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Decisión Support Systems Capítulo

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Objetivos de aprendizaje

1. Identificar los cambios que tienen lugar en la forma y uso de


apoyo a las decisiones en los negocios.

2. Identificar el papel y la presentación de informes alternativas de


sistemas de información de gestión.

3. Describir la forma de procesamiento analítico en línea puede


satisfacer las necesidades de información clave de los directivos.

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Objetivos de aprendizaje

4. Explicar el concepto de sistema de soporte de decisiones


y cómo se diferencia de los sistemas de información de gestión
tradicionales.

5. Explicar cómo los siguientes sistemas de información


puede soportar las necesidades de información de los
ejecutivos, gerentes y profesionales de la empresa:

• sistemas de información ejecutiva

• portales de información empresarial

• Los sistemas de gestión del conocimiento

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Objetivos de aprendizaje

6. Identificar las redes neuronales cómo, difusa


la lógica, los algoritmos genéticos, la realidad virtual, y agentes
inteligentes se pueden utilizar en los negocios.

7. Dar ejemplos de varias maneras experto


Los sistemas pueden ser utilizados en situaciones de toma

de decisiones de negocio.

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¿Por qué los sistemas de apoyo de estudio?

• A medida que las empresas migran hacia modelos de negocio

electrónico de respuesta, que están invirtiendo en nuevos entornos de

aplicaciones de soporte de decisiones basadas en datos que ayudan a

responder rápidamente a las cambiantes condiciones del mercado y

las necesidades del cliente.

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Caso # 1: Centralizado Business Intelligence

Strategic Business Intelligence Enfoque:


• Estandarizar en un menor número de herramientas de inteligencia de negocios y
hacer que estén disponibles en todas las organizaciones, incluso antes de los
proyectos son planificados

• Crear grupos dedicados llamados centros de competencia para


gestionar los proyectos de inteligencia de negocios y
proporcionar conocimientos técnicos y analíticos a otros
empleados

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Caso # 1: Centralizado Business Intelligence

Centro de Competencia de Enfoques:

• Virtual vs centralizada

• Parte del departamento de TI vs independiente

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Caso # 1: Centralizado Business Intelligence

1. ¿Qué es la inteligencia de negocios? Por qué son


Los sistemas de inteligencia de negocios como una aplicación de
negocios popular de TI?

2. ¿Cuál es el valor de negocio de los distintos BI


aplicaciones discutidas en el caso?

3. Es un sistema de inteligencia de negocios un MIS o un DSS?

4. ¿Por qué parece que las empresas están


poniendo más y más responsabilidad para el BI en manos del
departamento de TI?

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Información, Decisiones y Gestión

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Los niveles de toma de decisiones administrativas

• Estratégico - grupo de ejecutivos a desarrollar los objetivos generales de la


organización, las estrategias, las políticas y objetivos como parte de un
proceso de planificación estratégica

• Táctico - directivos y profesionales de negocios en equipos


autodirigidos desarrollar planes, programas y presupuestos de
corto y medio alcance y especifican las políticas, procedimientos y
objetivos de negocio de sus subunidades

• Operacional - los administradores o miembros de equipos autodirigido


desarrollar planes a corto plazo, tales como los programas de producción
semanales
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La información de calidad

Definición:
• Los productos de información cuyas características,
atributos o cualidades hacen que la información más
valor

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Atributos de información de calidad

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Estructura de decisión

• Estructurado - situaciones en las que los procedimientos a seguir cuando


se necesita una decisión puede ser determinado de antemano

• no estructurada - situaciones de decisión donde no es posible


especificar de antemano la mayor parte de los procedimientos de
toma de seguir

• semiestructurada - los procedimientos de decisión que pueden ser


especificados de antemano, pero no lo suficiente como para llevar a una
decisión definitiva recomendada

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Tendencias apoyo en las decisiones

• Esta clase emergente de aplicaciones se centra en el apoyo


personalizado decisión, el modelado, la recuperación de información,
almacenamiento de datos, escenarios de simulación y generación de
informes.

