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Codigo Procesal Civilymercantil Comentado PDF
Codigo Procesal Civilymercantil Comentado PDF
CIVIL Y MERCANTIL
COMENTADO
PLENO DEL CONSEJO
NACIONAL DE LA JUDICATURA
Presidente:
Lic. David Gonzalo Cabezas Flores
Consejales Propietarios:
Dr. Jorge Efraín Campos
Lic. José Ricardo Chigüila Durán
Licda. Nora Victorina Montoya Martínez
Lic. Carlos Arnulfo Cándido
Licda. Rosa Margarita Romagoza de López Bertrand
Lic. Santos Cecilio Treminio Salmerón
CÓDIGO PROCESAL CIVIL
Y MERCANTIL. COMENTADO
Elaborado por:
Dr. Juan Carlos Cabañas García
Dr. Oscar Antonio Canales Cisco
Dr. Santiago Garderes
Julio 2010
Presentación
Por ello, tras la aprobación y posterior entrada en vigencia del Código Procesal Civil
y Mercantil, el CNJ ha impulsado una capacitación sobre la nueva normativa para la
comunidad jurídica del país y como complemento entrega esta obra comentada, que sin duda,
será de vital apoyo para comprender los objetivos que persigue la Ley y los nuevos procesos.
Esta obra coordinada por el Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura constituye un primer esfuerzo
por documentar un cambio de legislación que sustituye a más de 100 años de la anterior
normativa, una razón por la que el estudio, análisis y revisión del cumplimiento de los
objetivos trazados, al momento de aprobar el nuevo Código, debe ser permanente, sobre todo
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Sin duda alguna, los argumentos y explicaciones contenidas en este texto, elaborado desde
la óptica y experiencia de los autores, servirán a los miembros de la comunidad jurídica
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una imposición de criterios.
Los comentarios al Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil han sido elaborados por tres expertos
en esta materia:
Dr. Juan Carlos Cabañas García: Magistrado de la Audiencia Nacional de España y experto
en Derecho Constitucional.
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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Nacional de la Judicatura, como parte de su responsabilidad, se complace en entregar esta
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herramienta de consulta, análisis y orientación de la práctica en materia Civil y Mercantil,
según las nuevas disposiciones contenidas en el Código y de acuerdo a la Constitución y la
realidad salvadoreña.
República de El Salvador
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
Escuela de Capacitación Judicial C A PA C ITA C IO N
ÍNDICE
LIBRO PRIMERO.
DISPOSICIONES GENERALES 15
1 El Titulo Preliminar. Principios del Proceso y Aplicación de las
Normas Procesales.
Artículos 1-20
2 Titulo Primero. Jurisdicción y Competencia de los Tribunales
Artículos 21-57
3 Titulo Segundo. Las Partes Procesales
Artículos 58-89
4 Título Tercero. El Objeto del Proceso
Artículos 90-94
Capítulo Primero. La Pretensión Procesal
Artículos 95-97
Capítulo Segundo. Acumulaciones
Artículos 98-104
Capítulo Tercero. Acumulación de Pretensiones
Artículos 105-125
Capítulo Cuarto. Acumulación de Procesos
Artículos 126-132
Capitulo Quinto. Finalización Anticipada del Proceso
Artículos 133-139
Capítulo Sexto. Caducidad de la Instancia
5 Titulo Cuarto. Actividad Procesal
Artículos 140-148
Capítulo Primero. Lugar, Tiempo y Forma
Artículos 149-159
Capítulo Segundo. Cooperación Judicial Internacional
Artículos 160-168
Capítulo Tercero. Escritos y Expedientes
Artículos 169-192
Capítulo Cuarto. Comunicaciones Judiciales
Artículos 193-211
Capítulo Quinto. Sustanciación del Proceso y Audiencias
Artículos 212-231
Capitulo Sexto. Resoluciones Judiciales
Artículos 232-238
Capitulo Séptimo. Nulidad de las Actuaciones Procesales
LIBRO SEGUNDO.
LOS PROCESOS DECLARATIVOS 235
1 Titulo Primero. Disposiciones Comunes
Artículos 239-245
Capítulo Primero. Clases de Proceso Declarativos
Artículos 246-254
Capítulo Segundo. El Acto de Conciliación
Artículos 255-262
Capítulo Tercero. Diligencias Preliminares
Artículos 263-270
Capítulo Cuarto. Cuestiones Incidentales
Artículos 271-275
Capítulo Quinto. Condena en costas
2 Titulo Segundo. El Proceso Común
Artículos 276-289
Capítulo Primero. Los Actos de Alegación
3 Titulo Segundo. El Proceso Común
Artículos 290-311
Capitulo Segundo. Audiencia Preparatoria
4 Titulo Segundo. El Proceso Común
Artículos 312-329
Capítulo Tercero. Actividad Probatoria
Artículos 330-401
Capítulo Cuarto. Medios Probatorios
5 Titulo Segundo. El Proceso Común
Artículos 402-410
Capítulo Quinto. Audiencia Probatoria
Capítulo Sexto. Alegatos Finales y Sentencia
Artículos 411-417
6 Titulo Tercero. El Proceso Abreviado
Artículos 418-430
7 Título Cuarto. Las Medidas Cautelares
Artículos 431-456
LIBRO TERCERO.
PROCESOS ESPECIALES 485
1 Titulo Primero. El Proceso Ejecutivo
Artículos 457-470
2 Titulo Segundo. Los Procesos Posesorios
Artículos 471-476
3 Título Tercero. Los Procesos de Inquilinato
Artículos 477-488
4 Titulo Cuarto. Los Procesos Monitorios
Artículos 489-500
LIBRO CUARTO.
LOS MEDIOS DE IMPUGNACION 531
1 Titulo Primero. Disposiciones Generales
Artículos 501-502
2 Titulo Segundo. Recurso de Revocatoria
Artículos 503-507
3 Título Tercero. Recurso de Apelación
Artículos 508-518
4 Titulo Cuarto. Recurso de Casación
Artículos 519-539
5 Titulo Quinto. Revisión de Sentencias Firmes
Artículos 540-550
LIBRO QUINTO.
