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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Facultad de Informática
Grado en Ingeniería Informática, Grupo A
Tecnología de la Programación
Introducción a la Programación
Orientada a Objetos
Simon Pickin,
Alberto Díaz, Puri Arenas
variables de programa
Goto statement considered harmful
secuencia selección iteración

Encapsulación ocultación de información
encapsulación ocultación de información
atributos
campos variables miembro
método
funciones miembro
propiedades
get set
Programación imperativa
encapsulación ocultación de información
la noción de ID de objeto
Clases como tipos

Herencia
Polimorfismo de subtipo
inculación dinámica
Grado en Ingeniería Informática, Grupo B
Introducción a Java
Simon Pickin,
Alberto Díaz, Puri Arenas, Yolanda García
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
2-2
o
o
o
o
o
2-3
o
sin modificación alguna
Write Once, Run Anywhere
o
2-4
sandbox
2-5
2-6
-7
§2 - 8
Java Standard Edition
o Java Runtime Environment
o Java Development Kit
javac java
jdb javadoc
o Java Micro Edition
o Java Enterprise Edition
o
2-9
java.lang String
java.io java.nio
java.net
java.util
java.awt
javax.swing
2 - 10
o
o
o javac javac MiClase.java

.class MiClase.class
.class
o java java MiClase
2 - 11
package nombrePaquete;
// Importación de otras clases o paquetes

import java.util.Vector;
import java.util.Date;
// Declaración e implementación de la clase

public class NombreClase
{
…
}
o
o
2 - 12
o public static void main(String[] args)
o
.java
o
o public
o public
.class
o
2 - 13
.class .o .obj
o
.h
java.lang
import <nombrePaquete>.<nombreClase> import <nombrePaquete>.
interface
o
o CLASSPATH
o –classpath -cp java javac
2 - 14
o
o
o
o
o
2 - 15
HolaMundo.java
// Este es mi primer progama en Java
public class HolaMundo

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Hola Mundo");
}
}
2 - 16
HolaMundo
o public
main
o public static
o
println
PrintStream java.io
out
static System
java.lang
o out
2 - 17
javac -d <a_dir> -cp <a_classpath> myPaquete.HolaMundo.java

o a_dir .class
o a_classpath
java -cp <classpath> miPaquete.HolaMundo

o HolaMundo main
o main
main
2 - 18
Clases y objetos
Simon Pickin,
public class NombreClase {

// atributos
// constructores
// métodos
};
3-2
o
o public
o protected:
o package private
o private:
o private
o protected
3-3
private int x = 2;
private String cadena = "setze jutges d'un jutjat";
private boolean fin = true;
this
public class A {
private int x;
private int y;
public int suma(){ return this.x + this.y;}

public incr(int z){
this.x = this.x + z;
this.y = this.y + z;
}
}
3-4
public class ClassExample { // Una variable local no debería tener el mismo nombre que un atributo
private int integerVar = 1;
private void exampleOfMethod1() {

this.integerVar = 2; // Asignar el valor 2 al atributo integerVar
integerVar = 3; // Asignar el valor 3 al atributo integerVar
}
private void exampleOfMethod2() {

int integerVar; // Definir una variable local integerVar y asignarle el valor 2
integerVar = 2; // Modificar la variable local, no el atributo
}
private void exampleOfMethod3(){

int integerVar = 2; // Definir una variable local integerVar y asignarle el valor 2
this.integerVar = integerVar; // Asignar el valor de la variable local al atributo
}
§3 - 5
final
o
static
o
public
o
3-6
o
o
o
o void
o
3-7
public class Rational {

private int num;
private int den;
// constructor sin argumentos (valores por defecto)

public Rational(){
this.num = 0;
this.den = 1;
}
// constructor con argumentos

public Rational(int n, int d){
this.num = n;
this.den = d;
}
...
}
3-8
Rational r1 = new Rational(); // 0/1
Rational r2 = new Rational(3,4); // 3/4
3-9
o
o
o Object
o
Object
3 - 10
o
o public:
o protected
o package-private
o private:
3 - 11
modificadores tipoRetorno nombre(Lista_Parámetros){

// cuerpo
}
o static
sobrecarga de métodos
o
void
3 - 12
public class A {
private int x;
// constructor "package-private": poco habitual
// (aquí solo para mostrar que es posible)
A(){this.x=0;}
int incr(int z){return this.x + z;}

int incr(){return this.x + 1;}
int incr(double z){return 1;}
}
public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
A a = new A();
a.incr(2); // ejecuta el primer método
a.incr(2.0); // ejecuta el tercer método
}
}
3 - 13
Inicializadores
De acceso
o get
o de tipo primitivo
o getters
Mutadores
set
setters
Computadores
3 - 14
public class Rational {
// attributos
private int num;
private int den;
// constructores
public Rational(int n, int d){
this.num = n;
this.den = d;
}
public Rational(){
this(0,1)
}
3 - 15
// métodos accesores
public int getNum(){

return this.num;
}
public int getDen(){
return this.den;
}
// métodos mutadores
public void setNum(int n){

this.num = n;
}
public void setDen(int d){
this.den = d;
}
3 - 16
// métodos computadores
public void ProductoEscalar(int n){

this.num = this.num * n;
}
public void simplificar(){

int mcd = mcd(this.num,this.den);
this.num = this.num / mcd;
this.den = this.den / mcd;
}
3 - 17
// Este método se utiliza como ejemplo de un método privado.

