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RAPSNotasdemanda
RAPSNotasdemanda
CARGAS DOMICILIARIAS
Las cargas domiciliarias en los sistemas remotos pueden dividirse en tres categorías
generales:
1) carga de iluminación
luces fluorescentes, que producen una cantidad de luz varias veces superior por
compactas o los focos ahorradores aún son todavía mas caras que las lámparas
incandescentes.
utilizando lo justo, o sea por ejemplo no dejar el televisor encendido cuando nadie lo
hora de la cena. Como son resistivos, crean picos muy altos en la demanda de
electricidad que son muy difíciles de satisfacer con un sistema aislado basado en
energía renovable, por lo que no deben ser utilizados. La mejor forma de limitar el
medidores electrónicos tipo pre-pago que tengan esa función. El usuario pagaría una
Por ejemplo, si se le asignan 250 Wh por día y usa cuatro lámparas incandescentes
de 60 W, tendrá alrededor de una hora de luz por noche. Sin embargo, si usa
encendidas durante cuatro horas por noche y le quedaría suficiente energía para un
Las cargas comerciales pequeñas (como las de comercios menores como bodegas)
menudo se necesitan también refrigerados durante el día estos usuarios podrían usar
los mismos tipos de medidores tipo pre-pago, limitadores de energía que los usuarios
Estas cargas son las que se debe propiciar, porque es el sentido del proyecto, como
estos productos a los grandes centros de venta), entre otras que favorecerán al
desarrollaran.
que gran parte de ellas se enciendan solamente en las horas en que mas se
Las escuelas, postas médicas, los centros comunitarios y otros usuarios similares
tendrán que encarar la conservación de energía de forma bastante similar como los
usuarios residenciales.
dentro de los límites del presupuesto con el equipo actual o si deben instalar
lámparas de bajo vatiaje pero de alto rendimiento, etc., a fin de que puedan operar
Residencial – Mediano 75
Residencial – Grande 5
Comercial – Mediano 6
Comercial – Grande 3
Uso Industrial 1
Regarding the replication potential of stand-alone PV micro-grid systems, an essential principle for
financial sustainability is a realistic sizing, based in adequate characterization of the electricity
demand.
In the study prepared by Ing. Ismael Aragón, entitled “Análisis de la Provisión de servicios de
electrificación en las zonas rurales del Perú” (Analysis of the electricity service provision in rural
areas of Perú), it is reported that within the evaluation of the MEM-DEP experience in the design
and implementation of rural electrification projects, it was pointed out that the predicted
demands used for systems sizing were much higher that real consumptions registered in rural
communities with operative electricity services.
Our experience in other projects in Latin America, in rural and isolated communities similar to
Padre Cocha, is that electricity consumption is relatively low, and lighting is the principal need.
The following graph shows a comparison of the demand patterns found for isolated rural users in
south-west Europe and in Latin America (with similar socio-economic profiles to Padre Cocha
community)
In the case of Padre Cocha, the electricity demand pattern has been found to fit the typical
characterization of curve B.
As discussed in chapter 3, the pattern above is very similar to the demand registered in another
reference community in the department of Loreto, Tamshiyacu, with a diesel genset based system
operated by EOSA that supplies 687 families, with more than 75 % of the users are consuming
below 20 kWh per month.
The figure below validates the results from other projects in Latin America (table 7.2) and suggests
that the pattern identified in Padre Cocha can be representative of other communities in the
department of Loreto, regardless their population.
Fig 7.2
7.2.4 Preliminary estimation of the Photovoltaic power needs
For sites where a PV hybrid micro-grid is to be considered, the recommended design criterion
for determining the needed PV capacity is that the PV system supplies the residential demand
plus communal uses (basically public lighting, but also community centers, schools, health
centers, etc.), since this is the consumption assumed to be fixed.
Non-residential consumption (workshops, commercial, small industry) should then be supplied
by the electricity produced by the genset, which is more flexible to adapt to a variable demand.
Residential consumption has been set up to 3,300 Wh per day, and in typical demand curves in
Padre Cocha it can be observed that about 95% of the users are consuming below this level. The
demand for public lighting is set to 19,200 Wh per day (or 80 Wh per day and user).
According to the reference demand segmentation (table 7.2), the following levels are set:
40 % of the users consumes up to 275 Wh / day
30 % of the users consumes up to 550 Wh / day
14 % of the users consumes up to 985 Wh / day
7 % of the users consumes up to 2200 Wh / day
3 % of the users consumes up to 3300 Wh / day
Then, having the nº of users (families or households) in a given community or site, the residential
consumption can be estimated and segmented in demand limits.
Finally a preliminary sizing of the PV power needed in the replication of a PV hybrid micro-grid
can be obtained from:
Ep = E / H.S.P * PR
where: Ep is the needed PV power (in kWp)
E is the electricity needed for residential and communal uses (kWh per day)
H.S.P. Peak sun hours (yearly average of 4.6 H.S.P in Iquitos)
PR is the Performance Ratio (typical values in stand-alone PV systems: 60%)