LA EJECUCION FORZOSA 635
1 Titulo Primero. Disposiciones Generales
Artículos 551-591
2 Titulo Segundo. La Ejecución Provisional
Artículos 592-603
3 Título Tercero. La Ejecución Dineraria
Artículos 604-674
4 Titulo Cuarto. La Ejecución de Hacer, No Hacer y Dar Cosa
Determinada
Artículos 675-699
5 Titulo Final. Capitulo Único. Disposiciones Finales
Artículos 700-707
LIBRO SEXTO
DISPOSICIONES FINALES1 actualización de 695
Cuantías de las multas
Derogatorias disposición transitoria
ANEXOS 698
1 Tabla de Concordancias (para búsqueda rápida del lector de
norma similar del nuevo CPCM y el anterior
ABREVIATURAS
AA.VV. autores varios
art./arts. artículo/artículos
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c./cs. caso/casos
cc. concordante/concordantes
C.C. Código Civil
C.Com. Código de Comercio
Cfe. conforme
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C.A.D.H. Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos
C.I.D.H. Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos
Corte I.D.H. Corte Interamericana de Derchos Humanos
C.I.D.I.P. Convención Interamericana de Derecho
Internacional Privado
cit./cits. citado/citados
C.M.P.C.I. Código Modelo de Procesos Colectivos para
Iberoamérica
C.N. Constitución de la República
C.P. Código Penal
C.P.P. Código Procesal Penal
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C.P.C.C.N.A. Código Procesal Civil y Comercial de la Nación
Argentina
C.P.C.M.I. Código Procesal Civil Modelo para Iberoamérica
C.P.P. Código Procesal Penal
C.S.J. Corte Suprema de Justicia
C.N.J. Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
CT Código de Trabajo
CTri Código Tributario
ed. edición
Ed. Editorial
E.J.E.A. Editorial Jurídica Europa-América
esp. especialmente
f./fs. foja/fojas
inc./incs. inciso/incisos
I.I.D.P. Instituto Iberoamericano de
Derecho Procesal
J.C. Juzgado de lo Civil
J.M. Juzgado de lo Mercantil
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L.E.N.J.V.D. Ley del ejercicio notarial de la jurisdicción
voluntaria y de otras diligencias
L.I. Ley de Inquilinato
L.O.P.J. Ley Orgánica del Poder
L.P.F Procesal de Familia
LBHES Ley del Banco Hipotecario de El Salvador
LFNVyAAP. Ley de la Financiera Nacional de la
Vivienda y de las Asociaciones de Ahorro y
Préstamo
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LITBMyPS. Ley de Impuesto a la Transferencia de
Bienes Muebles y a la Prestación
de Servicios
LMCA. Ley de Mediación, Conciliación y Arbitraje
LOFGR. Ley Orgánica de la Fiscalía General de la
República
LPEAT. Ley de Procedimientos Especiales sobre
Accidentes de Tránsito
LPIPA. Ley de Propiedad Inmobiliaria por Pisos y
Apartamientos
LPI. Ley de Propiedad Intelectual
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num./nums. numeral/numerales
ob. cit. obra citada
p./pp. página/páginas
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P.G.R. Procuraduría General de la República
R.D.P.I. Revista de Derecho Procesal
Iberoamericana
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R.P.C. Puerto Rico Reglas de Procedimiento Civil (Puerto
:QKW
R.U.D.P. Revista Uruguaya de Derecho Procesal
S. sentencia
S.C. Sala de lo Civil, Corte Suprema de Justicia
S.Const. Sala de lo Constitucional, Corte Suprema de
Justicia
S.S.C. Sentencia de la Sala de lo Civil
S.S. Const. Sentencia de la Sala de lo Constitucional
s/f. sin fecha
ss. siguientes
t. tomo
trad. traducción
T.E.D.H. Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos
T.C.E. Tribunal Constitucional de España
últ. ob. cit. última obra citada
v.g. verbigracia
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vta. vuelta
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Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
LIBRO PRIMERO
DISPOSICIONES GENERALES
TÍTULO PRELIMINAR
PRINCIPIOS DEL PROCESO Y APLICACIÓN
DE LAS NORMAS PROCESALES.
CAPÍTULO PRIMERO
PRINCIPIOS PROCESALES
Juan Carlos Cabañas García
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Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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UWLWITO]VW^QWTIMTLMZMKPWLMIKKQ~VVQZMXZM[MV\I]VWJ[\nK]TWITIKKM[WITIR][\QKQIa
ITLMJQLWXZWKM[Wº
4I \]\MTI R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT [M XZMLQKI KWVNWZUM I M[\M IZ\ £ +8+5 LM IUJI[ XIZ\M[ LMT