// En realidad, probablemente sería major como public y static
// y dentro de una clase de utilidades, siendo private el
// método "simplificar"
private int mcd(int a, int b){
while (a != b)
if (a > b) a = a -b; else b = b -a;
return a;
}
public String toString(){

return this.num + "/" + this.den;
}
}
3 - 18
nombreObjeto.nombreMetodo(valores-de-parámetros-separados-por-comas)
nombreObjeto
o
Rational r1 = new Rational(4,8);

Rational r2 = new Rational(2,6);
r1.multiply(r2);
3 - 19
main
public static void main( String[] args ){

...
}
signature
o public static void main( String[] args )
o
Main
3 - 20
o public:
o package-private
o private protected
3 - 21
public class Primitiva {

// atributo
private int x;
// constructor
public Primitiva(int iniX){ x = iniX; }
// métodos accesor y mutador
public int getX(){ return x; }
public void setX(int nuevoX){ x = nuevoX; }
}
public class Compleja {

// atributo
private Primitiva p;
// constructor
public Compleja(Primitiva iniP){ p = iniP; }
// metodo accesor (warning: ¡devuelve tipo no primitivo!)
public Primitiva getP(){ return p; }
}
3 - 22
main
public static void main( String[] args ){
Primitiva pr1 = new Primitiva(3);
Compleja c = new Compleja(pr1);
Primitiva pr2 = c.getP();
pr2.setX(7);
System.out.println(pr1.getX());
c.getP().setX(4); // encadenamiento de métodos
System.out.println(pr1.getX());
}
o
x
p p private
o getP() una copia del
objeto p
3 - 23
Igualdad y copias
Simon Pickin,
o ==
o equals Object
==
4-2
public class A {
private int x; private int y;
public A(int x, int y){ this.x = x; this.y = y; }
}
public class Main

A a1 = new A(2,2);
A a2 = new A(2,2);
if (a1==a2) System.out.println("Cierto");
else System.out.println("Falso");
}
}
4-3
public class A {
}
public class Main {

A a1 = new A(2,2);
A a2 = a1;
if (a1==a2) System.out.println("Cierto");
}
}
4-4
public class A {
}
public class Main {

A a1 = new A(2,2);
A a2 = new A(2,2);
if (a1.equals(a2)) System.out.println("Cierto");
}
}
4-5
public class A {
public boolean equals(A a){
return (this.x == a.x && this.y == a.y);
}
}
public class Main {

A a1 = new A(2,2);
A a2 = new A(2,2);
}
}
4-6
public class A {
public boolean equals(A x){
return (this.x == a.x && this.y == a.y);
}
}
public class Main {

A a1 = new A(2,2);
A a2 = a1;
}
}
4-7
public class B public class A {
private int z; private int x;

private B b;
public B(int z){
this.z=z; public A(int x, B b){
} this.x = x;
this.b = b;
} }
public boolean equals(A a){

return (this.x==a.x
&& this.b == a.b);
}
4-8
public class Main {

B b1 = new B(2);
B b2 = new B(2);
A a1 = new A(3,b1);
A a2 = new A(3,b2);
}
4-9
public class B public class A {
private int z; private int x;

private B b;
public B(int z){
this.z=z; public A(int x, B b){
} this.x = x;
this.b = b;
public boolean equals(B b){ }
return (this.z == b.z);
} public boolean equals(A a){
return (this.x==a.x
} && this.b.equals(a.b);
}
4 - 10
public class Main {

B b1 = new B(2);
B b2 = new B(2);
A a1 = new A(3,b1);
A a2 = new A(3,b2);
}
4 - 11
equals() hashCode()
equals()
a.equals(b) b.equals(a)
a.equals(a)
a.equals(b) and b.equals(c) a.equals(c)
a == b a.equals(b)
hashCode() Object
o Hashtable HashMap
a.equals(b) a.hashCode() == b.hashCode()
equals()
o hashCode()
4 - 12
hash table
Jorge Stolfi - Own work, Public Domain,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6601264
4 - 13
clone()
clone()
o Object
Fecha f1, f2 = new Fecha(25, 12, 17);

f1 = f2.clone(); // Copia del objeto
if (f1 == f2) // Falso (no apuntan al mismo objeto)

