Sumber Energi Panasbumi

5/20/2012
SUMBER ENERGI
PANAS BUMI
USAID-Star Energy Geothermal-USC-ITB Geothermal Capacity Building Program 2012/Nenny-ITB
Terjadi perpindahan panas

dari batuan sumber panas ke
batuan sekelilingnya.
Mekanisme perpindahan
panas:
Terjadi intrusi magma ke kulit bumi - Secara konduksi
- Secara konveksi
Faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi perambatan
panas dari sumber panas ke
batuan sekelilingnya?
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5/20/2012
Heterogenitas atau
keaneka ragaman sifat
batuan menyebabkan
gradien temperatur
(perubahan temperatur
dengan kedalaman)
berbeda-beda dari satu
tempat ke tempat lain.
Identifikasi Area Panas (Thermal Area)
USAID-Star Energy Geothermal-USC-ITB Geothermal Capacity Building Program 2012/Nenny-ITB, Nenny ITB
2
5/20/2012
NON THERMAL AREA:  Gradien temperatur = 10 oC/km

Bila temperatur di permukaan 25oC,  Gradien temperatur = 20 oC/km
Berapakah temperatur pada  Gradien temperatur = 30 oC/km
kedalaman 2000 m apabila:  Gradien temperatur = 40 oC/km
Gradien temp Temperatur (oC)

10 20 30 40
(degC/km)
0 50 100 150
Kedalaman T (deg C) 0
0 25 25 25 25
200 27 29 31 33 500
400 29 33 37 41
Kedalaman (m)
600 31 37 43 49 1000
800 33 41 49 57
1000 35 45 55 65 1500
1200 37 49 61 73
1400 39 53 67 81 2000
1600 41 57 73 89
1800 43 61 79 97 2500
2000 45 65 85 105 10 20 30 40
2200 47 69 91 113
THERMAL AREA:
 Gradien temperatur = 70 oC/km
 Gradien temperatur = 80 oC/km
Bila temperatur di permukaan 25oC, Berapakah temperatur pada

kedalaman 2000 m apabila:
Gradien temp (degC/km) 70 80 Temperatur (oC)

Kedalaman T (deg C)
0 100 200 300
0 25 25 0
200 39 41
400 53 57 500
Kedalaman (m)
600 67 73
800 81 89 1000
1000 95 105
1200 109 121 1500
1400 123 137
1600 137 153 2000
1800 151 169
2000 165 185 2500
2200 179 201 70 80
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5/20/2012
POKOK BAHASAN
1. Sumber energi panas

2. Jenis-jenis reservoir panas bumi
3. Klasifikasi reservoir berdasarkan temperatur dan
kandungan fluida
4. Sistim hidrothermal
5. Karakteristik Reservoir di Beberapa Lapangan di
Indonesia
6. Informasi reservoir yang penting diketahui
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5/20/2012
TYPE OF GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR
Jenis Reservoir (Type of Reservoir):

1. Reservoir hidrothermal (hydrothermal reservoir),
2. Reservoir bertekanan tinggi (geopressured reservoir)
3. Reservoir batuan panas kering (hot dry rock reservoir)
4. Reservoir magma (magma reservoir)
Hydrothermal Reservoirs: consists of heated water and/or steam

stored in permeable rock at depths reachable by commercial drilling ,
typically less than 4 km (Subir K. Sanyal, 2005)
All generation of geothermal electricity to date is derived from hydrothermal system

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5/20/2012
Other Type of Geothermal Reservoir

(Subir K. Sanyal, 2005)
Type of
Description Utlization
Reservoir
Geo-pressured • Consist of heated water stored in There is no present
reservoirs permeable rocks under pressure or planned
regime greater than hydrostatic; commercial
• Found in several deep sedimentary utilization of these
basins, often at great distances from reservoirs
plate boundaries.
• Often containing large quantities of
dissolved methane
Other Type of Geothermal Reservoir

(Subir K. Sanyal, 2005)
Type of
Description Utlization
Reservoir
Rocks of very low permeability
Hot dry rock Is still considered
(Batuan tidak mengandung
reservoirs experimental
fluida)
This resources
Magma Bodies of molten rock at has not been
reservoirs relatively shallow depth investigated
significantly
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5/20/2012
POKOK BAHASAN

kandungan fluida
Indonesia
SISTEM HIDROTERMAL
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5/20/2012
MANIFESTASI PANAS BUMI DI PERMUKAAN

– SURFACE FEATURES OF HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM
POKOK BAHASAN