XZWKM[WaXIZI\WLI[TI[QV[\IVKQI[aOZILW[LMR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VKWV[\Z]auVLW[MMV\ZM[M\IXI[
K]aI KWV[MK]KQ~V I [] ^Mb LMXMVLM M[\ZQK\IUMV\M LMT K]UXTQUQMV\W LM TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[
TMOITM[ M[\IJTMKQLW[ XWZ TI TMa" I IKKM[W I TW[ \ZQJ]VITM[ a Y]M VW [M XZWL]bKI XWZ \IV\W
TI QVILUQ[Q~V I \ZnUQ\M LM TI LMUIVLI W [WTQKQ\]L XZM[MV\ILI XWZ MT R][\QKQIJTM LM UIVMZI
IZJQ\ZIZQIVQQVUW\Q^ILI#J\ZIUQ\IKQ~VLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WZM[XMK\Q^WMV\WLI[[][NI[M[a
K LQK\ILW LM ]VI LMKQ[Q~V LM NWVLW I UMVW[ QV[Q[\QUW[ Y]M KWVK]ZZI ]VI KQZK]V[\IVKQI
XZWKM[ITY]MTWQUXQLI
17
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
O Enunciado:
¹-T R]Mb VW XWLZn JIRW VQVOV XZM\M`\W LMRIZ LM ZM[WT^MZ VQ IXTIbIZ LQTI\IZ W VMOIZ TI
LMKQ[Q~VLMTI[K]M[\QWVM[LMJI\QLI[MVMTXZWKM[W
-T QVK]UXTQUQMV\W LM TI[ WJTQOIKQWVM[ KWV\MVQLI[ MV M[\M +~LQOW [MZn [IVKQWVILW LM
KWVNWZUQLILITWM[\IJTMKQLWMVTI4Ma7ZOnVQKI2]LQKQITº
O Aplicación:
+WUW ]V KWZZMTI\W LMT LMZMKPW I TI \]\MTI R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT LMT R][\QKQIJTM aI UMVKQWVILW MT
+~LQOW[IVKQWVIMVM[\MW\ZWXZMKMX\WTIKWVWKQLIXZWPQJQKQ~VLMTnon liquet, a cuya virtud y
LIVLWXWZ[]X]M[\WY]MVWM`Q[\MVKQZK]V[\IVKQI[LMWZLMVXZWKM[ITY]MTWQUXQLIVMTR]Mb
LMJMXZW^MMZ[QMUXZMI]VIZM[X]M[\ILMNWVLWZM[XMK\WLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VY]M[MTMXTIV\MI
6WX]MLMMTR]bOILWZMVKWV[MK]MVKQI[][XMVLMZMTXZWKMLQUQMV\W[QVKI][IXZM^Q[\IMVTI
TMaaIKZMLQ\ILIMVTW[PMKPW[8MZW[WJZM\WLW]VI^Mb[MPIVKWUXTM\ILWTW[\ZnUQ\M[LMT
UQ[UW PI LM LQK\IZ ZM[WT]KQ~V LMÅVQ\Q^I MV MT M`XMLQMV\M [QV Y]M X]MLI LMRIZ LM ZM[WT^MZ
VQVO]VW LM TW[ X]V\W[ KWV\ZW^MZ\QLW[ MV M[M XZWKM[W IL]KQMVLW L]LI[ W QOVWZIVKQI [WJZM
K~UWIXTQKIZWQV\MZXZM\IZTITMaVQTIXZM[]V\IQVR][\QKQIUI\MZQITLMTILMKQ[Q~VY]MMV[]
KI[W\MVLZyIY]MILWX\IZKWUWM`K][IXIZIVWPIKMZTW
,MJMX]M[ZM[WT^MZMTR]MbWKWTMOQWLM5IOQ[\ZILW[TWY]MXZWKMLILMJMLIZ]VI[WT]KQ~V
ITKWVÆQK\WLMQV\MZM[M[XTIV\MILW[QVY]MTMY]MXIR][\QÅKIZMT[QTMVKQWKWUWZM[X]M[\I-T
QVK]UXTQUQMV\WLMM[\MLMJMZR]LQKQITKWUW[MXZM^QMVMMVM[\IUQ[UIVWZUILMT+~LQOW
XZWKM[ITTTM^IZnIXIZMRILITIIXMZ\]ZILMTI[ZM[XWV[IJQTQLILM[IY]MPIaIT]OIZKQ^QTXMVIT
aILUQVQ[\ZI\Q^I[IVKQWVILWZIXIZIMTR]bOILWZ
O Enunciado:
¹<WLIXMZ[WVI\QMVMLMZMKPWIY]M[MTMQUXIZ\IR][\QKQIOZI\]Q\IUMV\Mº
O Aplicación:
4I OZI\]QLIL LM TI R][\QKQI [M KWVMK\I IY]y MV XZQUMZ \uZUQVW KWV TI VW M`QOQJQTQLIL MV
OMVMZITIY]QMVM[IK\IVMVTW[XZWKM[W[LMTXIOWIT-[\ILWLM]VQUX]M[\WZMKIZOW]W\ZW
\QXWLMQUXW[QKQ~VMKWV~UQKIXWZMTUMZWPMKPWLM[WTQKQ\IZTIIK\]IKQ~VLMTW[\ZQJ]VITM[-T
-[\ILWVWKWJZIXWZTIXZM[\IKQ~VLMTIIK\Q^QLILR]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT
)[QUQ[UWM[\MXZMKMX\WIJZMTIX]MZ\IXIZITIOZI\]QLILLMTI[KW[\I[XZWKM[ITM[IY]QMVM[
VMKM[Q\IV TQ\QOIZ a KIZMbKIV LM ZMK]Z[W[ MKWV~UQKW[ [QMUXZM a K]IVLW TW[ [WTQKQ\IV\M[ LM
18
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
LQKPWJMVMÅKQWK]UXTIVKWVTW[ZMY]Q[Q\W[aKWVLQKQWVM[M[\IJTMKQLW[VWZUI\Q^IUMV\MXIZI
MTW\WZOIUQMV\WLMTUQ[UWIKZMLQ\IKQ~VLM[][Q\]IKQ~VMKWV~UQKIZMIT
O Enunciado:
¹4W[R]MKM[M[\nV^QVK]TILW[XWZTIVWZUI\Q^IKWV[\Q\]KQWVITTI[TMaM[aLMUn[VWZUI[LMT
WZLMVIUQMV\WR]ZyLQKW[QVY]MX]MLIVLM[KWVWKMZTI[VQLM[WJMLMKMZTI[
<WLWR]MbIQV[\IVKQILMXIZ\MWLMWÅKQWLMJMZnM`IUQVIZXZM^QIUMV\MTIKWV[\Q\]KQWVITQLIL
LMTI[VWZUI[LMK]aI^ITQLMbLMXMVLITI\ZIUQ\IKQ~VLMK]ITY]QMZXZWKM[WWMTN]VLIUMV\W
LM TI[ LMKQ[QWVM[ Y]M ILWX\MV MV MT UQ[UW# a [Q ITO]VI LM MTTI[ KWV\ZILQKM TI VWZUI\Q^I
KWV[\Q\]KQWVIT TI LMKTIZIZn QVIXTQKIJTM MV ZM[WT]KQ~V LMJQLIUMV\M UW\Q^ILI MV TI Y]M
[M KWV[QOVMV TI LQ[XW[QKQ~V K]aI QVIXTQKIJQTQLIL [M LMKTIZI MT LMZMKPW XZQVKQXQW W ^ITWZ
KWV[\Q\]KQWVITY]M[MKWV[QLMZIQVNZQVOQLWaTI[M[XMKyÅKI[ZIbWVM[Y]MN]VLIUMV\IV
4I[XZ]MJI[Y]M[MP]JQMZMVWJ\MVQLWLQZMK\IWQVLQZMK\IUMV\MKWVQVNZIKKQ~VLMLMZMKPW[
WTQJMZ\ILM[N]VLIUMV\ITM[VW[]Z\QZnVMNMK\Wº
O Aplicación:
-TXZQUMZWLMTW[LW[XZMKMX\W[LMLQKILW[IKWV[IOZIZMTXZQVKQXQWLMTMOITQLILXZWKM[ITKWV
]VITKIVKMIUXTQWXIZ\MI[yLMTI+WV[\Q\]KQ~VXIZIIJZIbIZ\IUJQuVMTUIZKWLMTI[VWZUI[
LMZIVOWTMOITaMV[]KI[WZMOTIUMV\IZQI[
-V M[\M IZ\ [M ZMKWOM TI ^QOMVKQI LMT QUXMZQW LM TI TMOITQLIL LM[LM MT X]V\W LM ^Q[\I LMT
N]VLIUMV\W LM \WLI[ TI[ LMKQ[QWVM[ R]LQKQITM[ MT K]IT VW X]MLM [MZ W\ZW Y]M TI[ N]MV\M[
M[\IJTMKQLI[ XWZ MT WZLMVIUQMV\W LM[\MZZIVLW I[y \WLI \MV\IKQ~V LM IZJQ\ZIZQMLIL
^WT]V\IZQ[UWaLQ[KZQUQVIKQ~VXWZUW\Q^W[[]JRM\Q^W[LMTR]bOILWZKWUXTM\ILWT]MOWKWVTW
M[\IJTMKQLWMVMTIZ\!