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MIS vs DSS

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Inteligencia de negocios

• entrega de información de clase y


software de soporte de decisiones
ejecutivas herramientas utilizadas
por los niveles inferiores de la
administración y por los individuos y
los equipos de profesionales de la
empresa

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Decision Support Systems (DSS)

Definición:
• sistemas de información basados ​en computadoras que proporcionan
soporte interactivo de información a los administradores y profesionales
de la empresa durante el proceso de toma de decisiones mediante el
siguiente tomar decisiones de negocio semi estructuradas

• Los modelos analíticos

• bases de datos especializadas

• propias percepciones y juicios de un tomador de decisiones

• Un proceso de modelado por computadora interactiva

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componentes DSS

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Base modelo

Definición:
• componente de software que consta de los modelos
utilizados en las rutinas computacionales y analíticas
que las relaciones entre las variables matemáticamente
express

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Sistema de soporte de decisiones

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Sistemas de Información de Gestión (SIG)

Definición:
• Un sistema de información que produce productos de información
que soportan muchas de las necesidades de toma de decisiones
del día a día de los administradores y profesionales de negocios

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Management Reporting Alternatives

• Periodic Scheduled Reports

• Exception Reports

• Demand Reports and Responses

• Push Reporting

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Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

Definition:
• Enables mangers and analysts to interactively examine
and manipulate large amounts of detailed and
consolidated data from many perspectives

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Analytical Operations

• Consolidation – aggregation of data

• Drill-down – detail data that comprise consolidated


data

• Slice and Dice – ability to look at the database


from different viewpoints

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OLAP Technology

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Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Definition:
• DSS that uses geographic databases to construct and
display maps and other graphics displays that support
decisions affecting the geographic distribution of
people and other resources

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Data Visualization Systems (DVS)

• DVS represent complex data using interactive


three-dimensional graphical forms such as charts,
graphs, and maps

• DVS tools help users to interactively sort, subdivide,


combine, and organize data while it is in its graphical
form.

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Using DSS

• What-if Analysis – end user makes changes to


variables, or relationships among variables, and
observes the resulting changes in the values of other
variables

• Sensitivity Analysis – value of only one variable is


changed repeatedly and the resulting changes in
other variables are observed

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Using DSS

• Goal-Seeking – set a target value for a variable and then


repeatedly change other variables until the target value is
achieved

• Optimization – goal is to find the optimum value for one


or more target variables given certain constraints then
one or more other variables are changed repeatedly until
the best values for the target variables are discovered

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Data Mining for Decision Support

• Data mining software analyzes the vast stores of historical


business data that have been prepared for analysis in
corporate data warehouses, and tries to discover patterns,
trends, and correlations hidden in the data that can help a
company improve its business performance.

• Data mining software may perform regression, decision tree,


neural network, cluster detection, or market basket analysis
for a business.

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Market Basket Analysis (MBA)

Definition:
• The purpose is to determine what products
customers purchase together with other products

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Executive Information Systems (EIS)

Definition:
• Information systems that provide top executives,
managers, analysts, and other knowledge workers with
immediate and easy access to information about a firm’s
key factors that are critical to

accomplishing an organization’s strategic objectives

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Features of an EIS

• Information presented in forms tailored to the


preferences of the executives using the system

• Customizable graphics displays


• Exception reporting
• Trend analysis
• Drill down capability

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Enterprise Portals and Decision Support

Definition:
• A Web-based interface and integration of MIS, DSS,
EIS, and other technologies that gives all intranet users
and selected extranet users access to a variety of
internal and external business applications and services

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Enterprise Information Portal Components

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Knowledge Management Systems

Definition:
• The use of information technology to help gather,
organize, and share business knowledge within an
organization

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Enterprise Knowledge Portals

Definition:
• Entry to corporate intranets that serve as their knowledge
management systems

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Case #2: Business Value of AI

Artificial Intelligence Uses:


• Design jet engines
• Monitor factory equipment and signal when preventative
maintenance is needed
• Gain insights into human genome for
pharmaceutical research
• Detect credit card fraud

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Case #2: Business Value of AI

AI Benefits:
• Data mining systems sift instantly through a deluge of
data to uncover patterns and relationships that would
elude an army of researchers

• Companies can predict sales and other customer


behaviors

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Case #2: Business Value of AI

Challenges in AI Systems:
• Getting transaction data

• Dealing with disparate sources of data

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Case #2: Business Value of AI

1. What is the business value of AI


technologies in business today? Use several
examples from the case to illustrate your answer.

