Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 107

C. Moldeo en arena con machos

Proceso de fabricación de piezas, comúnmente metálicas pero también de plástico, consistente
en fundir un material e introducirlo en una cavidad, llamada molde, donde se solidifica.
El proceso tradicional es la fundición en arena, por ser ésta un material refractario muy
abundante en la naturaleza, que mezclada con arcilla adquiere cohesión y moldeabilidad, sin
perder la permeabilidad que posibilita evacuar los gases del molde al tiempo que se vierte el
metal fundido.

1 ETAPAS DEL PROCESO

- Diseño del modelo. El modelo es la pieza que se pretende moldear, pero con algunas
modificaciones derivadas de la naturaleza del proceso de fundición:
* Será ligeramente más grande que la pieza, ya que se debe tener en cuenta la
contracción de la misma una vez se haya extraído del molde.
* Las superficies del modelo deberán respetar unos ángulos mínimos con la dirección
de desmoldeo (la dirección en la que se extraerá el modelo), con objeto de no dañar el
molde de arena durante su extracción. Este ángulo de denomina águlo de salida.
* Inclusión todos los canales de alimentación y mazarotas necesarios para el llenado
del molde con el metal fundido.
* Si es necesario incluirá portadas, que son prolongaciones que sirven para la
colocación del macho.

-Fabricación del modelo. En lo que atañe a los materiales empleados para la construcción del
modelo, se pueden emplear distintos materiales, desde madera o plásticos como el uretano
hasta metales como el aluminio o el hierro fundido.
Usualmente se fabrican dos semimodelos correspondientes a sendas partes del molde que es
necesario fabricar.

-Compactación de la arena alrededor del modelo. Para ello primeramente se coloca cada
semimodelo en una tabla, dando lugar a las llamadas tablas modelo, que garantizan que
posteriormente ambas partes del molde encajarán perfectamente.
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 108

Actualmente se realiza el llamado moldeo mecánico, consistente en la compactación de la

arena por medios automáticos, generalmente mediante pistones (uno o varios) hidráulicos o
neumáticos.

- Colocación del macho. Si la pieza que se quiere fabricar es hueca, será necesario disponer
machos que eviten que el metal fundido rellene dichas oquedades. Los machos se elaboran
con arenas especiales debido a que deben ser más resistentes que el molde, ya que es
necesario manipularlos manualmente para su colocación en el molde. Una vez colocado, se
juntas ambas caras del molde y se sujetan.

- Colada. Vertido del material fundido.

- Enfriamiento y solidificación. Esta etapa es crítica de todo el proceso, ya que un

enfriamiento excesivamente rápido puede provocar tensiones mecánicas en la pieza, e incluso
la aparición de grietas, mientras que si es demasiado lento disminuye la productividad.

- Desmoldeo. (Rotura del molde y extracción de la pieza). En el desmoldeo también debe

retirarse la arena del macho. Toda esta arena se recicla para la construcción de nuevos moldes.

- Desbarbado. Consiste en la eliminación de los conductos de alimentación, mazarota y

rebabas procedentes de la junta de ambas caras del molde.

- Acabado y limpieza de los restos de arena adheridos. Posteriormente la pieza puede requerir
mecanizado, tratamiento térmico, etc.

2 TIPOS
* Moldeo en arena verde. Consiste en la elaboración del molde con arena húmeda y colada
directa del metal fundido. Es el método más empleado en la actualidad, con todo tipo de
metales, y para piezas de tamaño pequeño y medio.
No es adecuado para piezas grandes o de geometrías complejas, ni para obtener buenos
acabados superficiales o tolerancias reducidas.
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 109

* Moldeo en arena seca. Antes de la colada, el molde se seca a elevada temperatura (entre 200
y 300ºC). De este modo se incrementa la rigidez del molde, lo que permite fundir piezas de
mayor tamaño, geometrías más complejas y con mayor precisión dimensional y mejor
acabado superficial.

* Moldeo mecánico. Consiste en la automatización del moldeo en arena verde. La generación

del molde mediante prensas mecánicas o hidráulicas, permite obtener moldes densos y
resistentes que subsanan las deficiencias del moldeo tradicional en arena verde.

