw kzm-[o-\-¯nÂ Ip-«-\m-S³ ]-Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ I-Y-I-sf-gpXn. a-®n-sâ a-
W-ap-Å I-Y-I-fp-sS I-Ym-Im-c-\m-Wv X-Ign. a-ebm-f sN-dp-I-Y-bp-sS \-thm-°m-\-¯n-
\v h-en-b kw-`m-h-\-IÄ \-eIn. IÀ-j-IþIÀj-I-sXm-gn-em-fn {]-iv-\§Ä, cm-{ão-bA-
Sn-a¯w, Nq-jWw, AÚ-X, hÀKo-b I-em-]-§Ä, tem-I a-lm-bp-²-§Ä, tcm-K§Ä,
]-«nWn, A-Ô-hn-izm-k§Ä, A-\m-Nm-c§Ä, aÀ±-\w XpS-§n hf-sc hy-Xy-kv-Xam-b
H-cp IYm-tem-Iw X-I-gn-bv-¡p-m-bn-cp¶p. Xm³ A-[n-h-kn-¡p-¶ k-aq-l-¯n-sâ ]-cn-
tO-Zw A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ {i-an-¨ F-gp-¯p-Imc³. {]-Xn-_-Ô§-sf A-Xn-Po-hn-¨v hnP-
bw t\-Sp-¶ a-\p-jy-i-àn-bpw, hn-[n-bp-sS ap³-]nÂ ]-cm-P-b-s¸«p-t]m-Ip-¶ a-\p-
jycpw I-Y-I-fnÂ Im-Wmw. B-Zy-Im-e I-Y-I-fnÂ kv-]-ã-am-Ip-¶ amÀ-Iv-kn-Ìv kzm-[o-
\-hpw, kv-{Xo-I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS k-l-Pam-b am-\-kn-I-`m-h-§Ä A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶ I-
Y-Ifpw {i-t²-b-am-Wv. A-Ir-{Xn-aamb ssi-en-bnÂ A-e-¦m-c-§-fnÃm-¯ `m-j, \m-S³
kw`-jW ssi-en-bpw, \m-S³ ]-Z{]-tbm-K-§fpw. G-sd {i-²n-¡-s¸-« I-Y-bmWv ‘sh-
Å-s¸m-¡-¯nÂ', ssh-hn-[y-]qÀ-W-am-b kv-{Xo-]pcp-j _-Ô-§fpw X-I-gn-bp-sS I-Y-I-
fnÂ Im-Wmw. C¯-cw I-Y-IÄ sX-dn-I-Y-IÄ F-¶ hn-aÀi-\w t\-Sn-bn-«pv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 6

]n. tI-i-h-tZ-hv
]p-tcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-{]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ B-i-b§-sf ]qÀ-W-ambpw DÄ-s¡m-
I-Ym-Imc³. dn-b-en-Ìpw, tkm-jy-en-kv-äv dn-b-en-kv-äp-am-Wv A-t±lw. I-Y-I-fn-eq-sS I-
ayq-Wn-kv-äv B-i-b-{]-Nm-c-I-\mbn. Po-hnX-s¯ t{]-an-¡p-¶ I-Ym-Im-c³ Po-hn-¡m³
_p-²n-ap-«p-¶ A-[x-Øn-X-cp-sS I-Y-IÄ A-h-X-cn-¸n¨p. \-K-c-¯n-sâ PoÀ-W-XI-sf i-
àam-b `m-j-bnÂ k-Xy-k-Ô-am-bn A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ tZ-hn-\v km-[n¨p. ]-«nWn, A-Sn-
a¯w, A-\m-Nm-c-§Ä A-Ô-hn-izm-k§Ä, Nq-jWw, kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS ssZ-\yw, th-iym-
hr¯n, t]m-eo-kv aÀ±-\w C§-s\ \-K-c-¯n-sâ k-I-e-ap-J-§fpw I-Y-I-fnÂ I-s-
¯m-\m-Ipw. km-aqln-I A-k-aXzw ]-cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ a-\p-jy-sâ I-Y-IÄ. ]p-tcmK-
a-\ cm-{ão-b hm-Z-¯n-eq-sS k-I-e A-k-a-Xz-§-sfbpw A\m-Nm-c-§-sfbpw Xpd-¶v Im-
«n. hy-àn-_-Ô-§Ä¡v h-en-bhn-e I-ev-]n-¡p-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X§Ä.
Pm-Xo-b-hpw, a-X-]-c-hpam-b kw-L-«-\-§Ä Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¡p¶-h (\m-b-co-g-h-el-f,
Kp-kv-Xn), sXm-gnem-fn hÀ-K-¯n-sâ h-fÀ-¨-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å-h (H-cp cm-{Xn, sd-Uv h-f-n-
bÀ), sIm-e-]m-X-I cm-{ão-b-¯n-s\-Xn-cm-b (sImÃ-cp-X-\n-bm sImÃ-cpXv, Po-hn-X-k-acw,
ao³-Im-c³ tImX³) am--\kn-Im-]-{K-Y-\ I-Ybm-b ‘kzÀ-¤¯n-sem-cp sN-Ip-¯m³'.
I-Ym-k-am-lm-c-§Ä þ {]-hmlw, D-jÊv, A¶-s¯ \m-SIw, `m-hn-hc³, Nn-{X-ime.
s]m³-Ip-¶w hÀ-¡n
]p-tcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-kw-L-S-\-bp-sS sk-{I-«-dn-bm-bn-cp¶p s]m³-Ip-¶w hÀ-¡n.
a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ B-Zy-am-bn c-Nn-¡-s¸-« cm-{ão-b I-Ybm-b ‘tamUÂ' c-Nn-¨-Xn-\v
kn.]n.cm-a-kzm-an A-¿À P-bn-en-em-¡n. I-Y-sb-gp-Xn-b-Xn-sâ t]-cnÂ P-bn-en-eS- -¡-s¸-Sp-
¶ B-Zy-hyàn. kzm-X-{-ý-k-a-cw, t]m-eo-kv aÀ-±\w, Zm-cn-{Zyw, Pm-Xo-bam-b A-\m-Nm-
c-§Ä C-h-sbÃmw I-Ym {]-ta-b-§-fm¡n. a-[y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se ss{I-kv-X-h a-X]u-
tcm-ln-Xy-ta-[m-hn-Xz-s¯-bpw, A-[n-Im-c-s¯bpw \n-in-X-am-bn hn-aÀ-in-¨ I-YIÄ. {In-
kvXp-hn-sâ kv-t\-l-k-tµ-iw \-S-¸m-¡m³ amÀ-Iv-kn-sâ h-gn-I-f-neq-sS k-©-cn-¨ hÀ-
¡n ]-Ån-¡mc-sâ B-ßo-b-kw-c-£-W-¯n-\-¸p-dw am-\-hn-I-X-bp-sS h-àm-hmbn. a-e-
tbm-c-IÀ-j-I-cp-sS I-Y-I-fn-eq-sS a®pw a-\p-jy\pw ar-K-§fpw X-½n-epÅ ssh-ImcnI
tem-Iw A-h-X-cn-¸n¨p. ]pXn-b km-aqln-I hy-h-Øn-Xn-¡p-th-n ka-cw sN-¿p-¶ aÀ-
±n-X-cp-sS B-ß-ho-cy-am-Wv X-sâ kÀ-¤m-ß-I-ti-jn-bp-sS A-Sn-¯-d-sb-¶v hÀ-¡n B-
ßm-`n-am-\-t¯m-sS ]-d-bp¶p. ‘cm-{ão-b-{]-hÀ-¯-I-\pw, km-a-pZm-bn-I-]-cn-jv-IÀ-¯m-
hpam-b F-gp-¯p-Im-c-s\¶v' F³.hn.Ir-jv-W-hm-cn-bÀ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-«p. kz-X-{ám-b
c-N-\m-ssien. e-£-W-{K-Ùam-b ‘sN-dp-I-Ym-{]-Øm-\tam', ssh-tZin-I I-Ym-km-
lnXytam X-¶nÂ kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-¯n-bn-«n-sÃ-¶v hÀ-¡n ]-d-bp¶p. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ
IY-\-ssi-en kz-X-{´-amWv. Xm³ Po-hn-¨ Np-äp-]m-Sn-se km-[m-c-W-¡mcpw IÀ-j-I-
cpam-b H-cp Iq-«w B-fp-I-fp-sS Po-hn-X§Ä, a-X]u-tcm-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ B-[n-]-Xy-t¯m-
Sp-Å hn-tbm-Pn¸v, kÀ. kn.]n.bn-eq-sS aÀ-±-\-`-c-W-¯n-sâ sI-Sp-XnIÄ, kzm-X-{ý-k-
acw, I-ayq-Wn-k-¯n-sâ A-\n-hmcy-X C-h-sbm-s¡ X-tâ-Xv am-{Xam-b H-cp I-Ym-tem-
Iw kr-ãn-s¨-Sp-¡m³ hÀ¡n-sb k-lm-bn¨p.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 7

ssh-¡w ap-l-½-Zv _-joÀ
‘t_-¸qÀ kpÂ-¯m³' F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶ _-joÀ a-e-bm-f-I-Y-bp-sS `m-j-bv-¡v
]pXn-b hym-Ic-Ww \-evIn, a-e-bm-fn-bp-sS sam-¯w kpÂ-¯m-\mbn. A-{X-taÂ k-
lrZ-b-lm-cn-bm-bn-cp-¶p _-joÀ I-YIÄ. A-\-ám-b tZ-imS-\w \-evIn-b A-\p`-h-
tem-Iw B-ß-tI-{µo-Ir-Xam-b \À-½-¯nÂ Nm-en-¨-h-X-cn-¸n-¨ _-joÀ I-Y-IÄ Nn-t´m-
±o-]-I-§-fm-Wv. lyq-a-\n-kväpw lyq-a-dn-kv-äpam-b _-joÀ kzm-X-{ý-k-a-cm-\p-`-h§Ä,
P-bnÂ, aÀ-±\w, ]-«nWn, hn-i¸v, {]-Wbw, hn-clw, hn-[n-bp-sS ap-¶n-se \n-k-lm-b-X
Xp-S§n-b A-\p-`-h-§-fp-sS B-hn-jv-Ic-Ww \-S¯n. kzm-\p-`-h-¯n-sâ Xo-£v-W-X I-
Y-I-fnÂ hy-à-amWv. X-sâbpw Ip-Spw-_-¯n-sâbpw I-Y-I-fm-Wv H-«p-an-¡-Xpw. ‘\o-e-
sh-fn-¨w', ‘\n-em-hp-Im-Wp-t¼mÄ', ‘\n-em-hp-\n-d-ª s]-cp-h-gn-bnÂ' C-h-sbm-s¡ _-
jo-dn-sâ ^mâ-kn I-Y-I-fmWv. cm-{ão-b hn-aÀi-\w D-¶b - n-¨ 'hn-iz-hn-Jym-Xam-b aq-
¡v', P-bn-e-\p-`-h-§Ä F-gpXn-b ‘a-Xn-ep-IÄ', ‘ssSKÀ' C-h-sbm-s¡ G-sd {i-²n-¡-
s¸-«-XmWv. ‘hm-kv-X-h-¯nÂ _-joÀ H-cp hn-Im-c-Po-hn-bm-sW-¶m-Wv' Fw. A-NypX-sâ
A-`n-{]mbw.
_-jo-dn-b³ \À-½w H-¶v th-sd X-s¶-bm-Wv. Nn-t´m-t¯-P-I-am-b \À-½-¯n-sâ
th-tcm-«-ap-Å I-Y-I-fmW-h. ]-«n-Wn-bnepw Zpx-J-¯n-epw \-·-sIm-v \À-½w krãn-¨
F-gp-¯p-Im-c-\m-Wv _-joÀ. kv-t\-lnX-sâ kp-µ-cnbpw t]m-¡-ä-Sn-¡m-cn-bpam-b `m-cy-
bp-sS I-Ybm-b ‘h-f-bn« ssI'bnÂ I-Ym-]m-{X-kr-ãn-bn-em-Wv \À½w. ‘]qh-¼-g'¯n-
emI-s« I-Ym-]m-{X-krãn-bn-epw kw-`m-j-W-¯nepw \À-½w \nd-ªv \nÂ-¡p¶p. \o-
p-\n-hÀ-¶ s\-©pXÅn ‘Rm-\n-\n-bp-an-Sn-¡pw' F-¶ `m-h-¯nÂ \-S¶p-t]m-Ip-¶ ]p-
cpj-sâ ]n-¶mse ‘Hm!AXn-\v Rm-s\m¶pw ]-d-ªnÃm-tem' F-¶ `m-h-¯nÂ \-S¶p-
t]m-hp-¶ N-«p-Im-en-bp-sS I-Ybm-b ‘N-«p-Im-en'bpw C-¯-c-¯nÂ \À-½w DÄ-s¡m-Åp-
¶-XmWv. \n-km-c-kw-K-Xn-IÄ¡mbv B-Wp§-sf hn-j-an-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sImÃm-s¡m-e
sN-¿p-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-am-Wv B-bn-j-¡p«n. Zm-¡¯-sc sIm-p-h-cm-sX Xm³ {]-k-hn-
¡n-sÃ-¶v ]d-ªv hm-in-]n-Sn-¨v In-S-¡p-¶ ]qÀ-W-KÀ-`n-Wnbm-b ‘B-bn-j-¡p«n' \-ev-Ip-
¶ Nn-cn H-¶v th-sd X-s¶-bm-Wv.
_-jo-dn-\p-am{Xw A-h-Im-i-s¸-Sp-¶ a-uen-Iam-b Nn-e I-Ym-]m-{X-kr-ãn-I-fpv.
F-«p-Im-en a-½qªv, B-\-hm-cn cm-a³-Ip-«n-\mbÀ, s]m³-Ip-cnip-tXm-a, H-ä-¡-®³ t]m-
¡À, a-³ ap-¯-]m Xp-S-§-bhÀ.
Im-cqÀ \o-e-I-WvT-]nÅ
‘hm-²ymÀ I-YIÄ' F-¶ t]-cnÂ A-dn-b-s¸-« I-Y-I-fm-Wv Im-cq-cn-sâ I-YIÄ.
A¶-s¯ A-[ym-]-I-cp-sS A-h-i-X-Ifpw Zm-cn-{Zyhpw lr-Z-b-t`-Z-I-am-bn I-Y-I-fnÂ A-
h-X-cn-¸n¨p. ‘A-[ym-]-I k-amPw' Øm-]-I-\m-bn-cp¶p. ‘a-®nÂ th-cq¶n-b I-YIÄ'
F-¶ hn-tij-Ww AÀ-ln-¡p-¶ I-YIÄ. in-ev-]-`-{Z-X-bm-bn-cp-¶p I-Y-I-fp-sS ap-Jy
k-hn-tij-X. C-Xn-hr-¯-t¯-¡mÄ ]m-{X-kr-ãn-¡v {]m-[m\yw sIm-Sp-¯-t¸mÄ ]p-kv-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 8
X-I-§-tf-¡mÄ ]-cn-k-c-§-sf-bm-Wv Im-cqÀ B-{i-bn-¨n-cp-¶Xv. Zm-cn-{Zy-¯n-sâ-bpw ]-
«n-Wn-bp-tSbpw t\-c-\p-`-h-§Ä, an-Xm-£-c-Xzw, an-X-t_m-[w C-h-sbÃmw Im-cqÀ I-Y-I-
fnÂ Im-Wmw. C-{X kv-t\-l-t¯m-sS a-\p-jy-hÀ¤-s¯ t\m-¡n-Im-Wm-\pw, CÃm-bv-a-I-
fnÂ ]-¦v tN-cm\pw a-säm-cp I-em-Im-c\pw I-gn-ªn-«nÃ. Ip-«n-I-fp-sS a-\-im-kv-{X-a-dn-
ª A-[ym-]I³. ]-cn-lm-khpw ^-en-Xhpw \n-d-ª Zp-c-´ I-Y-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p an-¡-
Xpw. Ip-«n-bp-sS s]m-Xn-t¨m-dv tam-ãn-¡m³ am-{Xw Zm-cn{-Zy-ap-Å A-[ym-]-I-\pw (s]m-Xn-
t¨mdv) `À-¯m-hn-sâ Nn-I-Õ-¡m-bn aI-sf sh-sdm-cp-h-sâ Iq-sS ]-d-ª-bv-¡p-¶ A-
½bpw Zm-cn-{Zy-¯n-sâ t\-c-\p-`-h-§-fmWv. C-¯-c-¯nÂ ‘Im-cq-cn-sâ I-Y-I-sfÃmw
tkm-jyÂ I--âv D-Å-h-bm-sW¶v' F _m-e-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
{]-[m-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ þ a-c-¸m-hIÄ, ]q-h-¼gw, s]m-Xn-t¨mdv, tam-Xncw, D-Xp-¸m-sâ InWÀ.
dn-b-en-Ìn-Iv I-Y-IfpsS k-hn-ti-j-XIÄ
(X-I-gn, ]n.tI-i-h-tZhv, s]m³-Ip-¶w hÀ¡n, _-joÀ, Im-cqÀ)
• tZ-io-b-{]-Øm-\w, kzm-X-{ý-ka-cw
(P-bn-enÂ \n¶v, F-sâ k-a-c-{]-Xn-ÚþhÀ¡n, A-½, `m-c-X-amXm, ssI-hn-e-§p-
IÄþ_-joÀ)
• A-lnw-k, D-]-hmkw, k-Xym-{Klw, \n-k-lIc-Ww Xp-S§n-b Km-Ôn-b³ B-i-
b-§-fp-sS kzm-[o\w.
• A-[n-Im-c-i-àn-IÄ-s¡-Xn-sc-bp-Å i-Ðw
(ssS-KÀ, A-t´m-\o \o-bp-a-¨\m-tbmSm)
• I-ayq-Wn-kv-äv tkm-jy-en-kv-äv B-i-b-§Ä
(Nm¯-sâ aIÄ, {]-Xn-Ú, A-bÂ-¡mcn, Ir-jn-¡mc³)
• a-X-km-apZmbn-I PoÀ-W-X-IÄ¡pw Zp-cm-Nm-c-§Ä-¡p-sa-Xn-sc-bp-Å iÐw (\m-b-
co-g-h-el-f, Kp-kv-XnþtZm)
• IÀj-I-sXm-gn-em-fn hÀ-¤-kv-t\lw (i-Ðn-¡p-¶ Ie¸)
• Po-hn-X-bm-YmÀ-°y-§-tfm-Sv tNÀ-¶v \nÂ-¡p-¶ km-[m-c-W-¡mc-sâ `m-j (_-
joÀ I-YIÄ)
• k-aq-l-¯n-se A-[x-Øn-Xn hÀ-¤-am-bn I-W-¡m-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶ IÀ-j-IÀ I-Y-bnÂ
tI-{µ-I-Ym-]m-{X-§f - m-bn amdn (Ir-jn-¡m-c³þX-Ign)
iii) sdm-amân-Iv dn-b-en-kw
Po-hn-X-t¯mSpw {]-IrXn-tbmSpw F-gp-¯p-Im-c³ {]-I-S-am-¡p-¶ k-hnti-j a-
t\m-`m-h-am-Wv Im-ev-]-\nI-X. \-thm-°m-\-Ime-¯v k-aq-l-¯nÂ \n-¶v kz-X-{´-\m-
Im³ {i-an-¨ hy-àn ]n-¶o-Sv A-h-\nÂ \n-¶v X-s¶ kz-X-{´-am-Im³ Nn-ń-¨v Xp-S§n.
hy-àn-a-lXz-t_m-[-¯nÂ kÀ-Æ-kz-X-{´\m-b a-\p-jy³ ssh-Im-cn-I-am-bn A-\p-`-h-a-
Þ-e§-sf B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-hm³ Xp-S§n. Im-ev-]-\n-I-X {]-Ir-Xn-bnepw {]-W-b-¯n-ep-
amWv. A-sXm-cp ku-µ-cy-t_m-[-amWv. G-I\m-b a-\p-jy-sâ hn-jm-Zm-ß-I-X-bpw, B-
ß-]o-U-\-c-Xnbpw ar-Xyp-t_m-[hp-sam-s¡ I-Y-I-fnÂ sX-fn-ªv h¶p. F-gp-¯nÂ
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 9

_nw-_-I-ev-]-\-Ifpw {]-Xo-I-§fpw IS-¶v h-cm³ Xp-S§n. C-¡q-«-¯nÂ-s¸-Sp-¶ {][m-
\ F-gp-¯p-Im-sc ]cn-tim-[n-¡mw.
]n.kn.Ip-«n-¡r-jv-W-am-cmÀ (D-dq_v)
a-e-_m-dn-se C-S-¯-c-¡m-cp-sS Po-hnXw, a-\p-jy-kv-t\-l-¯n-sâ X-Xz-im-kv-{X-¯n-
eq-sS A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨ F-gp-¯p-Imc³. `m-h-Ko-X-t¯m-Sv sN-dp-I-Y-bp-sS `mj-sb A-Sp-¸n-
¨v \nÀ¯n-b D-dq-_v hn-cq-]-sa-¶v tXm-¶n-¡p-¶ F-ń-epw ku-µcyw I-s-¯p-¶ ip-
`m-]v-Xn-hn-izm-kn-bm-Wv. D-dq-_n--sâ I-Y-I-fnÂ {]-ta-bw kzm-X-{´-k-a-c-am-bm-epw \-thm-
°m-\-am-bmepw A-h-sbms¡ KmÀln-I ]-cn-k-c-§-fn-em-Wv A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«Xv. Ip-
Spw_w, Ip-Spw-_-_-Ô§Ä, a-\p-jy-_-Ô-§Ä C-h-bp-sS A-hX-c-W-am-Wv I-Y-I-fnÂ
`q-cn-`m-K-hpw. a-\p-jy-kv-t\-lhpw Im-cp-Wy-hp-ap-Å Ip-td I-Ym-]m-{X§Ä. tem-I-a-lm-
bp-²hpw tZ-iob-{]-Øm-\-§fpw I-Y-IÄ¡v ]-Ým-¯-e-ambn. `m-j Im-hy-`m-j-tbm-Sv
tNÀ-¶v \n-ev-¡p¶p. Pm-Xn-a-Xm-[n-jvTn-X k-¦p-Nn-X-`m-h-§Ä-¡-Xo-X-am-bn \n-ev-¡p-¶
au-e-hn-¡-Y-IÄ, s]m-¶p-Xq-¡p-¶ Xp-emkv, kv-{Xo-`m-h-¯n-sâ kq-jv-am-h-X-cW§Ä
(cm-¨nb-½, c-v Ip-cp-¡-gn-¨ I¿v, sNÃ-½m-fp-sS IY)
F-kv.sI.s]m-sä-¡m-«v
bm-{Xm-\p-`-h-§Ä I-Y-bv¡pw t\m-h-en-\pw hn-j-b-am¡n-b F-gp-¯p-Im-c-\m-Wv
s]m-sä-¡mSv. dn-b-en-Ìn-Iv F-gp-¯p-Im-cnÂ Im-Wp-¶ km-aq-ly-bm-YmÀ-°y-t¯m-Sp-Å
Ie-lw F-kv.sI.bnÂ Im-Wm³ I-gn-bnÃ. ]I-cw Po-hn-X-k-Xy-§Ä sdm-amân-Iv ]-cn-
th-jw \-ev-In A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶p. {]-Xn-]m-Z-\-¯n-se Im-ev-]-\n-I-X hm-b-\-¡m-c-\v Iq-
Sp-XÂ B-kzm-Zy-I-c-am-¡p¶p. I-Y A-\p-hm-NI-s\ c-kn-¸n-¡p-¶Xpw kw-Xr-]v-X-\m-¡p-
¶-Xp-am-I-W-sa-¶ ]-£-¡m-c-\m-Wv F-kv.sI. Nq-jn-Xhpw h-©n-X-hpam-b k-aq-l-
t¯m-SpÅ a-\p-jy-sâ {]-Xn-Im-c-§Ä D-·m-Z-¯n-sâ `m-j-bn-em-sW-¶ sh-fn-s¸Sp-¯-
em-Wv ‘H-«-I-¯nÂ'. hni-¸v k-ln-¡m-sX `-£-W-¯n-\p-Å Zmcn-{Zyw sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯-em-
Wv t]¸«n I-Sn-¨m-Â C-©-£³ FSp-¯mÂ In-«p¶ ss]-k ta-Sn-s¨-Sp-¡m-\m-bv bm-
sXm-cp Ip-g-¸-hp-anÃm-¯ aI-s\ C-©-£³ F-Sp-¸n-¡p-¶Xpw a-I³ a-cn-¡p-¶-Xpw, A-
Xn-sâ Zpx-J-¯nÂ B-ß-l-Xy-sN-¿p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶ ]n-Xm-hn-sâ I-Y-bm-Wv ‘C-
©£³’. Im-apI-sâ kv-t\-lw k-tlm-Z-cn-bn-te-¡v Xn-cn-sª¶ t_m-[y-¯nÂ B-
ß-l-Xy-sN-¿p-¶ s]¬-Ip-«n-bp-sS I-Y-]-dª ]p-Ån-am³. C-h-sbm-s¡ {i-²n-¡-s¸-«
I-Y-IÄ.
`q-J-Þ-§fpw cm-Py-§fpw Np-än k-©-cn¨ s]m-sä-¡mSn-sâ I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä
hf-sc ssh-hn-[y-ap-Å-h-bmWv. B-IÀ-j-Iam-b kz-`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-bp-ÅhÀ, kmÀ-Æ-
euIn-I lr-Z-b-ap-Å-hsc-sbm-s¡ I-Y-I-fnÂ Im-Wmw. ssN-X-\y-h¯m-b I-Y-I-fn-eq-
sS hn-hn-[-cm-Py-¡m-cp-sSbpw hÀ-¤-¡m-cp-sSbpw I-Y-IÄ \-ap-¡v ap-¶n-e-h-X-cn-¸n¨p. Iz-
tl-cn, ssSw-]o-kn-sâ I-Y C-h {]-[m-\-s¸-«Xv. H-cp bm-{Xn-I-\pÅ s\m-kv-ämÄPnb
s]msä¡m-Sn-sâ I-Y-I-fnÂ hy-à-amWv. bm-{X ]-cn-N-bs¸-Sp¯n-b I-Ym-]m-{X-ti-J-c-
Wam-Wv s]msä-¡m-Sn-sâ iàn.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 10

F-kv.sI.s]m-ä-¡m-Sn-sâ bm-{Xm-\p`-hw sN-dp-I-Y-I-fp-sS \-hym-\p-`-h-§Ä-¡v
tl-Xp-hmbn. bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W-¯n-sâ ssi-enbpw `m-jbpw kq-£v-a-hn-h-c-W-§fpw A-
t±-l-¯n-sâ I-Y-I-fnÂ Im-Wmw. ‘Zn-hm-Ic-sâ AÑ³' F-¶ I-Y-bp-sS B-ap-Jw t\m-
¡p-I. “A-[n-Iw P-\-hm-k-anÃm-¯ H-cp \m-«n³-]p-d-am-bn-cp-¶p AXv. h-¡oÂ H-cp hen-
b P-·nbmbn-cp-¶Xp-sIm-v A-hn-Sp-s¯ Ø-e-§-fn-e-[n-Ihpw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ ssI-
h-i-am-bn-cp¶p”. ‘Nqen’ F-¶ I-Y-bp-sS B-cw-`w t\m-¡p-I “Im-jv-aoÀ {]m-´-¯n-ep-
Å KpÂ-aÀ-¤v ta-S-bn-se I tlm-«-en-sâ ap-I-fne-s¯ H-cn-Sp§n-b ap-dn-bnÂ R-§Ä
aq-¶p-t]À cm{Xn In-S-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p” Cu c-v I-Y-I-fnepw F-gp-¯p-Im-c³ B I-
Y A-\p-`-hn-¨ km-l-N-cy-¯n-te-¡v hm-b-\-¡m-c-s\-¡q-Sn Iq-«n-s¡mp-t]m-Im\m-Wv
B-ap-J-¯n-ep-Å Cu bm-{Xm-\p-`-h-hn-hc-Ww \-ev-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. ‘ssSw-]o-kn-sâ I-
Y'bn-emI-s« c-v hy-Xykv-X kw-kv-Im-c-§-fp-sS G-tIm]-\w {]-W-b-¯n-eq-sS km-[y-
am-¡p¶p. bm-{Xm-\p`-hw \-evIn-b hn-iz-am\-h-nI {]-W-bw Zr-iy-am-Wv I-Y-bnÂ. X-£-
in-ebpw H-cp bm-{Xm-\p`-hw X-s¶-bm-Wv hm-b-\-¡m-c\v. D-¯-tc-ý A-\p-`-hn-¡p-¶
a-X-kw-LÀ-jm-h-Ø-bnÂ tI-c-f-¯n-sâ a-X-ku-lmÀ-±w \-ev-Ip-¶ kv-t\-l-k-tµ-iw I-
Ym-Im-c-³ h-c-¨n-Sp¶p. X-sâ bm-{Xm-hn-h-cW ssi-enbpw bm-{Xm-\p-`-h§-fw sN-dp-I-
Y-bp-sS aq-i-bnÂ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ I-gn-bp-¶p-sh-¶-Xm-Wv F-kv.sI.bp-sS hn-Pbw.
e-fn-Xmw_n-I A-´ÀP-\w
sdm-amân-Iv I-hn-X-I-sf-gp-Xn F-gp-¯n-te-¡v h-¶ A-´ÀÖ-\w X-sâ B-i-b-
§Ä {]-N-cn-¸n-¡m³ an-I-¨ ta-J-e I-Y-bm-sW-¶v X-n-cn-¨-dn-bp-Ibpw h-gn-am-dn k-©-cn-
¡p-I-bp-am-Wp-m-bXv. \-¼qXn-cn k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-se A-Ô-hn-izm-k-§Ä¡pw A-\m-N-
c-§Ä-¡p-sa-Xn-sc Xp-d¶ \n-e-]m-sS-Sp¯p-sIm-p-Å kv-{Xo-]-£-c-N-\-I-fm-Wv A-´À-
Ö-\-¯n-tâXv. kv{Xo--]pcp-j k-aXzw A-´ÀÖ-\w B-{K-ln-¡p-¶p-v. am-XrXzw \nd-
ªv \nÂ-¡p-¶ I-Y-I-fm-Wv ‘A-½’, ‘kv-IqÄ {]W-bw’. k-ap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv-IÀ-¯m-hn-sâ
kz-cw I-Y-bp-sS ku-µ-cy-¯n-\v tIm-«w X-«m-dpv. Zpx-Jw A-\p-`-hn-¡p-¶ k-I-e a-
\pjy-tcm-Sp-apÅ k-lm-\p-`q-Xn-bm-Wv A-´À-P-\-¯n-sâ I-YIÄ. hn-[-hm-hn-hml-s¯
t{]m-Õm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶ ‘Po-hn-Xhpw a-c-W-hpw' \-¼q-Xn-cn kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS Zpx-J-§Ä A-h-
X-cn-¸n-¨ ‘{]-Xn-[z-\n', ‘aq-Sp-]-S-¯nÂ', ‘{]-Xn-Im-c-tZ-hX', A-[n-Im-cw kr-ãn-¡p-¶ ]pXn-
b P-·n-Xz-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨v ]-d-ª a-\p-jy-]p-{Xnbpw {i-t²-bam-b I-Y-I-fmWv.
kv-{Xo-]-£-c-N-\-IÄ-¡v h-gn sX-fn-¨ F-gp-¯p-Im-cn-I-fnÂ H-cm-fm-Wv A-´À-
Ö\w. F-gp-¯n-sâ ta-J-e-bnÂ kv-{Xo-IÄ A-{X {]-kn-²-aÃm-¯ Im-e-¯m-Wv F-gp-
Xn- Xp-S-§p-¶-Xv. ‘Rm-\n-t¶mfw cm-{Xn-bn-te hÃXpw F-gp-Xn-bn-«pÅq’ F-¶v ]-d-ª
A-h-cp-sS hm-¡p-I-fnÂ \n-¶v hy-à-amWv, k-aq-lw kv-{Xo-I-fnÂ NmÀ¯n-sIm-Sp-¯ D-
¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-§Ä-¡n-S-bnÂ kÀ-¤-tN-X-\ {]-I-S-am-¡m³ In-«p-¶ H-gn-hp-ka-bw cm-{Xn-
bmWv. sh-fp¡p-thm-fw X-sâ k-tlm-Z-cn-am-cp-sS C-cp-«v \n-d-ª Po-hn-X-s¯-¡p-dn-¨m-
Wv A-hÀ F-gp-Xn-bXv. kz-k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-se kv-{Xo-P-\-§-fp-sS A-kz-Ø-X-IÄ-¡v H-cn-äv
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 11

BÀ{Z-X \-ev-Im-Xn-cp-¶ ]pcp-j hn-`mK-s¯ A-hÀ sh-dp¯p. F-¶mÂ tem-I-¯n-se
]p-cp-j-hÀ-¤w ap-gp-h³ A-§-s\-bm-sW-¶ Nn-´ A-´À-P-\-¯n-\p-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ.
sI.k-c-kz-Xn-b½
C-Xn-hr-¯-¯nepw c-N-\m-{I-a-¯nepw s^-an-\n-Ìv B-i-b-§-fp-sS i-àam-b km-
¶n-[y-am-bn-cp-¶p sI.k-c-kz-Xnb-½. ‘km-ln-Xy-¯n-se ]p-cp-j-hn-tZz-jnbm-b kv-{Xo-kz-
cw’ F-¶m-Wv s]m-Xp-hnÂ k-c-kz-Xn-b-½ A-dn-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶Xv. kv-{Xo-]p-cp-j-_-Ô-aS-
¡w ]p-cp-j-tI-{µo-Ir-Xam-b k-I-eXn-t\mSpw \n-in-Xam-b hn-aÀ-i-\ _p²n-tbm-sS-bm-
Wv A-hÀ k-ao-]n-¡p-¶-Xv. “kv-{Xo-bp-sS A-Sn-a¯w BZyw A-_-e-bp-sS B-h-iyw, ]n-
¶o-Sv k-aq-lw \nÀ-_-Ôn-X-am-¡p-¶ H-cm-Nmcw, A-hn-Shpw IS-¶v H-Sp-hnÂ ]m-c-¼cyw
]p-eÀ¯n-t]m-cp-¶ H-cp [À½w”. C-Xm-Wv k-c-kz-Xn-b-½-bp-sS ]£w. A-´À-Ö-\-
¯nÂ \n-¶v hy-Xy-kv-Xam-bn- H-cp hy-h-Ø-tbm-Sp-Å hn-tbm-Pn-¸v A-S-¨m-t£-]n-¡p-¶
X-c-¯nÂ k-c-kz-Xn-b-½-bnÂ am-dp-¶pv. kv-{Xo-sb-s¡m-v Nn-ń-¸n-¡m-\m-Wv k-c-
kz-Xn-b-½ I-Y-I-sf-gp-Xn-bXv.
]p-cpj-sâ {Iq-c-hn-t\m-Z§-sf Aw-Ko-I-cn-¨v A-hcp-sS Ic-h-e-b-t¯m-Sv tN-cm³
B-{K-ln-¡p-¶ kv-{XoI-sf \n-in-X-am-bn hn-aÀ-in-¡p-¶ I-Y-bm-Wv ‘Nn-e- Nn-{X§Ä’.
{]-Wb-s¯ D-t]-£n-¨v sIm-Åm-hp-¶ a-äv hn-hm-l-§-fn--te-¡v I-S-¡p-¶ kv-{XoI-sf
{]-iw-kn-¡p-¶ hn-hm-l-k-½m\w, kv{Xosb I-_-fn-¸n-¨v ]m-«n-em-¡p-¶-h-\m-Wv ]p-cp-
j-s\-¶v ]-d-bp-¶ ‘hn-tZz-jw’ {]-[m-\-I-Y-I-fmWv. \n-e-hn-ep-Å kv{Xo k-¦-ev-]§-sf
_p-²n-]-c-am-bn H¶p-e-bv¡m³ k-c-kz-Xn-b-½-bv-¡v I-gnªp. {]-ta-b-¯n-se Kmw-ò-c-X-
bpw, c-N-\m-]-cam-b A-]qÀ-h-X-I-fp-am-Wv k-c-kz-Xn-b-½-bp-sS I-YI-sf Im-em-hÀ-¯n-
bm-¡p-¶Xv. A-´ÀÖ-\w k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-se kv-{Xo-bpsS A-kzm-X-{ý-§-sf-¡p-dn-s¨-
gp-Xn-b-t¸mÄ k-c-kz-Xn-b-½ ]pcp-j ta-[m-hn-Xz-k-aq-l-¯n-se kv-{Xo-bp-sS hy-àn-Xz-
s¯-¡p-dn-¨pw Po-hn-X-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw A-Xn-i-à-am-b kv-{Xo-]-£-`m-j-bnÂ F-gpXn.
hn.sI.F³
a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy-¯n-se X\-Xv i-Ð-am-Wv hn.sI.F-¶n-tâXv. A-Xv h-sc a-e-bm-
f-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ \n-e-hn-en-cp-¶ `m-j-bp-sSbpw {]-ta-b-¯n-sâbpw B-`n-PmXy-t_m[-
s¯ X-IÀ-¯v H-cp tIm-am-fn-bpK-s¯ kr-ãn-¡m³ hn.sI.F-¶n-\v I-gn-ªp. an¯v,
N-cn-{Xw, km-aq-ln-I-cm-{ão-b kw-`-h-§Ä Ch-sb \À-½hpw D-]-lm-khpw tNÀ-¯-h-
X-cn-¸n-¨mÂ hn.sI.F³ I-Y-I-fmbn. H-t«-sd ]pXn-b ]-Z-§Ä hn.sI.F³ kw-`m-h-\
sN-bvXp. ssi-en-I-fpw, `m-jm{]-tbm-K-¯nÂ I-S-¯n-hn-Sp¶ s]m-cp-¯-tI-Sp-Ifpw hn-
e-£-W-X-I-fp-am-Wv hn.sI.F¶n-sâ hn-h-c-W§-sf ^-en-X-a-b-am-¡p-¶Xv. A-Xn-i-
tbm-àn I-eÀ-¶ hn-h-c-W-§fpw lm-ky-am-Ip-¶p. Ip-cp-t£-{X-bp-²-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ
‘[-À-a-bp²w' F-¶ I-Y-bnÂ ‘F-S iho, F-¶p ]-d-ªv Ir-jv-W³ hn-Pb-\v Ko-Xm-¢m-
sk-Sp¯p' F-¶ {]-tbm-Kw X-s¶ t\m-¡p-I. ‘Zmlw' F-¶ I-Y-bnÂ a-c-W-hmÀ-¯-b-
h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv' “A-¸³ C-¯n-cn ap¼v Hu-«mbn” F-¶m-Wv. ‘s\Ãpw ]-Xncpw’ F-¶
I-Y-bnÂ kw-_-Ô-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v \-S-¯p-¶ {]-kv-Xm-h\ t\m-¡p-I, “FÃm a-ebm-f am-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 12
khpw H¶mw Xob-Xn \m-bÀ Pn F-«p-]-d-s\Ãv H-cp Nm-¡n-em-¡n A-¨n ho-«n-se-¯n-
¡pw. A-Xn-sâ hn-e Cu-Sm-¡m³ ]-¯v Zn-h-k-¯n\-Iw Xm-\p-sa-¯pw”. `-£-W-co-Xn-
I-sf-¡p-dn-¨pw, `-£-W-]-ZmÀ-°-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw DÅ hn-h-c-W-¯nÂ a-ämÀ¡pw Im-
Wm-¯ I-ev-]\m-ssh`-hw hn.sI.F-¶n-\pv. ]n³-Km-an-I-fnÃm-¯ F-gp-¯p-Im-c³. _-
jo-dn-s\-t¸m-se hn.sI.F¶pw kr-ãn-¨n-«p-v Nn-e I-Ym-]m-{X§sf 'Nm-¯³kv, ]-
¿³kv, kÀ-Nm¯p'
ii) sdm-amân-Iv I-Y-IÄ khn-ti-j-XIÄ
(D-dq_v, F-kv.sI.s]m-sä-¡m«v, e-fn-Xmw_n-I A-´À-P\w, k-c-kz-Xnb-½, hn.sI.F³)
• {]-Xo-I-§fpw _nw-_-I-ev-]-\-Ifpw \n-d-ª Im-ev-]-\n-Iam-b `m-j (H«-Iw þ F-
kv.sI)
• hy-àn-kzm-X-{ý-t_m[w, kv{Xo hmZw (Nn-e Nn-{X-§Ä þ k-c-kz-Xnb½)
• \-ho-I-cn-¡-s¸-« ku-µ-cy-ZÀ-i-\w (cm-¨n-b-½þD-dq_v)
• ar-Xyp-t_m-[hpw Bß-]o-V-\-c-Xnbpw
III. B-[p-\n-I-X
1922þÂ ]p-d-¯n-d§n-b Sn.F-kv.F-en-b«n-sâ X-cn-ip-`qan (waste land) F-¶ I-hn-
X-bnÂ \n-¶m-Wv B-[p-\n-I-X Xp-S-§p-¶-Xm-bn I-W-¡m-¡p-¶-Xv. 1960 I-fnÂ km-aqln-
I Po-hn-Xm-´-co-£-§-fnÂ Dm-b am-ä-§-fm-Wv a-e-bm-f-¯nepw B-[p-\n-IX-sb kzo-
I-cn-¡m³ C-S-bm-¡n-b-Xv. tI-c-f-¯n-sâ km-aq-ln-IL-S-\ in-Yn-e-am-hp-Ibpw Pm-Xn-bp-
sSbpw, Iq-«p-Ip-Spw-_-hy-h-Ø-bnÂ \n-¶pw hy-àn kz-X-{´-\m-hp-Ibpw sN-bvXp. \-
thm°m-\ dn-b-en-kv-äv F-gp-¯p-ImÀ ]p-eÀ-¯n-t¸m-¶ km-aqln-I ]-cn-jv-IÀ-¯m-hn-sâ
Zu-Xyhpw {]-hm-N-I-Zu-Xyhpw D-t]-£n-¨v k-aq-l-¯n-\I-¯v \n-¶v hy-àn-bn-te-¡p-Å
{]-bm-W-¯n-em-Wv B-[p-\nIÀ. “Rm\pw F-sâ a-¡fpw F-¶ Nn-´-bnÂ \n-¶v
Rm\pw F-sâ lr-Z-b-hpw” F-¶ Nn-´-bn-te-¡v F-gp-¯p-Im-sc¯n.
I-Ym-`qanI
\n-e-hn-ep-Å k-I-e-X-n-s\bpw \n-c-kn-¡p-I. A-Xm-bn-cp-¶p B-[p-\nI-sâ A-Sn-
Øm-\-Nn-´. A-¯-c-¯nÂ t_m-[-]qÀ-Æam-b \n-cm-kw I-Y-bp-sS k-a-kv-X ta-J-e-I-
fnepw H-cp \-h-`m-hp-I-Xzw kr-ãn-¨p hy-àn-\n-jvThpw A-ß-\n-jvT-hpam-b I-Ym-{]-]-
©-¯nÂ \n¶pw \-thm-°m-\-¯n-sâ km-aqln-I ]-cn-jv-Ic-W-t_m-[-§-fnÂ \n¶pw
kz-bw ap-àn t\Sn-b F-gp-¯p-Im-c³ k-aq-l-¯n-sâ km-£n-bm-bn kz-bw A-h-tcm-[n-
¨p. k-aq-l-¯nÂ kz-bw {`-ã-\m-bn A-e-bp-¶ A-bmÄ FÃm-¯n\pw km-£n-bmWv.
B km-£nXzw F-gp-¯n-te-¡v IS-¶v h-¶-t¸mÄ \nÀ-hy-àn-]-cam-bn. Hmtcm A-\p-`-h-
§-fp-sSbpw B-g-§Ä tX-Sp-I-bmWv. A-Xv h-gn k-Xym-t\z-j-W-aÃ a-dn-¨v kzm-\p-`-h-
t¯m-Sv \o-Xn-]p--eÀ-¯p-I. A-Xm-W-h-cp-sS [À½w.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 13

I-Ymtem-Iw
B-[p-\nI-sâ A-kv-Xn-Xz-ZpxJw, ZmÀ-i-\nI-X, \-h-aq-ey ku-µcy-t_m-[w C-h-bm-
Wv A-h-cp-sS IYm-temI-s¯ kr-ãn-¨Xv.
i) A-kv-Xn-Xz-Zpx-Jw
Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ FÃm-hn-[-¯n-ep-ap-Å PoÀ-W-X-IÄ B-[p-\n-IÀ-¡v hen-sbm-cp
{]-iv-\-am-bn-cp¶p. a-\p-jy-sâ H-ä-s¸-Sepw a-\p-jy-sâ A-\y-h-Xv-I-c-W-hpw B-[p-\n-I-
X-bp-sS ZÀ-i-\-¯n-sâ `m-K-amWv. im-kv-{X-km-t¦Xn-I hy-hkm-b ta-J-e-I-fp-sS {Zp-X-
K-Xn-bn-ep-Å hn-Im-khpw \-K-c-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ A-Xv aq-e-apm-b hy-{K-Xbpw B-[p\n-
I a-\p-jy-s\ F-¶-t]m-se B-[p\n-I F-gp-¯p-Im-c-s\bpw H-ä-s¸-«-h\pw A-\y-\p-am-
¡p¶p. hnP-b-t\m, Im-¡-\m-S-t\m, ap-Ip-µt\m UÂ-lnbn-tem, t_mw-s_bn-tem, A-
en-Kdnsem C-cp-s¶-gp-Xp-t¼mÄ sXm-«-Sp-¯ ^v-fm-än-ep-Å-hÀ-¡p Iq-sS Ah-sc A-dn-
ªp-IqSm, A§-s\ B-[p\n-I a-\p-jy-\v F¶ t]m-se B-[p\n-I F-gp-¯p-Im-c\pw
X-§-fp-sS A-kv-XnXzw \-ã-s¸-Sp-I-bmWv. Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ AÀ-°-cm-ln-Xy-s¯bpw A-
bp-àn-I-X-sbbpw kw-_-Ôn-¨pÅ t_m-[hpw X-·q-eam-b Bß-Xm \-ãhpw G-Im-In-
Xbpw BWv Cu A-kv-Xn-Xz ZpxJ-¯n-sâ A-Sn-Øm\w.
ii) ZmÀ-i-\n-IX
B-[p-\nI-sâ ZmÀ-i-\n-I-t_m-[w \-S¯n-b A-t\zj-Ww Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ iq\y-
t_m-[-¯n-em-Wv F-¯n-t¨À-¶Xv. Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ k-akv-X kw-`-h-§-fp-sSbpw AÀ-
°w tX-Sp-I-bm-Wv B-[p-\nIÀ. AÀ-°w tX-Sn-bpÅ B bm-{X-bp-sS A-h-km-\w Zpx-
Jn-X\pw G-Im-In-bp-am-bn H-ä-s¸«p-t]m-Ip-¶ a-\p-jy-sâ I-Y-IÄ A-h-X-cn-¸n¨p-sIm-
m-Wv ap-Ip-µ-\pw k-¡-dn-bbpw I-Y-I-sf-gp-Xn-bXv.
iii) \-h-aq-eyþku-µcy-t_m-[w
k-Zm-Nm-c-¯n\v Hmtcm Im-e-L-«-¯nepw hy-Xykv-X hym-Jym-\-§-fp-m-bn-cn-