)PWZIJQMV\QMVM]VTyUQ\MTI[]RMKQ~VITITMOITQLILaM[K]IVLWXZMKQ[IUMV\MTIVWZUI[M
U]M[\ZIKWV\ZIZQIITW[XW[\]TILW[KWV[\Q\]KQWVITM[
-V\IT[Q\]IKQ~VNIK]T\IITR]MbLMTIKI][IM[\MIZ\+8+5XIZIQVIXTQKIZMTLQ[XW[Q\Q^WLM
Y]M[M\ZI\MTWY]M[QOVQÅKIKWUW[]VWUJZMQVLQKIVWY]MMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITX]MLIQV^ITQLIZ
TIVWZUIVQLMKTIZIZ[]V]TQLILNWZUITKWVMNMK\W[ erga omnesXW\M[\ILu[\IY]MTMKWZZM[XWVLM
I TI ;ITI +WV[\Q\]KQWVIT LM TI +WZ\M ;]XZMUI MV MT nUJQ\W LM [][ KWUXM\MVKQI[ [QVW Y]M
K]ITY]QMZR]MbX]MLMLMKZM\IZ[]VWIXTQKIKQ~VITKI[WKWVKZM\WXWZIXZMKQIZ[]KWV\ZILQKKQ~V
KWV ITO]VW LM TW[ LMZMKPW[ N]VLIUMV\ITM[ ] W\ZW UIVLI\W KWV[\Q\]KQWVIT M`XTQKnVLWTW
I[y MV [] ZM[WT]KQ~V R]LQKQIT [][KMX\QJTM XWZ TW LMUn[ LMT KWV\ZWT XWZ ^yI LM ZMK]Z[W[ Y]M
KWZZM[XWVLI
19
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
-V[MO]VLWT]OIZKWUW]VI[]JM[XMKQMLMTKWV\ZWTLMTMOITQLILXZWKM[ITIXZW^MKPIMTXnZZINW
\MZKMZWaT\QUWLMM[\MIZ\+8+5XIZI[IVKQWVIZTIXZWPQJQKQ~VOMVMZITLMT][WR]LQKQIT
LM TI[ XZ]MJI[ QTyKQ\I[ TWY]MT]MOW[M KWUXTMUMV\I KWV TWZMO]TILWMVMTIZ\XnZZINW
[MO]VLW;MK]ITQÅKIIY]yTIQTQKQ\]LXZW[KZQ\IKWUWXZQVKQXQWZMK\WZLM\WLWXZWKM[WLM[LM
MTXTIVWLM[]QVKWV[\Q\]KQWVITQLILaVWXWZTI[QUXTMQVNZIKKQ~VITITMOITQLILLMX]ZIJTM
LM[LMT]MOW\IUJQuVMVK]IV\WKWUXWZ\ITIQVWJ[MZ^IVKQILM]VXZMKMX\WLMT+~LQOWXMZW
VWXWZMTQUXMZI\Q^WOMVuZQKWLMM[\MIZ\[QVWLMTUn[M[XMKyÅKWIZ\XnZZINW[XZQUMZW
a\MZKMZW+8+5
-`\MVLQMVLWILMUn[TI\IZILMM[IQVMÅKIKQIVW[WTIUMV\MITI[^]TVMZIKQWVM[LQZMK\I[[QVW
\IUJQuVITI[QVLQZMK\I[Y]M[MKI][MVITW[LMZMKPW[WTQJMZ\ILM[N]VLIUMV\ITM[[WJZM\WLW
K]IVLWXIZIMTLM[K]JZQUQMV\WLMN]MV\M[LMXZ]MJI[MMUXTMIVQV\ZWUQ[QWVM[QTMOy\QUI[IM[W[
LMZMKPW[N]VLIUMV\ITM[Y]MT]MOW[MQV\MV\IV¹TQUXQIZºUMLQIV\M]VI[WTQKQ\]LXW[\MZQWZIT
~ZOIVWR]LQKQITXIZIY]MKIX\MM[IN]MV\MLMXZ]MJILMUIVMZIWZ\WLW`I
O Enunciado:
¹<WLWXZWKM[WLMJMZn\ZIUQ\IZ[MIV\MR]MbKWUXM\MV\MaKWVNWZUMITI[LQ[XW[QKQWVM[LMM[\M
K~LQOWTI[Y]MVWXWLZnV[MZIT\MZILI[XWZVQVOV[]RM\WXZWKM[IT
4I[NWZUITQLILM[XZM^Q[\I[[WVQUXMZI\Q^I[+]IVLWTINWZUILMTW[IK\W[XZWKM[ITM[VWM[\u
M`XZM[IUMV\MLM\MZUQVILIXWZTMa[MILWX\IZnTIY]MZM[]T\MQVLQ[XMV[IJTMWQL~VMIXIZITI
ÅVITQLILXMZ[MO]QLIº
O Aplicación:
-VM[\IW\ZI^MZ\QMV\MLMTITMOITQLILXZWKM[IT[MXMZ[QO]MI[MO]ZIZY]M\WLW[TW[IK\W[LMT
XZWKM[W[MZQRIVXWZTWM[\IJTMKQLWLMUIVMZIXZM^QIXWZMT+~LQOW[QVY]MX]MLIVZMTIRIZ[MW
QVIXTQKIZ[M[][ZMOTI[VQM`KMXKQWVIZ[MVQUWL]TIZ[MMTKWV\MVQLWLMTI[UQ[UI[I^WT]V\ILLMT
R]MbaLMTI[XIZ\M[+WVQVLMXMVLMVKQII[yLM[QMTQVK]UXTQUQMV\WLM]VZMY]Q[Q\WXZWKM[IT
XMZUQ\MWVWTI[]J[IVIKQ~VaIKIZZMIWVWTIXuZLQLILM\ZnUQ\M[WTIV]TQLILLMTWIK\]ILW
LMNMK\]W[IUMV\M K]M[\QWVM[ Y]M PI LM ZM[WT^MZ KILI VWZUI JIRW VQVOV KWVKMX\W X]MLM
XZMLQKIZ[MY]MTI[VWZUI[XZWKM[ITM[[WVILUWVQ\Q^I[VQLM^QMVMVLMK]UXTQUQMV\W^WT]V\IZQW
8WZKWV\ZI\WLI[TI[VWZUI[XZWKM[ITM[[WVQUXMZI\Q^I[QVKT][WIY]MTTI[Y]MW\WZOIVIT[]RM\W
TIXW[QJQTQLILLMWX\IZMV\ZMLW[KWVL]K\I[XW[QJTM[XWZMRN]MZW[\MZZQ\WZQITM[MTMK\Q^W[X]M[
QVKT][WMV\WVKM[VW[MPIKM[QVWIK\]IZLMV\ZWLMTW[TyUQ\M[LMTWXMZUQ\QLWTMOITUMV\M
8WZT\QUWK]IVLWNIT\MZMO]TIKQ~VM[XMKyÅKI[WJZMMTUWLWLMTTM^IZIKIJW]VIK\WLMXIZ\M
WLMTR]MbLQ[XWVMM[\MIZ\LMT+~LQOWY]MMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITLMJMZn\MVMZMVK]MV\I[M
MV\QMVLMY]MXWZIVITWOyIIY]MTTINWZUITQLILY]MZM[]T\MIR][\ILIITKWV\M`\WLMTIK\WaITI
ÅVITQLILY]M[MXMZ[QO]MKWVuT
20
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
O Enunciado:
¹-T []RM\W KWV\ZI Y]QMV [M LQZQRI TI XZM\MV[Q~V \QMVM LMZMKPW I LMNMVLMZ[M MV MT XZWKM[W
QV\MZ^QVQMVLWMVTI[IK\]IKQWVM[aIZ\QK]TIVLWTW[UMLQW[LMXZ]MJIXMZ\QVMV\M[-V\WLWKI[W
KILIXIZ\M\QMVMLMZMKPWIKWV\IZKWVTIWXWZ\]VQLILLMM`XWVMZ[]IZO]UMV\IKQ~VaZMJI\QZ