2. What are some of the benefits and


limitations of data mining for business intelligence?
Use BankFinancial’s experience to illustrate your
answer.

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Case #2: Business Value of AI

3. Why have banks and other financial


institutions been leading users of AI technologies like
neural networks? What are the benefits and
limitations of this technology?

4. Why are neural network and expert


system technologies used in many datamining
applications?

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Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Definition:
• A field of science and technology based on disciplines
such as computer science, biology, psychology,
linguistics, mathematics, and engineering

• Goal is to develop computers that can simulate the


ability to think, as well as see, hear, walk, talk, and
feel

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Attributes of Intelligent Behavior

• Think and reason


• Use reason to solve problems
• Learn or understand from experience
• Acquire and apply knowledge
• Exhibit creativity and imagination
• Deal with complex or perplexing situations
• Respond quickly and successfully to new situations

• Recognize the relative importance of elements in a


situation
• Handle ambiguous, incomplete, or erroneous information

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Domains of Artificial Intelligence

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Cognitive Science

Definition:
• Focuses on researching how the human brain works
and how humans think and learn

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Robotics

Definition:
• Robot machines with computer intelligence and
computer controlled, humanlike physical
capabilities

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Natural Interfaces

Definition:
• Includes natural language, speech recognition, and the
development of multisensory devices that use a variety
of body movements to operate computers

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Expert Systems

Definition:
• A knowledge-based information system that uses its
knowledge about a specific, complex application to act
as an expert consultant to end users

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Expert System Components

• Knowledge Base – facts about specific subject area


and heuristics that express the reasoning procedures
of an expert

• Software Resources – inference engine and other


programs refining knowledge and communicating with
users

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Methods of Knowledge Representation

• Case-Based – examples of past performance, occurrences


and experiences

• Frame-Based – hierarchy or network of entities consisting of


a complex package of data values

• Object-Based – data and the methods or processes


that act on those data

• Rule-Based – rules and statements that typically take the form


of a premise and a conclusion

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Expert System Benefits

• Faster and more consistent than an expert

• Can have the knowledge of several experts

• Does not get tired or distracted by overwork or stress

• Helps preserve and reproduce the knowledge of experts

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Expert System Limitations

• Limited focus

• Inability to learn

• Maintenance problems

• Developmental costs

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Suitability Criteria for Expert Systems

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Knowledge Engineer

Definition:
• A professional who works with experts to capture the
knowledge they posses

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Neural Networks

Definition:
• Computing systems modeled after the brain’s
mesh-like network of interconnected processing
elements, called neurons

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Fuzzy Logic

Definition:
• Method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning
since it allows for approximate values and inferences
and incomplete or ambiguous data instead of relying
only on crisp data

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Genetic Algorithms

Definition:
• Software that uses Darwinian, randomizing, and other
mathematical functions to simulate an evolutionary
process that can yield increasingly better solutions to a
problem

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Virtual Reality (VR)

Definition:
• Computer-simulated reality that relies on multisensory
input/output devices such as a tracking headset with
video goggles and stereo earphones, a data glove or
jumpsuit with fiber-optic sensors that track your body
movements, and a walker that monitors the movement of
your feet

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Intelligent Agents

Definition:
• A software surrogate for an end user or a process that
fulfills a stated need or activity by using built-in and
learned knowledge base to make decisions and
accomplish tasks in a way that fulfills the intentions of a
user

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User Interface Agents

• Interface Tutors – observe user computer operations,


correct user mistakes, and provide hints and advice on
efficient software use

• Presentation – show information in a variety of forms and


media based on user preferences

• Network Navigation – discover paths to


information

• Role-Playing – play what-if games and other roles to help


users understand information and make better decisions

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Information Management Agents

• Search Agents – help users find files and databases,


search for desired information, and suggest and find new
types of information products, media, and resources

• Information Brokers – provide commercial services to


discover and develop information resources that fit the
business or personal needs of a user

• Information Filters – receive, find, filter, discard, save,


forward, and notify users about products received or desired

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Case #3: Agent-Based Modeling for SCM

• In Proctor & Gamble’s computer simulations, software


agents represent the individual components of the supply
systems, such as trucks, drivers, stores, and so on.