¡pw. H-cp Ime-¯v k-Zm-Nm-c-am-bn-cp¶-Xv ]n-¶o-Sv Xn-·-bmbpw H-cp Ime-¯v Xn-·-bm-
bn-cp¶-Xv ]n-¶o-Sv k-Zm-Nm-c-ambpw am-dm-dpv. F-¶mÂ k-aq-l-¯n-se A-[x-Øn-X-cp-
sSbpw Ip-ä-hm-fn-I-fp-sSbpw AÀ-[-a-\p-jy-cp-sSbp-sam-s¡ A-\p-`-h-§-fp-sS B-g-§Ä
tX-Sp-I-bm-Wv B-[p-\nIÀ. Cu hn-[-¯nÂ k-lm-\p-`q-Xn I-eÀ-¶ k-ao-]-\-am-Wv k-aq-
l-¯n-se sh-dp-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-h-cp-sS t\-sc A-hÀ kzo-I-c-n-¨Xv. Im-¡-\mSsâ ‘Ip-ª-½-
¸mew', ap-Ipµsâ ‘thiyI-sf \n-§Ä-s¡m-c-¼-ew' k-¡-dn-b-bpsS ‘H-cp {In-kva-kv
I-Y' Xp-S-§n-b-h C-h-bv-¡p-Zm-l-c-W-§-fmWv. aq-ey kw-kvIm-c ]-cn-jv-Im-c-§-tfm-Sp-Å
{]-Xn-tj-[hpw ss\-kÀ-KnI-X-tbmSpw P-·-hm-k\-I-tfm-SpÅ a-a-Xbpw Ah-cp-sS F-gp-
¯nÂ Zr-iy-am-Wv.
AXv-t]m-se X-s¶ Im-ev-]-\n-IÀ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨ ku-µcy-t_m-[-¯n-\v hn-`-n¶-am-
bn D-Zm¯-X-tbm-sSm-¸w h-ne-£W-X-bpw, {]-Im-i-t¯m-sSm-¸w A-Ô-Im-chpw {]-Ir-Xn-
bnÂ \n-d-ªv \n-Â-¡p-¶p-sh-¶v B-[p-\n-IÀ I-s¯n. ssh-cq-]y-¯n-epw ku-µcyw
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ZÀ-in¨p. Ipg-ªp a-dn-ª Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ k-a-kv-X-`m-h-§-sfbpw H-¶m-sb-Sp-¯m-tÇ-
jn-¡p-¶ \-ho-\-ku-µ-cy-ZÀ-i-\-am-Wv B-[p\n-I a-ebm-f sN-dp-I-Y-bp-sS kz-`mhw.
iv) {]-ta-b-ssh-hn[yw
B-[p-\n-IÀ ssI-Imcyw sN-¿m-¯ hn-j-b-§-fnÃ. kmÀ-Æ-euIn-I {]-ta-b§- fm-

b kv-t\lw, Im-cp-Wyw, A-\pI-¼, a-cWw, Zpx-Jw F-¶n-h-sb-Ãmw I-Ym-cq-]-¯nÂ
]pd-¯v h¶p. a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-§Ä-¡p-ap-¶nÂ hen-b ZmÀ-i\n-I {]-iv-\-§Ä kr-ãn-¨
A-\y-hÂ-¡-cWw, G-Im-In-X, a-cWw, bp²w, A-kv-Xn-Xzw, B-ß-lXy, kzm-X-{ýw,
\n-k-lmb-X, Z-bm-cm-ln-Xyw, ssew-Kn-Im-`n-\-th-i§Ä, \n-Kq-V-Nn-¯-hr¯nIÄ,
ssZhw, a-Xw C§-s\ FÃm km-aq-ln-I-{]-ta-b-§fpw sN-dp-I-Y-bnÂ NÀ-¨-sN-bvXp.
I-YmL-S\
B-[p-\n-I I-Y-bp-sS cq-]hpw L-S-\bpw kr-ãn-¡p-¶-XnÂ `m-jbpw hn-jb ZpÀ-
{K-l-X-Ifpw hen-b ]-¦v h-ln¨p.
i) `m-j
Po-hn-X-t¯m-SpÅ k-ao-]-\-¯n-sâ Im-cy-¯nepw ZmÀ-i\n-I X-e-¯-nepw B-[p\n-
I I-Ym-Im-c-·mÀ {]-I-S-am¡n-b I-em-]-hm-k-\-¡-\p-k-c-W-am-bn `m-j-bnepw A-hÀ
hn¹-hw kr-ãn-¨n-«pv. \-ho-\am-b kw-th-Z-\¯n-\v ]-g-b `m-j ]-cym-]v-X-a-sÃ-¶v B-
[p\n-I sN-dp-I-Ym-Ir-¯p-¡Ä-¡v t_m-[y-ambn. Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bp-sS A-Xn-`m-hp-I-Xzhpw
]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-sâ t]-cnÂ a-eo-a-k-am¡n-b hm-¡p-Ifpw km-ln-Xy-`m-j-bnÂ
]pXn-b A-t\z-j-W-§Ä-¡v h-gn-sX-fn¨p. Im-e-v]\n-IX kr-ãn-¨ A-Xn-i-tbm-ànbpw
hm-Nm-e-Xbpw ]-Z-§Ä-¡v aqey-timj-Ww h-cp¯n. ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-\-amI-s« `mj-sb
H-cp hy-h-km-tbm-ev]-¶-am-¡n amän. C§-s\ B-ßm-hp \-ã-s¸-«-h- `m-j-sb \-ho-I-cn-
¡p-I-bm-Wv F-gp-¯p-ImÀ sN-bv-XXv. `m-j-bpsS Cu ]p-\-c-h-Xc-Ww A-hÀ km-[y-am-
¡nb-Xv _nw-_-§-fn-eq-sSbpw {]-Xn-am-\-I-ev-]-\-IÄ h-gn-bp-amWv.
a) _nw-_-§Ä
B-[p\n-I I-Ym-Ir-¯p-¡Ä X-§-fp-sS am-\kn-I kw-LÀ-j-§Ä B-kzm-ZI-\n-
te-¡v F-fp-¸-¯nÂ Ip-Sn-bn-cp-¯m³ _nw-_-§Ä [m-cm-fw D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«pv. hm-
¡pIÄ-sIm-v [z-\n-¸n-¡p-¶ Nn-{X-am-Wv _nw_w. in-Yn-e-_nw-_-§-fm-Wv B-[p-\n-I-
Xbp-sS ap-J-ap{Z. H.hn.hn-Pb-sâ A-cn-¼md, ]m-d-IÄ Xp-S-§n-b-h D-Zm-l-cWw.
b) {]-Xn-am-\-I-ev-]\
hm-¡p-I-fp-sS B-hÀ-¯n-¨p-Å D-]-tbm-Kw A-Xn-sâ B-ß-{]-Im-i-\-ti-jn \-ã-
s¸-Sp¯n. C-Xn-s\ a-dn-I-S-¡m³ F-gp-¯p-ImÀ ]pXn-b hm-¡p-I-sfbpw hm-¡p-IÄ
sIm-p-Å Nn-{X-§-sfbpw Im-hy-c-N-\-bv-¡m-bn D-]-tbm-Kn¨p. B-[p\n-I a-ebm-f sN-
dp-I-Y-bnÂ ]nd-¶p ho-W {]-Xn-am-\-§Ä B I-Y-I-fp-sS [z-\n-]-cX-sb hÀ-²n¨p.
Fw.Sn.bpw, ]-Zv-a-\m-`-\pw, am-[-hn-¡p-«n-bpw, k-¡-dn-bbpw C§-s\ B-i-b-{]-Im-i-\-
¯n-\m-bn {]-Xn-am-\§-sf \n-c´-cw D-]-tbm-Kn¨p.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 15

ii) ZpÀ-{K-l-X
B-[p-\n-I-cp-sS I-Y-IÄ ZpÀ-{K-l-am-Ip-¶-Xv `m-j-bp-sS Im-cy-¯neÃ. \nL-p
t\m-¡n AÀ-°w I-p-]n-Sn-t¡- hm-¡p-IÄ A-hÀ D-]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dnÃ. k-c-fam-b Po-
hn-X-{]-iv-\-§fÃ, A-Xy-´w k-¦oÀ-Wam-b am-\-kn-I-`m-h-§fpw km-am-\y-_p²n-¡v a-
\-kn-em-¡m³ ]-äm-¯ ZmÀ-i-\n-I-{]-i-\-§-fp-amWv. B-[p-\n-IÀ B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
A-§-s\-bm-Wv B-[p-\n-I-I-Y-IÄ ZpÀ-{K-l-am-Ip-¶Xv. A-XmI-s« `m-h-¯n-sâbpw k-
aky-t]m-se tXm-¶p-¶ Po-hn-X-ho-£-W-¯n-sâbpw BWv. A-Xv a-dn-I-S-¡m³ hm-b-\-
¡m-c³ ]pXn-sbm-cp ku-µcy-t_m-[w kr-ãn-¨mÂ a-Xn-bm-Ipw.
i) B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS H-¶mwL-«w
\-thm°m-\ Im-ev-]-\n-IÀ km-aqln-I {]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨ a-\p-jy-s\
B-[p-\n-IÀ kz-bw \-áam-b A-ß{]-Imi-\w h-gn-bm-Wv A-hX-cn-¸n-¨Xv. I-Y-]-d-ªv
c-kn-¸n-¡p-IbÃ, Po-hn-Xw A-\p-`-hn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv A-hÀ sN-bv-X-Xv. B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-
sS B-cw-`w Im-Wp-¶ Sn.]-Zv-a-\m-`-sâ-bpw, Fw.Sn.bp-sS-bpw, am-[-hn-¡p-«n-bp-sSbpw I-
Y-IÄ Im-hym-ß-Ihpw kw-£n]v-tXm-Özehp-amWv.
Sn.]-ß-v\m-`³
B-ßm-hnÂ I-hn-X-bnÃm-¯-hÀ I-Y-sb-gp-X-cp-sX-¶v ]-d-bp-¶ I-Ym-Im-c³ X-sâ
I-YI-sf I-hn-X-tbm-Sv Iq-Sp-XÂ A-Sp-¸n¨p. I-Y ]-d-bp-I-bÃ, A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bm-
Wv ]-Zv-a-\m-`³ sN-¿p-¶Xv. Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bp-sSbpw B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sSbpw k-a-\z-bw I-
Y-I-fnÂ Im-Wmw. kmÀ-Æ-eu-In-Iam-b kv-t\-lhpw k-lm-\p-`q-Xnbpw \nd-ªv \nÂ-
¡p-¶ I-Ym-k-µÀ-`-§Ä, ]-Izam-b kv-t\-l-¯nÂ Po-hn-X km-êyw t\-Sm³ B-{K-ln-
¡p-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X§Ä, A-h-cp-sS ssh-Imcn-I hn-lzeX-IÄ C-h-sbm-s¡ ]-Zv-a-\m-`-
\nÂ Im-Wmw. tI-cfo-b ]-cn-k-c-¯n-eÃ. C-ý³ ]-Ým-¯-e-¯n-em-Wv ]-Zv-a-\m`-sâ
I-Ym-]-cn-kcw. kzm-X-{ý-k-a-c-¯n-sâbpw C-ým-hn-`-P-\-¯n-sâbpw I-em-]-§-fp-
sSbpw C-S-bnÂ-s¸-«p-g-ep-¶ Ip-td I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä D-v. am-\pjn-I aq-ey-§Ä-¡v hn-e-
bnÃm-Xm-bn Xo-cp-¶ k-a-b-¯v \-· sN-¿m³ I-gn-bm-sX h-cp-¶ ]-©m-_n ss{U-h-dp-
sS lrZ-bw \p-dp-§n-bpÅ ac-Ww a-\p-jy-sâ D-Ån-se A-S-§m-¯ \-·-bp-sS {]-Xn-[z-
\n-bmWv. a-cn-¡m³ Xo-cp-am-\n-¨ sN-dp-¸-¡mc-s\ Po-hn-X-¯n-te-¡v Xn-cn-¨v sIm-p h-
cp-¶ {]-Im-iw ]-c-¯p-¶ s]¬-Ip-«nbpw A-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å-XmWv. `m-j-bp-sS Xm-fhpw
`m-hhpw sXm-«-dn-ª I-em-Imc³, in-ev-]-]-cam-b ku-µ-cy-tX-Pkp-sIm-v H-cp kw-Ko-
X-km-{µam-b A-\p-`q-Xn-bm-bn am-dp-I-bm-Wv ]-Zv-a-\m-`³ I-Y-IÄ.
]-Zv-a-\m`-sâ I-YIÄ, lm-cn-k¬ km-bv-]n-sâ \m-b, H-cp I-Ym-Ir¯v, Ip-cn-inÂ
km£n, Im-e-ss`-c-h³, Kucn, ]p-g IS-¶v a-c-§-fp-sS C-S-bn-te-¡v F-¶n-h-bm-Wv
{][m-\ I-Ym-k-am-lm-c-§Ä.
km-£n F-¶ k-am-lm-c-¯n-\v e-`n-¨ km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an A-hmÀ-Uv \n-c-kn¨p.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 16

FwSn. hm-kp-tZ-h³ \m-bÀ
‘I-Y-bn-se an-I-¨ s]-bnâÀ' I-ev-]-ä-_m-e-Ir-jv-W³ A-§-s\-bm-Wv Fw.Sn.sb
hn-ti-jn-¸n-¨-Xv. A-´À-ap-J\m-b Im-YnI-sâ B-tßm-]m-Jym-\-§-fm-Wv Fw.Sn.bp-sS
Ir-XnIÄ. Po-hn-X-¯n-se-t¸m-se I-Y-bv¡pw B-Zn-a-[ym-´-s¸m-cp-¯w th-s-¶m-Wv
Fw.Sn.bp-sS A-`n-{]mbw. A-Xn-\mÂ C-hn-sS I-Y H-cp am-\-kn-Im-h-Ø-bpsS-tbm, H-cp
ap-lqÀ-¯-¯nsâtbm B-hn-jv-Im-c-am-bn am-dp¶p. X-IÀ-¶-Sn-ª X-d-hm-«p-ap-ä-§-fnÂ
H-ä-s¸-«p-\nÂ-¡p-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fm-Wv an-¡-h-mdpw I-Y-I-fnÂ. \m-ep-sI-«p-IÄ-¡p-
ÅnÂ hy-àn-kz-Xz-§-fn-te-¡v \-S-¶n-d-§p-I-bm-Wv I-Ym-Imc³. A-§-s\-\n-cm-i-cpw,
Zpx-Jn-X-cpw, \-ã-s¸-Sp-¶-h-cpw, A-´À-ap-J-cpam-b hy-àn-I-fp-sS th-Z-\m-P-\-Iam-b A-
\p-`-h-§Ä h-c-¨n-Sp-I-bmWv. B-ß-]o-U-\-¯n-sâ kz-chpw Xm-fhpw c-N-\-I-fnÂ Im-
Wmw. aq-ey-X-IÀ-¨, tam-l-`wKw, Xo-{h-ZpxJw, A-e-¨nÂ C-h-bv-¡n-S-bnÂ B-ZÀ-i-§fpw
A-`n-em-j-§-fp-am-bn C-d-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä A-\p-`-hn-¡p-¶ A-kz-Ø-
Xbpw ]m-]-t_m-[-hp-am-Wv I-Y-I-fnÂ. k-aq-lw {`m-´-\m-¡p-¶ H-cp sN-dp-¸-¡mc-sâ
B-ßm-hpw (C-cp-«n-sâ B-ßm-hv) h-en-b-½-bp-sS aq-¯ a-Ifm-b Ip-t«y-S-¯n-bp-sS Zp-c-
´-I-Y-bpw (Ip-t«y-S¯n) Fw.Sn.h-c-¨n-Sp-t¼mÄ hm-b-\-¡mc-\v Xo-{h-Zpx-J-§-fmWv. B-
[p-\nI-sâ A-´À-ap-JXzw sX-fn-ªp Im-Wp-¶-Xv Fw.Sn.bn-emWv. ‘Rm\pw F-sâ lr-
Z-b-hpw' A-Xn-sâ D-Åm-hn-jv-Im-c-§-fm-Wv ‘_-Ô-\w, s]-cp-a-g-bp-sS ]n-tä¶v, hm-cn-
¡pgn' sN-dp-¸-¯nÂ B \m-ep-sI-«n-\-I-¯v H-ä-s¸-« _m-ey-¯n-sâ Zm-cn-{Zyhpw A-h-K-
W-\bpw \nd-ª HmÀ-½-I-fmWv Cu A-´À-ap-J-Xbv-¡v Im-c-W-am-Ip-¶-Xv.
am-[-hn-¡p-«n
a-ebm-f sN-dp-I-Y-bp-sS kÀ-¤-hn-kv-a-b-am-Wv am-[-hn-¡p«n. ]pXn-b A-\p-`-h-hpw,
kw-th-Z-\hpw km-[y-am-Ip-¶ Xp-d-s¶-gp-¯p-I-fn-eq-sS A-hÀ a-ebm-f I-Y-bnÂ th-dn-
«v \nÂ-¡p-¶ i-Ð-ambn. i-coc-s¯ A-hÀ X-sâ I-Y-I-fnÂ A-\p-`-h-§Ä-¡v _-en \-
evIn. a-cWw, tcmKw, B-ß-\n-tj-[w, ]m-]-`m-cw F-¶n-h-bp-sS ZmÀ-i\n-I ]-cn-k-c-§-
fnÂ i-co-c-¯n-sâ {]Xn-tcm-[-ap-WÀ¯n. `m-j-bnÂ i-co-c-¯n-sâ kw-kv-Im-cw t_m-[-
]qÀ-Æ-am-Wv A-hÀ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨Xv. B-Xv-ao-b-am-b DÄ-hn-fn-bp-sS a-säm-cp {]-Im-i-\-am-
bn-cp-¶p AXv. F-gpXp-I F-¶ {]-{In-b-bn-em-Wv A-hÀ BXv-a-km-£m-Xv-Im-cw I-s-
¯n-bXv. k-Zm-Nm-c-aq-ey-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨v `-b-s¸-Sm-sX kv-{Xo-lr-Z-b-¯n-sâ A-kw-kv-Ir-
Xam-b `m-h-§Ä C-{X a-t\m-l-c-am-bn Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¨ a-säm-cp F-gp-¯p-Im-cn-bnÃ. A-h-cp-
sS I-Y-I-fn-eq-sS I-S¶v t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ A-kz-Ø-cm-Im-sX-tbm, Zpx-JmÀ-¯-cm-
ImsXtbm I-S¶p-t]m-Im³ I-gn-bp-¶ A-h-k-c-§Ä hn-c-f-amWv. kq-£v-a-am-b B-Jym-
\ coXn, kzm-X-{ý-¯n-\p th-n-bp-Å Zmlw, a-c-W-KÔw, bm-YmÀ-°yhpw ^mâ-
knbpw C-S-I-eÀ-¶ B-Jym-\w C-h-sbÃmw am-[-hn-¡p-«n-bp-sS I-Ym-c-N-\-bp-sS k-hn-
ti-j-X-Ifm-Wv.
]p-cp-jm-[n-]-Xy-k-aq-lw kv-{Xo-¡v \-ev-Ip-¶ k-Zm-Nm-c-aq-ey§-sf am-[-hn-¡p-«n
tNmZyw sN-¿p¶p. kv-ss{X-W-Im-a-¯nsâ (]-cp-´pIÄ) Xp-d-s¶-gp-¯n-eq-sS-bm-Wv am-
[-hn-¡p-«n A-Xv -km-[yam-¡n-bXv. kv-{Xo-i-co-c-¯n-\Ã a-\-kn-\m-Wv am-\-sa¶v (kq-
cy³) A-hÀ Xpd-¶v ]-d-ªp. kv{Xo i-co-c-s¯bpw a-\-kn-s\bpw Ip-dn-¨v Xp-d-s¶-gpXp-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 17
I h-gn kv-{Xo-]-£ c-N-\-bp-sS ]pXn-b hm-Xn-ep-IÄ Xp-d-¡p-I-bmWv. C-hn-sS kv{Xo
B-{K-ln-¡p-¶ kv-t\-l-hpw, A-Xn-sâ hy-Xykv-X A-\p-`-h-§-fp-am-Wv am-[-hn-¡p-«n-bp-
sS I-YIÄ.
s\-bv-]m-bkw, D®n, b-£n-bp-sS aWw, \oÀ-amX-fw ]q-¯-Im-ew {][m-\ I-YIÄ.
B-[p-\n-I-X c-mwL-«w
R-§Ä-¡v tam-l-§-fnÃ, AXp-sIm-v R-§-sf-gp-Xp¶-Xv tam-l-`w-K-§-fp-sS I-
Y-I-fp-aÃ F-¶v ]-d-ªp-sIm-m-Wv Im-¡-\m-S³ X-sâ IYm-temI-s¯ kr-ãn-¨Xv. ]-
Zv-a-\m-`-sâ-bw Fw.Sn.bp-sS-bpw, am-[-hn-¡p-«n-bp-sSbp-sam-s¡ I-YI-sf Iq-Sp-XÂ B-
[p-\o-I-cn-¨v sIm-m-Wv Im-¡-\m-S-\pw, H.hn.hn-P-b\pw ap-Ip-µ-\pw, k-¡-dn-bbpw H-
s¡ I-Y-I-sf-gp-Xn-bXv. k-aq-l-¯nÂ kz-bw {`-ã-\m-bn A-e-bp-¶ G-Im-Inbm-b a-\p-
jy-\v k-ZmNm-c aq-ey-kw-L-«-\-§-fp-sS bm-sXm-cp {]-iv-\-§fpw t\-cn-tS-n h-cp-¶nÃ.
kÀÆ-Xm kz-X-{´-\m-Wv A-bmÄ. G-I\m-b H-cm-fp-sS A-e-¨nÂ \-ev-Ip-¶ A-kv-XnXz-
t_m-[-am-Wv A-bmÄ-¡p-ÅXv. \-ã-t_m-[-§-fp-sS hn-gp-¸v t]-dp-¶nÃ A-bmÄ. hn-tam-
N-\ ka-cw D-m¡n-b cm-{ão-b tN-cn-Xn-cn-hp-IÄ bp-hm-¡-fn-ep-m¡n-b B-im-`w-Kw
Ah-sc A-kv-Xn-Xz-Zpx-J-§-fn-te-¡v X-Ån-hn-«p F¶pw ]-d-bmw.
Im-¡-\m-S³
Cu tem-I-¯n-te-¡v F-dn-b-s¸-« hy-àn. tem-I-¯mÂ hopw hopw F-dn-b-
s¸-Sp-¶ hyàn. Cu A-\p`-h-ssh-cp-²y-§-fp-sS k-¦oÀ-W-X-I-fm-Wv Im-¡-\mS-sâ I-
YIÄ. A-h-bn-se a-\p-jyÀ k-µÀ-`-§-fp-sS kr-ãn-bmWv. Po-hn¡p-I A-Xm-W-h-cp-sS
e-£yw. P-·-kn-²am-b Im-a-\-I-fm-Wv Po-hn-X-¯nsâ DuÀ-Öw F-¶ Iq-Sn hn-izkn-
¡p-¶ k-ZmNm-c \n-tj-[n-Iq-Sn-bmWv Cu B-[p-\nI³. PmXn, tZiw, `m-j Xp-S§n-b
hn-`-P-\§-sf X-Ån-¡f-ªv hy-àn-k-¯-bn-eq-sS tem-I-s¯ t\m-¡n-¡p. \n-kw-
Kcm-b I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä B-ß-\n-jvT-bn-eq-sS A-\p-`-h-k-Xy-s¯ ]qÀ-W-am-bn {]-Im-in-
¸n-¡p¶p. a-\p-jy-_-Ô-§-fp-sS AÀ-°-iq-\y-X, ZmÀ-i-\n-I-Ku-chw t]-dp-¶ C-Xn-hr-
¯§Ä, i-àhpw ]-cp-jhpw cq-£-hpam-b `m-j, ssewKn-I Xrjv-W C-h-sbÃmw I-
Y-I-fnÂ A-\m-hr-X-amWv. k-Zm-Nm-c-t_m-[-¯n-sâ a-XnÂ-s¡-«p-IÄ X-IÀ-¯v P-·-hm-
k-\-I-fn-e-I-s¸-Sp-¶ H-cp Iq-«w a-\p-jy-sc Im-¡-\mS-sâ I-Y-I-fnÂ Im-Wmw. B-t£-
]-lm-ky-¯n-sâbpw ]-gp-¼p-cm-W-¯n-sâbpw a-{´-¯n-sâbpw {`-am-ß-I-X-bp-sS-bpw
k-¦e-\w sIm-v I-Y-bv-¡v D-¶-Xam-b A-\p-`q-Xn-IÄ kr-ãn-s¨-Sp-¡m³ Im-¡-\mS-\p
I-gn-bp-¶p. B-t£-]-lmkyw \n-dª - Zpx-J-am-Wv Im-¡-\mS-sâ I-YIÄ.
eq-t¡mkv, `m-Ky-e-£van, bp²w, H-ä-bm³, sNÃ-½, bm-{X Xp-S-§n-b-h {]-[m-\-I-YIÄ
H.hn.hn-P-b³
a-\p-jym-h-Ø-bp-sS `n-¶-X-e-§-fnÂ ZmÀinI t_m-[-t¯m-sS \o-co-£-W-§Ä
\-S-¯m-\m-Wv hn-P-b³ X-¿m-dm-Ip-¶Xv. kz-´w A-kv-XnXzw tX-Sn-bp-Å bm-{X-bnÂ k-
aq-l-hp-am-bn sX-än-]n-cn-bp-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X§Ä. hy-àn-kzm-X-{ý-¯n-\m-bp-Å Zm-lw A-
h-cnÂ Im-Wmw. km-aq-ln-I-hn-aÀi-\w km-[y-am-¡p-¶ B-t£-]-lm-kyhpw an-¯pI-
sf D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p-Å I-Y-I-fpw A-bp-àn-I-X I-Y-bm-bn A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶Xpw hn-Pb-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 18
sâ c-N-\-I-fnÂ Im-Wmw. I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS a-t\m-hr-¯n-I-fn-te-¡v B-n-d-§p-¶ c-
N-\m-co-Xn. Xn-I¨pw {Kmao-W Np-h-I-eÀ-¶-`m-j, ]m-e-¡m-S³ `m-jbpw I-Y-I-fnÂ Im-
Wmw.
{]-[m-\-I-Y-IÄ þ I-SÂ-Xo-c¯v. sN-§-¶qÀ hn, ]m-dIÄ, F-«p-Imen.
Fw.ap-Ip-µ³
kmÀ-{Xv, Im-ap F-¶o F-gp-¯p-Im-cp-sS kzm-[o-\w ap-Ipµ-sâ I-Y-I-fnÂ Im-Wmw.
G-Im-In-Ifpw A-\ycpw A-\m-Ycpw A-t\z-jn-I-fpam-b I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä. Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ
\n-Kq-V-X-I-fn-te-¡p-Å A-t\z-j-W-am-Wv I-YIÄ. A-kv-Xn-Xz-ZÀ-i-\-¯n-sâ A-´À[m-
c I-Y-I-fnÂ Im-Wmw. a-\p-jy-\n-se ar-Xyp-hm-RvP-sb A-Xn-i-à-am-bn A-h-X-cn-¸n-
¡p¶p. tI-cfo-b ]-Ým-¯-e-¯n-ep-Å I-Y-IÄ Ip-d-hm-bn-cp¶p. UÂ-lnbpw ]-cn-k-
chpw I-Y-I-fnÂ Im-Wmw. a-X-{K-Ù-§Ä kr-ãn-¡p¶ k-a-ky-I-fnÂ kz-´w ap-Jw \-
ã-s¸-« hy-àn-I-fp-sS I-Y-I-fmWv 'ap-Þ-\w sN-¿-s¸-« Po-hnXw, ac-Ww, A-©-c-h-b-
kp-Å Ip-«n'. P-\-\w, a-cWw, {]]-©w C-h-sbÃmw hen-b ZmÀ-i\n-I {]-i-\-§-fm-bn
ap-Ipµ-sâ I-Y-I-fnÂ Im-Wmw. s]m-cp-Xn-t\-Sp-IbÃ, ]n³-Xn-cn-ªv \n-¶v \n-kw-K-cm-hp-
I-bm-Wv I-Ym-]m-{X§Ä.
{]-[m-\-I-Y-IÄ þ UÂ-ln 1981, cm-[ cm-[ am-{Xw, th-iyI-sf \n-§Ä-s¡m-c-¼ew.
cm-P-e-£v-an
‘F-gp-Xm-Xn-cn-¡m³ h-¿ Po-hn-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ C-\nbpw F-gpXn-t]m-Ipw'
cm-P-e-£v-an-bp-sS B-ß-l-Xym-Ip-dn-¸n-se h-cn-I-fmWv. Po-hn-¨n-cp-¶mÂ F-gp-tX-n-h-cp-
sa-t¶mÀ-¯v B-ß-l-Xy-sNbv-X I-Ym-Im-cn. kv-{Xobp-sS ssh-Im-cn-Im-\p-`-h-§fpw B-
ß-hy-Y-Ifpw Xp-d-s¶-gpXn-b cm-P-e-£va - n-bp-sS I-Ym-]m-{X-§fpw Po-hn-X-¯nÂ A-kw-
Xr-]v-X-cm-bn-cp¶p. X-§-fp-sS tam-l-`w-K-§Ä Bßl-Xy-bn-te¡v F-¯n-¡p-¶ kv-{Xo-
Ifpw A-h-cp-sS I-Y-I-fn-epv. skm-ssk-än te-Un-bp-sS I-Y ]-d-bp-¶ ]-cmPn-X A-
kw-Xr-]v-Xam-b Zm¼-Xy-¯nÂ \n¶pw A-{]-Xy-£bm-b \o-cP-sb A-h-X-cn-¸n¨ ‘B-
ß-lXy' C-h-sbm-s¡ Ah-cp-sS {]-ta-b-§-fm-bn-cp¶p. A-\p-`-h kq-£va-X, cq-]-`-{Z-
X, {]tab ssh-hn[yw C-h I-Y-I-fp-sS {]-tXy-I-X-I-fmWv.
kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS A-´Êpw A-`n-am-\-hpw ]p-cp-j-Xp-eyamb ss[-j-Wn-I-kn-²n-Ifpw
Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡-s¸-S-W-sa-¶ imTy-ap-Å cm-P-e-£v-an A-¯-c-¯nÂ s^-an-\n-ÌmWv. F-
¶mÂ ]nÂ-¡me-s¯ hn-tam-N-\-hm-Z-§-fp-sS h-¡me-¯v cm-P-e-£v-an G-sä-Sp-¡p-
¶nÃ. kv-{Xo-bnÂ \n-¶v ]p-cpj-\v tamN-\w CÃm-¯Xp-t]m-se ]p-cp-j-\nÂ \n-¶v kv-
{Xo¡pw tam-N-\-anÃ. A-Xm-W-h-cp-sS kv-{Xo-]£w. Xp-ey-cm-sW-¶ bp-àn-k-lamb
t_m[w. ]-c-kv]-cw kv-t\-l-¯n-\m-bn D-g-ep-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä am-[-hn-¡p-«n-bp-sS I-
Ym-]m-{X-§-tf-¡mÄ km-aqln-I k-ZmNm-c aq-ey-§Ä-¡v A-Sn-a-s¸-«v D-ÅnÂ kv-t\-lw
\n-dª Ip-td kv-{Xo-I-sf-bm-Wv cm-P-e-£v-an-bnÂ Im-Wm³ I-gn-bpI.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 19

k-¡dnb
in-Yn-eam-b k-aq-l-¯n-sâbpw Xm-f-t_m-[w sXän-b a-\p-jy hy-àn-Xz-¯n-
sâbpw IÀ-a]-Y-§-fn-em-Wv k-¡-dn-b X-sâ IYm-tem-Iw sa-\-sª-Sp-¡p-¶Xv. Po-
hnX-s¯ A-Xn-sâ \n-km-c-X-bnÂ \n-kwK-X-tbm-sS t\m-¡n-¡m-Wp-¶ k-¡-dn-b-b-p-sS
I-Y-I-fnÂ B-t£-]-lm-ky-¯n-sâ ku-µ-cyhpw hy-à-amWv. k-¡-dn-b-bp-sS lmkyw
k-aq-l-t¯m-Sp-Å B-t£-]-am-Wv ]-e-t¸m-gpw. I-]-S-k-Zm-Nm-c-t_m[-s¯ s]m-fn-¨-
Sp¡p-I F-¶-Xm-Wv e-£yw. ‘A-Ço-ew h-cp-¯n-h-¨ hn-\’ F-¶ I-Y-bn-se Ip-tªm-
½m¨-sâ {]-W-bm-`yÀ-°\-sb G-en-bm-½ hym-Jym-\n-¡p¶-Xv hm-b-\-¡m-c-\nÂ \À-
½w D-WÀ-¯p-¶-XmWv. “F-\n-¡v G-en-bm½-sb C-ã-amWv. im-co-cn-I-am-bn kv-]À-in-
¡m³ am-{XaÃ. hn-hm-lw I-gn-¡m\pw Rm-\m-{K-ln-¡p-¶p”. C-hn-sS Ipt-ªm-½m¨-
sâ im-cocn-I kv-]Ài-\w H-cp Npw-_-\-am-Wv D-t±-in-¡p-¶-sX-¦nÂ G-en-bm-½ A-Xn-
s\ ssewKn-I th-gv-N-bm-bn Im-Wp¶p. AXpw G-en-bm-½sb-t]m-se k-Zv-Kp-W-k-¼-¶-
bm-b G-en-bm-½. B-Zy-hm-b-\-bnÂ ^-en-X-sa-¶p tXm-¶n-¡p-Ibpw ]n-¶o-Sp-Å hm-b-
\-I-fnÂ k-Xy-§-tfm-Sp-Å {]-Xn-I-c-W-hp-am-bn tXm-¶p-¶ lm-ky-am-Wv k-¡-dn-b-bp-
tSXv. ‘H-cp {In-kva-kv I-Y-’bnÂ th-iy-bp-sS KÀ`-s¯ a-dn-b-¯n-sâ KÀ-`-hp-am-bn \-S-
¯p-¶ Xm-Zmßyw amXr-Xz-¯n-sâ ]pXnb tem-I-¯n-te-¡v \-bn-¡p¶p.
k-¡-dn-b-bp-sS F-gp-¯v _-jo-dn-b³ km-ln-Xy-hp-am-bn Xm-Zm-ßy-s¸-Sp-¶ ta-J-e-
IÄ ]-e-XmWv. D-Zm-¯am-b \À-½-t_m[w, ZmÀ-i-\n-I-sa-¶v tXm-¶m-¯ X-c-¯nÂ ZmÀ-
i\n-IX-sb A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡m-\p-Å kn²n, D-Zm-c-X Xp-S-§n-b-h c-v t]-cp-sS I-Y-I-
fnepw Im-Wmw. th-Z-\n-¡p-¶-h-scbpw A-[zm-\n-¡p-¶-h-sc-bpw, th-iy-I-sfbpw X-sâ
I-YIÄ-sIm-v hm-cn-¸p-WÀ¶p-sIm-m-Wv _-joÀ I-Y-IÄ c-Nn-¨Xv. k-¡dn-b A-h-
X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶ km-aq-ln-I-bm-YmÀ-°y-§fpw B-t£-]-lm-ky-t¯m-Sv tNÀ-¶v \nÂ-¡p-
¶ \À-½hpw CXn-t\m-Sv tNÀ-¶v \nÂ-¡p¶p. X-h-f-bp-sS bm-{X-sb-¡p-dn-¨v ]dª {]-
]-©-¯n-sâ A-h-in-ã-§Ä B-[p\n-I a-\p-jy-sâ bm-{X X-s¶-bmWv. ]p-Xn-b-h-tX-Sn-
bpÅ bm-{X-bnÂ ]-g-b Im-gv-N-I-fn-te-¡v X-s¶ Xn-cn-s¨-¯p-¶ X-h-f-bp-sS \ncm-i B-
[p-\n-Itâ-XmWv. k-¡-dn-b-bp-sS I-Y-I-fnÂ s]m-Xp-sh Po-hnX-s¯ ]p-©ncn-tbm-sS
Im-Wp-¶-Xm-bn ]-d-bmw. A-Xnsâ `m-K-am-Wv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ I-Y-I-fn-se B-t£-]-lm-
kyhpw sF-d-Wn-bpw. hn-tZz-j-anÃm-¯ ^-en-X-¯-sâbpw ]-cn-lm-k-¯n-sâbpw \n-co-
£-W-hn-ti-j-W-amWv sF-dWn. A-Xm-Wv k-¡-dn-b-bp-sS lm-ky-hpw.
B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS s]m-Xp kz-`m-h§Ä
• `m-j-bp-sS ]p-\À-\nÀ-anXn, hm-¡p-IÄ sIm-v kr-ãn-¨ ]p-Xp-_nw-_-§Ä \-ev-Ip-
¶ AÀ-°-hym-]vXn
• hy-àn-bp-sS B-ß-{]-Im-i\-¯n-\p-Å c-N-\IÄ
• \n-e-hn-ep-Å k-Zm-Nm-c-t_m[-s¯ Xn-c-kv-I-cn¨p-sIm-v kr-ãn-¨ ]pXn-b aq-ey-
t_m[w
• in-Yn-e-_nw-_§Ä
• A-kv-Xn-Xz-ZpxJw
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 20

• \n-cÀ-°-It_m[w
• P-·-hm-k-\-I-fp-sSbpw am-\-kn-I-tNm-Z-\-I-fp-sSbpw Xp-d-s¶-gp¯v
• km-aqln-I {]-Xn-_-Ô-X-tb-¡mÄ hy-àn-tI-{µoIr-X hn-j-b§Ä
• ZmÀ-i\n-I Nn-ÍÄ
• kmÀ-Æ-euIn-I hn-j-b-§Ä I-Y-IÄ-¡m-[m-c-am-bn. (ssZhw, aXw, ssew-KnIX)
• `m-h-Ko-X-t¯m-Sv tNÀ-¶v \n-ev-¡p-¶ `m-j (Sn.]-Zv-a-\m`³)
• hy-àn-bp-sS kzm-X-{ý-Zmlw, H-ä-s¸SÂ, A-e-¨nÂ F¶n-h {]-ta-b-§-fm-bn
IV. D-¯-cm-[p-\n-IX
a-ebm-f sN-dp-I-Y F¬-]-Xp-I-fnÂ X-s¶ D-¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS kz-`m-h-§Ä
{]-I-Sn-¸n-¨v XpS-§n sXm-®q-dp-I-fn-se-¯n-b-t¸m-tg¡pw I-Y-]-d-¨n-en-sâ co-Xn-im-kv-{X-
¯n-\v ]pXn-b h-gn-IÄ I-s-¯n-I-gn-ªn-cp¶p. B-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS ZmÀ-i\n-I `m-h§-
sf A-h-K-Wn¨p-sIm-v I-Y-I-fp-am-bn h-¶ F-gp-¯p-ImÀ D-¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS H-
¶mw-L«-s¯ {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-¿p¶p.
F³.F-kv.am-[h³, hn.]n.in-h-Ip-amÀ, Sn.hn.sIm-¨p-_m-h, F³.{]-`m-Ic³, ta-
XnÂ cm-[m-Ir-jvW³, sI.]n.cm-a-\p®n, t{Kkn, N-{µ-aXn.
_-lp-kz-c-X-bm-Wv D-¯-cm-[p-\nI-X. H-¶n-s\ H¶n-t\m-Sv _-Ô-s¸-Sp-¯p¶-Xv B
hy-Xy-kv-X-X-I-fmWv. C-h-cp-sS I-Y-IÄ-¡v bm-sXm-cp-hn-[ kmay-X-I-fp-anÃ. Hm-tcm-cp-¯-
cp-sSbpw IYm-tem-I-§Ä A-{XtaÂ hn-`n-¶-§-fm-bn-cp¶p. D-¯-cm-[p\n-I `m-hp-X-I-
Xz-¯n-\v {]-XnjvT \-ev-Inb-Xv F³.F-kv am-[h-sâ lzn-Kzn-ä (1993) F-¶ I-Ym-k-am-lm-
c-am-bn-cp-¶p.
C-cp-]-s¯m¶mw \q-äm-m-b-t¸m-tg¡pw D-¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bv¡pw c-mw X-e-ap-d-bmbn.
_n.ap-cfn, k-t´m-jv G-¨n-¡m\w, kp-`m-jv N-{µ³, ]n.kp-tc-{µ³, kp-kv-ta-jv N-
t{´m-¯v, {]n-b F.Fkv. knXm-c Fkv, sI.BÀ ao-c, D-®n.BÀ.
• B-[p-\n-IÀ t]dn-b ZmÀ-i\n-I `m-cw D-t]-£n-¨ D-¯m-c-[p-\n-IÀ Po-hn-X-bm-YmÀ-
°y-§-fn-te-¡v C-d-§n-s¨¶p.
• kn-²m-´-§fpw ssi-en-Ifpw \n-b-{ń-¡p-¶ hy-h-Øm]nX ssi-enI-sf in-Yn-e-
am¡n.
• D-¯m-cm-[p-\nI-sâ B-Ip-e-X B-ßm-hn-sâ A-kv-Xn-Xz Zpx-J-s¯-¡p-dn-¨Ã, D-]-
t`m-K-kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-se i-co-c-¯n-sâ {]-Xn-k-Ôn-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨mWv.
• i-co-cw A-Xn-Po-h-\-¯n-sâbpw P-·-hm-k-\-I-fp-sS-bp-saÃmw D-Zv-`-h-tI-{µ-amWv.
B-tLm-jn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ i-co-c-am-Wv D-¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bnÂ (D-S-ep-IÄ hn-`-h-k-ar-
²n-bnÂ, ]p-cp-j-hn-em-kw)
• kv-{Xo-]-£-c-N-\-IÄ ap-t¶m-«v sh-¨ Xp-ey-Xm-hm-Zhpw {]Xn-tcm-[-¯n-sâ i-
Ðhpw s^-an-\n-Ìv I-Y-IÄ kr-ãn-¨p. (kmdm-tPm-k^v, {]n-b.F.Fkv)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 21