System.out.println("El mismo");
if (f1.equals(f2)) // Cierto (si hemos sobrescrito equals)

System.out.println("Iguales");
4 - 14
shallow copy
obj2: Clase2 obj2: Clase2
int y = 6 int y = 6
int z = 4 int z = 4
b
a
obj1: Clase1 obj1: Clase1 obj3: Clase1
Clase2 c = obj2 Clase2 c = obj2 Clase2 c = obj2

int x = 3 int x = 3 int x = 3
Clase1 a = obj1 Clase1 a = obj1 Clase1 b = obj3
4 - 15
deep copy

int y = 6 int y = 6 int y = 6
int z = 4 int z = 4 int z = 4
b
a

Clase2 c = obj2 Clase2 c = obj2 Clase2 c = obj4
int x = 3 int x = 3 int x = 3
Clase1 a = obj1 Clase1 a = obj1 Clase1 b = obj3
4 - 16
clone()
Object.clone()
clone()
o
Cloneable
clone()
4 - 17
Tipos de datos de Java
Simon Pickin,
5-2
widening
5-3
5-4
5-5
5-6
5-7
5-8
5-9
5 - 10
5 - 11
5 - 12
5 - 13
5 - 14
5 - 15
5 - 16
breakpoint
5 - 17
5 - 18
5 - 19
5 - 20
En la declaración
En la asignación
En la declaración
En la asignación
5 - 21
" "
" " " "
5 - 22
modificación del valor del parámetro
modificación de los datos referenciados por el valor del parámetro
5 - 23
5 - 24
5 - 25
5 - 26
wrapper classes
5 - 27
wrapper classes
tipos genéricos
5 - 28
Boxing unboxing
Auto boxing
Unboxing
5 - 29
5 - 30
5 - 31
asociación
navegable
multiplicidad
rol
5 - 32
5 - 33

Tecnología de la programación
Apéndice
5A - 35
5A - 36
5A - 37
MAX
MAX
5A - 38
5A - 39
5A - 40
5A - 41
polimorfismo de subtipo covariantes
get
§5A - 42
java archive
bytecode
classpath
§5A - 43
java archive
§5A - 44
java archive
§5A - 45
java archive
§5A - 46
java archive
§5A - 47
La Herencia en la Programación
Orientada a Objetos
Simon Pickin
Alberto Díaz, Puri Arenas, Marco Antonio Gómez
§6 - 2
es-un
es-un
§6 - 3
public class
private long
private
public
public long
this
this
.... //
//
public void
this
this
§6 - 4
§6 – 5
public class extends

private long
private int
public
public long return

public long return
public void int
public void int
§6 - 6
new
§6 - 7
clase padre superclase clase base
clase hija subclase clase derivada
§6 - 8
la fragilidad de la
clase base
§6 - 9
Object
§6 - 10
§6 - 11
error
§6 - 12
6 - 13
§6 - 14
§6 - 15
§6 - 16
obrescritura
§6 - 17
§6 - 18
§6 - 19
§6 - 20
§6 - 21
ocultados
oculta
§6 - 22
§6 - 23
§6 - 24
§6 - 25
sobrecarga de métodos o de sobrescritura de métodos

§6 - 26
§6 - 27
§6 - 28
contravariante
covariante
§6 - 29
§6 - 30
§6 - 31
§6 - 32
covarianza
§6 - 33
covariante en el tipo de retorno
contravariante en el tipo de
los parámetros
§6 - 34
§6 - 35
§6 - 36
1. Arrays covariantes
2. Arrays contravariantes
3. Arrays invariantes
§6 - 37
§6 - 38
cualquier
herencia de implementación
§6 - 39
Usos
§6 - 40
cualquier
strong behavioural subtyping
§6 - 41
public class
private int
private int
public int int
public int
public int
public int return
§6 - 42
public int
§6 - 43
setters
§6 - 44
public
package private
package
private:
protected:
package
§6 - 45
§6 - 46
métodos abstractos métodos virtuales
§6 - 47
§6 - 48
§6 - 49
abstract public class
protected int
protected int
public
public int int
abstract public int

