Integrales Sustituciones Trigonometricas PDF

INTEGRALES POR SUSTITUCIONES TRIGONOMETRICAS
Erving Quintero Gil

Ing. Electromecánico
Bucaramanga – Colombia
2008
quintere@hotmail.com
quintere@gmail.com
quintere2006@yahoo.com
RESUMEN
METODO DE SUSTITUCIÓN TRIGONOMETRICA
Un buen numero de integrales que contienen polinomios de segundo grado, se pueden transformar a
integrales directas o inmediatas si se utilizan sustituciones de variables que contienen funciones
trigonometricas que transforman la expresión en una identidad trigonométrica
a2 + x2 → x = a tg z → x2 = a2 tg2 z a2 - x2 → x = a sen z → x2 = a2 sen2 z
Reemplazando Reemplazando
a2 + x2 = a2 + (a2 tg2 z ) a2 - x2 = a2 - (a2 sen2 z )
a2 + x2 = {a2 + a2 tg2 z} a2 - x2 = {a2 - a2 sen2 z}
a2 + x2 = { a2 (1 + tg2 z )} a2 - x2 = { a2 (1 - sen2 z )}
a2 + x2 = a2 (sec2 z ) a2 - x2 = a2 (cos2 z )
x2 - a2 → x = a sec z → x2 = a2 sec2 z
Reemplazando
x2 - a2 = (a2 sec2 z ) – a2
x2 - a2 = { a2 sec2 z - a2 }
x2 - a2 = { a2 (sec2 z -1 )}
x2 - a2 = a2 (tg2 z )
1
TABLA DE INTEGRALES
∫ du = u + c
∫ a du = a u + c donde a es una constante
n +1
u n du = u + c ⇒ n ≠ -1
∫
n +1
du
∫ = Ln u + c
u
u
a u du = a + c donde a. > 0 y a ≠ 1
∫
Ln a
u u
∫ e du = e + c
∫ sen u du = - cos u + c
∫ cos u du = sen u + c
2
∫ sec u du = tg u + c
2
∫ csc u du = - ctg u + c
∫ sec u tg u du = sec u + c
∫ csc u ctg u du = - csc u + c
∫ tg u du = Ln sec u +c
∫ ctg u du = Ln sen u +c
∫ sec u du = Ln sec u + tg u +c
1
∫ csc u du = Ln csc u - ctg u + c = Ln tg u +c
2
2
Las siguientes integrales se pueden usar para resolver en forma directa, además se pueden
demostrar
dx 1 ⎛x⎞
∫ = arc tg ⎜ ⎟ + c
2
a +x 2 a ⎝a⎠
dy 1 a+x
∫ = Ln +c
2
a -x 2 2a a-x
dx 1 x-a
∫ 2 2= Ln +c
x -a 2a x + a
dx ⎛x⎞
∫ = arc sen ⎜ ⎟ + c
a2 - x2 ⎝a⎠
dx
∫ = Ln x + x 2 - a 2 + c
x2 - a2
dx 1 ⎛x⎞
∫ = arc sec ⎜ ⎟ + c donde a > 0
a ⎝a⎠
x x2 - a2
x 2 a2
2 2
∫ a + x dx = a + x2 + Ln a2 + x2 + x + C1
2 2
2 2 x a2
∫ x − a dx = x2 - a2 + Ln x2 - a2 + x + C1
2 2
2 2 a2 x x 2
∫ a -x = arc sen + a − x2 + c
2 a 2
dx 1 x2 + a2 - a
∫ = Ln +c
a x
x x2 + a2
x 2 dx x a2
∫ = a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz - a 2 ∫ sec z dz = 2 2
x +a - Ln x 2 + a 2 + x + c1
2 2
x2 + a2
dx a2 - x2
∫ = - +c
x2 a2 - x2 a2 x
a2 - x2 a2 - x2 x
∫ dx = - - arc sen +c
x 2 x a
3
x 2 dx x x
∫ = - arc sen +c
32 a
⎛⎜ a 2 − x 2 ⎞⎟ a2 - x2
⎝ ⎠
Encuentre una formula directa para la aplicación de la siguiente integral
dx 1 ⎛x⎞
∫ = arc tg ⎜ ⎟ + c
a2 + x2 a ⎝a⎠
dx
∫
a + x2
2
dx a sec 2 z dz a2 + x2 ⇒ x = a tg z
∫ =∫
a2 + x2 a 2 sec 2 z
a sec 2 z dz 1 x = a tg z
∫ =∫ dz
a 2 sec 2 z a x2 = a2 tg2 z
si x = a tg z ⇒ dx = a sec 2 z dz
1 1 1
∫ dz = ∫ dz = (z ) + c
a a a a + x2 a 2 + x 2 = a 2 + a 2 tg 2 z
x
Reemplazando a 2 + x 2 = a 2 ⎛⎜1 + tg 2 z ⎞⎟
z ⎝ ⎠
∫
1
dx
= (z ) + c a 2 + x 2 = a 2 ⎛⎜ sec 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
a2 + x2 a a
x
si x = a tg z ⇒ tg z =
a
dx 1 ⎛x⎞
∫ = arc tg ⎜ ⎟ + c ⎛x⎞
2
a +x 2 a ⎝a⎠ z = arc tg ⎜ ⎟
⎝a⎠
4
dx
∫ =
a2 - x2
a2 - x2 ⇒ x = a sen z
dx a cos z dz
∫ = ∫
a2 -x2 a 2 cos 2 z
(x )2 = a 2 sen 2 z dz
Simplificando
dx dz 1 1 1 Si x = a sen z → dx = a cos z dz
∫ = ∫ = ∫ dz = ∫ sec z dz
a2 - x2 a cos z a cos z a
a 2 - (x )2 = a 2 - a 2 sen 2 z
a 2 - x 2 = a 2 (1 - sen 2 z )
Tabla de integrales
a 2 - x 2 = a 2 (cos 2 z )
∫ sec z dz = ln sec z + tg z + c
x
si x = a sen z ⇒ sen z =
a
Reemplazando
1 1 a2 - x2 a
∫ sec z dz = Ln sec z + tg z + c si cos z = ⇒ sec z =
a
a a a2 - x2
x
tg z =
1 1 a x
∫ sec z dz = Ln + +c a2 - x2
a a
a2 - x2 a2 - x2
1 1 a+x
∫ sec z dz = Ln +c
a a
a2 - x2
1 1 (a + x )2 +c=
1 (a + x )(a + x ) + c
∫ sec z dz = Ln Ln
a a (2) ⎛ 2 ⎞
2 2a a2 − x2
⎜ a − x2 ⎟ a x
⎝ ⎠
Cancelando términos semejantes
z
1
Ln
(a + x )(a + x ) + c = 1 Ln a + x + c a2 - x2
2a (a − x )(a + x ) 2a a-x
dx 1 a+x
∫ = Ln +c
a2 - x2 2a a-x
5
dx
∫ =
x2 - a2
dx a sec z tg z dz x2 -a2 ⇒ x = a sec z
∫ = ∫
x2 - a2 a 2 tg 2 z x 2 = a 2 sec 2 z
Si x = a sec z → dx = a sec z tg z dz
sec z dz 1 1 1
∫ = ∫ dz
a tg z a cos z tg z x 2 - a 2 = a 2 sec 2 z - a 2
x 2 - a 2 = a 2 (sec 2 z - 1)
1 1 1 1 cos z
∫ ctg z dz = ∫ dz x 2 - a 2 = a 2 (tg 2 z )
a cos z a cos z sen z
1 1 1 x
∫ dz = ∫ csc z dz si x = a sec z ⇒ sec z =
a sen z a a
⎛x⎞
Tabla de integrales z = arc sec ⎜ ⎟
⎝a⎠
∫ csc z dz = ln csc z - ctg z + c si sec z =
x
⇒ cos z =
a
a x
x2 -a2 a
1 1 si tg z = ⇒ cot z =
∫ csc z dz = Ln csc z - ctg z + c a
x2 -a2
a a
x2 -a2 x
Reemplazando si sen z = ⇒ csc z =
x
x2 -a2
1 1 x a
Ln csc z - ctg z + c = Ln - +c
a a
x2 -a2 x2 -a2
1
Ln
x -a
+c =
1
Ln
(x - a )2 +c
a 2a 2 x
x2 -a2 ⎛ 2 2
⎜ x -a
⎞
⎟
⎜
⎝
⎟
⎠ x2 - a2
z
1
Ln
(x - a )(x − a ) + c =
1
Ln
(x - a )(x − a ) + c
2a x2 -a2 2a (x - a )(x + a ) a
Cancelando términos semejantes
1 x-a
Ln +c
2a x+a
dx 1 x-a
∫ = Ln +c
2
x -a 2 2a x + a
6
dx ⎛x⎞
∫ = arc sen ⎜ ⎟ + c
⎝a⎠ a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z
a2 - x2
dx
=∫
a cos z dz x 2 = a 2 sen 2 z
∫
a cos z
a2 - x2
Si x = a sen z → dx = a cos z dz
a cos z dz
∫ = ∫ dz a2 - x2 = a 2 - a 2 sen 2 z
a cos z
Tabla de integrales a2 - x2 = a 2 ⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟

⎝ ⎠
∫ dz = z + c
a2 - x2 = a 2 ⎛⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
∫ dz = z + c
a 2 - x 2 = a cos z
Reemplazando
x
⎛x⎞ si x = a sen z ⇒ sen z =
z + c = arc sen ⎜ ⎟ + c a
⎝a⎠
⎛x⎞
z = arc sen ⎜ ⎟
⎝a⎠
x
dx ⎛x⎞ tg z =
∫ = arc sen ⎜ ⎟ + c
⎝a⎠ a2 - x2
a2 - x2
a
x
z
a2 - x2
7
dx
∫
x2 - a2 x 2 - a 2 ⇒ x = a sec z
dx a sec z tg z dz x = a sec z
∫ =∫
x2 - a2
(a tg z )
x 2 = a 2 sec 2 z
∫ sec z dz =
si x = a sec z ⇒ dx = a sec z tg z dz
Tabla de integrales x2 - a2 = a 2 sec 2 z - a 2

x2 - a2 = a 2 (sec 2 z - 1)
Reemplazando
x2 - a2 = a 2 (tg 2 z )
∫ sec z dz = Ln sec z + tg z + c
x 2 - a 2 = a tg z
x x2 - a2
∫ sec z dz = Ln + +c x a
a a sec z = cos z =
a x
x + x2 - a2
a
2 2
∫ sec z dz = Ln x + x - a - Ln a + c
x
Cancelando términos semejantes x2 - a2
Pero c1 = - Ln a + c z
2 2 a
∫ sec z dz = Ln x + x - a + c1
dx 2 2
∫ 2 2 = Ln x + x − a + c
x -a
8
dx 1 ⎛x⎞
∫ = arc sec ⎜ ⎟ + c donde a > 0
a ⎝a⎠
x x2 - a2
dx
∫
x x2 -a2 x 2 − a 2 ⇒ x = a sec z
dx a sec z tg z dz 1
∫ =∫ = ∫ dz x 2 = a 2 sec 2 z
x x2 - a2
(a sec z ) a tg z a
Si x = a sec z → dx = a sec z tg z dz
1
∫ dz =
a x2 -a2 = a 2 sec 2 z - a 2
Tabla de integrales x2 - a2 = a 2 ⎛⎜ sec 2 z - 1⎞⎟

⎝ ⎠
∫ dz = z + c
x2 - a2 = a 2 ⎛⎜ tg 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
1 1
∫ dz = (z ) + c
a a x 2 - a 2 = a tg z
Reemplazando x
si x = a sec z ⇒ sec z =
a
1
(z ) + c = 1 arc sec ⎛⎜ x ⎞⎟ + c
a a ⎝a⎠ ⎛x⎞
z = arc sec ⎜ ⎟
⎝a⎠
dx 1 ⎛x⎞
∫ = arc sec ⎜ ⎟ + c
a ⎝a⎠
x x2 - a2
x
x2 - a2
z
a
9
2 2
∫ a + x dx
a2 + x2 ⇒ x = a tg z
2 2 dx = a sec z ⎛ a sec 2 z dz ⎞ = a 2 sec 3 z dz
∫ a +x ∫ ⎜ ⎟ ∫
⎝ ⎠ x = a tg z
x 2 = a 2 tg 2 z
a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz =
Se resuelve la integral a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz por partes
∫ u dv = u * v - ∫ v du
a2 + x2 = a 2 + a 2 tg 2 z
a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz = a 2 ∫ sec 2 z * sec z dz
a2 + x2 = a 2 (1 + tg 2 z )
a 2 + x 2 = a 2 ⎛⎜ sec 2 z ⎞⎟
Se resuelve por partes
u = sec z dv = sec2 z ⎝ ⎠
2
du = sec z tg z dz ∫ dv = ∫ sec z dz a 2 + x 2 = a sec z
v = tg z
∫ u dv = u * v - ∫ v du
a 2 ∫ sec 2 z * sec z dz = a 2 [sec z * tg z - ∫ (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ]
a 2 ⎡sec z * tgz - ∫ tg 2 z * sec z dz ⎤

⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
Reemplazando la Identidad trigonométrica

tg2 z = sec2 z - 1
a 2 ⎡⎢sec z * tg z - ∫ ⎛⎜ sec 2 - 1⎞⎟ * sec z dz ⎤⎥

⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦
a 2 ⎡sec z * tg z - ∫ sec 3 z dz + ∫ sec z dz ⎤

⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz = a 2 ⎡sec z * tg z - ∫ sec 3 z dz + ∫ sec z dz ⎤

⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec z * tg z - a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz + a 2 ∫ sec z dz
Ordenando como una ecuación cualquiera y simplificando los términos semejantes
a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz + a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec z * tg z + a 2 ∫ sec z dz
2a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec z * tg z + a 2 ∫ sec z dz
Dividiendo la ecuación por 2
10
a2 a2
a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz = sec z * tg z + ∫ sec z dz
2 2
Tabla de integrales
x
si x = a tg z ⇒ tg z =
a
a2 a2 a
a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz = sec z * tg z + Ln sec z + tg z + c cos z =
2 2
a2 + x2
2 2
2 + x 2 dx = a sec z * tg z + a Ln sec z + tg z + c
∫ a
2 2
a 2 + x 2 = a sec z
⎛ ⎞
2 2 a 2 ⎜ a2 + x2 ⎟ ⎛ x ⎞ a2 a2 + x2 x
∫ a + x dx = ⎟ * ⎜ a ⎟ + 2 Ln + +c
2 ⎜⎜ a ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ a a a2 + x2
⎝ ⎠ sec z =
a
⎛ ⎞
2 2 a2 ⎜ x a2 + x2 ⎟ a2 a2 + x2 + x
∫ a + x dx = ⎟ + 2 Ln +c
2 ⎜⎜ a2 ⎟ a
⎝ ⎠
2 + x 2 dx = 1 ⎛⎜ x a 2 + x 2 ⎞ a2 a2 + x2 + x
∫ a ⎟⎟ + Ln +c
2 ⎜⎝ ⎠ 2 a
Propiedad de los logaritmos
2 2 1⎛ ⎞ a2 a2
∫ a + x dx = ⎜ x a2 + x2 ⎟⎟ + Ln a2 + x2 + x - Ln a + c
2 ⎜⎝ ⎠ 2 2
a2 + x2
x
a2 z
C1 = - Ln a + c
2
a
2
2 + x 2 dx = x a 2 + x 2 + a Ln a2 + x2 + x + C1
∫ a
2 2
11
2 2 dx
∫ x -a
x2 - a2 ⇒ x = a sec z
∫ x - a dx = ∫ a tg z (a sec z tg z dz ) = ∫ a sec z tg z dz
2 2 2 2
x = a sec z
a 2 ∫ tg 2 z sec z dz = x 2 = a 2 sec 2 z
Identidades trigonometricas si x = a sec z ⇒ dx = a sec z tg z dz
tg 2 z = sec 2 z - 1 x2 - a2 = a 2 sec 2 z - a 2
a 2 ∫ tg 2 z sec z dz = a 2 ∫ ⎛⎜ sec 2 z − 1⎞⎟ sec z dz x2 - a2 = a 2 (sec 2 z - 1)

⎝ ⎠
a 2 ∫ ⎛⎜ sec 2 z − 1⎞⎟ sec z dz = a 2 ∫ sec 2 z sec z dz - a 2 ∫ sec z dz x 2 - a 2 = a 2 ⎛⎜ tg 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz - a 2 ∫ sec z dz = x 2 - a 2 = a tg z
Se resuelve la integral a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz por partes

∫ u dv = u * v - ∫ v du

u = sec z dv = sec2 z
2
du = sec z tg z dz ∫ dv = ∫ sec z dz
v = tg z
∫ u dv = u * v - ∫ v du
a 2 ∫ sec 2 z * sec z dz = a 2 [sec z * tg z - ∫ (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ]
a 2 ⎡sec z * tgz - ∫ tg 2 z * sec z dz ⎤

⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
tg2 z = sec2 z - 1
a 2 ⎡⎢sec z * tg z - ∫ ⎛⎜ sec 2 - 1⎞⎟ * sec z dz ⎤⎥

⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦
a 2 ⎡sec z * tg z - ∫ sec 3 z dz + ∫ sec z dz ⎤

⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
12
a2 a2
a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz = sec z * tg z + ∫ sec z dz
2 2
Tabla de integrales
x = a sec z
x
Regresando a la integral inicial después de resolver a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz si x = a sec z ⇒ sec z =
a
por partes.
a2 a2 a
a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz - ⎛⎜ a 2 ∫ sec z dz ⎞⎟ = sec z * tg z + ⎛ 2 ⎞
∫ sec z dz - ⎜ a ∫ sec z dz ⎟ cos z =
⎝ ⎠ 2 2 ⎝ ⎠ x
a2 a2 2
sec z * tg z + ∫ sec z dz - a ∫ sec z dz
2 2 x 2 - a 2 = a tg z
Se reducen términos semejantes
x2 − a2
a2 a2 tg z =
a
sec z * tg z - ∫ sec z dz
2 2
aplicando la tabla de integrales

a2 a2
sec z * tg z - Ln sec z + tg z + c
2 2
Reemplazando
2 2 a2 a2 x x2 − a2
∫ x - a dz = sec z * tg z - Ln sec z + tg z + c
2 2
z
⎛ ⎞
2 2 2
2 - a 2 dz = a ⎛ x ⎞ * ⎜ x - a ⎟ a2 x x2 -a2
∫ x ⎜ ⎟ ⎜
2 ⎝a⎠ ⎜ a ⎟ - 2 Ln a + a
+c a
⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞
2 2 a2 ⎜ x x2 - a2 ⎟ a2 x + x2 - a2
∫ x - a dz = - Ln +c
2 ⎜⎜ a2
⎟
⎟ 2 a
⎝ ⎠
2 2 x a2 x + x2 -a2
∫ x - a dz = x2 -a2 - Ln +c
2 2 a
13
2 2
2 - a 2 dz = x x 2 - a 2 - a Ln x + x 2 - a 2 + a Ln a + c
∫ x
2 2 2
Pero:
a2
C1 = Ln a + c
2
2 2 x a2
∫ x − a dx = x2 - a2 + Ln x2 - a2 + x + C1
2 2
14
2 2
∫ a - x dx
2 - x 2 dx = a cos z * (a cos z dz ) = a 2 cos 2 z dz

∫ a ∫ ∫

a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z
1
cos 2 z = (1 + cos2z ) x 2 = a 2 sen 2 z
2
Si x = asen z → dx = a cos z dz
1 2
a 2 ∫ cos 2 z dz = a 2 ∫ (1 + cos 2 z ) dz = a ∫ (1 + cos 2 z ) dz a2 - x2 = a 2 - a 2 sen 2 z
2 2
a2 a2 a2 - x2 = a 2 ⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟
∫ dz + ∫ cos 2z dz ⎝ ⎠
2 2
a2 a2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ a2 - x2 = a 2 ⎛⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟
z + ⎜ sen 2z ⎟ + c ⎝ ⎠
2 2 ⎝2 ⎠
a2 ⎛ a2 ⎞ a 2 - x 2 = a cos z
z + ⎜ sen 2z ⎟ + c
2 ⎜ 4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ x
a
⎛x⎞
z = arc sen ⎜ ⎟
sen 2 z = 2 sen z cos z ⎝a⎠ a2 - x2
cos z =
a
x
tg z =
a2 ⎛ a2 ⎞ a2 a2 a2 - x2
z + ⎜ sen 2z ⎟ + c = z + (2 sen z cos z ) + c
2 ⎜ 4 ⎟ 2 4
⎝ ⎠
Reemplazando
⎛ ⎞
a2 ⎡ ⎛ x ⎞⎤ a2 ⎜ x a2 - x2 ⎟ a
arc sec⎜ ⎟ + *
2 ⎢⎣ ⎥ 2 ⎜⎜ a ⎟ x
⎝ a ⎠⎦ a ⎟
⎝ ⎠
z
⎛ ⎞
a2 x a2 ⎜ x* a2 - x2 ⎟ a2 x 1⎛ ⎞
arc sec + ⎟ +c = arc sec + ⎜⎜ x a 2 - x 2 ⎟⎟ + c
2 a 2 ⎜⎜ a2 ⎟ 2 a 2⎝ ⎠ a2 − x2
⎝ ⎠
2 2 a2 x x
∫ a -x = arc sen + a2 − x2 − + c
2 a 2
15
dx
∫
x x2 + a2
dx a sec 2 z dz x2 + a2 ⇒ x = a tg z
∫ =∫
a tg z (a sec z )
x x2 + a2
x = a tg z
x2 = a2 tg2 z
1 sec z dz
∫
a tg z
1
dz
1 cos z
∫
1
= ∫
1
dz x 2 + a 2 = a 2 tg 2 z + a 2
a sen z a sen z
cos z
x 2 + a 2 = a 2 ⎛⎜ tg 2 z + 1⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
1
∫ csc z dz
a
x 2 + a 2 = a 2 ⎛⎜ sec 2 z ⎞⎟
Tabla de integrales ⎝ ⎠
∫ csc z dz = ln csc z - ctg z + c x 2 + a 2 = a sec z
x
1 1 si x = a tg z ⇒ tg z =
∫ csc z dz = Ln csc z - ctg z + c a
a a
x2 + a2 a
csc z = ctg z =
Reemplazando x x
1 1 x2 + a2 a
Ln csc z - ctg z + c = Ln - +c
a a x x
x2 + a 2
x
dx 1 x2 + a2 - a z
∫ = Ln +c
2 2 a x
x x +a a
16
x 2 dx
∫
x2 + a2
x2 + a2 ⇒ x = a tg z
a 2 tg 2 z ⎛⎜ a sec 2 z dz ⎞⎟ x = a tg z
x 2 dx ⎝ ⎠
∫ =∫
2 2 a sec z
x +a x2 = a2 tg2 z
a 2 ∫ tg 2 z sec z dz si x = a tg z ⇒ dx = a sec 2 z dz
Identidad trigonometrica
x 2 + a 2 = a 2 tg 2 z + a 2
tg2 z = sec2 z - 1
x 2 + a 2 = a 2 ⎛⎜ tg 2 z + 1⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
a 2 ∫ tg 2 z sec z dz = a 2 ∫ ⎛⎜ sec 2 z - 1⎞⎟ (sec z dz ) x 2 + a 2 = a 2 ⎛⎜ sec 2 z ⎞⎟

⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz - a 2 ∫ sec z dz x 2 + a 2 = a sec z
x 2 dx x = a tg z ⇒ tg z =
x
∫ = a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz - a 2 ∫ sec z dz si
x2 + a2
a
Esta solución se resuelve primero la integral a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz por partes y después la otra
integral
∫ u dv = u * v - ∫ v du

2
v = tg z
∫ u dv = u * v - ∫ v du
2
a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz = a 2 ∫ sec z * sec z dz = a 2 [sec z * tg z - ∫ (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ]
a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz = a 2 ⎡sec z * tgz - ∫ tg 2 z * sec z dz ⎤

⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
Reemplazando la Identidad trigonométrica tg2 z = sec2 z - 1
a 2 ⎡⎢sec z * tg z - ∫ ⎛⎜ sec 2 z - 1⎞⎟ * sec z dz ⎤⎥ = a 2 ⎡sec z * tg z - ∫ sec 3 z dz + ∫ sec z dz ⎤

⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
17
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
ordenando como una ecuación cualquiera y reduciendo términos semejantes
Dividiendo la ecuación por 2 se obtiene la primera parte de la solución
a2 a2
a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz = sec z * tg z + ∫ sec z dz si x = a tg z ⇒ tg z =
x
2 2 a
a x2 + a2
cos z = sec z =
x2 + a2
a
La integral inicial es : a
ctg z =
x 2 dx x
∫ = a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz - a 2 ∫ sec z dz
x2 + a2
Se reemplaza en la integral inicial y se sigue resolviendo la integral
a2 a2
a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz - a 2 ∫ sec z dz = sec z * tg z + 2
∫ sec z dz - a ∫ sec z dz
2 2
Reduciendo términos semejantes
x2 + a2
a2 1 x
a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz - a 2 ∫ sec z dz = sec z * tg z - a 2 ∫ sec z dz + c
2 2 z
Tabla de integrales
a
2 3 2 a2 a2
a ∫ sec z dz - a ∫ sec z dz = sec z * tg z - Ln sec z + tg z + c
2 2
Reemplazando
a2 a2
a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz - a 2 ∫ sec z dz = sec z * tg z - Ln sec z + tg z + c
2 2
⎛ ⎞
a2 ⎜ x2 + a2 ⎟ x a2 x2 + a2 x
a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz - a 2 ∫ sec z dz = * - Ln + +c
2 ⎜⎜ a ⎟ a
⎟ 2 a a
⎝ ⎠
18
⎛ ⎞
a2 ⎜ x x2 + a2 ⎟ a2 x2 + a2 + x
a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz - a 2 ∫ sec z dz = - Ln +c
2 ⎜⎜ a2
⎟
⎟ 2 a
⎝ ⎠
x a2 x2 + a2 + x
a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz - a 2 ∫ sec z dz = x2 + a2 - Ln +c
2 2 a
x 2 dx x a2 a2
∫ = a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz - a 2 ∫ sec z dz = x2 + a2 - Ln x 2 + a 2 + x + Ln a + c
2 2 2
x2 + a2
1 2
Pero: C1 = a Ln a + c
2
x 2 dx x a2
∫ = a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz - a 2 ∫ sec z dz = x2 + a2 - Ln x 2 + a 2 + x + c1
2 2
x2 + a2
19
dx
∫
x2 a2 - x2
a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z
dx a cos z dz
∫ =∫ x = a sen z
x2 a2 - x2 a 2 sen 2 z (a cos z )
x 2 = a 2 sen 2 z
1 1 si x = a sen z ⇒ dx = a cos z dz
∫ dz
a 2 sen 2 z
a2 - x2 = a 2 - a 2 sen 2 z
1 2
∫ csc z dz
a2
a2 - x2 = a 2 ⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
Tabla de integrales
2 a2 - x2 = a 2 ⎛⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟
∫ csc z dz = - ctg z + c ⎝ ⎠
a 2 - x 2 = a cos z
1 1 x
2 si x = a sen z ⇒ sen z =
∫ csc z dz = - ctg z + c a
a 2 a 2
x a2 − x2
tg z = ctg z =
Reemplazando x
a2 - x2
1 1 a2 - x2
- (ctg z) + c = - ( ) +c
a2 a2 x
dx a2 - x2
∫ = - +c
x2 a2 - x2 a2 x
a
x
z
a2 - x2
20
a2 - x2
∫ dx
x2
a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z
a 2 - x 2 dx (a cos z) (a cos z dz ) x = a sen z

∫ =∫
x 2 a 2 sen 2 z x 2 = a 2 sen 2 z
a 2 cos 2 z si x = a sen z ⇒ dx = a cos z dz

∫ dz
a 2 sen 2 z
a2 - x2 = a 2 - a 2 sen 2 z
2
∫ ctg z dz
a2 - x2 = a 2 ⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
ctg2 z = csc2 z - 1
a2 - x2 = a 2 ⎛⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
a 2 - x 2 = a cos z
2 ⎛ 2 ⎞
∫ ctg z dz = ∫ ⎜ csc z - 1⎟ dz
⎝ ⎠
x
⎛ 2 ⎞ 2 a
∫ ⎜ csc z - 1⎟ dz = ∫ csc z dz - ∫ dz
⎝ ⎠
⎛x⎞
z = arc sen ⎜ ⎟
Tabla de integrales ⎝a⎠
2
∫ csc z dz = - ctg z + c x a2 − x2
tg z = ctg z =
x
a2 - x2
Reemplazando
2 z dz - dz = - ctg z -z +c
∫ csc ∫
a2 - x2 a2 - x2 ⎛x⎞
∫ dx = - - arc sen ⎜ ⎟ + c
x2 x ⎝a⎠
a
x
z
a2 - x2
21
x 2 dx
∫
32 32
⎛⎜ a 2 − x 2 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ a 2 - x 2 ⎞⎟ ⇒ x = a sen z
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛⎜ a 2 sen 2 z ⎞⎟ (a cos z dz )
x 2 dx ⎝ ⎠ sen 2 z dz
∫ =∫ =∫ x 2 = a 2 sen 2 z
a 3 cos 3 z cos 2 z
32
⎛⎜ a 2 − x 2 ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠ si x = a sen z ⇒ dx = a cos z dz
2
∫ tg z dz
32 32
⎛⎜ a 2 - x 2 ⎞⎟ = ⎛⎜ a 2 - a 2 sen 2 z ⎞⎟
Identidad trigonometrica ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
32 32
⎛a 2 - x 2 ⎞ ⎡ ⎤
tg2 z = sec2 z - 1 ⎜ ⎟ = ⎢a 2 ⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟⎥
⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
32 ⎡ ⎛ ⎤
32
2 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 2 ⎛a 2 - x 2 ⎞ = ⎢a 2 ⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟⎥
∫ tg z dz = ∫ ⎜ sec z - 1 ⎟ dz = ∫ sec z dz - ∫ dz ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
Tabla de integrales 32
⎛⎜ a 2 - x 2 ⎞⎟ = a 3 cos 3 z
⎝ ⎠
2
∫ sec z dz = tg z + c x
Tabla de integrales si x = a sen z ⇒ sen z =
∫ dz = z + c a
x
z = arc sen
2 a
∫ sec z dz - ∫ dz = tg z - z + c
x
Reemplazando tg z =
x x a2 - x2
tg z - z + c = - arc sen + c
a
a2 - x2
x 2 dx x x
∫ = - arc sen +c
32 a
⎛⎜ a 2 − x 2 ⎞⎟ a2 - x2
⎝ ⎠
a
x
z
a2 - x2
22
INTEGRALES POR SUSTITUCIONES TRIGONOMETRICAS
Ejercicios 7.3 Pag 571 Leythold
Problema # 1
dx a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z
∫
x2 4 - x2
4 - x2 = 22 - x 2
dx 2 cos z dz
∫ =∫ 22 - x 2 ⇒ x = 2 sen z
x2 4 - x2 4 sen 2 z (2 cos z )
x = 2 sen z
1 dz
∫ x 2 = 4 sen 2 z
4 sen 2 z
si x = 2 sen z ⇒ dx = 2 cos z dz
1 1 1 2
∫ dz = ∫ csc z dz
4 sen 2 z 4
4- x2 = 4 - 4 sen 2 z
Tabla de integrales
4- x2 = 4 ⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
2
∫ csc z dz = - ctg z + c
4 - x2 = 4 ⎛⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
1 2 1 4 - x 2 = 2 cos z
∫ csc z dz = - ctg z + c
4 4
x
si x = 2 sen z ⇒ sen z =
Reemplazando 2
1 1 4 - x2 x 4 − x2
- (ctg z) + c = - ( ) +c tg z = ctg z =
x
4 4 x 4 - x2
dx 4 - x2
∫ = - +c
4x
x2 4 - x2 2 x
4 - x2
23
Problema # 2
4 - x 2 dx a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z
∫
x2
4 - x2 = 22 - x 2
4 - x 2 dx 2 cos z (2 cos z dz ) 22 - x 2 ⇒ x = 2 sen z

∫ =∫
x2 4 sen 2 z
x = 2 sen z
x 2 = 4 sen 2 z
cos 2 z
∫ dz
sen 2 z si x = 2 sen z ⇒ dx = 2 cos z dz
4- x2 = 4 - 4 sen 2 z
2
∫ ctg z dz
Identidad trigonométrica 4 - x2 = 4 ⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟

⎝ ⎠
ctg2 z = csc2 z - 1
2 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 4- x2 = 4 ⎛⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟
∫ ctg z dz = ∫ ⎜ csc z - 1⎟ dz ⎝ ⎠
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞ 2 4 - x 2 = 2 cos z
∫ ⎜ csc z - 1⎟ dz = ∫ csc z dz - ∫ 1dz
⎝ ⎠
x
x ⎛x⎞
∫ dz = z + c 2 sen z = ⇒ z = arc sen ⎜ ⎟
∫ csc z dz = - ctg z + c 2 ⎝2⎠
x 4 − x2
tg z = ctg z =
2 x
∫ csc z dz - ∫ 1dz = - ctg z - z + c 4 - x2
Reemplazando
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 4 - x2 ⎟ ⎛x⎞
- ctg z - z + c = - ⎜ ⎟ - arc sen⎜ 2 ⎟ + c
⎜ x ⎟ ⎝ ⎠
⎝ ⎠
⎡ ⎤
4 - x 2 dx 4 - x2 ⎥ - arc sen ⎡ x ⎤ + c 2 x
∫ = - ⎢ ⎢2⎥
⎢ ⎥
x2 ⎣⎢
x
⎦⎥
⎣ ⎦
z
4 - x2
24
Problema # 3
dx x2 + a2 ⇒ x = a tg z
∫
x x2 + 4
x 2 + 4 = x 2 + 2 2 ⇒ x = 2 tg z
dx 2 sec 2 z dz
∫ =∫ x = 2 tg z
2 tg z (2 sec z )
x x2 + 4 x2 = 4 tg2 z
1 sec z dz
∫ si x = 2 tg z ⇒ dx = 2 sec 2 z dz
2 tg z
1 x 2 + 4 = 4 tg 2 z + 4
dz
1 cos z
∫
sen z x 2 + 4 = 4 ⎛⎜ tg 2 z + 1⎞⎟
2 ⎝ ⎠
cos z
x 2 + 4 = 4 ⎛⎜ sec 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
1 1
∫ dz
2 sen z
x 2 + 4 = 2 sec z
1
∫ csc z dz x
2 si x = 2 tg z ⇒ tg z =
2
x2 + 4 2
Tabla de integrales csc z = ctg z =
x x
∫ csc z dz = ln csc z - ctg z + c
1 1
∫ csc z dz = Ln csc z - ctg z + c 4 + x2
2 2 x
Reemplazando z
1 1 x2 + 4 2
Ln csc z - ctg z + c = Ln - +c 2
2 2 x x
dx 1 x2 + 4 - 2
∫ = Ln +c
2 x
x x2 + 4
25
Problema # 4
x 2 dx x2 + a2 ⇒ x = a tg z
∫
x2 + 6
x 2 dx
6 tg 2 z ⎛⎜ 6 sec 2 z dz ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
x2 + 6 = x2 + ( 6 )2 ⇒ x = 6 tg z
∫ =∫
x2 + 6
6 sec z x = 6 tg z
6 ∫ tg 2 z sec z dz x2 = 6 tg2 z
Identidad trigonometrica si x = 6 tg z ⇒ dx = 6 sec 2 z dz
tg2 z = sec2 z - 1
x 2 + 6 = 6 tg 2 z + 6
6 ∫ tg 2 z sec z dz = 6 ∫ ⎛⎜ sec 2 z - 1⎞⎟ (sec z dz ) x 2 + 6 = 6 ⎛⎜ tg 2 z + 1⎞⎟

⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
x 2 + 6 = 6 ⎛⎜ sec 2 z ⎞⎟
6 ∫ sec 3 z dz - 6 ∫ sec z dz ⎝ ⎠
Tabla de integrales
x2 + 6 = 6 sec z
x
si x = 6 tg z ⇒ tg z =
6
x 2 dx
∫ = 6 ∫ sec 3 z dz - 6 ∫ sec z dz
x2 + 6
Se resuelve primero la integral 6 ∫ sec 3 z dz por partes

∫ u dv = u * v - ∫ v du
6 ∫ sec 3 z dz = 6 ∫ sec 2 z * sec z dz

2
v = tg z
6 ∫ sec 2 z * sec z dz = 6[sec z * tg z - ∫ (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ]
6[sec z * tg z - ∫ (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ] = 6 ⎡sec z * tgz - ∫ tg 2 z * sec z dz ⎤

⎣⎢ ⎥⎦
6 ⎡sec z * tgz - ∫ tg 2 z sec z dz ⎤ = 6 ⎡sec z * tg z - ∫ ⎛⎜ sec 2 - 1⎞⎟ * sec z dz ⎤

⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦
26
6 ⎡sec z * tg z - ∫ ⎛⎜ sec 2 - 1⎞⎟ * sec z dz ⎤ = 6 ⎡sec z * tg z - ∫ sec 3 z dz + ∫ sec z dz ⎤
⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
6 ∫ sec 3 z dz = 6 ⎡sec z * tg z - ∫ sec 3 z dz + ∫ sec z dz ⎤
⎣⎢ ⎥⎦
6 ∫ sec 3 z dz = 6 sec z * tg z - 6 ∫ sec 3 z dz + 6 ∫ sec z dz
ordenando como una ecuación cualquiera y reduciendo términos semejantes
6 ∫ sec 3 z dz + 6 ∫ sec 3 z dz = 6 sec z * tg z + 6 ∫ sec z dz

12 ∫ sec 3 z dz = 6 sec z * tg z + 6 ∫ sec z dz
6 ∫ sec 3 z dz = 3sec z * tg z + 3∫ sec z dz

Tabla de integrales
6 ∫ sec 3 z dz = 3sec z * tg z + 3 Ln sec z + tg z + c
La integral inicial es :
x 2 dx
∫ = 6 ∫ sec 3 z dz - 6 ∫ sec z dz
x2 + 6
6 ∫ sec 3 z dz - 6 ∫ sec z dz = 3 sec z * tg z + 3 Ln sec z + tg z - 6 ∫ sec z dz
6 ∫ sec 3 z dz - 6 ∫ sec z dz = 3 sec z * tg z + 3 Ln sec z + tg z - 6 Ln sec z + tg z + c
6 ∫ sec 3 z dz - 6 ∫ sec z dz = 3 sec z * tg z - 3 Ln sec z + tg z + c
x
6
x2 + 6 cos z =
6
sec z =
x2 + 6
x x2 + 6 6
z ctg z =
6
x
6
Reemplazando
6 ∫ sec 3 z dz - 6 ∫ sec z dz = 3 sec z * tg z - 3 Ln sec z + tg z + c

27
⎛ ⎞
3 ⎜ x2 + 6 ⎟ x x2 + 6 x
6 ∫ sec z dz - 6 ∫ sec z dz = 3 ⎜ ⎟ * - 3 Ln + +c
⎜ 6 ⎟ 6 6 6
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞
3 ⎜ x x2 + 6 ⎟ x2 + 6 + x
6 ∫ sec z dz - 6 ∫ sec z dz = 3 ⎜ ⎟ - 3 Ln +c
⎜ 6 ⎟ 6
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞
3 ⎜ x x2 + 6 ⎟ x2 + 6 + x
6 ∫ sec z dz - 6 ∫ sec z dz = ⎜ ⎟ - 3 Ln +c
⎜ 2 ⎟ 6
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞
x 2 dx 3 ⎜ x x2 + 6 ⎟ x2 + 6 + x
∫ = 6 ∫ sec z dz - 6 ∫ sec z dz = ⎜ ⎟ - 3 Ln +c
⎜ 2 ⎟ 6
x2 + 6 ⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞
x 2 dx ⎜ x x2 + 6 ⎟ x2 + 6 + x
∫ = ⎜ ⎟ - 3 Ln +c
⎜ 2 ⎟ 6
x2 + 6 ⎝ ⎠
28
Problema # 5
x 2 - a 2 ⇒ x = a sec z
x
∫ dx x 2 - 25 = x 2 - 5 2 ⇒ x = 5 sec z
x 2 − 25
x 5 sec z (5 sec z tg z dz) x = 5 sec z
∫ dx = ∫
5 tg z
x 2 − 25 X2 = 25 sec2 z
5∫ sec 2 z dz = si x = 5 sec z ⇒ dx = 5 sec z tg z dz