* Moldeo a la cera perdida o microfusión. En este caso, el modelo se fabrica en cera o

plástico. Una vez obtenido, se recubre de una serie de dos capas, la primera de un material
que garantice un buen acabado superficial, y la segunda de un material refractario que
proporciones rigidez al conjunto.
Una vez que se ha completado el molde, se calienta para endurecer el recubrimiento y derretir
la cera o el plástico para extraerla del molde en el que se verterá posteriormente el metal
fundido.
Este método tiene dos ventajas principales, la ausencia de machos y de superficies de junta,
con lo que se logran fieles reproducciones del modelo original sin defectos superficiales
(líneas de junta y rebabas) que luego haya que pulir.

* Fundición en coquilla. En este caso, el molde es metálico.

* Fundición por Inyección.

En las páginas posteriores se puede ver el proceso de fabricación de moldes y piezas de arena
con mayor detalle e imágenes que aclararán un poco mejor el proceso.
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 110
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 111
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 112
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 113
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 114
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 115
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 116
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 117
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 118
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 119

D. Manual básico Pro-Mechanica

D.1 Introducción
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 120
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 121
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 122
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 123
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 124
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 125

D.2 Modelado por elementos finitos con Pro-Mechanica

Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 126
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 127
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 128
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 129
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 130
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 131
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 132
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 133
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 134
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 135
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 136

E. Resultados Pro-Mechanica
E.1 Report files estudio 1
E.1.1 General report file
------------------------------------------------------------
Pro/MECHANICA STRUCTURE Version 24.8(825)
Summary for Design Study "Cilindro_Estudio1_MP"
Wed Feb 23, 2005 19:34:28
------------------------------------------------------------

Run Settings
Memory allocation for block solver: 800.0

Parallel Processing Status

Parallel task limit for current run: 2
Parallel task limit for current platform: 64
Number of processors detected automatically: 2
Checking the model before creating elements...
These checks take into account the fact that AutoGEM will
automatically create elements in volumes with material
properties, on surfaces with shell properties, and on curves
with beam section properties.

Generate elements automatically.

Checking the model after creating elements...

No errors were found in the model.

Pro/MECHANICA STRUCTURE Model Summary

Principal System of Units: Custom

Length: mm
Mass: kg
Time: sec
Temperature: C

Model Type: Three Dimensional

Points: 2436
Edges: 12159
Faces: 17180

Springs: 0
Masses: 0
Beams: 0
Shells: 0
Solids: 7471

Elements: 7471

------------------------------------------------------------

Standard Design Study

Static Analysis "Cilindro_Estudio1_MP":

Convergence Method: Multiple-Pass Adaptive

Plotting Grid: 5

Convergence Loop Log: (19:38:48)

>> Pass 1 <<

Calculating Element Equations (19:38:48)
Total Number of Equations: 7051
Maximum Edge Order: 1
Solving Equations (19:38:50)
Post-Processing Solution (19:38:51)
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 137

Calculating Disp and Stress Results (19:38:51)

Checking Convergence (19:39:14)
Elements Not Converged: 7471
Edges Not Converged: 12159
Local Disp/Energy Index: 100.0%
Global RMS Stress Index: 100.0%
Resource Check (19:39:15)
Elapsed Time (sec): 290.20
CPU Time (sec): 270.14
Memory Usage (kb): 978409
Wrk Dir Dsk Usage (kb): 59392

>> Pass 2 <<

Calculating Element Equations (19:39:15)
Total Number of Equations: 42989
Maximum Edge Order: 2
Solving Equations (19:39:19)
Post-Processing Solution (19:39:22)
Calculating Disp and Stress Results (19:39:25)
Checking Convergence (19:39:48)
Elements Not Converged: 4971
Edges Not Converged: 11923
Local Disp/Energy Index: 100.0%
Global RMS Stress Index: 60.5%
Resource Check (19:39:49)
Elapsed Time (sec): 323.84
CPU Time (sec): 288.53
Memory Usage (kb): 1020585
Wrk Dir Dsk Usage (kb): 59392

>> Pass 3 <<

Calculating Element Equations (19:39:49)
Total Number of Equations: 168539
Maximum Edge Order: 4
Solving Equations (19:40:01)
Post-Processing Solution (19:40:21)
Calculating Disp and Stress Results (19:40:29)
Checking Convergence (19:40:52)
Elements Not Converged: 3309
Edges Not Converged: 8432
Local Disp/Energy Index: 100.0%
Global RMS Stress Index: 28.9%
Resource Check (19:40:54)
Elapsed Time (sec): 389.55
CPU Time (sec): 347.09
Memory Usage (kb): 1063227
Wrk Dir Dsk Usage (kb): 195584