abstract public void
§6 - 50
private int
private int
public int int int int

super
public int
return
public void
§6 - 51

private int
public int int int

super
public int
return
public void
§6 - 52
Constant Interface Antipattern
getter setter
getter
protocolo de comportamiento
§6 - 53
Desafortunadamente, ya no es cierto en Java 8 (ver más adelante)
§6 - 54
Desde Java 8, se puede omitir el modificador de método public
y se pueden omitir los modificadores de atributo public static final
Desde Java 8, se permiten cuerpos de ciertos métodos (ver más adelante)
Desde Java 8, las interfaces pueden contener implementaciones. ¡Cuidado!
§6 - 55
§6 - 56
§6 - 57
§6 - 58
§6 - 59
§6 - 60
package-private
§6 - 61
declaración implicita desde Java 8
No es cierto para una interfaz de Java 8 (ver más adelante)
Java 8 permite métodos default in interfaces (ver más adelante)
§6 - 62
§6 - 63
mixin
§6 - 64
§6 - 65
§6 - 66
Java 8: solo se necesita si las implementaciones estándares incluyen estado
§6 - 67
default
default
§6 - 68
§6 - 69
Diseña y documenta para la herencia o bien prohíbela
§6 - 70
§6 - 71
§6 - 72
§6 - 73
§6 - 74
§6 - 75
//
#include
using namespace
class
public
void
class
public
void
class public public
§6 - 76
int
§6 - 77
§6 - 78
#include
using namespace
class
public
void
int
class public
public
void
§6 - 79
class public
public
void
class public public
int
§6 - 80
dos métodos mostrar1
no compila
virtual
dos atributos problematico

no compila
comportamiento no definido
§6 - 81
§6 - 82
§6 - 83
§6 - 84
Java Language Specification Interface Members
§6 - 85
§6 - 86
§6 - 87
tipo estático
tipo dinámico
§6 - 88
§6 - 89
§6 - 90
§6 - 91
§6 - 92
§6 - 93
Se resuelve en tiempo de compilación usando tipos estáticos
Se resuelve en tiempo de ejecución usando tipos dinámicos
§6 - 94
class
public void
public void
public static void

new new
new
§6 - 95
§6 - 96
// tipo estático B, tipo dinámico C
// ¿error? ¿qué es lo que se imprime?
§6 - 97

§6 - 98
§6 - 99

§6 - 100
§6 - 101
// tipo estático D, tipo dinámico D

§6 - 102
downcasting
cast, downcast
§6 - 103
downcasting
§6 - 104
§6 - 105
§6 - 106
§6 - 107
§6 - 108
§6 - 109
§6 - 110
§6 - 111
§6 - 112
§6 - 113
§6 - 114
§6 - 115
§6 - 116
class
public
virtual int return
int return
class public
public
int return
int return
int
int
return
§6 - 117
class
public
virtual void
class public
public
void
§6 - 118
new
new
dynamic_cast
dynamic_cast
§6 - 119
class
class public
public
new
delete
private
int
new
delete
return
§6 - 120
Tecnología de la programación
Apéndice
§6 - 122
Diseña y documenta para la herencia o bien prohíbela
§6 - 123
§6 - 124
§6 - 125
Grado en Ingeniería Informática, Grupo en Inglés
Tratamiento de excepciones
Simon Pickin,
Yolanda García, Alberto Díaz, Marco Antonio Gómez, Puri Arenas,
o
o
o
o
§7 - 2
public class Overflow {
public static void main(String[] args){

int values[] = {1, 2, 3};
for (int i = 0; i <= 3; i++)
System.out.println(values[i]);
}
}
1
2
3
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 3
at Overflow.main(Overflow.java:6)
§7 - 3
Fatal
o
o
o
Recoverable
o
int:
§7 - 4
o
o throwing
o
main
o main
§7 - 5
§7 - 6
Exception
Throwable
o
Error
o
o
Exception
o
o IOException ArithmeticException
o Exception RunTimeException checked exceptions”
IOException
NullPointerException unchecked exception”
§7 - 7
Exception
o java.lang
Throwable Exception RuntimeException
o java.io
EOFException FileNotFoundException
o
Throwable
o String getMessage()
null
o void printStackTrace()
call stack
§7 - 8
Run-Time
o
o
o
ArithmeticException
run-time
o
§7 - 9
o
o
catch
throws
public void readFile(String file)

throws EOFException, FileNotFoundException { ... }
EOFException FileNotFoundException IOException
public void readFile(String file) throws IOException { ... }
§7 - 10
catch
m0
o m0
o m1 m0 catch
throws
o m1 m2
m1 catch throws
o catch
§7 - 11
try catch
try
try
catch
o catch
o catch try
try
o catch
try
catch
o catch (*)
undeclared checked exception: compiler error
§7 - 12 try
try catch
o
o
catch
try catch
try {
...
} catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
System.err.println("IndexOutOfBoundsException: " + e.getMessage());
} catch (IOException e) {
System.err.println("Caught IOException: " + e.getMessage());
}
§7 - 13
try catch
a = 0
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero at
EjemploExcep.main(EjemploExcep.java:6)
Exception in thread "main" Process Exit...
§7 - 14
try catch
a = 0
No dividas por 0 (java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero)
La ejecución sigue ...
§7 - 15
try catch finally
o
o
o
o
finally
o try catch
o try catch
finally
o try continue break return
§7 - 16
try catch finally
metodo2 IOException metodo1
§7 - 17
new throw
o
if (size == 0) {
throw new EmptyStackException();
}
o
o
o
main
§7 - 18
o
o Exception Exception
RunTimeException
o throws
o
o
§7 - 19
Exception
public myException extends Exception {