• The behavior of each agent is programmed via rules that


mimic actual behavior, such as, “Dispatch this truck only
when it is full”.

• The simulations let P&G perform what-if analysis to test the


impact of new logistics rules on three key metrics: inventory
levels, transportation costs, and in-store-stock-outs.

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Case #3: Agent-Based Modeling for SCM

Change Areas:
• Relaxation of rigid rules, often counter intuitively, in
order to improve the overall performance of the supply
network.

• More flexibility in manufacturing.

• More flexibility in distribution.

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Case #3: Agent-Based Modeling for SCM

1. Do you agree with Proctor & Gamble that a


supply chain should be called a supply network?
Why or why not?

2. What is the business value of agent-based


modeling? Use P&G and other companies in this case as
examples.

3. Visit the website of NuTech Solutions. How


does NuTech use AI techniques to help companies gain
“adaptive” business intelligence? Give several examples
from the website case studies.

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Case #4: Web-Based Tools

• Many large corporations are turning to Web-based


financial and analytical tools to rapidly consolidate and
present key financial data on a daily, weekly, or
monthly basis.

• Estas empresas pueden cerrar sus libros para todas las


divisiones en el mismo sistema dentro de dos horas después
del cierre de las operaciones al final de cada mes.

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Caso # 4: Herramientas basadas en Web

• herramientas de inteligencia de negocios, permiten vistas

multidimensionales de datos de ganancias y pérdidas. Tales datos pueden

ser rápidamente analizados por la conmutación de los datos en columnas

y filas, y también la incorporación de diferentes dimensiones o medidas

tales como el presupuesto o el año anterior, a continuación, la perforación

hacia abajo para obtener subconjuntos de datos.

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Caso # 4: Herramientas basadas en Web

1. ¿Cuáles son los beneficios de negocio y


limitaciones del análisis financiero basado en la Web de
Boehringer y sistemas de información?

2. ¿Cuál de análisis financiero de Boehringer


sistemas de información y herramientas de MIS? herramientas

DSS? ¿Por qué?

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Caso # 4: Herramientas basadas en Web

3. ¿Cómo podrían las herramientas de Cognos utilizado por

Boehringer ser utilizado para la comercialización y otros


análisis de negocios y aplicaciones de información? Visita el
sitio web de Cognos para ayudarle a responder.

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Resumen

• Los sistemas de información pueden soportar una variedad


de niveles de toma de decisiones de gestión que incluye
estratégica, táctica y operativa, así como estructurada, semi
estructurada y no estructurada.

• apoyo a las decisiones en los negocios está cambiando, impulsada por

los rápidos avances en la computación del usuario final y la creación de

redes.

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Resumen

• sistemas de información de gestión proporcionan informes


pre-especificados y respuestas a los administradores en un
periódico, una excepción, la demanda, o empuje de informes de
base, para satisfacer sus necesidades de información para apoyar la
toma de decisiones.

• Online analytical processing interactively analyzes


complex relationships among large amounts of data
stored in multidimensional databases.

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Summary

• Data mining analyzes the vast amounts of historical data


that have been prepared for analysis in data warehouses
.

• Decision support system are interactive, computer-based


information systems that use DSS software and a model
base and database to provide information tailored to
support semi structured and unstructured decisions faced
by individual managers.

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Summary

• Executive information systems are easy to use and enable


executives to retrieve information tailored to their needs
and preferences.

• información de la empresa y portales de conocimiento proporcionan una


interfaz basada en web personalizado y personalizado para intranets
corporativas para dar a sus usuarios un fácil acceso a una variedad de
aplicaciones empresariales internos y externos, bases de datos y
servicios de información que se adaptan a sus preferencias individuales
y las necesidades de información.

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Resumen

• El objetivo de la inteligencia artificial es el desarrollo de las


funciones del ordenador que normalmente se asocian con
las capacidades físicas y mentales humanos.

• Los sistemas expertos son sistemas de información basados ​en el


conocimiento que utilizan software y una base de conocimientos
sobre un área de aplicación específica, compleja para actuar como
consultores expertos a los usuarios en muchas aplicaciones
comerciales y técnicas.

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Capítulo

10
Fin del capítulo

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