>> Pass 4 <<

Calculating Element Equations (19:40:55)
Total Number of Equations: 302931
Maximum Edge Order: 6
Solving Equations (19:41:16)
Post-Processing Solution (19:42:44)
Calculating Disp and Stress Results (19:42:58)
Checking Convergence (19:43:24)
Elements Not Converged: 1038
Edges Not Converged: 0
Local Disp/Energy Index: 49.6%
Global RMS Stress Index: 25.3%
Resource Check (19:43:28)
Elapsed Time (sec): 543.45
CPU Time (sec): 519.13
Memory Usage (kb): 1113337
Wrk Dir Dsk Usage (kb): 1457152

>> Pass 5 <<

Calculating Element Equations (19:43:29)
Total Number of Equations: 517230
Maximum Edge Order: 7
Solving Equations (19:44:25)
Post-Processing Solution (19:49:25)
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 138

Calculating Disp and Stress Results (19:49:56)

Checking Convergence (19:50:39)
Elements Not Converged: 244
Edges Not Converged: 0
Local Disp/Energy Index: 33.2%
Global RMS Stress Index: 9.6%
Resource Check (19:50:46)
Elapsed Time (sec): 981.54
CPU Time (sec): 1039.30
Memory Usage (kb): 1177653
Wrk Dir Dsk Usage (kb): 3259392

>> Pass 6 <<

Calculating Element Equations (19:50:47)
Total Number of Equations: 776198
Maximum Edge Order: 8
Solving Equations (19:53:13)
Post-Processing Solution (20:07:04)
Calculating Disp and Stress Results (20:08:14)
Checking Convergence (20:09:19)
Elements Not Converged: 87
Edges Not Converged: 0
Local Disp/Energy Index: 23.9%
Global RMS Stress Index: 10.5%
Resource Check (20:09:55)
Elapsed Time (sec): 2129.88
CPU Time (sec): 2395.13
Memory Usage (kb): 1258135
Wrk Dir Dsk Usage (kb): 6145024

>> Pass 7 <<

Calculating Element Equations (20:09:55)
Total Number of Equations: 1043332
Maximum Edge Order: 9
Solving Equations (20:15:17)
Post-Processing Solution (20:43:33)
Calculating Disp and Stress Results (20:46:03)
Checking Convergence (20:47:41)
Elements Not Converged: 26
Edges Not Converged: 0
Local Disp/Energy Index: 11.1%
Global RMS Stress Index: 8.5%

RMS Stress Error Estimates:

Load Set Stress Error % of Max Prin Str

---------------- ------------ -----------------
LoadSet1 8.75e+03 1.3% of 6.69e+05

** Warning: Convergence was not obtained because the maximum

polynomial order of 9 was reached.

Resource Check (20:50:33)

Elapsed Time (sec): 4567.96
CPU Time (sec): 5264.31
Memory Usage (kb): 1345975
Wrk Dir Dsk Usage (kb): 9876480

The analysis did not converge to within 6% on

edge displacement, element strain energy,
and global RMS stress.

Total Mass of Model: 6.220180e-01

Total Cost of Model: 0.000000e+00

Mass Moments of Inertia about WCS Origin:

Ixx: 1.78330e+03
Ixy: -2.17884e+02 Iyy: 1.44698e+03
Ixz: 9.77300e+01 Iyz: 5.57269e+02 Izz: 1.89077e+03
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 139

Principal MMOI and Principal Axes Relative to WCS Origin:

Max Prin Mid Prin Min Prin

2.27256e+03 1.85003e+03 9.98461e+02

WCS X: -9.29927e-02 9.53260e-01 2.87485e-01

WCS Y: 5.73795e-01 -1.84659e-01 7.97910e-01
WCS Z: 8.13702e-01 2.39157e-01 -5.29804e-01

Center of Mass Location Relative to WCS Origin:

( 8.14232e+00, 3.30866e+01, -2.87264e+01)

Mass Moments of Inertia about the Center of Mass:

Ixx: 5.89072e+02
Ixy: -5.03115e+01 Iyy: 8.92455e+02
Ixz: -4.77597e+01 Iyz: -3.39332e+01 Izz: 1.16859e+03

Principal MMOI and Principal Axes Relative to COM:

Max Prin Mid Prin Min Prin

1.17567e+03 8.98180e+02 5.76266e+02

WCS X: -7.16480e-02 -1.73845e-01 9.82163e-01

WCS Y: -1.06100e-01 9.80435e-01 1.65799e-01
WCS Z: 9.91771e-01 9.23285e-02 8.86912e-02

Constraint Set: ConstraintSet1

Load Set: LoadSet1

Resultant Load on Model:

in global X direction: -1.582631e-07
in global Y direction: 1.144500e+07
in global Z direction: -1.218493e-08

Measures:

Name Value Convergence

-------------- ------------- -----------
max_beam_bending: 0.000000e+00 0.0%
max_beam_tensile: 0.000000e+00 0.0%
max_beam_torsion: 0.000000e+00 0.0%
max_beam_total: 0.000000e+00 0.0%
max_disp_mag: 3.181483e-02 0.4%
max_disp_x: 7.555290e-03 0.3%
max_disp_y: 3.153037e-02 0.4%
max_disp_z: -8.580806e-03 0.5%
max_prin_mag: 6.686046e+05 2.8%
max_rot_mag: 0.000000e+00 0.0%
max_rot_x: 0.000000e+00 0.0%
max_rot_y: 0.000000e+00 0.0%
max_rot_z: 0.000000e+00 0.0%
max_stress_prin: 6.686046e+05 2.8%
max_stress_vm: 4.470916e+05 0.2%
max_stress_xx: 3.853024e+05 0.6%
max_stress_xy: 1.683281e+05 0.3%
max_stress_xz: 1.486037e+05 0.8%
max_stress_yy: -5.924438e+05 6.6%
max_stress_yz: 2.063887e+05 5.2%
max_stress_zz: 3.773531e+05 6.2%
min_stress_prin: -5.939717e+05 5.4%
strain_energy: 1.517949e+05 0.3%

Analysis "Cilindro_Estudio1_MP" Completed (20:50:36)

------------------------------------------------------------

Memory and Disk Usage:

Machine Type: Windows NT/x86

RAM Allocation for Solver (megabytes): 800.0
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 140

Total Elapsed Time (seconds): 4571.14

Total CPU Time (seconds): 5265.76
Maximum Memory Usage (kilobytes): 1345975
Working Directory Disk Usage (kilobytes): 9876480

Results Directory Size (kilobytes):

212990 .\Cilindro_Estudio1_MP

Maximum Data Base Working File Sizes (kilobytes):

1048576 .\Cilindro_Estudio1_MP.tmp\kblk1.bas
1048576 .\Cilindro_Estudio1_MP.tmp\kblk2.bas
1048576 .\Cilindro_Estudio1_MP.tmp\kblk3.bas
1048576 .\Cilindro_Estudio1_MP.tmp\kblk4.bas
1048576 .\Cilindro_Estudio1_MP.tmp\kblk5.bas
1048576 .\Cilindro_Estudio1_MP.tmp\kblk6.bas
875520 .\Cilindro_Estudio1_MP.tmp\kblk7.bas
1048576 .\Cilindro_Estudio1_MP.tmp\kel1.bas
1048576 .\Cilindro_Estudio1_MP.tmp\kel2.bas
326656 .\Cilindro_Estudio1_MP.tmp\kel3.bas
285696 .\Cilindro_Estudio1_MP.tmp\oel1.bas

------------------------------------------------------------
Run Completed
Wed Feb 23, 2005 20:50:37
------------------------------------------------------------
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 141

E.1.2 Detailed Report file

------------------------------------------------------------
Pro/MECHANICA STRUCTURE Version 24.8(825)
Log for Design Study "Cilindro_Estudio1_MP"
Wed Feb 23, 2005 19:34:28
------------------------------------------------------------

Begin Creating Database for Design Study

Wed Feb 23, 2005 19:34:28
Elapsed Time (sec): 3.02
CPU Time (sec): 0.36
Memory Usage (kb): 63155
Work Dir Disk Usage (kb): 0
___________________________________________________________

Pro/MECHANICA External Database Interface -

MNF_TO_MDB Translator
Copyright(c) 2002PTC (tm) -
All Rights Reserved

___________________________________________________________

Global Information:

Model Name: .\Cilindro_Estudio1_MP\Cilindro_Estudio1_MP

Product Name Undefined
Product Version 24.8

Creation Date 02/23/05

Creation Time 19:34:28
Author UNKNOWN

Header Information:

MNF Version 24.8

MNF Author mechxfce
Date of MNF Creation Not available
Import Mode ptc
Name of Original Model Not available
Comments Not available

Error / Warning Reports :

Translation Error/Warning Summary

MEDI_info: Sliver region "bdy1_region_0_000502" was collapsed.