public myException() { super(); }
public myException(String message){ super(message) }
public myException(String message, Throwable cause){
super(message, cause);
}
public myException(Throwable cause){ super(cause); }
Exception(String message, Throwable cause,
boolean enableSuppression, boolean writableStackTrace){
super(message, cause, enableSuppression, writeableStackTrace)
}
}
§7 - 20
MiExcepcion
§7 - 21
main
Lanzo mi excepción desde aquí.
La tengo! MiExcepcion: error malísimo...
... y sigo.
§7 - 22
catch(Exception e1) {
// do something with exception e1
throw e2; // e2 may or may not be the same exception as e1
}
o
o
SQLException
RunTimeException
§7 - 23
try-with-resources
private static void printFile() throws IOException {

InputStream input = null;
try {
input = new FileInputStream("file.txt");
int data = input.read(); // may throw IOException
while(data != -1){
System.out.print((char) data);
data = input.read(); // may throw IOException
}
} finally {
if(input != null){ input.close(); } // may throw IOException
}
}
§7 - 24
try-with-resources
try finally
o
o Respuesta finally
try
try-with-resources
o try
o java.lang.AutoCloseable
try-with-resources
o try
o try finally
try finally
getSuppressed
§7 - 25
try-with-resources
try-with-resources
try(FileInputStream input = new FileInputStream("file.txt")) {
int data = input.read();
while(data != -1){
data = input.read();
}
}
}
§7 - 26
try-with-resources
try-with-resources
try( FileInputStream input = new FileInputStream("file.txt");
BufferedInputStream bufferedInput = new BufferedInputStream(input)
) {
int data = bufferedInput.read();
while(data != -1){
data = bufferedInput.read();
}
}
}
§7 - 27
interface
throw
o
o
o
§7 - 28
Grado en Ingeniería Informática
Entrada/Salida en Java
Simon Pickin
o
o System.in
o System.out System.err
o
o
o stream
stream
stream
§8 - 2
java.io
o
InputStream OutputStream
o
Reader Writer
stream streams
o
charset
InputStreamReader OutputStreamWriter
o stdin stdout stderr

o System.in InputStream
o System.out System.err PrintStream OutputStream
§8 - 3
InputStream OutputStream Reader Writer
o streams
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o long int
o
§8 - 4
InputStream OutputStream
stream
o stream streams
streams
o finally
o try-with-resources
o
§8 - 5
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/io/bytestreams.html
§8 - 6
// FileInputStream read() devuelve -1 si se llega a fin de fichero
public class CopyBytes {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
FileInputStream inBytes = null;
FileOutputStream outBytes = null;
try {
inBytes = new FileInputStream("bytes_in.txt");
outBytes = new FileOutputStream("bytes_out.txt");
int c; // almacena el valor del byte en los últimos 8 bits
while ((c = inBytes.read()) != -1) { outBytes.write(c); }
} finally {
if (in != null) { inBytes.close(); }
if (out != null) { outBytes.close(); }
}
}
}
§8 - 7
http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/ehchua/programming/java/j5b_io.html
http://www.studytrails.com/java-io/classDiagram.jsp
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/package-tree.html
§8 - 8
Reader Writer
Stream
o charset charset
charset
streams streams
o FileReader FileWriter FileInputStream FileOutputStream
o String
o
streams
§8 - 9
// FileReader read() devuelve -1 si se llega a fin de fichero

public class CopyCharacters {
FileReader inChars = null;
FileWriter outChars = null;
try {
inChars = new FileReader("default_chars_in.txt");
outChars = new FileWriter("default_chars_out.txt");
int c; // almacena el character en la variable de tipo int
while ((c = inChars.read()) != -1) { outChars.write(c); }
} finally {
if (inChars != null) { inChars.close(); }
if (outChars != null) { outChars.close(); }
}
}
}
§8 - 10
PrintWriter
http://www.studytrails.com/java-io/classDiagram.jsp
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/package-tree.html
§8 - 11
o
o
o
§8 - 12
stream
o stream buffered stream
o stream buffered stream

stream
o Reader BufferedReader
o Writer BufferedWriter
o InputStream BufferedInputStream
o OutputStream BufferedOutputStream
o flush()
§8 - 13
BufferedInputStream in = new BufferedInputStream(

new FileInputStream("in.dat"));
§8 - 14
public class CopyBytes { // se ejecuta más rápido que el ejemplo 1
BufferedInputStream inBytes = null;
BufferedOutputStream outBytes = null;
try {
inBytes = new BufferedInputStream(
new FileInputStream("bytes_in.txt"));
outBytes = new BufferedOutputStream
new FileOutputStream("bytes_out.txt"));
int c; // almacena el valor del byte en los últimos 8 bits
while ((c = inBytes.read()) != -1) { outBytes.write(c); }
} finally {
if (in != null) { inBytes.close(); }
if (out != null) { outBytes.close(); }
}
}
}
§8 - 15
public class CopyLines { // se ejecuta más rápido que el ejemplo 2

