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Fig. 3. Evolution of biocontrol research toward the integration of microbial communities into the current research triangle.
RHIZOSPHERE
MICROBIOME
AND
BIOCONTROL
Ø Rhizosphere
microbiota
consist
of
a
subset
of
the
total
diversity
of
the
bulk
soil
in
which
plants
are
grown
Ø Soil
type
is
an
important
factor
in
determining
rhizosphere
microbial
community
composiHon
Ø Different
plant
species
select
disHnct
microbial
communiHes
(root
exudates?)
Ø overlap
in
the
bacterial
species
selected
by
similar
plants
across
different
soils
Ø Plants
can
specifically
select
and
enrich
certain
bacterial
groups
through
compounds
that
selecHvely
sHmulate
or
repress
microbial
growth
Leaf
infecHon-‐dependent
expression
of
malic
acid
transporter
Leaf
infecHon-‐
dependent
Bacillus
colonizaHon
Crop
diseases
>
value
than
virus
and
bacteria
(10-‐100
x
109
US$/year)
SHll,
poor
biocontrol:
nemaHcides,
crop
rotaHon,
plant
resistance
Two
main
groups
of
plant
parasiHc
nematodes:
Root
knot
nematodes
(Meloidogyne)
10-‐20%
crop
failure
/year
decrease
producHon
and
debilitates
plant
Cyst
nematodes
(Heterodera)
Nematode-‐
suppressive
soils
described
(hard-‐to
describe
causes)
Microorganisms
antagonizing
phytopathogenic
nematodes
Fungi:
over
700
sp.
of
different
orders
and
families
types
of
acHon:
endoparasiHc
nematode
trapping
opportunisHc
toxic
Bacteria:
different
genera:
acHnomycetes,
Agrobacterium,
Bacillus,
Pseudomonas,
types
of
acHon:
Obligate
parasiHc
Parasporal
crystal
protein
forming
opportunisHc
parasiHc
Biocontrol
of
phytoptahogenic
nematodes
In
the
fungus:
-‐ AcHve
cytoskeleton
assembling
-‐ Enhanced
cell
wall
synthesis
-‐ Increased
glycerol
synthesis
-‐ Peroxisome
biogenesis
Egg-‐
and
Female-‐ParasiHc
Fungi
Ø Fungi
secreted
a
number
of
compounds
in
vitro
nemaHcidal
or
nematostaHc
Ø Pleurotus
and
Coprinus
secrete
a
trans-‐2-‐decenedioic
acid-‐like
immobilizing
toxin
Ø NemaHcidal
anLbioLc
producLon
demonstrated
Drechmeria,Harposporium,
Paecilomyces,
and
Pochonia
Ø Oligosporin
producHon
in
Arthrobotrys
Bacterial
obligate
parasites
of
nematodes
(Lavmosek
et
al.,
2013)