x 2 - 25 = 25 sec 2 z - 25
Tabla de integrales
x 2 - 25 = 25 (sec 2 z - 1)
2
∫ sec z dz = tg z + c x 2 - 25 = 25 (tg 2 z )
5∫ sec 2 z dz = 5 tg z + c x 2 - 25 = 5 tg z
Reemplazando x
si x = 5 sec z ⇒ sec z =
⎛ x − 25 ⎞ 5
5 (tg z ) + c = 5 ⎜⎜ ⎟+c
⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠ x 5
5 (tg z ) + c = ( )
x − 25 + c
si sec z =
5
⇒ cos z =
x
2
x - 25
x sen z =
∫ dx = ( x 2 - 25 ) + c x
x 2 − 25 2
x - 25
tg z =
5
x
x 2 - 25
z
29
Problema # 6 32
dx ⎛⎜ a 2 + x 2 ⎞⎟ ⇒ x = a tg z
∫ ⎝ ⎠
3
3 3
⎛⎜ 2 + x 2 ⎞⎟ 2
⎝ ⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎢ ( )
⎛⎜ 2 + x 2 ⎞⎟ 2 = ⎡ 2 2 + x 2 ⎤ 2 ⇒ x = 2 tg z
⎥
⎣ ⎦
dx 2 sec 2 z dz
∫ =∫
3 2 2 sec 3 z
⎛⎜ 2 + x 2 ⎞⎟ 2 x = 2 tg z
⎝ ⎠
x 2 = 2 tg 2 z
1 1
∫ dz
2 sec si x = 2 tg z ⇒ dx = 2 sec 2 z dz
3 3
1
2
∫ cos z dz
⎝ ⎠
( )
⎛⎜ 2 + x 2 ⎞⎟ 2 = ⎡ 2 2 + 2 tg 2 z ⎤ 2
⎢
⎣
⎥
⎦
1 3 3
sen z + c
2 ⎛⎜ 2 + x 2 ⎞⎟ 2 = ⎡2 + 2 tg 2 z ⎤ 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
Reemplazando 3 3
⎛ ⎞ ⎛⎜ 2 + x 2 ⎞⎟ 2 = ⎡2⎛⎜1 + tg 2 z ⎞⎟ ⎤ 2
1 1⎜ x ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦
(sen z) + c = ⎜ ⎟⎟ + c
2 2⎜ 2 3
⎝ 2+x ⎠ 3
⎛⎜ 2 + x 2 ⎞⎟ 2 = ⎡2⎛⎜ sec 2 z ⎞⎟ ⎤ 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦
dx x
∫ = +c 3
3
2 2 + x2 ⎛⎜ 2 + x 2 ⎞⎟ 2 = [2 ]3 2 * ⎡sec 2 z ⎤
32
⎛⎜ 2 + x 2 ⎞⎟ 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎝ ⎠
3
⎛⎜ 2 + x 2 ⎞⎟ 2 = 2 2 * sec 3 z
⎝ ⎠
x
2
x
sen z =
2 + x2
2 + x2
x x
sen z =
z 2 + x2
2
30
Problema # 7 32
⎛⎜ x 2 - a 2 ⎞⎟ ⇒ x = a sec z
dx ⎝ ⎠
∫ 32
32 32 ⎛ 4x 2 9 ⎞
⎛⎜ 4x 2 − 9 ⎞⎟ ⎡ 4 x 2 - 9⎤ = ⎜ - ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎦⎥ ⎜ 4 4⎟
3 ⎝ ⎠
sec z tg z dz 32
dx ⎡ 2⎤
∫ =∫ 2 ⎡4x 2 - 9⎤
32 ⎛3⎞ 3
32
27 tg 3 z = ⎢x 2 - ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⇒ x = sec z
⎛⎜ 4x 2 − 9 ⎞⎟ ⎢⎣ ⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎝2⎠ ⎥ 2
⎣ ⎦
⎝ ⎠
1
3
1 sec z dz 1 cos z x= sec z
∫ = ∫ dz 2
18 tg 2 z 18 sen 2 z
9
x 2 = sec 2 z
cos 2 z 4
1 cos z
∫ 3 3
18 sen 2 z si x = sec z ⇒ dx = sec z tg z dz
2 2
32 32
1 cos z 1 ⎛⎜ 4 x 2 - 9 ⎞⎟ ⎡ ⎛ 9 ⎞ ⎤
∫ * dz = ⎢4⎜ sec 2 z ⎟ - 9⎥
18 sen z sen z ⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎦
32 ⎡ 32
1 ⎛⎜ 4 x 2 - 9 ⎞⎟ = ⎢⎛⎜ 9 sec 2 z ⎞⎟ - 9⎤⎥
∫ ctg z csc z dz ⎝ ⎠ ⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎦
18 32
32 ⎡
⎛⎜ 4 x 2 - 9 ⎞⎟ = ⎢(9 ) ⎛⎜ sec 2 z - 1⎞⎟ ⎤⎥
Solución por cambio de variable ⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
u = csc z
du = - csc z ctg z dz 32 32
⎛⎜ 4x 2 - 9 ⎞⎟ = ⎡⎢(9 ) ⎛⎜ tg 2 z ⎞⎟ ⎤⎥
⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
1 1
- ∫ du = - u+c 32 32
18 18 ⎛⎜ 4x 2 - 9 ⎞⎟ = ⎡3 2 ⎤ 3 2 ⎡ tg 2 z⎤
⎝ ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
Reemplazando 32
⎛⎜ 4x 2 - 9 ⎞⎟ = 33 tg 3 z
1 1 ⎝ ⎠
- u + c = - csc z + c
18 18 32
⎛⎜ 4 x 2 - 9 ⎞⎟ = 27 tg 3 z
⎝ ⎠
Reemplazando
4x 2 - 9
1 ⎛⎜ 2 x ⎞⎟
2x 3
1 sec z = cos z = sen z =
- csc z + c = - +c 3 2x 2x
18 18 ⎜⎜ 2 - 9 ⎟⎟
⎝ 4x ⎠ 2x
csc z =
1 ⎛⎜ 2 x ⎞⎟ 1 ⎡⎢ x ⎤
⎥+c 4x 2 − 9
- + c = -
18 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ 9⎢ 2 ⎥
⎝ 4x - 9 ⎠ ⎣ 4x - 9 ⎦
dx x
∫ = - +c 2x
32
9 4x 2 - 9
4x2 - 9
⎛⎜ 4x 2 − 9 ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
z
31
Problema # 8
∫
dw w 2 - a 2 ⇒ w = a sec z
w2 w2 -7
w2 -7 = w2 - 7
dw 7 sec z tg z dz
∫ =∫ w2 - 7
w2 w2 -7 (
7 sec 2 z 7 tg z) ⇒ w = 7 sec z
w = 7 sec z
1 1
∫ dz w 2 = 7 sec 2 z
7 sec z
si w = 7 sec z ⇒ dw = 7 sec z tg z dz
1
∫ cos z dz
7
1 w2 -7 = 7 sec 2 z - 7
sen z + c
7
w2 -7 = 7 ⎛⎜ sec 2 z - 1⎞⎟
Reemplazando ⎝ ⎠
1 1 w2 - 7
(sen z) + c = ( ) + c w2 -7 = 7 ⎛⎜ tg 2 z ⎞⎟
7 7 w ⎝ ⎠
w2 - 7 = 7 tg z
dw w2 -7
∫ = +c
7w
w2 w2 -7
w
si w = 7 sec z ⇒ sec z =
7
7 w2 -7
cos z = sen z =
w w
w
w2 - 7
z
32
Problema # 9
32
⎛ a 2 - tg 2 x ⎞ ⇒ tg x = a sen z
⎜ ⎟
sec 2 x dx ⎝ ⎠
∫
32
⎛⎜ 4 - tg 2 x ⎞⎟ 32 32
⎝ ⎠ ⎛⎜ 4 - tg 2 x ⎞⎟ = ⎡(2)2 - tg 2 x ⎤
⎝ ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
32
sec 2 x dx 2 cos z dz ⎡(2)2 - tg 2 x ⎤ ⇒ tg x = 2 sen θ
∫ =∫ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
32 8 cos 3 z
⎛⎜ 4 - tg 2 x ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠ tg x = 2 sen z
1 1 tg 2 x = 4 sen 2 z
∫ dz
4 cos 2 z
si tg x = 2 sen z ⇒ sec 2 x dx = 2 cos z dz
1 2 ⎛ 4 - tg 2 x ⎞
32 ⎡ 32
∫ sec z dz ⎜ ⎟= 4 - 4 sen 2 z ⎤
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
4 ⎝ ⎠
32 ⎡ ⎤
32
Tabla de integrales ⎛ 4 - tg 2 x ⎞ = ⎢(4)⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟⎥
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
2
∫ sec z dz = tg z + c
Tabla de integrales 32 32
⎛⎜ 4 - tg 2 x ⎞⎟ = ⎡⎢(4)⎛⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟⎤⎥
⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
32 32
1 2 1 ⎛⎜ 4 - tg 2 x ⎞⎟ = ⎡⎢⎛⎜ 2 2 ⎞⎟⎤⎥ * cos 3 z
∫ sec z dz = tg z + c ⎝ ⎠ ⎣⎝ ⎠⎦
4 4
Reemplazando 32
⎛⎜ 4 - tg 2 x ⎞⎟ = 2 3 cos 3 z
1 1 tgx ⎝ ⎠
(tg z) + c = ( ) +c
4 4
4 - tg 2 x
⎛ 4 - tg 2 x ⎞
32
⎜ ⎟ = 8 cos 3 z
⎝ ⎠
sec 2 x dx tgx
∫ = +c tg x
32 si tg x = 2 sen z ⇒ sen z =
⎛⎜ 4 - tg 2 x ⎞⎟ 4 4 - tg 2 x
⎝ ⎠ 2
tg x
tg z =
4 - tg 2 x
2
tg x
4 - tg 2 x
33
Problema # 10 32
dz ⎛⎜ z 2 + a 2 ⎞⎟ ⇒ z = a tg θ
∫ ⎝ ⎠
(z 2 - 6z + 18)3 2 3 3
⎛⎜ (z − 3) + 9 ⎞⎟ 2 = ⎡(z − 3) + 3 ⎤ 2 ⇒ z - 3 = 3 tg θ
2 2 2
dz dz ⎝ ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
∫ =∫
⎛⎜ z 2 - 6z + 18 ⎞⎟
32 (z - 6z + 9 + 9)3 2
⎝ ⎠ z - 3 = 3 tg θ
dz
∫
32
(z - 3)2 = 9 tg 2 θ
⎡(z - 3)2 + 9⎤
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
si z - 3 = 3 tg θ ⇒ dz = 3 sec 2 θ dθ
Reemplazando 3 3
⎡(z - 3)2 + 9⎤ 2 = ⎡9 tg 2 θ + 9⎤ 2
dz 3 sec 2 θ dθ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
∫ =∫
32 27 sec 3 θ
⎡(z - 3)2 + 9⎤
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ 32 32
⎡(z - 3)2 + 9⎤ = ⎡⎢9 ⎛⎜ tg 2 θ + 1⎞⎟ ⎤⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
1 1
∫ dθ
[(z - 3)2 + 9]3 2 = [9 (sec 2 θ ) ]3 2

9 sec θ
1
∫ cos θ dθ
9 32
⎡(z - 3)2 + 9⎤ = [9 ]3 2 sec 3 θ
⎢⎣ ⎦⎥
Tabla de integrales
32
∫ cos θ dθ = sen θ + c ⎡(z - 3)2 + 9⎤ = 729 sec 3 θ
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
Tabla de integrales
1 1 32
∫ cos θ dθ = senθ + c ⎡(z - 3)2 + 9⎤ = 27 sec 3 θ
9 9 ⎢⎣ ⎦⎥
z -3
Reemplazando si z - 3 = 3 tg θ ⇒ tg θ =
3
⎛ ⎞ z −3
1 1 z-3
senθ + c = ⎜⎜ ⎟ +c
⎟⎟
sen θ =
9 9⎜ 2
⎝ z - 6z + 18 ⎠ z 2 - 6z + 18
dz z -3
∫ = +c
32
⎛⎜ z 2 - 6z + 18 ⎞⎟ 9 ⎛⎜ z 2 - 6z + 18 ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
z 2 - 6z + 18
z-3
ө
34
Problema # 11
Ln 3 w dw
u2 - a2 ⇒ u = a sec θ
∫
w Ln 2 w - 4 Ln 2 w - 4 = Ln 2 w - 2 2 ⇒ Ln w = 2 sec θ
Ln w = 2 sec θ
Ln 3 w dw Ln 3 w dw
∫ =∫
w
(Ln w )2 = 4 sec 2 θ
w Ln 2 w - 4 Ln 2 w - 4
(Ln w )3 = 8 sec 3 θ
Reemplazando
1
si Ln w = 2 sec θ ⇒ dw = 2 sec θ tg θ dθ
Ln 3 w dw 8 sec 3 z (2 sec z tg z dz ) w
∫ =∫
w 2 tgθ
Ln 2 w - 4
Ln 2 w - 4 = 4 sec 2 θ - 4
8 ∫ se 4 cθ dθ = 8∫ sec 2 θ * sec 2 θ dθ
Ln 2 w - 4 = 4 (sec 2 θ - 1)
Ln 2 w - 4 = 4 (tg 2 θ )
tg2 z + 1 = sec2 z
Ln 2 w - 4 = 2 tg θ
Reemplazando
Ln w
si Ln w = 2 sec θ ⇒ sec θ =
8∫ sec 2 θ * sec 2 θ dθ = 8 ∫ ⎛⎜ tg 2 θ + 1⎞⎟ * sec 2 θ dθ 2
⎝ ⎠
2
8 ∫ ⎛⎜ tg 2 θ ⎞⎟ sec 2 θ dθ + 8∫ sec 2 θ dθ cos θ =
⎝ ⎠ Ln w
Solución por cambio de variable

Ln 2 w - 4
x = tg θ dx = sec 2 θ dz tg θ =
2
x2 = tg2 θ
Reemplazando
Ln w
8 ∫ ⎛⎜ tg θ ⎞⎟ sec θ dθ + 8∫ sec θ dθ = 8∫ x dx + 8∫ dx
2 2 2 2 Ln 2 w - 4
⎝ ⎠ ө
8
8∫ x 2 dx + 8∫ dx = x 3 + 8 x + c
3 2
3
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
8
(tgθ )3 + 8(tgθ ) + c = 8 ⎜⎜ Ln w − 4 ⎟⎟ + 8⎜⎜ Ln w − 4 ⎟⎟ + c
3 3⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
3 2
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜ Ln w − 4 ⎟ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎜ Ln w − 4 ⎟ * ⎜ Ln 2 w − 4 ⎟
2
8⎝ ⎠ + 8⎜ Ln w − 4 ⎟ + c = 8 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ + 4⎛ Ln 2 w − 4 ⎞ + c
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
3 (2)3 ⎜
⎝
2 ⎟
⎠
3 8 ⎝ ⎠
35
1⎛ 2 ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜ Ln w − 4 ⎞⎟ * ⎜ Ln w − 4 ⎟ + 4⎜ Ln w − 4 ⎟ + c =
2 2
3⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Factorizando términos semejantes

⎛ ⎞ ⎡ Ln 2 w − 4 ⎤
⎜ Ln 2 w - 4 ⎟ * ⎢ + 4⎥ + c
⎝ ⎠ ⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦
Resolviendo términos semejantes
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜ Ln 2 w − 4 ⎟ * ⎡Ln 2 w − 4 + 12⎤ ⎜ Ln 2 w − 4 ⎟ * ⎡ Ln 2 w + 8⎤
⎛ ⎞ ⎡ Ln 2 w − 4 + 12 ⎤
⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎜ Ln 2 w - 4 ⎟ * ⎢ ⎥ +c =⎝ +c=⎝ +c
⎝ ⎠ ⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ 3 3
⎛ ⎞
⎜ Ln 2 w − 4 ⎟ * ⎡Ln 2 w + 8⎤
Ln 3 w dw ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
∫ =⎝ +c
3
w Ln 2 w − 4
36
Problema # 18 32
dx ⎛⎜ a 2 + x 2 ⎞⎟ ⇒ x = a tg z
∫ ⎝ ⎠
32
⎛⎜16 + x 2 ⎞⎟ 32 32
⎝ ⎠ ⎛⎜16 + x 2 ⎞⎟ = ⎡(4)2 + x 2 ⎤ ⇒ x = 4 tg z
⎝ ⎠ ⎢
⎣ ⎥
⎦
dx 4 sec 2 z dz x = 4 tg z
∫ =∫
32 64 sec 3 z
⎛⎜16 + x 2 ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠ x 2 = 16 tg 2 z
1 1
∫ dz =
1
∫ cos θ dθ si x = 4 tg z ⇒ dx = 4 sec 2 z dz
16 sec 16
32 32
Tabla de integrales ⎛⎜16 + x 2 ⎞⎟ = ⎡16 + 16 tg 2 z⎤
⎝ ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
∫ cos θ dθ = sen θ + c ⎛16 + x 2 ⎞
32 ⎡ ⎛ ⎤
32
Tabla de integrales ⎜ ⎟ = ⎢16 ⎜1 + tg 2 z ⎞⎟ ⎥
⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
1 1
∫ cos z dz = sen z + c 32 32
16 16 ⎛⎜16 + x 2 ⎞⎟ = ⎡⎢16 ⎛⎜ sec 2 z ⎞⎟ ⎤⎥
⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
Reemplazando 32 32 32
⎛⎜16 + x 2 ⎞⎟ = ⎡4 2 ⎤ * ⎡sec 2 z⎤
⎛ ⎞ ⎝ ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
1 1 ⎜ x ⎟
(sen z) + c = ⎜ ⎟+c
16 16 ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ 16 + x ⎠ 32
⎛⎜16 + x 2 ⎞⎟ = 4 3 sec 3 z = 64 sec 3 z
⎝ ⎠
dx x
∫ = +c x
⎛⎜16 + x 2 ⎞⎟
32
16 16 + x 2
⎝ ⎠
4
x
sen z =
16 + x 2
16 + x 2
x
z
37
Problema # 20
a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z
dx
∫
4x - x 2
4 - (x - 2)2 = 2 2 - (x - 2)2
dx dx
∫ =∫ ⇒ x - 2 = 2 sen z
4x - x 2 − ⎛⎜ x 2 - 4x ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
se suma 4 y se resta 4 (x - 2)2 = 4 sen 2 z
dx
∫
si x - 2 = 2 sen z ⇒ dx = 2 cos z dz
- ⎛⎜ x 2 - 4x + 4 - 4 ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
4 - (x - 2 )2 = 4 - 4 sen 2 z
Ordenando para formar una diferencia
de cuadrados 4 - (x - 2 )2 = 4 (1 - sen 2 z )
dx dx
∫ =∫
- ⎛⎜ x 2 - 4x + 4 - 4 ⎞⎟ ⎛ ⎞
− ⎜ ⎡ x 2 - 4x + 4⎤ − 4 ⎟ 4 - (x - 2)2 = 4 (cos 2 z )
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎠
dx
∫
- ⎛⎜ [x - 2]2 - 4 ⎞⎟ 4 - (x - 2 )2 = 2 cos z
⎝ ⎠
dx x-2
∫ si x - 2 = 2 sen z ⇒ sen z =
4 - (x - 2 )2 2
⎛x-2⎞
z = arc sen ⎜ ⎟
reemplazando ⎝ 2 ⎠
dx 2 cos z dz
∫ =∫
2 cos z
4 - (x - 2)2
2 cos z dz
∫ = ∫ dz 2
2 cos z x-2
z
⎛ x-2⎞
∫ dz = z + c = arc sen ⎜ ⎟ +c
⎝ 2 ⎠
4 − (x − 2 )2
dx ⎛ x -2⎞
∫ = arc sen ⎜ ⎟ +c
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
4x - x
38
Problema # 21
dx 32
⎛⎜ a 2 - x 2 ⎞⎟ ⇒ x = a sen z
∫
32 ⎝ ⎠
⎛⎜ 5 - 4x - x 2 ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠ 32
⎡3 2 − (x + 2 )2 ⎤ ⇒ x + 2 = 3 sen z
dx dx ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
∫ =∫
32 32
⎛⎜ 5 - 4x - x 2 ⎞⎟ ⎡- ⎛ x 2 + 4x - 5 ⎞⎤
⎝ ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎥
⎠⎦
x + 2 = 3 sen z
se suma 4 y se resta 4 para formar una diferencia (x + 2)2 = 9 sen 2 z
de cuadrados
dx
=∫
dx si x + 2 = 3 sen z ⇒ dx = 3 cos z dz
∫
32 32
⎡- ⎛ x 2 + 4x + 4 - 5 - 4 ⎞⎤ ⎡- ⎛ [x + 2]2 - 5 - 4 ⎞⎤
⎢⎣ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎥
⎠⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎥
⎠⎦ 32 32
⎡9 − (x + 2)2 ⎤ = ⎡9 - 9 sen 2 z ⎤
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
dx dx
∫ =∫
32 32 32 32
⎡ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎤ ⎡9 - [x + 2]2 ⎤ ⎡9 − (x + 2 )2 ⎤ = ⎡⎢9⎛⎜1 − sen 2 z ⎞⎟⎤⎥
⎢− ⎜ [x + 2] − 9 ⎟⎥ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
⎢⎣ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎥
⎠⎦
32 32
Reemplazando ⎡9 − (x + 2 )2 ⎤ = ⎡⎢9⎛⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟⎤⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
dx 3 cos z dz
∫ =∫
[9 - [x + 2]]3 2 27 cos 3 θ 32 32
⎡9 − (x + 2 )2 ⎤ = (9 )3 2 ⎛⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎝ ⎠
1 1
∫ dz 32
9 cos 2 z ⎡9 − (x + 2 )2 ⎤ = 27 ⎛⎜ cos 3 z ⎞⎟
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎝ ⎠
x+2
1 2 si x + 2 = 3 sen z ⇒ sen z =
∫ sec z dz 3
9 x+2
tg z =
Tabla de integrales 9 - (x + 2 )2
2
∫ sec z dz = tg z + c
1 2 1 3
∫ sec z dz = tg z + c x+2
9 9
z
dx 1
∫ = tg z + c
32 9
⎛⎜ 5 - 4x - x 2 ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠ 9 − ( x + 2 )2
dx 1 x+2
∫ = ( )+c
32 9
⎛⎜ 5 - 4x - x 2 ⎞⎟ 9 - (x + 2 )2
⎝ ⎠
39
Problema # 22
dx
∫
x x4 - 4
⎛ x 3 ⎞ dx
⎜ ⎟ x 3 dx
⎝ ⎠ =∫
∫
⎛ x3 ⎞ x x 4 - 4 x4 x4 - 4
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Cambio de variable u2 +a2 ⇒ u = a tg z