Total errors: 0
Total warnings: 0
Total informational messages: 1

**** Entity Creation Summary ****

----- Summary Information -----

Description Entities Entities

Found Created

Groups 7 7
Coordinate Systems 17 17
Parts 1 1
Points 11 11
Curves 1805 1804
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 142

Topological Edges 1431 0

Surfaces 516 515
Surface Curves 2800 0
Surface Regions 527 526
Volumes 5 5

Translation Elapsed Time

*** 90 seconds ***

Step Elapsed Time (sec): 90.53

Step CPU Time (sec): 90.49

Begin Integrated Mode Error Checking

Wed Feb 23, 2005 19:35:58
Elapsed Time (sec): 93.55
CPU Time (sec): 90.84
Memory Usage (kb): 112512
Work Dir Disk Usage (kb): 0
Checking the model before creating elements...
These checks take into account the fact that AutoGEM will
automatically create elements in volumes with material
properties, on surfaces with shell properties, and on curves
with beam section properties.

Step Elapsed Time (sec): 0.37

Step CPU Time (sec): 0.28

Begin Generating Elements

Wed Feb 23, 2005 19:35:59
Elapsed Time (sec): 93.91
CPU Time (sec): 91.13
Memory Usage (kb): 112512
Work Dir Disk Usage (kb): 0

____________________________________________________________

AutoGEM Settings

Isolate Surface Features:

[x] Reentrant Corners

[x] Point Loads
[x] Point Constraints
[x] Point Heat Loads
[x] Point Prescribed Temperatures
[x] Point Convection Conditions

------------------------------------------

[x] Insert Points

[x] Create Links Where Needed
[x] Move or Delete Existing Points
[x] Modify or Delete Existing Elements
[x] Detailed Fillet Modeling
[x] Display AutoGEM Messages
[ ] Automatic Interrupt

------------------------------------------

Shell Element Type: Quad and Tri

Solid Element Type: Tetra

Allowable Angles (Degrees):

Edge Min: 5.0 Max: 175.0
Face Min: 5.0 Max: 175.0

Max Allowable Edge Turn (Degrees): 95.0

Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 143

Max Allowable Aspect Ratio: 20.0

____________________________________________________________

Working on 5 volume(s) ...

Pre-processing features for 537 surfaces ...

Some entities form 17 edge angles

that are less than the minimum angle specified
on the AutoGEM Settings data form. The minimum
angle detected is 0.58 degrees. Do you want
AutoGEM to change the minimum angle at these entities?

OK

Searching for existing solid elements inside the volume ...

Found 0 existing solid element(s) inside the volume.
Pre-processing boundary features ...
Optimizing boundary point locations ...
Detecting thin features on the volume ...
Pre-processing volume features ...
Creating solid elements ...
99.9% complete after 2.0 min (14594 elements).
Optimizing elements ...

AutoGEM has detected problems adding elements to the model.

Do you want these problems fixed?

Yes

Optimizing elements ...

Adding 7471 solid elements to model ...

____________________________________________________________

AutoGEM Summary

Entities Created:

Beam: 0 Edge: 12159

Tri: 0 Face: 17180
Quad: 0 Face-Face Link: 0
Tetra: 7471 Edge-Face Link: 0
Wedge: 0
Brick: 0

----------------------------------------------------

Criteria Satisfied:

Angles (Degrees):
Edge Min: 0.8 Max: 172.8
Face Min: 5.0 Max: 174.8

Max Aspect Ratio: 16.9

Elapsed Time: 2.5 min CPU Time: 2.5 min

____________________________________________________________

***El resto del archivo son tiempos de cálculo que no aportan nada por lo tanto no se
reproducen
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 144

E.2 Report files estudio 2

E.2.1 General report file
------------------------------------------------------------
Pro/MECHANICA STRUCTURE Version 24.8(825)
Summary for Design Study "Cilindro_Culata_Contact"
Thu Feb 24, 2005 20:34:40
------------------------------------------------------------

Run Settings
Memory allocation for block solver: 800.0

Parallel Processing Status

Parallel task limit for current run: 2
Parallel task limit for current platform: 64
Number of processors detected automatically: 2
Checking the model before creating elements...
These checks take into account the fact that AutoGEM will
automatically create elements in volumes with material
properties, on surfaces with shell properties, and on curves
with beam section properties.

