A.4 Numerical Evaluation of Integrals In this section, we discuss techniques for numerically evaluating integrals for solving first-order differential equations. 1. Trapezvidal rate (two-point) (Figure A.2). This method is one of the simplest and most approximate. as it uses the integrand evaluated at the limits of integration to evaluate the integral: x h [ seoae= Sy) s7e5)) (A-18) when hl =X; ~ X5.2. Simpson's one-third rule (three-point) (Figure A.3). A more accurate ‘evaluation of the integral can be found with the application of Simp- son's ule [pars fraa saa eve) wy where Mathodst sive 103) toa) foe) +00) t i A x0) Figure A2 Thapcrial nilsson, Figure A Sinipson’stre-poit ule irae, 3. Simpson's three-eighths rule (lour-poin) (Figure A). An improved version of Simpson's one-third rule can be made by applying Simp: son's three-eighthe rule: JP yenae= pues) #37089 4/05) (a2) where 100 a Xe eS Figure AA Simpsons four-point ae ilasvion, 4. Five-point quadrature formula. [Mronar= tara trate «annwhere ft = 5. For N+ I points, where (1/3) isan imager, [[™ PHA 32H STAM Am Ms Hel (22) where f 6. For N+ | points, where Nis even, [21 e Bae 42H AK 1B Hot sO (a2) where These formulas are useful in illustrating how the reaction engineering Integrals and coupled ODEs [ordinary differential equation(s)| ean be solved and also when there isan ODE solver power failure or some axher malfunction,