• a-\p-jy³ A-[n-Im-c-tI-{µ-¯nÂ \n-¶v amdn, {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS `m-K-am-bn amdn. ]-cn-
Øn-Xn \-io-I-c-W-hpw, Nq-jv-Whpw I-Ym-hn-j-b-§-fm-bn (kmdm-tPm-k^v,
hn.]n.in-h-Ip-amÀ, ]n.hÕe)
• ]mÀ-iz-h-XvIr-X k-aq-l-¯n-sâ Po-hn-Xw A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p sIm-v Z-fn-Xv I-YIÄ
(F³.{]-`m-Ic³, kmdm-tPm-k^v, Fw.ap-Ipµ³)
• I-Y-bv-¡p-ÅnÂ IS-¶v I-Y ]-d-bp-¶ A-Xn-I-Ym-X-{´-§fp-sS cN-\m coXn (\m-bv-
¡m¸v)
• dn-t¸mÀ-«nw-Kv, A-`n-ap-Jw Xp-S§n-b a-äv `m-jm-K-W-§-fn-eq-sSbpw I-Y-IÄ A-h-X-
cn-¸n-¨p. (sIm-ame)
• enw-K-cm-{ão-bw I-Y-I-fp-sS {]-ta-b-ambn
• ssk-_À I-Y-I-fp-sS ]pXn-b cm-{ão-bw km-t¦Xn-I hnZy-tbm-Sp-Å B-i-¦bpw
]-gb tem-I-t¯m-Sp-Å Kr-lm-Xp-c-Xzhpw I-Y-I-fnÂ an-{i-W-am-Ip¶p. Fw.\-µ-Ip-
am-dnsâ ‘hmÀ-¯mfn' _n.ap-c-fn-bpsS ‘Nm-äÂ a-g-bn-se G-ImIn' Xp-S-§n-b-h D-
Zm-l-c-W-§Ä.
F³.F-kv.am-[-h³
F³.F-kv.am-[h-sâ ln-Kzn-ä-bm-Wv a-ebm-f sN-dp-I-Y-bnÂ D-¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bv-
¡v \m-µn Ip-dn-¨-Xm-bn I-W-¡m-¡p-¶-Xv. I-Y-]-d-¨n-en-sâ ssi-enbpw I-Ym-hn-j-b-
§fpw ]pXn-b A-\p-`-h-§Ä \-ev-In A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. H-tc I-Ym-k-µÀ-`-¯nÂ I-S-
¶p-h-cp-¶ hnhn-[ Im-e-L-«-§-fn-se a-\p-jyÀ. cm{ã-ob {]-[m-\am-b hn-j-b-§-fp-sS
B-hn-jv-I-c-Ww (Xn-cp¯v, h³a-c-§Ä ho-gp-t¼mÄ) kv-{Xo-]-£-c-N-\IÄ, ^m-kn-Ìv
hn-cp-² k-ao-]-\-§Ä (iÀ-½n-jvT) C-Xn-lm-k§-sf k-a-Imen-I Im-e-hp-am-bn _-Ô-
s¸-Sp-¯n-bp-Å ]p-\À-\nÀ-½n-X-IÄ C-h-sbm-s¡ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ I-Y-I-fp-sS {]-tXy-I-
X-I-fmWv.
A-tim-I³ N-cp-hnÂ
A-\p-`-h-§-fp-sS ssh-Im-cn-I-X-tb-¡mÄ km-aq-ly-bm-YmÀ-°y-§-fn-te-¡v \-bn-
¡p-¶ F-gp¯v. A-]qÀ-Wam-b _n-µp-hnÂ I-Y-b-h-km-\n-¸n-¨v hm-b-\-¡mc-sâ a-\-
knÂ I-Y-IÄ sa-\-bm³ A-hk-cw \-ev-Ip-¶p. {]Xy-£ I-Y-\-¯n-sâ i-co-c-`m-j-bm-
Wv F-gp-¯p-Im-c\v. km-[m-cW-¯w \nd-ª \m-«p-]-cn-k-c§Ä, km-[m-c-W-¡mcm-b I-
Ym-]m-{X§Ä, Im-]-Sy-anÃm-¯ Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ ]-¨bm-b A-\p-jvTn-¸pIÄ. Cu `mh-
s¯ kzmw-io-I-cn-¡p-¶ `m-jm-\nÀ-anXn.
in-lm-_p-±o³ s]m-bv-¯pw-IS-hv
a-\-kn-sâ D-Å-d-bn-te-¡v I-S-¶p-Å A-]-{K-Y-\-§Ä a-t\m-hym-]m-c-§Ä H-¸n-sb-
Sp-¡p-¶ `m-jm-\nÀ-½nXn. A-Xm-Wv in-lm_p-±o-sâ I-YIÄ. G-Im-´-X-bp-sS A-]-{KY-
\w an-¡-I-Y-I-fnepw Im-Wmw. ssh-b-àn-Iam-b A-\p-`-h-§-fp-sS ImTn-\yhpw I-Ymw-
i-am-bn \nÂ-¡p¶p.
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km-dm tPmk-^v
tI-c-f-¯n-se s^-an-\n-Ìv {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ kw-Lm-S-I-cnÂ H-cmÄ. kv{Xo A-\p-
`-hn-¡p-¶ A-h-K-W-\bpw A-kzm-X-{ýhpw I-Y-I-fp-sS {]-tabw. ssew-Kn-I-X-sb-¡p-
dn¨pw kv-{Xo-i-co-c-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw Xp-d-¶ NÀ-ÏÄ. kzhÀ-K c-Xnbpw I-Y-IÄ-¡v hn-j-
b-ambn. ]p-cp-jm-[n-]-Xy-¯n-sâ k-akv-X ta-J-e-I-sfbpw A-hÀ tNmZyw sN-¿p-¶p-v
I-Y-I-fnÂ. k-a-Imen-I a-\p-jym-h-Ø-bp-sS \n-g-enÂ cm-am-b-W-¯n-sâ AÀ-°-h¯m-
b ]mT-\nÀ-½n-Xn \-S¯n-b ]pXpcm-amb-Ww H-cp kv-{Xo-]-£ ]p-\À-hm-b-\-bmWv. kv-
{Xo-kz-Xz-s¯ ap-c-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶ ]p-cp-jm-[n-]-Xy-t¯m-SpÅ sh-dp-¸pw, {]-Xn-tj-[hpw B-
Zy-Im-e-I-Y-I-fn-epw, A-kv-Xn-Xz-¯n-sâ {]-iv-\-§-sf A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶ cmw `m-Khpw
A-h-cp-sS IYm-tem-I-¯n-sâ c-v ap-J-§-fmWv. kmdm-tPmk^n-sâ ‘]m]-¯-d’ F-
¶ k-am-lm-c-¯n-\v k-¨n-Zm-\-µ³ F-gpXn-b A-h-XmcnIbnem-Wv a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ ‘s]-
s®-gp¯v' F-¶ hm-¡v B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-¨v Im-Wp-¶Xv. kv-{Xo-]-£ c-N-\-I-fnÂ
XoÀ¯pw kz-X-{ám-b h-gn-bm-Wv kmdm-tPm-k-^v sh-«n-¯p-d-¶Xv. kv{Xo {]W-b _nw-
_§-sf cm-[-bnÂ \n-¶v H-gn-¸n¨p. _-Ô§Ä ‘Iq-«v sI«Ã' shdpw Iq-«v a-m-{X-am-bn
am-dp-I-bm-Wp-m-bXv. a-X-{K-Ù-§f - n-se kv-{Xo-h-ncp-² ]pcp-j I-Ym-]m-{X§-sf kmdm-
tPm-k-^n-sâ I-Y-I-fn-se kv-{Xo-IÄ ]mTw ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶pv. H-cp X-cw {]-Xn-Im-cw sN-
¿-em-WXv. a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ `m-j X-s¶ kv-{Xo-hn-cp-²-am-sW-¶ hm-Zw kmdm-tPmk-^v
D-¶-bn-¨n-«pv. ]-e hm-¡p-IÄ¡pw ]p-cp-j-enw-K-]-Z-§-fnÃ. C-¯-c-¯nÂ A-Xv h-sc
a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ \n-e-hn-ep-m-bn-«pÅ kv{Xo c-N-\-I-fnÂ \n¶pw hy-Xy-kv-
Xhpw i-à-hpam-b c-N-\-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p kmdm-tPm-k-^n-tâ-Xv.
{]-[m-\-I-Y-IÄ þ a-\-kn-se Xo am-{Xw, Im-Sn-sâ kw-KoXw, ]m-]¯-d, H-Sp-hne-s¯
kq-cy-Imń, \n-em-hv \n-d-bp-¶p, ]p-Xp-cm-am-bWw.
k-t´m-jv G-¨n-¡m-\w
B-kzm-Z-\-`m-j-bp-sS ]p-\À-\nÀ-½n-Xn km-[y-am¡n-b F-gp-¯p-Im-c-\m-Wv G-¨n-
¡m\w. ]m-c-¼-cy-¯n-sâ t_m-[-]qÀ-Æam-b D-S-¨p-hmÀ-¡-en-eq-sS-bmWv Cu `m-j cq-]-
s¸-Sp-¶-sX-¶v ]-d-bm-\m-hnÃ. k-a-Imen-I km-l-N-cy-§-fnÂ \n¶pw ]n-d-¡p-¶ kzm-
`mhn-I `m-j-bm-WXv. k-t´m-jn-sâ an-I-¨ I-Y-Ifn-sem-¶mWv ‘]ń-t`m-P-\w'. Im-e-
sa-{X am-dn-bmepw am-dm-¯ a-e-bm-fn-bp-sS PmXn-t_m[-s¯ hn-aÀ-in-¨ I-Y-bm-WnXv.
B-Jym-\-¯n-sâ an-Ihp-sIm-v {i-²n-¡-s¸-« I-Y-bm-Wv sIm-am-e. Sn.hn.NÀ-¨-bp-sS
hm-Mv-a-b-Nn{Xw X-·-b-Xz-t¯m-sS A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨ I-Y. am-[y-a-§-fp-sS Zr-iy-`m-j I-Y-]-d-
¨nenepw D-]-tbm-Kn-¨ F-gp-¯p-¡m-c-\m-W-t±lw. C-X-c-kwØm\ sXm-gn-em-fn-bp-sS hn-
i-¸n-sâ th-Z-\n-¸n-¡p-¶ I-Y ]-d-ª _n-cn-bm-Wnbpw A-Xn-I-Ym-X-{´-¯n-eq-sS I-Y
tX-Sn-bp-Å bm-{X I-Y-bm¡n-b ‘\m-bv-¡m¸pw' {i-²n-¡-s¸-« I-Y-I-fmWv.
sIm-am-e, _n-cn-bmWn, H-ä-hm-XnÂ, H-cp Nn-{X-I-Y-bn-se \m-bm-«p-ImÀ
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hn.BÀ. kp-[o-jv
Øq-e-X-bmÂ a-Sp-¸n-¡m-sX kq-£v-a-X-bmÂ hm-b\-sb {]-tNm-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-h-bm-
Wv kp-[o-jn-sâ I-YIÄ. kq-N-I-§-fn-eq-sS I-Y-I-f-h-X-cn-¸n¨p. a-\p-jyXzw A\yw \n-
¶p t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ Du km-aqln-I PoÀ-WX-sb a-dn-I-S-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv kp-[o-jn-sâ I-
Y-IÄ. lr-kz-X-bp-sSbpw kq-£v-a-X-bp-sSbpw i-co-c-`m-j-bm-W-Xv. lr-Z-b-kv-]À-inbm-
b B-Jym-\-coXn, km-aq-ln-I-\oXn-tbm-Sp-Å {]-Xn-_²X.
kp-`m-jv N-{µ³
B-kzm-Z-\-¯n-se a-\-\-tijn, ZmÀ-i-\n-Iam-b A-h-t_m[w, `m-hm-ß-Iam-b ]-Z-
\nÀ-anXn, ]-tcm-£ I-Y-\-¯n-sâ Nm-cp-X C-h-sbm-s¡-bm-Wv kp-`m-jn-sâ I-Y-I-fp-sS
{]-tXy-I-X. hmNn-I \nÀ-an-Xn-bp-sS ku-µcyw D-Zn-¨v \n-ev-¡p-¶ c-N-\m-coXn. I-Ym-c-N-\-
sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å I-Y-bm-Wv ‘k-Xn-km{am-Pyw’.
_n.apc-fn
Po-hn-X-K-Ôn-sb-t¶m, b-Ym-X-Y-sat¶m A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯m³ B-hm-¯ hn-[w k-
¦oÀ-Wam-b in-ev-]-L-S-\-bn-em-Wv I-YIÄ. D-¯-cm-[p\n-I k-aq-l-¯n-sâ A-S-bm-f-s¸-
Sp-¯-ep-IÄ I-Y-I-fn-epw. k-Xy-k-Ô-X-cp-sS \n-e-]m-Sp-IÄ A-h-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp¶p. hn-
hm-tl-X-c _-Ô-§-fpw, in-Yn-eam-b Ip-Spw-_-§-fpw, \-ã-s¸«p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶ a-\p-
jy-Xzhpw I-Ym-k-µÀ-`-§-fnÂ Im-Wmw.
sI.BÀ.aoc
kv-{Xo-c-N-\-I-fn-se sh-×-bp-sS A-t\z-j-Whpw I-em-]hpw k-hn-ti-jam-b H-cp
kw-th-Z-\-£-a-X-bn-eq-sS ao-c A-h-X-cn-¸n¨p. ]-mcn-Øn-Xn-Im-h-t_m[w, kv-{Xo-]-£m-`n-
ap-Jyw, {]m-tZin-I kz-Xz-km-£m-Xv-Im-c-Xzw C-h-sbÃmw I-Y-I-fnÂ Im-Wmw. _p-²n-]-
c-X {]-I-S-am-Ip-¶ F-gp¯v.
kv{Xo F-gp-¯p-Im-cn-IÄ a-ebm-f I-Y-bv-¡v \-evIn-b kw-`m-h-\-IÄ
e-fn-Xmw_n-I A-´ÀÖ\w
• I-hn-X-bn-eq-sS km-l-Xy-Po-hn-Xw B-cw-`n¨p
• k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-se kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS I-ã-X-IÄ I-Y-I-fm¡n
• ]p-tcmK-a-\ Nn-´-I-fn-eq-sS kv-{Xo-im-ào-I-cWw, km-aqln-I ]-cn-jv-IcWw
• _m-e-ssh-[-hyw, k-m]-Xv-\o-a-Õcw, kv-amÀ-¯-hn-Nm-cw C-h-sbm-s¡ {]-ta-b-§-
fmbn.
aq-Sp-]-S-¯nÂ, X-IÀ-¶ X-e-ap-d, A-án-]p-jv-]§Ä, I-®o-cn-sâ ]p-©ncn
sI.k-c-kz-Xnb-½
• kv-{Xo-bp-sS ]mÀ-iz-h-Xv-Ic-Ww ]p-cp-j-ta-[m-hn-Xz-k-aq-l-¯n-sâ t`m-j-¯-c-am-
sW-¶v hn-fn-¨v ]-d-ª I-Ym-Imcn
• k-a-kv-X-ta-J-e-I-fnepw ]p-cp-j-s\ ]-cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¯m³ {i-an-¡p-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-
§Ä
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 24
• kv-{Xo kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâ ]p-¯³ Nn-ÍÄ
• anI-¨ bm-YmÀ-°y-t_m-[-t¯m-sS I-Y-I-sf-gp-Xn (“I-hn-IÄ Nm-bw ]n-Sn-¸n-¨v Im-
Wn-¡p-¶ Zn-hy-t{]-aw Cu tem-I-s¯§pw C-tÃ-bnÃ”-c-aWn)
• h-©-\¡pw N-Xn¡pw {]-Xn-Im-cw sN-¿p-¶ kv-{XoIÄ
• C-hn-sS km-aq-ln-I ]-cn-jv-I-c-WaÃ, hy-àn-kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâ D-¶-Xam-b B-i-
b-§-fm-Wv {]-tabw
kv-{Xo-P·w, s]m-¶pw-IpSw, Io-gv-Po-h-\-¡mcn, I-em-a-µncw, hn-hm-l-k-½m\w, s]¬-
_p²n
cm-P-e-£van
• kv-t\-lw sIm-Xn-¡p-¶-h-cpw kv-t\-l-¯n-\m-bn D-g-dp-¶-h-cpam-b I-Ym-]m-{X§Ä
(sX-äpIÄ)
• cm-P-e-£v-an-bp-sS kv-{Xo-]-£-sa¶-Xv Xp-ey-X-bv-¡p-Å hm-Z-am-Wv. kv-{Xo-]p-cp-j-
k-aXzw
• k-Zm-Nm-c-t_m-[-¯nÂ s]-«p-g-ep-¶ kv-{Xo-IÄ (]-cm-PnX)
• kv-t\-l-Xr-jv-Wbpw _en-t_m-[hpw kv-t\-l-Zm-\-kn-²nbpw P·-\m D-Å kv-{Xo-
I-Ym-]m-{X§Ä.
• e-fn-Xmw_n-I A-´À-Ö-\-¯nsâ k-apZm-b ]-cn-jvI-c-W _p²n-tbm, k-c-kz-Xn-
b-½-bp-sS {]-Xn-Imc-a-t\m-`m-htam CÃm-¯ Xp-eyam-b C-S-§Ä-¡m-bn tI-gp-¶
km-[m-c-W-kv-{Xo-I-fm-Wv cm-P-e-£v-an-bp-sS I-Y-I-fnÂ.
am-[-hn-¡p«n
• kv-{Xo-kz-Xz-¯n-sâ am-\-kn-Ihpw im-co-cn-I-hpam-b {]-Imi-\w ]qÀ-¯n-bm¡n-b
F-gp-¯p-Imcn.
• am-Xr-Xz-hpw, {]-W-b-hpw, hn-c-lhpw \n-d-ª kv-{Xo-I-Ym-]m-{X§Ä
• bm-sXm¶pw ]n-Sn-s¨-Sp-¡m-\p-Å hy-{K-X-I-fnÃ, a-dn-¨v X-sâ kz-Xz-¯nÂ kz-bw
{]-Im-in-X-am-Ip-¶ I-YIÄ.
• ]p-cp-j-\nÂ \n-¶v A-Sn-¨-aÀ-¯-s¸-« H-cp kv{Xo k-aq-l-¯n-sâ {]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-hp-
¶nÃ am-[-hn-¡p«n. ]p-cp-j-s\m-¸w \nÂ-¡p-¶ kv-{Xo-bm-Wv AhÀ.
km-dm tPmk^v
• s^-an-\n-k-¯n-sâ Np-h-Sp-]n-Sn-¨v kv-{Xo-]-£ c-N-\-IÄ \-S¯n-b I-Ym-Imcn
• kv-{Xo-sb ]mÀ-iz-h-Xv-I-cn-¡p-¶ a-X-Nn-Í-sf \n-in-X-am-bn hn-aÀ-in¨p (]p-Xp-cm-
am-bWw)
• kv{Xo kzm-X-{ý-¯n-\m-bpÅ t]m-cm-«-§Ä F-gp-¯n-eq-sS km-[y-am¡n.
• `m-j-t]mepw kv-{Xo-hn-cp-²-am-sW-¶pw ]-e ]-Z-§fpw ]p-cp-j-ta-[m-hn-Xz k-aq-l-
¯n-sâ kr-ãn-bm-sW¶pw hm-Zn¨p.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 25

• Xp-ey-X-bv-¡v Xpc-¦w sh-¡p-¶ k-I-e-Xn-s\bpw \n-in-X-am-bn hn-aÀ-in-¨ I-Y-I-fn-
eq-sS H-cp ap-gp-h³ kv{Xo ]-£-¡m-cn-bm-Wv km-dm tPm-k^v.
]m-]¯-d, hn-ip-²-d-¦q¬, ]p-Wymf³, ]p-Xp-cm-am-bWw, Nm-hp-\n-ew
ap³Im-e-hÀj- tNm-Zy-§Ä
1. Cw-¥o-jv `m-jbpw km-ln-Xy-hp-am-bp-Å k-¼À¡w-sIm-v a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ \q-X-\
km-ln-Xy-{]-Øm-\-§Ä D-S-se-Sp¯p. hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-I. (2017)
2. D-]-cn-¹-ham-b B-i-b-§fpw hn-c-k-am-b B-Jym-\ k-{¼-Zm-b-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p B-
ZyIm-e sN-dp-I-Y-I-fp-sS ap-J-ap{Z. Cu A-`n-{]m-b-t¯m-Sp-Å \n-§-fp-sS {]-Xn-Ic-
Ww tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. (2017)
3. B-[p\n-I am-[y-a-kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ kzm-[o-\w sN-dp-I-Y-I-fnÂ G-X-f-hnÂ {]-I-S-
am-sW-¶v I-s-¯pI. (2017)
4. cm-P-e-£v-anbpw am-[-hn-¡p-«nbpw km-dm tPm-k^pw X-§-fp-sS Ir-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS kv-
{Xo-]-£ Nn-´-IÄ-¡p \Â-In-b kw-`m-h-\-IÄ hn-e-bn-cp-¯pI. (2016)
5. Im-cqÀ \o-e-I-WvT-¸n-Å-bp-sS sN-dp-I-Y-I-fp-sS {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ I-s-¯pI.
(2016)
6. ImcqÀ, s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n, efn-Xmw-_nI A´ÀÖ\w F¶n-h-cpsS IY-Isf
ap³\n-dp¯n \thm°m-\-Ime sNdp-I-Y-I-fpsS kz`mhw hyà-am-¡p-I.
(2015)
7. ae-bm-f-¯nse sNdp-I-Ym-im-J-bpsS hfÀ¨-bnÂ cmP-e-£van, efn-Xmw-_nI
A´ÀÖ-\w, am[-hn-¡p«n F¶o Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-I-fpsS kw`m-h-\-IÄ hne-bn-cp-
¯p-I. (2014)
8. ae-bmf sNdp-I-Y-bnse lmky-]m-c-¼-cys¯ Ipdn¨v _joÀ, hn.-sI.F³., k¡-
dnb F¶n-h-cpsS IrXn-IÄ DZm-l-cn¨v D]-\y-kn-¡p-I. (2013)
9. bm-{Xm-\p-`-h-§Ä t\m-h-Â c-N-\-bv¡pw I-Ym-kr-ãn¡pw ^-e-{]-Z-am-bn {]-tbm-P-\-
s¸-Sp¯n-b H-sc-gp-¯p-Im-c-\m-Wv F-kv.sI.s]m-ä-¡m-Svþ\n-cq-]n-¡pI. (2013)
10. s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡nbpsS IY-IÄ¡pÅ X\Xv khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Fs´Ãmw?
(2013)
11. ae-bmf IYm-km-ln-Xy-¯nsâ hfÀ¨-bnÂ am[-hn-¡p-«nbpw kmdm tPmk^pw
\ÂInb kw`m-h-\-IÄ hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. (2012)
12. ae-bmf sNdp-I-Y-bnÂ {]Xn-]m-Zy-¯n\pw {]Xn-]m-Z-\-¯n\pw kw`-hn¨ amä-§-
fpsS kz`mhw hnh-cn-¡p-I. (2011)
13. sNdp-I-Y-bpsS BJym-\-X-{´-¯nepw Bhn-jvImc coXn-bnepw ae-bm-f-¯nÂ [oc-
amb ]co-£-W-§Ä \S-¶n-«p-vþ B[p-\nI IYbpsS shfn-¨-¯nÂ ]cn-Nn-ń-¡p-
I. (2010)
14. ‘]p-tcmK-a\ km-ln-Xy {]-Øm\w' a-ebmfIYmkm-ln-Xy-¯n-Â B-tcm-Ky-I-cam-b
]-cn-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä-¡p Im-c-W-am-bn-«ptm? (2007)
15. ka-Ime sNdp-IY cq]-`m-h-§-fpsS sshhn[yw sImv k¼-¶-am-Wvþ icntbm?
(2006)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 26

16. {]-Øm-\-sa-¶ \n-e-bnÂ ZoÀ-L-Im-ew \n-e-\n-¶n-sÃ-¦nepw ‘]p-tcmK-a-\ km-ln-Xyw'
\-½p-sS I-Ym-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ B-tcm-Ky-I-Iam-b ]-cn-h-À-¯-\-§Ä-¡v Im-c-W-am-bn-
«pv. B ]-cn-hÀ-¯-\-§-fp-sS N-cn{Xw A-h-temI-\w sN-¿p-I. (2003)
17. \À½ `mh-\-I-fn-em-cw-`n¨ \½psS sNdp-IY ]e-L-«-§Ä IS-¶mWv B[p-\nI
hnlz-e-X-I-fpsS Ime¯v F¯n-t¨À¶-Xv. ae-bmf sNdp-I-Y-bpsS Ncn{Xw ]cn-
tim-[n¨v Øm]n-¡p-I. (2001)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 27

a-ebmfw
bqWoävþ6.3
BßI-Y
18þmw \q-äm-n-sâ A-ý-¯n-em-Wv B-ß-I-Ym-km-ln-Xyw i-àn-bm-bn -cq-]w
sIm-Åp¶Xv “hy-àn-I-fp-sS Po-hnX-IY {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶ km-ln-Xy im-J-bm-Wv
Po-h-N-cn-{X-”sa¶v Hm-Iv-kvt^mÀ-Uv \nL-p \nÀ-Æ-Nn-¡p-¶-XnÂ \n-¶v Po-hN-cn-
{X-¯nsâ H-cp hn-`m-K-am-bn X-s¶ B-ßI-Y-tbbpw Im-Wmw. “H-cmÄ kz-´w Po-
hn-X-¯n-sâ _m-ly-hpw, B-´-c-hpam-b h-i§-sf Xp-d-¶p-Im-«p-am-dv Po-hn-Xm-\p-`-
h-§Ä I-em-ß-I-am-bn B-Jym-\w sN-¿p-¶ km-ln-Xy-cq-]-am-Wv Bß-IY”. \q-dv
i-X-am-\w k-Xy-kÔ - am-b B-ß-I-Y-bp-m-h-I-bn-sÃ-¶v a-\-im-kv{Xw B-W-bn-«v
]-d-bp¶p.
B-ß-I-Ym-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ {]-tXy-I-XIÄ
 H-cm-fp-sS Po-hn-X-¯n-se A-\p-`-h-a-Þ-e-§-fp-sS b-YmÀ-° A-\p-`q-Xn sh-
fn-s]-Sp-¯m³ B-ß-I-Ym-Imc-\v am-{X-ta I-gn-bq. B-ß-{]-Im-i-\-¯nsâ ]-
cn-[n A-bmÄ Xo-cp-am-\n-¡p-¶-XmWv. Po-h-N-cn-{X-Imc-\v A-sXm-cn-¡epw I-
s-¯m-\m-hnÃ.
 H-cp hy-àn-sb a-\-kn-em-¡m³ A-bm-fp-sS Nn-Í-sf a-\-kn-em-¡p-I-bm-Wv
th-Xv. A-Xn-\m-bn-«v G-ähpw k-lm-bn-¡p-¶ km-ln-Xy-hn-`m-Kw B-ß-I-Y-
bmWv.
 a-\p-jyk-l-Pam-b a-d-hn-bmWv Cu {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ ZuÀ-_eyw
 ]-cn-]qÀ-Wam-b kXyw B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡m³ B-ß-I-Ym-Im-c³ Im-Wn-¡p-¶
Pm-fy-X- A-Xn-sâ k-Xy-k-ÔX-sb _m-[n-¡p¶p.
B-ß-I-Ym-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ B-Zy-Ir-Xn-bm-bn I-W-¡m-¡p-¶-Xv A-K-Ìn-sâ
‘G-äp-]-d-¨nÂ’ (confessions) BWv. C¶-s¯ B-ßI-Ym cq-]-an-sÃ-¦nepw B-
Zy-Im-e B-ß-I-YIfn-sem-¶mWv. hn-iz-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ B-Zy-apm-b BßI-Y
‘kp-am-en³' F¶ ssN-\-¡m-c-tâ-XmWv. `m-c-X-¯n-emI-s« a-lm-ß-KmÔn (F-sâ
k-Xym-t\z-j-W ]-co-£-W§Ä) P-h-lÀ-emÂ s\-lv-dp (C-ý-sb I-s-¯Â)
c-ho-{µ-\m-YSm-tKmÀ (ssa sse-^v C³ ssa thÄUv) Xp-S-§n-b-h-bm-Wv- B-ZyIm-
e B-ß-I-YIÄ.
Bß-I-Y a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ
Bß-I-Y-sb ]T-\-ku-I-cy-¯n-\m-bn 4 B-bn X-cw-Xn-cn-¡mw.
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1) kv-a-c-W-IÄ
2) I-¯p-IÄ
3) ]qÀ-W B-ß-I-Y-IÄ
4) U-b-dn-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ
1) kv-a-c-W-IÄ
kw-£n]v-X Po-hN - -cn-{X-am-Wn-h. H-cmÄ Po-hn-¨ Im-e-L-«-¯n-se {][m-\ [m-
c-Ifp-am-bn G-Xv X-c-¯nem-Wv _-Ô-s¸-«-sX-¶v hn-h-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv kv-a-c-W-IÄ.
Bß-I-Y-bp-sS `m-K-am-bn F-gp-X-s¸-« a-e-bm-f-¯n-se {][m-\ kv-a-c-WI-sf ]cn-
tim-[n-¡mw.
F-sâ \m-Sp-I-S-¯Â þ kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]nÅ
a-e-bm-f-¯n-se e£-W-sam-¯ B-Zy Bß-I-Y F-¶v hn-ti-jn-¸m-¡m-hp-¶
Ir-Xn-bm-Wv cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å-bpsS 'F-sâ \m-Sp-I-S-¯Â'. \m-Sp-I-S-¯Â N-S§n-
t\m-S-\p-_-Ôn-¨v {K-Ù-Imc-\p t\-cn-« A-\p-`-§-fp-sS I-Y-bmWv. {]-kv ]q-«n ap-{Z-
sh-¨v kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n-sb -tXmhm-f I-S-¯p-¶-Xp h-sc-bp-Å kw-`-h-§-fm-Wv C-
Xn-ep-ÅXv. A-\p-_-Ô-am-bn \m-Sp-I-S-¯Â hn-fw-_-chpw A-Xn-s\ kw-_-Ôn-¨v
{]ap-J ]-{X-§Ä \-ev-In-b ap-J-{]-kw-K-§fpw \-ev-In-bn-cn-¡p¶p.
sIm-gn-ª C-e-IÄ þ tPm-k-^v ap--tÈ-cn
HmÀ-a-bnÂ X-§n-\nÂ-¡p-¶ Ip-sd A-\p-`-h-§-fp-sS G-sd-¡p-sd {I-am-\p-K-
Xam-b A-\p-kv-a-c-W-am-Wv sIm-gn-ª C-eIÄ. A-\p-kv-a-cW-§Ä am-{XaÃ, A-`n-
{]m-b-§fpw Im-Wmw. _m-ey-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v Ip-d-ª-hm-¡p-I-fnÂ {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¨v X-
sâ HmÀ-½-sh-¨ Im-ew ap-X-Â¡p-Å {]-[m-\-s¸-« kw-`-h§-sf kv-a-cn¨p-sIm-m-
Wv ]p-kvX-Iw ap-t¶-dp-¶Xv. t\-mh-en-se `m-j-t]m-se lr-Z-b-lm-cn-bm-Wv C-Xn-se
`mj.
F-sâ h-¡oÂ Po-hn-Xw þ XI-gn in-h-i-¦-c-¸nÅ
t\m-he-nsâ sI«pw a«pw D-Å Cu ]p-kvX-Iw X-I-gn-bp-sS B-ß-I-Y-bp-sS
H-cp `m-K-amWv. X-sâ h-¡oÂ Po-hn-X-¯nÂ C-S-s]-tS-n h-¶ hy-àn-I-sf-¡p-dn-
¨p-Å I-Y-I-fmWv Cu ]p-kv-X-I-¯nÂ. h-¡oÂ ]-Wn-bnÂ \n-¶v In-«p-¶ Im-iv
Kp-Ww ]n-Sn-¡n-sÃ-¶p I-cp-Xn A-Xv [qÀ-¯-Sn-¨v XoÀ-¡p-¶ H-cm-fm-bn-cp-¶p X-Ign.
kv-a-c-W-I-fnse Hmtcm hy-àn-bpw Po-hn-X-¯nsâ Hmtcm ap-J§-sf {]-Xn-\n-[m-
\w sN-¿p¶p.
I-®ocpw In-\mhpw þ hn.Sn. `-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Sv
\-¼q-Xn-cnsb a-\p-jy-\m-¡m³ k-Po-ham-b C-S-s]-S-ep-IÄ \-S¯n-b hy-àn-
bm-bn-cp-¶p hn.Sn. ]m-c-¼-cy-h-gn-¡v th-Zm-`ym-kw am{Xw e-`n-¨ hn.Sn. kz-{]-b-Xv-\-
¯mÂ a-e-bmfhpw Cw¥ojpw ]Tn¨p. B ]T-\w A-t±-l-¯nÂ Po-hn-X-¯n-ep-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 2
m¡n-b N-e-\-§-fm-Wv B-ß-I-Y-bnÂ- AÀ-[- ^yq-U-en-Ìv hy-h-Øn-Xn-bÂ ]p-
eÀ¶v-t]m-¶n-cp-¶ \-¼q-Xn-cn k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-sâ k-a-{Kam-sbm-cp Nn{Xw I-®o-cpw
In-\mhpw {]-Zm-\w sN-¿p¶p. ]p-dw-tem-Iw A-[n-Iw A-dn-b-s¸-Sm-¯ CÃ-§-fp-sS
A-h-Ø C-Xn-sâ hm-b-\-bn-eq-sS \-ap-¡v t_m-[y-am-Ipw. Hmtcm A-[ym-bhpw
Hmtcm sN-dp-I-Y-bp-sS h-iy-X-bnÂ c-Nn-¡-s¸-«-XmWv Cu IrXn.
HmÀ-½-bp-sS A-d-IÄ þssh-¡w ap-l½-Zv _-joÀ
Ir-Xyam-b A-\p-{I-a-¯n-eq-sS Po-hn-X¯n-sâ A-\p-`-h-§Ä ]d-ªv t]m-Ip-
¶ Hcp Ir-Xn-bÃ _-jo-dnsâ HmÀ-½-bp-sS A-dIÄ. X-sâ Iq-«p-Im-cpsS ap³-]nÂ
Iptd HmÀ-½-IÄ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv. kw-`m-j-W cq-]-¯n-epw B-Jym-\-cq-]-
¯nepw H-s¡ c-Nn-¨ IrXn. Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ I-Sp-¯ bm-YmÀ-°y§-sf a-[p-c-am-bn
_-joÀ t\-cn-«-Xn-sâ t\À-km-£y-amWv Cu B-ßI-Y.
2) I-¯p-IÄ
B-ß-I-Ym-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ a-säm-cp h-I-t`-Z-am-Wv I-¯pIÄ. G-sX-¦nepw
H-cp {]-[m-\ hn-j-b-¯n-\m-bn-cn¡pw I-¯nÂ {]m-[m-\yw. Nn-e I-¯p-IÄ A-h-
bp-sS hn-jbw-sIm-v N-cn-{X-¯n-\v ap-XÂ-¡q-«m-Im-dpv. I-¯p-I-fn-eq-sS A-
Xnsâ IÀ-¯m-¡-sf-¡p-dn-¨v a-\-kn-em-¡m³ km-[n-¡pw. H-¸w H-cp hy-àn-sb-¡p-
dn-¨p-Å [m-c-W hy-à-am-Im\pw I-¯p-IÄ k-lm-bn-¡pw.
a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ I-¯p-IÄ k-am-l-cn-¨n-«p-ÅXv hf-sc Ip-d-hmWv.
 h-Å-t¯mÄþI-¯p-IÄ k-am-l-cWw (k-am.Im-hm-ew-\m-cm-b-W-]-Wn¡À)
 Ip-«n-Ir-jv-W-am-cm-cp-sS I-¯pIÄ
 N-§¼p-g I-¯p-IÄ þ (k-am.Fw.sI.km\p)
 A-¸q¸-sâ I-¯p-IÄ þ (k-am.F-kv.jo-em-cm-a-N-{µ³)
3) ]qÀ-W B-ß-I-YIÄ
H-cmÄ Xm³ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ B-{K-ln-¡p-¶ Im-cy-§Ä Ir-Xyam-b A-Sp¡pw Nn-
«-tbmSpw Iq-Sn hm-b-\-¡m-c-\n-te-s¡-¯n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv ]qÀ-W B-ßI-Y. a-e-bm-f-
¯n-se {i-t²-bam-b Nne-Xv ]cn-tim-[n-¡mw.
Po-hn-X-kv-a-c-W-IÄ þ C-.hn.Ir-jv-W-]nÅ
A-Xy-´w \À-½c-kw Xp-fp-¼n-\n-ev-¡p-¶ Hcmß-I-Y. B-ß-hn-i-Ie\w Cu
c-N\-bp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-bmWv. X-sâ km-ln-Xym-`n-cp-Nn-bp-sS h-fÀ-¨ Ir-Xyam-bn
tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-v C.hn.
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F-sâ Po-hn-X-kv-a-c-W-IÄ þ a¶-¯v ]-Zv-a-\m-`³
a¶-¯v ]-Zv-a-\m`-sâ Po-hn-X-kv-a-c-W-IÄ tI-c-f N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ H-tc-SmWv.
\m-bÀ k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-sâ h-fÀ-¨-bp-sS I-Y Iq-Sn-bm-WXv. A-h-X-m-cn-I-bnÂ
F³.tKm-]m-e-]n-Å A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xp-t]m-se ‘Cu C-cp-]Xmw \q-äm-n-sâ
B-cw-`w ap-XÂ C-¶v h-sc-bp-Å Im-e-L-«-¯n-se a-l-\o-b-§fm-b km-ap-Zmbn-I
{]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fp-sS N-cn-{X-am-Wv {io a-¶-¯v ]-Zv-a-\m`-sâ Pohn-X kv-a-c-W-I-fnÂ
\n-g-en-¨v Im-Wp-¶Xv. \m-bÀ kÀ-Æo-kv skm-ssk-än-bp-sS D-Zv-`-hhpw h-fÀ-¨bpw
B-Wv {][m-\ hn-j-b-sa-¦nepw tI-c-f-¯n-se km-aqln-I cm-{ão-b kmw-kv-Imcn-
I cw-K-§-fn-se {]-[m-\-kw-`-h-§-fn-te¡pw Cu {K-Ùw sh-fn-¨w ho-ip-¶pv. {]-
Xn-]m-Z-\-coXn-sImpw lr-Z-b-lm-cn-bm-Wv Cu IrXn.
Bß-IY þ C.Fw.F-kv
C-ý³ I-ayq-Wn-Ìv {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ A-Jn-teým t\-Xm-¡-fnÂ H-cmfm-b
C.Fw.F-kn-sâ B-ßI-Y, \-¼q-Xn-cn k-apZm-tbm-²-c-W-¯n-sâbpw tI-c-f-¯n-
se B-ZyIme tIm¬-{K-knsâ N-cn{Xw Iq-Sn-bm-WXv. kw-`-h-_-lp-eam-b Po-hn-
X-¯n-sâ H-cp L-«w am-{Xta. A-Xmb-Xv I-ayq-Wn-kv-äv ]mÀ-«n-bp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-
Sp¶-Xv h-sc am-{X-ta B-ß-I-Y-bnÂ ]-cm-aÀ-in-¨n-«pÅq. A-\mÀ-`m-Samb ssi-en
Cu B-ß-I-Y-bp-sS ap-J-ap-{Z-bmWv. h-f-¨p-sI-«nÃm-¯ `m-j, E-Pphm-b {]-Xn-]m-
Z\w, B-ßmÀ-°-X Øp-cn-¡p-¶ hn-h-c-W§Ä, kÀ-tÆm]-cn k-Xyk-Ô-X A-Xm-
Wv C.Fw.F-kn-sâ B-ßIY.
Po-hn-X¸m-X þsN-dp-Im-Sv
t\m-h-en-sâ in-ev-]-¯n-ep-Å Cu B-ß-I-Y-bv-¡v aq-¶v `m-K-§-fp-v. Ip-Spw-
_wþ_m-eywþPo-hnXw. kzm-X{ý ]qÀ-Æ-L-«hpw kzm-X-{ým-\-´-c-L-«hpw C-
XnÂ {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶pv. sN-dp-Im-Sn-sâ km-ln-Xy-Po-hn-X-hpw, cm-{ão-b Po-hn-
Xhpw h-c-¨p-Im-«p-¶ Ir-Xn hm-b-\-¡mc-\v hm-b-\-bp-sS C-¼w \-ev-Ip¶p.
I-hn-bp-sS Im-ev-]m-Sp-IÄ þ]n.Ip-ªn-cm-a³-\m-bÀ
K-Zy-I-hn-X-bn-ep-Å B-ß-I-Y-sb-¶v hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡m-hp-¶ IrXn. A-{X-bv-¡v
Im-hy-a-b-am-Wv C-Xn-se `m-j. B-ß-I-Y-bv-¡p-m-I-W-sa-¶v \mw I-cp-Xn-sh-¨n-«p-
Å cq-]-`mh-§-sfm¶pw Cu B-ß-I-Y-bv-¡nÃ. Im-e-{I-a-¯nÂ kw-`-h-§Ä hn-h-
cn-¡m³ Iq-Sn X-¿m-dm-bn-«nÃ. tNm-Zy-cq-]-¯n-epw, B-Jym-\-co-Xn-bn-epw Nn-e-t¸m-
sgm-s¡ A-\zm-Jym-\-co-Xn-bn-ep-sam-s¡-bm-Wv c-Nn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. G-äp-]-d-¨nÂ co-
Xn-bn-epÅ B-ß-I-Y-sb-¶v hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡mw. b-YmÀ-° I-Ym-]m-{X-§-tf-¡mÄ
{]-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv ]n.Ip-ªn-cm-a³-\m-b-cp-sS B-ß-I-Y-bnÂ. cq-]-¯nepw `m-h-
¯nepw A-km-[m-c-WXzw t]-dp-¶ H-cm-ßI-Y.
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4) U-b-dn-IÄ
Zn-\-k-cn-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ B-ß-I-Ym-km-ln-Xy-¯n-se `m-K-amWv. N-cn-{X-c-N-\-
bv¡pw hy-àn-]T-\-¯nepw C-h D-]-I-cn-¡pw. a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ U-b-dn-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ
Im-cy-am-bn {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨n-«nÃ. h-Å-t¯m-fn-sâ-bpw, kn. A-Nyp-Xta-t\m-sâbpw
U-b-dn-IÄ B-ß-I-Ym-km-ln-Xy-¯n-\v ap-XÂ-¡q-«mWv.
a-e-bm-f-¯n-se kv{Xo B-ß-I-Ym-km-lnXyw
a-äv km-ln-Xy-ta-J-e-I-fn-se-¶-t]m-se X-s¶ B-ßI-Ym cw-K¯pw kv{Xo F-
gp-¯p-Im-cp-sS km-¶n[yw a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ \-t¶ Ip-d-hmWv. A-t¸mgpw hy-Xykv-X
ta-J-e-I-fnÂ hy-Xykv-X A-\p-`-h-§-fn-eq-sS IS-¶v t]m-Ip-¶ Ipd-¨v kv-{Xo-I-fp-
sS B-ß-I-Y-IÄ a-e-bm-f-¯n-\v e-`n-¨n-«pv. ]p-cp-j-ta-[m-hn-Xz-ka
- q-l-¯nÂ X-
§-fp-sS kz-Xz-\nÀ-½n-Xn-¡m-bpÅ t]m-cm«w Cu I-Y-I-fnÂ Im-Wmw.
B-ß-I-Y-bv-¡v H-cp B-ap-Jw þ e-fn-Xmw_n-I A-´ÀÖ-\w
X-sâ 70þmw ]n-d-¶mÄ ]n-¶n-« k-µÀ-`-¯nÂ U-b-dn-I-fnÂ \n¶pw A-\p-kv-
a-c-W-§-fnÂ \n¶pw tX-Sn-¸n-Sn-¨ Ip-td Po-hn-Xm-\p-`-h-§-fmWv Cu k-am-lm-c-
¯nÂ. IÀ-¡-iam-b Nm-XpÀ-hW - y-hy-Øn-Xn-¡pÅnÂ \n-¶v H-c-´ÀÖ-\w ]p-dw
temI-s¯ PoÀ-Wn-¨ B-Nm-cm-\p-jvTm-\§-sf [n-¡-cn-¨v \-S-¶p-I-b-dn-b-Xn-sâ ]n-
¶m-se I-bv-t]-dn-bXpw th-Z-\m-]qÀ-W-hpam-b A-\p-`-h-I-Y-IÄ an-Xhpw km-c-h-
¯p-am-b hn-h-c-W-§-fn-eq-sS B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-hm³ A-´À-Ö-\-¯n-\v I-gn-ªn-
«pv. e-fn-Xmw_n-I A-´À-Ö-\-sa-¶ I-h-b-{Xnsb, I-Ym-Im-cnsb, te-Jn-Isb,
\m-S-I-Ir-¯ns\, k-apZm-b ]-cn-jv-IÀ-¯m-hn-s\ kv-t\-l-\n-[nbm-b A½-sb a-\-
Ên-em-¡m\pw ]Tn-¡m\pw k-lm-bn-¡p-¶ H-cp Ir-Xn-bm-WnXv.
C-S-§-gn-bn-se Ip-cn-Èv þ B-\n-X-¿nÂ
H-cp cm-jv-{So-b km-ln-Xy-{]-hÀ-¯-I-bm-bn am-dm-\p-Å X-sâ bm-{Xm-\p-`-h-§-
fmWv Cu B-ß-I-Y-bnÂ hn-h-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. FÃmw sh-«n-Xpd-¶v ]-d-bp¶ ssien,
B-cp-sS ap-¶nepw X-e Ip-\n-¡m-¯ {]-Ir-Xw C-h cpw D-ÅXp-sIm-v X-s¶
H-cp Xp-d-¶ ]p-kvX-Iw t]m-se Po-hn-X-a-h-Xn-cn-¸n-¡m³ A-hÀ-¡v I-gnªp. ssZ-
h-hn-izm-knbm-b B-\n X-¿nÂ {In-kv-Xp-hn-s\ ssZ-h-ambpw km-aqln-I ]-cn-jv-
IÀ¯m-hp-am-bm-Wv I-Xv.
‘]-Yn-Ibpw hgn-tbmc-s¯ a-Wn-Zo-]-§-fpw' þ sI.I-eym-Wn-¡p-«n-b½
Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iqdn-e {]-ikv-X cm-{ão-b {]-hÀ-¯-I\m-b kn.Ip-«³-\m-b-cp-sS
`m-cy-bm-Wv sI.IÃym-Wn-¡p-«nb-½. hf-sc s]-s«-¶v {]-i-kv-Xn-bn-te-¡p-bÀ-¶ A-
h-cp-sS bu-h-\-Im-e-¯n-sâ D-¯-cmÀ-[hpw hmÀ-²-Iyhpw Zp-c-´-]qÀ-W-§-fm-bn-
cp¶p. th-Z-\ \n-dª B Im-e-L-«-§fpw {]-Xo-£m-\nÀ-`-cam-b Iu-am-c-bu-h-\
Im-e-§fpw hm-b-\-¡mc-sâ a-\-knÂ Xp-d-¶n-Sp-I-bmWv Cu B-Xv-aI-Y. kz-´w
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Po-hn-Xm-\p-h§-sf h-c-¨n-Sp-t¼mÄ hn-hm-lm-\-´-c-Po-hn-X-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v Im-cyam-b
]-cm-aÀ-i-§-sfm¶pw C-XnÂ Im-Wm-\p-anÃ. kz-´w h-gn, kz-´w a-\-Êm£n, kz-
´w Im-gv-N-¸m-Sv C-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨v am-{X-am-Wv A-hÀ kw-km-cn-¨Xv.
HmÀ-½-bnÂ \n-¶v þ _n.IÃym-Wn-b½
kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]nÅ [À-a-]-Xv-\n _n.IÃym-Wn-b-½-bp-sS Po-hn-
X-kv-a-c-W-I-fmWv Cu {KÙw. tI-c-f-k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-sâ A-¡m-es¯ b-Ym-X-Y Nn-
{X-§Ä sIm-v k-¼-¶-amWv Cu kv-a-c-W-IÄ. 1946 \v ti-j-ap-Å IÃym-Wn-b-
½-bp-sS Po-hnX-I-Y sI.tKm-a-Xn-b-½-bm-Wv X-¿m-dm-¡n-bXv.
\oÀ-amX-fw ]q-¯-Im-ew þ am-[-hn-¡p-«n
F-sâ I-Y-bm-Wv am-[-hn-¡p-«n-bp-sS B-ßI-Y. \oÀ-amX-fw ]q-¯-Im-ew Nn-
e Po-hn-X-kv-a-c-W-I-fmWv. \m-e-¸m-«p-`-h-\-¯n-sâ `q-an-I-bnepw IÂ-¡-¯-bp-sS
ambn-I ]-Ým-¯-e-¯n-ep-amWv Cu kv-a-c-W-IÄ F-gp-Xn-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. Xm³ h-fÀ-
¶ ho-Sn-sâbpw \m-Snsâbpw HmÀ-½-IÄ A-¶m-«n-se hy-àn-I-fp-sS kw-`m-j-W-
§-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨n-«p-ÅXv. _m-ey-Iu-am-c-Im-e-¯n-sâ A-\p-`q-Xn-I-fn-
te-¡v A-\p-hm-NI-s\ _-emÂ B-IÀ-jn-¡p-I F¶Xv Cu {K-Ù-¯n-sâ k-hn-
ti-j-X-bmWv.
ap-I-fnÂ ]-d-ª-sXÃmw a-e-bm-f¯ - n-se {]-i-kv-Xcm-b hy-àn-IÄ X-§-fp-
sS Po-hn-Xm-\p-`-h§
- Ä tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-XmWv. A-h-bv-s¡m-¸w tNÀ-¯v hm-bn-t¡-
Nn-e kv{Xo B-ß-I-Y-IÄ Iq-Sn-bpv. kz-´w I-Y ]-dªp-sIm-v am{Xw {]-
i-kv-X-cm-b-hÀ. A-h-sc-¡p-dn-s¨m-s¡ \-½Ä Nn-ń-¨v Xp-S-§nb-Xv A-h-cp-sS B-
ß-I-Y-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv. sP-do-\-bpsS ‘H-cp a-ebm-f ln-P-U-bp-sS B-ßI-Y' þ
{Sm³-sP³-U-dn-s\-¡p-dn-¨v kw-km-cn-¡p-¶ C-ý-bn-se B-Zy ]p-kv-XIw. A-h-c-
\p-`-hn-¡p-¶ km-aq-ln-I, am-\-kn-I, ssh-Im-cn-I {]-iv-\-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-
¡p-¶ IrXn. \-fn-\n P-ao-e-bpsS ‘Rm³ ssew-Kn-I sXm-gn-emfn' F-¶ B-ß-I-Y-
bpw a-e-bm-fn-bp-sS I-]-S-k-Zm-Nm-c-t_m[-s¯ Xp-d-¶p-Im«n-b c-N-\-bm-bn-cp¶p.
I-\ym-kv{Xo aT-¯n-se ]o-U-\-§Ä Xp-d-s¶-gpXn-b kn.sP-kv-a-n-bpw, tI-c-f-¯n-
se `qan, Pm-Xn hn-`-hm-[n-Im-c-§Ä-¡p-taÂ cm-{ão-b C-Ñm-iàn-t]m-se {]-hÀ-
¯n-¨ sI.A-PnX-bpsS ‘A-Pn-X-bp-sS Bß-I-Y'bpw kv-{Xo-bp-sS cm-{ão-b C-S-s]-
S-ep-IÄ I--h-bm-bn-cp¶p. C-¯-c-¯nÂ kv-{Xo B-ß-IY-IÄ `q-cn-`m-Khpw A-
kv-Xn-Xz-¯n-sâbpw A-Xn-Po-h-\-¯n-sâbpw I-Y-I-fm-bn-cp¶p.
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a-ebmfw
bqWoävþ6.3
Po-hN-cn-{X-km-lnXyw
‘I-Ym-]p-cpj-sâ am-\kn-I h-fÀ-¨bpw hy-àn-Xz-¯n-sâ {]-tXy-I-X-Ifpw
hm-b-\-¡mc-sâ lr-Z-b-¯nÂ i-àn-bm-bn ]-Xn-b-¯-¡-h®w, A-bm-fp-sS _m-
ly-{]-hÀ-¯-\-§fpw B-ćn-I {]-h-W-X-Ifpw I-em-kp-`-Kam-b co-Xn-bnÂ B-hn-
jv-I-cn-¡p-¶ H-cp Pohn-X ]p-\x-kr-ãn-bm-Wv ‘Po-h-N-cn-{Xw' F-¶v sI.Fw.tPmÀ-
Öv \nÀ-Æ-Nn-¡p¶p. ‘hy-àn-I-fp-sS Po-hnX-I-Y {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶ H-cp km-ln-Xy-
hn-`m-K-am-Wv Po-h-N-cn-{Xw' F-¶v Hm-Ivkv-t^mÀ-Uv \n-L-phpw \nÀ-h-Nn-¡p¶p.
Po-h-N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ s]m-Xp-k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ
 Po-h-N-cn-{X-¯n-se \-Sp-\m-b-IXzw H-cp hy-àn-bm-Wv.
 hy-àn {]-`m-h-¯n-sâ k-Xy ]qÀ-®am-b B-hn-jv-IcWw
 N-cn-{Xwþhy-ànþkm-lnXyw C-h-bp-sS k-a-\zbw
 H-cp hy-àn-bp-sS Po-hn-X-¯n-se kp-{][m-\ kw-`-h-§-fp-sS I-s¯Â (K-
th-jWw)
 h-kv-Xp\n-jvThpw k-Xy-k-Ôhpam-b I-Y-\-coXn
 B-IÀ-j-Iam-b B-Jym\ ssien (Hmtcm Po-h-N-cn-{X-§fpw a-t\m-l-c-am-
¡m³ I-gn-bp-¶-X-c-¯nÂ)
 Xym-P-{Km-ly-hn-th-N-\-_p-²n
C-sXm-s¡ ]-d-bp-t¼mgpw ImÀ-sse-en-sâ A-`n-{]m-bw t]mse ‘\¶m-bn c-
Nn-¨ H-cp Po-h-N-cn-{Xw, \-¶m-bn Po-hn-¨ H-cp Po-hn-X-s¯-t¸m-se A-]qÀ-Æ-am-bn-
cn¡pw'.
Po-h-N-cn-{XimJ þ a-e-bm-f-¯n-Â
hn-tZ-i-km-ln-Xy-hp-am-bp-Å k-¼À-¡-¯n-sâ ^-e-am-bn `m-j-bnÂ
t\mhÂ, sN-dpI-Y, \m-S-Iw F-¶o {]-Øm-\-§Ä Xg-¨p h-fÀ-¶n-«pv. F-¶mÂ
Po-h-N-cn-{X-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ Im-cy-¯nÂ \mw Z-cn-{Z-cmWv. A-`y-kv-X-hn-Zycm-b ]-
ecpw Po-h-N-cn-{X-t¯m-Sv Xm-Xv-]cyw Im-Wn-¡p-t¼mgpw A-hÀ Cw-¥o-jv ]p-kv-X-I-
§-fm-Wv Iq-Sp-XÂ hm-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. {]-kvXp-X im-Jbv-¡v C-cp-]Xmw \q-äm-nÂ
tem-I-sa-¼mSpw Dm-b \-thm-°m-\-¯n-sâ Xn-c-am-e-IÄ \-½-sfbpw H-¶n-f-¡n-
bn-«pv. ‘Po-h-N-cn-{Xhpw t\m-h-epw', ‘B-[p\n-I Po-hn-X-N-cn-{X-hpw en-ä¬ kv-{Sm-
¨nbpw', ‘Po-h-N-cn-{X-cN-\' Xp-S§n-b te-J-\-§Ä A-h-bv-¡p-Zm-l-c-W-§-fmWv.
Po-hn-X-c-N-cn-{X-im-J-bnÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯m-hp-¶ Xq-en-Im-Nn-{X-§fpw kv-a-c-W-Ifpw
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 7
Cu I-gn-ª Im-e-b-f-hnÂ [m-cm-fw {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-I-bp-mbn. F-¶n-cp-¶mepw
`m-cXo-b km-ln-Xy ZÀ-i-\-§-fmWv Cu im-J-bp-sS h-fÀ¨-sb ]n-t¶m-«v h-en-¨Xv.
a-ebm-f Po-h-N-cn-{X-im-J-bp-sS h-fÀ¨-sb a-µ-K-Xn-bn-em¡n-b {]-[m-\-L-S-I-§Ä
 ‘Úm-\-am-Wv {]-[m\w, Úm-XmhÃ, Ir-Xn-bm-Wv {]-[m\w, IÀ-¯mhÃ'
Cu `m-cXo-b Im-gv-N-¸m-Sv hy-àn-I-fp-sS N-cn-{X-§Ä tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯m-Xn-cn-
¡m³ Im-c-W-ambn.
 tI-c-f-¯n-\v ]pd-¯v hn-im-eam-b AÀ-°-¯nÂ kzm-[o-\w sN-ep¯n-b hy-
àn-Ifpw Ip-d-hm-bn-cp¶p. hn-tZ-i k-©m-c-s¯bpw hn-kv-Xr-X-]T-\-
s¯bpw X-S-k-s¸-Sp¯n-b ]-Sn-ªm-td I-S-epw, Ing-t¡ a-e-bpw ho-£-W-
hn-im-e-X-bv-¡v X-S-k-am-bn.
 hn-izm-k-tbm-Kyam-b N-cn-{X-h-kv-Xp-X-I-fp-sS e-`y-X-¡p-dhv
 a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bnÂ B-Zy-Ime-¯v \n-e-\n-¶ Ir-{Xn-a-Xz-kz-`m-hw
C-h-sbm-s¡ \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-t¼mgpw t_m-[-]qÀ-Æw Nn-eÀ \-S¯n-b ]-cn-{i-a-
§-fm-Wv Po-h-N-cn-{X-im-J-bv-¡v a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ e-`n-¨ kw-`m-h-\-IÄ-¡v ]n-¶nÂ.
Ah-sb hn-i-Zam-sbm-¶p ]cn-tim-[n-¡mw.
{]-Y-am-¦p-c-§Ä
X-t¨m-fn H-tX-\-sâbpw N-´p-hn-sâbpw ho-c-I-Y-I-fp-sS B-Jym-\-§fm-b h-
S-¡³-]m-«p-I-fn-epw, a-Xn-eI-¯v I-Y, C-c-hn-¡p-«n-¸n-Å-t¸m-cv Xp-S§n-b sX-¡³
]m-«p-I-fnepw Po-h-N-cn-{X-c-N-\-bp-sS {]-Y-am-¦p-c-§Ä Im-Wmw. AÀ-tWm-kv ]m-Xn-
cn-bp-sS ‘an-in-lm N-cn-{Xw' Cu hn-`m-K-¯n-se B-Zy Ir-Xn-Ifn-sem-¶m-sW¶v ‘`m-
cXo-b km-ln-Xy N-cn{Xw' cmw hm-ey-¯nÂ sI.F³. F-gp-¯-Ñ³ A-`n-{]m-b-
s¸-Sp-¶p. slÀ-a³ Kp-À-«n-sâ {In-kv-Xp-hn-sâ Po-hn-Xw AY-hm kp-hnti-j kw-
{K-lw F-¶ Ir-Xnbpw C-¯-c-¯nÂ-s¸-Sp¶p.
a-l-¨-cn-X-kw-{K-lw
hn-im-Jw Xn-cp-\m-Ä a-lm-cm-Pm-hv X-sâ kw-Øm-\-¯n-se hn-Zym-`ym-k]p-
tcm-K-Xn-¡m-bn tI-c-f-hÀ-½-sb-s¡m-v X-¿m-dm-¡n-¨-Xm-Wv a-l-¨-cn-X-kw-{Klw.
amÀ-U-dp-sS ‘{Sjdn Hm-^v _-tbm-{K^n' F-¶ {KÙ-s¯ D-]-Po-hn-¨m-Wv tI-c-f-
hÀ½, Cu {K-Ùw ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡n-b-Xv. ‘{Sjdn Hm-^v _-tbm-{K-^n'bnÂ \n-¶v A-
e-Iv-kmÀ, BÀ-¡n-an-Uokv, BÂ-{^-Uv t_-¡¬ F-¶n-h-cp-sS e-Lp-Po-hn-X-I-
Y-IÄ hn-im-Jw Xn-cp-\m-Ä XÀ-Ö-a-sN-bv-Xv tI-c-f-hÀ-½-bv-¡v A-b¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-
Ibpw AXv-t]m-se Iq-Sp-XÂ N-cn-{X-§Ä hn-hÀ¯-\w sN-bv-Xv hn-ZymÀ-°n-IÄ-
¡p-]-I-cn-¡p-¶ co-Xn-bnÂ {]-kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯m-\p-am-Wv hn-im-Jw Xn-cp-\mÄ B-h-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 8