BufferedReader inChars = null;
BufferedWriter outChars = null;
try {
inChars = new BufferedReader(
new FileReader("default_chars_in.txt") );
outChars = new BufferedWriter(
new FileWriter("default_chars_out.txt") );
String l; // con BufferedReader se puede leer líneas enteras
while ((l = inChars.readLine()) != null){
outChars.write(l); outChars.newline();
}
} finally {
}
}
}
§8 - 16
charset
o
o
InputStreamReader OutputStreamWriter
o Streams
o stream charset
o charset
String charset
o
java.nio.charset.Charset
java.nio.charset.CharsetDecoder
§8 - 17
public class CopyUTF8Characters { // compara con el ejemplo 2

InputStreamReader inChars = null;
OutputStreamWriter outChars = null;
try { // el flujo de char "envuelve" el flujo de byte
inChars = new InputStreamReader(
new FileInputStream("UTF8chars_in.txt"), "UTF-8");
outChars = new OutputStreamWriter(
new FileOutputStream("UTF8chars_out.txt"), "UTF-8");
int c; // almacena el caracter en los últimos 8-32 bits
while ((c = inChars.read()) != -1) { outChars.write(c); }
} finally {
}
}
}
§8 - 18
public class CopyUTF8Lines { // compara con el ejemplo 4
BufferedReader inChars = null;
PrintWriter outChars = null;
try {
inChars = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(
new FileInputStream("UTF8chars_in.txt"), "UTF-8"));
outChars = new PrintWriter(
new OutputStreamWriter(
new FileOutputStream("UTF8chars_out.txt"), "UTF-8"));
String l; // PrintWriter tiene el método println (incluye salto)
while ((l = inChars.readLine()) != null){ outChars.println(l); }
} finally {
}
}
}
§8 - 19
stream
o FileInputStream FileOutputStream FileReader FileWriter
o String
o java.io.File
o java.io.FileDescriptor
streams
o boolean
o
o
§8 - 20
o RandomAccessFile
stream cursor
o
o seek()
o getFilePointer() long
o String
o java.io.File
String
o "r" "rw" "rws" "rwd"
§8 - 21
public class RandomAccessFileExample {// Utiliza try-with-resources de Java 7

try (RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile("books.dat", "rw")){
String books[] = new String[2];
books[1] = "Java Security";
books[2] = "Java Security Handbook";
for (int i = 0; i < books.length; i++) {
raf.writeUTF(books[i]);
}
raf.seek(raf.length());
raf.writeUTF("Servlet Programming");
raf.seek(0);
while (raf.getFilePointer() < raf.length()) {
System.out.println(raf.readUTF());
}
} // SUSTITUIR ESTE EJEMPLO POR UNO QUE SALTA HASTA MEDIO DEL FICHERO
} // SALTAR HASTA EL FINAL NO NECESITA RANDOMACCESSFILE
}
§8 - 22
data stream byte stream
o boolean char byte short int long float double
String
o DataInputStream DataOutputStream
data stream byte stream
data stream
o EOFException
o
o stream
§8 - 23
DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(

new BufferedInputStream(
new FileInputStream("in.dat")));
§8 - 24
// Utiliza try-with-resources de Java 7
public void dataStreamInOut() throws IOException {
try(DataOutputStream data_out = new DataOutputStream(
new BufferedOutputStream(
new FileOutputStream("data.bin")))){
data_out.writeInt(123);
data_out.writeFloat(123.45F);
data_out.writeLong(789);
}
try(DataInputStream data_in = new DataInputStream(
new BufferedInputStream(
new FileInputStream("data.bin")))){
int anInt = data_in.readInt(); // anInt == 123
float aFloat = data_in.readFloat(); // aFloat == 123.45
long aLong = data_in.readLong(); // aLong == 789
int anotherInt = data_in.readInt(); // lanza EOFException
}
}
§8 - 25
o
Data streams
PrintStream
o
String
o Integer.toString(x) "" + x x
o String.format
String
o x = Integer.parseInt() x
o NumberFormatException
o System.getProperty("line.separator") System.lineSeparator()
§8 - 26
o
o BufferedWriter.newLine()
String
o
String
o
o
o Scanner InputMismatchException
§8 - 27
java.io.PrintWriter
o print() println()
toString
o format() Formatter
printf()
o Writer OutputStream File