Generate elements automatically.

Checking the model after creating elements...

No errors were found in the model.

Pro/MECHANICA STRUCTURE Model Summary

Principal System of Units: Custom

Length: mm
Mass: kg
Time: sec
Temperature: C

Model Type: Three Dimensional

Points: 3291
Edges: 16536
Faces: 23447

Springs: 0
Masses: 0
Beams: 0
Shells: 0
Solids: 10219

Elements: 10219

Contact Regions: 1

------------------------------------------------------------

Standard Design Study

Static Analysis "Cilindro_Culata_Contact":

Contact Analysis

Convergence Method: Single-Pass Adaptive

Plotting Grid: 7

Convergence Loop Log: (20:37:28)

>> Pass 1 <<

Calculating Element Equations (20:37:29)
Total Number of Equations: 176897
Maximum Edge Order: 3
Solving Equations (20:37:37)
Load Increment 0 of 3
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 145

Load Factor: 0.00000e+00

Contact Area: 0.00000e+00
Calculating Disp and Stress Results (20:38:57)
Load Increment 1 of 3
Load Factor: 3.33333e-01
Contact Area: 0.00000e+00
Calculating Disp and Stress Results (20:41:11)
Load Increment 2 of 3
Load Factor: 6.66667e-01
Contact Area: 1.38708e+01
Calculating Disp and Stress Results (20:52:58)
Load Increment 3 of 3
Load Factor: 1.00000e+00
Contact Area: 3.44709e+01
Calculating Disp and Stress Results (20:57:30)

Post-Processing Solution (20:58:39)

Checking Convergence (20:58:40)
Resource Check (20:58:57)
Elapsed Time (sec): 1460.44
CPU Time (sec): 2012.69
Memory Usage (kb): 1109008
Wrk Dir Dsk Usage (kb): 221216

Localized refinement performed to improve accuracy of

contact pressure calculations.
No. of elements: 10625

Convergence Method: Single-Pass Adaptive

Plotting Grid: 7

Convergence Loop Log: (21:00:51)

>> Pass 1 <<

Calculating Element Equations (21:00:51)
Total Number of Equations: 184421
Maximum Edge Order: 3
Solving Equations (21:00:59)
Load Increment 0 of 3
Load Factor: 0.00000e+00
Contact Area: 0.00000e+00
Calculating Disp and Stress Results (21:02:36)
Load Increment 1 of 3
Load Factor: 3.33333e-01
Contact Area: 0.00000e+00
Calculating Disp and Stress Results (21:05:16)
Load Increment 2 of 3
Load Factor: 6.66667e-01
Contact Area: 1.27311e+01
Calculating Disp and Stress Results (21:19:34)
Load Increment 3 of 3
Load Factor: 1.00000e+00
Contact Area: 3.16223e+01
Calculating Disp and Stress Results (21:25:43)

Post-Processing Solution (21:27:01)

Checking Convergence (21:27:01)
Resource Check (21:27:19)
Elapsed Time (sec): 3162.51
CPU Time (sec): 4447.74
Memory Usage (kb): 1184653
Wrk Dir Dsk Usage (kb): 237622

Localized refinement performed to improve accuracy of

contact pressure calculations.
No. of elements: 11158

Convergence Method: Single-Pass Adaptive

Plotting Grid: 7

Convergence Loop Log: (21:30:31)

Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 146

>> Pass 1 <<

Calculating Element Equations (21:30:32)
Total Number of Equations: 194426
Maximum Edge Order: 3
Solving Equations (21:30:39)
Load Increment 0 of 3
Load Factor: 0.00000e+00
Contact Area: 0.00000e+00
Calculating Disp and Stress Results (21:32:32)
Load Increment 1 of 3
Load Factor: 3.33333e-01
Contact Area: 0.00000e+00
Calculating Disp and Stress Results (21:35:34)
Load Increment 2 of 3
Load Factor: 6.66667e-01
Contact Area: 1.21184e+01
Calculating Disp and Stress Results (21:51:52)
Load Increment 3 of 3
Load Factor: 1.00000e+00
Contact Area: 3.07377e+01
Calculating Disp and Stress Results (21:58:51)

Post-Processing Solution (22:00:16)