TILMTIKWV\ZIZQIa[~TWK]IVLWM`XZM[IUMV\MTWLQ[XWVOITITMaXWLZnVILWX\IZ[MLMKQ[QWVM[
[QVWyZXZM^QIUMV\MI]VILMTI[XIZ\M[º
O Aplicación:
;QMUXZMLMV\ZWLMTI[OIZIV\yI[XZWKM[ITM[QVKT]aMMTV]M^W+~LQOWLW[LMMTTI[Y]MQVK]UJMV
ZM[XMK\Q^IUMV\M I TW[ XZQVKQXQW[ LM LMNMV[I I]LQMVKQI a KWV\ZILQKKQ~V LM ]V TILW a I TI
QO]ITLILXZWKM[ITLMTW\ZW-VTWY]MPIKMITW[\ZM[XZQUMZW[IT]LQLW[MVMTIZ\[MLMÅVM
[QV\u\QKIUMV\M[]KWV\MVQLW"IV\M\WLWTILMNMV[IMV\MVLQLIKWUWLMZMKPWIITMOIZaXZWJIZ
TWY]MQV\MZM[MITIXZM\MV[Q~VLMKILIXIZ\MMVKILIM[\ILWLMTXZWKMLQUQMV\WTWY]MQUXTQKI
Y]M VW X]MLM VMOIZ[M QVR][\QÅKILIUMV\M MT MUXTMW LM ]V \ZnUQ\M ] WXWZ\]VQLIL XZWKM[IT
XZM^Q[\WMVTITMaXIZIXWLMZ^MZ\MZITMOIKQWVM[[WTQKQ\IZXZ]MJI[QV\MZ^MVQZMV[]XZnK\QKI
K]IVLWTITMaTWLQ[XWVOIXQuV[M[MMVTW[QV\MZZWOI\WZQW[WZITM[NWZUITQbIZZMK]Z[W[XMLQZ
TIMRMK]KQ~VLMTWIKWZLILWaILWX\IZIY]MTTI[UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[Y]MIXIZMbKIVTMOITUMV\M
XW[QJTM[
4I I]LQMVKQI a TI KWV\ZILQKKQ~V I [] ^Mb KWVKQMZVMV I TI QVQKQI\Q^I LM IKKQ~V a ZMIKKQ~V
LMV\ZWLMTXZWKM[WKWVNWZUM[MWK]XMTIXW[QKQ~VZM[XMK\Q^ILMLMUIVLIV\MWLMUIVLILW
[QV XMZR]QKQW LM ZMKWVWKMZ Y]M \IUJQuV M[\M T\QUW MT []RM\W XI[Q^W VW [~TW \QMVM LMZMKPW
I WXWVMZ[M I TI XZM\MV[Q~V LML]KQLI MV [] KWV\ZI [QVW \IUJQuV a LMV\ZW LM KQMZ\W[ TyUQ\M[
I QV\ZWL]KQZ I[QUQ[UW [][ XZWXQI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ XWZ MR XWZ UMLQW LM ]VI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V#
a Y]M \IUJQuV MT IK\WZ X]MLM VMKM[Q\IZ KWV\ZILMKQZ NZMV\M I TW ITMOILW XWZ MT LMUIVLILW
MV QVKQLMV\M[ a ZMK]Z[W[ UWV\ILW[ XWZ M[\M T\QUW )[QUQ[UW M[\W[ \ZM[ LMZMKPW[ LMNMV[I
I]LQMVKQI KWV\ZILQKKQ~V [~TW X]MLMV KMLMZ W ^MZ[M [IKZQÅKILW[ \MUXWZITUMV\M K]IVLW
XWZZIbWVM[LM]ZOMVKQIZM[]T\MVMKM[IZQWILWX\IZ]VIUMLQLIXZW^Q[WZQI[QVM[K]KPIZITI[
XIZ\M[WITUMVW[IITO]VILMMTTIXMZWMV\WVKM[LMJMZnZM[\IJTMKMZ[Ma posterioriMTLMZMKPWLM
I]LQMVKQIXIZITI^MZQÅKIKQ~VWTM^IV\IUQMV\WLMTIUMLQLIMV\IT[MV\QLWPIJZnY]M^MZMT
ZMKWZZQLWKWV[\Q\]KQWVITN]\]ZWLM]VXZMKMX\WKWUWMTIZ\+8+5Y]MLMUWLWOMVuZQKW
[]XZQUMMT\ZnUQ\MLMI]LQMVKQIXZM^QWITIILWXKQ~VLM\WLI[TI[UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[
O Enunciado:
¹4I[XIZ\M[LQ[XWVLZnVLMTW[UQ[UW[LMZMKPW[WJTQOIKQWVM[KIZOI[aXW[QJQTQLILM[XZWKM[ITM[
L]ZIV\MMTLM[IZZWTTWLMTXZWKM[W
21
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
4I[TQUQ\IKQWVM[ITIQO]ITLILY]MLQ[XWVOIM[\M+~LQOWVWLMJMVIXTQKIZ[MLMUWLW\ITY]M
OMVMZMV]VIXuZLQLIQZZMXIZIJTMLMTLMZMKPWITIXZW\MKKQ~VR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITº
O Aplicación:
4I QO]ITLIL MV MT XZWKM[W LM^QMVM MUQVMV\MUMV\M ]VI QO]ITLIL NWZUIT VW UI\MZQIT 4I[
XIZ\M[ MV\ZIV IT TQ\QOQW ZWLMILI[ LM ]VI[ KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ XMZ[WVITM[ XZWXQI[ Y]M TI[ PIKM
LQ^MZ[I[ MV\ZM [y a Y]M MT XZWKM[W MV [y UQ[UW VW M[\n TTIUILW I UWLQÅKIZ [Q IKI[W TI[
KWV[MK]MVKQI[UI\MZQITM[LMTI[MV\MVKQILMNWVLW
,MTWY]M[M\ZI\IMVM[\MnUJQ\WY]MIPWZI[MKWUMV\IUn[JQMVM[LMY]MTI[XIZ\M[PIVLM
OWbIZLMTI[UQ[UI[WXWZ\]VQLILM[LMITMOIKQ~VaXZ]MJILMV\ZWLMTXZWKM[WY]MTW[IK\W[LM
u[\W[VWX]MLMVQZMVKIUQVILW[INI^WZMKMZI]VI[WTILMMTTI[#Y]MMTR]MbVWPILMXZMR]bOIZ
MTLM[MVTIKMLMTIKWV\QMVLIMVÅVMVN]VKQ~VITIXW[QKQ~VLM]VWaW\ZWKWV\MVLQMV\M
-VWKI[QWVM[QVKT][WTITMa\QMVMY]MQV\ZWL]KQZKQMZ\W[UMKIVQ[UW[LMLM[QO]ITLILUI\MZQIT
MV\ZMXIZ\M[LMV\ZWLMTI litisR][\IUMV\MKWVMTÅVLMI[MO]ZIZIY]MTTIQO]ITLILNWZUIT<IT
M[MTKI[WLMÅO]ZI[\IVLQ[XIZM[XMZWM`XTQKIJTM[LM[LMM[\IXMZ[XMK\Q^IKWUWMTJMVMÅKQW
LM R][\QKQI OZI\]Q\I XIZI Y]QMV KIZMKM LM ZMK]Z[W[ MKWV~UQKW[ a TI ZM^Q[Q~V LM [MV\MVKQI
ÅZUMITLMUIVLILWY]MXWZZIbWVM[LMN]MZbIUIaWZVWX]LWKWUXIZMKMZaLMNMVLMZ[MMV
la instancia.