Writer
Writer
PrintWriter IOException
o checkError() setError() clearError()
PrintStream, PrintWriter
§8 - 28
PrintWriter
public void writeArrayToFile(float[] anArray) {
PrintWriter out = null;
try (out = new PrintWriter("OutFile.txt")){

for (int i=0; i < anArray.length; i++)
// escribe "fin de línea" independiente de plataforma con println

out.println("Value at: " + i + " = " + anArray[i]);
// puede ser lanzada por el constructor

} catch (FileNotFoundException fnfe) {
// …
} finally
// …
}
}
§8 - 29
PrintWriter
public void writeArrayToFile(float[] anArray) {
PrintWriter out = null;
try (out = new PrintWriter("OutFile.txt")){

for (int i=0; i < anArray.length; i++)
// escribe "fin de línea" independiente de plataforma con %n

out.format("Value at: %d = %f.%n", i, anArray[i]);
// puede ser lanzada por el constructor

} catch (FileNotFoundException fnfe) {
// …
} finally
// …
}
}
§8 - 30
java.util.Scanner
o
o float int boolean String
o
InputMismatchException
o IOException ioException() IOException
o InputStream Reader channel

o File Path
InputStream
o stdin
§8 - 31
public class ScanSum {

Scanner s = null; double sum = 0;
try(s = new Scanner(new BufferedReader(
new FileReader("usnumbers.txt")))) {
s.useLocale(Locale.US);
while (s.hasNext()) {
if (s.hasNextDouble()) { sum += s.nextDouble(); }
else { s.next(); }
}
} catch (InputMismatchException ime) { … }
System.out.println(sum);
} usnumbers.txt
}
§8 - 32
o
o
o
o Person
o
§8 - 33
object stream
o ObjectInputStream ObjectOutputStream
o Serializable
Serializable
NotSerializableException
o
o readObject() Object
o transient
§8 - 34
public class ObjectStreamExample { // Utiliza try-with-resources
public static class Person implements Serializable {
public String name = null; public int age = 0;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
try(ObjectOutputStream objectsOut = new ObjectOutputStream(
new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("person.bin")))){
Person outPerson = new Person();
outPerson.name = "Noam Chomsky"; outPerson.age = 89;
out.writeObject(outPerson);
}
try(ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(
new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream("person.bin")))){
Person inPerson = (Person) in.readObject();
}
}
}
§8 - 35
o Serializable
transient
§8 - 36
o
serialVersionUID
o
o serialVersionUID
serialVersionUID
o
o serialVersionUID
§8 - 37
java.io
ByteArrayInputStream CharArrayReader
o
ByteArrayOutputStream CharArrayWriter
o
o toByteArray() toCharArray()
StringReader StringWriter
o String
SequenceInputStream
o
§8 - 38
java.io
PipedInputStream PipedOutputStream
PipedReader PipedWriter
o threads
o
PusbackInputStream PushbackReader
LineNumberReader StreamTokenizer
o
o Scanner split() StreamTokenizer
FilterInputStream FilterOutputStream
FilterReader FilterWriter
o
o
§8 - 39
http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-io/overview.html
§8 - 40
o
§8 - 41
o
o
o
java.io
o java.nio
§8 - 42
java.io
o
java.nio
o
§8 - 43
§8 - 44
o non-blocking I/O
o
o asynchronous I/O
o
o CompletionHandler Future
java.util.concurrent
§8 - 45
java.nio
o
o
java.nio java.io
o java.nio
o
o
non-blocking mode
o java.io java.nio
o FileChannel
AsynchronousFileChannel
§8 - 46
java.nio
o java.nio
o
java.nio
o
§8 - 47
java.nio
o
o
o FileChannel
§8 - 48
o
o java.io.File
o java.nio.file
o
Old habits die hard
o
§8 - 49
java.io.File
File
o
o getParent()
File
o exists()
o isFile() isDirectory()
o mkdir() mkdirs()
o length()
o renameTo()
o createNewFile() delete()
o list() listFiles()
o canRead()
canWrite() canExecute()
§8 - 50
java.io.File
public class FileManipulationExample {

File f = new File("pepe/doc/path.txt"); // path not absolute

f.getName(); // returns "path.txt"; file may, or may not, exist
f.getParent(); // returns "/pepe/doc"; dir may, or may not, exist
File d = f.getParentFile().getAbsoluteFile(); //"/home/pepe/doc/path"
d.mkdirs(); // created if don’t exist, if already exist no pasa na‘
if ( f.exists() { if ( f.isFile() ) { ... } else { ... }

} else { f.createNewFile() }
if (f.canRead()) { ... } // file corresponding to f must exist
if (f.canWrite()) { ... } // file corresponding to f must exist
if (f.canExecute()) { ... } // file corresponding to f must exist
f.delete(); // deletes file corresponding to f

d.delete(); // deletes directory corresponding to g, if empty
§8 - 51
java.io.File
f.getName(); // as before (File object has not been deleted)

f.getParent(); // as before (File object has not been deleted)
File oldFile = new File("/home/pepe/old");