3. Sistem Hidrothermal
kandungan fluida
Indonesia
6. Model konseptual
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5/20/2012
KLASIFIKASI SISTIM PANAS BUMI BERDASARKAN SUHU

(Classification of Geothermal System)
Muffer & Benderiter

Haenel, Rybach Hochestein
Cataldi & Cormy
& Stegna (1988) (1990)
(!978) (1990)
Sistim panasbumi
<90oC <100oC <150oC <125oC
entalphi rendah
Sistim panasbumi
90-150oC 100-200oC - 125-225oC
entalphi sedang
Sistim panasbumi
>150oC >200oC >150oC >225oC
entalphi tinggi
(Source: Bodvarsson)
RESERVOIR TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURLapangan
IN A NUMBER OF
RESERVOIR
Negara Temp. (oC)
GEOTHERMAL FIELDS Krafla Iceland 300-350
Laugarnes Iceland 130
Laugaland Iceland 80-100
Nesjavellir Iceland 300-400
Svartsengi Iceland 240
Larderello Italy 240
Olkari Kenya 300
Cerro Prieto Mexico 280-340
Broadlands NZ 270
Wairakei NZ 270
BacMan Phillipines 300-320
Tongonan Phillipines 300-350
The Geyser USA 240
Baca USA 270
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5/20/2012
KLASIFIKASI BERDASARKAN KANDUNGAN FLUIDA

JENIS RESERVOIR ?
JENIS FLUIDA RESERVOIR

• Air (water)
• Uap (steam)
• Campuran uap air (water and steam)
Tergantung Tekanan dan Temperatur
Figures captured from CalEnergy’s video
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5/20/2012
HUBUNGAN TEMPERATUR SATURASI TERHADAP TEKANAN
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5/20/2012
Tabel Uap dari Rogers dan Mayhew (1980),
Fluida yang terkandung dalam dalam reservoir?

Jenis Reservoir ?
 Jenis fluida bila T < Ts ?
Satu fasa - air

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5/20/2012

Jenis Reservoir ?
 Jenis fluida bila P = Ps atau T = Ts ?
Saturated Liquid  Two Phase Fluid  Saturated Vapor


Jenis Reservoir ?
 Jenis fluida bila T > Ts ?
Superheated Steam
13
5/20/2012
BOILING POINT WITH DEPTH (BPD)

UNTUK MEMPERKIRAKAN KANDUNGAN FLUIDA
 Fluida yang terkandung dibawah permukaan dapat ditentukan dari landaian

tekanan dan temperatur hasil pengukuran di dalam sumur.
 Dari data tekanan dan dengan menggunakan Tabel Uap, dapat ditentukan
temperatur saturasi atau temperatur titik didih.
Temperatur saturasi kemudian

diplot terhadap kedalaman. Kurva
biasa disebut sebagai “Kurva BPD”,
dimana BPD adalah singkatan dari
Boiling Point with Depth.
Kandungan fluida di dalam reservoir ?
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5/20/2012
Kandungan fluida di dalam reservoir ?
Tipikal Landaian Tekanan dan Landaian Tekanan dan Temperatur

Temperatur di Reservoir di Lapangan Dominasi Uap
Dominasi Uap [Grant, 1982) Kamojang (Saptadji, 1987)
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5/20/2012
Pengaruh kandungan non condensible gas dan kandungan

garam terhadap temperatur saturasi
 Adanya kandungan non-

condensible gas didalam air akan
menyebabkan temperatur saturasi
atau temperatur titik didih
menjadi lebih rendah
 Adanya kandungan garam akan
menaikan temperatur saturasi.
 Tidak hanya jenis fluida, tetapi
sifat fluida juga sangat ditentukan
oleh besarnya tekanan dan
temperatur didalam sistim.
Handbook of Geothermal Energy,Editors: Edwards, L.M., Chilingar, G.V.

et al., Gulf Publishing Company, 1982, Chapter 9
Type of Geothermal System Resource Availability
Vapor-dominated Limited
Hidrothermal Systems Limited but significant in
Liquid-dominated
some areas
Dry (hot-rock) formations Potentially large
Limited but significant in

Geopressured (hot) accumulations
some areas
Subir K. Sanyal: (2005): All generation of geothermal electricity to

date is derived from hydrothermal reservoir
16
5/20/2012
Fluida yang tepat untuk pembangkit listrik?
POKOK BAHASAN

kandungan fluida
Indonesia
17
5/20/2012
There are definite differences between geothermal and

petroleum reservoirs, requiring some differences in approach,
methodologies and analysis.
Characteristics of identified geothermal reservoirs in Indonesia:

 Reservoir fluid has high temperatures; in many cases varied from
225-350oC.
 Geothermal reservoirs containing fluids is highly fractured and
mostly of volcanic type.
 Most of geothermal areas are located in mountainous remote
places, many of them overlapping National Park or conservation
forest or protected forest.
Model Konseptual Kamojang: Sistem Dominasi Uap

(Model dari Hochstein, 1987)
Temperatur Reservoir : 235 - 245oC,

Tekanan Reservoir : 34 - 35 bar
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5/20/2012
Sistim Panas Bumi di Darajat and Wayang Windu
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5/20/2012
Sistim Panas Bumi di lapangan Darajat
Sistim Panas Bumi Wayang Windu ?
Landaian P & T di sebuah sumur di WW

mengindikasikan adanya steam zone
diatas boiling zone dan zona air
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5/20/2012
MODEL KONSEPTUAL
Sistem Panas Bumi Dominasi Air Awibengkok – Gn Salak

(Model tahun 1997-an, Sumber: Buku yang disebarkan kepada publik)
MODEL KONSEPTUAL
Model konseptual Sistim panas bumi di Awibengkok Gn Salak
(Gambar diambil dari presentasi Chevron Geothermal Indonesia pada kuliah tamu di ITB, Mei 2012 )
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5/20/2012
RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTIC IN A NUMBER OF IDENTIFIED

GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIRS IN INDONESIA
(Rekap dari beberapa makalah)
Field Province Type of Reservoir Temp. (oC)

Kamojang West Java Vapor Dominated 245oC
Darajat West Java Vapor Dominated 245oC
Lahendong North Sulawesi Water Dominated 260 - 330oC
Salak West Java Water Dominated 240 - 310oC
Sibayak Morth Sumaters Water Dominated 240- 275oC
Dieng Centra java Water Dominated 280- 330oC
Sarulla North Sumatera Water Dominated 250- 270oC
Karaha Bodas West Java Water Dominated 230 - 245oC
Ulubelu Lampung (Sumatera) Water Dominated 280oC
Lumut Balai South Sumatera Water Dominated 260oC
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5/20/2012
POKOK BAHASAN

kandungan fluida
Indonesia
Informasi Reservoir yang Penting Diketahui
 Jenis Reservoir?
 Kedalaman Reservoir ?
 Zona Produksi?
 Ketebalan Reservoir?
 Batas Reservoir?
 Luas Reservoir?
 Tekanan dan Temperatur
Reservoir?
 Sifat Batuan dan Fluida ?
 Model Konseptual ?
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5/20/2012
 Energi panas yang terkandung dalam reservoir?

 Energi panas yang dapat diproduksikan?
 Energi panas yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pembangkit listrik?
 Potensi Listrik?
Perubahan Kinerja Selama Reservoir Diproduksikan

 Perubahan tekanan dan temperatur
 Perubahan laju alir masa
 Perubahan kandungan air dalam fluida panas bumi
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5/20/2012
SOME DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIRS
Grant, M.A., Donaldson I.G., Bixley P.F (1982): Geothermal Reservoir

Engineering, Academic Press, Chapter-1
• The primary permeability is usually fractures rock.

• The reservoirs is of great vertical extent.
• Many reservoirs are uncapped and hence allow free flow to the
ground surface.
• The vertical and lateral extent of the reservoir may be unknown, and
the hot fluid core may be in direct connection with cooler surrounding
fluid.
• Heat transport as well as mass transport is important. In the
geothermal reservoir we are, in fact, mining the heat rather than the
fluid.
Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7

Time
Thursday, Thu 24/5 Friday, 25/5 Saturday26/5 Sun 27/5
08.00 – 09.00 Conversion technology:
Hydrothermal System Geothermal Drilling Turning geothermal energy
09.00 – 10.00 into electricity
10.00 – 10.15 Coffee Break
Discussion: reserve
10.15 - 11.15 Geothermal Utilization
estimation Geothermal Reservoir
Geothermal Business Well completion and Management
11.15 – 12.00
and Regulation Geothermal Well testing
12.00 - 12.45 Lunch Break
Geothermal Fluid
12.45 – 13.30 Properties and Use of TRIP TO
Well completion and WAYANG
Steam Table
Geothermal Well testing Feasibility Studies WINDU
Basic Reservoir
(cont'd)
13.30 – 14.15 Engineering: Reservoir
Rock Properties
Basic Reservoir Risk in Geothermal
Steam Field Production
14.15 – 15.00 Engineering: Flow in Exploration &
Facilities
Porous Media Development
15.00 – 15.15 Coffee Break
Fluid Flow in Geothermal
15.15 – 16.00
Estimation of reserve and Well and surface pipelines
Environmental Issue
electricity potential
16.00 – 16.45 Power Plant Facilities
25