iy-s¸-«Xv. A-§-s\-bm-Wv 107 Po-h-N-cn-{X-kw-{K-l-§-fp-Å ‘a-l-¨-cn-Xkw-{Klw'
hn-Zym-hn-em-kn-\n-bnÂ Xp-SÀ-¨-bm-bn {]-kn-²o-Ic-Ww sN-bv-XXv.
Xp-SÀ-¶v tI-c-f-hÀ-½ hen-b tIm-bn-¯-¼p-cm³ ]-Zy-¯nÂ hn-hÀ¯-\w
sNbv-X ‘{io-hn-tÎmdn-b N-cn-X-kw-{K-l-hpw' kÀ Sn.am-[-h-cm-b-sc-¡p-dn-¨v k-Jm
cm-a-cm-bÀ e-£v-a-W-cm-bÀ c-Nn-¨ ‘cm-Pm kÀ Sn.am-[-h-cmbÀ' Dw tI-c-f-an{Xw ]-
{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp-¶ Sn.Ip-ªp-®n tI-c-f-¯nÂ ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-\m-bn B-Zy-am-
bn A-¨p-Iq-Sw Øm-]n-s¨-¶v I-cp-Xp-¶ hy-h-km-bnbm-b ò-a-Pn-sb-¡p-dn-s¨-gpXn-
b ‘tZh-Pn ò-a-Pn-bpw' a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-ZyIm-e Po-h-N-cn-{X-§Ä-¡p-Zm-l-c-W-
§-fmWv.
C-cp-]Xmw i-X-I-¯n-sâ B-cw-`w ap-XÂ `m-j-bnÂ c-Nn-¡-s¸-« Po-h-N-cn-
{X§-sf A-Xn-sâ s]m-Xp-kz-`m-hw A-\p-k-cn-¨v 3 B-bn X-cw-Xn-cn-¡mw.
I. -hn-ZymÀ-°n-IÄ-¡m-bp-Å N-cn-{X-kw-{K-l-§Ä
C-ý-bn-se a-l-Xn-IÄ þ {]-km.\m-cmb-Wta-t\m³
im-kv-{X-in-ev-]n-IÄ þ tUm.BÀ.tI-i-h³-\m-b-À
II. hn-tZ-in-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨v
i) I-em-Im-c-·mÀ (am-Ivknw tKmÀ¡n, c-hn-{µ-\m-YSm-tKmÀ)
ii) a-X-{]-hÀ-¯IÀ (Kp-cp-\m-\m¡v, tPmÀ-Öv-apÅÀ)
iii) im-kv-{X-Ú-·mÀ (kn.hn.cma³, tXma-kv F-Unk¬)
iv) cm-{ão-b km-aqln-I {]-hÀ-¯IÀ (A-e-Iv-km-À, A-Iv_À)
III. tI-c-fo-b-sc-¡p-dn¨v
i) a-X-{]-hÀ-¯IÀ (N-«-¼n-kzm-anIÄ, i-¦-cm-Nm-cyÀ)
ii) cm-{ão-b-km-aqln-I {]-hÀ-¯IÀ (A-¿-¦mfn, C.Fw.Fkv)
iii) {K-Ù-Im-c-·mÀ, I-em-Im-c-·mÀ (Ip-am-c-\m-im³, sI.]n.I-dp¸³)
C-Xm-Wv a-ebm-f Po-h-N-cn-{X-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ km-am-\y-cq]w. Xp-SÀ-¶v h-cp-
¶ ]-cn-{i-a-§-sfbpw ]-cn-tim-[n-¡mw.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 9

km-ln-Xy-{]-W-bn-IÄ, tI-c-f-`m-jm {]-W-bn-IÄ
Cw-¥o-jnÂ ‘men of letters' F-¶ ]-c¼-c-t]m-se hn-Zym-hn-em-kw {]-kn-
²o-I-c-W-im-e-bp-sS D-S-abmb tXma-kv t]mÄ hn-`mh-\w sN-bv-X-Xm-Wv km-ln-Xy
{]-W-bnIÄ, tI-c-f-`m-jm-{]-W-bn-IÄ F-¶o c-v ]-c-¼-cIÄ.
km-ln-Xy {]-W-bn-IÄ B-dp-`m-K§-fn-em-bn 22 km-ln-Xy-Im-c-·m-cp-sS e-
LpPo-hn-X-§-fm-Wv DÄ-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. th-§-bnÂ Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \mb\mÀ,
H.N-´pta-t\m³, Ip-am-c-\m-im³, sI.kn.tI-i-h-¸n-Å, Xp-S-§nb-h-scm-s¡ A-Xn-
epv.
‘tI-c-f `m-jm {]-W-bn-IÄ' F-¶ t]-cnÂ 8 Po-h-N-cn-{X-§fpw tXma-kv t]m-
fn-sâ ]-cn-{i-a-¯mÂ km-[n¨p. km-ln-Xy-{]-W-bn-I-fn-se te-J-\§-sf Po-h-N-cn-
{X-Ip-dn-¸p-IÄ F-¶v am{Xw K-Wn-¡p-t¼mÄ 'tI-c-f-`m-jm-{]-W-bn-IÄ' Po-h-N-cn-{X-
kz-cq-]-t¯m-Sv Ip-td-¡q-Sn tNÀ-¶v \n-ev-¡p¶p.
Po-h-N-cn-{X-k©nI
sh-¦p-fw Pn.]-c-ta-iz-c³-]n-Å B-cw-`n-¨-XmWv. ‘Po-h-N-cn-{X-k-©n-I' F-¶
]-c¼-c. ]n.sI \m-cm-b-W-]n-Å, km-ln-Xy-]-©m\³, F.tKm-]m-eta-t\m³,
hn.Ir-jv-W³ X¼n, tUm.tKm-Z-hÀ-½ F-¶n-h-c-S§n-b D-]-tZ-i-I-k-an-Xn-bm-bn-
cp¶p Cu ]-c-¼-c-bv-¡v ]n-¶nÂ. a-lm-·m-cp-sS Po-h-N-cn-{X-hm-b-\-bn-eq-sS hm-b-\-
¡m-c\pw a-l-Xz-I-cam-sbm-cp Po-hn-Xw \-bn-¡m³ {]m-]v-X-\m¡p-I F-¶-Xm-bn-cp-
¶p A-h-cp-sS e-£yw. aq-¶v ]p-kv-X-I-§Ä am-{X-ta {]-kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯m³ I-gn-ªp-
Åp-sh-¦nepw A-h-cp-sS {i-a-§Ä Çm-L-\o-b-amWv.
a-l-¨-cn-X-am-e
1980þÂ Ip-«n-I-fp-sS am-\kn-tIm-¶a-\w e-£y-am-¡n ]p-kv-X-I {]-Im-i-\-¯n-
\m-bn cq-]w sIm- Øm-]-\-amWv ‘ssI-cfn NnÂ-{U³-kv _p-¡v {S-Ìv'. A-h-cp-
sS H-cp {][m-\ s{]m-P-Îm-Wv a-l-¨-cn-X-am-e. Ip-d-ª hn-e-bv-¡v a-lm-·m-cp-sS Po-
h-N-cn{Xw Ip-«n-IÄ-¡v ]-IÀ-¶v sIm-Sp¡p-I F-¶ e-£y-t¯m-sS A-hÀ BZyw
{]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨ ]p-kvX-Iw ‘P-h-lÀ-emÂ s\-lv-dp’ B-bn-cp¶p. Xp-SÀ-¶v \n-ch-[n
]p-kv-X-I-§Ä A-hÀ {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨n-«pv.
‘Nn-e {][m-\ Po-h-N-cn-{X-Im-c-·mcpw A-h-cp-sS Ir-Xn-I-fpw'
1) F.Un.l-cn-iÀ½
ap¸-Xv hÀ-j-am-bn Po-h-N-cn-{X-cwK-¯v {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-¶ F-gp-¯p-Im-c-\m-Wv
F.Un.l-cn-iÀ-½. Ip-am-c-\m-im-sâ Po-hnX-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n F-gpXn-b ‘Po-
h-N-cn-{X kw-t£-]-'amWv Cu cw-K-¯nÂ l-cn-iÀ-½-bp-sS B-Zy-s¯ ImÂ-sh-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 10

bv]v. l-cn-iÀ-½ a-e-bm-fn-IÄ-¡p ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp¯n-b Nn-e {][m-\ Po-h-N-cn-{X-
§Ä t\m-¡mw.
B-Zy-]p-kv-X-Im-Ir-Xn-bnÂ {]-kn-²-s¸-Sp¯n-b IrXn ‘H-Sp-hnÂ Ip-ªn-Ir-
jv-Wta-t\m³' BWv. \-ã-{]m-b-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p N-cn-{Xmw-i-§Ä tX-Sn-¸n-Sn-¨v {I-a-
s¸-Sp-¯n kp-{K-lam-b `m-j-bn-emWv Cu Ir-Xn c-Nn-¨n-«p-ÅXv.
tI-c-f-`m-jm {]-W-bn-IÄ-¡p-th-n c-Nn-¨ Ir-Xn-bmWv ‘]-´f-¯v tI-c-f-hÀ-
½ X-¼p-cm³'. {][m-\ Ir-Xn-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-Å \n-cq-]-W-§-fpw Cu Po-h-N-cn-{X-
¯nÂ Im-Wmw.
I-Ym-\m-bI-sâ Po-hn-X-I-Y-tb-¡mÄ A-bm-fp-sS Im-e-s¯bpw IÀ-½-
s¯bpw hn-aÀ-i-\-co-Xn-bnÂ hn-Nn´-\w sN-¿p-¶ Ir-Xn-bm-Wv ‘sI.kn.tI-i-h-¸n-
Å’.
G.B-dn-sâ-bpw, tI-c-f-hÀ-½-bp-sSbpw km-ln-Xy {]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä-¡v {]m-
[m\yw \-ev-In c-Nn-¨-XmWv ‘c-v km-ln-Xy \m-b-I-·mÀ'.
tI-cfo-b km-ln-Xy-Imc-·mÀ-¡p ]pd-ta tI-c-f-¯n-\p-]p-d-¯p-Å B-sc-sb-
¦nepw a-e-bm-fn-IÄ ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp¯mw F-¶ Nn-´-bn-em-Wv tem-I-k-am-[m-\-
¯n\m-bn {]-hÀ-¯n-¨ amÀ-]m-¸-sb-¡p-dn¨v ‘]Xn-s\m¶mw ]o-bq-kv amÀ-]m-¸' F-
¶ ]p-kvX-Iw c-Nn-¨Xv.
2) ]n.sI. ]-c-ta-iz-c³ \m-bÀ
‘s\-t¸m-fn-b\pw tPm-k-^-bn\pw', ‘t{]-a-Ku-X-a³', ‘thmÄ-«-bÀ', ‘km-ln-Xy-
]-©m-\³', ‘kn.hn.cm-a³-]nÅ', ‘a-lm-ßm-Km-Ôn' Xp-S-§n-b-h {]-[m-\-Ir-XnIÄ.
]-c-ta-iz-c³ \m-bÀ H-cp Po-h-N-cn{Xw F-gp-Xm³ Xp-S-§p-t¼mÄ c-v aq-¶v ]p-kv-
X-I-§Ä-¡p-th- km-[-\-§Ä k-Öo-I-cn-¡p¶p. A-Xn-\mÂ Xs¶ ‘H-cp Po-hn-
XI-Y, H-cp k-apZm-b N-cn-{Xw, H-cp km-ln-Xy \n-cq-]Ww' F-¶o aq-¶v {K-Ù-§-fp-
sS ^-ew A-XnÂ Im-Wmw. H-cp I-em-Imc-sâ kr-ãn ]m-S-ht- ¯-¡mÄ H-cp \n-cq-
]I-sâ A-]-{KY-\-ssh-`-h-am-Wv ap-¶n-«v \nÂ-¡p-¶Xv.
3) F³._m-e-Ir-jv-W³ \m-bÀ
a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ Po-h-N-cn-{X-c-N-\bpw im-kv-{Xo-b kz-`m-hw a-\-kn-em-¡n-bn-«p-
Å Np-cp-¡w Nn-e-cnÂ H-cm-fm-Wv _m-e-Ir-jv-W-³ \mbÀ. G-sX-¦nepw X-c-¯nÂ
a-\p-jy tkh-\w \-S-¯n-bn-«p-Å hy-àn-I-sf-bm-Wv A-t±-lw ]pXn-b X-e-apd-¡v
]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ÅXv. km-aq-ly-hpw, cm-{ão-b-hpw, a-X-]-c-hpw, I-em-]-c-hpam-
b ta-J-e-I-fnÂ D-bÀ-¶p \n-¶n-«p-Å Ip-td hy-àn-I-fp-sS Po-hn-X-I-Y-IÄ A-t±-
lw a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bv-¡v Im-gv-N-sh-¨n-cp¶p. ‘{io-kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mÄ', ‘a-lÀ-jn N-«-¼n-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 11
kzm-an-Xn-cp-h-Sn-IÄ', ‘kz-cm-Pym-`n-am-\n', ‘cm-Pm-c-hn-hÀ½', ‘km-£mÂ kn.hn' C-h-
bm-Wv {]-[m-\-s¸-« Ir-XnIÄ.
4) s{]m-^.Fw.sI.km-\p
N-§-¼p-g-bp-sS hy-àn-Po-hnX-s¯ A-t±-l-¯nsâ kÀ-¤m-ß-I Po-h-n-Xhp-
am-bn _-Ô-s¸-Sp-¯n \n-co-£n-¡-bmWv ‘N-§¼p-g Ir-jv-W-]n-Å; \-£-{X-§-fp-
sS kv-t\-l-`m-P\w' F-¶ {K-Ù-¯nÂ. h-b-emÀ A-hmÀ-Uv t\Sn-b Ir-Xn-bm-WnXv.
I-hnbm-b N-§-¼p-g-bp-sS B-ßm-hn-sâ {]-Imi-\w I-s-¯m-\p-Å {i-a-¯nÂ
A-t±-l-¯n-sâ ssh-Imcn-I ZuÀ-_-ey-§-fnÂ G-sd {i-²-]-Xn-¸n-¨n-«p-v. ZuÀ-_-
ey-§Ä a-\-im-kv-{X-]-c-am-bn A-]-{K-Yn-¡m-sX _m-ly-{]-Ir-Xn-am-{X-am-bm-Wv Im-
Wp-¶Xv. _-jo-dn-sâ Po-hnX¯nse Hmtcm \n-an-jhpw k-a-{K-am-bn [ym-\-]qÀ-Æw
B-hn-jv-I-cn¨v ‘_-joÀ G-Im-´-ho-Yn-bn-se A-h-[q-X³’ tI-{µ-km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-
an A-hmÀ-Un-\À-l-ambn. AÀ-_À-«v sjz-äv-k-dp-sS Po-hn-X-I-Ybm-b ‘A-kv-X-an-¡m-
¯ sh-fn-¨w', ‘ssh-tem-¸n-Ån hm-¡p-I-fn-se a-{í-àn', ‘ar-XypÚ-bw Im-hy-
Po-hn-Xw' (Ip-am-c-\m-im³) Xp-S-§n-b-h-bm-Wv a-äv {][m-\ Po-h-N-cn-{X c-N-\IÄ.
ap³-Im-e-hÀ-j- tNm-Zy§Ä
1. Cw-¥o-jv `m-jbpw km-ln-Xy-hp-am-bp-Å k-¼À¡w-sIm-v a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ \q-X-\ km-
ln-Xy-{]-Øm-\-§Ä D-S-se-Sp¯p. hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-I. (2017)
2. B-ß-I-Ym-km-ln-Xy-¯n-se A-hn-kv-a-c-Wo-bam-b Ir-Xn-bm-Wv F-kv.Kp-]v-X³-\m-b-
cpsS ‘a-\-km-kv-a-cm-an'. icn-tbm? (2017)
3. kv{XoI-fpsS Bß-I-Y-IÄ ae-bm-fn-bpsS kmlnXy k¦-ev]s¯ \ho-Icnt¨m?
(2012-C)
4. Poh-N-cn{X kmlnXyw ae-bm-f-¯nÂ th{X iàn {]m]n-¨n-«nÃ F¶ A`n-
{]mbw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. (2011)
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a-ebmfw
bqWoävþ6.4
\ncq]Ww
H-cp km-ln-Xy Ir-Xn-bp-sS _m-ly-hpw, B-´-cn-I-hpam-b k-hn-ti-j-XI-sf hn-e-
bn-cp-¯n aqÃy-\nÀ®-bw sN-¿p-¶ {In-bm-ß-Ihpw _p-²n-]-c-hpam-b {]-hÀ-¯-\-am-Wv
hn-aÀ-i\w. kr-ãnbpw hn-aÀ-i-\-hpw ]-c-kv-]-c-_-Ô-ap-Å {][m-\ im-J-I-fmWv. B-
[p\n-I hn-aÀ-i-IÀ kÀ-¤m-ß-I km-ln-Xy-t¯m-fw {]m-[m\yw hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n\pw \Â-
Ip¶p. kÀ-¤m-ß-Iam-b I-gn-hnÃm-¯ H-cmÄ-¡v D-¶-X\m-b hn-aÀ-i-I-\m-Im-\m-bn km-
[n-¡nÃ. Im-cWw, H-cp Ir-Xn-bp-sS I-em-aqÃyw I-s-¯n kmw-kv-Imcn-I Po-hn-X-¯nÂ
A-Xp-f-hm¡n-b Po-hn-Xw I-s-¯p-¶ hn-aÀ-i-I³ B Ir-Xn-bp-sS-bpw, B kr-ãm-hn-
sâbpw kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-hpw ssh-Im-cn-Ihpw am-\-kn-I-hpam-b A-´À a-Þ-e-§-fnÂ
kq£v-a \n-co-£-W-am-Wv \-S-¯p-¶-Xv.
km-ln-Xyhn-aÀ-i-\-¯nÂ hn-i-Zo-I-cWw, hy-mJym\w, aqÃy-\nÀ-[mc-Ww F-¶o aq-
¶v L-S-I-§Ä A-´xÀ-`-hn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. {]-ta-b-]-cam-b h-kv-Xp-X-Ifpw A-Xn-¶m-[m-cam-
b Ø-e-Im-e-§fpw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv B-Zy-t¯Xv. D-Å-S¡-s¯ km-aqln-I bm-
YmÀ-°y-§-fp-am-bn _-Ôn-¸n-¨v B-kzm-Z-\£-a-X h-cp-¯n k-a-{Km-]-{KY-\w \-S-¯p-¶-
Xm-Wv hy-Jym\w. C-h-bp-sS A-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ Ir-Xn hn-e-bn-cp-¯n A-Xn-sâ Im-hy-]-
chpw kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-hpam-b kzm-[o-\hpw {]-Xn-I-c-W-hpw F-Sp-¯p-Im-Wn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv
aqÃy-\nÀ-[m-cWw. C-Xm-Wv km-lnXyhn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-se kzo-Im-cyamb s]m-Xp-coXn. km-
ln-Xy-hn-aÀ-i-\ N-cn-{X-s¯ {]m-cw-`-L«w, {]-Xn-jvTm L«w, hn-Im-k-L«w, \ho-\ L-
«w F-¶n§-s\ {]-[m-\-am-bpw \m-em-bn X-cw-Xn-cn-¡m-hp-¶-XmWv.
hy-Xykv-X hn-aÀ-i-\-co-Xn-IÄ
H-cp Ir-Xn-sb kÀh-Ym A-\p-Iq-en-¨p sN-¿p-¶ hn-a-À-i-\-am-Wv a-Þ\w. Ir-Xn-
sb A-Sn-ap-Sn hn-aÀ-in-¨v tZm-jw am{Xw I-s-¯p-¶Xvv J-Þ\w. ]-g-b B-e-¦m-cn-I-
·m-cp-sS kn-²m-´-§Ä \n-bm-a-I-L-S-I-§-fm-¡n \-S-¯p-¶ hn-aÀi-\w ¢m-Ên-Iv hn-aÀ-
i\w. I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fn-eq-sS hy-àn-Xz-¯nepw I-hn-bp-sSþI-em-Im-c-sâþa-t\m-hr-¯n-
bnepw Ir-Xn-bp-sS ku-µ-cym-ß-Iam-b `m-h-km-{µ-X-bnepw Im-ev ]- \n-I hn-aÀi-\w {i-
²n-¡p¶p. H-cp Ir-Xn hn-aÀ-i-\-InÂ D-f-hm-¡n-b {]-Xn-Ic-Ww A-hw-e-_-am-¡n sN-¿p-
¶ hn-aÀ-i-\-am-Wv ssh-b-àn-I-hn-aÀ-i\w. H-cp Ir-Xn-bp-sS D-ÅS-¡w a-\p-jy-\v F-§-
s\-bm-Wv Kp-Whpw tZm-jhpw sN-¿p-¶-sX-¶ Nn-´-bm-Wv [mÀ-an-Im-[n-jvTn-X hn-aÀ-i-
\-¯n-\m-[mcw. D-]-t_m-[-a-\-ÊnÂ \n-¶v D-bÀ-¶p-h-cp-¶ ssh-b-àn-Im-\p-`-h-§-fp-sS
en-Jn-X-cq-]-am-Wv km-ln-Xy-sa-¶ k-¦Â-¸-w A-h-ew-_-am-¡n-bn-«p-Å-XmWv a-t\m-hn-
Úm-\obw. km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ km-aqln-I {]m-am-Wyw Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv k-aq-lm-
[n-jvTn-X hn-aÀ-i\w. {]m-à-\ kw-kv -Im-c-]m-c-¼-cy-¯n-sâ Aw-i-§Ä Im-hy-§-fnÂ
C-ta-Pp-I-fm-¡n {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-s\ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n h-fÀ-¶p-h-¶ hn-aÀ-i-\-]-²-
Xn-bm-Wv B-Zn-{]-cq-]m-ß-Ihn-aÀ-i-\w. amÀ-Iv -kn-b³ km-¼-¯n-I-kn-²m-´hpw km-ln-
Xy-¯n-sâ k-aq-l-\n-jvT-Xbpw A-Xn-sâ {]-tbm-P-\-Im-cn-Xbpw P-\-Io-b-Xbpw amÀ-Iv -
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 1

kn-kv-äv hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-sâ A-Sn-¯-d-bmWv. `m-jm-im-kv-{X-¯n-sâ L-S-\bpw DÄ-¡m-gv-
Nbpw {]-tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯n-bp-Å km-ln-Xym-kzm-Z-\hpw hn-aÀ-i-\-hp-am-Wv ssi-eo-hn-
Úm-\-hn-aÀ-i-\w. `m-jm-im-kv-{X-¯n-sâbpw kmw-kv -Imcn-I am-\-h-im-kv-{X-¯n-
sâbpw A-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-ep-Å hn-aÀ-i-\-am-Wv L-S-\m-hmZw. tZ-io-bhpw ssh-tZ-in-I-
hpam-b km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS ]-c-kv-]-c-kzm-[o-\hpw B-{i-b-Xzhpw I-s-¯n Ah-
sb A-h-ew-_-am-¡n-bp-Å hn-aÀi-\w Xm-c-X-ay-hn-aÀ-i\w. I-e-bp-sS km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ
tI-h-e-ku-µ-cy-¯n-Â Du-¶n-bp-Å hn-aÀi-\w ku-µ-cym-ß-I-hn-aÀ-i\w.
kw-kv-Ir-X-km-ln-Xy-hn-aÀ-i-\-]²-Xn A-h-ew-_n-¨m-Wv a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ hn-aÀi-\w
B-cw-`n-¨-Xv. ]s£, A-e-¦m-c-`w-Kn,hmIy-tZm-jw,]-Z-tZm-jw,c-kw Xp-S-§n-b-h-am{Xw kvv-
]À-in¨p-sIm-p-Å Cu hn-aÀi-\w Ir-Xn-bp-sS B-´-cn-I-aqÃyw \nÀv-[mc-Ww sN-¿p-
¶-XnÂ ]-d-b-¯-¡-{i-²-sN-ep-¯n-bnÃ. ]m-Ým-Xy-k-¼À-¡-t¯m-sS hn-aÀ-i-\-¯nÂ
au-en-Iam-b hy-Xn-bm-\-§Ä kw-`-hn-¨p-Xp-S§n. H-cp Ir-Xn-bp-sS cq-]-`m-h-in-ev -]-§-tfm-
sSm-¸w A-Xv A-\p-hm-N-I-cnÂ kr-ãn-¡p-¶ {]-Xn-I-c-Ww-Iq-Sn I-s-¯m³ hn-aÀ-i-IÀ
k-¶-²-cmbn. kr-ãn-bp-sSbpw B-kzm-Z-\-¯n-sâbpw hym-Jym-\-¯n-sâbpw X-e-§-
fnÂ \n-¶p-Å Cu A-t\zj-Ww km-ln-Xy ]p-tcm-K-Xn-¡v h-gn-Xp-d-¶v sIm-Sp¯p. C-
¶mI-s« ]m-Ým-Xy-]u-c-kv-Xy \n-cq-]-W-]-²-Xn-I-fp-sS k-a-\z-bw Iq-Sp-X-em-bn a-e-bm-f-
¯nÂ {]-Xy-£-s¸«p. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ hn-aÀ-i-\ {K-Ù-am-bn I-cp-tX-Xvv
'eo-em-Xn-e-I-'amWv. a-Wn-{]-hm-f `m-jm-in-ev -] hn-Nm-chpw A-e-¦m-c, c-k-hn-i-I-e-\-
§fpw B-Xy-ń-I-am-bn `m-j-bp-sSbpw km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâbpw Kp-W-tZm-j-hn-Nn-´-\hpw
hn-aÀ-i-\-hp-am-Wv Cu IrXn.
{]m-cw-`-L«w
1890 ap-XÂ 1911 h-sc-bp-Å Im-e-L-«-am-Wv {]m-cw-`-L«w. tI-c-f-hÀ-½-bp-sS Im-
eL-«w ap-X-em-Wn-Xv B-cw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. K-Zy-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ ]n-Xm-hv F-¶ \n-e-bnÂ am-
{X-am-Wv tI-c-f-hÀ½-sb `q-cn-]-£-hpw a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-
¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. km-ln-Xy-hn-aÀ-i\-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw F-gp-X-s¸-« FÃm-
¯n-s\-bpw t{]m-Õm-ln-¸n¡p-I am{Xw sN-bv-Xp F-¶ \n-co-£-W-¯mÂ tI-c-f-hÀ-½
am-än-\nÀ-¯-s¸«p. hn-aÀ-in-¡m³ am{Xw km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ CÃm-Xn-cp-¶ Im-e-¯v, km-
ln-Xy-¯n-sâ h-fÀ-¨-bv -¡v G-ähpw A\p-tbmPyw t{]-Õm-l-\-t¯m-Sv Iq-Sp-XÂ tNÀ-
¶p-\n¶p-sIm-p-Å hn-aÀ-i-\-am-Wv F-¶ \-b-am-bn-cp¶p tI-c-f-hÀ-½-bp-tS-Xv. Cu k-
ao]\w G-sd Kp-W-I-c-am-bn-¯oÀ-¶p-sh¶pw N-cn{Xw t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-v v . sI.kn
tI-i-h-]n-Å-bp-sS e-£v-ao hn-em-kw \m-S-I-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v {]-iw-kn-¨v ]-d-ª-XnÂ, a-äv
\m-S-I-§-fnÂ \n-¶v, k-aq-l-¯n-se km-[m-c-W-P-\-§Ä-¡n-S-bnÂ A-Sn-ªv Iq-Sn-bn-«p-
Å A-Ô-hn-izm-k§-sf Zp-co-I-cn-¡m³ k-lm-b-I-am-Ip-¶ H-cmi-bw \m-S-I-¯n-\p-
s-¶v tI-c-f-hÀ-½ Nq-n-Im-Wn-¡p-¶p-v . C-Xv ]p-I-gv-¯-em-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. ]I-cw km-aq-
ln-I{]-tbm-P-\]-c-X F-¶ X-¯z-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp¯n-sIm-p-Å hn-e-bn-cp-¯-
em-bn-cp¶p, ]m-Ým-Xy \-ncq-]-I\m-b 'tPm¬-k¬'sâ \n-cq-]-W-ssi-en-bp-am-bn C-Xn-
s\ A-Sn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp-¯m-hp-¶-XmWv. ]p-tcm-K-a-\-]-cam-b hn-aÀi-\-ssi-en-bp-sS km-
[y-X-bm-Wv tI-c-f-hÀ-½ ap-t¶m-«v sh-¨-Xv. Imc-Ww B Im-e-b-f-hnÂ km-aq-ln-I{]-
tbm-P-\-]-c-X-sb-¡p-dn-¨v F-gp-Xp-I-tbm, kw-km-cn-¡p-Itbm sN-¿m-Xn-cp-¶ Im-e-amWv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 2

Kp-W-]-cam-b hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-sâ h-àm-sh-¶ \n-e-bn-epw, B-Zy-hn-aÀ-i-I³ F-¶ \n-e-
bnepw tI-c-f-hÀ½-sb hne-bn-cp-¯m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
tI-c-f-hÀ-½-bp-sS-bpw, cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½-bp-sSbpw hn-aÀ-i-\-cw-K-¯n-\n-S-bn-ep-Å N-
cn-{X-]-cam-b hn-S-hn-s\ \n-I-¯n-b G-I-hy-àn-bm-Wv kn.]n A-Nyp-Xta-t\m³. H-cp h-
i¯vv c-k-kn-²m-´-hpw, a-dp-h-i¯vv Bw-K-e-hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-se G-ähpw apń-b Nn-´-
Ifpw Xm-§m-bn kzo-I-cn¨p-sIm-v k-©-cn-¨ A-Nyp-Xta-t\m-sâ hn-aÀi-\w AXp-sIm-
vv X-s¶ a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ A-Xn-i-àam-b H-cp Xp-S-¡-¯n\vv h-gn-sh-¡p-Ibpw
sN-bv Xp. B-Zy-s¯ km-ln-Xy-am-kn-Ibm-b hn-Zymhn-t\m-Zn-\n-bp-sS t{]m-Zv-Lm-S-I³ Iq-
Sn-bm-Wv A-Nyp-X-ta-t\m³.
• \Ã ]p-kv-X-I§-sf sIm-Åp-I-bpw, No-¯-]p-kv-XI-s¯ X-Åp-I-bp-am-Wv hn-aÀ-i-\-