,MJMO]IZLIZTIVWZUIMVM[\W[KI[W[[QMUXZM]V[MV\QLWLMTIXZWXWZKQWVITQLIL\IV\WMV
K]IV\WITÅVJ][KILWKWUWITW[MNMK\W[Y]M[MLM[XZMVLIVLM[]IXTQKIKQ~VXZMKQ[IUMV\M
XIZIVWKZMIZ]VUITUIaWZY]MIY]MTY]MXZM\MVLyIKWZZMOQZ
O Enunciado:
¹4IQVQKQIKQ~VLM\WLWXZWKM[WKQ^QTWUMZKIV\QTKWZZM[XWVLMIT\Q\]TIZLMTLMZMKPW[]JRM\Q^W
W QV\MZu[ TMOy\QUW Y]M [M LQ[K]\M MV MT XZWKM[W# a LQKPW \Q\]TIZ KWV[MZ^IZn [QMUXZM TI
LQ[XWVQJQTQLILLMTIXZM\MV[Q~V
4I[XIZ\M[XWLZnVMNMK\]IZTW[IK\W[LMLQ[XW[QKQ~VQV\ZIXZWKM[ITM[Y]MM[\QUMVKWV^MVQMV\M[
\MZUQVIZ MT XZWKM[W ]VQTI\MZITUMV\M W XWZ IK]MZLW MV\ZM TI[ UQ[UI[ a ZMK]ZZQZ LM TI[
ZM[WT]KQWVM[Y]MTM[[MIVOZI^W[I[LMKWVNWZUQLILITWLQ[X]M[\WMVM[\M+~LQOWº
O Aplicación:
)XIZMKMVMVM[\MXZMKMX\WTI[UIVQNM[\IKQWVM[Jn[QKI[LMTXZQVKQXQWLQ[XW[Q\Q^WWLMR][\QKQI
ZWOILIJIRWMTY]M[MOWJQMZVIVTW[XZWKM[W[ZMOQLW[XWZMT+8+5,MUIVMZIM`XZM[I[M
22
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
LM\MZUQVIY]MTIQVQKQI\Q^IXIZITIIXMZ\]ZILMTW[XZWKM[W[KWZZM[XWVLM[QMUXZMITI[XIZ\M[a
VWIT\ZQJ]VITXZW[KZQJQMVLWI[yK]ITY]QMZ\MV\IKQ~VLMXZWKM[WQVY]Q[Q\Q^W\IV\WMVTIXZQUMZI
QV[\IVKQIKWUWMVTW[OZILW[[]XMZQWZM[ZMK]Z[W[LMR]ZQ[LQKKQ~V¹ZMK]ZZQZLMTI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[
Y]M TM[ [MIV OZI^W[I[º 6W [M WT^QLM KWV \WLW Y]M LMV\ZW LMT KWVKMX\W LM XIZ\M \IUJQuV
KIJM[Q\]IZIT5QVQ[\MZQW.Q[KITaITI8ZWK]ZIL]ZyI/MVMZITLMTI:MXJTQKIXWZTWY]MTI
LMNMV[ILMTW[QV\MZM[M[XJTQKW[VWY]MLILM[K]QLILI[~TWY]MTI[WTQKQ\]LLMKWUXW[QKQ~V
LMTW[KWVÆQK\W[VWX]MLMZMKIMZR][\IUMV\MMVY]QMVM[\nTTIUILWIZM[WT^MZTW[LMUIVMZI
QUXIZKQITMQVLMXMVLQMV\MKWUWWK]ZZMKWVTW[\ZQJ]VITM[LMR][\QKQI
=V[MO]VLWKWUXWVMV\MLMTXZQVKQXQWLQ[XW[Q\Q^WLMZQ^ILW\IUJQuVLMM[\MXZMKMX\W[MZMÅMZM
ITIÅVITQbIKQ~VLMTIKWV\QMVLII\ZI^u[LMTINWZUITQbIKQ~VLMUMKIVQ[UW[I]\WKWUXW[Q\Q^W[
I]\WZQbILW[TMOITUMV\M-[\WM[MTLM\ZIQUQMV\WLMTI[]V\WIT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITLMRIVLWITI[
XIZ\M[MVWKI[QWVM[LMUIVMZI]VQTI\MZITaMVW\ZI[LMKWV[]VW[]\MZUQVIKQ~V^WT]V\IZQI
IV\QKQXILI
-[\IXW[QJQTQLILY]MLIX]M[OIZIV\QbILIKWUWXZQVKQXQWLMTXZWKM[W[QMUXZMaK]IVLWKWUW
T]MOWXZMKQ[IMT+~LQOWVW[MKWVK]TY]MKWVMTTWTITMOITQLILaTW[LMZMKPW[LM\MZKMZW[^MZ
IZ\+8+5
-V\ZMUMLQI[IXIZMKM]V\MZKMZKWUXWVMV\MLMTIR][\QKQIZWOILIIY]yMVM[\MIZ\I[WUILI
LM UIVMZI QUXTyKQ\I ¹KWV[MZ^IZn [QMUXZM TI LQ[XWVQJQTQLIL LM TI XZM\MV[Q~Vº" [M \ZI\I LMT
XWLMZM`KT][Q^WLMTI[XIZ\M[[QVKIJQLILMQVRMZMVKQIR]LQKQITXIZITILMTQUQ\IKQ~VLMTWJRM\W
LM TI KWV\ZW^MZ[QI 8IXMT Y]M ZMKIM LM UIVMZI XZMLWUQVIV\M I]VY]M VW M`KT][Q^I MV MT
LMUIVLIV\MWMVMTLMUIVLILWK]IVLWZMKWV^QMVMKWVMTMVZQY]MKQUQMV\WWJRM\Q^WLMTI
KWV\ZW^MZ[QI Y]M IXWZ\IV XW[QJTM[ M`KMXKQWVM[ XZWKM[ITM[ a XMZMV\WZQI[ LMT []RM\W XI[Q^W a
LM TI[ ITMOIKQWVM[ LM TW[ M^MV\]ITM[ \MZKMZW[ KWILa]^IV\M[ M QV\MZ^QVQMV\M[ XZW^WKILW[ MV
LMÅVQ\Q^I"XIZ\M[<WLWTWK]ITUIZKIMTTyUQ\MLMTIIK\]IKQ~VR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITMVWZLMVITI
VMKM[IZQIKWVOZ]MVKQILMTI[MV\MVKQI
O Enunciado:
¹4W[PMKPW[MVY]M[MN]VLIUMV\MTIXZM\MV[Q~VaTIWXW[QKQ~VY]M[MKWVWKMMVMTXZWKM[W
[~TWXWLZnV[MZQV\ZWL]KQLW[ITLMJI\MXWZTI[XIZ\M[
4IIK\Q^QLILXZWJI\WZQILMJMZMKIMZM`KT][Q^IUMV\M[WJZMTW[PMKPW[IÅZUILW[XWZTI[XIZ\M[
WXWZTW[Y]M\QMVMVTIKITQLILLM\MZKMZW[LMKWVNWZUQLILITI[LQ[XW[QKQWVM[LMM[\MK~LQOW
MV[]KI[W#MVKWV[MK]MVKQIMTR]MbVWXWLZn\WUIZMVKWV[QLMZIKQ~V]VIXZ]MJI[WJZMPMKPW[
Y]MVWP]JQMZIV[QLWIÅZUILW[WLQ[K]\QLW[XWZTI[XIZ\M[W\MZKMZW[
4IXZWXW[QKQ~VLMTIXZ]MJIKWZZM[XWVLMM`KT][Q^IUMV\MITI[XIZ\M[W\MZKMZW[#[QVMUJIZOW
ZM[XMK\W LM XZ]MJI Y]M aI N]M LMJQLI a WXWZ\]VIUMV\M IXWZ\ILI a KWV\ZW^MZ\QLI XWZ TI[
XIZ\M[MTR]MbXWLZnWZLMVIZLQTQOMVKQI[XIZIUMRWZXZW^MMZKWVMTÅVLMM[KTIZMKMZITOV