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5/20/2012

USAID-Star Energy Geothermal-USC-ITB Geothermal Capacity Building Program 2012/Nenny-ITB

Terjadi perpindahan panas

USAID-Star Energy Geothermal-USC-ITB Geothermal Capacity Building Program 2012/Nenny-ITB

USAID-Star Energy Geothermal-USC-ITB Geothermal Capacity Building Program 2012/Nenny-ITB

Identifikasi Area Panas (Thermal Area)

NON THERMAL AREA:  Gradien temperatur = 10 oC/km

Gradien temp Temperatur (oC)

USAID-Star Energy Geothermal-USC-ITB Geothermal Capacity Building Program 2012/Nenny-ITB

Bila temperatur di permukaan 25oC, Berapakah temperatur pada

Gradien temp (degC/km) 70 80 Temperatur (oC)

USAID-Star Energy Geothermal-USC-ITB Geothermal Capacity Building Program 2012/Nenny-ITB

USAID-Star Energy Geothermal-USC-ITB Geothermal Capacity Building Program 2012/Nenny-ITB

1. Sumber energi panas

TYPE OF GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR

Jenis Reservoir (Type of Reservoir):

Hydrothermal Reservoirs: consists of heated water and/or steam

All generation of geothermal electricity to date is derived from hydrothermal system

Other Type of Geothermal Reservoir

Other Type of Geothermal Reservoir

1. Sumber energi panas

USAID-Star Energy Geothermal-USC-ITB Geothermal Capacity Building Program 2012/Nenny-ITB

MANIFESTASI PANAS BUMI DI PERMUKAAN

1. Sumber energi panas

KLASIFIKASI SISTIM PANAS BUMI BERDASARKAN SUHU

Muffer & Benderiter

USAID-Star Energy Geothermal-USC-ITB Geothermal Capacity Building Program 2012/Nenny-ITB

KLASIFIKASI BERDASARKAN KANDUNGAN FLUIDA

JENIS FLUIDA RESERVOIR

Tergantung Tekanan dan Temperatur

Figures captured from CalEnergy’s video

USAID-Star Energy Geothermal-USC-ITB Geothermal Capacity Building Program 2012/Nenny-ITB

HUBUNGAN TEMPERATUR SATURASI TERHADAP TEKANAN

USAID-Star Energy Geothermal-USC-ITB Geothermal Capacity Building Program 2012/Nenny-ITB

USAID-Star Energy Geothermal-USC-ITB Geothermal Capacity Building Program 2012/Nenny-ITB

Tabel Uap dari Rogers dan Mayhew (1980),

USAID-Star Energy Geothermal-USC-ITB Geothermal Capacity Building Program 2012/Nenny-ITB

Fluida yang terkandung dalam dalam reservoir?

 Jenis fluida bila T < Ts ?

Satu fasa - air

Fluida yang terkandung dalam dalam reservoir?

 Jenis fluida bila P = Ps atau T = Ts ?

Saturated Liquid  Two Phase Fluid  Saturated Vapor

Fluida yang terkandung dalam dalam reservoir?

 Jenis fluida bila T > Ts ?

BOILING POINT WITH DEPTH (BPD)

 Fluida yang terkandung dibawah permukaan dapat ditentukan dari landaian

Temperatur saturasi kemudian

Kandungan fluida di dalam reservoir ?

Kandungan fluida di dalam reservoir ?

Tipikal Landaian Tekanan dan Landaian Tekanan dan Temperatur

USAID-Star Energy Geothermal-USC-ITB Geothermal Capacity Building Program 2012/Nenny-ITB

Pengaruh kandungan non condensible gas dan kandungan

 Adanya kandungan non-

Handbook of Geothermal Energy,Editors: Edwards, L.M., Chilingar, G.V.

Type of Geothermal System Resource Availability

Dry (hot-rock) formations Potentially large

Limited but significant in

Subir K. Sanyal: (2005): All generation of geothermal electricity to

USAID-Star Energy Geothermal-USC-ITB Geothermal Capacity Building Program 2012/Nenny-ITB

Fluida yang tepat untuk pembangkit listrik?

USAID-Star Energy Geothermal-USC-ITB Geothermal Capacity Building Program 2012/Nenny-ITB

1. Sumber energi panas

There are definite differences between geothermal and