Checking Convergence (22:00:16)
Resource Check (22:00:34)
Elapsed Time (sec): 5157.59
CPU Time (sec): 7245.81
Memory Usage (kb): 1212545
Wrk Dir Dsk Usage (kb): 259164

>> Pass 2 <<

Calculating Element Equations (22:00:35)
Total Number of Equations: 206023
Maximum Edge Order: 7
Solving Equations (22:00:46)
Load Increment 0 of 3
Load Factor: 0.00000e+00
Contact Area: 0.00000e+00
Calculating Disp and Stress Results (22:02:51)
Load Increment 1 of 3
Load Factor: 3.33333e-01
Contact Area: 0.00000e+00
Calculating Disp and Stress Results (22:06:17)
Load Increment 2 of 3
Load Factor: 6.66667e-01
*Contact Area: 1.22946e+01
Calculating Disp and Stress Results (22:10:47)
Load Increment 3 of 3
Load Factor: 1.00000e+00
*Contact Area: 3.09142e+01

** Warning: Contact area is small in comparison to size

of adjacent element edges for one or more
contact regions for all load factors above
marked with a "*". Automatic localized mesh
refinement was unable to refine the mesh enough
to fix the problem. If you need pressure results
near the contact regions, you may need to
further refine the mesh in independent
Pro/MECHANICA.
Calculating Disp and Stress Results (22:15:18)

Post-Processing Solution (22:16:43)

Checking Convergence (22:16:43)

RMS Stress Error Estimates:

Load Set Stress Error % of Max Prin Str

---------------- ------------ -----------------
LoadSet1 1.26e+04 0.3% of 3.92e+06

Resource Check (22:17:03)

Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 147

Elapsed Time (sec): 6146.64

CPU Time (sec): 8607.61
Memory Usage (kb): 1214291
Wrk Dir Dsk Usage (kb): 292956

Total Mass of Model: 6.851145e-01

Total Cost of Model: 0.000000e+00

Mass Moments of Inertia about WCS Origin:

Ixx: 2.31395e+03
Ixy: -2.18405e+02 Iyy: 1.51494e+03
Ixz: 9.73133e+01 Iyz: 6.66423e+02 Izz: 2.42119e+03

Principal MMOI and Principal Axes Relative to WCS Origin:

Max Prin Mid Prin Min Prin

2.77456e+03 2.36080e+03 1.11472e+03

WCS X: -3.79876e-02 9.80042e-01 1.95126e-01

WCS Y: 4.72450e-01 -1.54450e-01 8.67719e-01
WCS Z: 8.80538e-01 1.25150e-01 -4.57154e-01

Center of Mass Location Relative to WCS Origin:

( 7.40189e+00, 3.82057e+01, -2.78889e+01)

Mass Moments of Inertia about the Center of Mass:

Ixx: 7.81033e+02
Ixy: -2.46581e+01 Iyy: 9.44527e+02
Ixz: -4.41153e+01 Iyz: -6.35771e+01 Izz: 1.38361e+03

Principal MMOI and Principal Axes Relative to COM:

Max Prin Mid Prin Min Prin

1.39527e+03 9.41228e+02 7.72670e+02

WCS X: -6.55460e-02 -1.83698e-01 9.80795e-01

WCS Y: -1.35850e-01 9.75400e-01 1.73609e-01
WCS Z: 9.88559e-01 1.21862e-01 8.88889e-02

Constraint Set: ConstraintSet1

Load Set: LoadSet1

Resultant Load on Model:

in global X direction: 4.199848e-01
in global Y direction: 1.145112e+07
in global Z direction: -2.308524e+06

Measures:

contact_area: 3.091418e+01
contact_max_pres: 1.568319e+05
max_beam_bending: 0.000000e+00
max_beam_tensile: 0.000000e+00
max_beam_torsion: 0.000000e+00
max_beam_total: 0.000000e+00
max_disp_mag: 2.793646e-01
max_disp_x: 4.756944e-02
max_disp_y: 2.793588e-01
max_disp_z: 4.748911e-02
max_prin_mag: 3.919902e+06
max_rot_mag: 0.000000e+00
max_rot_x: 0.000000e+00
max_rot_y: 0.000000e+00
max_rot_z: 0.000000e+00
max_stress_prin: 3.919902e+06
max_stress_vm: 2.730209e+06
max_stress_xx: 1.906399e+06
max_stress_xy: -9.950360e+05
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 148

max_stress_xz: 6.301959e+05
max_stress_yy: 2.542011e+06
max_stress_yz: 1.283519e+06
max_stress_zz: 2.589091e+06
min_stress_prin: -1.657882e+06
strain_energy: 1.204426e+06
cntRgn_001cntArea: 3.091418e+01
cntRgn_001maxPres: 1.568319e+05