X]V\WW[K]ZWWKWV\ZILQK\WZQWLMKWVNWZUQLILITWLQ[X]M[\WMVM[\M+~LQOWº
23
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
O Aplicación:
+WV J]MVI \uKVQKI XZWKM[IT MT +~LQOW [MXIZI KWUW PMUW[ ^Q[\W MV MT IZ\ TW Y]M M[ MT
XZQVKQXQWLQ[XW[Q\Q^WLMIY]MTW\ZWXZQVKQXQWLMIXWZ\IKQ~VMVM[\MIZ\Y]M\QMVMY]M^MZ
LMUIVMZIUn[KWVKZM\IKWVTIQUXW[QKQ~VITI[XIZ\M[LMTIKIZOILMITMOIKQ~VaXZ]MJILM
TW[PMKPW[N]VLIV\M[LM[][XZM\MV[QWVM[;QJIRWMTXZQVKQXQWLQ[XW[Q\Q^WLM[K]JZQUW[Y]M[WV
TI[XIZ\M[aVWMT\ZQJ]VITY]QMVM[LM\MZUQVIV[WJZMY]uZMTIKQ~VWM[\ILWR]ZyLQKWY]QMZMV
Y]M[MLQ[K]\IaKWVY]uITKIVKMWJRM\Q^WXWZUWZLMTXZQVKQXQWLMIXWZ\IKQ~V[IJMUW[IPWZI
\IUJQuVY]MMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQIT\IUXWKWX]MLMIa]LIZITI[XIZ\M[IKWVNMKKQWVIZMTZMTI\W
LMTW[PMKPW[R]ZyLQKIUMV\MZMTM^IV\M[aY]M[QZ^MVXIZI[W[\MVMZ[][ZM[XMK\Q^I[XM\QKQWVM[
LM\]\MTIVQXZWXWVMZY]uUMLQW[LMKWV^QKKQ~VX]MLMVZM[]T\IZUn[\QTM[aMÅKIKM[XIZITI
LMUW[\ZIKQ~VLMTI^MZIKQLILLMIY]MTTI[IÅZUIKQWVM[TWY]MUn[ILMTIV\M\QMVM[]KWZZMTI\W
MVTWLQ[X]M[\WMVMTIZ\LMTXZWXQW+~LQOW
A I[y [QV ZWUXMZ KWV M[\M M[\ILW LM KW[I[ UIV\MVQMVLW MT R]Mb ]VI XW[QKQ~V M[MVKQIT LM
WJ[MZ^ILWZM`\MZVWITIQVQKQI\Q^ILMXZ]MJII]VY]MKWVXTMVQ\]LLMNIK]T\ILM[XIZIXZW^MMZ
M[W [y I TI XZnK\QKI LM IY]MTTI[ Y]M XMLQLI[ XZM^QIUMV\M XWZ TI[ XIZ\M[ IXIZMKMV KWUW
XMZ\QVMV\M[\QTM[aVWQTyKQ\I[I]\WZQbIKWV\WLWM[\MIZ\+8+5MV[]T\QUWXnZZINWTI
ÅO]ZILMTI[TTIUILI[LQTQOMVKQI[XIZIUMRWZXZW^MMZK]aIÅVITQLILMV\WLWKI[WVWM[TILM
[]XTQZTIVMOTQOMVKQILMTI[XIZ\M[MV[]KIZOILMXZWXW[QKQ~VLMXZ]MJI[[QVWTILMI]`QTQIZ
IT XZWXQW \ZQJ]VIT MV TI QV\MTMKKQ~V LM TI[ XZ]MJI[ aI XZIK\QKILI[ K]IVLW ITO]VI IZZWRI
L]LI[XMZQKQITM[W[K]ZI[WIUJQO]I[XWZMRMUXTW8MZUQ\QMVLWMVLMÅVQ\Q^IITR]MbWZLMVIZ
LM WÅKQW M[I[ LQTQOMVKQI[ [QV Y]M TI[ XIZ\M[ X]MLIV WXWVMZ[M I MTTW I TW []UW ZMK]ZZQZ TI
[MV\MVKQI[QKWV[QLMZIVY]MPIPIJQLWM`KM[WLMR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VWY]MTI[]X]M[\ILQTQOMVKQIVW
PIKM[QVW[][\Q\]QZITIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQIMV[]KIZOIXZWJI\WZQIZM[XMK\Q^I
O Enunciado:
¹<WLI XMZ[WVI W I]\WZQLIL M[\n MV TI WJTQOIKQ~V LM KWTIJWZIZ KWV TI R][\QKQI K]IVLW [MIV
ZMY]MZQLI[ XIZI MTTW -V KWV[MK]MVKQI I Y]QMV [M VQMO]M I KWTIJWZIZ [M TM QUXWVLZn ]VI
U]T\IK]aWUWV\W[MOVTIOZI^MLILLMTKI[W[MÅRIZnMV\ZMKQVKWaLQMb[ITIZQW[UyVQUW[
Un[IT\W[^QOMV\M[;QMTPMKPWN]MZMKWV[\Q\]\Q^WLMLMTQ\WMTR]MbKMZ\QÅKIZnTWKWVL]KMV\MI
TI.Q[KITyI/MVMZITLMTI:MXJTQKIº
O Aplicación:
4I TMa LMÅVM TW[ LQ[\QV\W[ UWLW[ MV Y]M PI LM XZWL]KQZ[M MT LMJMZ LM KWTIJWZIKQ~V IT Y]M
IT]LMM[\MXZMKMX\WaY]M^QVK]TI[MOVMTKI[W\IV\WITI[XIZ\M[KWUWITW[\MZKMZW[Y]M
LMJMV ZMITQbIZ ]VI IK\Q^QLIL W IXWZ\IZ ]VI QVNWZUIKQ~V \QT IT XZWKM[W \M[\QOW[# XMZQ\W[#
\MZKMZW[Y]MZMKQJMV]VIVW\QÅKIKQ~VR]LQKQITLMTLMUIVLILW#WY]MLMJMVPIKMZM`PQJQKQ~V
de un documento relevante en la litis M\K 6W [M \ZI\I IY]y LMT K]UXTQUQMV\W LM ]VI
24
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
KIZOI XZWKM[IT X]M[ u[\I[ TTM^IV IXIZMRILI[ KWV[MK]MVKQI[ M[\ZQK\IUMV\M XZWKM[ITM[ XWZ []
QVIK\Q^QLIL XuZLQLI LM TI M`XMK\I\Q^I LM WJ\MVMZ ]V ZM[]T\ILW NI^WZIJTM QV\MZTWK]\WZQW W
LMÅVQ\Q^WLMPIJMZIK\]ILW[QVWLMWJTQOIKQWVM[LMTI[Y]MMT[]RM\WVWX]MLM[][\ZIMZ[MI
UMVW[Y]MUMLQMR][\IKI][IKWV]VIZMXMZK][Q~V[QVW[IVKQWVILWZII\ZI^u[LM]VIU]T\I
K]aW[TyUQ\M[aI[MÅRIVIY]ya[MOVMT[]X]M[\WITIIXMZ\]ZI\IUJQuVLMZM[XWV[IJQTQLIL
XMVITXWZWJ[\Z]KKQ~VITIR][\QKQI
O Enunciado:
¹4I[XIZ\M[[][ZMXZM[MV\IV\M[[][IJWOILW[aMVOMVMZITK]ITY]QMZXIZ\yKQXMMVMTXZWKM[W
LMJMZnV IK\]IZ KWV ^MZIKQLIL TMIT\IL J]MVI NM a XZWJQLIL XZWKM[IT -T R]Mb XZWK]ZIZn
QUXMLQZ\WLIKWVL]K\IY]MQUXTQY]MIK\Q^QLILQTyKQ\IWOMVMZMLQTIKQ~VQVLMJQLILMTXZWKM[W