2 4 3
u =x -4 2 u du = 4x dx
u du u 2 + 4 = u 2 + 22 ⇒ u = 2 tg z
= x 3 dx
2
u +4=x 4 2
u = 2 tg z
u2 = 4 tg2 z
u du
x 3 dx 2 u du
∫ =∫ =∫
⎛ u 2 + 4⎞ * u 2 2⎛⎜ u 2 + 4 ⎞⎟ * u si u = 2 tg z ⇒ du = 2 sec 2 z dz
x4 x4 - 4 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
1 du
∫ u 2 + 4 = 4 tg 2 z + 4
2 ⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜ u + 4⎟
⎝ ⎠ u 2 + 4 = 4 (tg 2 z + 1)
u 2 + 4 = 4 (sec 2 z )
1 2 sec 2 z dz
∫ u x4 -4
2 4 sec 2 z si u = 2 tg z ⇒ tg z = =
2 2
1 si u 2 = x 4 - 4 ⇒ u = x 4 - 4
∫ dz
4
⎛ ⎞
⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛u⎞ ⎜ x4 -4 ⎟
1 1 1 ⎜ x −4 ⎟ z = arc tg ⎜ ⎟ = arc tg ⎜ ⎟
∫ dz = z + c = arc tg ⎜ ⎟ +c ⎝2⎠ ⎜ 2 ⎟
4 4 4 ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎝ ⎠
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞
dx 1 ⎜ x4 -4 ⎟
∫ = arc tg ⎜ ⎟ +c
4 ⎜ 2 ⎟
x x4 - 4 ⎝ ⎠
x4 - 4
z
40
Problema # 23
dx
∫
x2 x2 + 9
dx 3 sec 2 z dz x2 + a2 ⇒ x = a tg z
∫ =∫
⎛⎜ 9 tg 2 z ⎞⎟ * (3 sec z ) x2 + 9 = x 2 + 3 2 ⇒ x = 3 tg z
x2 x2 +9
⎝ ⎠
x = 3 tg z
1 sec z
∫ dz x 2 = 9 tg 2 z
9 tg 2 z
1
1 cos z si x = 3 tg z ⇒ dx = 3 sec 2 z dz
∫ dz
9 sen 2 z
x 2 + 9 = 9 tg 2 z + 9
cos 2 z
x 2 + 9 = 9 (tg 2 z + 1)
1 cos z
∫ dz
9 sen 2 z
x 2 + 9 = 9 (sec 2 z)
x 2 + 9 = 3 sec z
u = sen z du = cos z dz
x
u2 = sen2 z si x = 3 tg z ⇒ tg z =
3
Reemplazando x x2 + 9
1 cos z dz 1 du 1 − 2 sen z = csc z =
= ∫ = ∫ u du x
∫
9 sen 2 z 9 u 2 9 x2 + 9
1 -2 1 1
∫u du = u -1 + c = - +c
9 9 (- 1) 9u
Reemplazando
1 1 1
- +c= - + c = - * csc z + c
9u 9(sen z ) 9
x2 + 9
⎛ ⎞ x
1 1 ⎜ x2 + 9 ⎟ 1 x2 + 9
- csc z + c = - ⎜ ⎟ +c = − +c z
9 9⎜ x ⎟ 9 x
⎝ ⎠
3
dx 1 x2 + 9
∫ = - +c
9
x2 x2 +9
x
41
Problema # 24
x2
∫ dx
4 - x2 a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z
x 2 dx 4 sen 2 z (2 cos z dz ) 4- x2 = 22 - x 2
∫ =∫
4- x2
(2 cos z )
22 - x 2 ⇒ x = 2 sen z
2 2
∫ 4 sen z dz = 4 ∫ sen z dz
x = 2 sen z
Identidades trigonometricas x 2 = 4 sen 2 z
1 - cos 2z
= sen 2 z si x = 2 sen z ⇒ dx = 2 cos z dz
2
4- x2 = 4 - 4 sen 2 z
⎛ 1 - cos 2z ⎞
4∫ sen 2 z dz = 4∫ ⎜ ⎟ dz 4 - x2 = 4 ⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
4
∫ (1 - cos 2z ) dz = [2(∫ 1 dz - ∫ cos 2z dz )]
2
4 - x2 = 4 ⎛⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
2∫ dz - 2∫ cos 2z dz
4 - x 2 = 2 cos z
⎛1 ⎞
2z - 2⎜ sen 2z ⎟ + c
⎝ 2 ⎠ x
2
Identidades trigonometricas ⎛x⎞
z = arc sen ⎜ ⎟
sen 2z = 2 sen z * cos z ⎝2⎠
⎛1 ⎞
2z - 2⎜ sen 2z ⎟ + c = 2 z - ( sen z * cos z ) + c 4 - x2
2 si 4 - x 2 = 2 cos z ⇒ cos z =
⎝ ⎠ 2
Reemplazando
⎡ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎤
⎛ ⎛ x ⎞⎞ x ⎜ 4 - x ⎟⎥
2 z - ( sen z * cos z ) + c = 2⎜⎜ arc sen ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ - ⎢ * ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠ ⎢ 2 ⎜ 2 ⎟⎥ 2
⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦ x
z
⎡ ⎛ ⎞⎤ ⎛ ⎞
⎛ ⎛ x ⎞⎞ x ⎜ 4 - x2 ⎟⎥ ⎛x⎞ ⎜ x 4 - x2 ⎟
2⎜⎜ arc sen ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ - ⎢⎢ * ⎟ ⎥ + c = 2 arc sen ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ +c 4 - x2
⎜ -⎜
⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠ ⎢⎣
2 ⎜ 2 ⎟⎥ ⎝2⎠ ⎜ 4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎦ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞
⎛x⎞ ⎜ x 4-x2 ⎟ ⎛x⎞ 1⎛ 2 ⎞
2 arc sen ⎜ ⎟ -⎜ ⎟ + c = 2 arc sen ⎜ 2 ⎟ - 4 ⎜⎜ x 4 - x ⎟⎟ + c
⎝2⎠ ⎜ 4 ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎝ ⎠
x2 ⎛x⎞ 1⎛ ⎞
∫ dx = 2 arc sen ⎜ ⎟ - ⎜⎜ x 4 - x 2 ⎟⎟ + c
4-x2 ⎝2⎠ 4⎝ ⎠
42
Problema # 25
dx
∫
x x2 - 4 x 2 - a 2 ⇒ x = a sec z
∫
dx
=∫
2 sec z tg z dz
x2 - 4 = x 2 - 22
x x2 - 4
(2 sec z )(2 tg z )
x 2 - 22 ⇒ x = 2 sec z
1
∫ dz
2 x = 2 sec z
x 2 = 4 sec 2 z
Tabla de integrales
si x = 2 sec z ⇒ dx = 2 sec z tg z dz
∫ dz = z + c
x2 - 4 = 4 sec 2 z - 4
dx 1
∫ = ∫ dz x2 - 4 = 4 (sec 2 z - 1)
2
x x2 - 4
1 x2 - 4 = 4 (tg 2 z )
(z ) + c
2
x 2 - 4 = 2 tg z
dx 1⎛ x⎞
∫ = ⎜ arc sec ⎟ + c x
2⎝ 2⎠ x = 2 sec z ⇒ sec z =
x x2 - 4 2
x
z = arc sec
2
x
x2 - 4
z
43
Problema # 28
dw 32
⎛⎜ w 2 - a 2 ⎞⎟ ⇒ x = a sec z
∫
32 ⎝ ⎠
⎛⎜ w 2 - 4 ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
32 32
⎛⎜ w 2 - 4 ⎞⎟ = ⎛⎜ w 2 - 2 2 ⎞⎟
dw 2 sec z tg z dz ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
∫ =∫
32 ⎛⎜ 8 tg 3 z ⎞⎟
⎛⎜ w 2 - 4 ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ 32
⎛⎜ w 2 - 2 2 ⎞⎟ ⇒ w = 2 sec z
⎝ ⎠
1 sec z
∫ dz w = 2 sec z
4 tg 2 z
w 2 = 4 sec 2 z
1
1 ( sec z ) 1 cos z 1 cos z si w = 2 sec z ⇒ dw = 2 sec z tg z dz
∫ dz = ∫ dz = ∫ dz
4 tg 2 z 4 sen 2 z 4 sen 2 z
32 32
cos 2 z ⎛ w 2 - 4⎞
⎜ ⎟ = ⎛⎜ 4 sec 2 z - 4 ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
1 cos z 1 1 ⎛ w 2 - 4⎞
32 32
∫ * dz = ∫ ctg z * csc z dz ⎜ ⎟ = ⎛⎜ 4 (sec 2 z - 1) ⎞⎟
4 sen z sen z 4 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Tabla de integrales 32 32
⎛ w 2 - 4⎞
⎜ ⎟ = ⎛⎜ 4 (tg 2 z) ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
∫ csc z ctg z dz = - csc z + c 32 32
⎛⎜ w 2 - 4 ⎞⎟ = ⎛⎜ 2 2 ⎞⎟ tg 3 z
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
32
1 1 ⎛⎜ w 2 - 4 ⎞⎟ = 2 3 tg 3 z = 8 tg 3 z
∫ ctg z * csc z dz = − csc z + c ⎝ ⎠
4 4
w
w = 2 sec z ⇒ sec z =
⎛ ⎞ 2
dw 1 1⎜ w ⎟
∫ = - csc z + c = - ⎜ ⎟+c w
32 4 4⎜
w 2 - 4
⎟ z = arc sec
⎛⎜ w 2 - 4 ⎞⎟ ⎝ ⎠ 2
⎝ ⎠
w2 - 4 w
sen z = ⇒ csc z =
w
w2 - 4
⎛ ⎞
dw 1⎜ w ⎟
∫ = - ⎟+c
32 4 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟
⎛⎜ w 2 - 4 ⎞⎟ ⎝ w -4 ⎠ w
⎝ ⎠ w2 - 4
z
44
Problema # 29 2
⎛⎜ e t + 4 ⎞⎟ - 3 2 ⇒ ⎛⎜ e t + 4 ⎞⎟ = 3 sec θ
e t dt e t dt
∫ =∫ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
32 32
⎛⎜ e 2t + 8e t + 7 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ e 2t + 8e t + 16 + 7 - 16 ⎞⎟ t
e + 4 = 3 sec θ
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2
t
e dt ⎛⎜ e t + 4 ⎞⎟ = 9 sec 2 θ
∫ ⎝ ⎠
32
⎡⎛ e 2t + 8e t + 16 ⎞ + 7 − 16⎤
⎢⎣⎜⎝ ⎟
⎠ ⎥⎦ si e t + 4 = 3 sec θ ⇒ e t dt = 3 sec θ tg θ dθ
3
e t dt 32
∫ ⎡ t 2 ⎤2
⎡ t 2 ⎤
32 ⎢⎛⎜ e + 4 ⎞⎟ − 9⎥ = ⎡9 sec 2 θ − 9⎤
⎝ ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎢⎛⎜ e + 4 ⎞⎟ + 7 − 16⎥ ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦
⎢⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦ 3
32
⎡ t 2 ⎤2
e t dt ⎛ ⎞ ⎡ 2
⎢⎜ e + 4 ⎟ − 9⎥ = 9 (sec θ − 1) ⎤
∫
⎢⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
32
⎡ t 2 ⎤
⎢⎛⎜ e + 4 ⎞⎟ − 9⎥ 32
32
⎝ ⎠
⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ ⎡ t 2 ⎤
⎢⎛⎜ e + 4 ⎞⎟ − 9⎥ = ⎡9 (tg 2 θ )⎤
⎝ ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎣⎢ ⎥⎦
Reemplazando
32
e t dt 3 sec θ tg θ dθ 1 1 ⎡ t 2 ⎤ 32
∫ =∫ = ∫ sec θ dθ ⎢⎛⎜ e + 4 ⎞⎟ − 9⎥ = [9] tg 3 θ
32 27 tg 3 θ 9 tg 2 θ ⎝ ⎠
⎡ t 2 ⎤ ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦
⎢⎛⎜ e + 4 ⎞⎟ − 9⎥
⎢⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦ 32
⎡ t 2 ⎤
1 1 1 1 cos 2 θ ⎢⎛⎜ e + 4 ⎞⎟ − 9⎥ = 27 tg 3 θ
∫ * ctg 2 θ dθ = ∫ * dθ ⎣⎢
⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦
9 cos θ 9 cos θ sen 2 θ
32
⎡(z - 3)2 + 9⎤ = 27 sec 3 θ
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
1 cos θ 1 cos θ 1
∫ dθ = ∫ * dθ
2
9 sen θ 9 sen θ sen θ et + 4
si e t + 4 = 3 sec θ ⇒ sec θ =
1 3
∫ cot θ * csc θ dθ = 2
9 ⎛⎜ e t + 4 ⎞⎟ - 9
sen θ =
t
e +4
∫ csc θ ctg θ dθ = - csc θ + c et + 4
csc θ =
2
⎛⎜ e t + 4 ⎞⎟ -9
⎛ ⎞ ⎝ ⎠
⎜ ⎟
1 1 1⎜ et + 4 ⎟
∫ cot θ * csc θ dθ = - csc θ + c = - ⎜ ⎟
9 9 9⎜ 2 ⎟
⎜ ⎛⎜ e t + 4 ⎞⎟ − 9 ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠
et + 4 2
⎛⎜ e t + 4 ⎞⎟ -9
⎝ ⎠
z
45
Problema # 30
16 - e 2x
∫ dx
ex a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z
16 - e 2x dx e x * 16 - e 2x dx
∫ =∫
2
ex e x * ⎛⎜ e x ⎞⎟ 16 - e 2x = 4 2 - ⎛⎜ e x ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
16 - e 2x ⎛⎜ e x dx ⎞⎟ 2
e x * 16 - e 2x dx ⎝ ⎠ 4 2 - ⎛⎜ e x ⎞⎟ ⇒ e x = 4 sen z
∫ =∫ ⎝ ⎠
2x
e x * ⎛⎜ e x ⎞⎟ e
⎝ ⎠
e x = 4 sen z
16 - e 2x ⎛⎜ e x dx ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠ = (4 cos z )(4 cos z dz ) e 2x = 16 sen 2 z
∫ ∫
e 2x 16 2 sen 2 z
si e x = 4 sen z ⇒ e x dx = 4 cos z dz
(4 cos z )(4
cos z dz ) cos 2 z dz
=∫ = ∫ ctg 2 z dz
∫
2 2
16 sen z 2
sen z 16 - e 2x = 16 - 16 sen 2 z
Identidades trigonometricas
16 - e 2x = 16 (1 - sen 2 z )
cot 2 z = csc 2 z - 1
16 - e 2x = 16 (cos 2 z )
16 - e 2x = 4 cos z
2 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 2
∫ ctg z dz = ∫ ⎜ csc z - 1⎟ dz = ∫ csc z dz - ∫ dz
⎝ ⎠
ex
2
∫ csc z dz - ∫ dz = - ctg z - z + c si e x = 4 sen z ⇒ sen z =
4
⎛ ex ⎞
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ex ⎞ z = arc sen ⎜ ⎟
16 - e 2x ⎜ 16 - e 2x ⎟ ⎜ ⎟+c ⎜ 4 ⎟
∫ dx = - ctg z - z + c = - ⎜ ⎟ - arc sen
⎜ 4 ⎟ ⎝ ⎠
ex ⎜
⎝ ex ⎟
⎠ ⎝ ⎠
16 - e 2x
⎛
⎜ 16 - e 2x
⎞ ⎛ ex ⎞ 16 - e 2x
dx = - ⎜
⎟
- arc sen ⎜ ⎟+c si 16 - e 2x = 4 cos z ⇒ cos z =
∫ ⎟ ⎜ 4 ⎟ 4
ex ⎜
⎝ ex ⎟
⎠ ⎝ ⎠
16 - e 2x
ctg z =
ex
4
ex
z
16 - e 2 x
46
Ejercicio # 2 Pag 270 Calculo diferencial e integral SCHAUM
x 2 dx
∫
x2 - 4 x 2 - a 2 ⇒ x = a sec z
⎛⎜ 4 sec 2 z ⎞⎟ 2 sec z tg z dz
x 2 dx ⎝ ⎠ x2 - 4 = x 2 - 22
∫ =∫
x2 - 4
(2 tg z )
x 2 - 22 ⇒ x = 2 sec z
4∫ sec 3 z dz = x = 2 sec z
x 2 = 4 sec 2 z
Se resuelve la integral 4∫ sec 3 z dz por partes
∫ u dv = u * v - ∫ v du si x = 2 sec z ⇒ dx = 2 sec z tg z dz
4 ∫ sec 3 z dz = 4 ∫ sec 2 z * sec z dz x2 - 4 = 4 sec 2 z - 4

u = sec z dv = sec2 z x2 - 4 = 4 (sec 2 z - 1)
2
v = tg z x2 - 4 = 4 (tg 2 z )

x 2 - 4 = 2 tg z
4[sec z * tg z - ∫ (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ] = 4 ⎡sec z * tgz - ∫ tg 2 z * sec z dz ⎤

⎣⎢ ⎥⎦
4 ⎡sec z * tgz - ∫ tg 2 z * sec z dz ⎤ = 4 ⎡⎢sec z * tg z - ∫ ⎛⎜ sec 2 - 1⎞⎟ * sec z dz ⎤⎥

⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦
4 ⎡sec z * tg z - ∫ sec 3 z dz + ∫ sec z dz ⎤

⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
4 ∫ sec 3 z dz = 4 sec z * tg z - 4 ∫ sec 3 z dz + 4∫ sec z dz

8∫ sec 3 z dz = 4 sec z * tg z + 4∫ sec z dz

47
Tabla de integrales
x = 2 sec z
4 ∫ sec 3 z dz = 2 sec z * tg z + 2 Ln sec z + tg z + c si x = 2 sec z ⇒ sec z =

x
2
2
x 2 dx cos z =
∫ = 2 sec z * tg z + 2 Ln sec z + tg z + c x
x2 - 4
x 2 dx
⎛ 2 ⎞
x2 - 4
x2 - 4
=
⎛x⎞ ⎜ x -4 ⎟ x tg z =
∫ 2 ⎜
2
⎟ * ⎜ 2 ⎟ + 2 Ln 2 + 2
+c 2
x2 - 4 ⎝ ⎠ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞
x 2 dx 2
⎜x x -4 ⎟ x + x2 - 4
∫ = ⎜ ⎟⎟ + 2 Ln +c
2 ⎜ 2 2 x
x -4 ⎝ ⎠ x2 - 4
⎛ ⎞ z
x 2 dx 2
⎜x x -4 ⎟
∫ = ⎜ ⎟ + 2 Ln x + x 2 - 4 - 2 Ln 2 + c
x 2 - 4 ⎜⎝
2 ⎟
⎠ 2
Pero: C1 = - 2 Ln 4 + c
⎛ ⎞
x 2 dx 2
⎜x x -4 ⎟
∫ = ⎜ ⎟ + 2 Ln x + x 2 - 4 + c
x 2 - 4 ⎜⎝
2 ⎟
⎠
48
Ejercicio # 3 Pag 270
Calculo diferencial e integral SCHAUM
9 - 4 x 2 dx a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z
∫
x 2
9 4x 2 ⎛3⎞
⎛3 ⎞ 9 - 4x 2 = - = ⎜ ⎟ - x2
3 cos z ⎜ cos z dz ⎟ 4 4 ⎝2⎠
9 - 4x 2 dx ⎝2 ⎠
∫ =∫ 2
x 3 ⎛3⎞ 3
sen z 9 - 4x 2 = ⎜ ⎟ - x2 ⇒ x = sen z
2 ⎝2⎠ 2
3 9
Identidad trigonométrica x = sen z x 2 = sen 2 z
Cos 2 z = 1 - sen2 z 2 4
3 3
⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟ si x = sen z ⇒ dx = cos z dz
cos 2 z ⎝ ⎠ 2 2
3∫ dz = 3 ∫ dz
sen z sen z ⎛9 ⎞
9 - 4x 2 = 9 - 4⎜ sen 2 z ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛3 ⎞
3 cos z ⎜ cos z dz ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ cos 2 z
∫ =3∫ dz
3
sen z
sen z 9 - 4x 2 = 9 - 9 sen 2 z
2
⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎡ 1 sen 2 z ⎤ 9 - 4x 2 = 9⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟
3∫ dz = 3∫ ⎢ - ⎥ dz ⎝ ⎠
sen z ⎢ sen z sen z ⎥
⎣ ⎦
9 - 4x 2 = 9⎛⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟
3∫ [csc z - sen z ] dz ⎝ ⎠
3∫ csc z dz - 3∫ sen z dz 9 - 4x 2 = 3 cos z
Tabla de integrales 3 2x
si x = sen z ⇒ sen z =
2 3
∫ csc dz = Ln csc z - cot z + c ∫ sen dz = - cos z + c
9 - 4x 2
si 9 - 4x 2 = 3 cos z ⇒ cos z =
3∫ csc z dz - 3∫ sen z dz = 3 Ln csc z - cot z - 3 (- cos z ) + c 3
2x 9 - 4x 2
3∫ csc z dz - 3∫ sen z dz = 3 Ln csc z - cot z + 3 cos z + c tg z = ctg z =
2x
9 - 4x 2
9 - 4 x 2 dx 3
∫ = 3 Ln csc z - cot z + 3cos z + c csc z =
x 2x
⎛ ⎞
9 - 4 x 2 dx 3 9 - 4x 2 ⎜ 9 - 4x 2 ⎟
∫ = 3 Ln - + 3⎜ ⎟ +c 3 2x
x 2x 2x ⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
z
9 - 4 x 2 dx 3 − 9 - 4x 2
∫ = 3 Ln + 9 - 4x 2 + c
x 2x 9 - 4x 2
49
Ejercicio # 4 Pag 270 Calculo diferencial e integral SCHAUM
dx
∫
x 9 + 4x 2
3
sec 2 z dz
dx 2 a2 + x2 ⇒ x = a tg z
∫ = ∫
x 9 + 4x 2 ⎛3 ⎞
⎜ tg z ⎟ * (3 sec z ) 9 4x 2
⎝ 2 ⎠ 9 + 4x 2 = +
4 4
1 sec z
∫ dz 2
3 tg z ⎛3⎞ 3
9 + 4x 2 = ⎜ ⎟ + x2 ⇒ x = tg z
1 ⎝2⎠ 2
1 cos z
∫ dz 3
3 sen z x= tg z
cos z 2
9
1 1 x 2 = tg 2 z
∫ dz 4
3 sen z
3 3
1 si x = tg z ⇒ dx = sec 2 z dz
∫ csc z dz 2 2
3
⎛9 ⎞
9 + 4x 2 = 9 + 4⎜ tg 2 z ⎟
Tabla de integrales ⎝4 ⎠
9 + 4x 2 = 9 + 9 tg 2 z
∫ csc dz = Ln csc z - cot z + c
9 + 4x 2 = 9⎛⎜1 + tg 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
dx 1 9 + 4x 2 = 9⎛⎜ sec 2 z ⎞⎟
∫ = ∫ csc z dz ⎝ ⎠
3
x 9 + 4x 2
9 + 4x 2 = 3 sec z
dx 1
∫ = Ln csc z - cot z + c 3 2x
3 si x= tg z ⇒ tg z =
x 9 + 4x 2 2 3
9 + 4x 2
Reemplazando si 9 + 4x 2 = 3 sec z ⇒ sec z =
3
dx 1 9 + 4x 2 3 2x 3
∫ = Ln - +c si tg z = ⇒ ctg z =
3 2x 2x
x 9 + 4x 2 3 2x
9 + 4x 2
csc z =
dx 1 9 + 4x 2 - 3 2x
∫ = Ln +c
3 2x
x 9 + 4x 2
9 + 4x 2
2x
z
3
50
Resolver
dx a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z
∫
1 - 4x 2
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 4x ⎞
2
1 1 - 4x 2 = ⎜ ⎟ - ⎜ ⎟
cos z dz ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟
⎠
dx 2
∫ = ∫
1
1 - 4x 2 cos z 2
2 ⎛1⎞ 1
1 - 4x 2 = ⎜ ⎟ - x 2 ⇒ x = sen z
∫ dz ⎝2⎠ 2
x = sen z
2
∫ dz = z + c
1
x 2 = sen 2 z
4
dx
∫ = ∫ dz
1 1
1 - 4x 2 si x = sen z ⇒ dx = cos z dz
2 2
dx 1 1 ⎛1 ⎞
∫ =z +c - x2 = - ⎜ sen 2 z ⎟
4 4 ⎝4 ⎠
1 - 4x 2
Reemplazando
1
4
- x2 =
1
4
(
1 - sen 2 z )
dx 1 1⎛
- x2 = ⎜ cos z ⎞⎟
2
∫ = arc sen (2 x ) + c
4 4 ⎝ ⎠
1 - 4x 2
1 1
- x 2 = cos z
4 2
1
si x = sen z
2
1 2x z = arc sen (2x )
1 - 4x 2
51
Resolver
dx
∫
4x x 2 - 16 x 2 - a 2 ⇒ x = a sec z
∫
dx
=∫
4 sec z tg z dz x 2 - 16 = x 2 - 42
4 (4 sec z )(4 tg z )
4x x 2 - 16
x 2 - 42 ⇒ x = 4 sec z
1 x = 4 sec z
∫ dz
16 x 2 = 16 sec 2 z
si x = 4 sec z ⇒ dx = 4 sec z tg z dz
Tabla de integrales
∫ dz = z + c x 2 - 16 = 16 sec 2 z - 16
x 2 - 16 = 16 (sec 2 z - 1)
dx 1
∫ = ∫ dz
16
4x x 2 - 16 x 2 - 16 = 16 (tg 2 z )
dx 1
∫ = (z ) + c x 2 - 16 = 4 tg z
16
4x x 2 - 16
x
x = 4 sec z ⇒ sec z =
4
dx 1 ⎛ x⎞ x
∫ = ⎜ arc sec ⎟ + c z = arc sec
16 ⎝ 4⎠
4x x 2 - 16 4
x
x2 - 4
z
52
Resolver
9 - x 2 dx a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z
∫
x2
9 - x2 = 32 - x 2
9 - x 2 dx 3 cos z (3 cos z dz ) 32 - x 2 ⇒ x = 3 sen z
∫ =∫
x2 9 sen 2 z
x = 3 sen z
x 2 = 9 sen 2 z
cos 2 z
∫ dz
sen 2 z si x = 3 sen z ⇒ dx = 3 cos z dz
2 9 - x2 = 9 - 9 sen 2 z
∫ ctg z dz
Identidad trigonométrica 9 - x2 = 9 ⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟

⎝ ⎠
ctg2 z = csc2 z - 1
2 z dz = ⎛ csc 2 z - 1⎞ dz 9 - x2 = 9 ⎛⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟
∫ ctg ∫⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠
⎝ ⎠
∫ ⎜ csc
⎛ 2 z - 1⎞ dz = csc 2 z dz - 1dz
⎟ ∫ ∫ 9 - x 2 = 3 cos z
⎝ ⎠
x
Tabla de integrales si x = 3 sen z ⇒ sen z =
3
∫ dz = z + c 2 x ⎛x⎞
∫ csc z dz = - ctg z + c sen z = ⇒ z = arc sen ⎜ ⎟
3 ⎝3⎠
2 x 9 − x2
∫ csc z dz - ∫ 1dz = - ctg z - z + c tg z = ctg z =
x
9 - x2
Reemplazando
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 9 - x2 ⎟ ⎛x⎞
- ctg z - z + c = - ⎜ ⎟ - arc sen⎜ 3 ⎟ + c
⎜ x ⎟ ⎝ ⎠
⎝ ⎠
⎡ ⎤
9 - x 2 dx 9 - x2 ⎥ - arc sen ⎡ x ⎤ + c
∫ = - ⎢ ⎢3⎥
x2 ⎢ x ⎥ ⎣ ⎦ 3 x
⎣ ⎦
z
9 - x2
53
Resolver
2
∫ x + 5 dx
x2 + a2 ⇒ x = a tg z
2 ⎛ 2 ⎞
∫ x + 5 dx = ∫ 5 sec z ⎜ 5 sec z dz ⎟
⎝ ⎠ x2 + 5 = x2 + ( 5 )2 ⇒ x = 5 tg z
3
∫ 5 sec z dz x = 5 tg z
x 2 = 5 tg 2 z
Se resuelve la integral 5∫ sec 3 z dz por partes
∫ u dv = u * v - ∫ v du si x = 5 tg z ⇒ dx = 5 sec 2 z dz
5∫ sec 3 z dz = 5∫ sec 2 z * sec z dz
x2 + 5 = 5 tg 2 z + 5
2 x2 + 5 = 5 (tg 2 z + 1)
v = tg z
x 2 + 5 = 5 ⎛⎜ sec 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
5∫ sec 2 z * sec z dz = 5[sec z * tg z - ∫ (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ]
x2 + 5 = 5 sec z
5[sec z * tg z - ∫ (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ] = 5⎡sec z * tgz - ∫ tg 2 z * sec z dz ⎤
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
tg2 z = sec2 z - 1
5⎡sec z * tgz - ∫ tg 2 z * sec z dz ⎤ = 5⎡⎢sec z * tg z - ∫ ⎛⎜ sec 2 - 1⎞⎟ * sec z dz ⎤⎥

⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦
5⎡sec z * tg z - ∫ sec 3 z dz + ∫ sec z dz ⎤

⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
5∫ sec 3 z dz = 5⎡sec z * tg z - ∫ sec 3 z dz + ∫ sec z dz ⎤

⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
5∫ sec 3 z dz = 5 sec z * tg z - 5∫ sec 3 z dz + 5∫ sec z dz
5∫ sec 3 z dz + 5∫ sec 3 z dz = 5 sec z * tg z + 5∫ sec z dz
10 ∫ sec 3 z dz = 5 sec z * tg z + 5∫ sec z dz

5 5
5∫ sec 3 z dz = sec z * tg z + ∫ sec z dz
2 2
54
Tabla de integrales
x = 5 tg z
5 5
5∫ sec 3 z dz = sec z * tg z + Ln sec z + tg z + c si x = 5 tg z ⇒ tg z =
x
2 2
5
2 5 5 2
∫ x + 5 dx = sec z * tg z + Ln sec z + tg z + c cos z =
2 2 x
⎛ ⎞
5 ⎜ x2 + 5 ⎟ ⎛ x ⎞ 5 x2 +5 x x2 - 4
∫ x 2 + 5 dx = ⎟*⎜ ⎟ + Ln + +c tg z =
2 ⎜⎜ 5 ⎟ ⎜⎝ 5 ⎟⎠ 2 5 5 2
⎝ ⎠
x2 + 5 = 5 sec z
⎛ ⎞
5 ⎜ x x2 + 5 ⎟ 5 x2 +5 + x
∫ x 2 + 5 dx = ⎟ + 2 Ln +c x2 + 5
2 ⎜⎜ 5 ⎟ 5 sec z =
⎝ ⎠ 5
2 1⎛ ⎞ 5 x2 + 5 + x
∫ x + 5 dx = ⎜ x x 2 + 5 ⎟ + Ln +c
2⎝ ⎠ 2 5

1⎛ ⎞ 5 5
∫ x 2 + 5 dx = ⎜ x x 2 + 5 ⎟⎟ + Ln x2 +5 + x - Ln 5 +c
2 ⎜⎝ ⎠ 2 2
5
C1 = - Ln 5 +c
2 x2 + 5 x
1⎛ ⎞ 5 z
∫ x 2 + 5 dx = ⎜ x x 2 + 5 ⎟⎟ + Ln x2 +5 + x + C1
2 ⎜⎝ ⎠ 2
5
55
Resolver
dx x 2 - a 2 ⇒ x = a sec z
∫
x3 x 2 − 9
dx (3 sec z tg z dz) x2 -9 = x 2 - 3 2 ⇒ x = 3 sec z
∫ =∫
⎛⎜ 27 sec 3 z ⎞⎟ * 3 tg z
x3 x 2 − 9 x = 3 sec z
⎝ ⎠
1 dz 1 X2 = 9 sec2 z
= 2
∫ ∫ cos z dz
2
27 sec z 27
X3 = 27 sec3 z
Reemplazando la Identidad trigonométrica si x = 3 sec z ⇒ dx = 3 sec z tg z dz
x2 -9 = 9 sec 2 z - 9
1
cos 2 z = (1 + cos2z ) x2 -9 = 9 (sec 2 z - 1)
2
x2 -9 = 9 (tg 2 z )
1 1 1
∫ (1 + cos 2 z ) dz
2
∫ cos z dz =
27 27 2 x 2 - 9 = 3 tg z
1
∫ (1 + cos 2 z dz ) si x = 3 sec z ⇒ sec z =
x
54
3
1 1
∫ dz + ∫ cos 2z dz ⎛x⎞
54 54 z = arc sec ⎜ ⎟
⎝3⎠
1 1 ⎛1 ⎞ x 3
z + ⎜ sen 2z ⎟ + c si sec z = ⇒ cos z =
54 54 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 3 x
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ x2 - 9
z+⎜ sen 2z ⎟ + c si 3 tg z = x 2 - 9 ⇒ tg z =
54 ⎝ 108 ⎠ 3
sen 2 z = 2 sen z cos z

x
x2 - 9
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 1
z+⎜ sen 2z ⎟ + c = z+ (2 sen z cos z ) z
54 ⎝ 108 ⎠ 54 108
Reemplazando 3
⎛ 2 ⎞
1 ⎡ ⎛ x ⎞⎤ 1 ⎜ x - 9 3 ⎟
⎢ arc sec⎜ ⎟⎥ + ⎜ *
54 ⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦ 54 ⎜ x x ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1 x 1 ⎜ 3 x2 -9 ⎟ dx 1 x 1 ⎜ x2 -9 ⎟
arc sec + ⎟ +c ∫ = arc sec + ⎜ ⎟ +c
54 3 54 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟ 54 3 18 ⎜ x 2 ⎟⎠
⎝ x ⎠ x3 x2 -9 ⎝
56
Resolver
dx
∫
x 2 + 25 x2 + a2 ⇒ x = a tg z
dx 5 sec 2 z dz x 2 + 25 = x 2 + 5 2 ⇒ x = 5 tg z
∫ = ∫
x 2 + 25 25 sec 2 z
x = 5 tg z
1 x2 = 25 tg2 z
∫ dz
5
si x = 5 tg z ⇒ dx = 5 sec 2 z dz
1 1
∫ dz = (z ) + c
5 5 x 2 + 25 = 25 tg 2 z + 25
Reemplazando x 2 + 25 = 25 (tg 2 z + 1)
x 2 + 25 = 25 ( sec 2 z )
dx 1
∫ = (z ) + c
x 2 + 25 5 x
5
dx 1 ⎛x⎞ ⎛x⎞
∫ = arc tg ⎜ ⎟ + c z = arc tg ⎜ ⎟
x 2 + 25 5 ⎝5⎠ ⎝5⎠
x 2 + 25
x
z
57
Resolver
x2
dx
a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z
∫
9 - x2
9 - x2 = 32 - x 2
x2 9 sen 2 z (3 cos z dz ) 32 - x 2 ⇒ x = 3 sen z
∫ dx = ∫
9 - x2
(3 cos z )
x = 3 sen z
2 x 2 = 9 sen 2 z
∫ 9 sen z dz
2 2
∫ 9 sen z dz = 9∫ sen z dz
9 - x2 = 9 - 9 sen 2 z
9 - x2 = 9 ⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟
1 - cos 2z ⎝ ⎠
= sen 2 z
2
9 - x2 = 9 ⎛⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 - cos 2z ⎞
9 ∫ sen 2 z dz = 9 ∫ ⎜ ⎟ dz 9 - x 2 = 3 cos z
⎝ 2 ⎠
9 ⎡9 ⎤
∫ (1 - cos 2z ) dz = ⎢ (∫ 1 dz - ∫ cos 2z dz )⎥ si x = 3 sen z ⇒ sen z =
x
2 ⎣2 ⎦ 3
⎛x⎞
9 9 z = arc sen ⎜ ⎟
∫ dz - ∫ cos 2z dz ⎝3⎠
2 2
9 - x2
si 9 - x 2 = 3 cos z ⇒ cos z =
9 9⎛1 ⎞
3
z - ⎜ sen 2z ⎟ + c
2 2⎝2 ⎠
sen 2z = 2 sen z * cos z

9 9⎛1 ⎞ 9 9 3
z - ⎜ sen 2z ⎟ + c = z - (2 sen z * cos z ) + c x
2 2⎝2 ⎠ 2 4
z
Reemplazando
9 9 9 9 9 - x2
z - (2 sen z * cos z ) + c = z - (sen z * cos z ) + c
2 4 2 2
⎡ ⎛ ⎞⎤
9 9 9⎛ ⎛ x ⎞⎞ 9 x ⎜ 9-x2 ⎟⎥
z - ( sen z * cos z ) + c = ⎜⎜ arc sen ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ - ⎢ * ⎜ ⎟⎥
2 2 2⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠ 2 ⎢ 3 ⎜ 3 ⎟⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
58
⎡ ⎛ ⎞⎤ ⎛ ⎞
9⎛ ⎛ x ⎞⎞ 9 x ⎜ 9-x2 ⎟⎥ 9 ⎛ x ⎞ 9 ⎜ x 9-x
2 ⎟
⎜⎜ arc sen ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ - ⎢ * ⎜ ⎟ ⎥+c = arc sen ⎜ ⎟ - ⎜ ⎟ +c
2⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠ 2 ⎢ 3 ⎜ 3 ⎟⎥ 2 ⎝3⎠ 2⎜ 9 ⎟
⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞
9 ⎛x⎞ 9⎜x 9-x ⎟ 9 ⎛x⎞ 1⎛ 2⎞
2
arc sen ⎜ ⎟ - ⎜ ⎟ + c = 2 arc sen ⎜ 3 ⎟ - 2 ⎜ x 9 - x ⎟ + c
⎝ 3⎠ 2⎜ 9 ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎝ ⎠
x2 9 ⎛x⎞ 1⎛ ⎞
∫ dx = arc sen ⎜ ⎟ - ⎜ x 9 - x 2 ⎟ + c
2 ⎝ 3⎠ 2⎝ ⎠
9 - x2
59
Resolver
2 a 2 - t 2 ⇒ t = a sen z
∫ 1 - t dt
2 1- t2 ⇒ t = 1 sen z
∫ 1 − t dt = ∫ cos z * (cos z dz )
t = sen z
2
∫ cos z dz t 2 = sen 2 z
Identidades trigonometricas si t = sen z ⇒ dt = cos z dz
1 + cos 2z
= cos 2 z
2 1- t2 = 1 - sen 2 z
⎛ 1 + cos 2z ⎞ 1- t2 = ⎛⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟
2
∫ cos z dz = ∫ ⎜ ⎟ dz ⎝ ⎠
⎝ 2 ⎠
1 1 1 1 - t 2 = cos z
∫ (1 + cos 2z ) dz = ∫ 1 dz + ∫ cos 2z dz
2 2 2
t = sen z ⇒ z = arc sen t
1 1⎛1 ⎞
z + ⎜ sen 2z ⎟ + c
2 2⎝2 ⎠
1 1
z + (sen 2z) + c
2 4
Identidades trigonometricas 1
t
sen 2z = 2 sen z * cos z
z
1 1 1 1 1- t2
z + ( sen 2z ) + c = z + (2 sen z * cos z ) + c
2 4 2 4
Reemplazando
1 1 1 1
z + (2 sen z * cos z ) + c = z + (sen z * cos z ) + c
2 4 2 2
1
z +
1
( sen z * cos z ) + c = 1
(arc sen (t )) + 1 ⎡⎢ t * 1 - t 2 ⎤⎥ + c
2 2 2 2⎣ ⎦
60
Resolver
dx
∫ a2 + x2 ⇒ x = a tg z
x2 4 + x2
dx 2 sec 2 z dz
∫ =∫ 4 + x 2 = 2 2 + x 2 ⇒ x = 2 tg z
⎛⎜ 4 tg 2 z ⎞⎟(2 sec z )
x2 4 + x2
⎝ ⎠
x = 2 tg z
1 sec z
dz x 2 = 4 tg 2 z
∫
4 tg 2 z
1 si x = 2 tg z ⇒ dx = 2 sec 2 z dz
1 cos z
∫ dz 4 + x 2 = 4 (1 + tg 2 z )
4 sen 2 z
cos 2 z
4 + x 2 = 4 (sec 2 z)
1 cos z
∫ dz
4 sen 2 z 4 + x 2 = 2 sec z
x
u = sen z du = cos z dz 2
u2 = sen2 z sen z =
x
4 + x2
Reemplazando
1 cos z dz 1 du
∫ = ∫
4 sen 2 z 4 u 2
1 du 1 - 2
∫ = ∫ u du 4 + x2
4 u2 4
x
1 1 z
u -1 + c = - +c
4 (- 1) 4u
2
Reemplazando
1 1
- +c= - +c
4u 4(sen z )
1 1
- +c= -
4(sen z ) ⎛ ⎞
x
4 ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟⎟
⎜ 2
⎝ 4+x ⎠
dx 1 4 + x2
∫ = - +c = - +c
⎛ ⎞ 4x
x2 4+ x2 ⎜ x ⎟
4⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜ 2
⎝ 4+x ⎠
61
Resolver
dx ⎛⎜ x 2 + a 2 ⎞⎟ ⇒ x = a tg θ
∫ ⎝ ⎠
3x 2 + 2 x + 4
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎡ 2 2⎤
⎜ ⎛ x + 1 ⎞ + 11 ⎟ = ⎢⎛ x + 1 ⎞ + ⎛⎜ 11 ⎞⎟ ⎥
Se debe completar el cuadrado ⎜ ⎜⎝ 3⎠
⎟
9 ⎟ ⎢⎝
⎜
3⎠
⎟ ⎜ 9 ⎟ ⎥
⎝ ⎠ ⎣⎢ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥
dx dx ⎦
∫ =∫
2
3x + 2 x + 4 ⎛ 3x + 2x + 4 ⎞
2 ⎛ 1⎞ 11
⇒ ⎜x + ⎟ = tg θ
3⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠ 9
⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ 2
⎛ 1⎞ 11 2
1 dx ⇒ ⎜x + ⎟ = tg θ
∫ ⎝ 3⎠ 9
3 ⎛ 3x 2 1 4⎞
⎜ +2 x+ ⎟
⎜ 3 3 3⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎛ 1⎞ 11 11
si ⎜ x + ⎟ = tg θ ⇒ dx = sec 2 θ dθ
1 dx ⎝ 3⎠ 9 9
∫
3 ⎛ 2 1 4⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜ x + 2x + ⎟ ⎜ ⎛ x + 1 ⎞ + 11 ⎟ = ⎡11 tg 2 θ + 11 ⎤
⎝ 3 3⎠ ⎜ ⎟
⎜⎝ 3⎠ 9 ⎟ ⎢⎣ 9 9 ⎥⎦
1 dx ⎝ ⎠
∫
3 ⎡ 2 1 1 1 4⎤
⎢ x + 3 2x + 9 − 9 + 3 ⎥ ⎛ 2 ⎞
⎣ ⎦ ⎜ ⎛ x + 1 ⎞ + 11 ⎟ = ⎡11 (tg 2 θ + 1)⎤
⎜ ⎟
⎜⎝ 3⎠ 9 ⎟ ⎢⎣ 9 ⎥
⎦
1 dx ⎝ ⎠
∫ ⎛ 2 ⎞
3 ⎡⎛ 2 1 1 ⎞ 1 4⎤ ⎜ ⎛ x + 1 ⎞ + 11 ⎟ = ⎡11 (sec 2 θ ⎤
⎢⎜ x + 2x + ⎟ − + ⎥ ⎜ ⎟ )⎥
⎣⎝ 3 9 ⎠ 9 3⎦ ⎜⎝ 3⎠ 9 ⎟ ⎢⎣ 9 ⎦
⎝ ⎠
1 dx 1
∫ x+
3 ⎡ 2 ⎤ ⎛ 1⎞ 11 3
⎢⎛⎜ x + 1 ⎞⎟ − 1 + 12 ⎥ ⇒ ⎜x + ⎟ = tg θ ⇒ tg θ =
⎢⎝ 3⎠ 9 9⎥ ⎝ 3 ⎠ 9 11
⎣ ⎦
9
1 dx
∫
3 ⎡ 2 ⎤
⎢⎛⎜ x + 1 ⎞⎟ + 11 ⎥ 1 ⎛⎜ x + 1 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ x + 1 ⎞⎟ 3⎛⎜ x + 1 ⎞⎟
⎢⎝ 3⎠ 9⎥ x+
⎣ ⎦ 3=⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
⇒ tg θ = = =
11 11 11 11
9 9 3
3x + 1 3x + 1
si tgθ = ⇒ θ = arc tg
11 11
Reemplazando
11 2 11 11
sec θ dθ
1 dx 1 9 1 9 1 3 dθ = 1 * 9 11 dθ = 11 dθ = 11 θ + c
∫ = ∫ = ∫ dθ = * ∫ ∫ ∫
3 ⎡ 2 ⎤ 3 11 3 11 3 11 3 3 *11 11 11
⎢⎛⎜ x + 1 ⎞⎟ 11 sec 2 θ
+ ⎥ 9 9 9
⎢⎝ 3⎠ 9⎥
⎣ ⎦
1 dx 11 11 3x + 1
∫ = θ +c = arc tg +c
3 ⎡ 2 ⎤ 11 11 11
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎢⎜ x + ⎟ + ⎥11
⎢⎝ 3⎠ 9⎥
⎣ ⎦
62
# 48 Pág. 246 Calculo diferencial e integral SCHAUM
dx
∫
1 - x2 a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z
dx cos z dz 1 - x2 ⇒ x = 1 sen z
∫ =∫
cos z
1 - x2 x = sen z
∫ dz x 2 = sen 2 z
Tabla de integrales Si x = sen z → dx = cos z dz
∫ dz = z + c 1- x2 = 1 - sen 2 z
1- x 2 = ⎛⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟
∫ dz = z + c ⎝ ⎠
Reemplazando
1 - x 2 = cos z
z + c = arc sen (x ) + c
si x = sen z
z = arc sen (x )
x
tg z =
1- x2
1 x
1- x 2
63
dx
∫ =
1+ x2
dx sec 2 z dz
∫ =∫ = ∫ dz
1+ x2 2
sec z
a2 + x2 ⇒ x = a tg z
∫ dz = (z ) + c
1 + x 2 ⇒ x = 1 tg z
Reemplazando
x = tg z
dx
∫ = (z ) + c x2 = tg2 z
1+ x2
si x = a tg z ⇒ dx = sec 2 z dz
dx
∫ = arc tg x + c 1 + x 2 = 1 + tg 2 z
1+ x2
1 + x 2 = ⎛⎜ sec 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
si x = tg z
z = arc tg x
1 + x2
x
z
64
dx
∫
x x 2 -1
dx sec z tg z dz x 2 − a 2 ⇒ x = a sec z
∫ =∫
x x 2 -1
(sec z ) tg z x 2 - 1 ⇒ x = 1 sec z
∫ dz = z + c
X2 = sec2 z
Tabla de integrales
Si x = sec z → dx = sec z tg z dz
∫ dz = z + c
x 2 -1 = sec 2 z - 1
∫ dz = z + c x 2 -1 = tg 2 z
Reemplazando
x 2 - 1 = tg z
∫ dz = z + c = arc sec x + c
1
si x = sec z ⇒ cos =
x
dx
∫ = arc sec x + c
2 z = arc sec x
x x -1
x2 -1
z
1
65
dx
∫
4 - x2
a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z
dx 2 cos z dz
∫ =∫
4 - x2
(2 cos z ) 4 - x 2 ⇒ x = 2 sen z
x = 2 sen z
∫ dz = z + c
x 2 = 4 sen 2 z
Tabla de integrales
∫ dz = z + c
4 - x2 = 4 - 4 sen 2 z
4 - x2 = 4 ⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟
x
∫ dz = z + c = arc sen +c 4 - x2 = 4 ⎛⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟
2 ⎝ ⎠
dx x
∫ = arc sen +c 4 - x 2 = 2 cos z
2
4 - x2
x
2
x
z = arc sen
2 2
x
z
4 - x2
66
dx
∫ =
9 + x2
dx 3 sec 2 z dz 1
∫ =∫ = ∫ dz
9 + x2 2
9 sec z 3
a2 + x2 ⇒ x = a tg z
1 1
∫ dz = ( z ) + c
3 3 9 + x 2 = 3 2 + x 2 ⇒ x = 3 tg z
Reemplazando x = 3 tg z
x2 = 9 tg2 z
dx 1
∫ = (z ) + c
1+ x2 3
dx 1 x 9 + x 2 = 9 + 9 tg 2 z
∫ = arc tg + c
9 + x2 3 3
9 + x 2 = 9 (1 + tg 2 z)
9 + x 2 = 9 ⎛⎜ sec 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
x
9 + x2 3
x
x z = arc tg
3
z
67
dx
∫
25 - 16x 2
5 a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z
cos z dz
dx
∫ =∫ 4
25 - 16x 2
(5 cos z ) 25 - 16x 2 = 5 2 - (4x )2 ⇒ 4x = 5 sen z
1 4x = 5 sen z
∫ dz
4 (4x )2 = 25 sen 2 z
Tabla de integrales si 4x = 5 sen z ⇒ 4 dx = 5 cos z dz
∫ dz = z + c 5
dx = cos z dz
4
1 4x 25 - (4x )2 = 25 - 25 sen 2 z
∫ dz = z + c = arc sen +c
4 5
25 - (4x )2 = 25 ⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
dx 1 4x
∫ = arc sen +c
4 5
25 - 16x 2 25 - (4x )2 = 25 ⎛⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
25 - 16x 2 = 5 cos z
4x
si 4x = 5 sen z ⇒ sen z =
5
4x
z = arc sen
5
5
4x
z
25 - 16x 2
68
dx
∫ =
4 x2 + 9
3
sec 2 z dz
dx 2 3
∫ =∫ = ∫ dz
2
4x +9 2
9 sec z 18
a2 + x2 ⇒ x = a tg z
1 1
∫ dz = ( z ) + c
6 6 4 x 2 + 9 = (2x )2 + 3 2 ⇒ 2x = 3 tg z
2x = 3 tg z
Reemplazando (2x)2 = 9 tg2 z
dx 1
∫
2
= (z ) + c si 2x = 3 tg z ⇒ 2 dx = 3 sec 2 z dz
4x + 9 6
3
dx = sec 2 z dz
dx 1 2x 2
∫ = arc tg +c
2
4x + 9 6 3
(2x )2 + 9 = 9 tg 2 z + 9
(2x )2 + 9 = 9 (tg 2 z + 1)
(2x )2 + 9 = 9 (sec 2 z)
4x 2 + 9
2x si 2x = 3 tg z ⇒ tg z =
2x
3
z 2x
z = arc tg
3
3
69
dx
∫
x 4x 2 - 9
3 x 2 − a 2 ⇒ x = a sec z
sec z tg z dz
dx
∫ =∫ 2
⎛3 ⎞
x 4x 2 - 9 ⎜ sec z ⎟ * 3 tg z 4x 2 - 9 = (2x )2 - 32 ⇒ 2x = 3 sec z
⎝2 ⎠
1 1
∫ dz = z + c (2X)2 = 9 sec2 z
3 3
Si 2x = 3sec z → 2 dx = 3sec z tg z dz
Tabla de integrales
3
x= sec z
2
∫ dz = z + c
3
dx = sec z tg z dz
2
1 1
∫ dz = z + c 4x 2 - 9 = 9 sec 2 z - 9
3 3
Reemplazando 4x 2 - 9 = 9(sec 2 z - 1)
1 1 1 2x
∫ dz = z + c = arc sec +c
3 3 3 3
4x 2 - 9 = 9 tg 2 z
4x 2 - 9 = 3 tg z
dx 1 2x
∫ = arc sec +c 3 2x
2 3 3 si x = sec z ⇒ sec =
x 4x - 9 2 3
2x
z = arc sec
3
2x
4x 2 - 9
z
3
70
x 2 dx
∫
1- x6
1 a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z
cos z dz
x 2 dx 3
∫ =∫ 2
1- x6
( cos z ) 1- x6 = 12 - ⎛⎜ x 3 ⎞⎟ ⇒ x 3 = 1 sen z
⎝ ⎠
1 x 3 = sen z
∫ dz
3
si x 3 = sen z ⇒ 3 x 2 dx = cos z dz
Reemplazando
1 1 1 3 1
∫ dz = z + c = arc sen x + c x 2 dx = cos z dz
3 3 3 3
1- x3( )2 = 1 - (sen z )2
2
1 3 1 - ⎛⎜ x 3 ⎞⎟ = 1 - sen 2 z
X ⎝ ⎠
z
2
1- x6 1 - ⎛⎜ x 3 ⎞⎟ = cos 2 z
⎝ ⎠
2
1 - ⎛⎜ x 3 ⎞⎟ = cos z
⎝ ⎠
si x 3 = sen z
z = arc sen x 3
71
x dx
∫ 4 =
x +3
3
sec 2 z dz
x dx 2 3
∫ =∫ = ∫ dz
x4 +3 2
3 sec z 6
a2 + x2 ⇒ x = a tg z
3 3
(z ) + c
( 3 )2 ⇒
∫ dz = 2
6 6 x 4 + 3 = ⎛⎜ x 2 ⎞⎟ + x 2 = 3 tg z
⎝ ⎠
Reemplazando 2
x = 3 tg z
∫
x dx
=
3
(z ) + c si x 2 = 3 tg z ⇒ 2 x dx = 3 sec 2 z dz
x4 + 3 6
3
x dx = sec 2 z dz
2
⎛ 3 x2 ⎞
( 3 )2 = [ 3 tg z]2 + 3
x dx 3 2
∫ 4 = arc tg ⎜ ⎟ +c
x 4 + 3 = ⎛⎜ x 2 ⎞⎟ +
6 ⎜ 3 ⎟ ⎝ ⎠
x +3 ⎝ ⎠
x 4 + 3 = 3 tg 2 z + 3
x 4 + 3 = 3 (tg 2 z + 1)
3
x 4 + 3 = 3 sec 2 z
X2
x2
z si x 2 = 3 tg z ⇒ tg z =
3
3 + x4 x2
z = arc tg
3
x2 * 3
z = arc tg =
3* 3
3 x2
z = arc tg =
3
72
dx
∫ =
x x 4 -1
Se multiplica por 2x
dx
=∫
(2x ) dx = 2x dx
∫ ∫
x x 4 -1 (2x ) x x 4 - 1 2x 2 x 4 - 1
1 2 x dx 1 sec z tg z dz x 2 − a 2 ⇒ x = a sec z
∫ = ∫
2 2 (sec z ) tg z 2
x 2 x 4 -1 x4 -1 ⎛⎜ x 2 ⎞⎟ - 1 ⇒ x 2 = 1 sec z
1 1 ⎝ ⎠
∫ dz = z + c
2 2
X2 = sec z
Tabla de integrales
Si x2 = sec z → 2 x dx = sec z tg z dz
∫ dz = z + c 2
⎛⎜ x 2 ⎞⎟ - 1 = (sec z )2 -1
⎝ ⎠
Reemplazando 2
1 1 1 ⎛⎜ x 2 ⎞⎟ - 1 = tg 2 z
2
∫ dz = z + c = arc sec x + c ⎝ ⎠
2 2 2
x 4 - 1 = tg z
dx 1 1
∫ = arc sec x 2 + c si x 2 = sec z ⇒ cos =
2 x2
x x 4 -1
z = arc sec x 2
X2
x 4 -1
z
1
73
dx
∫
4 - (x + 2)2
a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z
dx 2 cos z dz
∫ =∫
(2 cos z ) 4 - (x + 2 )2 = 2 2 - (x + 2 )2 ⇒ x + 2 = 2 sen z
4 - (x + 2 )2
x + 2 = 2 sen z
∫ dz = z + c
(x + 2)2 = 4 sen 2 z
Tabla de integrales
si x + 2 = 2 sen z ⇒ dx = 2 cos z dz
∫ dz = z + c
4 - (x + 2 )2 = 4 - 4 sen 2 z
4 - (x + 2 )2 = 4 (1 - sen 2 z)
Reemplazando
x+2 4 - (x + 2 )2 = 4 ⎛⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟
∫ dz = z + c = arc sen +c ⎝ ⎠
2
4 - (x + 2 )2 = 2 cos z
dx x+2
∫ = arc sen +c si x + 2 = 2 sen z ⇒ sen z =
x+2
2
4 - (x + 2)2 2
x+2
z = arc sen
2
2
X+2
z
4 - (x + 2 )2
74
dx
∫ =
e + e- x
x
Se multiplica por ex
⎛⎜ e x ⎞⎟ dx
dx ⎝ ⎠ e x dx e x dx
∫ x =∫ =∫ =∫
e + e-x ⎛⎜ e x ⎞⎟ * ⎛⎜ e x + e - x ⎞⎟ e 2x + e 0 e 2x + 1
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
e x dx sec 2 z dz
∫ =∫ = ∫ dz
2 sec 2 z
⎛⎜ e x ⎞⎟ + 1
⎝ ⎠ a2 + x2 ⇒ x = a tg z
∫ dz = (z ) + c 2
⎛⎜ e x ⎞⎟ + 1 ⇒ e x = 1 tg z
⎝ ⎠
Reemplazando
ex = tg z
dx
∫ x =z+c
− x (ex)2 = tg2 z
e +e
si e x = tg z ⇒ e x dx = sec 2 z dz
dx 2
∫ x = arc tg e x + c ⎛⎜ e x ⎞⎟ + 1 = (tg z )2 + 1
e +e - x ⎝ ⎠
2
⎛⎜ e x ⎞⎟ + 1 = tg 2 z + 1
⎝ ⎠
2
⎛⎜ e x ⎞⎟ + 1 = sec 2 z
⎝ ⎠
si e x = tg z
e 2x + 1
z = arc tg e x
ex
z
75
sec x tg x dx
∫ =
9 + 4sec 2 x
3
sec 2 z dz
dx 2 3
∫ =∫ = ∫ dz
2 2 18
9 + 4 sec x 9 sec z a2 + x2 ⇒ x = a tg z
1 1 9 + 4 sec 2 x = (3)2 + (2 sec x )2 ⇒ 2 sec x = 3 tg z