¯n-sâ au-en-Iam-b [À-½-sa-¶ Sn.F-Êv G-en-b-«n-sâ XXzw X-s¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p
kn.]n A-Nyp-Xta-t\m-sâ [À-½-hpw.
• km-ln-Xy-X-Xz-§Ä F-s´Ãm-sa-¶v hm-b-\-¡mc-s\ a-\-Ên-em-¡p-hm³ th-n \n-
ch-[n {]-_-Ô-§Ä kw-kv -Ir-X-aow-amw-k-bp-sS-bpw, ]m-Ým-Xy-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâbpw
]-Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ F-gpXn.
• km-ln-Xy-X-Xz§-sf am-\-Z-Þ-am-¡n-bp-Å km-ln-Xy-Ir-XnI-sf ]T-\-hn-t[-ba
- m-¡m-
\p-Å {i-aw \-S-¶p. A-Nyp-Xta-t\m-sâ km-ln-Xy-hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-sâ i-àn I-s-
¯m³ I-gn-bp-¶Xvv hn-h-c-Wm-ß-I te-J-\-§-fnÂ \n-¶mWv.
• a-ebm-f I-hn-X-bnÂ \n-c-´-c-am-bn \n-e-\n¶p-t]m-¶n-cp-¶ A-\p-I-cWw, \n-cÀ-°-I-
`w-Kn Xp-S§n-b L-S-I§-sf i-à-am-bn hn-aÀ-in¨p.
• ]n. tKm-hn-µ-]n-Å-bpsS ‘`m-jm-N-cn-{X-hn-aÀ-i\w' {i-t²bw. C-µp-te-J \n-cq-]-W-
¯nÂ A-sXm-cp Im-hy-am-sW¶pw ‘C-µp-te-J' tI-cfo-b th-jw [-cn-¨ a-Zm-½-bm-
sW-¶pw I-s¯n. h-b-kv-¡-c-aq-kn-Xnsâ 'a-t\m-c-a-hn-P-bs¯' J-Þ-\-hn-aÀi-
\w \-S-¯n-b A-Nyp-Xta-t\m³, A-Xn-se ]-Z-§Ä a-säm-cp X-c-¯nÂ hy-\y-kn-¨mÂ
D-¯-a-Ir-Xn-IÄ D-mIpw F-¶v ]-d-ªv I-fn-bm¡n. A-Nyp-Xta-t\m-sâ {]-iw-k
Iq-Sp-XÂ G-äp-hm§n-b Ir-Xn-bm-Wv tI-c-f-hÀ-½ h-en-b-tIm-bn-X-¼p-cmsâ 'a-bq-c-k-
tµ-iw'.
cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-I\pw Xn-I-ª P-\m-Xn-]-Xy-hm-Zn-bp-am-bn-cp¶p. kz-X-
{´-am-b H-cp ssi-en-sb cq-]-s¸-Sp¯n-sIm-m-Wv km-ln-Xy hn-aÀ-i-\-cw-K-t¯-¡v F-
¯n-b-Xv. F-¶mÂ hn-aÀ-i-\-§-sfÃmw X-s¶ hn-Im-c-{]-I-S-\-§-fp-sS a«pw `m-hhpw DÄ-
s¡m-Åp-¶ hn-[-¯n-em-bn-cp¶p. A-[n-t£-]-¯nÂ XpS-§n A-[n-t£-]-¯nÂ A-h-
km\n-¡p¶ ssi-en-bm-Wv cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å-bv-¡v D-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv . Cu hn-aÀ-i-\-§Ä-
¡mI-s« X-¯zm-[n-jvTn-Xam-b H-cp A-Sn-¯-d D-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. Im-e-¯n-\-\p-k-cn-¨v hm-
Z-§Ä am-äp-¶ kz-`m-hw kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n-bnÂ Im-Wm³ km-[n-¡p-¶-XmWv.
sIm-ö-¸³ X-cIsâ ‘a-dn-bm-½ \m-SI's¯¸än 'tI-cf³' F-¶ Xq-en-Im-\m-a-
¯nÂ sN-bv -X \n-cq-]-W-¯nÂ \m-S-I-¯n-se I-Ym-]m-{X-§-sf-tbm, c-ks¯tbm H-
¶pw \n-cq]-Ww sN-¿m-sX-bp-Å t£m-`-am-bn-cp-¶p {]-kvXp-X \n-cq-]Ww. C-¯-c-¯n-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 3
ep-Å \n-cq]-W-ssi-en-sb-bm-Wv Ir-jv-W-]n-Å ]n-´p-SÀ-¶-Xv. sI.]n I-dp¸sâ ‘_m-
em-I-teiw' \m-S-I-s¯-]-än-bp-Å \n-cq-]-W-¯n-em-Wv cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å hn-aÀ-i-\-am-\-
Z-Þ-§-fp-sS A-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ H-cp ]p-kvX-Iw ]-cn-tim-[-\ sN-¿m³ ap-XnÀ-¶-Xv. h-
f-f-t¯m-fnsâ ‘Nn{X-tbmKw' a-lm-Im-hy-¯n-s\-gpXn-b \n-cq-]-W-¯n-se A-Xyp-IvXn-]-
cam-b F-gp-¯v -sIm-v anI-¨ \n-cq-]-W-¯n-\p-Å km-[y-X-IÄ a-d-ªp-In-S-¶p. F´pw
Xp-d¶vv ]-d-bm³ Im-Wn-¨ ss[-cy-hpw, km-ln-Xy-k-]-cybpw hn-aÀ-i-I³ F-¶ \n-e-sb-
¡mÄ ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-I³ F-¶ co-Xn-bn-em-Wv cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å-bv-¡v Iq-Sp-X-em-bn tbm-
Pn-¨-Xv.
{]-Xn-jvTm-L-«w
cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½ (1863þ1919)
im-kv-{Xo-b ho-£-W-t¯m-sS km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bp-sS B-ßm-hn-te-¡v I-S-¶p-
sNÃm-\m-Wv F,BÀ cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½ X-¿m-dm-b-Xv. kw-kv-Ir-X-¯n-sâ Kr-l-Ø-kw-kv-
Im-c-hpw, Cw-¥o-jn-sâ A-Xn-Yn kw-kvIm-chpw Iq-Sn-t¨À-¶v kÀ-K-i-àn-bp-Å H-cp k-
¦oÀ-® kw-kv -Im-cw D-m-Ip-¶-Xn-eq-sS am-{X-sa a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ ]p-tcmK-Xn
e-£y-¯n-se-¯q F-¶v F.BÀ hn-iz-kn-¨p.
\-fn-\n-bp-sS A-h-Xm-cn-I-tbm-Sv Iq-Sn-bm-Wv F.BÀ a-\p-jy-a-ln-a-bp-sS A-t\z-j-
I-\m-bn am-dn-b-Xv. amXyp AÀ-t\mÄ-Un-s\-t¸m-se-bp-Å ]m-Ým-Xy-hn-aÀ-iIÀ, I-hn-X-
bp-sS ]-c-tamÂ-¡À-jw F-hn-sS-In-S-¡p-¶p-sh-¶v ]-d-ªp-sh-t¨m, B _n-µp-hnÂ-X-
s¶-bm-Wv F.Bdpw F-¯n-t¨À-¶-Xv. I-hn-X-bnÂ ]-Z-hm-Iym-e-¦m-c-§Ä-¡-¸p-dw, Po-
hn-Xbm-YmÀ-°y-§-fp-am-bn _-Ôn-¸n-¡m-hp¶ ‘Po-hn-X-a-ln-a' F-¶ ]pXn-b B-ib-
s¯ I-s-Sp-¯p-sh-¶Xvv X-s¶-bm-Wv C-Xn-sâ {]m-[m-\y-hpw. C-Xn-eq-sS ]pXn-sbm-cp
hn-a-À-i-\ {]-Øm-\w cq-]w sIm-Åp-I-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv sN-bv -X-Xv.
D-®m-bn hm-cy-cp-sS \-f-N-cn-Xw B-«-¡-Y-bv-¡v c-Nn-¨ ]T-\-hpw, Im-´m-c-Xmc-Iw
F-¶ hy-Jym-\hpw F.B-dn-se hn-aÀ-i-\-{]-Xn-`-bp-sS anI-¨ A-S-bm-f-§-fmWv. \-f-N-cn-
Xw hym-Jym-\-¯nÂ A-\h-[n hn-j-b-§Ä X-e-\m-cn-g-Iodpw t]m-se A-]-{K-Yn-¡m³
A-t±-lw C-XnÂ {i-an-¨n-«p-v. I-Ym-kw-{Klw, C-Xn-hr-¯v kqN-\, A-cn-tÌm-«n-en-sâ
tZ-i-Im-se-Iy-§Ä-¡v \-f-N-cn-X-¯n-ep-Å kmw-K-Xyw, ]m-{X-\n-cq-]Ww, I-hn-N-cn-{X-hn-
h-cWw, coXn, kw-KoXw, hn-aÀ-i-\w F-¶n-h-sbÃmw Xn-Iª ssh-Z-Kv-Zy-t¯m-sS B
{]-Xn-`m-im-en hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-¶p.
tI-c-f-hÀ-½ h-en-b-tIm-bn-X-¼p-cmsâ ‘a-bq-c-k-tµ-i-¯n-\v ' F-gpXn-b ‘aÀ-½-{]-
Imiw' F-¶ hym-Jym-\w F.B-dn-sâ \n-cq-]-W {]iw-k G-ä-hp-a-[n-Iw ]n-Sn-¨v ]än-b
H-¶mWv.
]n.sI \m-cm-b-W-¸n-Å.(km-ln-Xy-]-©m\-\³). (1910þ1990)
]-Þn-X\pw hn-aÀ-i-I-\pam-b ]n.sI \m-cm-b-W-¸n-Å-bnÂ i-àam-b kzm-[o-\-
§Ä D-f-hm-¡n-b-Xv G.BÀ cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½-bm-bn-cp¶p. \m-cm-b-W-]n-Å-bp-sS Ip-©³-
\-¼ymÀ, Ir-jv-WKm-Y \n-cq-]-Ww, Xp-©-s¯-gp-¯-Ñ³ F-¶n-h-bm-Wv a-eb - m-f-¯n-se
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 4
B-Zy-s¯ Ku-c-h-]qÀ-®am-b ]T-\§Ä. I-hn-bp-sS Po-hn-X-¯n--se \n-Kq-V-{]-iv-
\§Ä, Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS Im-e-{]-`-hm-Zn-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-Å XÀ-¡-§Ä F-¶nh-sb bp-àn-
Itfm-sS t\-cn-«-Xn-\p-tijw, ]-cn-in-jvT-am-bn \-S-¯-s¸-Sp-¶-h-bm-Wv \m-cm-b-W-]n-Å-
bp-sS hn-aÀ-i-\-co-Xn. Ihn, K-Zy-Im-c³,ssh-bm-I-c-W³,\n-cq-]-I³ F-¶n§-s\ A-©v
Kp-W-§Ä D-m-bn-cp-¶Xp-sIm-m-Wv km-ln-Xy-]-©m-\³ F-¶v hn-ti-jn-¸n-¨-Xv.
\m-cm-b-W-¸n-Å-bp-sS hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-se s]m-Xp-kz-`m-h§Ä
• K-th-j-W-kz-`m-h-¯n-sâ B-[nIyw \m-cm-b-W-]n-Å-bp-sS hn-aÀ-i-\-§-fp-sS A-´x-
k-¯-bv-¡v a-§-teÂ-¸n-¨n-«p-v.
• N-cn-{X-]-c-hpw, Po-h-N-cn-{X-]-c-hpam-b hn-aÀ-È-\-amÀ-¤§-sf km-[q-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-
Å k-lm-bn-bm-bn-«m-Wv X-sâ ]m-Þy-s¯ \m-cm-b-W-¸n-Å D-]-tbm-Kn-¨Xv. D-®n-
\o-en k-tµ-i-¯n-se K-th-j-W-Xo-{h-X-bnÂ Ir-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å hn-aÀ-i-\-Nn´-
sb e-Lq-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw.
• tPm¬-k¬ ap-XÂ G-en-b«vv h-sc-bp-Å-h-cp-sS hn-aÀ-i\-X-Xz§Ä, \m-cm-W-¸n-Å-
bp-sS an-I-¨ km-ln-Xy-hn-aÀ-i-\-§-fnÂ \n-¶pw I-s-Sp-¡m³ km-[n-¡p-¶-XmWv.
• FÃm hn-aÀ-i-\ co-Xn-Ifpw \m-cm-b-W-¸n-Å-bv-¡v h-i-am-sW-¦nepw `m-c-Xo-b-cp-sS
km-{¼-Zm-bn-Iamb ImTn-\y-s¯ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ hn-aÀ-i-\-§Ä kmÀ-h-{Xn-I-am-bn
{]-I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶p-v .
• km-t¦-Xn-I-X-bnÂ \n¶pw ]-e-t¸mgpw \m-cm-b-W-¸n-Å-bp-sS k-lr-Z-b³ c-£-s¸-Sp-
¶ A-h-Ø D-m-Im-dp-v . Cu A-h-k-c-¯nÂ I-em-ß-I-am-b H-cp h-i-s¯-¡q-Sn
\m-cm-b-W-¸n-Å-bp-sS hn-aÀ-i-\-¯nÂ \n¶pw I-s-Sp-¡m-\m-bn km-[n-¡pw.
• {]mNo-\ km-ln-Xy-Im-c-·m-sc ]p-Xn-b-bp-K-¯n-sâ ssi-en-bnÂ hopw hym-Jym-\n-
¡p-Iþ F-¶Xvv hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-sâ ]-e e-£-W-§-fnÂ H-¶m-bn-¡-cpXn-b G-en-b-«n-
\p ap³-]v X-s¶ \m-cm-b-W-¸n-Å-bnÂ I-s-¯m-\m-bn km-[n-¡p-¶-XmWv.
• B-[p-\n-I- {K-Ù§-sf hn-aÀ-i-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-¶-XnÂ \m-cm-b-W-¸n-Å ]n-d-tIm-«v
\nÂ-¡p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wm-³ km-[n-¡pw. {]mNo-\ Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS hn-aÀ-\-¯nÂ X-\n-¡v
]qÀ-® hn-izm-ky-X-tbm-sS sN-¿m³ I-gn-bp-am-bn-cp-¶ A-t£m-`y-X-bpw, ho-£-W-
¯n-sâ ss\À-aÃyhpw ]p-Xn-b-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS hn-aÀ-i-\-¯nÂ km-[n¡ptam F-¶ Xn-
cn-¨-dn-hv \m-cm-b-W-¸n-Å-bn-¡p-m-bn-cp¶p. Ip-am-c\m--im-s\ hn-aÀ-i-\-hn-t[-b-am-
¡n-b-t¸mÄ Dm-b ]n-g-hp-IÄ C-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.
A-[ym-]-I\pw ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-I-\p-am-bn-cp-¶ kn.F-Êv \m-bÀ ]u-c-kv-Xy Im-hy-im-kv-
{X-¯n-sâ A-Sn-¯-d-bnÂ Np-h-S-p-d-¸n-¨ \n-cq-]-W ssi-en-bm-Wv kzo-I-cn-¨-Xv . ]-£m-]m-
X-]-cam-b hn-aÀ-i-\-k-ao-]\-s¯ F-XnÀ-¯ kn.F-Êv \m-bÀ km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS
ku-µ-cym-ß-I Aw-i-¯n-\m-Wv {]m-[m-\yw sIm-Sp-¯-Xv. hm-kp-tZ-h³ aq-Ê-Xv, Fw.BÀ
_m-e-Irjv-W hm-cyÀ, tN-e-\m-«v A-Nvp-Xta-t\m³, Fw. BÀ \mbÀ (k-RvP - -b³) Xp-
S-§n-b-hÀ km-ln-Xy \n-cq-]-W-¯nÂ hy-àn-ap-{Z-]-Xn-¸n-¨ B-ZyIm-e ]-Þn-X-·m-cm-
Wvv.
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B-im³, h-f-f-t¯mÄ, D-ÅqÀ.
a-ebm-f I-hn-X-bp-sS Im-ev-]-\n-I-X-bv-¡v XpS-¡w Ip-dn-¨ I-hn-bm-Wv Ip-am-c-\m-
im³.B-im-sâ Ir-Xn-IÄ tI-c-f-¯n-sâ km-aqln-I Po-hn-X-¯nÂ hen-b am-ä-§Ä D-
m-¡p-¶-Xn-\v Im-cW-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p. B-im³ A-Sn-Øm-\-]-c-am-bn hn-aÀ-i-I\Ã. F-
¶mÂ hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-sâ [À-½-hpw,co-Xn-bpw \-¶m-bn A-dn-bm-hp-¶ I-hn-bm-Wv.sXän-
t]m-Ip-¶ km-ln-Xym-`n-cp-Nn-sb i-cn-s¸-Sp-¯n-sb-Sp¡p-I F-¶-Xm-Wv km-ln-Xy-hn-aÀi-
\w F-¶v ]-d-ª Sn.F-Êv G-en-b-«n-\v \m-ev hÀ-jw ap³-]v Xv-s¶ B-im³ A-Xv X-sâ
hn-aÀ-i-\-{]-{In-b-bnÂ A-hw-e-_n-¡p-I-bp-mbn. B-im-sâ {]-K-Ûam-b \n-cq-]-W-
amWv ‘Nn{X-tbm-Kw'. A-\p-I-c-W-¯n-sâ A-\p-Ic-Ww aq-ew B-ß-ZÀi-\w \-ã-s¸-« a-
lm-Im-hy-s¯ c-k-hm-Z-¯n-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ kq-£v-a ]cn-tim-[-\-bv-¡v hn-t[-b-
am-¡n-b-Xv. BZyw AÀ-°-]-cam-b Kp-W-s¯-bpw, c-m-aXvv Im-hy-hn-j-b-¯n-sâ {]m-
[m-\yw C-Xm-Wv B-im-sâ hn-aÀ-i\ ssien. kw-kvIr-X aow-amw-k-bp-sS ]-Ým-¯-e-
¯nÂ \n¶pw D-bÀ-¶-]-h-¶ B-[p-\n-Iam-b ZÀ-i-\-kzm-`mh-s¯ B-im-sâ \n-cq-]-W-
§-fnÂ \n-¶v I-s-Sp-¡p-hm-\m-bn km-[n-¡pw. F.BÀ cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½-bp-sS hn-aÀ-i-
\ ZÀ-i-\§-sf B-im³ ]n³-Xp-SÀ-¶n-«p-v .
]m-Þn-Xyhpw I-hn-Xzhpw H-¯n-W§n-b k-hn-ti-j hy-àn-Xz-¯n-\v D-S-a-bm-bn-
cp-¶p D-ÅqÀ F-Êv .]-c-ta-iz-c¿À. `m-cXob ss]-Xr-I-¯n-sâ A-´x-k-¯ ]p-\-cm-hn-
jvv-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-em-Wv I-hnbm-b D-ÅqÀ {]-[m-\-ambpw {i-an-¨-Xv. D-ÅqÀ Im-hy-amÀ-¤-
¯n-te-sX-¶-t]m-se Xs¶, hn-aÀ-i-\ amÀ-¤-¯nepw tI-c-f-hÀ-½-bp-sS A-\p-bm-bn-
bmWv. Zm-£n-Wy-]qÀ-Æam-b A-`n-\-µ-\-hpw, A-Xn-\m-h-iyam-b B-kzmZ-\w C-h c-p-
am-Wv D-f-fq-cn-sâ hn-aÀ-i-\ {]-tXy-I-XIÄ. A-Sn-bp-d-¨ B-cy-kw-kv -Im-c-{]-Xn-]-¯n-¡p-
ap-I-fnÂ ]m-Ým-Xy-km-ln-Xy-hn-aÀ-i-\ kw-kv -Im-c-¯n-sâ kzm-[o-\w D-m-bn-cp-¶p. D-
Åq-cn-sâ km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ A-Xv F-gp-X-s¸-Sp-¶ Im-e-bf-hv h-sc-bp-Å, tI-c-f-
¯nÂ P·w-sIm- FÃm km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-sfbpw DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-«p-v . ip-I-tk-
tµiw-t]m-se-bp-Å Ir-Xn-IÄ kw-kv I - r-X-am-bn«p-t]mepw A-Xn-sâ c-N-\-bpw c-Nn-bn-
Xmhpw tI-c-f-¯nÂ \n-¶p-Å-Xm-bXp-sIm-v X-s¶ tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ DÄ-
s¸-Sp-¯n-b-«p-v . C-¯-c-¯nÂ h-f-sc-hn-i-Z-am-Wv D-Åq-cn-sâ tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw.
A-Xn-hm-im-eam-b km-lnXy-tem-I-¯n\vv D-S-a-bm-bn-cp-¶p h-Å-t¯mÄ. hn-aÀ-i-
\-¯nÂ cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½-bp-sS ]n³-Km-an-I-fnÂ h-Å-t¯mÄ D-s-¦n-epw, F.B-dn-sâ
hn-aÀ-i-\ Kp-W-§Ä H¶pw X-s¶ h-Å-t¯m-fnÂ Im-Wm-\nÃ. Ir-Xn-bp-sS k-a-{K-kz-
`m-hw t\m-¡m-sX, ]-Z-hm-Iy-tZm-j-§Ä hn-kv-X-cn-¨v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶ co-Xn-bm-Wv h-Å-
t¯m-fn-tâ-Xv . B-im-sâ eo-e-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å hy-Jym-\w C-Xn\vv D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. lr-
Zyam-b H-cp K-Zy-co-Xn-bpw, \n-cq-]n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ Ir-Xn-bp-sS hy-àam-b cq-]-tc-J-h-c-bv-¡p-
¶-Xn-\p-ap-Å I-gn-hp-am-Wv h-Å-t¯m-fn-sâ ]p-kv-X-I-\n-cq-]-W-¯n-sâ ta-·IÄ. Bw-
K-em-i-b-§-fp-sS kzm-[o-\w th--hn-[-¯nÂ A-dn-bm-sX t]m-bXpw h-Å-t¯m-fn-sâ
hn-aÀ-i-\ km-[y-XI-sf A-i-à-am-¡n-¯oÀ¯p.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 6

hn-Im-k-L«wþ(\n-cq-]-W{X-b§Ä.)
tIk-cn _m-e-Ir-jv-W-]nÅ
]m-Ým-Xy km-ln-Xy kn-²m-´-§Ä A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy-¯n-epw,
km-ln-Xy hn-aÀ-i-\ cw-K¯pw hn-¹-h-I-cam-b am-ä-§Ä-¡v h-gn-sh-¨ hy-àn-bm-Wv tI-
kcn. bm-Ym-Øn-Xn-I-bnÂ th-cq¶n-b km-{¼-Zmbn-I hn-aÀ-i-\ co-Xn-I-tfm-Sv B-`n-
apJyw ]p-eÀ-¯n-bnÃ. amÀ-Iv -kn-b³ I-em-ZÀi-\w Aw-Ko-I-cn¨p-sIm-p-Å km-aqln-
I ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bm-bn-cn¡-Ww km-ln-Xy-¯n-\v D-m-bn-cn-t¡-Xvv F-¶v \n-co-£-W-
¯nÂ Dd-¨p \n-¶p tI-kcn. Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS km-t¦-Xn-Imw-i-¯n-\v Iq-Sp-XÂ {]m-[m\yw
sIm-Sp¯p. I-em-aq-Ãy-¯n-\v tIk-cn th--{X {]-[m\yw sIm-Sp-¯nÃ, F-¶mÂ X-sâ
Nn-´m-]-²-Xn-{]-Im-cw km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ {]-N-c-Wmw-i-¯n-\m-Wv Iq-Sp-XÂ {]m-[m-\yw F-
¶vv hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-I-bp-m-bn. Cu Nn-´m-]²-Xn hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-\v hn-t[-b-ambn. H-cp I-
em{]-Øm-\-sa-¶Xvv Po-hn-X-ho-£-a-¯n-sâ {]-Xn-^-e-\-am-sW-¶v tIk-cn hn-iz-kn¨p.
Po-h-N-cn-{X-]-cam-b \n-cq-]-W-¯n-\v XpS-¡w Ip-dn-¡p-¶Xvv tI-k-cn-bnÂ \n-¶p-amWv. C-
Xn-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ Pn.i-¦-c-¡p-dn-¸n-s\-bpw, _-jo-dn-s\bp-tam-s¡ tIk-cn hn-
aÀ-i-\ hn-t[-b-am-¡n-bn-«p-v . c-k-\n-_-²am-b G-Xv {]-_-Ô-hpw O-µkvv D-s-¦n-epw,
C-sÃ-¦nepw Im-hy-am-sW-¶v tIk-cn \n-cq-]n-¨p.
• tI-k-cn-bp-sS \n-co-£-W-¯nÂ \n-cq]-Ww F-¶mÂ '\n-cq-]-W-hn-j-bam-b {K-Ù-

¯n-sâ hn-j-b-s¯-]-änbÃ, ]n-s¶-tbm, A-Xn-sâ c-N-\m-co-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨m-WvþA-Xm-
bXvv A-Xn-\p-Im-c-Wam-b ku-µ-cym-\p-`-h-¯n-sâ kz-`mhw, A-Xn-sâ cq]w, km-
t¦Xn-I amÀ¤w, co-Xn F-¶n-h-sb-]-än-bm-Wv H-cp \n-cq-]-I³ G-dn-b-Iqdpw A-`n-{]m-
bw ]-d-tb--Xv.
• km-t¦Xn-I amÀ-¤-¯n-\v ]pd-sa km-ln-Xy _m-ly-§fm-b im-kv-{Xw,km-aq-ly-hn-aÀ-
iw Xp-S-§n-b-L-S-I-§-sfbpw v-\n-cq-]-W-¯n-\p-th-n D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I-bp-mbn.
• a-\p-jy-hÀ-¤-¯n-sâ ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bp-sS e-£yw kp-J-am-sW-¶pw, im-kv -{X-hn-
Úm\w, kzm-X-{ýw,I-e F-¶n-h-bn-eq-sS A-Xv {]m-]n-¡m-sa-¶pw, a-Xhpw cm-jv -{So-
b ]-£-]m-X-§-fp-am-Wv A-Xn-\p {]-Xn-_-Ô-am-bn \nÂ-¡p-¶-Xp-sa¶ t_m-[-am-bn-
cp-¶p H-cp \n-cq-]-I-s\-¶ \n-e-bnÂ tI-k-cn-sb ap-t¶m-«v \-bn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv .
• tI-k-cn km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ _mly-`m-h-¯n-\m-Wv Iq-Sp-XÂ {]m-[m\yw sIm-Sp-¯-Xv.
• Hmtcm Ir-Xn-tbbpw A-Xn-sâ am-\Z-Þw A-\p-k-cn-¨v hn-aÀ-in-¡p-hm³ tIk-cn X-
¿m-dm-bn. kvv-]-µn-¡p-¶ A-Øn-am-S-hpw, \n-an-j-hpw, I-S-¯p-h-©n-bpw,lm-ky-e-l-
cnbpw A§-s\ hn-aÀ-in-¡-s¸-«-h-bmWv.
tI-k-cn-bp-sS B-Zy-s¯ {i-t²-bam-b IrXn ‘\-h-tem-I-am-Wv'. Hmtcm a-\p-jy-
sâ-bpw ss\-kÀ-Kn-Iam-b hm-k-\I-sf {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶ km-aq-ly-k-¦Â-¸-am-Wv \-h-
tem-Iw.
I-S-¯p-h©n, a-Wn-\mZw, kv]-µn-¡p-¶ A-Øn-amSw, \n-an-jw ap-Xem-b Ir-Xn-
IÄ-¡v tIk-cn F-gpXn-b A-h-Xm-cn-I-IÄ F-¡m-ehpw km-ln-Xy kw-_-Ôam-b ]T-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 7

\-§-fm-Ip¶p. cm-P-cm-Pobw, km-ln-Xy hn-aÀ-i-\-§Ä, cq-]-a-Rv-P-cn, t\m-hÂ {]-Øm-
\§Ä, km-t¦Xn-I \n-cq]-Ww F-¶n-h-bm-Wv {][m-\ hn-aÀ-i-\ {K-Ù§Ä.
cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½bpw tI-k-cn-bpw
“kw-kv -IrX-s¯ am{Xw B-{i-bn-¡p-¶-Xm-bmÂ ta-emÂ `m-j-bv-¡p bm-sXm-cp
taÂ-K-Xnbpw D-m-Ip-¶XÃ. ]m-Ým-Xy km-ln-Xy§-sf `m-j-bv-¡v [m-cm-f-am-bn D-]-
tbm-K-s¸-Sp-t¯- I-S-a-bp-v '' C-§-s\ tIkcn ]-d-ªv sh-¨n-cp¶p. cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-
½ a-ebm-f hn-aÀ-i-\-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ h-fÀ¨-sb ap³-Iq-«n I-v X-sâ km-ln-Xy-hn-
aÀ-i-\-§-fnÂ \-S-¯n-bn-cp-¶ k-ao-]-\-s¯-bm-Wv tIk-cn X-sâ hm-¡p-I-fn-eq-sS {]-
I-Sn-¸n-¨-Xv. C-Xv X-s¶-bm-bn-cp¶p tI-k-cn-bp-sS km-ln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-t{i-jvTX
- -bv-¡v A-
Sn-¯-d ]m-In-b-Xpw. km-ln-Xy-]-©m-\\-sâ t\À-¡v tIk-cn KÀ-Ön-¨n-cp-¶ Im-e-¯v
t]m-epw, kz-b-ta-sä-Sp-¯ cm-P-cm-P-in-jy-Xz-¯n-sâ A-\n-hm-cyam-b \nÀ_-Ôw aq-ew-,
a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ H-cp kmw-kv I - mcn-I k-a-\z-bw th-W-sa-¶v tIk-cn hm-Zn-¨n-
cp¶p. A-Xv X-sâ \n-cq-]-W-¯n-sâ Xp-SÀ]m-Z-I-fnÂ tIk-cn BÀ-Ön-s¨-Sp-¡p-Ibpw
sN-bv Xp. ]-s£ tI-k-cn-bp-sS \n-cq-]-W-Po-hn--X-¯n-sâ Xp-S-¡-¯nÂ Im-W-s¸-« cm-P-
cm-P-in-jyXzw Im-e-{I-a-¯nÂ tX-ªpam-ªv t]m-b-Xm-bn Im-Wm-hp-¶-XmWv. km-
lnXyw c-km-hn-jv-I-c-W-¯n-\p-Å H-cp D-]m-[n-bm-sW-¶v a-d¶p-sIm-v , km-t¦-Xn-I-\n-
cq-]-W-¯n-\v Iq-Sp-XÂ {]m-[m\yw sIm-Sp-¡p-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. cm-PcmP³ \-fn-\n-bp-
sS A-h-Xm-cn-I-bnÂ KÀ-`m-[m-\w sN-bvX I-em-ß-I hn-aÀ-i-\-co-Xn-sb _m-e-Ir-jv-W-
]n-Å X-sâ \n-cq-]-W-¯nÂ ]n-¶oSvv h-Ôy-am-¡n-I-f-ªp. tI-k-cn-bp-sS hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-
sâ B-cw-`-¯nÂ cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½-bp-sS Nn-´m-]-²-Xn-sb X-sâ km-ln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-¯n-
\v A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡p-Ibpw ]n-¶o-Sv kz-bw BÀ-Ön-s¨-Sp-¯ h-gn-I-fn-te-¡v B A-Sn-
Øm-\-¯n-\v Nph-Sv amän-sIm-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp tI-k-cn.
Fw.]n t]mÄ (1904þ1952)
km-ln-Xy-kw-_-Ôam-b {K-Ù-§-fn-eq-sS a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ \-thm°m-\
{]-{In-b-bv -¡v XpS-¡w Ip-dn-¨-h-cnÂ Fw.]n t]mfpw DÄ-s¸-Sp¶p. km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ
km-aq-ln-I-_Ô-s¯ Aw-Ko-I-cn¨ t]mÄ A-Xn-sâ ku-µ-cym-ß-I L-SI-s¯ F-
t¸mgpw B-Z-cn-¨p. tI-k-cn-sb-t¸m-se ]m-Ým-Xy-km-ln-Xy-{]-Øm-\-hp-am-bn-«m-bn-cp-¶p
Iq-Sp-XÂ k-¼À¡w. km-ln-Xy Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ A-´À-`-hn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶ am-\pjn-I aqÃy-
§Ä \nÀ-[mc-Ww sN-¿p-¶n-S-¯m-Wv hn-aÀ-i-I³ X-sâ A-ØnXzw D-d-¸n-¡p-¶-sX-¶v
A-t±-lw hn-iz-kn¨p. Im-hy ku-µ-cy-¯n\vv AÀ-lam-b Øm-\w \-ev-Im-¯ km-ln-Xy-
am-I-s« km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ [À-½-¯nÂ \n-¶v AI-¶p \nÂ-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw t]mÄ i-à-
am-bn hm-Zn¨p. hm-¡nepw `m-j-bnepw kzm-Xýw A-\p-`-hn-¡p-¶-h-\p-am-{X-sa B-i-b-
¯n-epw A-Xv sIm-p-h-cm³ km-[n-¡q F-¶-Xn-emWvv t]m-fn-sâ hn-izmkw. t\m-h-epw,
sN-dp-I-Ybpw t]m-fn-sâ hn-aÀ-i\ - -a-Þ-e-¯n-se {][m-\ hn-j-b-§-fmWv.
• D-ÅS-¡w F-´v X-s¶ B-bmepw A-Xv hm-b-\-¡mc-s\ B-Ëm-Zn-¸n¡pw hn-[w c-k-

\o-b-am-bn B-Jym-\w sN-¿-W-sa-¶ hn-Nm-c-am-bn-cp-¶p t]m-fn-tâ-Xv. L-S-\m-]-{K-Y-\-
¯nÂ ]m-Ým-Xy-Nn-´ ]n-´p-S-cp-Ibpw Ir-Xn-bp-sS e-£y-¯nÂ c-k-Nn-´-bv-¡v \Â-
Ip-¶ {]m-[m-\yw-sIm-v `m-c-Xo-b-Nn-´-tbm-Sv tNÀ-¶v \n¶p.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 8
• B-ß-\n-jvTm-hm-Z-¯n-sâbpw h-kv-Xp-\n-jvTm-hm-Z-¯n-sâbpw k-Zw-i§-sf Iq-«n-
t¨À-¯v B-kzm-Z-I-a-\-Ên-em-Wv ku-µ-cym-[n-jvTm-\-sa-¶v Iq-«n-t¨À-¡p-¶p A-
t±lw.
• G-Xv I-e-bnepw A-Xn-tâXm-b Xm-f-{I-aw D-s-¶v t]mÄ hn-iz-kn-¨n-cp¶p. kwKo-
X Xm-Xv]-cy-¯n-\p-]n-¶n-epw Cu Xm-f-t_m-[-amImw D-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. G-Xv Ir-Xn-
bnepw A-Xn-sâ L-S-\m-kn-²m´-s¯ ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-Ih-gn A-Xn-sâ Xm-f-{I-a-am-Wv
t]mÄ A-t\z-jn-¨n-cp-¶-sX-¶v hy-à-am-Wv. ‘C-µp-te-J'bn-se ]-Xn-s\«mw A-²ym-
bw t\m-h-en-sâ Xm-f-{I-aw sX-än-¡p-¶p F-¶ hn-Nm-c-amWv ‘I-Ym-{]-hml-s¯ {]Xn-
tcm-[n-¡p-¶ in-em-J-Þw' F-¶-Xn-s\ t]mÄ hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡m³ Im-c-W-am-bn-¯oÀ-
¶-Xpw.
• Nn-{X-I-e-bp-sS ]-cn-an-Xn-IÄ hy-à-am-¡p-¶- t]mÄ, km-ln-Xy-t¯m-Sp-Å X-sâ ]-
£-]mZ-s¯ {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. kw-Ko-Xw, Nn-{X-I-e, km-lnXyw F¶n-h ]-
c-kv-]-c-_-Ô-ap-Å-h-bm-sW-¦nepw B-Zy-s¯ c-n\pw A-h-bp-sS B-hn-jv-Im-c-k-
t¦-X-§Ä sIm-pm-Ip-¶ ]-cn-an-Xn km-ln-Xy-¯n-\nÃ.\m-S-I Nn-´-bnÂ km-ln-
Xn-bmw-i-¯n-\p Du-¶Â \Â-Ip-¶Xvv C-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.
• lm-ky-s¯-t¸m-epw hn-a-À-i-\-]-c-am-b-co-Xn-bnÂ {]-tbm-Kn¨p.
• t]m-fn-sâ ]p-tcmK-a-\ km-ln-Xy-ho£-Ww amÀ-Iv-kn-b³ ZÀ-i-\§-sf A-Sn-Øm-\-
am-¡n-bp-Å H-¶m-sW-¶v I-cp-Xp-hm³ h-¿. Xm-\-h-X-cn-¸n-¨v I-em-ku-µ-cy-Nn-´-Ifpw
X-\n-¡v kz-b-ta-bp-m-bn-cp-¶ Po-hn-X-t_m-[hpw ku-µcy-t_m-[-hp-am-Wv A-t±l-
s¯ k-lr-Z-b\m-b H-cp hn-aÀ-i-I-\m-¡n-b-Xv . k-aq-l-¯nÂ hn-iz-kn-¨n-cp-s¶-
¦nepw hy-àn-¡m-bn-cp-¶p A-t±-lw {]m-[m\yw sIm-Sp-¯n-cp-¶Xv.
• ‘cq-]-`-{Z-Xm-hmZw' A-h-X-cn-¸n¨-Xp ap--tÈ-cn B-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw F-¡m-e¯pw
X-sâ ku-µ-cy-Nn-´-bnÂ t]mÄ C-Xn-\v Øm-\w \Â-In-bn-cp-¶p.1930þÂ ‘t\m-hÂ-
km-ln-Xyw' F-gp-Xp-t¼mÄ X-s¶ H-cp Ir-Xn cq-]-]-c-am-bn `-{Z-am-bn-cn-¡-W-sa-¶v X-
s¶-bm-Wv A-t±-lw AÀ-°-am-¡n-bn-cp-¶-Xv. t\m-hÂ,sN-dp-I-Y F-¶n-h-bp-sS L-S-
\ A-]-{K-Yn-¡p-I-bpw, C-Xn-hr-¯-¯n-\v {]m-[m\yw \Â-Ip-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶Xvv Cu
cq-]-`-{Z-X Nn-´-sIm-m-Wv .
• -hn-aÀ-i-\-§-fnse {]-I-Sam-b [o-c-X,hn-{K-l-`-Ú-Xzw,Hu-NnXy-t_m-[w,kq-£v -a-\n-co-
£-Ww,Iem-t_m-[w,\n-jv -]-£-X F¶nh t]m-fn-sâ kp-Zr-Uam-b km-lnXy-t_m-[-
¯n-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.
aqÃy-§-fnÂ \n¶p-sIm-p-Å hy-àn-hn-Im-kw B-{K-ln-¨n-cp¶ t]mÄ a-\p-jy-
Xz-¯n-sâ ]-£-¯m-bn-cp-¶p.t]m-fn-sâ 't\m-hÂ km-ln-Xyw' F-¶ IrXn, a-ebmf
t\m-hÂ {]-Øm-\-s¯-bpw, t\m-hÂ km-ln-Xy-s¯bpw k-hn-ti-j-am-bn t\m-¡n-Im-
Wm³ {i-an-¡p-¶ hn-aÀ-i-\-{K-Ù-amWv. {]-[m-\-ambpw ]-Zy-km-ly-Xy-t¯m-Sv Xm-Xv -
]cyw Im-Wn-¨n-cp-¶ Im-e-¯v hn-aÀ-i\-s¯ K-Zy-km-ln-Xy-¯n-te-¡v Xn-cn-¨p-hn-Sp-¶-
XnÂ 't\m-hÂ km-ln-Xyhpw', 'sN-dp-I-Ym {]-Øm-\hpw k-lm-bn-¨n-«p-v . kn.hn cm-
a³ ]n-Å-bspS t\m-h-epI-sf ITn-\ hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-\v ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xvv
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 9

Im-Wmw. [-cÀ-½cm-P H-cp \m-bÀ a-lm-Im-hy-am-sW-¶v t]mÄ hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-¶p. 'sN-dp-
I-Ym-{]-Øm\w' F-¶ Ir-Xn hn-tZ-in-b-hpw, kz-tZ-io-bam-b sN-dp-I-Y-I-sfbpw F-Sp-
¯p-Im-«n A-Xn-sâ k-t¦-X-§-sf-bpw, km-[y-X-I-sfbpw hn-h-cn-¡p-¶p.
tPm-k^vv ap--tÈ-cn. (1903þ1977)
I-½yq-Wn-Ìv A-\p-`m-hnbm-b cm-jv -{So-b Nn-´-I-\pw, \n-b-a-k-`m-km-am-Pn-I\pw
B-Zy-s¯ tI-c-f-a-{ń-k-`-bnÂ hn-Zym-`ym-k a-{ń-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p tPm-k^vv ap--tÈcn.
]m-Ým-Xy ]u-c-kv-Xy kn-²m-´-§Ä H-¶n-¸n¨p-sIm-p-Å hn-aÀ-i-\ k-{¼-Zm-b-am-bn-cp-
¶p ap--tÈ-cn-bp-tS-Xv . km-lnv-Xy-¯n-sâ e-£y-§-sf kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw ]m-Ým-
Xy kn-²m-´w sX-fn-¨n« km-aqln-I Nn-´-bnÂ A-t±-lw Dd-¨p \n¶p. B-Xyń-I hn-
i-I-e-\-¯nÂ am-cmcpw ap--tÈ-cnbpw .tbm-Pn-¸n-se-¯p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. ]p-tcmK-a-\
km-ln-Xy-{]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ t\-Xr-\n-c-bnÂ \n-¶v ap--tÈ-cn Ip-d-¨p-Iq-Sn ap-t¶m-«v I-
S¶vv km-ln-Xy-¯n-se P-\-Io-bmw-i-¯n-\v ku-µ-cym-ß-Iam-b ]p-Xn-b-am-\w \-en-In. ap-
-tÈ-cn-bp-sS km-ln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W Im-e§-sf aq-¶m-bn X-cw-Xn-cn-¡m-hp-¶-XmWv.
H-¶v : `m-cXo-b Im-hy-im-kv-{X-t¯m-Sv G-sd B-`n-ap-Jyw Im-«n-bn-cp-¶ B-Zy-L-«-¯nÂ
ap--tÈ-cn-bp-sS ssk-²mń-I \n-e-]mSvv ku-µ-cym-ß-I-am-bn-cp¶p.
c-v : C-S-Xp-]-£ Nm-bvhp-Å cm-jv -{So-b \n-e-]mSvv kzo-I-cn-¨ c-mw-L-«-¯nÂ km-ln-
Xy-¯n-sâ km-aq-ln-Ihpw kmw-kv -Im-cn-I-hpam-b B bm-a-§Ä-t¡-sd {]m-[m\yw I-ev -
]n-¨ ap--tÈ-cn-bp-sS \n-cq-]-W-§Ä I-hn-X-bp-sS D-Å-S-¡-¯nÂ am{Xw H-Xp-§n\n¶p.
aq-¶v : k-ao-]-\-]-cam-b k-´pe-\w Hc-f-thm-fw ho-s-Sp-¯p aq-¶mw L-«-¯nÂ.
• kw-kv Im-c k-¼-¶\m-b hm-b-\-¡m-c\vv H-cp km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn hm-bn-¨mÂ D-m-Im-
hp¶ tNm-Zy-§-Ä¡pw kw-i-b-§-Ä¡pw X-sâ \n-cq-]-W-§-fn-eq-sS D¯-cw \Â-
Im³ ap--tÈ-cn-¡v km-[n¨p.
• cq-]-`m-h-§Ä k-a-Rv-P-k-am-bn e-bn-¨p-tNÀ-¶ H-cp G-I-I-am-bn km-ln-Xy-s¯ hn-
e-bn-cp-¯-W-sa-¶v A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶ ssk-²m-ń-I-\pw, cq]-s¯ A-h-K-Wn¨pw
`mh-s¯ kw-c-£n¡-Ww F-¶p kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶ {]-tbmKn-I \n-cq-]-I\pw ap--tÈ-
cn-bnÂ k-a-\z-bn-¡p¶p.
• `m-cXo-b c-k-kn-²m´-s¯ dn-¨m-Uv k - n-sâ aqÃy-hm-Z-t¯m-Sv tNÀ-¯p-Im-«n-b-Xv a-
ebmf km-ln-Xy-Nn-´-bv-¡v ap--tÈ-cn \ÂIn-b hen-sbm-cp kw-`m-h-\-bmWv. km-
ln-Xy c-kw F-¶-Xv shdpw B-\-´-a-sÃ-¶pw, km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ e-£y-km-^Ãy-¯n-
\v Úm-]-Iam-b H-cp a-t\m-hn-Im-kw am-{X-am-sW¶pw e£yw kw-kv Im-tcm-t¯P-
\w X-s¶-bm-sW-¶p-am-Wv dn-¨m-Uv -kn-sâ kn-²m´w.
• amÀ-Iv-kn-b³ I-em-kzm-Z-\-¯n-sâ s]m-cpÄ I-s¯n-b ap--tÈcn km-aqln-I hn-
¹-h-¯n-sâ t{]-c-I-L-S-I-am-Wv D-¯-a-km-ln-Xy-sa-¶v Dd-s¡ {]-Jym-]n¨p. A-tX
ka-bw km-ln-Xy-s¯ cm-ão-b-¯n-sâ N-«-¡q-«nÂ H-Xp-¡n \nÀ-¯p-¶-Xn-s\ hn-aÀ-
in-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv -Xp.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 10

• Ir-Xn-I-fn-se km-t¦Xn-I L-S-I-§-fneÃ, A-h-bn-Â DÄ-t¨À-¶n-cn-¡p-¶ Po-hn-X-
aqÃy-§-fn-em-Wv ap--tÈ-cn a-\-aq-¶n-b-Xv. D-àn-ZmÀ-Vyhpw B-ß-hn-izm-khpw \n-
d-ªp-\nÂ-¡p-¶ ssi-en-bm-Wv A-t±-l-¯n-tâXv. cq-]-`-{Z-Zm hm-Zw ap--È-cn-sb hn-
aÀ-i-\-cw-K¯vv Iq-Sp-XÂ {i-t²-b-\m-¡n amän. {]-Xn-]m-Z-\-]-camb ssh-in-jv Syw D-
s-¦nse (cq-]-`-{Z-X) H-cp IrXn I-em-]-c-am-bn DÄ-Ir-ã-am-Iq F-¶v hm-Zn-¨p.
• \n-tbm-¢m-Êvn-kn-k-t¯m-Sp-Å F-XnÀ-¸pw, sdm-am-ân-k-t¯m-Sp-Å B-cm-[-\bpw ap-
-tÈ-cn-bp-sS \n-cq-]-W-¯n-sâ Im-X-em-b `m-K-amWv. C-Xn-\v c-v ap-J-§-fp-v . k-
aq-l-kw-_-Ônbm-b H-cp ap-J-hpw, km-ln-Xy-kw-_-Ônbm-b a-säm-cp ap-J-hpw.
• ]m-Ým-Xy-Nn-Í-sc D-²-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ A-h-cp-sS B-I-c-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨v au-\w ]m-en-
¡p-¶-Xv hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-sâ B-[n-Im-cn-IX-sb ]-e-t¸mgpw A-i-à-am-¡n-XoÀ-¯n-«p-
vv .
• ]-£-]m-X-\n-cq]-Ww Nn-e-t¸mÄ kw-`-hn-¨p. (ta-L-k-tµi-s¯ a-bq-c-k-tµ-i-t¯m-
Svv D-]-an-¨-Xv.)
I-hn-Xz-¯n-sâ km-êyw Po-hn-Xw \m-S-Io-b-am-bn A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ D-¨-
tIm-Sn-bn-em-sW-¶v '\m-S-Im-´w I-hn-Xz-¯n\v' ]pXn-b hy-Jym-\w \ÂIn-b ap--tÈ-cn
`m-cXo-b Io-hn-b-aow-amw-k-bp-sS A-´À-ZÀ-i-\-§Ä km-ln-Xy-hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-sâ DuÀ-
Ö-am-¡n-¯oÀ-¯p. B-im³ I-hn-X, h-Å-¯Ä I-hn-X, a-\p-jy-I-Ym-\p-Km-bnIÄ, A-
´-co-£w Xp-S-§n-b-h-bm-Wv {][m-\ Ir-XnIÄ.
cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½bpw ap--tÈ-cn-bpw
ap--tÈ-cn-sb Po-hn-X-]-£-]m-X-hpw, km-aq-ln-I-ho-£-a-hp-ap-Å \n-cq-]-I-\m-¡n
am-än-bXvv tI-c-fo-b km-aq-ln-I-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-¯n-bn-cp-¶ ^yq-UÂ ]m-
c-¼-cy-t¯m-Spw, km-ln-Xy-s¯ cq-]-\njvT hym-]m-c-am-bn A-[x-]-Xn-¸n-¨ \n-tbm-¢m-kn-
Iv k-{¼-Zm-b-t¯m-Sp-ap-Å F-XnÀ-¸m-Wv. Cu hy-àn-k-hn-ti-j-X-X-s¶-bm-Wv B-ZyIm-
e \n-cq-]-W-§-fnÂ ap--tÈ-cn-bnÂ {]-I-S-am-bn-I--Xpw. ]n-¶o-SXvv Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS `m-h-
¯n-\v Iq-Sp-XÂ {]m-[m\yw IÂ-¸n-¨v sIm-Sp-¡p-Ibpw cq-]-¯n-\v {i-²-sIm-Sp-¡m-Xn-cn-
¡p-I-bp-am-Wv sN-bv -X-Xv. cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½-bp-sS km-ln-Xy-ho£-Ww ap--tÈ-cn-bnÂ I-
s-Sp¡mw F-¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ \Ã-Xv , ap--tÈ-cn X-sâ km-ln-Xy Nn-´-tbm-tSm/km-ln-
Xy-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å X-sâ hy-àn-Nn-´-bpsStbm kvv-]-µ-\-§f - n-ep-Å km-ayw G.B-
dnÂ I-s-Sp-¡p-I-bpw, A-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨v {]-iw-k-\o-bam-b hn-[-¯nÂ ]-d-bp-I-bp-am-
Wv sN-bv -X-Xv. Im-cWw, ap--tÈ-cn-bp-sS Po-hn-X-Im-gv-N-]m-SpI-sf km-[q-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-
bn-cp-¶p cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½-bp-sS Pohn-X ]-Ým-¯ew. cm-P-Ip-Spw-_-¯nÂ P-\n-¡p-I-bpw,
k-aq-l-¯n-se km-[m-c-W-¡mÀ-s¡m-¸w \n-¶p k-aq-l-¯n-sâ kmw-kv -Imcn-I X-e-¯n-
ep-Å Hu-\y-Xy-¯nÂ F-¯n-t¨-cp-Ibpw sNbv-X hy-àn-bm-bn-cp-¶p G.BÀ. Iq-Sm-sX
cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½-bp-sS \n-tbm-¢m-kn-Iv Ir-Xn-I-tfm-Sv Im-Wn-¨ F-XnÀ-¸pw, sdm-amân-kn-k-
t¯m-Sv Im-Wn-¨ A-Sp-¸-hpw, ap--È-cn-sb sIm-v cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½ 'a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-
¯n-se \-thm-°m\w' F-¶pw (cq-]-`-{Z-XþIr-Xn), \n-tbm-¢m-knk-s¯ shÃp-hn-fn-¨ hn-
¹-h-Im-cn-sb-¶pw (cm-P-cmP-sâ am-sämen) hn-ti-jn-¸n-¨-Xn-\p Imc-Ww C-Xv X-s¶-bm-
Wv. G.B-dn-sâ {]m-k-hmZw, A-sÃ-¦nÂ A-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨v G.B-dn-\p-m-bn-cp-¶ Im-gv-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 11
N-¸m-Sv Zzn-Zo-bm-£-c {]m-kw F-¶ AÀ-°w am-{X-ta \Â-In-bn-«p-Åp-sh-¶pw, AXn-t\m-
Sp-Å hn-tcm[w ‘A-Xn-\p-t\-sc-bp-Å D-Zmko-\ _p²n' am-{X-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶pw
G.BÀ Xv-s¶ ]-dªvv sh-¨n-«p-v . F-¶mÂ ap--tÈ-cn C-Xn-s\ ‘G.B-dn-sâ `m-jm-
I-hn-X-bn-se hn-¹-h-ambn' hn-e-bn-cp-¯p¶p. ap--tÈ-cn Øm-]n-s¨-Sp¡pw hn-[-¯n-ep-
Å hn-¹-hmi-bw A-¶v G.BÀ {]m-k-hm-Z-¯n-\p sIm-Sp-¯n-cp-¶nÃ. ]-s£ C-Xn-\p-
ti-jw G.B-dn-sâ ho-£-W N-{I-hm-fw hn-I-kn-¨p F-¶-Xv k-Xy-amWv. C-hn-sS-sbÃmw
Im-Wm³ I-gn-bp-¶Xvv ap--tÈ-cn-bn-se \n-cq-]-km-Zr-iy-X-I-sf-bpw, km-ln-Xy-ho-£-W-
s¯bpw G.B-dn-sâ km-ay-]-£-§-fnÂ-t¨À-¯v A-an-X-am-bn D-bÀ-¯n-Im-«p-¶-XmWv.
c-v hy-àn-I-sf-¶ \n-e-bnÂ \n-cq-]-W-¯nÂ km-Zr-iy-IÄ D-m-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶-
XÃmsX, G.B-dn-sâ km-ln-Xy-ho£-Ww {]-N-cn-¸n¡p-I F-¶ Dt±-i e-£y-aÃm-bn-cp-
¶p ap--tÈ-cn-bnÂ D-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv, ]I-cw X-sâ km-ln-Xy-ho-£-W-§-tfm-Spw, hn-aÀ-
i-\ _p²n-tbmSpw km-Zriyw tXm¶n-b ap-¶m-Nm-cy\m-b H-cp {]-Xn-`-tbm-Sv tXm¶n-b
B-Z-c-hpw, ]-£]m-X k-ao-]-\hpw am-{X-am-bn-cp-¶p A-Xv .
Ip-«n-Ir-jv-W-am-cmÀ (1900þ1974)
kw-kvIr-X ]m-ÞnXyw sImpw `m-c-Xo-b-]p-cm-tW-Xn-lm-k-§-fn-ep-Å A-h-Km-
lw sIm-pw {]-Y-a-Øm-\¯vv \nÂ-¡p-¶ \n-cq-]-I-\pw, hn-aÀ-i-\-¯nÂ X-\Xm-b amÀ-
¤w kzo-I-cn-¨ km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\p-am-Wv Ip-«n-Ir-jv-W-am-cmÀ. Im-hy-aÀ-½§-sf X-«n-bp-
WÀ¯n, Ir-Xn-bp-sS B-ßm-hn-te-¡v I-em-Ip-ie-X-tbm-sS I-S-¶p-sNÃm-\m-Wv am-cmÀ
k-¶-²-\m-b-Xv. km-ln-Xy kuµ-cy im-kv-{X-¯n-sâ au-en-I-X-Xz-§-fnÂ D-d-¨p-\n-¶p-
sIm-t A-t±-lw X-sâ Xqen-I N-en-¸n-¨pÅp. ]u-c-kv-Xy km-ln-Xy kn-²m-´-§Ä
B-[p\n-I ho-£-W-hp-am-bn k-a-\z-bn-¸n-¡m³ am-cmÀ {]-ZÀ-in-¸n-¨ ss[-jWn-I kzm-
Xýw F-Sp-¯p-]-d-b- h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv.kz-Xx-{]m-am-Wy-ap-Å am-cmÀ, a-e-bm-f-km-ln-
Xy-¯n\vv sam-¯-¯nÂ \ÂIn-b ‘I-em-Po-hn-Xm-t`-Z' Nn-´ ]pXn-b bp-K-¸n-d-hn-¡v h-gn-
Xp-d-¡p-I-bp-mbn. `m-cXo-b kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-ss]-Xr-I-¯n\pw B-[ym-ßn-I-X-bv-¡pw
B-[p\n-I Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ N-e-\m-ß-I A-´-co-£-¯nÂ ]p-Xn-b-`mjyw N-a-bv-¡m³ am-
cm-cp-sS {]-Xn-`m-i-àn-¡v km-[n-¨p. hy-àn-]-c-am-bn X-\n-¡v C-jv -S-anÃm-¯-Xn-s\-
sbÃmw X-s¶ am-cmÀ A-S-¨m-t£-]n-¡p-I-bm-Wv sN-bv -X-Xv. F.B-dn-sâ `m-jm-`q-j-W-
s¯-¡p-dn-¨pw, Ip-©³ \-¼ym-cpsS ‘IÃym-W ku-KÔn-I's¯-¡p-dn-¨p-ap-Å hn-aÀ-i-
\-§Ä C-Xn-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.
• Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS Im-hym-ß-Iamb A-´x-k-¯ I-s-¯m-\p-Å kq-£va t_m[w, hn-