Analysis "Cilindro_Culata_Contact" Completed (22:17:04)

------------------------------------------------------------

Memory and Disk Usage:

Machine Type: Windows NT/x86

RAM Allocation for Solver (megabytes): 800.0

Total Elapsed Time (seconds): 6149.65

Total CPU Time (seconds): 8609.69
Maximum Memory Usage (kilobytes): 1214291
Working Directory Disk Usage (kilobytes): 292956

Results Directory Size (kilobytes):

285673 g:\Oscar PFC\Cilindro_Culata_Contact

Maximum Data Base Working File Sizes (kilobytes):

24576 g:\Oscar PFC\Cilindro_Culata_Contact.tmp\gapel1.bas
197632 g:\Oscar PFC\Cilindro_Culata_Contact.tmp\kel1.bas
12288 g:\Oscar PFC\Cilindro_Culata_Contact.tmp\l1da1.bas
12288 g:\Oscar PFC\Cilindro_Culata_Contact.tmp\l2sq1.bas
46080 g:\Oscar PFC\Cilindro_Culata_Contact.tmp\oel1.bas

------------------------------------------------------------
Run Completed
Thu Feb 24, 2005 22:17:07
------------------------------------------------------------
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 149

E.2.2 Detailed report file

------------------------------------------------------------
Pro/MECHANICA STRUCTURE Version 24.8(825)
Log for Design Study "Cilindro_Culata_Contact"
Thu Feb 24, 2005 20:34:40
------------------------------------------------------------

Begin Creating Database for Design Study

Thu Feb 24, 2005 20:34:40
Elapsed Time (sec): 3.34
CPU Time (sec): 0.38
Memory Usage (kb): 63660
Work Dir Disk Usage (kb): 0
___________________________________________________________

Pro/MECHANICA External Database Interface -

MNF_TO_MDB Translator
Copyright(c) 2002PTC (tm) -
All Rights Reserved

___________________________________________________________

Global Information:

Model Name: g:\Oscar PFC\Cilindro_Culata_Contact\Cilindro_Culata_Contact

Product Name Undefined
Product Version 24.8

Creation Date 02/24/05

Creation Time 20:34:40
Author UNKNOWN

Header Information:

MNF Version 24.8

MNF Author mechxfce
Date of MNF Creation Not available
Import Mode ptc
Name of Original Model Not available
Comments Not available

Error / Warning Reports :

Translation Error/Warning Summary

MEDI_info: Sliver region "bdy1_80_region_0_001170" was collapsed.

Total errors: 0
Total warnings: 0
Total informational messages: 1

**** Entity Creation Summary ****

----- Summary Information -----

Description Entities Entities

Found Created

Groups 20 20
Coordinate Systems 22 22
Parts 1 1
Points 12 12
Curves 2078 2077
Modelado y cálculo FEM de un cilindro de motor 2T 150

Topological Edges 1601 0

Surfaces 576 575
Surface Curves 3114 0
Surface Regions 591 590
Volumes 6 6

Translation Elapsed Time

*** 96 seconds ***

Step Elapsed Time (sec): 96.96

Step CPU Time (sec): 96.78

Begin Integrated Mode Error Checking

Thu Feb 24, 2005 20:36:17
Elapsed Time (sec): 100.30
CPU Time (sec): 97.16
Memory Usage (kb): 116924
Work Dir Disk Usage (kb): 0
Checking the model before creating elements...
These checks take into account the fact that AutoGEM will
automatically create elements in volumes with material
properties, on surfaces with shell properties, and on curves
with beam section properties.

Step Elapsed Time (sec): 0.41

Step CPU Time (sec): 0.31

Begin Generating Elements

Thu Feb 24, 2005 20:36:17
Elapsed Time (sec): 100.71
CPU Time (sec): 97.47
Memory Usage (kb): 116924
Work Dir Disk Usage (kb): 0

Copying elements from an existing mesh file ...

Successfully copied elements from an existing mesh file.

A complete set of elements already exists.

OK

***El resto del archivo son tiempos de cálculo que no aportan nada por lo tanto no se
reproducen