File newFile = new File("/home/pepe/new");
if (oldFile.renameTo(newFile)){
oldFile=newFile;
System.out.println(oldFile.getName()); // prints "new"
System.out.println(oldFile.getAbsolutePath()) // "/home/pepe/new"
}
d.mkdir(); f.createNewFile();
d.listFiles(); // returns array of File objects (only one element)
d.list(); // returns array of String (only element: "path.txt")
// equivalent to: map( getName, d.listFiles() )
java.net.URL url = java.net.URI.toURL(f.toURI());
// File.toURL() is deprecated
}
}
§8 - 52
java.nio.file
o
java.io.File
o
o
§8 - 53
java.nio.file.Path
Path
o
o
"." ".."
o
Path
o
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/io/pathOps.html
o
§8 - 54
java.nio.file.Paths
Paths.get()
o Path
File
o String URI
varargs
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/arguments.html#varargs
String
String
§8 - 55
java.nio.file.Files
o
o Files Path
o Files glob
§8 - 56
java.nio.file
public class CopyAndDelete {

if (args.length != 2) {
System.err.println("usage: java CopyAndDelete file1 file2");
return;
}
Path source = Paths.get(args[0]); Path target = Paths.get(args[1]);
try { // gives same result as Files.move(source, target)
Files.copy(source, target); Files.delete(source);
} catch (NoSuchFileException nsfe) { // on copying
System.err.printf("%s: no such file or directory%n", source);
} catch (DirectoryNotEmptyException dnee) { // on deleting directory
System.err.printf("%s: directory not empty%n", source);
} catch (FileAlreadyExistsException faee) { // on copying
System.err.printf("%s: file already exists%n", target);
} catch (IOException ioe) {
System.err.printf("I/O error: %s%n", ioe.getMessage()); }
}
}
§8 - 57

Grado en Ingeniería Informática, Grupo en Inglés
Programming Technology
Appendix
java.io.File java.nio.file
java.nio.file.Path java.io.File
o
o java.nio.File.Path.toFile()
java.io.File java.nio.files
o https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/io/legacy.html
§8 - 59
\n
o
o
o System.getProperty("line.separator") very ugly!

o System.lineSeparator() still pretty ugly!
StringBuilder
o newline() better!
o println("…"), much better!

o %n format() much better!
§8 - 60

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Universidad Complutense de Madrid

secuencia selección iteración

campos variables miembro

Clases como tipos

Write Once, Run Anywhere

o Java Development Kit

o Java Micro Edition

o Java Enterprise Edition

o javac javac MiClase.java

o java java MiClase

// Importación de otras clases o paquetes

// Declaración e implementación de la clase

public class HolaMundo

javac -d <a_dir> -cp <a_classpath> myPaquete.HolaMundo.java

java -cp <classpath> miPaquete.HolaMundo

public class NombreClase {

public int suma(){ return this.x + this.y;}

private void exampleOfMethod1() {

private void exampleOfMethod2() {

private void exampleOfMethod3(){

public class Rational {

// constructor sin argumentos (valores por defecto)

// constructor con argumentos

Rational r2 = new Rational(3,4); // 3/4

modificadores tipoRetorno nombre(Lista_Parámetros){

int incr(int z){return this.x + z;}

public class Main {

public int getNum(){

public void setNum(int n){

public void ProductoEscalar(int n){

public void simplificar(){

// Este método se utiliza como ejemplo de un método privado.

public String toString(){

Rational r1 = new Rational(4,8);

public static void main( String[] args ){

public class Primitiva {

public class Compleja {

public class Main

public class Main {

public class Main {

public class Main {

public class Main {

public class B public class A {

private int z; private int x;

public boolean equals(A a){

public static void main(String[] args) {

public class B public class A {

private int z; private int x;

public static void main(String[] args) {

a.equals(b) a.hashCode() == b.hashCode()

Jorge Stolfi - Own work, Public Domain,

Fecha f1, f2 = new Fecha(25, 12, 17);

if (f1 == f2) // Falso (no apuntan al mismo objeto)

if (f1.equals(f2)) // Cierto (si hemos sobrescrito equals)

obj2: Clase2 obj2: Clase2

obj1: Clase1 obj1: Clase1 obj3: Clase1

Clase2 c = obj2 Clase2 c = obj2 Clase2 c = obj2

Clase1 a = obj1 Clase1 a = obj1 Clase1 b = obj3

obj2: Clase2 obj2: Clase2 obj4: Clase2

obj1: Clase1 obj1: Clase1 obj3: Clase1

Clase1 a = obj1 Clase1 a = obj1 Clase1 b = obj3

Tipos de datos de Java

" " " "