«p-ho-gv-N-bnÃm-¯ A-`n-{]m-b ZmÀ-Vyw, i-ànbpw aqÀ-¨bpw H-¯n-W§n-b `m-j, ]-
g-a-tb-bpw, ]p-Xp-a-tb-bpw C-W-¡n-t¨À-¡m-\p-Å A-km-[m-cW ssh-`-hw, C-sXÃmw
am-cm-cp-sS \n-cq-]-W-{]-tXy-I-X-fm-Wv.
• ‘I-e I-e-bv-¡p-thn' F-¶ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Bi-bw sN-s¶-¯p-¶Xvv I-e, Po-hn-
X-¯n-sâ km-{µo-{In-Xam-b {In-bmw-iw F-¶n-S-¯m-Wv. H-cp I-em-Im-c³ Im-em-kr-
ãn-sb I-te-tS-Xp-am-{Xam-b A-fhp-tIm-ep-IÄ D-]-tbm-Kn-¨v hn-e-bn-cp-¯-W-sa-¶v
am-cmÀ hm-Zn¨p. am-cm-cp-sS `m-c-X-]-cyS\w Cu e-£y-s¯-bm-Wv Nq-n-Im-Wn-¡p-¶-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 12

Xvv. C-Xnlm-k I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS kr-ãn-bnepw km-£m-Xv-¡m-c-¯nepw hy-mk³
t\Sn-b hnP-bw Nq-n-Im-Wn-¡p-I-bm-Wv am-cmÀ sN-bv -X-Xv.
• km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ Po-hn-X-K-Ôn-bm-b ku-µcy-t_m-[hpw am-\hn-I Znim-t_m-[hpw
h-fÀ-¯n-sb-Sp-¡m³ am-cm-cp-sS hn-aÀ-i-\-{]-Xn-`-bv-¡v km-[n-¨p.
• ip-²-`m-j-bnÂ h-¶p-tN-cp-¶ I-eÀ-¸m-Wv km-ln-Xy-sa-¶v a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ B-Zy-am-bn
Nq-n-Im-Wn-¨Xvv Ip-«n-Ir-jv-W-am-cm-cmWv. `m-j-bp-sS I-eÀ-¸n-s\ B-IÀ-j-I-am-¡n-
am-äp-¶Xvv km-ln-Xy-Imc-sâ {]-Xn-`m-i-àn-bm-sW-¶pw,C¯-cw kr-ãn-IÄ Ime-
s¯ A-Xn-Po-hn-¡p-¶-Xm-sW¶pw am-cmÀ hn-e-bn-cp¯n.
• bp-àn-Nn-´ am-cm-cp-sS \n-cq-]W ssi-en-bp-sS G-ähpw hen-b {]-tXy-I-X-bmWv.
F´pw bp-àn-bp-sS D-c-IÃnÂ D-c-¨v Xn-«-s¸-Sp-¯n-am-{X-sa am-cmÀ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡m-
dpÅp. FÃm-¯n-s\bpw k-kq-£v -aw hn-e-bn-cp¯n-sIm-v Øm-]n-t¡--Xn-s\
Øm-]n-¨pw, J-Þn-t¡--Xn-s\ J-Þn-¨p-am-Wv \n-cq-]n-¡p-I.
• aqÃy-t_m-[-¯n-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\w am-cm-cnÂ I-s-Sp-¡m³ km-[n-¡p-¶-XmWv. `m-
cXo-b X-Xz-Nn-´-bnÂ A-[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv am-cm-cpsS Cu aqÃy-t_m[w. \-½p-sS kw-
kvv-Im-c-tem-]-¯n-sâ D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn \-¼ymÀ Ir-XnI-sf Nq-n-Im-«n-hn-aÀ-in-¡p-¶
am-cm-cnÂ \nd-ªp \nÂ-¡p-¶Xpw Cu aqÃy-t_m-[w X-s¶-bmWv.
am-cm-cp-sS ]-£-]m-Z-hmZw
‘cm-Pm-¦-W'¯n-sâ A-h-Xm-cn-I-bn-em-Wv am-cmÀ X-sâ aq-¶v hm-Z-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨v
tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. 1. I-e-Po-hn-Xw Xs¶ 2. B-ß-{]-Im-i-\-hmZw 3. \n-£v]-
£-Xmhn-tcm-[-hm-Zw F-¶n-h. a-\p-jy-sâ A-´À-a-Þ-e-¯n-sâ km-c-kÀ-Æ-am-Wv am-
cmÀ-¡v ]-£-]m-Xw. am-cmÀ ]-£-]m-Xw F-¶v sIm-v C-hn-sS AÀ-°-am-¡p-¶Xvv I-em-
Imc-sâ B-ßm-\p-`q-Xn F-¶v X-s¶-bmWv. hn-aÀ-iI-sâ ]-£-]m-Z-¯n-\p km-ln-Xy-hn-
aÀ-i-\-¯n-ep-Å Øm-\w F-s´-¶v ]m-Ým-Xy km-ln-Xy-hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-se hen-sbm-cp
hnhm-Z hn-j-b-am-Wv.
am-cm-cp-sS \n-cq-]-W-§-sfÃmw ]-£-]m-X-\n-cq-]-W-§-fmWv. am-cm-cp-sS A-`n-{]m-b-
¯nÂ \n-jv ] - -£ \n-cq]-Ww CÃ. FÃm \n-cq-]-Whpw ]-£]m-X \n-cq-]-W-amWv. H-cp
Ir-Xn \n-cq-]-I-\nÂ P-\n-¸n-¡p-¶ A-`n-{]m-b-am-Wv A-bm-fp-sS ]-£w. B ]-£-¯nÂ
Du-¶n-\n¶p-sIm-m-Wv A-bmÄ \n-cq]-Ww \nÀ-h-ln-t¡--Xv. A-t¸mÄ a-äv _m-ly-
kzm-[o\-§tfm Ck-§tfm H¶pw X-s¶ A-bm-sf kzm-[o-\n-¡m³ ]m-SnÃ. C§-s\
H-cp Ir-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨v \n-cq-]I-\v tXm-¶p-¶ A-`n-{]m-b-§Ä th-«n-¯p-d¶vv ]-d-bp-¶-Xm-
Wv am-cm-cp-sS ]-£-]m-X-\n-cq-]-Ww.
am-cm-cp-sS ]-£-]m-Z-hm-Zw þ hn-aÀ-i-\-hiw
H-cp km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn F-t¸mgpw F-gp-¯p-Imc-sâ t_m-[-X-e-s¯-am-{XaÃ, A-
t_m-[-X-e-¯n-se B-i-b-§-fp-sSbpw,\n-K-a-\-§-fp-sSbpw tNÀ-¨-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. kz-`m-hn-
Iam-b F-gp-¯n-sâ {]-{In-b-bm-WnXv. t_m-[-X-e-¯nÂ \n-¶p-Å B-i-b-§-sfbpw `m-
h-\-Ifpw G-dn-b-Iqdpw A-bmÄ BÀ-Ön-s¨-Sp-¯ hn-h-c-§-fp-sS-bpw a-\-Ên-em¡n-b
h-kv -Xp-X-I-fp-sSbpw A-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-ep-Å-XmWv. A--t_m-[-X-e-¯nÂ \n-¶p-Å-Xv A-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 13
bm-fp-sS _m-eyw-ap-X-ep-Å Po-hn-Xm-\p-`-h-§-fp-sS {]-Xn-ê-\-w- DÄ-s¸-Sp-¶-Xp-Iq-Sn-b-m-
Wv. H-cp Ir-Xn-sb \n-cq-]-W-¯n-\p hn-t[-b-am-¡p-t¼m-gpw C-tX am-\knI {]-{In-b-X-
s¶-bm-Wv \n-cq-]-I hy-àn-bnepw B-hÀ-¯n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. AXp-sIm-v X-s¶ H-cp Ir-
Xn-bn-epw, A-Xn-s\ \n-cq-]-W-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-¶ hy-àn-bn-epw kzm-`m-hn-Iam-b C-ãm-\n-
ã-§Ä \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶p-v . H-cp Ir-Xn-bp-sS \n-cq-]-W-¯n-eq-sS hy-à-am-tI-Xvv F-
gp-X-s¸-«-Ir-Xn A-Xn-sâ FÃm-hn-[-Np-äp-]m-Sp-I-sfbpw ap³-\nÀ¯n-sIm-v ap-t¶m-«v h-
bv-¡p-¶ bm-YmÀ-°yw F-´m-sW-¶p-Å-Xm-Wv A-sÃ-¦nÂ Ir-Xn-bp-sS b-YmÀ-°-aqeyw
F-s´-¶p-Å-XmWv. am-cm-cp-sS ]-£-]m-Z-hm-Z-a-\p-k-cn-¨v “H-cp Ir-Xn \n-cq-]-I-\nÂ P-\n-
¸n-¡p-¶ A-`n-{]m-b-am-Wv A-bm-fp-sS ]-£w''. C-hn-sS \n-cq-]I-sâ ]-£w F-¶Xvv
taÂ-¸-d-ª A-bm-fp-sS C-ãm-\n-ã-§f - p-sS kzm-[o-\w Iq-Sn-t¨-cp-¶-Xm-bn-Xo-cp-t¼mÄ
A¯-cw hn-aÀ-i-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ b-YmÀ-°-¯nÂ ap-t¶m-«v h-bv-¡p-¶Xvv Ir-Xn-bp-sS b-YmÀ-
°-aqÃy-aÃ, ]Icw \n-cq-]-I-sâ B Ir-Xn-bp-sS-ta-ep-Å C-ãm-\n-ã-§-fp-sS _m-ly-{]-
Xn^-\w am-{X-am-bn-cn-¡pw. ]-£]m-Z \n-cq-]-W-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v G-en-b-«v C§-s\ ]-d-ªn-
cn-¡p¶pþ “kz-´w k¯-sb \n-e-\nÀ-¯-W-sa-¦nÂ hnaÀ-i-I³ X-sâ ]-£-]m-X-§-
sfbpw {`-a-§-sfbpw \n-b-{ń-¨v \nÀ-t¯--XmWv''. C-¯-c-¯nÂ, \n-cq-]-I³ X-sâ
]-£-]m-Z-§-sfbpw {`-a-§-sf-bpw \n-b-{ń-¨p \nÀ-¯-p-t¼mÄ am-{X-amWv \-cq-]-W-Ir-
Xn-bp-sS b-YmÀ-°-aqÃy-s¯ ]p-d¯p-sIm-p-h-cm³ km-[n-¡p-I-bpÅq.
am-cmÀ X-sâ km-ln-Xy-hn-aÀ-i-\-¯nÂ ]-e-t¸m-gpw, X-sâ \n-co£-Ww i-cn-sb-
¶vv sX-fn-bn-¡p-¶X - n-\p-th-n \n-cq-]-W-¯n-\m-bn Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡p¶ Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS b-
YmÀ-° aq-ey-s¯ h-f-s¨m-Sn-¡p¶-Xm-bn \-ap-¡v I-s-¯m-\m-bn km-[n-¡pw. 'a-bq-c-
k-tµ-i'¯n-sâ \nÀ-½m-W-c-lkyw a-\-Ên-em-¡msX, ta-L-ktµ-i' hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-sâ
N-c-a-`m-K-¯v tI-c-f-hÀ-½-sb-]-än \-S¯n-b ]-cn-lmkw, '\-½p-sS hn-[p-c-hnem-] Im-
hy§Ä' F-¶ {]-_-Ô-¯nÂ, \m-e-¸m-Sn-sâ 'I-®p-\oÀ-¯p-Ån-'bp-sS a-ln-a-bv-¡v ]-c-
`m-K-tim-`-sIm-Sp-¡m³ ]-än-b hn-em-]-Im-hy-§-fÃ Xm-c-Xayw sN-¿-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. 'I-
®p-\oÀ-¯p-Ån-bpsS' km-ln-Xy am-lm-ßy-s¯ D-bÀ-¯n-Im-«m³, AXn-s\m-¸w \nÂ-
¡p-¶ hn-em-]-Im-hy§-sf Xm-c-X-ay-hn-t[-b-am-¡--Xn-\p ]-Icw, X-sâ \n-co£-Ww i-
cn-sb-¶v Øm-]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n km-ln-Xy-ta-· Xm-c-X-tay-\ Ip-d-ª Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv
Xm-c-X-ay-¯n-\p-th-n Xn-c-sª-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv .
XpS§n-b \n-cq-]-Wmh-k-c-§-fn-seÃmw X-s¶ ]-£-]m-Z-\n-cq-]-W-¯n-sâ A-´-
X-tb-bpw,kzm-`n-{]m-b- km-[q-I-c-W-¯n-\p-th-n-h-cp-¶ h-f-s¨m-Sn-¡-ep-I-sfbpw I-
s-¯m-\m-bn km-[n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. am-cm-cp-sS ]-£-]m-Z-\n-cq]-Ww, \n-cq-]I-sâ C-ãm-
\n-ã-§Ä-¡v taÂ \n-b-\-{´-Ww IÂ-¸n-¡p-¶nÃ. AXp-sIm-v X-s¶ H-cp-Ir-Xn-bp-sS
b-YmÀ-°-aqÃy-s¯ I-s-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-f-f km-[y-X-IÄ-¡v Cu \n-cq]-W-ssi-en a-§-
teÂ-¸n-¡p-I-am-{X-am-Wv sN-¿p-¶-Xv.
kp-Ip-amÀ A-go-t¡m-Sv
]m-Ým-Xyþ]u-c-kv-Xy Im-hy-kn-²m-´-§-fp-sS k-a-\z-b-¯n-eq-sS hn-aÀ-i-\-¯nÂ
]m-Þn-Xy-¯n-sâbpw kp-£v-am-h-tem-I-\-¯n-sâbpw aqÃy-t_m-[-§-fn-e-[n-jvTn-Xam-
b k-a-{K-ho-£-W-¯n-sâbpw ta-J-e-IÄ I-s-¯p¶ ss[-j-Wn-Iam-b Hu-\-Xy-ap-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 14

Å hn-aÀ-i-I-\m-Wv s{]-m^.A-go-t¡m-Sv . H-cp Ir-Xn-bnÂ A-´À-`-hn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶ Im-hym-
ß-Ihpw B-i-b-Zr-V-X-bpsS `m-h-Xo-{h-X-bp-am-Wv hn-aÀ-i-\m-_p²ym A-go-t¡m-Sv A-
t\z-jn-¡p-¶-Xv. F-Xn-cm-fn-sb hn-«p-ho-gv-N-bnÃm-sX I-S-¶m-{I-an-¨v Io-gv -s¸-Sp-¯p-hm-\p-
Å A-`n-\n-th-iw A-go-t¡m-Sn-\p-v . kv-t^m-S-\m-ß-I-hpw, am-\hn-I \n-co-£-W-]-c-
hpam-b hn-aÀi\ssi-en A-t±-l-¯nÂ Im-Wm-hp-¶-XmWv. Nn-´m-]-cam-b au-en-I-X-
bpw, B-hn-jv-I-c-W-¯n-se {]u-U-`m-h-hpw B-ß-t_m-[-¯n-sâ sh-«n-¯n-f-¡-hpw A-
go-t¡m-Sn-sâ hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-sâ {]-tXy-I-X-I-fm-Ip¶p. Im-hy-¯nse `m-cXo-b I-em-
kmw-kv -ImcnI ss]-XrI-s¯ Xn-cn-¨-dn-bm-\pw, X-sâ Úm-\-a-Þ-e-¯n-sâ A-Sn-Øm-
\-¯nÂ hn-i-Ie-\w sN-¿m\pw {]-tXy-Iam-b Nmcp-X A-go-t¡m-Sn-sâ hn-aÀ-i-\-§-
fnÂ \n-¶v \-ap-¡v I-s-Sp-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. am-\-hn-I-aqÃy-§-fp-sS ta-en-ep-Å hn-aÀ-i-
\-¯n-\m-Wv {]m-[m\yw sIm-Sp-¯n-cp-¶Xv.
c-a-W-\pw a-e-bm-f-I-hn-X-bpw, B-im-sâ ko-Xm-Im-hyw, hn-iz-km-ln-Xy ]T-\§Ä, J-
Þ-\-hpw aÞ-\-hpw, X-Xza-kn Xp-S-§n-b-h A-go-t¡m-Sn-sâ {]-kn-²-§fm-b hn-aÀ-i-
\ {K-Ù-§-fmWv.
tUm.Fw em-em-h-Xn
Ip-«n-Ir-jv-W-am-cmÀ hn-I-kn-¸n-s¨-Sp-¯ Im-hy-\n-cq-]-W kw-kv -Im-c-¯n-sâ
A´x-ssN-X\yw G-äp-hm-§n km-ln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-¯nÂ bp-àn-]qÀ-Æam-b A-]-{K-Y-\-
¯n-sâ ]m-X Xp-d¶vv X-¶ {]-ikv-X \n-cq-]-I-bm-Wv tUm.Fw.em-em-hXn. ]m-Ým-Xy-]u-
c-kv-Xy Im-hy-kn-²m-´-§-sfbpw bp-§n-sâ a-\x-im-kv-{X-kn-²m-´-§-sfbpw em-em-h-
Xn X-sâ hn-aÀ-i\ t_m-[-¯n-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\-§-fm-bn kzo-I-cn¨p. F-gp-¯p-Imc-sâ
km-aqln-I tN-X-\ hn-e-a-Xn-¡p-¶ eo-emh-Xn A-IÀ--ay-X-bp-sS th-Zm-´w {]-N-cn-¸n-¡p-
¶ km-lnXyw B-e-ky-¯n-sâ _-lnÀ-kv-^p-c-W-am-sW-¶v I-cp-Xp-¶p.bp-§n-sâ km-
aq-ln-Im-h-t_m-[-a-\-Êv F-¶v k-¦Â-¸-a-\p-k-cn-¨v A-hÀ IhnX-sb \n-cq]-Ww sN-¿p-
¶p. Ihn-X ZuÀ-_Ãy-am-bn I-cp-Xp-¶ eo-em-h-Xn-¡v A-Xn-sâ hn-aÀ-i-\-th-f-bnÂ,A-Xn-
sâ D-ÅnÂ-¡-S¶vv B-´-cn-IX-ew A-]-{K-Yn-¨v F-Sp-¡p-¶Xn-t\m, hy-Xy-kv-X-I-hn-X-I-
fp-sS Xm-c-X-ay-¯n-se {]m[m-\ h-kv-Xp-X-IÄ I-s-¯p-¶ A-h-Ø-I-fnÂ- \n-¶pw eo-
em-h-Xn ]-e-t¸mgpw h-gp-Xn-t¸m-Im-dp--v .
‘I-hn-Xbpw imkv-{X-hpw' F-¶ hn-aÀ-i-\ {K-Ù-¯nÂ, im-kv{Xw I-hnX-sb
F§-s\ kzm-[o-\o-¡p-¶p, a-ebm-f I-hn-X-bnÂ im-kv-{X-¯n-sâ kzm-[o-\w F-hnsS-
sbm-s¡ F-¶p-Å A-t\zj-W-hp-am-Wp-Å-Xv. \-h-X-cwKw, s^-an-\nkw: N-cn-{X-]-cam-b
A-t\z-jWw, _m-em-a-Wn-b-½-bp-sS I-hn-XIÄ, I-hn-Xm-[z-\n F¶n-h {]-[m-\-{K-Ù-§-
fmWv.
C-tX-Im-e-b-f-hnÂ, km-ln-Xy-s¯ km-aq-ln-I-]-Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ ]n³-Xp-S-À¶p-
sIm-p-th-Ww hn-aÀi-\w \-S-¯p-I-bpw, `m-cXo-b Im-hy-im-kv-{X kn-²m-´-§Ä amÀ-
Iv-kn-b³ I-em-kn-²m-´-§-fp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-Sp-¯n km-ln-Xy-hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-\v ]pXn-b
N-m-ep-IÄ Xp-d-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv -X sI.F³ F-gp-¯Ñ³, O-cn{X-t_m-[-hpw kuµ-cy ZÀ-
i-\hpw k-¦Â-¸n¨p-sIm-p-Å hn-aÀ-i-\-]-²-Xn-¡v XpS-¡w Ip-dn-¨ F³.Ir-jv-W-]n-
Å, Im-hy-]-chpw K-th-j-W-]-c-hp-am-bp-Å A-\z-j-W-§-fpw, kz-`n-{]m-b-§-fn-se B-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 15
i-b ZmÀ-Vy-hpw, `m-cXm-b N-cn-{X-h-t_m-[-hpw tNÀ-¯v ]n-Sn¨p-sIm-v hn-aÀi-\w \-
S¯n-b Fw.]n i-¦p-®n \m-b-À Xp-S§n-b {]-K-Zv-`cpw a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-\v
X-§-fp-tSXm-b kw-`m-h-\-IÄ \Â-Ip-Ibpw sN-bv Xp.
\-ho-\-L-«w
\-h-hn-aÀi-\w A-ta-cn-¡-bn-em-Wv B-cw-`n-¨-Xv. kvv -]n³ {Km³ F-¶ F-gp-¯p-Im-
c-\m-Wv A-ta-cn-¡-bnÂ B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS B-Zy-h-àmhv. H-¶mw-tem-I a-lm-bp-²-¯n-
\p-tijta Cu {]-Øm-\-¯n-\p km-am\yw {]-Nm-cw e-`n-¨pÅq. H¶mw tem-I-a-lm-bp-
²-¯n-\p-ti-jw {I-ta-W]p-tcm-K-an-¨ \-h-hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-\v BZyw t\-XrXzw sIm-Sp-
¯Xvv dn-¨mÀ-Uv -kv , F-en-b«vv F-¶-hcpw Xp-SÀ-¶v tPm¬-t{Im-hv dm³-k-\pw B-bn-
cp¶p. {]m-à-\ I-em-ZÀ-k-\-§-fp-sSbpw k-ao-]-\-§-ep-sSbpw _-Ô-\-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶
km-{¼-Zmbn-I \n-cq-]-W-]-²-Xn-IÄ cq-£-am-bn tNm-Zyw sN-bv -X-Xm-Wv \-h-hn-aÀi-\w
{]-Xy-£-s¸-«-Xv.
1970þ\p-ti-j-am-Wv \-h-hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-sâ Bi-bw a-e-bm-f-¯n-te-¡v kw-{I-an-¨-
Xvv. km-ln-Xy-¯n-se A-Xym-[p\n-I {]-h-W-X-I-fp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«m-Wv A-Xn-sâ cw-K-{]-
th-i\w. \n-tj-[-¯n-sâ kz-c-am-Wv \-h-hn-aÀ-i-I-cnÂ \n-¶v G-sd-tIÄ-¡m³ I-gn-ª-
Xvv. A§-s\ hn-aÀ-i-\-cw-K¯vv ]pXn-b H-cp X-e-ap-d-bp-sS A-c-t§-ä-¯n-\v a-e-bm-f-km-
lnXyw km£yw h-ln¨p. I-em-]-Im-cn-I-fp-sS X-eap-d F-¶v Ah-sc hn-ti-jn-¸n-
¡p¶p. t\c-s¯ hn-i-Z-am-¡n-bXp-t]m-se Nn-e {]-tXy-I-Z-im-k-Ôn-I-fnÂ ]m-Ým-Xy-
\m-Sp-I-fnÂ D-cp-¯n-cn-ªp-h-¶ ZÀ-i-\-§-fm-Wv A-Xym-[p-\n-IÀ-¡v B-i-b-]-cam-b sh-
fn-¨w ]-I-cp-¶-Xv. am-{XaÃ, A-kv-Xn-Xz-hmZw, aqÃy-\n-tjZw, ar-Xyp-]q-P,A-\y-h-Xv-I-c-
Ww, L-S-\m-hm-Zw Xp-S§n-b B-i-b-§Ä-¡q-Sn D-bÀ-¯n-¸n-Sn-¡p-I-bm-Wv C-h-cp-sS e-
£yw.km-ln-Xy-hn-aÀ-i-\ {]-Øm-\-¯nÂ ho-cy-ap-Å Nn-´-bp-sS {]-Im-i-\m-f-§Ä tX-
fn-bn-¡m³ \-h-hn-aÀ-i-IÀ-¡v km-[n¨p.
Fw.F³ hn-P-b³
\-ho-\-Po-hn-X-t_m-[-¯n-sâ Xf¡-ap-Å A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Nn-´-IÄ Ime-s¯ ap-
dn-¨p-I-S-¶m-Wv B-i-b-X-e-¯nÂ ap-g-¡-§Ä kr-ãn-¨-Xv. hn-P-b³ F-gp-¯p-Im-sc hn-
e-bn-cp-¯p-¶-Xv, N-cn-{X-km-aq-ln-IL-S-\ F-gp-¯p-Im-cnÂ kr-ãn-¡p-¶ k-¦oÀ-®À-®-
X-I-fnÂ A-h-cp-sS {]-Xn-kv-]µ-\w hn-e-bn-cp-¯n-s¡m-mWv. t{^m-bn-Un-sâ a-\x-im-
kv-{X \n-cq-]W-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ km-ln-Xy \n-cq-]-W-¯n-\v XpS-
¡w Ip-dn-¨Xpw hn-P-b-\mWv. hy-àn-bp-sSbpw km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâbpw _m-lym-`y-ć
tem-I-§-fn-te-¡v I-®-b-v¡p-¶ km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ hn-e-bn-cp-¯m³ am-\-hn-Im-]-{K-Y-
\ X-Xz-§Ä ]-co-£n-¨p t\m-¡p-Ibpw amÀ-Iv-kn-sâ km-aqln-I Nn-´-bpw, t{^m-bn-Un-
sâ hy-àn-Nn-´bpw H-tc ssP-h-kz-`m-h-¯n-sâ c-v L-S-I-§Ä F-¶ \n-e-bnÂ Ah-
sb kw-tbm-Pn-¸n¨p-sIm-p-Å \n-cq-]-W-]-²-bpw hn-P-b-sâ \n-cq]W {]-tXy-I-X-I-fm-
Wv.
‘ioÀ-jm-k-\-amWv' hn-Pb-sâ s{i-t²-bam-b IrXn. K-Ô-_nw-_§Ä, G-\Â-C-
tdm-«n-kw F-¶o a-\x-im-kv-{X \n-cq]W L-S-I-§Ä sh¨p-sIm-v ssh-tem-¸n-Ån I-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 16

hn-XI-sf hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-I-bm-Wv Cu IrXn-bn-eqsS. _-joÀ Ir-Xn-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]T-
\-{K-Ù-amWv 'a-cp-`q-an-IÄ ]q-¡p-t¼mÄ' Nn-X-bn-se sh-fn-¨w,I-hn-Xbpw a-\x-im-kv-{X-
hpw, hÀ-®-§-fp-sS kw-KoXw, hm¡pw a-\-Êpw, ]pXn-b hÀ-¯-am-\-§Ä F-¶n-h-bm-
Wv a-äp {i-t²-bam-b Ir-XnIÄ.
sI.]n A¸³
\n-b-X-hpw km-{¼-Zm-bn-I-hpam-b hn-aÀi-\-ssi-en-IÄ Xn-c-kv-I-cn-¨v km-ln-Xy-hn-
Nm-c-¯nÂ ]p-Xn-b-k-c-Wn-¡v Xp-S-¡-an-«-h-cnÂ {]m-am-Wn-I-\m-Wv s{]m-^.sI.]n
A¸³. hy-àn-kn-²m-´w Aw-Ko-I-cn¨p-sIm-v \-h-`m-hp-I-Xz-¯n-sâ `qan-I H-cp-¡p-I-
bm-bn-cp-¶p A-t±lw. _m-ly-i-àn-I-fp-am-bn k-a-c-k-s¸-Sm-sX kz-´w hn-izm-k-§-
fnÂ D-d¨vv \n-¶v I-e-bnÂ I-em-]-¯n-sâ iw-J-[z-\n ap-g-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p A¸³. hn-
aÀi-\w C-{µn-bm-\p-`q-Xn-{]-[m-\am-b I-em-kr-ãn-bm-¡n-XoÀ-¡m-\m-Wv Xm-\pÄ-s¡m-
Imhy-t_m-[w A¸-s\ t{]-cn-¸n-¨-Xv. F-gp-¯p-Im-c-sâ B-ßm-hv X-sâ ku-µ-cym-ß-I
I-em-ZÀi-\w sIm-v th-«-bm-Sn-¸n-Sn¡p-I X-sâ Zu-Xy-am-sW-¶v A-¸³ I-cp-Xp-¶p.
{]m-tbmKn-I Po-hn-X k-a-ky-IfÃ, {K-Ù-]-cn-N-b-am-Wv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ ho-£-W¯ - n\vv
A-Sn-¯-d-¸m-In-b-Xv. A-XmI-s« km-ln-Xy-ao-amw-k-bnÂ A-c-s§m-cp-§n-b ]p-¯³ {]-
h-W-X-I-fpw. ‘I-®v Xp-d¶vv sXäm-b kz-]v\w' Im-Wm-sX ‘I-®-S¨vv bm-Ym-À-° kz-
]v\w' I-p-Xp-S§mw F-¶ A¸-sâ kq-{X-hm-Iyw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ ZÀ-i-\-¯nÂ DÄ-
s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶ aqÀ-¨-bp-Å {]-Xn-tj-[w Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. hn-aÀ-i\-s¯ bm-{ń-I-X-bnÂ
\n¶pw km-t¦Xn-I P-Sn-e-X-bnÂ \n¶pw B-hp-¶-{X kz-X-{´-am-¡n kÀ-Km-ß-I {]-{In-
b-bm-¡n D-bÀ-¯p-hm³ A¸-sâ Im-hy-_p-²n-¡v km-[n¨p.
{]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X \n-tj-[n-sb-¶v kz-bw-{]-Jym-]n-¡p-¶ A-t±-lw Nn-ń-¡p-¶-Xpw F-gp-
Xp-¶Xpw _u-²n-I-taÂ-t¡m-bvabpw Po-hn-X-_-Ô-anÃm-¯ Im-ev -]\n-I km-ln-Xy-ku-
`m-Kyhpw ]p-\-cm-\-bn-¡m-\pw \n-e-\nÀ-¯m-\p-ap-Å hy-{K-X-bp-sS ^-ea-tÃ F-¶ kwi-
bw X-Ån-¡-f-bm\pw B-InÃ. A¸-sâ km-ln-Xy-Nn-´-IÄ km-{¼-Zmbn-I hn-aÀ-i-\-]-
²-XnI-sf D-e-bv-¡p-Ibpw \-ho-\-hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-sâ ZmÀ-i-\n-Ihpw ku-µ-cy-[n-jvTn-Xam-
b h-gn hn-im-e-am-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. t£m-`n-¡p-¶-h-cp-sS kp-hn-tijw, I-e-lhpw hn-
izm-k-hpw, h-c-Ifpw hÀ-W-I-fpw, a-ebm-f `m-h-\þaq-ey-§epw kw-LÀ-j-§-fpw, Xn-c-
kv-Imcw, am-dp-¶ a-e-bm-f-t\mhÂ, N-cn-{Xhpw hw-im-h-enbpw Xp-S§n-b {][m-\ \n-cq-
]-W-Ir-XnIÄ.
B-ß-\n-jvThpw A-´À-ap-J-hpam-b \n-cq-]-W-¯n-eqsS, aqÃy \n-tj-[hpw A-cm-
P-I-Xzhpw H-cp Pohn-X ZÀ-i-\-am-bn D-bÀ-¯n-Im-«p-hm-\p-Å {]-h-W-X-bm-Wv hn. cm-P-
Ir-jv -W³ F-¶ \n-cq-]I-s\ hy-Xy-kv-X-am-¡p-¶-Xv . \-tc-{µ-{]-km-Zm-Is«, {]-Xy-b-im-
kv-{X-§Ä-¡v A-Sn-a-s¸-Sm-sX ]p-Xn-b-Im-e-¯n-sâ amä-s¯ I-em-ß-I-am-bn A-\p-`-h-
s¸-Sp¯n-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶- hn-aÀ-i-\-co-Xn-sb-bm-Wv kzo-I-cn-¨-Xv. hn.kn {ioP³, B-jmta-
t\m³ (sI.{io Ip-amÀ) Xp-S-§n-b-hÀ Cu Im-e-L-«-¯n-se {i-t²-bcm-b \n-cq-]-I-·m-
cmWv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 17

B-[p-\n-Im-´-c-\n-cq-]Ww
\-ho-\-\n-cq-]-W-¯n-\p-ti-jw a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ A-À-°-h¯m-b ]-e ]pXn-b N-e-\-
§fpw D-m-bn-«p-v . sI.]n A¸³, cm-P-Ir-jv-W³, \-tc-{µ-{]-kmZvv Xp-S§n-b \-ho-\-
hn-aÀ-iI-cp-sS km-ln-Xy-kn-²m-´-§-fnÂ \n¶pw Im-gv -N-¸m-SnÂ-\n-¶pw hy-Xy-kv-Xamb
]pXn-b km-ln-XyX-Xz-§-fpw, ku-µ-cy-hn-Nm-c-§fpw D-m-bn-«p-v . A-Øn-Xz-hm-Z-¯n-
e-[n-jvTn-Xam-b \-ho-\-\n-cq-]W-s¯ ]n-¶o-Sp-h-¶-hÀ \n-cm-I-cn-¡p¶p. B-[p-\n-I-Xm-
hmZ-s¯ ]p-\À-aqÃy-\nÀ®-bw \-S-¯p-hm\pw ]pXn-b hn-aÀ-i-IÀ X-¿m-dm-bn-«p-v .
s]m-Xp-sh ]-d-ªmÂ km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâbpw \n-cq-]-W-¯n-sâ-bpw [À-½-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v
]pXn-b hn-aÀ-i-IÀ hy-Xy-kv-X-Im-gv-N-¸m-Sp-IÄ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶p. hn.kn {ioP³, ]n.]n
c-ho-{µ³, hn.kn lm-cn-kv, ]n.]-hn-{X³, Ko-X Xp-S-§n-b-hÀ B-[p-\n-Im-´-c Im-e-¯v
hy-Xy-kv-X-Im-gv-N-¸m-Sp-I-f-h-X-cn-¸n-¨-h-cmWv.
]-Sn-ªm-d³ \m-Sp-I-fnÂ 1980\p ti-jw hn-I-kn-¨ Nn-´m-]-²-Xn-I-fnÂ \n¶pw
DuÀ-Öw kw-`-cn¨p-sIm-v ]pXn-b hn-aÀ-i-IÀ aqÃy-hn-Nm-cw \-S-¯p-¶-Xv, L-S-\m-
hmZw, A-]-\nÀ-½m-Ww,s^-an-\n-kw,Z-fn-Xv hm-Zw Xp-S§n-b Nn-´m-]-²-Xn-I-fnÂ \n¶pw
sh-fn-¨w kzo-I-cn¨p-sIm-v km-ln-Xy-Ie-sb A-]-{K-Yn-¡m-\m-Wv. km-ln-Xy-s¯-¡p-
dn-¨p-Å bq-tdm-¸n-se \-h-amÀ-Iv -kn-kv v-äv Nn-´-I-fp-sS kn-²m-´-§Ä ]-ecpw kzo-I-cn-
¡p¶p. km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ kmw-kv -Imcn-I cm-{ão-b-¯n-\p-Å {]m-[m-\y-a-t\z-jn-¡p-¶-h-
cm-Wv Cu hn-aÀ-i-I-scÃmw. bm-Ym-Øn-Xn-Iam-b km-ln-Xy-[m-c-WI-sf \n-cm-I-cn-¡p-¶
C-hÀ ]p-Xn-b-Im-gv-N-¸m-SnÂ B-[p\n-I km-ln-Xy-s¯bpw ap³-Im-e-km-ln-Xy-s¯-bpw
hn-e-bn-cp-¯p¶p.
gm-§v -Z-dn-X-bp-sS A-]-\nÀ-½mW-s¯ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw B a-mÀ-¤w D-]-tbm-Kn-
¨vv km-ln-Xy-s¯ hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-Ibpw sN-bv -X \n-cq-]-I-\m-Wv hn.{in {ioP³. a-e-bm-f-
¯n-se D-¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X-sb-¡p-dn¨pw Cu hn-aÀ-i-I³ A-t\z-jn-¨n-«p-v . ]nÂ-¡m-
e¯vv kn-²m-´-§-fnÂ \n-s¶-Ãmw tam-Nn-X-\m-bn km-ln-Xy-s¯ k-ao-]n-¡p-hm\pw A-
t±-lw X-¿m-dmbn.
L-S-\m-hm-Zm-\-´-c-Nn-´-I-fpw Im-gv-N-¸m-Sp-Ifpw k-aÀ-°-am-bn km-ln-Xy hn-aÀ-i-
\-¯nÂ D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv ]n.]n c-ho-{µ-\pw, hn.kn lm-cn-kpw, ]n.]n ]-hn-{X\pw
a-äpw.sdm-fm-§v _À-¯v , s^-{Un-Iv P-bnw-kv aäpw Nn-´-IÄ a-e-bm-f-¯n-se km-ln-Xy-
Ir-Xn-IÄ ]Tn-¡p-hm-\m-bn hn-aÀi-\w D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. s^-an-\nk-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-
¡p-¶ X-¯z-§-fp-]-tbm-Kn¨p-sIm-v km-ln-Xy-s¯ k-ao-]n-¡p-hm\pw B-[p-\n-Im-´-
c km-ln-Xy-hn-aÀi-\w {i-an-¨n-«p-v. km-ln-Xy-¯nepw kw-kv-¡m-c-¯n-ep-ap-Å ]p-cp-j-
ta-[m-hnXzw kv-{Xo-hn-cp-²am-b B-i-b-§-fpw km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ A-]-{K-Yn-¨p ]p-d¯p-
sIm-p-h-cm³ ]pXn-b hn-aÀ-iIÀ {i-an-¡p¶p.
^q-t¡m-bp-sS-bpw {Kmw-jn-bp-sSbpw e-¡m-sâbpw aäpw kw-kv-Im-]T-\-§Ä kw-
Ko-X-¯n-ep-]-tbm-Kn-¡m\pw Cu hn-aÀ-i-IÀ {i-an-¨n-«p-v. ]n.]n c-ho-{µ-sâ C-S-s]-S-ep-
IÄ hn.kn lm-cn-kn-sâ Ko-X-bp-sS tZ-h-Zq-Xn-IÄ Xp-S§n-b Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ Cu ]-d-ª
B-i-b-§-sfÃmw X-s¶ I-S-¶p-h-cp-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 18

]mÀ-iz-hÂ-¡-cn-¡-s¸-« P-\-hn-`m-K-§-fp-sS Im-gv-N-¸m-SnÂ km-ln-Xy-s¯ ho-p-
hn-Nm-c-¯n-\p hn-t[-b-am-¡p-¶ co-Xnbpw B-[p-\n-Im-´-c km-ln-Xy \n-cq-]-W-¯n-ep-
vv. Ip-ä-hm-fn-I-sf-¶v hn-[n-¨v k-aq-lw ]p-d-´-Åp-¶ B-fp-I-fp-sSbpw Z-fn-X-cp-sSbpw
{]-iv-\-§Ä B-[p-\n-Im-´-c-hn-aÀi-\w Ku-c-h-I-c-am-bn hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-\p hn-t[-b-am-
¡p¶p. A-h-K-Wn-¡m³ I-gn-bm-¯ i-àn-bm-bn B-[p-\n-Im-´-c \n-cq]-Ww am-dn-I-gn-
ªn-cn-¡p¶p.
B-ZyIm-e ]-{X-am-kn-I-Ifpw km-ln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-h-fÀ-¨-bp-sS kzm-[o-\-§-fpw
a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ h-fÀ-¨-bn-epw, km-ln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-¯n-sâ h-fÀ-¨-bv -
¡pw k-lm-b-I-am-b-hn-[-Xn-Â a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-ZyIm-e ]-{X-am-kn-I-IÄ {][m-\ ]-¦v
h-ln-¨n-«p-v . \n-ch-[n ]-{X-am-kn-IÄ B Im-e-b-f-hnÂ \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-s¶-¦nepw FÃmw
km-ln-Xy-]-c-amWv. ap-t¶-ä§-sf am{Xw e-£yw h-¨p-Å-h-bÃm-bn-cp¶p. FÃm-¯n\pw
{]-t{Xy-I Dt±-i e-£y-§-fpw D-m-bn-cp-¶p. C-cp-]Xmw \q-äm-n-sâ B-cw-`-t¯m-Sp-
Iq-Sn H-«-\h-[n ]-{X-am-kn-IÄ {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw h-f-sc Ip-d-ª-ka-bw sIm-
vv {]-km[-\w \nÀ-¯p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶ {]h-W-X D-m-bn-cp¶p.
a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ km-ln-Xy-am-kn-I 1881þÂ ]p-d-¯n-d§n-b ‘hn-Zym-hn-em-
kn-\n'bm-Wv . ]m-Ým-Xy am-Xr-I-bnÂ a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-s¯bpw `m-j-tbbpw h-fÀ-¯n
]p-ãn-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-sb-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p hn-im-Jw Xn-cp-¶m-fn-sâ e-£yw. A-\-´-c-Im-e¯vv
hn-Zymhn-t\m-Zn-\n,`mjm-t]m-jn-Wn,c-kn-I-c-Rv-Pn\n, B-ß-t]mjn-Wn Xp-S§n-b km-ln-
Xy-am-kn-I-IÄ-¡v k-©-cn-¡m-\p-Å h-gnbpw hn-Zym-hn-em-kn\n H-cp¡n. I-h-t\mZ-bw
km-ln-Xy-s¯ t]m-jn-¸n-¨Xvv tI-c-f-¯n-se {K-Ù-]p-c-I-fnÂ H-fn-ªp-In-S-¶ cm-amb-
Ww N-¼p,`mc-Xw N-¼p Xp-S§n-b tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ-bpw,km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ-bpw,`m-j-
bp-sSbp-tam-s¡ ]pXn-b km-[y-X-IÄ-¡v h-gn-sX-fn-bn-¨ {K-Ù-temI-s¯ {]-kn-²-s¸-
Sp¯n-sIm-mWv. hnth-tImZ-bw Ip-am-c-\m-im-sâ ]-{Xm-[n-]-Xy-¯nÂ \n-e-sIm- am-
kn-I-bm-Wv. {K-Ù-\n-cq-]-W-¯n-\v \Â-In-b {]m-[m-\y-am-Wv C-Xn-sâ {]-tXy-I-X-Ifn-
sem-¶v . \q-tdm-fw {K-Ù§-sf B-im³ hnth-tIm-Z-b-¯nÂ hn-aÀ-in-¨p hn-e-bn-cp¯n.
a-lmI-hn h-Å-t¯m-fnsâ ‘Nn{X-tbm-Kw' ¯n-s\-gpXn-b \n-cq]-Ww H-¨-]m-Sp-m¡n.
C-XnÂ \n-c´-cw h¶p-sIm-n-cp-¶ \n-cq-]-W-§-fpw, A-Xn-sâ a-dp-]-Sn-Ifpw ]pXn-sbm-
cp \n-cq-]-W-ho-£Ws¯ D-m-¡n-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\v Im-c-W-am-bn-¯oÀ-¶p.
a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-ZyIm-e \n-cq-]-I-cnÂ {]-[m-\n-bm-Wv kn.]n A-Nyp-Xta-t\m³.
A-Nyp-Xta-t\m-sâ ]-{Xm-[n-]-Xy-¯nÂ \n-e-hnÂ h-¶ hn-Zymhn-t\m-Zn-\n ]-{X-am-kn-I-
bnÂ {]m-[m\yw AÀ-ln-¡p¶p. \n-e-hm-c-anÃm-¯ {K-Ù§-sf A-h-bp-sS t]m-cm-bv-aI-
sf ap³\nÀ-¯n tZm-jw A-\m-hc-Ww sN-¿p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p A-t±lw. ‘]p-kv-X-I-]cn-
tim-[-\' F-¶ ]w-àn hn-Zyhn-t\m-Zn-\n-bnÂ \n-cq-]-W-¯n-\m-bn A-t±-lw am-än-sh-bv-
¡p-Ibpw sN-bv -Xn-«p-v . sI.cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å-bp-sS tI-c-f-ZÀ¸-Ww km-ln-Xy-hn-j-b-
§Ä-¡m-bn-cp-¶p ap³K-W-\ \Â-In-bn-cp-¶-Xv. a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bnÂ \n-c´-cw D-m-Ip¶
tam-iw Ir-XnI-sf hn-aÀ-j-\-¯n-eq-sS X-Sbp-I F-¶Xvv ap-Jy-[À-½-am-bn I-cp-Xn-t¸m-¶p
tI-c-f-ZÀ-¸Ww. \n-jv]-£-sa-¦nepw \n-in-X-hpw,\nÀ-±-b-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p C-Xn-se {K-Ù-\n-
cq-]Ww. I-h-\-Iu-ap-Zn bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ I-hn-Xm-am-kn-I-I-fp-sS- N-cn{Xw
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 19
B-cw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. 'hm-b-\m-apdn' F-¶-t]-cnÂ I-h-\-Iu-ap-Zn B-cw-`n-¨ ]p-kv-X-I \n-cq-]-
W ]w-àn I-hn-X-bn-ep-Å ]p-kv-X-I-\n-cq-]-W k-{¼-Zm-bn-¯n-sâ B-cw-`w B-bn-cp¶p.
IÃqÀ D-½³ ^n-en-t¸m-kn-sâ ]-{Xm-[n-]-Xy-¯nÂ ]p-d-¯ph-¶ ']-Ýn-a-Xm-cnIw' hÀ-
¯-am-\Im-e kw-`-h-§Ä-¡v ]pd-sa km-ln-Xy te-J-\§Ä, ]p-kv-X-I \n-cq-]-W§Ä,
F-¶n-hbpw {]-Xy-£-s¸-«n-cp-¶p.
sN-dp-I-Y-IÄ-¡v am-{X-am-bn \n-e-\n-¶ am-kn-I-Ifn-sem-¶m-Wv I-Ym-Iu-apZn. A-
©p hÀ-jw A-Sp-¯v I-Ym-Iu-ap-Zn ap-t¶m-«v-t]mbn. Im-ev -]\nI tem-I-¯v \n¶pw km-
[m-c-W a-\p-jy-cp-sS C-S-bn-te-¡v C-d-§m³ I-gn-ª B-ZyIm-e sN-d-]-I-Ym-Ir-¯p-¡-
fnÂ H-cm-fm-b C.hn Ir-jv -W-]n-Å-bp-sS ]-{Xm-[n-]-Xy-¯nÂ {]-N-cn-¨ I-Ym-Iu-ap-Zn a-
ebm-f sN-dp-I-Ym-{]-Øm-\-¯n-\-¯n-sâ ]p-tcm-K-X-bnÂ Im-cyam-b kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-
¯p-I-bp-mbn. aw-K-tfmZ-bw a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯n\vv FÃm-hn-[-¯n-ep-ap-Å t\-«-
§Ä D-m¡n-sIm-Sp-¯-XnÂ {]m-[m\yw AÀ-ln-¡p-¶ am-kn-I-bmWv. km-ln-Xyw, N-
cn-{Xw, I-hn-X, sN-dp-I-Y, {K-Ù-\n-cq]-Ww Xp-S-§n-b-h-bv-¡v hen-b {]m-[m\yw sIm-
Sp¯p. sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ Ip-ªn-¡p-«³ X-¼-cm-sâ t\-Xr-Xz-¯nÂ cq-]w sIm- {]-kn-
²o-I-c-W-am-Wv c-kn-I-c-Rv-Pn\n. A¶-s¯ a-ebm-f Im-hy-§-sf-bpw B-[p\n-I a-e-bm-
f-`m-j-tbbpw Cu {]-kn-²o-I-c-W-¯nÂ ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡n. D-®n-\o-en kv-tµ-iw B-
Zy-am-bn {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨-Xv Cu am-kn-I-bn-emWvv. a-ebm-f a-t\m-c-a {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-¶
km-ln-Xy-am-kn-I-bm-Wv `mjm-t]m-jnWn. tI-c-f-`m-j-bv-¡v sF-Iy-cq-]w h-cp-¯p-¶-Xn-
\p-Å {i-a-§fpw K-Zy-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ hn-Imk-s¯ t{]m-Õm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw
`mjm-t]m-jn-Wn-bn-eq-sS km-[n-¨p.
C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å B-ZyIm-e ]-{X-am-kn-II-fm-Wv a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯n-\pw, km-ln-Xy-
\n-cq-]-W-¯n\pw {]-[m-\am-b h-gn-¯n-cp-hp-IÄ D-m¡n-sIm-Sp-¡m³ Im-c-W-am-bn-
¯oÀ-¶Xvv. Pn.{]n-b-ZÀisâ ‘B-Zy-Im-e-]-{X-am-kn-I-IÄ' F-¶ {K-Ù-¯nÂ 1864 ap-
XÂ 1951 h-sc-bp-Å Im-e-b-f-hnÂ ]p-d-¯n-d§n-b \m-Â-¸-¯n-c-v ]v-{X-am-kn-I-I-sf-
¡p-dn-¨v hn-i-Z-am-b ]T-\w \-S-¯p-¶vp-v .
a-\x-im-kv-{X- \n-cq-]-Whpw a-e-bm-f km-ln-Xy-hpw
-a\x-im-kv-{X \n-cq-]-W-¯n-sâ hen-b km-[y-XI-sf a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-
¯nÂ th--hn-[w D-]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«nÃ F-¶-Xm-Wv bm-YmÀ-°yw. a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ
a-\x-im-kv-{X \n-cq-]-W-¯n-sâ km-[y-XI-sf Xn-cn-¨-dn-ª \n-cq-]-I-\m-Wv sI.]n A-¸-
\pw, Fw.F³ hn-P-b-\pw. ssh-tem-¸n-Ån-bp-sS am¼-gw I-hn-X-bv-¡v F-gpXn-b am-\-kn-
Im-]-{K-Y-\-\n-cq]-Ww hn-Pb-sâ a-\-im-kv-{X-\n-cq-]-W-§Ä-¡v D-¯-a D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.
C-S-¸-Ån-bp-sS B-ßl-Xy F-¶ {]-ta-bs¯, a-\p-jym-h-Ø-bp-sS hn-im-eam-b
ZmÀ-i\n-I am-\-Z-Þ-§Ä h-¨v hn-e-bn-cp-t¯--Xm-sW-¶v sI.]n A¸³ I-cp-Xp¶p.
H-ä-bm-·m-cp-sS t]m-cm-«-§-sf A-¸³ A-`n-\-µn-¡p¶p. bm-Ym-ØnXn-I hn-aÀi-I-tcmSpw
amÀ-Iv -kn-kv-äv \n-cq]-I-tcmSpw \-hamÀ-Iv -kn-kv-äp-I-tfm-Spw Gäpap-«p-I-bm-Wv X-sâ [À-
½-am-bn A-t±-lw I--Xv . B B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-sS B-ZyIm-e s]-cp-am-ä-§-fp-sS H-cp
Nn{Xw C-XnÂ \n¶pw In-«pw.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 20