∫ dz = (z ) + c
6 6
2 secx = 3 tg z
(2sec x)2 = 9 tg2 z
1
(z ) + c = 1 arc tg⎛⎜ 2 sec x ⎞⎟ + c
6 6 ⎝ 3 ⎠
si 2 sec x = 3 tg z ⇒ 2 sec x tg x dx = 3 sec 2 z dz
3
sec x tg x dx = sec 2 z dz
2
9 + (2 sec x )2 = 9 + 9 tg 2 z
4 sec 2 x + 9
2 secx 9 + (2 sec x )2 = 9 (1 + tg 2 z )
z
9 + (2 sec x )2 = 9 (sec 2 z )
3
2 secx
si 2 secx = 3 tg z ⇒ tg z =
3
2 secx
z = arc tg
3
76
(x + 3) dx
∫
1- x2
a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z
(x + 3) dx =∫
(x + 3) cos z dz = (x + 3) dz
∫ ∫
1- x2
( cos z )
1 - x 2 ⇒ x = 1 sen z
∫ (sen z + 3) dz = ∫ sen z dz + ∫ 3 dz = - cos z + 3z + c x = sen z

x 2 = sen 2 z
Ordenando
si x = sen z ⇒ dx = cos z dz
3z-cos z +c
Reemplazando 1- x2 = 1 - (sen z )2
(x + 3) dz dz = 3z - cos z + c = 3 arc sen x 3 - 1 - x 2 + c

∫ 1- x 2 = 1 - sen 2 z
1- x2
1- x 2 = cos 2 z
1 - x 2 = cos z
si x = sen z
z = arc sen x 3
1
X
cos z = 1 - x 2
z
1- x2
77
(2x - 7 ) dx =
∫
x2 + 9
(2x - 7 ) dx = (2x - 7 ) * 3sec 2 z dz = 3 (2x - 7 ) dz

∫ ∫ ∫
x2 + 9 9 sec 2 z 9
a2 + x2 ⇒ x = a tg z
1 1 1
∫ (2x - 7 ) dz = ∫ 2x dz - ∫ 7 dz
3 3 3 x 2 + 9 = (x )2 + 3 2 ⇒ x = 3 tg z
Reemplazando el valor de x x = 3 tg z
1 1 2 7 7 (x)2 = 9 tg2 z
∫ 2 x dz - ∫ 7 dz = ∫ 3 tg z dz - ∫ dz = 2∫ tg z dz - ∫ dz
3 3 3 3 3
7 si x = 3 tg z ⇒ dx = 3 sec 2 z dz
2∫ tg z dz - ∫ dz =
3
(x )2 + 9 = 9 tg 2 z + 9
Tabla de integrales
(x )2 + 9 = 9 (tg 2 z + 1)
∫ tg z dz = Ln sec z + c ∫ dz = z + c
(x )2 + 9 = 9 (sec 2 z)
7 7
2∫ tg z dz - ∫ dz = 2 Ln sec z − z + c x2 + 9 x2 + 9
3 3 sec 2 z = ⇒ sec z =
9 9
Reemplazando
x2 + 9
sec z =
7 x2 + 9 7 ⎛x⎞ 3
2 Ln sec z − z + c = 2 Ln − arctg ⎜ ⎟ + c
3 3 3 ⎝3⎠
x
2 3
⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜⎜ x + 9 ⎟⎟ x
2 ⎝ ⎠ 7 x x2 + 9 7 x z = arc tg
Ln − arctg + c = Ln − arctg + c 3
2 (3) 2 3 3 9 3 3
7
Ln x 2 + 9 - Ln 9 -
x
arctg + c
3 3
pero: − Ln 9 + c = C1 x2 + 9
x
Reemplazando
7 z
Ln x 2 + 9 - arctg + C1
x
3 3
3
78
dy
∫ 2 =
y + 10 y + 30
Se completa el cuadrado, se adiciona 25 y se le resta 25

dy dy dy
∫ 2 =∫ =∫
y + 10 y + 30 y + 2(5) y + 25 + 30 - 25
2 ⎛⎜ y 2 + 10y + 25 ⎞⎟ + 30 − 25
⎝ ⎠
dy dy
∫ =∫
⎛⎜ y 2 + 10y + 25 ⎞⎟ + 5 ( y + 5 )2 + 5
⎝ ⎠
dy 5 sec 2 z dz 5
∫ = ∫ = ∫ dz
( y + 5 )2 + 5 5 sec 2 z 5
y 2 + a 2 ⇒ y = a tg z
Tabla de integrales
( y + 5 )2 + 5 = ( y + 5 ) 2 + ( 5 )2 ⇒ y + 5 = 5 tg z
∫ dz = z + c
y + 5 = 5 tg z
(y + 5) 2 = 5 tg 2 z
5 5
∫ dz = z+c
si y + 5 = 5 tg z ⇒ dy = 5 sec 2 z dz
5 5
Reemplazando
(y + 5)2 + 5 = 5 tg 2 z + 5
5 5 ⎛ 5 y +5 5 ⎞
z+c= arc tg ⎜ ⎟ +c
5 5 ⎜ 5 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ( y + 5 )2 + 5 = 5 (tg 2 z + 1)
dy 5 ⎛ 5 y +5 5⎞
∫ 2 = arc tg ⎜
⎜
⎟+c
⎟
( y + 5 )2 + 5 = 5 (sec 2 z)
y + 10 y + 30 5 ⎝ 5 ⎠
y+5
si y + 5 = 5 tg z ⇒ tg z =
5
( y + 5 )2 + 5 y+5 5 (y + 5 )
z = arc tg = arc tg
Y+5 5 5 * 5
z
5 (y + 5 ) 5 y+5 5
5 z = arc tg = arc tg
5 5
79
dx
∫
20 + 8x - x 2
a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z
Se ordena
dx dx dx
=∫ =∫
∫ 6 2 - (x - 4)2 ⇒ x - 4 = 6 sen z
20 + 8x - x 2 - ⎛⎜ x 2 - 8x - 20 ⎞⎟ − ⎛⎜ x 2 - 2 (4 ) x - 20 ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
x - 4 = 6 sen z
se completa el cuadrado, sumando 16 y restando 16 (x - 4) 2 = 36 sen 2 z
dx dx
∫ =∫
si x - 4 = 6 sen z ⇒ dx = 6 cos z dz
- ⎛⎜ x 2 - 8x + 16 - 20 - 16 ⎞⎟ - ⎡⎢ ⎛⎜ x 2 − 8 x + 16 ⎞⎟ − 20 − 16⎤⎥
⎝ ⎠ ⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎦
dx dx
36 − (x - 4 )2 = (
36 - 36 sen 2 z )
∫ =∫
36 − (x - 4 )2 = 36 ⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟
- ⎡⎢ ⎛⎜ x 2 − 8 x + 16 ⎞⎟ − 36⎤⎥ - ⎡ (x - 4 )2 - 36⎤
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎝ ⎠
⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎦
Se ordena y luego se reemplaza 36 − (x - 4 )2 = 36 ⎛⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟

dx 6 cos z dz ⎝ ⎠
∫ =∫ = ∫ dz
36 - (x - 4) 2 6 cos z 36 − (x - 4)2 = 6 cos z
Tabla de integrales x-4

si x - 4 = 6 sen z ⇒ sen z =
6
⎛x -4⎞
∫ dz = z + c z = arc sen ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠
se reemplaza cos z = 1 - x 2
⎛x-4⎞
∫ dz = z + c = arc sen ⎜ ⎟+c
⎝ 6 ⎠
dx ⎛ x-4⎞
∫ = arc sen ⎜ ⎟ +c
2 ⎝ 6 ⎠
20 + 8x - x 6
X- 4
z
36 - (x - 4 )2
80
dx
∫ =
2x 2 + 2x + 5
Se multiplica por 2 y se divide por 2 para intentar completar el cuadrado

dx
=∫
(2) dx =∫
2 dx
=∫
2 dx
∫
2x 2 + 2x + 5 (2)⎡⎢2x 2 + 2x + 5⎤⎥ ⎡4x 2 + (2 )2x + 10⎤ ⎡(2x )2 + (2 )(2 )(1)(x ) + 10⎤
⎣ ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
se completa el cuadrado, sumando 1 y restando 1

2 dx 2 dx 2 dx 2 dx
∫ =∫ =∫ =∫
⎡(2x )2 + 4x + 1 + 10 - 1⎤ ⎡⎛ (2 x )2 + 4 x + 1⎞ + 10 − 1⎤ ⎡⎛ (2x )2 + 4x + 1⎞ + 9⎤ ⎡(2x + 1)2 + 9⎤
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣⎜⎝ ⎟
⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣⎜⎝ ⎟ ⎥
⎠ ⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎦⎥
2 dx
∫ =
(2x + 1)2 + 3 2
a2 + x2 ⇒ x = a tg z
reemplazando
2 dx 3 sec 2 z dz 1 (2x + 1)2 + 3 2 ⇒ 2x + 1 = 3 tg z

∫ =∫ = ∫ dz
(2x + 1)2 + 32 9 sec 2 z 3
2x+1 = 3 tg z → 2x = 3 tg x - 1
(2x+1)2 = 9 tg2 z
Tabla de integrales
∫ dz = z + c si 2x + 1 = 3 tg z ⇒ 2 dx = 3 sec 2 z dz
(2x + 1)2 + 9 = 9 tg 2 z + 9
1 1
∫ dz = z + c
3 3 (2x + 1)2 + 9 = 9 (tg 2 z + 1)
Reemplazando
1 1 ⎛ 2x + 1 ⎞ (2x + 1)2 + 9 = 9 (sec 2 z)
z + c = arc tg ⎜ ⎟+c
3 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
sec 2 z =
(2x + 1)2 + 10
9
2x + 1
si 2x + 1 = 3 tg z ⇒ tg z =
2 x 2 + 2x + 5 3
2x + 1
2x+1 z = arc tg
3
z
81
(x + 1) dx
=
∫ 2
x - 4x + 8