H.hn hn-P-b-sâ-bpw,ap-Ip-µ-sâ-bpw,Im-¡-\m-Sn-sâbp-sam-s¡ c-N-\I-sf ]Tn-¡p-
¶-XnÂ am-cm-cp-sSbpw ap--tÈ-cn-bp-sSbp-sam-s¡ k-ao-]-\-§-fnÂ A-]-cym-]v -X-X \n-e-
\n-¶n-cp-¶p.bm-Ym-ØnXn-I k-Xy-§-fnÂ \n-¶pw ]p-Xp-Xm-bn- \nÀ-½n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ I-cp-
¯pä-bm-YmÀ-°y-§-fn-te-¡p-Å km-ln-Xy-bm-{XI-sf hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-¶-Xn-\v \-ho-\-k-
ao-]-\-§Ä B-h-iy-am-bn h¶p. sI.]n A¸sâ ‘t£m-]n-¡p-¶-h-cp-sS kp-hn-tijw'
{]m-[m-\y-aÀ-ln-¡p-¶-Xv Cu th-f-bn-emWv. I-Ym-Ir-¯n-sâbpw I-Ym-]m-{X-§-eq-sSbpw
am-\kn-I th-gvNI-sf A-]-{KY-\w sN-bvXv sIm-v km-ln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W§-sf ]p-\À-
\nÀ-Æ-Nn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p sI,]n A¸³.
‘tcm-Khpw km-ln-Xy-`m-h-\-bpw' F-¶ Ir-Xn {]-[m-\-s¸-« a-säm-cp ]T-\-am-Wv tcm-
Km-Xp-chpw £o-Wn-X-hpam-b a-\-Êv ]pXn-b `m-h-X-e-§Ä ssI-h-cn-¡p-hm³ B-bp-¶-
Xn-sâ km-ln-Xy-Nn-{X§Ä, _-joÀ ap-XÂ ]m-Ým-Xy-cp-sS h-sc Ir-XnI-sf ap³
\nÀ¯n-sIm-v B-t±-lw hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-¶p. G-gv te-J-\-§Ä tNÀ-¶p-Å e-Lp-{K-Ù-
am-Wn-Xv. tcm-Khpw km-ln-Xy-{]-Øm-\-§fpw F-¶ B-Zy-te-J-\-¯nÂ, Ip-jv Tw,
£bw, kn-^n-en-kv, Iym³-kÀ, G-bvUvkv F-¶n-§-s\-bpÅ tcm-J-§-fp-am-bp-Å _-
Ô-s¯-bm-Wv kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. Ip-jv T-hpw,£-b-hpw ¢m-Ên-k-¯n-\p-Zm-lc-Ww F-¶v
]-d-bp¶p. ]p-cm-W-¯nÂ io-em-h-Xn-bp-sS `À-¯mhm-b D-{K-{i-h-Ên-sâ-bpw, ss_-_n-
fn-se A-k-cym-cm-Pm-hn-sâbpw Ip-jvT-tcm-K-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pw, a-lm-`m-c-X-¯n-se hn-Nn-{X-
ho-cy-sâ-bpw £-b-tcm-K-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pw Nq-n-Im-Wn-¡p-¶p. kn-^n-en-kn-\p dn-b-en-k-
hp-am-bpw,Iym³-k-dn-\v B-[p-\n-I-X-bp-am-bpw, F-bv -Uv -kn\vv þD-¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bp-ambpw
_-Ô-ap-s¶pw ]T-\w \-S-¯p¶p. au-\-t¯-¡m-Ä \n-i-_v-Z-am-b-Xv' F-¶ A-hkm-\
A-[ym-b-¯nÂ sI.]n A-¸³ a-c-W-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å kz-`n-{]m-bw tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw
sN-¿p¶p.
tcm-K-¯n-sâ ]q¡Ä, B-sfm-gn-ª A-c-§v, au-\w tX-Sp-¶ hm-¡v, Np-gn-IÄ Nn-
¸n-IÄ Xp-S§n-b Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ cm-P-Ir-jv-W³ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶ Nn-´-IÄ¡pw C-tX
`m-hpI-Xz ]-Ým-¯e-am-Wp-Å-sX-¦nepw Zp-c-´w,aqÃy-\n-tj-[w Xp-S-§nb-h-tbm-Sp-Å
{]-Xn]-¯n \n-cq-]-W-¯n-sâ ZmÀ-i-\n-I-`q-an-bm-sW-¶v Im-Wmw. \-tc-{µ-{]-km-Znsâ ‘`m-
hp-IXzw am-dp-t¼mÄ' B-Wv C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å Nn-´-IÄ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶ a-säm-cp Ir-
Xn. C-¯-c-¯nÂ hf-sc hn-c-fam-b a-\x-im-kv-{X-\n-cq-]-W-§Ä am-{X-sa a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ
\-S-¶n-«pÅq.
a-e-bm-f-\m-S-I-\n-cq-]-WwþA-h-tem-I\w
a-ebm-f \m-S-I-\n-cq-]-W-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v B-[n-Im-cn-Iam-b ]T-\-§Ä H¶pw X-s¶ C-
t¸mgpw D-m-bn-«nÃ F-¶-Xm-Wv h-kv-Xp-X. \m-S-I-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pw, \m-S-I-N-cn-{X-s¯-
¡p-dn¨pw ssI-¿nÂ F-®m-hp¶-{X ]p-kv -X-I§-sf e-`y-am-bn-«pÅp. kn.sP tXm-a-Ên-
sâ D-b-cp¶ b-h-\n-I a-e-bm-f-\m-S-I-¯n-sâ N-cn-{X-s¯ DÄ-s¸-Sp¯n-sIm-p-Å Ir-
Xn-bmWv. \m-S-Iw {]-N-c-W-¯nÂ D-m-bn-«p-Å kzm-[o-\§Ä, cm-{ão-b \m-S-I§Ä,
`m-j-bn-se C-_v -k³ {]-k-Ym\w, \m-S-I-¯n-sâ X-·-b-Xzw,cw-K-kw-hn-[m\w, U-b-d-Iv-
äÀ, Im-gv -N-¡mÀ F-¶n§-s\ {][m-\ A-[ym§-sf DÄ-s¡m-Ån-¨n-«p-Å {K-Ù-am-Wn-Xv.
sI.Zm-tam-Zc-sâ ]m-«-_m-¡nsb, a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ cm-jv{So-b-\mS-Iw F-¶v hn-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 21
ti-jn-¸n-¨-Xv D-b-cp-¶ b-h-\n-I-bn-eq-sS kn.sP tPm-k-^m-Wv. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se \m-S-I-
§-sfbpw A-Xn-sâ kq-£-a-am-b \n-co-£-Whpw Cu {K-Ù-¯nÂ D-v . F-¶n-cp-¶m-
epw kn.sP F-¶ hy-àn-bn-se \n-tj-[-kz-`m-hn kw-Ko-X-\m-S-I§Ä-t]m-se-bp-Å-h k-
aq-l-¯n-se- Im-gv-N-¡m-cp-sS I-em-kw-kv-Imc-s¯ F-¯-c-¯nÂ kzm-[o-\n-¨p F-¶-Xn-
s\-¡p-dn-¨v kq-£v a-\n-co£-Ww \-S-¯p-¶-XnÂ ]-cm-P-b-s¸«p. Xn-s¡m-Snb-sâ ‘A-c-
§vv Im-Wm-¯ \S³' A-t±-l-¯n-sâ A-ß-I-Ym-]-cam-b Ir-Xn-bmWv. Xn-s¡m-Snb-sâ
\m-S-I-Po-hn-X-¯n-se c-k-I-cam-b kw-`-h-§-fpw, A-\p-`-h-§-fp-am-Wv Cu {K-Ù-¯n-\v
B-[mcw. H-cp Im-e-L«-s¯ a-\-Ên-em-¡p-hm³ Cu Ir-Xn k-lm-b-I-sa-¦n-epw, H-cp hy-
àn-bp-sS Im-gv -N-]m-Sn-eq-sS-bp-Å N-cn-{X-¯n-\p-m-Im-hp-¶ ]m-I-]n-g-IÄ C-hn-sSbpw
kw-`-hn-¨n-«p-v . Im-«p-am-Sw \m-cm-b-W-]-Wn-¡-cpsS ‘\m-S-I-cq-]-NÀ-¨' \m-S-I-¯n-sâ
_m-ly-h-i-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-Å hn-i-Zam-b ]T-\-amWv. cq-]-LS-\, km-t¦-Xn-I-X, ]m-{X-
kr-ãn Xp-S§n-b \m-S-I-¯n-sâ k-t¦-X-§sf, {]m-amWn-I {K-Ù§-sf A-Sn-Øm-\-am-
¡n ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I-bm-Wv sN-¿p-¶-Xv . \m-S-I-¯n-sâ hy-àam-b N-cn{Xw Cu Ir-Xn-
bn-eq-sSbpw I-s-Sp-¡m³ I-gn-bmsX- t]m-hp-I-bm-Wv sN-¿p-¶-Xv. F³.F³ ]nÅ-bp-
sS \m-S-I-ZÀ-¸Ww, A-t±-l-¯n-sâ \m-S-I-hn-Nm-c-§-fn-eq-sS-bp-Å \m-S-I-ho-£-W-
amWv. \mS-Iw F-t¸mgpw e-fn-X-am-bn-cn¡-Ww F-¶ k-¦Â-¸-ap-m-bn-cp-¶ F³.F³
]n-Å-bv-¡v FÃm \m-S-I-§-sfbpw A-Xn-sâ em-fn-Xy-¯nÂ am-{Xsav hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-hm³
I-gn-ªp-Åq F-¶Xpw H-cp t]m-cm-bv-a-bm-bn \nÂ-¡p-¶p. C-¯-c-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p \m-S-
I-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pm-b an-¡-]T-\-§-fp-sSbpw Ah-Ø. \n-£v -]£-X-tbm-sS \m-SI-s¯
t\m-¡n-I--hÀ Np-cp-¡-am-bn-cp¶p. B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-bn \m-S-I-N-cn-{X-s¯-¡p-dn-s¨m-cp
\n-co£-Ww H-cp -cp-[nh-sc \n£vv-]-£-am-bn Im-Wm-³ km-[n-¡p-¶Xvv ‘\mS-Iw N-cn-{X-
¯n-sâ I-®n-Â' F-¶ {K-Ù-¯n-em-Wv . kq-£v -a-\n-co£-Ww \-S-t¯--Xm-b \m-S-I-N-
cn-{X-¯nÂ Cu ]-d-ª-Im-c-W§Ä-sIm-pX-s¶ \n-cq]-Ww Xn-I¨pw ]-£-]m-X-am-bn
am-{X-am-Wv \-S-¶n-cp-¶-Xv.
ap³-Im-e-hÀ-j-tNm-Zy§Ä
2. am-cm-cp-sS-bpw ap--tÈ-cn-bp-sSbpw \n-cq-]-W-co-Xn Xm-c-Xayw sN-¿p-I. (2015)
3. ‘]-{X-am-kn-I-IÄ a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy-\n-cq-]W-s¯ k-¼-¶-am-¡n’. \n-cq-]-W-¯n-sâ
B-Zy-Ime-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n NÀ-¨-sN-¿p-I. (2014)
4. Fw.]n.t]m-fn-sâ \n-cq-]W ssi-en-bp-sS {]-tXy-I-X-IÄ F-s´Ãmw? (2012-C)
5. tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ t]cpw D-Å-S-¡hpw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. (2012)
6. ‘k-a-Imeo-\ am[y-a a-e-bm-fw a-e-bm-f-¯\n-a ]p-eÀ-¯p-¶nÃ' NÀ-¨-sN-¿pI?
(2011)
7. km-ln-Xy hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-\v i-cnbm-b H-c-Sn-¯-d ]-Wn-bp-¶X- nÂ a-e-bm-f-¯n-se ]-g-
b-]-{X-am-kn-I-IÄ F-{X-t¯m-fw k-lm-bn-¨n-«p-v? (2010)
8. a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ \m-S-I-\n-cq]-Ww C-X-c-\n-cq-]-W-im-J-I-sf-t¸m-se ^-e-{]-Z-am-bn-«p-
tm? NÀ-¨ sN-¿p-I. (2009)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 22

9. a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ \m-S-I-\n-cq]-Ww th-{X i-àn {]m-]n-¨n-«nÃ F-¶p ]-d-ªmÂ \n-
§Ä Aw-Ko-I-cn¡p-tam? a-ebm-f \m-S-I \n-cq-]-W-¯n-sâ N-cn{Xw \Â-In {]-Xn-I-
cn-¡p-I. (2007)
10. Ip-«n-Ir-jv-W-am-cmÀ, tIk-cn _m-e-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å, Fw.]n.t]mÄ F-¶n-h-cp-sS \n-cq-
]W ssi-en Xm-c-Xayw sN-¿p-I. (2005)
11. ]-£-]m-X-\n-cq-]W-ta \n-cq-]-W-am-Iq F-¶ Ip-«n-Ir-jv-W-am-cm-cp-sS \n-cq-]-W ZÀ-
i\-s¯ hn-aÀ-in-¨p D-]-\y-kn-¡pI? (2002)
12. a-\-Èm-kv-{X-]-cam-b hn-aÀ-i-\-¯n-sâ P-b-]-cm-P-b-§Ä a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ-\n-¶p-Å D-
Zm-l-c-W-§-sf-Sp-¯v hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡pI. (2002)
13. Ip-«n-Ir-jv-W-am-cmÀ km-ln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-¯nÂ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨ ]-£-]m-X-kn-²m-´w F-
´m-Wv? (2001)
14. G.BÀ. cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½-bp-sS km-ln-Xy-ho-£-Ww {]-N-cn-¸n-¨ ]nÂ¡m-e \n-cq-]-I-
·m-cm-Wv tI-k-cn-_m-e-Ir-jv-W-]n-Åbpw s{]m-^.ap--tÈ-cnbpw þ Cu A-`n-{]m-bw
]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. (2001)
15. Hm-tcm-X-e-ap-d-bv¡pw Hmtcm km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{X-sa-gp-Xm-\p-mIpw F-¶ {]-kv-Xm-h-\
hm-b-\-¡m-cp-sS `m-hpI-Xz ]-cn-Wm-a-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¡p-¶ H-¶mWv. D-]-\y-kn-¡p-
I. (2001)
16. B\p-Im-en-I-§Ä ae-bm-f-`m-jbv¡pw kwkvIm-c-¯n\pw sNbvX tkh-\-§Ä
Gh? (2000)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 23

a-e-bmfw
bqWnävþ6.4
k©m-c-km-lnXyw
]m-Ým-Xy-cp-sS km-l-knI-X, tImf-\n I-s-¯m-\pÅ A-t\z-jWw, hym-]mcw,
hn-Úm-\-Xm-Xv-]cyw Xp-S§n-b Im-c-W-§-fm-Wv bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W-¯n-\v P-·w \-ev-Im³
C-S-bm¡n-b ùXn-I km-l-N-cy-§Ä. ]u-c-kv-Xy ]u-cmWn-I Ir-Xn-I-fnepw \n-ch-[n
bm-{Xm-Ip-dn-¸p-IÄ I-s-¯m-\mIpw. A-tbm-²y ap-XÂ e-¦ h-sc-bp-Å cma-sâ A-b-
\-hr-¯m-´-am-WtÃm cm-am-bWw. a-lm-`m-c-X-¯n-emI-s« ]m-Þ-h-cp-sS Zz-Kzn-P-b bm-
{X-I-fpw, XoÀ-°-bm-{X-Ifp-sam-s¡ Im-Wmw. F-¦nepw ]qÀ-Wam-sbm-cp k-©m-c-km-ln-
XyIr-Xn C-XnÂ \n-s¶Ãmw hy-Xy-kv-X-amWv. A-XnÂ N-cn-{Xw, `q-an-im-kv-{Xw, I-e,
kmln-Xyw, \-c-hw-i-im-kv-{Xw, cm-{ã-X-{´w, [-\-im-kv-{Xw, {]-Ir-Xn-im-kv{Xw Xp-S§n-b
G-Xv hn-Úm-\hpw DÄ-s¡m-Ån-¡mw. F-¶n-cp-¶mepw C-sXm-cp hn-Úm-\-{K-ÙaÃ,
adn-¨v km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn X-s¶-bmWv. hn-Úm-\-Ir-Xn-bp-sS A-t\zj-W-]-c-X-bpw, N-cn-{X-
Im-c-sâbpw km-aq-ln-I-im-kv-{X-Ú-sâ-bpw kq-£v-a-\n-co-£-W-hpw, I-hn-bp-sS `m-h-
\m-hn-em-k-hpw, I-em-Imc-sâ in-ev-]-Nm-Xp-cyhpw H-cp k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\nÂ
H¯n-W-§n-bn-cn-¡Ww. A-t¸m-gm-Wv D-Zm-¯am-b k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ cq-]w
sIm-Åp-¶Xv.
k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ k-hn-ti-j-XIÄ
♦ {]-ta-b-t¯-¡mÄ F-gp-¯p-Im-c-sâ B-ßmw-i-¯n\pw c-N-\m-Iu-i-e-¯n\pw
{]m-[m-\y-ap-Å IrXn.
♦ A-km-[m-c-W A-\p-`-h-§Ä c-k-I-c-am-bn A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ F-gp-¯p-Im-c³
ImWn-t¡- kq-£vaX.
♦ c-N-\m-th-f-bnÂ {]-I-S-am-t¡- k-hn-ti-jam-b Xym-P-{Km-ly hn-th-N-\-_p²n
♦ N-cn-{X-hpw (bm-YmÀ-°y-hpw) t\m-h-epw (`m-h-\-bpw) k-t½-fn-¡p-¶ cN-\m coXn.
♦ hnÚm-\ ta-J-e-I-sfÃmw DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶ km-ln-Xy-taJ-e
h-À¯-am-\-¸p-kvX-Iw
a-ebm-f K-Zy-¯n-se-gp-X-s¸-Sp-¶ B-Zy-s¯ bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W-hpw, `m-cXo-b `m-j-
I-fn-se-gp-X-s¸-Sp-¶ B-Zy-s¯ hn-tZ-i-bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-Whpw ]m-d-ta-¡mÂ tXm-am-I-¯-
\m-cpsS ‘tdm-am-bm-{X’ (hÀ¯-am-\-¸p-kvXIw) bm-Wv. 1790 \pw 1799 \pw at[y F-gp-Xn-
b-sX-¶v I-cp-Xp-¶ Cu Ir-Xn A-¨-Sn-¡-s¸-«-Xv 1936 emWv. A-¶v tI-c-f ss{I-kv-X-h-k-
`-bnÂ Dm-b hen-b A-`n-{]m-b hyXymkw ]-cn-l-cn-¡m³ amÀ-]m¸-sb Im-Wm³ I-
cn-bm-änÂ tPmk-^v a-ev-]m\pw ]m-d-t½-¡mÂ tXm-am-¡-¯-\m-cpw A-S-§p-¶ H-cp kw-
Lw tdm-an-te-¡v t]mbn. B bmXm-\p-`-h-am-Wv ]p-kv-X-I-am-bn am-dn-bXv. c-v `m-K-§-
fm-sb-gpXn-b Cu ]p-kv-X-I-¯nÂ bm{X-¡n-S-bm¡n-b km-l-N-cy§Ä, I-¸Â bm-{Xm-
\p-`-h§Ä, Hm-tcm Ø-e¯pw I Im-gv-NIÄ, a-X-]-cam-b Im-cy-§Ä C-h-sbm-s¡
hn-h-cn-¡p-¶pv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 1
XoÀ¯pw km-l-kn-Iam-b bm-{X-bm-bn-cp-¶p A-h-cp-sS tdm-am-bm{X. Nc-¡p I-¸-
enÂ B-td-gp am-k-§Ä sIm-v am-{X-ta tdm-an-se¯q. ]m-bv-I-¸-ep-I-fp-sS kp-c-£n-
XXzw B-i-bn-¨n-cn-¡p¶-Xv Im-em-h-Ø-bn-emWv. a-{Zm-knÂ \n¶pw I-¸Â tI-dp-¶Xpw
amÀ-¤ at[y I-cn-bm-änÂ tcm-K-_m-[n-X-\m-hp-¶Xpw C-S-¯m-h-f-§-fm-bn F-¯-s¸-Sp-¶
Ø-e-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-Å hn-h-c-W-§fpw hm-b-\-¡mc-\v A-\p-`-h-am-Ip¶p. Zu-Xy-
kwLw amÀ-]m¸-sb Im-Wp-¶-Xpw, \m-«nÂ \n-¶v H-cp sa-{Xm³ F-¶ B-hiyw km-[n-
s¨-Sp-¯v Xn-cn-¨p-Å bm-{Xbpw hn-h-c-W-¯n-epv.
a-ebm-f `m-j-bnÂ hÀ-¯am-\ ]p-kv-X-I-¯n-sâ {]k-àn B-Zy-s¯ bm-{Xm-hn-
hc-Ww F¶-Xv am-{XaÃ. Cw-¥o-jv km-ln-Xy-hp-am-bp-Å B-ß-_-Ô-¯n-sâ ^-e-am-
WtÃm B-[p\n-I a-ebm-f KZy-ssien. A-Xn-\v ap³-]p-Å K-Zy-amXr-I hy-à-am-¡p-¶
kz-X-{´-Ir-Xn F-¶ \n-e-bv-¡v `m-jm-]T-\-¯n-\v hÀ-¯am-\ ]p-kvX-Iw \-ev-Ip-¶
kw`m-h-\ h-ep-XmWv. “A¶-s¯ a-e-bm-f-K-Zy-¯n-\v s]m-Xp-hnÂ Im-Wm-Xn-cp-¶ ]-e
Kp-W-§-fpw, B-i-b-§-fp-sS A-Sp¡v, J-Þn-I-I-fp-sS hn-`-P\w, hm-N-I-§-fp-sS ]qÀ-
W-X C-h-sbÃmw C-XnÂ ZÀ-in-¡m-\m-Ipw” F-¶v ]n.sI ]-c-ta-iz-c³ \m-bÀ \n-co-£n-
¡p-¶pv. ep]v-X {]-Nm-cam-b `m-jm ]-Z-§Ä t]mÀ-«p-Ko-kv e-än³ i-Ð§Ä, A-]-cn-
Nn-Xam-b `m-jm {]-tbm-K§Ä, ssZÀ-Ly-tadn-b hm-N-I-§Ä C-h-sbÃmw C-Xn-se `mj-
bp-sS {]-tXy-I-X-I-fmWv. tXm-am I-¯-\m-cp-sS _-lp `m-jm ]m-ÞnXyw X-s¶-bmWv
Cu bm-{X-bv-¡v A-t±-l-s¯ Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡m³ Im-c-W-am-b-Xpw. AXv-sIm-v X-s¶
hf-sc kz-X-{ám-b KZy-ssi-en Cu ]p-kv-X-I-¯nÂ ZÀ-in-¡m-hp-¶-XmWv. ‘kw-kv
IrX {]-[m-\am-b `mjm-ssi-en D-t]-£n-¨v A-¶-s¯ kÀ-¡mÀ C-S-]m-Sp-I-fnÂ
Zriyam-b hy-h-lm-c-`m-jm-co-Xn-bm-Wv Ir-Xn-bnÂ Im-Wm³ I-gn-bp-¶Xv’ F-¶v a-lm
Ihn D-ÅqÀ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«pv. kz-cq-]-I-ev-]-\-bnepw hÀ-¯am-\ ]p-kvX-Iw th-dn-«v
\nÂ-¡p¶p. ]-Zw F-¶m-Wv A-²ym-b-¯n-\v {K-Ù-IÀ-¯m-hv \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶ t]cv
Hmtcm ]-Z-¯n\pw Hmtcm X-e¡-«v \-ev-In-bn-cn-¡p¶p. N-cn{X-t_m-[-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn ]cn-
tim-[n-¡p-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ tI-c-f-hÀ-½ henb tIm-bn-¯-¼p-cm-sâ Im-e-t¯m-sS B-cw-
`n-¨p F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶ K-Zy-{]-Øm-\-¯n-\v hf-sc ap-¼pX-s¶ C¶-s¯ K-Zy-coXn-tbm-Sv
tNÀ-¶v t]m-Ip-¶ hÀ-¯am-\ ]p-kvX-Iw c-Nn-¡-s¸«p. P-\-k-aq-l-¯n-sâ C-S-bnÂ
{]N-cn-¨n-cp-¶ k-am-lm-cw Xs¶ Cu Ir-Xn-bnÂ I-s-¯m-sa¶-Xv C-Xn-sâ sX-fn-
hmWv.
H-cp k©m-c Ir-Xn F-¶ \n-e-bnÂ hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-t¼mgpw hÀ-¯am-\ ]p-kvX-Iw
D-¶-X-\n-e-hm-cw ]p-eÀ-¯p-¶p-s-¶v ]-d-bmw. Xm³ k-©-cn-¡p-¶ \m-Sn-sâ A-´-cm-
ßm-hn-te-bv-¡v Xpd-¶v sh-¨ I-®p-I-fn-eq-sS X-s¶-bm-Wv F-gp-¯p-Im-c³ bm-{X-sN-bv-
XXv. A-\ytZ-i P-\-§-fp-sS Po-hn-X-coXn, B-Nm-c-hn-ti-j-§Ä, A-hn-Sp-s¯ k-hn-
tij-XIÄ, bm-{Xm-\p-`-h-§Ä FÃmw C-XnÂ {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶pv. F-gp-¯p-Imc-sâ
hn-\bw, a-X-`àn, tZ-im-`n-am-\w Xp-S§n-b Kp-W-§fpw C-XnÂ \n-¶v a-\-kn-em-¡mw.
hn-tZ-im-[n-]-Xy-¯n-s\-Xn-sc kzm-X-{ý-t_m-[-hpw, tZ-io-b-Xbpw `m-c-X-¯nÂ D-S-se-Sp-
¡p-¶-Xn-\p ap³-]pX-s¶ h-¯n-¡m-sâ kz-P-\-]-£-]m-X-¯n-s\-Xn-cmbpw ]m-Ým-Xy
B-[n-]-Xy-¯n-s\-Xn-scbpw tXm-am-I-¯-\mÀ F-gp-Xn F¶-Xv {i-t²-b-amWv.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 2

Im-in-bm-{X-d-t¸m«
hÀ-¯am-\ ]p-kv-X-I-¯n-\v ti-jw a-e-bm-f-¯n-epm-b bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W-amWv
‘Im-in-bm-{X-d-t¸m-«’ F-¶ e-Lp-{KÙw. H-cp bm-{Xm-k-lm-bn F-¶ co-Xn-bn-ep-Å c-N-
\ k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ sI«n-t\mSpw a«n-t\mSpw A-{X tbm-Pn-¡p-¶nÃ. bm-{Xm-\p-
`h-§-tfm, amÀ-¤-a-t[y-bp-Å Ø-e-§-fp-sS N-cn{Xtam Cu hn-h-c-W-¯nÂ CÃ. a-dn-¨v
t]m-tI- Ø-e§Ä, bm{Xm sN-e-hp-IÄ Xp-S-§n Ip-td hn-h-c-W-§Ä am-{X-am-Wp-
ÅXv. E-Pphpw lr-kz-hpam-b hmIy-ssi-enbpw kw-£n-]v-Xam-b A-h-X-c-W-§fpw
CXn-sâ `m-jm-]-cam-b {]-tXy-I-X-I-fmWv. Hä t\m-«-¯nÂ k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ
B-ZyIm-e cq-]-am-bn C-Xn-s\ ]-cn-K-Wn-¡mw.
DuÀtÇw bm-{Xm-hn-hc-Ww
a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ B-Zy-am-bn A-¨-Sn-¡-s¸-« bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-Ww 1895þÂ {]-kn-²o-I-cn-
¨ DuÀtÇw bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W-amWv. amÀ-{Kn-tKm-dnb-kv Xn-cp-ta-\n sb-dp-i-te-anÂ t]m-b-
Xn-sâ hn-h-c-W-W-§-fm-Wv D-Å-S¡w. \n-co-£-W-¯n-sâ kq-£v-aX sIm-pw, hn-izm-
k-]-cam-b k-Xy-kÔ-X-sImpw Cu Ir-Xn hm-b-\-¡m-cp-sS a-\-knÂ ]-Xn-ªv
\nÂ¡p-I X-s¶ sN-¿p-sa-¶v kp-Ip-amÀ A-go-t¡m-Sv A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p. \m-«nÂ
Xn-cn-s¨-¯n H-cp am-kw sIm-v F-gp-Xn ]qÀ-¯n-bm¡n-b Cu {K-Ù-¯n-sâ e£yw
Xsâ A-\p-`-h-§fpw ]p-Wy-`q-an-bn-se Im-gv-N-Ifpw k-`mw-K-§Ä-¡v ]-IÀ-¶v
sImSp¡p-I F-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p.
C-h-bv-¡v ti-jw kzm-X-{ý-{]m-]v-Xn h-sc-bp-Å 52 hÀ-j-§Ä-¡p-ÅnÂ 24
k©m-c-km-ln-Xy-{K-Ù-§Ä am-{X-ta \-½p-sS `m-j-bnÂ D-m-bn-«p-Åq F¶Xv Cu
km-ln-Xy-im-J-bp-sS h-fÀ-¨ F-{X a-µ-K-Xn-bn-em-bn-cp-s¶-¶v t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.
AXnÂ 8 F-®w `m-c-X-bm-{X-I-fmWv. `q-cn-`m-Khpw XoÀ-°-bm-{X-Ifpw _m-¡n 16 F-®w
hy-Xy-kv-X, hn-tZ-i-bm-{X-I-fpw, _m-cn-ÌÀ Pn.]n. ]n-Å-bpsS ‘e-\pw ]m-cokpw',
sI.]n.tI-i-hta-t\msâ ‘_n-em-¯n hn-tijw' C-h-tb-sd {i-²n-¡-s¸-«-XmWv.
e-\pw ]m-cokpw
_m-cn-ÌÀ Pn.]n ]n-Å hn-tÎmdn-b a-lm-cm-Ún-bp-sS Øm\m-tcm-l-W-¯n-sâ
h{P- Pq-_n-en-bnÂ ]-s¦-Sp-¡m³ t]m-bXpw e--\nepw ]m-co-knepw I-p-ap«n-b
hyàn-I-fp-sS hn-h-c-W-hp-am-Wv 12 A-[ym-b-§-fnÂ hn-h-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. L-S-\-bnÂ
bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W-t¯m-Sv A-{X tbm-Pn¨ ssi-en-bn-eÃ c-Nn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
_n-em-¯n hn-ti-jw
sI.]n.tI-i-hta-t\msâ ‘_n-em-¯n hn-ti-jw' 1912þÂ Xq-¯p-¡p-Sn-bnÂ \n-¶v
bm-{X B-cw-`n-¡p¶-Xv ap-XÂ a-S-§n-sb-¯p-¶-Xp-h-sc-bp-Å bm-{X-bpw Cw-¥-n-
sebpw a-äv k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv 31 A-[ym-b-§-fp-Å {K-Ù-¯n-sâ D-Å-S¡w. ‘a-\p-jy-
hÀ-¤-¯n-sâ ]-e A-`n-hr-²nbpw A-dn-bp¶-Xv e--\nÂ sh-¨m-sW-¶v A-t±-lw X-s¶
km-£y-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. C-cp-]Xmw \q-äm-n-se B-Zy Z-i-I-§-fn-se {_n-«o-jv P-\-X-bp-
sS Po-hn-X-co-Xn-I-sfbpw kw-kv-Im-c-s¯bpw Ip-dn-¨p-Å hn-h-c-§Ä A¶-s¯ bq-tdm-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 3
]y³ km-aq-ln-Iþcm-{ão-b hy-h-Ø-I-fp-sS hn-i-Zam-b {]-Xn-]m-Z\w, H¶mw tem-I-a-lm-
bp-²w s]m-«n-]p-d-s¸S-th kzn-ä-vkÀ-e-nÂ Ip-Sp-§n-b-t¸mÄ A-\p-`-hn-t¡-n h-¶
ITn-\am-b bm-X-\IÄ, e--\n-se bp-²Im-e km-l-N-cy§Ä, km-¼¯n-I {]-Xn-k-Ôn-
bnem-b Cw-¥-n-se Nn{Xw Xp-S-§n _n-em-¯n-bp-sS k-¼qÀ-W Nn{Xw Cu c-N-\-bnÂ
Im-Wmw.
`m-c-X-¯nÂ bm-{X \S-¯n k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy-am-bn ]pd-¯v h¶-Xv `q-cn-`m-Khpw
XoÀ-°-bm-{X-I-fm-bn-cp¶p. a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ A-¡m-e-¯pm-b an-I-¨ c-N-\-IÄ ]-e-Xpw,
]-©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-IÄ \m-Sn-\p-m¡n-b am-äw P-\§-sf A-dn-bn-¡m³ s\-lv-dp-hn-fn-¨
]-{X-kw-L-t¯m-sSm-¸w t]m-b a-e-bm-fn-IÄ F-gpXn-b bm-{Xm-\p-`-h-§-fmWv.
D-W-cp-¶ D-¯-tc-ý
F³.hn.Ir-jv-W-hm-cn-bÀ c-Nn-¨ Cu {KÙ-s¯ \m-em-bn Xn-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. Kw-K-
sbm-gp-Ip-¶ \m-«nÂ, ]pXn-b ]-©m_v, bp-²-`q-anIÄ, a-ªp-aq-Sn-IÄ Nq-gv-¶ ac-X-I
Xm-gv-h-c F-¶n-§-s\-bmW-h. D-¯-tc-ý-bn-se hn-I-k-\-§Ä Im-Wp-¶-tXm-sSm-¸w
Z£n-tW-ý A-h-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p F-¶ F-gp-¯p-Imc-sâ tXm-¶Â Ir-Xn-bnÂ
hyà-amWv.
C-Xv t]m-se F-gp-X-s¸-« Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv Fw.sI. Ip-amc-sâ ‘b-ap-\-bp-sS Xo-c¯v'
Pn.thWp-tKm-]m-en-sâ F-sâ \m-Sp-W-cp¶p. C-h-bv-¡v ]pd-ta C-ý-¡-I-¯p-Å bm{X-
IÄ-¡v tI-c-f- km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an \-ev-Ip-¶ sNdn-b km-¼¯n-I k-lm-bw h-gn
Ipd¨v k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ cq-]w sImp. sI.Xm-bm-«nsâ ‘I-Y-bp-d-§p-¶ hgn-
bn-eqsS' kn.Ir-jv-W³ \m-b-cpsS ‘A-dn-hp-IÄ ]-cy-S-\-¯n-eqsS' C.hm-kp-hnsâ
‘IÂ¡-¯ Hm IÂ¡-¯' C-h-bm-Wv {i-t²-b-amb-h. kzm-X-{ý-{]m-]v-Xn-¡v tijw
Cu km-ln-Xy-imJ-sb h-fÀ-¯m³ t_m-[-]qÀ-Æw \-S¯n-b C¯-cw ]-cn-{i-a§Ä-
sIm-v X-s¶-bm-Wv a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy-¯n-\v th-tcm-«-ap-m-bXv.
a-e-bm-f-¯n-se {i-t²-bam-b k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ
X-t±-i-kz-bw-`c-Ww kw-_-Ôn-¨ B-dp-amk-s¯ {]-tbmKn-I ]-cn-io-e-\-¯n-\v
Cw-¥-n-se¯n-b Ku-cn-b-½ A-hn-Sp-s¯ A-\p-`-h-§Ä tc-J-s¸-Sp¯n-b ‘e-³
Ub-dn-bpw' bp-h-P-\-k-t½-f-\-¯n-se C-ý³ {]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn t]m-b Fw.Sn. bm-{X-
bnÂ I-p-ap«n-b ]-e-scbpw Ip-dn-s¨-gpXn-b ‘a-\-jyÀ \n-g-ep-IÄ', sI.Fw.tPmÀ-
Önsâ ‘A-ta-cn-¡-bnÂ t]m-b I-Y-bpw' XI-gn A-ta-cn-¡-bnÂ \-S¯n-b ]-cy-S-\-§-
sf-¡p-dn-s¨-gp-Xn A-ta-cn-¡³ Xn-c-Èo-ebpw F³.hn.Ir-jv-W-hm-cn-b-cpsS ‘A-ta-cn-¡-
bn-eqsS' Xp-S-§n-b-h {i-t²-bam-b hn-tZ-i-bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W-§-fmWv.
k-©m-c-N-{I-hÀ-¯nbm-b F-kv.sI.s]m-ä-¡m-Sv
‘tem-Iw ap-gp-h³ Rm³ Np-än-¡p, A-Xym-\-µ-t¯msS, B-ß-\nÀ-hrXn-tbmsS.
B-tcm-Kyhpw km-l-N-cyhpw A-\p-h-Zn-¡p-sa-¦nÂ C-\nbpw k-©m-cw Xp-S-cpw. A-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 4

Sp¯ H-cp P-·-ap-s-¦nÂ H-cp \m-tSm-Sn-bm-bv a-cn¡p-thm-fw tem-Iw ap-gp-h³ Ae-
ªv \-S-¡m-\m-Wv tamlw’ þ F-kv.sI
k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy-¯nse ‘F-¼-bÀ tÌ-äv _nÂ-Unw-Kvkv' F-¶m-Wv F-kv.sI
Adn-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶Xv. a-ebm-f k©m-c km-ln-Xy-¯n-se ap-Sn-Nq-Sm-a-¶\mb F-kv.sI
\thm-°m-\-¯n-se t\m-h-en-kväpw sN-dp-I-Ym-Ir¯pw Iq-Sn-bmWv.
F-kv.sI c-Nn-¨ k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy-Ir-XnI-sf `q-J-Þ-§-fm-bn C§-s\ X-cw-Xn-
cn-¡mw.
`m-c-tXm-]-`qJÞw B-{^n-¡³ bm-{XIÄ
Im-iv-aoÀ Im-¸n-cn-I-fp-sS \m-«nÂ
bm-{Xm-kv-a-c-WIÄ knw-l-`qan
ln-am-e-b-km-{am-Py-¯nÂ ss\Â Ubdn
t\-¸mÄ bm{X Ibvtdm I-¯pIÄ
¢n-tbm-]m-{S-bp-sS \m-«nÂ
bq-tdm-]y³ bm-{XIÄ ]qÀ-th-jy³ bm-{XIÄ
C¶-s¯ bq-tdm¸v a-e-bm-\m-Sp-I-fnÂ
]m-Xn-cm kq-cy-sâ \m-«nÂ C³-sUm-t\-jy³ Ubdn
tkm-hnb-äv Ubdn _m-en-Zzo-]v
e-³ t\m-«v _p¡v
s_m-lo-ay³ Nn-{X§Ä
C-h Iq-Sm-sX bm-{X-I-fp-sS sNdn-b Ip-dn-¸p-Ifpw te-J-\-§-fp-am-bn th-sdbpw
{]kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-«n-«pv.
hn-im-eam-b lr-Zbw-sIm-m-bn-cp-¶p s]m-ä-¡m-«v k-©-cn-¨n-cp-¶Xv. bm-{X-bp-sS
{XnÂ A-\p-`-hn-¡m³ th-n-bm-bn-cp-¶p A-t±-l-¯n-sâ bm-{XIÄ. ]-e-scbpw
t]mse a-äv Im-cy-§Ä-¡m-bp-Å bm-{X-I-fnÂ bm-{Xm-hn-hc-Ww F-gpXn-b B-fÃ
Fkv.sI. k-©m-cXz-c A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Po-hn-X-¯nÂ k-©m-cn-`m-h-aÃ, Øm-bo-`m-h-
amWv. kp-µ-c-am-b-h-sbÃmw B-kz-Zn-¡m\pw ]-¨ a-\p-jy-s\ I-s-¯m\pw A-\p-`q-Xn-
IÄ k-amÀ-Ön-¡m\pw th-n am-{X-am-bn-cp-¶p A-t±-l-¯n-sâ bm-{XIÄ. ]n-¶o-Sv
Ah ]-IÀ-¯n-sh-t¡--Xm-sW-¶v tXm-¶n-b-Xn-\mÂ B-Wv k-©m-c km-ln-Xy-c-N-\-
bn-te-bv-¡v A-t±-lw I-S-¶Xv. A-t¸m-gmI-s« B-[n-Imcn-I {K-Ù-§-fp-sS k-lm-b-
t¯m-sS X-s¶ \n-co-£-W-§Ä k-Xy-k-Ôhpw k-a-{K-hp-am-¡m³ A-t±-lw BßmÀ-
°-am-bn ]-cn-{i-an¨p. bm-{X-bp-sS {XnÃn-\v th-n t¢-i-I-cam-b bm-{X-IÄ \S¯m\pw
A-Xnepw t¢-i-§Ä k-ln-¨v Iem-ssh-`-h-t¯m-sS A-h B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡p-hm\pw hm-b-
\-¡mc-\v bm-{Xm-\p-`q-Xn e-`y-am-¡m\pw a-ämÀ¡pw I-gn-ªn-«nÃ. AXv-sIm-m-Wv A-t±-
l-¯n-sâ I-em-kr-ãn-IÄ Ime-s¯ A-Xn-Po-hn-¨Xv.
F-gp-¯n-sâ ssi-en-bn-epÅ Im-hy-t_m-[hpw \À-½-t_m-[hpw F-Sp-¯v ]-d-tb-
-XmWv. A-t±-lw I- Im-gvNI-sf hm-b-\-¡mc-\v Iq-Sn A-\p-`-h-am-Ip-¶ co-Xn-bnÂ
A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-se ssh-Z-Kv[yw H-¶v th-sd X-s¶-bmWv. ‘knw-l-`q-an-bnÂ' “I-¼m-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 5

e-bnÂ \n-¶v 17 ssaÂ k-©-cn-¨v ap-t¡m-W ]-«-W-¯nÂ F¯n. B-ep-hm-bnÂ \n-¶v
17 ssaÂ t]m-bmÂ Im-Wp-¶ Nm-e-¡pSn-t]m-se” F-¶m-W-t±-lw hn-h-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
{]-Ir-Xn-bnÂ am-{XaÃ, a-\p-jy-cnepw a-e-bm-fnI-sf X-s¶-bm-Wv Im-Wp-¶Xv. X-e-Np-a-
sS-Sp-¯v Xm-f-¯nÂ \-S-¡p-¶ _m-en-kp-µ-cnI-sf hS-t¡ a-e-_m-dn-se Np-a-«p-Im-cn
s]®p-§-tfm-Spw, se-\n³ {KmUnÂ sh-¨v X-\n-¡v t]-\ X-¶ d-jy³ _m-enI-sb tIc-
f-¯n-se IÀ-¯ym-bn\n-tbm-Spw, I-a-em£n-tbmSpw D-]-an-¡p-¶-Xv D-Zm-l-c-W-§Ä
am{Xw. kw-`-h-hÀ-W-\IÄ, hy-ànIÄ, `m-jm {]-tbm-K§Ä, A-a-fnIÄ, I-Y-IÄ Ch-
bn-seÃmw \À-a-t_m-[w {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡p¶ ssi-en-bm-W-t±-l-¯n-tâXv. \-½p-sS Np-¯v
t\À-¯ Nn-cn D-bÀ-¯p-¶ Nn-e c-kn-I³ {]-kv-Xm-h-\-IÄ Im-Wmw.
“D-¨-bm-b-t¸mÄ ISÂ-t£m-`w hÀ-²n-¨p bm-{X-¡mÀ-¡v IpSÂ-t£m-`-hpw”
e-³ t\m-«v-_p¡v
“t\-cw sshIn ho-«nÂ h-c-cp-sX-¶ _m-¸ Xm-¡o-Xv sN-b-X-Xn-sâ ^-e-am-bn C-t¸mÄ
cm{Xn t\-cw ssh-In-bmÂ A-hÀ ho-«nÂ h-cm-td CÃ.”
C³-sUm-t\-jy³ Ub-dn
“C-hn-Sp-s¯ Im-¸n-cn-IÄ ]-c-ip-cm-a-·m-cmWv, a-gp-hm-Wv C-h-cp-sS B-bp[w”
Im-¸n-cn-I-fp-sS \m-«nÂ
C-¯-c-¯nÂ ]p-cm-Whpw N-cn-{Xhpw hn-izm-km-Nm-c-§-fpw C-S-I-eÀ-¯n-bpÅ
\À-½-t_m-[-¯n-eq-sS hm-b-\-¡mc-sâ Kr-lm-Xp-c-X \n-e-\nÀ-¯-s¸-Sp-¶p. sdm-amân-k-
k-¯n-sâ k-h-nti-j-X-I-fn-e¶m-b kp-µ-cam-b I-ev-]-\-Ifpw A-Xn-a-t\m-l-cam-b k¦-
ev-]-§fpw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W§-sf H-cp km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn F-¶ \n-e-bnÂ
D-¶-X \n-e-hm-c-¯n-se-¯n-¡p¶p. KÀ-`n-WnI-sf hoÀ-¯ h-b-dp-am-bn \n-ev-Ip-¶ ‘_
Hm _m' a-c-§-sf-bpw, I-dp¸pw sh-fp¸pw h-c-I-fp-Å bqWn-t^m-an-« ko-{_-I-sfbpw
A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶ F-kv.sI. Im-ev-]-\n-I-\m-sW-¶-XnÂ kw-i-b-anÃ.
k-©m-c-km-lnXyw F-kv.sI.bv-¡p ti-jw
a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ k-©m-cn F-kv.sI s]m-ä-¡m-«n-\p-ti-jw ]qÀ-W-ambpw bm-{X-
IÄ-¡m-bn am-än-sh-¨ F-gp-¯p-ImÀ D-m-bn-«nÃ. A-t¸mgpw {i-t²-bam-b Nn-e Ir-Xn-
IÄ a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ D-m-bn-«p-v. 2001þse km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an ]p-c-kv-Im-cw t\Sn-b
]p-\-¯nÂ Ip-ª-Ðp-Å-bpsS ‘thmÄ-K-bnÂ a-ªv s]-¿p-t¼mÄ' I-ayq-Wn-k-¯n-sâ
X-IÀ-¨-¡p-ti-j-ap-Å d-jy-bn-eq-sS-bp-Å bm-{X-bmWv. sN-dp-I-Ym-Ir¯pw t\m-h-en-kv-
äpam-b k-¡-dn-b-bp-sS ‘H-cp B-{^n-¡³ bm-{X-bpw' {i-²n-¡-s¸-« Ir-Xn-Ifn-sem-¶mWv.
B-{^n-¡bp-sS sX-t¡ ap-\¼m-b ‘tI¸v Hm-^v KpUvv tlm¸n'Â \n-¶v h-S-¡³
Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-se ko-\m-bv {]-hn-iy-h-sc-bp-Å bm-{X-bp-sS hn-h-c-W-am-Wv H-cp B-{^n-¡³
bm{X. a-e-bm-fn-IÄ-¡v bm-{X-bp-sS ]pXn-b A-\p`-hw \-evIn-b A-t±lw, _mÀ-«n-Iv I-
S-en-sâ In-g-¡³ Xo-c-¯pÅ em-Xzn-I, en-Xzm-\n-b, Fkv-tdmWnb F-¶o cm-Py-§-fn-eq-
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sS I-ayq-Wn-k-¯n-sâ X-IÀ¨-¡v ti-jw \-S¯n-b bm-{X--bp-sS hnh-c-W-amWv ‘_mÄ-
«n-Iv U-b-dn'. a-e-b-f-¯n-sâ k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ th-dn-« ]mX ]n³-Xp-SÀ-¶ Ir-Xn-
bm-bn-cp-¶p Fw.]n. ho-tc-{µ-Ip-am-dnsâ ‘ssl-a-h-X-`q-hnÂ'. B-Jym-\-¯n-se hy-Xykv-
X k-ao]-\w sIm-pw, N-cn-{X-¯n-se C-S-s]-S-ep-IÄ sImpw {it²-bam-b Ir-Xn-bm-
bn-cp-¶p AXv. A-t\z-j-Wm-ßI-X, B-ßob-X, N-cn-{X-IY-\w F¶n-h-bp-sS ]-Ým-¯-
e-¯nÂ H-cp ln-am-e-b³ k-©m-cm-\p-`-hn-hc-Ww hm-b-\-¡mc\v \Â-Ip¶p. `m-cXo-b
kw-kv-Ir-Xn-bp-sS ssh-hn-[y-]qÀ-Whpw k-¦oÀ-W-hpam-b hw-im-h-en-bp-sS N-cn-{X-]mTw
Iq-Sn-bm-bn am-dp-I-bmWv Cu IrXn.
‘k-©m-c-km-lnXyw C¶v'
ap-³ \q-äm-p-I-fn-se-¶-t]m-se D-¯-cm-[p\n-I Im-e¯pw k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy-
IrXn-IÄ {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶-Xv Ip-d-hmWv. F-¶mÂ B-\p-Im-en-I-§-fnepw
{]apJ am-kn-I-I-fp-sS hmÀjn-I ]-Xn-¸p-I-fnepw {]-ap-J-]-{X-§-fp-sS hm-cm-ý-]-Xn-¸p-
I-fnepw k-©m-c-hn-h-c-W-§Ä ap³-Im-e-t¯-¡mÄ {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶pv. am-Xr-
`q-an-bpsS ‘bm-{X'bpw Un-kn {]-kn-²o-I-c-Wam-b ‘{Sm-h-epw' FÃm am-khpw {]-kn-²o-
I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-XmWv. C-¯-c-¯nÂ k-©m-c-km-ln-Xyhpw D-¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bnÂ
]pXnb ap-J-§Ä tX-Sp¶p.
 a-X-{]-N-c-WmÀ-°w ssh-tZ-in-I-kzm-[o-\-¯nÂ h-fÀ-¶p h-¶ km-ln-Xyim-J
 kzm-X-{é-Ïn h-sc a-µ-K-Xn-bn-ep-Å h-fÀ-¨, Np-cp-¡w km-ln-Xy kr-ãn-IÄ am-{Xw
 kzm-X-{ý-{]m-]vXn-tbm-sS A-¡m-Z-an-Ifpw kÀ-¡mcpw \-evIn-b [-\-k-lm-b-t¯m-
sS \-S¯n-b bm-{X-IÄ bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W-§-fm-bn F-gp-X-s¸«p.
 bm-{X-¡m-bv am{Xw X-¿m-dm-bn-«p-Å k-©m-cn-I-fp-sS Ipd-hv km-ln-Xy-¯nepw A-\p-
`-h-s¸«p. P-·-kn-²am-b k-©m-c-hm-k-\ D-Å-hÀ-¡v am-{X-ta A-Xv km-[y-amIq
 k-©m-c-km-lnXyw `q-cn-`m-Khpw c-Nn-¡-s¸«-Xv a-äv ]-e-Xn-\p-ap-Å bm-{X-I-fpsS HmÀ-
a-Ip-dn-¸p-I-fm-bn-«mWv.
 k-©m-c-¯n-\v B-h-iy-am-bn h-cp-¶ `m-cn-¨ km-¼¯n-I ]n-´p-W k-©m-c-km-ln-
Xy-c-N-\-bnÂ \n-¶pw e-`n-¡m-¯Xpw Cu ta-J-e-bp-sS X-IÀ¨-¡v Im-c-W-ambn.
 k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-tf-¡mÄ B-\p-Im-en-I-§-fnepw am-kn-I-I-fnepw {]-Xy-£-
s¸-Sp-¶ k-©m-c-Ip-dn-¸p-IÄ C¶-s¯ hm-b-\-¡m-sc Xr-]v-Xn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.
2. F-kv.sI.s]m-ä-¡m-Sv a-e-bm-f-¯n-se G-ähpw an-I-¨ k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\mWv.
F§s\? (2016)
3. Imhym-ßI hÀ®\Ifpw ss\kÀ¤nIamb \À½t_m-[-hp-amWv Fkv.-sI.s]mä-
¡m-Snsâ bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-§sf hyXy-kvX-am-¡p-¶-XvþNÀ¨-sN¿pI. (2015-C)
4. ‘hÀ¯am\-¸p-k-XvI-’¯n\v ae-bmf KZy-N-cn-{X-¯n-epÅ Øm\-sa´v? (2013-C)
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5. ‘ae-bm-f-¯nÂ bm{Xm-hn-h-cW kmlnXy IrXn-I-Ä Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hmWv'þ Cu
{]kvXmhw icntbm? ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. (2011-C)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 8

a-e-bmfw
bqWnävþ6.4
D]\ym-k-km-lnXyw
]m-Ým-Xy-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ ‘F-sÊ' (essay) F-¶v hn-fn-¡p-¶ km-ln-Xy-im-J-bm-
Wv a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ D-]-\ym-kw F-¶ ]-Zw sIm-v hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. ‘sa-t-bv³'
F-¶ {^-©v km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\mWv. F-sÊ F¶ hm-¡v B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv.
“a-\-Ên-sâ \n-b-{´-W-anÃm¯ {]-hm-lw {I-a-c-ln-Xhpw Z-ln-¡m³ {]-bm-k-hp-ap-
ÅXm-b H-cp i-Iew, {I-ahpw hy-h-Ø-bp-anÃm-s¯m-cp cN-\” F-¶v tPm¬-k-Wpw,
“Nn-X-dn-b -Km-VNn-´-I-fp-sS H-cp N-cSv” F-¶v t_-¡Wpw D-]-\ymk-s¯ \nÀ-h-Nn-¡p-
t¼mgpw C-sXm-s¡ A-]qÀ-Æ-am-Wv. A-{X-taÂ ]pXnb ssi-enbpw L-S-\bpw kzo-I-cn-
¡m³ I-gn-bp-¶ H-cp km-ln-Xy-im-J-bm-Wv D-]-\ymkw.
D-]-\ym-k-¯n-sâ km-am-\y-kz-`m-h-§Ä
F-gp-¯p-Imc-sâ A-`n-cp-Nn-bv¡pw a-t\m-`m-h-¯n-\p-a-\p-k-cn-¨v kz-X-{´-am-bn F-
gp-X-s¸-Sp-¶-Xm-bXp-sIm-v D-]-\ym-k-¯n-\v \nÀ-hN-\w \-evIp-I Zp-jv-I-c-am-Ip-¶Xv.
F-¶n-cp-¶mepw D-]-\ym-k-¯n-sâ s]m-Xp-k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fm-bn I-W-¡m-¡p-¶ L-S-I-
§Ä ]cn-tim-[n-¡mw.
 ZoÀ-L-tam, ZpÀ-{K-l-tam B-I-cpXv
 kw-£n-]v-X-am-IWw, \m-\m-h-i-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]-cym-tem-N-\bpw thWw.
 F-gp-Xp-¶ hn-j-b-¯n-ep-Å ]qÀ-Wam-b A-h-Km-lhpw [m-c-W-bpw thWw.
 D-]-\ym-k-¯nsâ hn-j-baÃ, A-Xn-sâ {]-Xn-]m-Z-co-Xn-bm-Wv A-Xn-s\ D-]-\ym-k-
am-¡p-¶-Xv.
 Xm-Xzn-Iam-b A-Sp¡pw Nn-«-bp-anÃ, kzm-X-{ýhpw A-cq-]-X-bp-am-Wv A-Xn-sâ k-
hn-tijX.
 im-Jm-Nw-{Ia-W-X þ (a\-Êv A-\n-b-{ń-X-am-bn {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-t¼mÄ h-kv-Xp-XI-
sf kq-Nn-¸n¨p-sIm-v H-¶nÂ \n-¶v a-säm-¶n-te-¡v IS-¶p sNÃp-¶ co-Xn).
 kw-£n-]vX-X (A-´-anÃm-sX hn-j-b-¯nÂ \n-¶v Im-Sp-I-b-dp¶-Xv X-S-bp¶-Xv
kw-£n-]v-X-am-Ip-t¼m-gmWv)
 hy-àn-Xzw, B-ßmÀ°-X, kv]-ãX þ X-sâ A-\p-`-h-§-fp-sS hnj-b-t¯m-Sv Im-
Wn-¡p-¶ B-ß-mÀ°X.
 \n-co-£-W Iu-XpIw, A-\p-`-h-k¼-¶-X þ G-Xv \n-Êm-c-Im-cyhpw k-c-k-am-bn
B-hn-jv-I-cn-¡m-\p-Å \n-co-£-W Iu-Xp-Ip-I-hpw, G-Xv ip-jv-I-am-b h-kv-Xp-hn-
s\bpw k-Po-h-am-¡m-\p-Å A-\-p`-h-k-¼-¶am-b {]-Xn-`bpw thWw.
 D-]-\ym-k hn-j-bhpw BXv-a-\n-jvTbpw þ G-Xv hn-j-bhpw D-]-\ym-k-¯n-\v ]-
cym-]v-X-amWv. hn-j-b-ta-sX-Sp-¯mepw D-]-\ym-k-Imc-sâ hy-àn-Xz-ku-µ-cy-am-Wv
A-XnÂ {]-Xn-^-en-t¡-Xv.
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 A-dnhpw B-Ëm-Zhpw \n-d-ª D-]-\ym-k-§Ä c-Nn-¡-s¸-Sp¶-Xv kv-t\-lhpw A-
\p-I-¼bpw \n-d-ª hy-àn-bnÂ \n-¶m-IWw. hm-b-\-¡m-c-\p-am-bp-Å kw-hm-Zw
km-[y-am-Ip¶-Xv A-t¸m-gmWv.
 \À-a-c-kn-I-X D-]-\ym-k-¯n-sâ B-kzm-Z-\-£-a-X hÀ-²n-¡p¶p.
D-]-\ym-k-¯n-sâ kz-`m-h-a-\p-k-cn-¨pw, L-S-\ A-\p-k-cn-¨pw, ]-e X-c-¯n-ep-Å
hn-`-P-\-§Ä km-[y-amWv. AXv-t]m-se D-]-\ym-k-§Ä ssI-Imcyw sN-¿p-¶ hn-jb
ssh-hn-[yhpw k-¦oÀ-W-amWv. A-Xn-\mÂ X-cw-Xn-cn-¡-en-sâ am-\-Z-Þ-§-fpw ]-e-
XmWv.
D-]-\ymkw
a-t\m-`mhw, hn-j-b-h-kv-Xp e-£y-kz-`m-hw
1) B-ß-\n-jvT]-cw 1) D-]-tZ-i-]cw (A-dn-hp-]-IÀ-¶v

sIm-Sp-¡p¶-h)
(hy-àn-]-c-am-b a-t\m-`m-h-¯n-\v {]m-
[m-\yw) 2) hn-t\m-Z-]cw (hn-t\m-Zw ]-IÀ-
2) h-kv-Xp-\n-jvT-]cw (hn-j-b-¯n-\v ¶v sIm-Sp-¡p¶-h)
{]m-[m-\yw)
hn-j-b-kz-`mhw
1) km-lnXyw
2) kmw-kv-Im-cnIw
3) a-X]cw
4) cm-{ãobw
5) N-cn{Xw
6) km-aq-lnIw
7) im-kv-{Xobw
8) hn-Zym-`ymkw
9) X-Xz-im-kv{Xw
10) I-em]-cw
D-]-\ym-kw a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ
a-ebm-f D-]-\ym-k im-J-bp-sS D-]-Úm-Xm-hv B-sc-¶v Ir-Xy-am-bn ]-dbp-I F-
fp-¸aÃ. kzm-Xn Xn-cp-\mÄ X-¼p-cm³ kw-Ko-X-s¯-¡p-dn-s¨-gpXn-b ‘{]m-tkm-]-\ymkw'
B-Zy K-tZym-]-\ym-k-sa-¶v D-ÅqÀ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. tI-c-f-hÀ-½-bp-sS taÂ-t\m-«-
¯nÂ \-S-¶ ]mT-]p-kv-X-I I-½n-än-bp-sS {]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä D-]-\ym-k-§Ä cq-]-s¸-Sm³
k-lm-bn¨p. A-¶v X-¿m-dm¡n-b ]mT-]p-kv-XIam-b ‘k-·mÀ-¤-ssi-en'bn-se `m-j-bp-sS
co-Xn-bm-Wv C-¶-s¯bpw D-]-\ym-k-ssi-en-sb-¶v D-ÅqÀ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Cu {]-
hÀ-¯-\-§Ä a-eb - m-f-¯nÂ D-]-\ym-k-ssi-en-¡v th-tcm-« ap-m-¡n-sb-¦nepw e£-
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 2

W-sam-¯ D-]-\ym-k-§Ä a-e-bm-f-¯n-\v e-`n-¨v Xp-S-§nb-Xv th-§-bnÂ Ip-ªn-cm-a³
\m-b-cp-sS c-N-\-I-fnÂ \n-¶mWv.
th-§-bnÂ Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \m-bÀ (tI-kcn)
 km-ln-Xyw, N-cn-{Xw, hn-Zym-`ymkw, k-ap-Zmbw, sshZyw Ir-jn Cu hn-j-b-§-fn-
seÃmw D-]-\ym-k-§Ä c-Nn-¨n-«pv.
 hn-Úm-\hpw hn-t\m-Zhpw {]-Zm-\w sN-¿p-¶ c-N\m-ssien
 B-ßmw-i {]-tbm-Kw Ip-d-hm-Wv
 A-Ir-{Xn-aam-b ^-en-X{]-tbm-Kw Nn-et- ¸mÄ ]-cn-lm-k-¯nÂ ap-§p-¶Xpw Nn-e-
t¸mÄ A-\p-I-¼mÀ-{Z-am-Ip-¶Xpw Im-Wmw.
 A-]-lm-ky-XI-sf hn-aÀ-in-¡p-Ibpw ]-cn-lm-k-t¯m-sS ho-£n-¡p-Ibpw sN-
¿p¶ ssien.
 k-c-khpw k-c-f-hpam-b `m-jm-ssien (]-g-sam-gn-I-fpw, ssi-en-Ifpw c-N-\-bnÂ
IS-¶v h-cp¶p)
 sN-dp-I-Y-bp-sS N-aÂ-¡m-chpw `-mh-\m-hn-em-khpw B-hn-jvI-c-W `w-Knbpw DÄ-
s¡m-Å-¶ cN-\.
 km-aqln-I hn-aÀ-i-\-§Ä h-gn k-ap-Z-bm-]-cn-jv-I-c-W-¯n-\p-Å {i-a§Ä (B-Nm-
c-]-cn-jv-Im-cw).
tI-k-cn-¡p-ti-jw a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ an-I-¨ Ip-td D-]-\ym-k-§fpw D-]-\ym-k-Im-c-
·mcpw D-mbn.
BÀ.Cu-iz-c-]n-Å
 Nn-´m-]-cam-b D-]-\ym-k-§-sf-gp-Xn A-t±-lw a-e-bm-f-¯nsâ 't_¡¬' F-¶-
dn-b-s¸«p.
 Hm-P-Êpw BÀ-Ö-h-hp-ap-Å KZy-ssi-en-bnÂ h-kv-Xp-\njvT {]-Xn-]mZ\w
 k-Zm-Nm-chpw km-·mÀ-Kn-I-hpw kmw-kv-Im-cn-Ihpw e£yw sh-¨p-Å c-N-\IÄ.
F.BÀ cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½
 D-]-\ym-k km-ln-Xy-¯n-\v amÀ-¤-ZÀ-in-bm-bn amdn-b 'km-ln-Xy-kmlyw' F-¶ Ir-
Xn cNn-¨p. K-Zy-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ {]m-amWn-I e-£-W-{K-Ù-am-bn C-X-dn-b-s¸-
Sp¶p.
 \o-Xn-t`-Z-am-Wv K-Zy-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS B-kzm-Z-\-¯n-\p-Å _o-P-sa-¶v I-s¯n.
 `m-jm-`n-am-\w D-bÀ-¯n-¸n-Sn-¡p-¶ c-N-\IÄ. Hu-tZymKn-I `m-j a-e-bm-f-am-¡-W-
sa-¶v A-t±-lw A-¶v X-s¶ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-«n-«pv.
 h-kv-Xp-\n-jvT-]-cam-b c-N-\-I-fnepw A-´À-eo-\am-b B-ß]-c-X Im-Wmw.
 a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-Im-c-·mÀ-¡pw, `m-jm-]Tn-Xm-¡Ä-¡pw, \n-cq-]-IÀ¡pw k-lm-b-
Iam-b \n-ch-[n D-]-\ym-k-§Ä F.B-dnÂ \n-¶p-mbn.
 AÀ-° kw-]p-ã-hpw Kw-ò-c-hpamb ssien.
aqÀ-t¡m-¯v Ip-amc³
 cm-{ão-bhpw km-ap-Zm-bn-Ihpw a-X-]-c-hpam-b Im-cy-§Ä ssI-Imcyw sN-bvXp.
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 3
 ‘K-Zy-a-Rv-Pcn' F-¶ t]-cnÂ D-]-\ym-k-§Ä k-am-l-cn-¨n-«p-v.
 kp-µ-chpw \À-a-c-kn-I-Xbpw \n-d-ª KZy-ssi-en
 X-\n-¡v Np-äpw I- A-\o-Xn-I-sf-bpw, A-{I-a-§-sfbpw A-]-lm-ky-I-X-I-sfbpw
i-àn-bm-bn hn-aÀ-in¨p.
A-¸³ X-¼p-cm³
 B-ZyIm-e D-]-\ym-k-Im-c-·m-cnÂ {]-ap-J\m-b A-¸³ X-¼p-cm³, G-Xv hn-j-
bhpw k-c-k-hpw D-Öz-e-hp-am-bn D-]-\y-kn-¡p-¶ {]-Xn`.
 D-]-\ym-k§Ä ‘aw-K-f-am-e' Fv-\ t]-cnÂ A-©v `m-K-§-fm-bn Xn-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.
H¶mw `m-Kw þ N-cn{Xw
cmw `m-Kw þ km-lnXyw
aq¶mw `m-Kw þ Po-h-N-cn{Xw
\memw `m-Kw þ im-kv{Xw
A-©mw-`m-Kw þ (]-e hn-j-b-§fpw {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶p)
 H-¶nÂ a-säm-¶nte-¡v sX-¶n-am-dp-¶ im-Jm-Nw-{Ia-W-X D-]-\ym-k-§-fnÂ Im-
Wmw.
 ssh-Nn-Xyhpw \À-a-c-kn-I-Xbpw B-kzm-Zy-{]-Z-am-¡p¶p.
kmln-Xy-]-©m\³
 k-c-khpw hn-Úm-{]-Z-hpam-b \n-ch-[n D-]-\ym-k-§fp-sS IÀ-¯m-hm-Wv km-ln-
Xy-]-©m-\³ F-¶ Xq-en-Im-\m-a-¯nÂ A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶ ]n.sI.\m-cm-b-W-]nÅ.
 im-Jm-Nw-{I-a-W kz-`m-hw D-]-\ym-k§-sf B-IÀ-j-I-am-¡p-¶p.
 im-kv-{Xw, ]p-cmWw, eu-In-Iw C-h-sbÃmw D-]-\ym-k hn-j-b-§-fmbn.
a-lmI-hn D-ÅqÀ
 ‘K-Zy-IenI', ‘kv-a-c-W-am-[p-cn', hn-Úm-\-Zo-]n-I (\m-ep-`m-K§Ä) C-h-bm-Wv D-
Åq-cn-sâ D-]-\ym-k k-am-lm-c§Ä.
 `m-cXo-b kw-kv-Im-c-t¯m-Sp-Å A-`n-\n-th-iw hy-à-am-¡p-¶ K-Zy-I-enI.
 `m-cXo-b kzm-X-{ýw, tZ-im-`n-am\w, Pm-Xn-a-Xm-Zn-Nn-´-I-fnÂ \n-¶v ap-àn-Xam-b
sFIy-t_m-[w C-h-sbÃmw D-]-\ym-k-§-fnÂ hn-j-b-h-kp-hp-ambn.
 hn-Úm-\m-iw ]-c-a-{]-[m-\am-b c-N-\-IÄ
 {]u-V-hpw, im-eo-\hpw k-c-f-hpamb ssi-en-bm-Wv D-Åq-cn-tâXv.
kn.]n.A-Nyp-Xta-t\m³
 km-[m-c-W-¡mÀ-¡v F-fp-¸w a-\-kn-em-Ip-¶ co-Xn-bnÂ k-c-khpw e-fn-X-hp-am-bn
D-]-\ym-k-§-sf-gpXn.
 h-kv-Xp-\n-jvTam-b D-]-\ym-k-§Ä hn-Úm-\-{]-Z-amWv.
 hn-h-cm-ß-I co-Xn-bn-ep-Å K-Zy-cN\.
C.hn.Ir-jv-W-]n-Å
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 k-aq-l-¯n-sâ hn-I-e-X-IÄ km-ln-Xy-kr-ãn-bn-eq-sS ^-en-X-]qÀ-W-am-bn A-h-X-
cn-¸n¨p.
 ‘Nn-cnbpw Nn-´-bpw' (2 hm-ey-§Ä) F-¶ t]-cnÂ {]-kn-²o-I-cn¨p.
 \-K-c-Po-hn-X-hpw, {Km-a-Po-hn-Xhpw Hcp-t]m-se A-\p-`-hn-¨v C.hn. X-sâ A-\p-`-h-
k¼-¶-X c-N-\-I-fnÂ DÄ-s¡m-Ån-¨n-«p-v.
 sN-dp-I-Y-bp-sS N-aÂ-¡m-c-`w-Kn A-en-ªv tNÀ-¶v \nÂ-¡p-¶ D-]-\ym-k§Ä.
k-Rv-Pb³
 Fw.BÀ \mbÀ ‘k-Rv-Pb³' F-¶ Xq-en-Im-\m-a-¯nÂ D-]-\ym-k-§-sf-gpXn.
 ]-{X-am-kn-I-I-fnÂ {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨ D-]-\ym-k-§Ä k-am-l-cn¨v ‘k-Rv-Pb³' F-
¶ t]-cnÂ B-dv hm-ey-§-fm-bn {]-kn-²o-I-cn¨p.
 Po-hn-X-K-Ônbm-b hn-j-b-§Ä lm-ky-¯nÂ s]m-Xn-ªv ^-en-X-]-cn-lm-k-§-fm-
bn A-h-X-cn-¸n¨p.
 hn-aÀi-\w hy-àn-IÄ-¡v t\-sc-bÃ, A-h-cnÂ IpSn-sIm-Åp-¶ Xn-·-s¡-Xn-sc-bm-
bn-cp¶p.
 cm-{ãobw, tZ-im-`n-am\w, tZ-io-b-{]-Øm\w, km-ln-Xyw, kw-kv-Imcw, ]-cn-jv-I-
cWw, B-Nm-cw C-h-sbÃmw hn-j-b-§-fmbn.
 k-c-khpw {]-k-¶-hpw, ^-en-Xhn-tam-l-\-hpamb ssi-en-bn-epw, {]u-Vhpw D-
Öz-e-hpam-b ssi-en-bnepw c-N-\IÄ.
D-]-\ym-k-§Ä þ B-[p-\n-IL-«w
cq-]-¯n-epw, D-Å-S-¡-¯n-epw, {]-Xn-]m-Z-\-co-Xn-bnep-sam-s¡ \n-ch-[n am-ä-§-fn-
eq-sS I-S-¶p-h-¶ a-e-bm-f-¯n-se D-]-\ym-k-§Ä aq¶v, \mev, Z-im-Ð-§-fm-bn {]-I-S-
am-¡p-¶ \-ho-\X-sb D-]-\ym-k-§-fp-sS B-[p\n-I L-«w F-¶v hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡mw. B-
[p\n-I L-«-¯n-epm-b D-]-\ym-k§-sf ]T-\ ku-I-cy-¯n-\m-bv 4 B-bn X-cw-Xn-cn-
¡mw.
1) \À-tam-]-\ym-k-§Ä
2) ssh-Úm\n-tIm-]-\ym-k-§Ä
3) `m-hmß-I- D-]-\ym-k-§Ä
4) \n-cq-]-tWm-]-\ym-k-§Ä
\À-tam-]-\ym-k-§Ä
D-]-\ym-k-§Ä ssI-Imcyw sN-¿p¶ ssi-en-bnÂ \À-a-c-kn-I-X Iq-Sp-X-em-bn Im-
Wp-¶ D-]-\ym-k-§-fm-Wn-h. D-]-\ym-k-Im-c\m-b in-h-Zm-k-tat\m-sâ c-N-\I-fnÂ \À-
aw A-´À-eo-\-amWv. A-dnhv, A-\pI-¼, X-tâ-Sw F¶n-h H-¯p-t¨À-¶ H-cp k-¦oÀ-W
Kp-W-am-Wv \À-½-t_m-[-sa-¶v in-h-Zm-k-ta-t\m³ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. \À-½w I-eÀ-¶
D-]-\ym-k-§-sf-gp-Xp-¶ C.Fw. tIm-hq-dn-sâ A-`n-{]mbw ‘Nn-cn-¸n-¡Ww, c-kn-¸n-
¡Ww, Nn-ń-¸n-¡Ww, kz-bw hn-aÀi-\w \-S-¡Ww. A§-s\ k-·mÀ-¤-t_m-[w D-f-
hm¡-Ww F-¶mWv. hm-b-\-¡m-sc A-Xn-Yn-I-fm-bv I-v Ah-sc kÂ-¡-cn-¡m-\m-Wv
A-t±-lw X-sâ c-N-\-IÄ \-S-¯n-bXv. C-h-sc-¡q-Sm-sX s{]m-^. B-\-µ-¡p-«-\pw,
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 5
Fw.]n.D-Z-b-`m-\p-hpw, ]n.sI. cm-P-ti-J-c-hÀ-abpw \-À-t½m-]-\ym-k-§Ä c-Nn-¨n-«p-Å-
h-cmWv.
‘ssh-Úm\n-tIm-]-\ym-k-§Ä’
im-kv-{Xo-b ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpw, bp-àn-N-n´-I-fpw, N-cn-{X-kXyw I-s-¯m-\p-Å
Iu-Xp-Ihpw km-aqln-I cm-{ão-b cw-K-¯pm-b h-fÀ-¨bpw \-½p-sS hn-Úm-\-a-
Þe-s¯ hn-]p-e-s¸-Sp¯n. A§-s\ A¯-cw hn-j-b-§Ä ssI-Imcyw sN-bv-XpÅ
D-]-\ym-k-§fpw c-Nn-¡-s¸«p. im-kv-{Xw, X-Xz-Nn-´, N-cn-{Xw, km-ln-Xyw, I-e, bp-àn-
hmZw, aXw, A-Ô-hn-izmkw, bm-Ym-Øn-Xn-I-Xzw, C-h-sbm-s¡-bm-bn-cp-¶p H-«p-an-¡ D-
]-\ym-k-Im-c-·m-cp-sSbpw hn-j-b§Ä. Ip-än-¸p-g Ir-jv-W-]n-Åbpw C¯-cw hn-j-b-§-
fnÂ ]pXn-b Nn-´-IÄ \-ev-In D-]-\ym-k-§Ä c-Nn¨p. ‘hn-Nm-c-hn-¹hw' F-¶ t]-cnÂ
A-t±-l-¯n-sâ c-N-\-IÄ k-am-l-cn¨p. Po-hn-Xm-\p-`-h§-sf B-ßmÀ°-X-tbm-sS B-
hn-jv-I-cn-¨ H-cp-]-\ym-k-Im-c-\m-bn-cp-¶p sI.]n.tI-i-hta-t\m³. ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯I³,
km-aqln-I ]-cn-jv-IÀ-¯m-hv, Nn-Í³, tZ-im-`n-am-\n Xp-S§n-b _-lp-ap-J-{]-Xn-`-bm-bn-
cp-¶ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ c-N-\-IÄ Pohn-X hn-P-b-¯n-\v a-äp-Åh-sc k-lm-bn-¡p-¶ X-c-
¯n-ep-Å Nn-´-IÄ \-evIn. tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ-bpw, km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ-bpw, kw-kv-Im-
c-¯n-sâbpw C-cp-f-S-ª `m-K-§-fn-te-¡v sh-fn-¨w Im-«p-¶ \n-ch-[n D-]-\ym-k-§-fp-
sS IÀ-¯m-hm-Wv s{]m-^.C-fw-Ip-fw Ip-ª³-]n-Å. km-ln-Xyhpw I-ebpw N-cn-{Xhpw
A-t±-l-¯n-sâ c-N-\-I-fnÂ Im-Wmw. ssh-Úm\n-tIm-]-\y-mk-§-fp-sS H-cp D-]-im-J-
bm-Wv ‘t^m-Iv-temÀ' D-]-\ym-k-§Ä. ]n.sI in-h-i-¦-c-¸n-Å, tUm.cm-L-h³ ]-¿-\mSv,
tUm.kn.BÀ cm-P-tKm-]m-e³ Xp-S-§n-b-h-cp-sS c-N-\-I-fnÂ [m-cmfw.
`m-hm-ß-I-]-\ym-k-§Ä
B-ßn-Imw-iw I-eÀ-¯n \m-Xn-ZoÀ-L-am-bn c-Nn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ D-]-\ym-k-§-sf-bm-Wv
`m-hm-ß-I D-]-\ym-k-§Ä F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶Xv. C-h-bnÂ Nn-¯-hr-¯n-IÄ-¡m-Wv {]m-[m-
\yw. kzm-\p-`-h§-sf hn-Im-c-]-c-am-bn A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡m-\p-Å D-]-\ym-k-Imc-sâ I-gn-hm-
Wv hm-b-\-¡mc-\v B-kzm-Zy-I-c-am-Ip-¶Xv. hy-Xykv-X co-Xn-bn-ep-Å D-]-\ym-k-§Ä c-
Nn-¨n-«p-Å B-fm-Wv ]n.sI ]-c-ta-iz-c³ \mbÀ. A-t±-l-¯nsâ ‘`m-h-c-iv-anIÄ' F-¶
k-am-lm-c-¯n-se D-]-\ym-k-§Ä `m-thm-±o-]-I-§fpw lr-Z-b-kv-]À-i-§-fp-amWv. ssI-
\n-¡-c Ip-am-c-]n-Å, Pn.i-¦-c-Ip-dp¸v, hn.Sn.`-«-Xn-cn-¸mSv, iq-c-\m-Sv Ip-ª³-]n-Å,
Fw.BÀ._n. Xp-S§n-b H-«p-an-¡ km-ln-Xy-Im-c-·m-cpw C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å D-]-\ym-k-§Ä
X-¿m-dm-¡n-bn-«p-v.
\n-cq-]-tWm-]-\ym-k-§Ä
]-e-t¸mgpw D-]-\ym-k-§Ä \n-cq-]-W-am-Im-dpv. B-ßmÀ-°-Xbpw hy-àn-Xz-hp-
ap-Å \n-cq-]-W-§Ä D-]-\ym-k-§Ä X-s¶-bmWv. sX-fn-ª ]m-Þn-Xy-t¯m-sSm-¸w
hn-im-eam-b ho-£-W-K-Xnbpw P-·-kn-²am-b c-kn-I-Xbpw B-ßmÀ-°-X-bpw, A-\p-`-
h-k-¼-¶-am-b Iq-Sn-tNÀ-¶ c-N-\m-co-X-n-bm-Wv Fw.]n.t]m-fn-tâXv. km-ln-Xyw, a-Xw, cm-
{ãobw, hn-Zym-`ym-kw Xp-S-§n-b ta-J-e-I-fn-seÃmw A-t±-lw D-]-\y-kn¨p. 'C-h³ F-
sâ {]n-b-]p-{X³' F-¶ t]-cnÂ 15 D-]-\ym-k-§-fp-sS k-am-lm-cw ]p-d-¯n-d¡n-b
kn.sP.tXm-a-kn-sâ ssi-enbpw hnj-b-ssh-hn[yw sImpw ssI-Imcyw sN-¿p-¶
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 6
coXn-sImpw {i-t²-b-amWv. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se {]u-V-\n-cq-]-I-\m-bn-cp-¶ am-cm-cp-sSbpw
D-]-\ym-k§Ä Cu K-W-¯nÂ-s]-Sp-¶-h-bmWv. ‘I-cn-ńcn', ‘H-ä-t\m-«-¯nÂ' Xp-S§n-
b D-]-\ym-k-k-am-lm-c-§Ä X-¿m-dm¡n-b ap--tÈ-cn-bpw, hn-Úm-\-Zm-b-Iam-b A-t\-
Iw \n-cq-]-tWm-]-\ym-k-§-fp-sS IÀ-¯mhm-b sI.Fw.tPmÀ-Öpw, tUm.F-kv Kp-]v-
X³ \mbÀ, F³.hn. Ir-jv-W-hm-cnbÀ, F³. Ir-jv-W-]n-Å, sI.F³. F-gp-¯Ñ³,
kp-Ip-amÀ A-go-t¡mSv, Fw.sI.km\p, Fw.A-¨p-X³ XpS-§n a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ {]-i-kv-
Xcm-b F-gp-¯p-Im-cp-sS-sbÃmw A-`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-§Ä \-ncq-]-tWm-]-\ym-k-§-fmWv.
]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-\hpw D-]-\ym-k-§fpw
D-]-\ym-k-{]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ h-fÀ-¨¡pw \n-e-\n-ev-]n\pw ]-{X-§Ä {]-[m-\]-¦v h-
ln-¨n-«p-v. im-kv-{Xo-b-hpw, ssh-Úm-\n-I-hpam-b h-fÀ-¨-bpw, a-t\m-`mh-s¯ kz-X-
{´-am-bn Xp-d-¶p-Im-«m-\p-Å Fgp-¯p-Im-cpsS hy-{K-X-bpw, B-\p-Im-en-I-{]-iv-\-§-sf-
¡p-dn-¨p-Å Xm-Xv-]-cyhpw D-]-\ym-k-§-fp-sS c-N\-¡v Im-c-W-ambn. A¯-cw hn-j-b-
§Ä ]-{X-§Ä-¡v A-Xy-´m-t]-£n-X-§-fm-I-bmÂ, A-h {]mtb-W ]-{X-]w-àn-I-fn-em-
Wv BZyw {]-Xy-£-am-Ip-¶Xv. Ip-ªn-cm-ata-t\m³ 1885þÂ tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv \n-¶m-cw-`n-¨
tI-c-f ]-{Xn-I-bn-em-Wv an-I-¨ D-]-\ym-k-§Ä {]-Xy-£-s¸-«v Xp-S-§n-bXv. th-§-bnÂ
Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \m-b-cp-sS D-]-\ym-k-§Ä tI-c-f ]-{Xn-I-bnÂ Iq-Sn-bm-Wv ]pd-¯v h-
¶Xv. hÀ-¤o-kv am¸n-f B-cw-`n-¨ `mjm-t]m-jn-Wn-bnÂ hn-t\m-Zhpw hn-Úm-\-hp-a-cp-
fp-¶ \Ã D-]-\ym-k-§Ä {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨p. 1890þÂ kn.hn A-¨p-Xta-t\m-sâ ]-{Xm-[n-]-
Xy-¯nÂ Xr-iq-cnÂ \n-¶m-cw-`n-¨ hn-Zymhn-t\m-Zn-\n-bm-Wv F-Sp-¯v ]-d-bm-hp-¶ a-säm-
cp {]-kn-²o-I-cWw. ]-e {]-ap-Jcpw A-XnÂ D-]-\ym-k-§Ä F-gp-Xn-bn-cp-¶p. D-]-\ym-k-
§-fp-sS h-fÀ-¨-bv-¡v ]-{X-§-sf-t¸m-se X-s¶ B-Im-i-hm-Wnbpw k-lm-b-I-am-bn-
«pv. B-Im-i-hm-Wn-bn-se {]-`m-j-W-§Ä D-]-\ym-k-ssi-en-bn-em-Wv X-¿m-dm-¡-s¸-«n-
cn-¡p-¶-Xv. C-¯-c-¯nÂ D-]-\ym-kkm-lnXyw C¶pw a-\p-jy-sâ Nn-Í-sf ]-cp-h-s¸-
Sp-¯m³ k-lm-b-I-am-Ip-¶ H-cp km-ln-Xy-im-J-bm-bn \n-e\ - nÂ-¡p¶p.
2. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se D-]-\ym-k-imJ-sb t]m-jn-¸n-¨-hÀ B-scms¡? A-h-cp-sS kw-`m-h-
\-IÄ hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-I. (2014)
NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 7


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aebmfw

a-ebm-f `m-j-bp-sS B-Zn-a-apJw

NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 1

NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 2

NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 3

NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 5

 G.BÀ.cm-P-cm-P-hÀ-½ (sIm-Sp-´-an-gv hmZw)

 FÂ.hn. cm-a-kzm-an A¿À (]qÀ-Æ X-an-gvþa-ebm-f hmZw)

I-¶-Sw sX-ep-¦v -]qÀ-Æ- X-an-gvþa-e-bm-fw

tUm.tKm-Z-hÀ-½sb-t]m-ep-Å ]-Þn-X-·mÀ FÂ.hn.B-dn-sâ hm-Z§-sf

 ]n. i-¦-c³ \-¼ymÀ

 X-an-gn-sâ D-]-`m-j-bm-Wv a-e-bm-fw F-¶p hm-Zn-¡p-¶-hÀ D-¶-bn-¡p-¶

NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 8

NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 9

aq-e-{Zm-hn-U-sa-¶v t]cmb s]m-Xphm-b `m-j-bnÂ \n¶pw X-angv, sX-e¦v, I¶-Sw

NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 10

a-e-\m-«p-X-an-gv sN-´-an-gv I-cn--\m-«p-X-an-gv sX-ep-¦p-\m-«pX-angv

a-e-bm-fw X-an-gv I¶-Sw sX-ep¦v

NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 11

 D-ÅqÀ F-kv ]-c-ta-iz-c-¿À

NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 12

sX-ep¦v I¶S Xangv ae-bmfw

NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 14

NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 15

NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 16

NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 17

NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 18

NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 19

NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 20

 F-^v.U-»yp.FÃn-kv {Zm-hn-U-tKm-{X-]T-\-¯n\pw a-ebm-f ]T-\-¯n\pw

NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 21

NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 22

NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 23

 Xangpw ae-bm-fhpw X½n-epÅ _Ô-s¯-¡p-dn¨v G.-BÀ.cm-P-cm-P-

NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 1

NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 2

a-e-bm-fw X-an-gnÂ \n¶pw thÀ-Xn-cn-¡p¶ 6 \-b-§Ä C-h-bmWv:

NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 3

DZm-l-cWw: Xangv = assg, Csse

asse, Xsse, hsse XpS-§nb Xangv cq]-§-fnse ‘sF’ Imcs¯ ae-

‘B-Xn-\n-â A-Im-cw sF-Im-c-am-bv Xn-cn-´Xp’ F-¶p sXm-ev-Im-¸n-bw F-gp-¯-Xn-

NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 7

‘Hcv’ F¶ {]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp-IqSn ‘Xp’ {]Xybw tNÀ¶mWv kwJym-\maw D­m-Ip-

IV. A\p-\m-kn-Im-Xn-{]-k-chpw Xm-e-hym-tZ-ihpw

2. a-e-bm-fw X-an-gnÂ \n¶pw D-S-se-Sp-s¯-¶ hm-Z-¯n-sâ sX-fn-hp-I-fm-bn

NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 10

NEO IAS 0484-3190310, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 11

“{Zan-U kw-Lm-Xm-£-c \n_²þ

1. {Zan-U kw-Lm-Xm-£-c \n_-²w

{Zmhn-U A-£-c-am-e-bn-ep-Å A-£-c-§Ä I-eÀ-¶p h-cp-¶ kw-kv-Ir-X-]-Z§-sf

NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 1

II. cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-se `mj

NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 2

 {Zan-U kw-Lm-Xm-£-c \n_²w

NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 3

III. ]m-«n-se ]m-Þy-`m-jm km-cq]yw

B-Zy-Ime-¯v tI-cfo-b `m-jm-I-hn-IÄ sN-´-an-gnÂ X-s¶-bm-Wv Im-hycN\

1. cm-a-N-cn-Xw {]mNo-\ `m-jm-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv

NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 6

III. \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-IÄ

 ]m-«p-`m-jþcm-a-N-cn-X-¯nÂ \n¶v I-®-È-·m-cn-te-¡v

NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 8

NEO IAS 0484-4030104, 9446331522, 9446334122 Page 9

 ]m«pw a-Wn-{]-hm-fhpw \nc-Ww Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ

‘Hcv’ F¶ {]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp-IqSn ‘Xp’ {]Xybw tNÀ¶mWv kwJym-\maw Dm-Ip-