(x + 1) dx = (x + 1) dx = (x + 1) dx
∫ 2 ∫ 2 ∫
x - 4x + 8 x - 4x + 4 + 8 - 4 ⎛⎜ x 2 - 4x + 4 ⎞⎟ + 8 - 4
⎝ ⎠
a2 + x2 ⇒ x = a tg z
(x + 1) dx = (x + 1) dx = x dx
+∫
1 dx
∫ ∫ ∫
⎛⎜ x 2 - 4x + 4 ⎞⎟ + 4 (x - 2) + 4 (x - 2) + 4 (x - 2)2 + 4
2 2
⎝ ⎠ (x - 2)2 + 2 2 ⇒ x - 2 = 2 tg z
x dx 1 dx x-2 = 2 tg z → x = 2 tg x + 2
∫ +∫ = (x- 2)2 = 4 tg2 z
(x - 2) + 4 (x - 2)2 + 4
2
si x - 2 = 2 tg z ⇒ dx = 2 sec 2 z dz
(2 tg z + 2)⎛⎜ 2 sec 2 z dz ⎞⎟ 2
⎝ ⎠ + 2 sec z dz =
∫ ∫
4 sec 2 z 4 sec 2 z (x - 2)2 + 4 = 4 tg 2 z + 4
(2 tg z + 2)(2 dz ) 2 dz
+∫ = (x - 2)2 + 4 = 4 (tg 2 z + 1)
∫
4 4
1 1 1 1 1
∫ (2tgz + 2) dz ∫ dz = ∫ 2 tg z + ∫ 2 dz + ∫ dz (x - 2)2 + 4 = 4 (sec 2 z)
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 1 1
sec 2 z =
(x - 2)2 + 4 x 2 - 4x + 8
∫ tg z + ∫ dz + ∫ dz = ∫ tg z dz + ∫ dz + ∫ dz =
2 2 2 2 4 4
3
∫ tg z dz + ∫ dz = x 2 - 4x + 8
2 sec z =
4
Tabla de integrales
x-2
si x - 2 = 2 tg z ⇒ tg z =
2
x-2
z = arc tg
2
3 3
∫ tg z dz + ∫ dz = Ln sec z + z+c
2 2
Reemplazando
3 x 2 - 4x + 8 3 ⎛ x − 2⎞
Ln sec z + z + c = Ln + arctg ⎜ ⎟+c
2 4 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
82
2
⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜⎜ x - 4x + 8 ⎟⎟
1 ⎝ ⎠ 3 x−2 1 x 2 - 4x + 8 3 x−2
Ln + arc tg + c = Ln + arc tg +c
2 (2) 2 2 2 2 4 2 2
1 3 x−2
Ln x 2 − 4 x + 8 - Ln 4 + arc tg +c
2 2 2
pero: − Ln 4 + c = C1
x 2 - 4x + 8
x-2
Reemplazando
z
1 3 x−2
Ln x 2 - 4x + 8 + arc tg + C1 2
2 2 2
83
dx
∫
28 - 12x - x 2
a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z
Se ordena
dx dx dx 8 2 - (x + 6)2 ⇒ x + 6 = 8 sen z
∫ =∫ =∫
28 - 12x - x 2 - ⎛⎜ x 2 + 12x - 28 ⎞⎟ − ⎛⎜ x 2 + 2 (6 ) x - 28 ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ x + 6 = 8 sen z
(x + 6) 2 = 64 sen 2 z
dx dx si x + 6 = 8 sen z ⇒ dx = 8 cos z dz
∫ =∫
- ⎛⎜ x 2 + 12x + 36 - 28 - 36 ⎞⎟ - ⎡⎢ ⎛⎜ x 2 + 12 x + 36 ⎞⎟ − 28 − 36⎤⎥
⎝ ⎠ ⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎦
64 − (x + 6 )2 = 64 - ⎛⎜ 64 sen 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
dx dx
∫ =∫
- ⎡⎢ ⎛⎜ x 2 + 12 x + 36 ⎞⎟ − 64⎤⎥ - ⎡ (x + 6)2 - 64⎤
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎦
64 − (x + 6 )2 = 64 ⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
Se ordena y luego se reemplaza
dx
∫ 64 − (x + 6 )2 = 64 ⎛⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
64 - (x + 6 )2
64 − (x + 6)2 = 8 cos z
dx 8 cos z dz
∫ =∫ = ∫ dz
64 - (x + 6 )2
8 cos z x+6
si x + 6 = 8 sen z ⇒ sen z
8
Tabla de integrales ⎛x +6⎞
z = arc sen ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 8 ⎠
∫ dz = z + c
se reemplaza
⎛ x +6⎞
∫ dz = z + c = arc sen ⎜ ⎟+c
⎝ 8 ⎠
8
dx ⎛ x+6⎞ X+6
∫ = arc sen ⎜ ⎟ +c
28 − 12 x - x 2 ⎝ 8 ⎠
z
64 - (x + 6 )2
84
(x + 3) dx
∫
5 - 4x - x 2
a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z
Se ordena
(x + 3) dx =∫
(x + 3) dx =∫
(x + 3) dx 3 2 - (x + 2 )2 ⇒ x + 2 = 3 sen z
∫
5 - 4x - x 2 - ⎛⎜ x 2 + 4 x - 5 ⎞⎟ − ⎛⎜ x 2 + 2 (2 ) x - 5 ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ x + 2 = 3 sen z
se completa el cuadrado, sumando 4 y restando 4 (x + 2) 2 = 9 sen 2 z
(x + 3) dx (x + 3) dx x + 2 = 3 sen z ⇒ x = 3 sen z - 2
∫ =∫
- ⎛⎜ x 2 + 4 x + 4 - 5 - 4 ⎞⎟ - ⎡⎢ ⎛⎜ x 2 + 4 x + 4 ⎞⎟ − 5 − 4⎤⎥ si x + 2 = 3 sen z ⇒ dx = 3 cos z dz
⎝ ⎠ ⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎦
(x + 3) dx =∫
(x + 3) dx 9 − (x + 2 )2 = 9 - ⎛⎜ 9 sen 2 z ⎞⎟
∫ ⎝ ⎠
- ⎡⎢ ⎛⎜ x 2 + 4 x + 4 ⎞⎟ − 9⎤⎥ - ⎡ (x + 2 )2 - 9⎤
⎢⎣
⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎦ ⎦⎥
9 − (x + 2 )2 = 9 ⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟
Se ordena y luego se reemplaza ⎝ ⎠
(x + 3) dx
∫
9 - (x + 2)2 9 − (x + 2 )2 = 9 ⎛⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
(x + 3) dx =∫
(x + 3) 3 cos z dz = (x + 3) dz 9 − (x + 2 )2 = 3 cos z
∫ ∫
3 cos z
9 - (x + 2 )2
x+2
si x + 2 = 3 sen z ⇒ sen z =
3
∫ ( x + 3) dz = ∫ x dz + ∫ 3 dz
⎛ x + 2⎞
z = arc sen ⎜ ⎟
Se reemplaza x = 3 sen z - 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠
∫ x dz + ∫ 3 dz = ∫ (3 sen z - 2) dz + 3∫ dz
9 - (x + 2)2
cos z =
∫ (3 sen z - 2 ) dz + 3∫ dz = ∫ 3 sen z - ∫ 2 dz + 3∫ dz 3
3∫ sen z - 2∫ dz + 3∫ dz
Reduciendo terminos semejantes

3 X+2
3∫ sen z + ∫ dz z
Tabla de integrales
9 − ( x + 2 )2
∫ dz = z + c
∫ sen z dz = - cos z + c
se reemplaza
85
⎛ 9 - ( x + 2 )2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎛ x + 2⎞
3∫ sen z dz + ∫ dz = - 3 cos z + z + c = - 3⎜
⎜ 3 ⎟⎟ + arc sen ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ + c
⎝ ⎠
Simplificando
⎛ x + 2⎞
- 9 - ( x + 2 )2 + arc sen ⎜ ⎟ +c
⎝ 3 ⎠
(x + 3) dx =-
⎛ x + 6⎞
9 - (x + 2 )2 + arc sen ⎜
∫ ⎟ +c
5 − 4x - x 2 ⎝ 8 ⎠
86
(2x + 3) dx =
∫
9x 2 - 12x + 8
se completa el cuadrado, sumando 4 y restando 4 para intentar completar el cuadrado
(2x + 3) dx =∫
(2x + 3) dx =∫
(2x + 3) dx =∫
(2x + 3) dx
∫
9x 2 - 12x + 8 ⎡(3x )2 − 2(3)(2 )x + 8⎤ ⎡(3x )2 − 12 x + 4 + 8 − 4⎤ ⎡⎛⎜ (3x )2 − 12 x + 4 ⎞⎟ + 8 − 4⎤
⎢
⎣ ⎥ ⎢⎦ ⎣ ⎥ ⎢ ⎦ ⎣⎝ ⎥ ⎠ ⎦
(2x + 3) dx =∫
(2x + 3) dx =∫
(2x + 3) dx =
∫
⎡⎛⎜ (3x )2 - 12x + 4 ⎞⎟ + 8 - 4⎤ ⎡⎛⎜ (3 x )2 − 12 x + 4 ⎞⎟ + 4⎤ ⎡⎛⎜ (3x - 2 )2 ⎞⎟ + 4⎤
⎢⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎢
⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎥ ⎦
(2x + 3) dx =
∫
(3x - 2 )2 + 4 a2 + x2 ⇒ x = a tg z
reemplazando
(3x - 2)2 + 2 2 ⇒ 3x - 2 = 2 tg z
(2X + 3) ⎛⎜ 2 sec 2 z dz ⎞⎟
(2X + 3) dx = ⎝3 ⎠ =
∫ ∫ 2 tg x + 2
(3x - 2) + 4
2 4sec z 2 x=
3
3x- 2 = 2 tg z → 3x = 2 tg x +2 →
⎞
(2X + 3) ⎛⎜ 2dz ⎟ (3x -2)2 = 4 tg2 z
⎝3 ⎠ 2 1
∫ = ∫ (2 x + 3) dz = ∫ (2 x + 3) dz
4 12 6
si 3x - 2 = 2 tg z ⇒ 3 dx = 2 sec 2 z dz
1 1 1 1 1 2
∫ (2 x + 3) dz = ∫ 2 x dz + ∫ 3 dz = ∫ x dz + ∫ dz dx = sec 2 z dz
6 6 6 3 2 3
2 tg x + 2
Pero : x =
3 (3x - 2)2 + 4 = 4 tg 2 z + 4
reemplazando
1 1 1 ⎛ 2 tg x + 2 ⎞ 1
∫ x dz + ∫ dz = ∫ ⎜ ⎟ dz + ∫ dz (3x - 2)2 + 4 = 4 (tg 2 z + 1)
3 2 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 2
1 ⎛ 2 tg x 2 ⎞ 1 (3x - 2)2 + 4 = 4 (sec 2 z)

∫⎜ + ⎟ dz + ∫ dz
3 ⎝ 3 3⎠ 2
1 2 1 2 1 (3x - 2)2 + 4 (3x - 2)2 + 4
∫ tg x dz + ∫ dz + ∫ dz sec 2 z = ⇒ sec z =
3 3 3 3 2 4 2
2 2 1 3x - 2
∫ tg x dz + ∫ dz + ∫ dz si 3x - 2 = 2 tg z ⇒ tg z =
9 9 2 2
3x - 2
Sumando términos semejantes z = arc tg
2
87
2 13
∫ tg x dz + ∫ dz
9 18
Tabla de integrales
9 x 2 - 12x + 8
3x-2
2 13 z
Ln sec z + z + c
9 18
2
Reemplazando
2 13 ⎛ 3x - 2 ⎞
Ln sec z + arc tg ⎜ ⎟+c
9 18 ⎝ 2 ⎠
2 9x2 -12x+ 8
pero: cosz = ⇒ secz =
2
9x2 -12x+ 8
2 9x 2 - 12x + 8 13 ⎛ 3x - 2 ⎞
Ln + arc tg ⎜ ⎟ +c
9 2 18 ⎝ 2 ⎠
2
⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜⎜ 9x - 12x + 8 ⎟⎟
2 ⎝ ⎠ 13 ⎛ 3x - 2 ⎞
(2) 9 (2) 2 18 ⎝ 2 ⎠
1 9 x 2 − 12 x + 8 13 ⎛ 3x - 2 ⎞
9 4 18 ⎝ 2 ⎠
1 1 13 ⎛ 3x - 2 ⎞
Ln 9x 2 - 12x + 8 - Ln 4 + arc tg ⎜ ⎟ +c
9 9 18 ⎝ 2 ⎠
1
Pero: - Ln 4 + c = C1
9
REEMPLAZANDO
1 13 ⎛ 3x - 2 ⎞
Ln 9x 2 - 12x + 8 + arc tg ⎜ ⎟ + C1
9 18 ⎝ 2 ⎠
88
(x + 2) dx
∫ 4x - x 2
a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z
Se factoriza el signo y se ordena
(x + 2) dx 2 2 - (x - 2 )
2
⇒ x - 2 = 2 sen z
∫ - (x 2
- 4x )
=
x - 2 = 2 sen z
se completa el cuadrado, sumando 4 y restando 4 (x - 2) 2 = 4 sen 2 z
(x + 2) dx =∫
(x + 2) dx x - 2 = 2 sen z ⇒ x = 2 sen z + 2
∫
- ⎛⎜ x 2 − 4 x + 4 - 4 ⎞⎟ - ⎡⎢ ⎛⎜ x 2 − 4 x + 4 ⎞⎟ − 4⎤⎥ si x - 2 = 2 sen z ⇒ dx = 2 cos z dz
⎝ ⎠ ⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎦
(x + 2) dx 4 − (x - 2 ) =
2
(
4 - 4 sen 2 z )
∫ - [ (x - 2)2 - 4]
4 − (x - 2 ) =
2
(
4 1 - sen 2 z )
Se ordena, se reemplaza y se simplifica
(x + 2) dx 4 − (x − 2 ) =
2
(
4 cos 2 z )
∫ 4 - (x - 2 ) 2
4 − (x - 2 ) = 2 cos z
2
(x + 2) dx =∫
(x + 2)(2 cos z dz ) = (x + 2) dz
∫ ∫ x-2
4 - (x - 2)2
2 cos z si x - 2 = 2 sen z ⇒ sen z =
2
⎛ x -2⎞
z = arc sen ⎜
∫ (x + 2) dz = ∫ x dz + ∫ 2 dz ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎟
Se reemplaza x = 2 sen z + 2
4x - x 2
cos z =
∫ x dz + ∫ 2 dz = ∫ (2 sen z + 2 ) dz + 2 ∫ dz 2
∫ 2 sen z dz + ∫ 2 dz + 2∫ dz
Reduciendo términos semejantes 2

X-2
2 ∫ sen z dz + 4∫ dz
z
Tabla de integrales
4x − x 2
∫ dz = z + c
∫ sen z dz = - cos z + c
se reemplaza
⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜ 4x - x ⎟ ⎛ x -2⎞
2 ∫ sen z dz + 4 ∫ dz = - 2 cos z + 4z + c = - 2⎜ ⎟⎟ + 4 arc sen ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ + c
⎜ 2
⎝ ⎠
89
Simplificando
⎛ x -2⎞
- 2 cos z + 4z + c = - ⎛⎜ 4x - x 2 ⎞⎟ + 4 arc sen ⎜ ⎟+c
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
(x + 2) dx ⎛ x -2⎞
4 x − x 2 + 4 arc sen ⎜
∫ =-
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎟ +c
4x - x 2
90
dx
∫ x2 -1
dx (sec z tg z dz) sec z dz
∫ x2 −1 = ∫ tg 2 z
= ∫tg z
x 2 - a 2 ⇒ x = a sec z
x 2 - 1 ⇒ x = 1 sec z
1 1 1 cos z
∫ sec z tg z dz = ∫ cos z ctg z dz = ∫ cos z senz
dz
x = sec z
X2 = sec2 z
Simplificando
1 si x = sec z ⇒ dx = sec z tg z dz
∫ sen z ∫
dz = csc z dz
x 2 - 1 = sec 2 z - 1
Tabla de integrales
x 2 - 1 = tg 2 z
∫ csc z dz = Ln csc z - ctg z + c
x = sec z
∫ csc z dz = Ln csc z - ctg z + c 1

si sec z = x ⇒ cos z =
x
Reemplazando
x 2 -1 x
sen z = ⇒ csc z =
x 1
x2 -1
x
∫ csc z dz = Ln − +c
x2 -1 x2 -1
1
tg z = x 2 - 1 ⇒ ctg z =
x -1 x2 -1
∫ csc z dz = Ln +c
x2 -1
1 (x - 1)2 + c = 1 Ln (x - 1)(x − 1) + c
∫ csc z dz = Ln
2 2 2 x2 −1 x
⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜ x −1⎟ x 2 -1
⎝ ⎠ z
1 (x - 1)(x − 1) + c 1
∫ csc z dz = Ln
2 (x − 1)(x + 1)
1 (x − 1) + c
∫ csc z dz = Ln
2 (x + 1)
91
dy
∫ =
25 - 16 y 2
a 2 - y 2 ⇒ y = a sen z
5
cos z dz 25 - 16 y 2 = 5 2 - (4y )2 ⇒ 4y = 5 sen z
dy
∫ = ∫4
25 - 16y 2 25 cos 2 z (4y )2 = 25 sen 2 z dz
Simplificando Si 4y = 5 sen z → 4 dy = 5 cos z dz
5 1 1
∫ dz = ∫ sec z dz
100 cos z 20 5
dy = cos z dz
4
Tabla de integrales
25 - (4y )2 = 25 - 25 sen 2 z
25 - (4y )2 = 25 (1 - sen 2 z )
Reemplazando 25 - (4y )2 = 25 (cos 2 z )
1 1 4y
∫ sec z dz = Ln sec z + tg z + c si 4y = 5 sen z ⇒ sen z =
20 20 5
1 1 5 4y 25 - 16y 2 5
∫ sec z dz = Ln + +c si cos z = ⇒ sec z =
5
20 20
25 - 16y 2 25 - 16y 2 25 - 16y 2
4y
tg z =
1 1 5 + 4y 25 - 16y 2
20 20
25 - 16y 2
1 1 (5 + 4y )2 +c=
1 (5 + 4y)(5 + 4 y ) + c
∫ sec z dz = Ln Ln
20 20(2) ⎛ ⎞
2 40 25 − 16y 2
2
⎜⎜ 25 − 16 y ⎟⎟ 5
⎝ ⎠ 4y
1
Ln
(5 + 4y)(5 + 4 y ) + c = 1 Ln 5 + 4y + c z
40 (5 − 4 y )(5 + 4 y ) 40 5 - 4y
25 - 16y 2
dy 1 5 + 4y
∫ = Ln +c
25 - 16y 2 40 5 - 4y
92
dx
∫ =
x 2 + 6x + 8
Se completa el cuadrado, se adiciona 9 y se le resta 9

dx dx dx x 2 - a 2 ⇒ x = a sec z
∫ =∫ =∫
x 2 + 6x + 8 x 2 + 2(3) x + 9 + 8 - 9 ⎛⎜ x 2 + 6 x + 9 ⎞⎟ + 8 − 9 (x + 3)2 - 1 ⇒ x + 3 = 1 sec z
⎝ ⎠
dx dx x + 3 = sec z
∫ =∫
⎛⎜ x 2 + 6 x + 9 ⎞⎟ − 1 (x + 3)2 − 1 (X+3)2 = sec2 z
⎝ ⎠
dx sec z tg z dz sec z 1 si x + 3 = sec z ⇒ dx = sec z tg z dz
∫ =∫ =∫ dz = ∫ sec z dz
(x + 3)2 - 1 tg 2 z tg z tg z (x + 3)2 - 1 = sec 2 z - 1
1 1 cos z 1 (x + 3)2 - 1 = tg 2 z
∫ ctg z dz = ∫ dz = ∫ dz = ∫ csc z dz
cos z cos z sen z sen z
x + 3 = sec z
si sec z = x + 3 ⇒ cos z =
x+3
∫ csc z dz = Ln csc z - ctg z + c
x 2 + 6x + 8 x+3
sen z = ⇒ csc z =
x+3
x 2 + 6x + 8
Reemplazando
∫ csc z dz = Ln csc z - ctg z + c tg z = x 2 + 6 x + 8 ⇒ ctg z =

1
x+3 1 x 2 + 6x + 8
Ln - +c
x 2 + 6x + 8 x 2 + 6x + 8
Ln
x + 3 −1
+ c = Ln
x+2
+c =
1
Ln
( x + 2 )2 +c
2 2
x 2 + 6x + 8 x 2 + 6x + 8 ⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜⎜ x + 6 x + 8 ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ X+3
x 2 + 6x + 8
z
1
Ln
(x + 2)(x + 2) + c = 1 Ln (x + 2)(x + 2) = 1 Ln x + 2 + c
2 ⎛⎜ x 2 + 6 x + 8 ⎞⎟
2 2 (x + 2)(x + 4) 2 x + 4 1
⎝ ⎠
dx 1 x+2
∫ = Ln +c
x 2 + 6x + 8 2 x+4
93
dx
∫ =
4x - x 2
Se factoriza el signo y se completa el cuadrado, sumando 4 y restando 4.
dx dx dx dx
∫ =∫ =∫ =∫
4x - x 2 ⎡
− x − 2(2 )x
2 ⎤ ⎡ 2
− x − 4x + 4 − 4 ⎤ − ⎢⎛⎜ x − 4 x + 4 ⎞⎟ − 4⎤⎥
⎡ 2
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ ⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎦
dx dx
∫ = ∫ =
− ⎡( x − 2 )2 - 4 ⎤ ⎡ 4 − ( x − 2 )2 ⎤
a2 - x2 ⇒ x = a sen z
⎢⎣ ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
dx
= 4 - (x - 2 )2 = 2 2 - (x - 2 )2 ⇒ x - 2 = 2 sen z
∫
⎡ 4 − ( x − 2 )2 ⎤
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ Si x- 2 = 2 sen z → dx = 2 cos z dz
reemplazando (x- 2)2 = 4 sen2 z

dx 2 cos z dz 1 1 1
∫ =∫ = ∫ dz = ∫ sec z dz
⎡ 4 − ( x − 2 )2 ⎤ 4 cos 2 z 2 cos z 2
4 - (x - 2 )2 = 4 - 4 sen 2 z
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
4 - (x - 2 )2 = 4 (1 - sen 2 z )
Tabla de integrales
4 - (x - 2 )2 = 4 (cos 2 z )
x-2
si x - 2 = 2 sen z ⇒ sen z =
2
1 1
∫ sec z dz = Ln sec z + tg z + c 4x - x 2 2
2 2 si cos z = ⇒ sec z =
2
reemplazando 4x - x 2
1 1 2 x-2 x-2
∫ sec z dz = Ln + +c tg z =
2 2
4x - x 2 4x - x 2 4x - x 2
1 1 2+ x-2
2 2
4x - x 2
2
1 x 1 x2 1 x2
Ln +c= Ln + c = Ln +c x-2
2 2(2 ) 2 4 4x - x 2
4x - x 2 ⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜⎜ 4x - x ⎟⎟ z
⎝ ⎠
1 x (x ) 1 x
Ln + c = Ln +c
4 (x )(4 - x ) 4 4-x 4x - x 2
dx 1 x
∫ = Ln +c
4x - x 2 4 4-x
94
dx
∫
32
⎛⎜ 4 - x 2 ⎞⎟ 32
⎝ ⎠ ⎛a 2 - x 2 ⎞ ⇒ x = a sen z
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
dx 2 cos z dz
∫ =∫ 32 32
32 8 cos 3 z ⎛ 4 - x2 ⎞ = ⎡(2)2 - x 2 ⎤
⎛⎜ 4 - x 2 ⎞⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦
⎝ ⎠
32
⎡(2)2 - x 2 ⎤ ⇒ x = 2 sen z
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
1 1
∫ dz
4 cos 2 z x = 2 sen z
x 2 = 4 sen 2 z
1
= ∫ sec 2 z dz
4 si x = 2 sen z ⇒ dx = 2 cos z dz
32 32
Tabla de integrales
⎛⎜ 4 - x 2 ⎞⎟ = ⎡4 - 4 sen 2 z ⎤
⎝ ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
2 32 32
∫ sec z dz = tg z + c ⎛⎜ 4 - x 2 ⎞⎟ = ⎡⎢(4)⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟⎤⎥
Tabla de integrales ⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
32 32
1 2 1 ⎛⎜ 4 - x 2 ⎞⎟ = ⎡⎢(4)⎛⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟⎤⎥
∫ sec z dz = tg z + c ⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
4 4
32
⎛⎜ 4 - x 2 ⎞⎟ = [(4)]3 2 * cos 3 z
1 1 x
(tg z) + c = ( ) +c 32
4 4
4 - x2 ⎛⎜ 4 - x 2 ⎞⎟ = 64 cos 3 z
⎝ ⎠
dx x
∫ = +c 32
32 ⎛⎜ 4 - x 2 ⎞⎟ = 8 cos 3 z
⎛⎜ 4 - x 2 ⎞⎟ 4 4 - x2 ⎝ ⎠
⎝ ⎠
x
2
x
tg z =
2 4 - x2
x
z
4 - x2
95
25 - x 2
∫ dx
x
a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z
25 - x 2 dx 5 cos z (5 cos z dz )
∫ =∫ 5 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = 5 sen z
x 5 sen z
x 2 = 25 sen 2 z
5 cos 2 z
∫ dz si x = 5 sen z ⇒ dx = 5 cos z dz
sen z
Identidad trigonometrica 25 - x 2 = 25 - 25 sen 2 z
cos2 z = 1 - sen2 z
25 - x 2 = 25 ⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟ dz
5 cos 2 z dz 2
⎠ = 5 1 dz - 5 sen z dz 25 - x 2 = 25 ⎛⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟
∫ = 5∫ ⎝ ∫ ∫ ⎝ ⎠
sen z sen z sen z sen z
25 - x 2 = 5 cos z
5∫ csc z dz - 5∫ sen z dz
x
Tabla de integrales si x = 5 sen z ⇒ sen z =
5
∫ csc z dz = Ln csc z - ctg z + c 5

csc z =
∫ sen z dz = - cos z + c x
x
tg z =
25 - x 2
5∫ csc z dz - 5∫ sen z dz = 5 Ln csc z - ctg z - 5 (- cos z ) + c
5 Ln csc z - ctg z + 5 cos z + c
25 − x 2
ctg z =
Reemplazando x
5 25 - x 2 25 - x 2
5 Ln - + (5) +c 25 − x 2
x x 5 cos z =
5
5 - 25 - x 2
5 Ln + 25 − x 2 + c
x
5
25 - x 2 dx 5 - 25 - x 2
∫ = 5 Ln + 25 − x 2 + c z x
x x
25 - x 2
96
∫ x 2 + 4 dx
a2 + x2 ⇒ x = a tg z
2 2 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 3
∫ x + 4 dx = ∫ 2 sec z ⎜ 2 sec z dz ⎟ = ∫ 4 sec z dz
⎝ ⎠
x2 + 4 = x 2 + 22 ⇒ x = 2 tg z
4 ∫ sec 3 z dz =
x = 2 tg z
Se resuelve la integral 4 ∫ sec 3 z dz por partes x 2 = 4 tg 2 z
∫ u dv = u * v - ∫ v du
Se resuelve por partes x2 + 4 = 4 tg 2 z + 4

2 x2 + 4 = 4 (tg 2 z + 1 )
v = tg z
x 2 + 4 = 4 ⎛⎜ sec 2 z ⎞⎟
∫ u dv = u * v - ∫ v du ⎝ ⎠
x 2 + 4 = 2 sec z
4 ⎡⎢sec z * tgz - ∫ tg 2 z * sec z dz ⎤⎥

⎣ ⎦

tg2 z = sec2 z - 1
⎡ ⎤
4 ⎢sec z * tg z - ∫ ⎛⎜ sec 2 - 1⎞⎟ * sec z dz ⎥
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦
4 ⎡⎢sec z * tg z - ∫ sec 3 z dz + ∫ sec z dz ⎤⎥

⎣ ⎦
4 ∫ sec 3 z dz = 4 ⎡⎢sec z * tg z - ∫ sec 3 z dz + ∫ sec z dz ⎤⎥

⎣ ⎦
4 ∫ sec 3 z dz + 4 ∫ sec 3 z dz = 4 sec z * tg z + 4∫ sec z dz

97
Tabla de integrales
x = 2 tg z
4 ∫ sec 3 z dz = 2 sec z * tg z + 2 Ln sec z + tg z + c si x = 2 tg z ⇒ tg z =

x
2
2
∫ x 2 + 4 dx = 2 sec z * tg z + 2 Ln sec z + tg z + c cos z =
a2 + x2
⎛ ⎞
2 ⎜ x2 + 4 ⎟ ⎛ x ⎞ x2 + 4 x
∫ x + 4 dx = 2 ⎜ ⎟*⎜ ⎟ + 2 Ln + +c
⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎝2⎠ 2 2
⎝ ⎠ x 2 + 4 = 2 sec z
⎛ ⎞ x2 + 4
2 ⎜x x2 + 4 ⎟ x2 + 4 + x sec z =
∫ x + 4 dx = 2 ⎜ ⎟ + 2 Ln +c 2
⎜ 4 ⎟ 2
⎝ ⎠
1⎛ ⎞ x2 + 4 + x
∫ x 2 + 4 dx = ⎜x x 2 + 4 ⎟⎟ + 2 Ln +c
2 ⎜⎝ ⎠ 2

1⎛ ⎞
∫ x 2 + 4 dx = ⎜x x 2 + 4 ⎟⎟ + 2 Ln a2 + x2 + x - 2 Ln 2 + c
2 ⎜⎝ ⎠
x2 + 4
x
C1 = - 2 Ln 2 + c
z
2 x
∫ x + 4 dx = x 2 + 4 + 2 Ln x2 + 4 + x + C1
2
98
2
∫ x - 4 dx =
x2 - a2 ⇒ x = a sec z
∫ x - 4 dx = ∫ 2 tg z (2 sec z tg z dz ) = ∫ 4 sec z tg z dz
2 2
x 2 - 22 ⇒ x = 2 sec z
4 ∫ tg 2 z sec z dz = x = 2 sec z
Identidades trigonometricas x 2 = 4 sec 2 z
tg 2 z = sec 2 z - 1 si x = 2 sec z ⇒ dx = 2 sec z tg z dz
x 2 - 22 = 4 sec 2 z - 4
4 ∫ tg 2 z sec z dz = 4 ∫ ⎛⎜ sec 2 z − 1⎞⎟ sec z dz
⎝ ⎠
x 2 - 22 = 4 (sec 2 z - 1)
4 ∫ sec 2 z sec z dz - 4 ∫ sec z dz
x 2 - 4 = 4 ⎛⎜ tg 2 z ⎞⎟
4 ∫ sec3 z dz - 4 ∫ sec z dz = Integral inicial ⎝ ⎠
Se resuelve la integral 4 ∫ sec 3 z dz por partes x 2 - 4 = 2 tg z

∫ u dv = u * v - ∫ v du

2
v = tg z
∫ u dv = u * v - ∫ v du
4 ∫ sec 2 z * sec z dz = 4 [sec z * tg z - ∫ (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ]
4 ⎡sec z * tgz - ∫ tg 2 z * sec z dz ⎤

⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
Reemplazando la Identidad trigonométrica tg 2 z = sec 2 z - 1
4 ⎡⎢sec z * tg z - ∫ ⎛⎜ sec 2 - 1⎞⎟ * sec z dz ⎤⎥

⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦
4 ⎡sec z * tg z - ∫ sec 3 z dz + ∫ sec z dz ⎤

⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
99
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
4∫ sec 3 z dz + 4∫ sec 3 z dz = 4 sec z * tg z + 4 ∫ sec z dz
Tabla de integrales
x = 2 sec z
x
Regresando a la integral inicial después de resolver 4 ∫ sec 3 z dz si x = 2 sec z ⇒ sec z =
2
por partes.
2
4 ∫ sec3 z dz - 4 ∫ sec z dz = cos z =
x
4∫ sec 3 z dz - (4 ∫ sec z dz ) = 2 sec z * tg z + 2∫ sec z dz - (4 ∫ sec z dz )
x 2 - 4 = 2 tg z
2 sec z * tg z + 2 ∫ sec z dz - 4 ∫ sec z dz
x2 − 4
Se reducen términos semejantes tg z =
2
2 sec z * tg z - 2 ∫ sec z dz
aplicando la tabla de integrales
2 sec z * tg z - 2 Ln sec z + tg z + c
Reemplazando
2
∫ x - 4 dz = 2 sec z * tg z - 2 Ln sec z + tg z + c x x2 − 4
⎛ ⎞ z
2 ⎛ x ⎞ ⎜ x2 - 4 ⎟ x x2 - 4
∫ x - 4 dz = 2⎜ ⎟ * ⎜ ⎟ - 2 Ln + +c
⎝2⎠ ⎜ 2 ⎟ 2 2 2
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞
2 ⎜ x x2 - 4 ⎟ x + x2 - 4
∫ x - 4 dz = 2 ⎜ ⎟ - 2 Ln +c
⎜ 4 ⎟ 2
⎝ ⎠
100
2 1 x + x2 - 4
∫ x - 4 dz = x x 2 - 4 - 2 Ln +c
2 2
2 x
x 2 - 4 - 2 Ln x + x 2 - 4 + 2 Ln 2 + c
∫ x - 4 dz =
2
Pero:
C1 = 2 Ln 2 + c
2 x
x 2 - 4 - 2 Ln x + x 2 - 4
∫ x − 4 dx = + C1
2
101
x 2 dx
∫
⎛4 − x2 ⎞
52 52
⎜ ⎟ ⎛⎜ a 2 - x 2 ⎞⎟ ⇒ x = a sen z
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 4 sen 2 z ⎞⎟ (2 cos z dz )
⎜
x 2 dx ⎝ ⎠ 8 sen 2 z 52
∫ =∫ = ∫ dz ⎛⎜ 2 2 - x 2 ⎞⎟ ⇒ x = 2 sen z
52 32 cos 5 z 32 cos 4 z
⎛4 − x2 ⎞ ⎝ ⎠
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ x 2 = 4 sen 2 z
1 sen 2 z 1
∫ dz si x = 2 sen z ⇒ dx = 2 cos z dz
4 cos 2 z cos 2 z
52 52
1 2 2
⎛⎜ 4 - x 2 ⎞⎟ = ⎛⎜ 4 - 4 sen 2 z ⎞⎟
∫ tg z sec z dz = ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
4
52 52
⎛⎜ 4 - x 2 ⎞⎟ = ⎡⎢4⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟⎤⎥
Solución por cambio de variable ⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
u = tg z du = sec2 z dz
52 52
1 1 ⎛⎜ 4 - x 2 ⎞⎟ = ⎡⎢2 2 ⎛⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟⎤⎥
∫ tg z sec z dz = ∫ (u ) du
2 2 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
4 4
52
⎛⎜ 4 - x 2 ⎞⎟ = 2 5 cos 5 z
52
⎛⎜ 4 - x 2 ⎞⎟ = 32 cos 5 z
n u n +1 ⎝ ⎠
∫ u du = + c ⇒ n ≠ -1 x
n +1 si x = 2 sen z ⇒ sen z =
2
x
z = arc sen
1 1 u3 2
∫ (u ) du =
2 +c
4 4 3
x
tg z =
Reemplazando 4 - x2
u = tg z u3 = tg3 z
1 u3 1 1
+ c = u 3 + c = ⎛⎜ tg 3 z ⎞⎟ + c
4 3 12 12 ⎝ ⎠
3
1 ⎛ ⎞ (x )3
(tg z )3 + c = 1 ⎜⎜ x ⎟
⎟⎟ +c=
1
+c 2
x
12 12 ⎜ 2 12 ⎛ 3
⎝ 4-x ⎠ ⎞
⎜ 4x − x 2 ⎟ z
⎝ ⎠
x 2 dx x3 4 - x2
∫ = +c
52 32
⎛⎜ 4 - x 2 ⎞⎟ 12 ⎛⎜ 4 x − x 2 ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
102
dx
∫
x2 9 - x2
a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z
dx 3 cos z dz 3 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = 3 sen z
∫ =∫
x2 9 - x2 9 sen 2 z (3 cos z )
x = 3 sen z
1 1 x 2 = 9 sen 2 z
∫ dz
9 sen 2 z
1 2
∫ csc z dz 9 - x2 = 9 - 9 sen 2 z
9
Tabla de integrales
9 - x2 = (
9 1 - sen 2 z )
2
∫ csc z dz = - ctg z + c 9 - x2 = (
9 cos 2 z )
9 - x 2 = 3 cos z
1 2 1 x
∫ csc z dz = - ctg z + c si x = 3 sen z ⇒ sen z =
9 9 3
x
Reemplazando tg z = 9 − x2
ctg z =
9 - x2 x
1 1 9 - x2
- (ctg z) + c = - ( ) +c
9 9 x
dx 9 - x2
∫ = - +c
9x
x2 9 - x2
3
x
z
9- x2
103
x 2 dx x 2 - a 2 ⇒ x = a sec z
∫
x 2 - 16
x 2 - 16 = x 2 - 42
∫
x 2 dx
=∫
(16 sec 2 z)4 sec z tg z dz
x 2 - 16
(4 tg z ) x 2 - 42 ⇒ x = 4 sec z
x = 4 sec z
16 ∫ sec 3 z dz =
x 2 = 16 sec 2 z
Se resuelve la integral 16 ∫ sec 3 z dz por partes si x = 4 sec z ⇒ dx = 4 sec z tg z dz
∫ u dv = u * v - ∫ v du
16 ∫ sec 3 z dz = 16 ∫ sec 2 z * sec z dz x 2 - 16 = 16 sec 2 z - 16
Se resuelve por partes x 2 - 16 = 16 (sec 2 z - 1)

2 x 2 - 16 = 16 (tg 2 z )
v = tg z
x 2 - 16 = 4 tg z
16 ∫ sec 2 z * sec z dz = 16 [sec z * tg z - ∫ (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ]
[
16 [sec z * tg z - ∫ (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ] = 16 sec z * tgz - ∫ tg 2 z * sec z dz ]
[
16 sec z * tgz - ∫ tg 2 z * sec z dz ] [ ( )
= 16 sec z * tg z - ∫ sec 2 - 1 * sec z dz ]
[
16 sec z * tg z - ∫ sec 3 z dz + ∫ sec z dz ]
16 ∫ sec 3 z dz = [
16 sec z * tg z - ∫ sec 3 z dz + ∫ sec z dz ]
104
Tabla de integrales
∫ sec z dz = ln sec z + tg z + c x = 4 sec z
x
si x = 4 sec z ⇒ sec z =
16 ∫ sec 3 z dz = 8 sec z * tg z + 8 Ln sec z + tg z + c 4
4
cos z =
x
x 2 dx
∫ = 8 sec z * tg z + 8 Ln sec z + tg z + c
x 2 - 16
x 2 - 16
tg z =
⎛ ⎞ 4
x 2 dx 2
⎛ x ⎞ ⎜ x - 16 ⎟ x x 2 - 16
∫ = 8 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜* ⎟ + 8 Ln + +c
2 ⎝ 4⎠ ⎜ 4 ⎟ 4 4
x - 16 ⎝ ⎠
x x 2 - 16
⎛ ⎞
x 2 dx 2
⎜ x x - 16 ⎟ x + x 2 - 16
∫ =8⎜ ⎟⎟ + 8 Ln +c
2 ⎜ 16 4 z
x - 16 ⎝ ⎠
4
⎛ ⎞
x 2 dx 2
⎜ x x - 16 ⎟ 2
∫ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 8 Ln x + x - 16 - 8 Ln 4 + c
2 2
x - 16 ⎝ ⎠
Pero: C1 = - 8 Ln 4 + c
⎛ ⎞
x 2 dx 2
⎜ x x - 16 ⎟
∫ = ⎜ ⎟ + 8 Ln x + x 2 - 16 + c1
x 2 - 16 ⎜⎝ ⎟
2
⎠
105
x 3 a 2 - x 2 dx
∫
3 a 2 - x 2 dx = ⎛ a 3 sen 3 z ⎞ (a cos z )(a cos z dz )

∫x ∫⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
a 5 ∫ sen 3 z cos 2 z dz = a 5 ∫ ⎛⎜ sen 2 z ⎞⎟ sen z cos 2 z dz a 2 - x 2 ⇒ x = a sen z

⎝ ⎠
Reemplazando la Identidad trigonométrica x 2 = a 2 sen 2 z ⇒ x 3 = a 3 sen 3 z
Si x = asen z → dx = a cos z dz
2 2
Sen z = 1 – cos z
a2 - x2 = a 2 - a 2 sen 2 z
a 5 ∫ ⎛⎜1 - cos 2 z ⎞⎟ sen z cos 2 z dz = a ∫ ⎛⎜1 − cos 2 z ⎞⎟ cos 2 zsenzdz

⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ a2 - x2 = a 2 ⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
Solución por cambio de variable
u = cos z du = - sen z dz
a2 - x2 = a 2 ⎛⎜ cos 2 z ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
− a 5 ∫ ⎛⎜1 − u 2 ⎞⎟u 2 du dz = - a 5 ∫ u 2 du + a 5 ∫ u 4 du
⎝ ⎠
a 2 - x 2 = a cos z
Tabla de integrales
x
n du = u n +1 a
∫u + c ⇒ n ≠ -1 a
n +1 x
z a2 -x2
cos z =
a
a2 − x2
a 5u 3 a 5 u 5
- + +c
3 5
Reemplazando
u = cos z u3 = cos3 z u5 = cos5 z
a 5 ⎛⎜ cos 3 z ⎞⎟ a 5 ⎛⎜ cos 5 z ⎞⎟
a 5u 3 a 5 u 5 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
- + +c= - +
3 5 3 5
3 ⎞
5
⎛ 2 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2
⎛ ⎞
3
⎛ ⎞
5 ⎜ a -x ⎟ ⎜ a − x2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
a 5 (cos z )3 a 5 (cos z )5 a5 ⎜ a 2 - x2 ⎟ a5 ⎜ a 2 - x 2 ⎟ 5
a ⎝ ⎠
5
a ⎝ ⎠
- + = - ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ +c= - + +c
3 5 3 ⎜
⎝
a ⎟
⎠
5 ⎜
⎝
a ⎟
⎠
3 a3 5 a5
2 32 1 52
3 a 2 - x 2 dx = - a ⎛ a 2 − x 2 ⎞ + ⎛⎜ a 2 - x 2 ⎞⎟ +c
∫x ⎜ ⎟
3 ⎝ ⎠ 5⎝ ⎠
106

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INTEGRALES POR SUSTITUCIONES TRIGONOMETRICAS

Erving Quintero Gil

a2 + x2 → x = a tg z → x2 = a2 tg2 z a2 - x2 → x = a sen z → x2 = a2 sen2 z

∫ csc u ctg u du = - csc u + c

Encuentre una formula directa para la aplicación de la siguiente integral

Cancelando términos semejantes

Tabla de integrales a2 - x2 = a 2 ⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟

Tabla de integrales x2 - a2 = a 2 sec 2 z - a 2

Tabla de integrales x2 - a2 = a 2 ⎛⎜ sec 2 z - 1⎞⎟

a 2 ∫ sec 2 z * sec z dz = a 2 [sec z * tg z - ∫ (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ]

a 2 ⎡sec z * tgz - ∫ tg 2 z * sec z dz ⎤

Reemplazando la Identidad trigonométrica

a 2 ⎡⎢sec z * tg z - ∫ ⎛⎜ sec 2 - 1⎞⎟ * sec z dz ⎤⎥

a 2 ⎡sec z * tg z - ∫ sec 3 z dz + ∫ sec z dz ⎤

a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz = a 2 ⎡sec z * tg z - ∫ sec 3 z dz + ∫ sec z dz ⎤

a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec z * tg z - a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz + a 2 ∫ sec z dz

Ordenando como una ecuación cualquiera y simplificando los términos semejantes

a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz + a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec z * tg z + a 2 ∫ sec z dz

2a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec z * tg z + a 2 ∫ sec z dz

Dividiendo la ecuación por 2

Propiedad de los logaritmos

Identidades trigonometricas si x = a sec z ⇒ dx = a sec z tg z dz

a 2 ∫ tg 2 z sec z dz = a 2 ∫ ⎛⎜ sec 2 z − 1⎞⎟ sec z dz x2 - a2 = a 2 (sec 2 z - 1)

Se resuelve la integral a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz por partes

Se resuelve por partes

a 2 ∫ sec 2 z * sec z dz = a 2 [sec z * tg z - ∫ (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ]

a 2 ⎡sec z * tgz - ∫ tg 2 z * sec z dz ⎤

a 2 ⎡⎢sec z * tg z - ∫ ⎛⎜ sec 2 - 1⎞⎟ * sec z dz ⎤⎥

a 2 ⎡sec z * tg z - ∫ sec 3 z dz + ∫ sec z dz ⎤

a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz = a 2 ⎡sec z * tg z - ∫ sec 3 z dz + ∫ sec z dz ⎤

Ordenando como una ecuación cualquiera y simplificando los términos semejantes

a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz + a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec z * tg z + a 2 ∫ sec z dz

2a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec z * tg z + a 2 ∫ sec z dz

Dividiendo la ecuación por 2

aplicando la tabla de integrales

2 - x 2 dx = a cos z * (a cos z dz ) = a 2 cos 2 z dz

Reemplazando la Identidad trigonométrica

∫ csc z dz = ln csc z - ctg z + c x 2 + a 2 = a sec z

a 2 ∫ tg 2 z sec z dz = a 2 ∫ ⎛⎜ sec 2 z - 1⎞⎟ (sec z dz ) x 2 + a 2 = a 2 ⎛⎜ sec 2 z ⎞⎟

a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz - a 2 ∫ sec z dz x 2 + a 2 = a sec z

a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz = a 2 ∫ sec 2 z * sec z dz

Se resuelve por partes

a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz = a 2 ⎡sec z * tgz - ∫ tg 2 z * sec z dz ⎤

Reemplazando la Identidad trigonométrica tg2 z = sec2 z - 1

a 2 ⎡⎢sec z * tg z - ∫ ⎛⎜ sec 2 z - 1⎞⎟ * sec z dz ⎤⎥ = a 2 ⎡sec z * tg z - ∫ sec 3 z dz + ∫ sec z dz ⎤

a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz + a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec z * tg z + a 2 ∫ sec z dz

2a 2 ∫ sec 3 z dz = a 2 sec z * tg z + a 2 ∫ sec z dz

Dividiendo la ecuación por 2 se obtiene la primera parte de la solución

a 2 - x 2 dx (a cos z) (a cos z dz ) x = a sen z

a 2 cos 2 z si x = a sen z ⇒ dx = a cos z dz

4 - x 2 dx 2 cos z (2 cos z dz ) 22 - x 2 ⇒ x = 2 sen z

Identidad trigonométrica 4 - x2 = 4 ⎛⎜1 - sen 2 z ⎞⎟

∫ csc z dz = ln csc z - ctg z + c

Identidad trigonometrica si x = 6 tg z ⇒ dx = 6 sec 2 z dz

6 ∫ tg 2 z sec z dz = 6 ∫ ⎛⎜ sec 2 z - 1⎞⎟ (sec z dz ) x 2 + 6 = 6 ⎛⎜ tg 2 z + 1⎞⎟

Se resuelve primero la integral 6 ∫ sec 3 z dz por partes

Se resuelve por partes

6 ∫ sec 2 z * sec z dz = 6[sec z * tg z - ∫ (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ]

6[sec z * tg z - ∫ (tg z ) * sec z * tgz dz ] = 6 ⎡sec z * tgz - ∫ tg 2 z * sec z dz ⎤

Reemplazando la Identidad trigonométrica tg2 z = sec2 z - 1

6 ⎡sec z * tgz - ∫ tg 2 z sec z dz ⎤ = 6 ⎡sec z * tg z - ∫ ⎛⎜ sec 2 - 1⎞⎟ * sec z dz ⎤

ordenando como una ecuación cualquiera y reduciendo términos semejantes

6 ∫ sec 3 z dz + 6 ∫ sec 3 z dz = 6 sec z * tg z + 6 ∫ sec z dz