4I QVNZIKKQ~V LM TI[ WJTQOIKQWVM[ LM ^MZIKQLIL TMIT\IL J]MVI NM a XZWJQLIL XZWKM[IT [M
[IVKQWVIZn KWV TI KWVLMVI MV KW[\I[ a KWV MT ZM[IZKQUQMV\W LM TW[ LI}W[ a XMZR]QKQW[ Y]M
P]JQMZIKI][ILWMTQVNZIK\WZ#[QVXMZR]QKQWLMY]MMTR]MbZMUQ\IITI;MKKQ~VLM1V^M[\QOIKQ~V
8ZWNM[QWVITLMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUILM2][\QKQITIZM[XMK\Q^IKMZ\QÅKIKQ~V[WJZMTIKWVL]K\ILM
TW[IJWOILW[QV\MZ^QVQMV\M[
;QTIQVNZIKKQ~VN]M[MKWV[\Q\]\Q^ILMTLMTQ\WLMNIT[MLILMTR]MbKMZ\QÅKIZnTWKWVL]KMV\MITI
.Q[KITyI/MVMZITLMTI:MXJTQKIº
O Aplicación:
8WZ TW Y]M ZM[XMK\I I TI[ XIZ\M[ a I Y]QMVM[ TI[ ZMXZM[MV\IV a LMNQMVLMV MV R]QKQW
ZMXZM[MV\IV\M[TMOITM[^WT]V\IZQW[aLMTIJWOILWY]MMRMZKQ\ITIXW[\]TIKQ~VQUXWVMMTIZ\
IUWTLIZ[]KWUXWZ\IUQMV\WITW[LMJMZM[LM"
I >MZIKQLIL"VW[M\ZI\I\IV\WLM]V[MV\QLWIJ[WT]\WLMT\uZUQVWX]M[ZM[]T\ILQNyKQT
Y]M TI[ XIZ\M[ XWZ MRMUXTW VW QVK]ZZIV MV QUXZMKQ[QWVM[ a MZZWZM[ NZMK]MV\M[ IT
IZ\QK]TIZMTZMTI\WLM[][ITMOIKQWVM[IKMZKILMK~UWWK]ZZQMZWVTW[PMKPW[LMTKI[W
TWY]MM`XTQKIILMUn[Y]MLMJIM`Q[\QZ]VINI[MLMXZ]MJITW[PMKPW[VW[M\QMVMV
XWZ ^MZLIL XWZY]M [y I UMVW[ Y]M TI W\ZI XIZ\M TW[ ILUQ\I ;M \ZI\I MV M[\M IZ\
[WJZM\WLWLMVWIUXIZIZMTMVOI}WaMTNIT[MIUQMV\WKWV[KQMV\MLMTW[LI\W[
ZMTM^IV\M[ IT XZWKM[W MUXMbIVLW XWZ TI QLMV\QÅKIKQ~V LM TI XIZ\M KWV\ZIZQI MV TI
LMUIVLIKWVMTÅVLM[IKIZ]VXZW^MKPWM[X]ZQWLMTIUMV\QZIY]MTILMUIVLIVWTM
M[IVW\QÅKILIM\K6W[MX]MLMUIVQX]TIZKWVN]VLQZVQMV\WZXMKMZKWV[KQMV\MUMV\M
TI TIJWZ LMT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT a [Q I[y [M PIKM MT []RM\W M[\IZn QVK]ZZQMVLW MV ]VI
KWVL]K\IXZWPQJQLI
J 4MIT\IL"M[]V[QV~VQUWLMTI\ZQJ]\WIV\MZQWZ[]IV\y\M[Q[[MZyITI\ZIQKQ~VaMTNZI]LM
)]VY]MKILIXIZ\MUIV\QMVM[]XZWXQIXW[QKQ~VMVTIKWV\QMVLIaVW\QMVMXWZY]u
KMLMZ MV [][ TMOy\QUI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ VQ KWUXIZ\QZ [] M[\ZI\MOQI LM LMNMV[I KWV []
25
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
WXWVMV\M\IUXWKWKIJMVTW[KWUXWZ\IUQMV\W[NZI]L]TMV\W[VQMTWK]T\IUQMV\WLM
LI\W[ a XZ]MJI[ ,M ITTy MT ZyOQLW [Q[\MUI XZMKT][Q^W Y]M QV\ZWL]KM MT +~LQOW MV
UI\MZQILMXZ]MJILWK]UMV\ITaXMZQKQITM^Q\IVLWTIIXIZQKQ~VLMu[\I[XWZ[WZXZM[I
WMV]VUWUMV\WLMTI[IK\]IKQWVM[MVTI[Y]MMTXMZR]LQKILWVWX]MLMZMIKKQWVIZ
K *]MVINM"IT]LMI]VIZMK\Q\]LaPWVZILMbMVTW[IK\W[IKWUXWZ\IZ[MKWVNWZUM[M
M[XMZILMKILIXIZ\M1UXTQKIY]MVW[MLMJM[W[\MVMZIY]MTTWY]MKWV[KQMV\MUMV\M
[M [IJM KWV\ZIZQW I TI TMa a I TI ZMITQLIL LM TI[ KW[I[ VQ I XZWK]ZIZ ]V XMZR]QKQW
QTMOy\QUWWQTMOITITIKWV\ZIXIZ\M
L 8ZWJQLILXZWKM[IT"TIXZWJQLILM[[QV~VQUWLMPWVZILMbaXWZ\IV\WLMTIJ]MVINM
XZWKM[IT
;MOV[M[M}ITIILMUn[MVM[\MIZ\+8+5TIQVNZIKKQ~VLMM[\W[M[\nVLIZM[LMKWV[]T\I
XWLZn[MZZMXMTQLILMLQ^MZ[I[UIVMZI[JQMV[MIUMLQIV\MTIQUXW[QKQ~VLMKW[\I[^MZIZ\
XnZZINW[MO]VLWaXnZZINWXZQUMZWLMT+~LQOW#[MIUMLQIV\M]VIKWVLMVIXWZLI}W[
aXMZR]QKQW[aMVMTKI[WLMTIJWOILW[]XW[QJTMZM[XWV[IJQTQLILKQ^QTXMVITaLMWV\WT~OQKI
LQ[KQXTQVIZQI[QO]QMVLWMTR]MbTW[KWVL]K\W[WÅKQITM[Y]MIY]y[MXZM^uVXIZIKILI[Q\]IKQ~V
O Enunciado:
¹-V TW[ XZWKM[W[ KQ^QTM[ a UMZKIV\QTM[ TI[ IK\]IKQWVM[ [M ZMITQbIZnV LM NWZUI
XZMLWUQVIV\MUMV\M WZIT [QV XMZR]QKQW LM TI LWK]UMV\IKQ~V LM TW[ IK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ Y]M
LMJIVPIKMZ[MKWV[\IZXWZM[KZQ\WaLMTI[IXWZ\IKQWVM[LWK]UMV\ITM[Y]MMVM[\MK~LQOW[M
M[\IJTMKMVº
O Aplicación:
;M}ITIM[\MIZ\ +8+5TIZMOTIY]MT]MOWLM[IZZWTTIMT+~LQOWITZMO]TIZKILI]VWLMTW[
XZWKM[W[MVMT[MV\QLWLMXZQUIZTIZMITQbIKQ~VWZIT^MZJITLMTI[ITMOIKQWVM[aTI[XZ]MJI[
\IV\WMV[]QV\MZ^MVKQ~VXWZTI[XIZ\M[KWUWXWZMT\Q\]TIZLMT~ZOIVWR]LQKQITI[yTII]LQMVKQI
XZMXIZI\WZQILMTR]QKQWKWUVWTILMXZ]MJILMu[\MaLMTIJZM^QILW
,M\WLW[UWLW[LMJMVLMRIZ[MI[IT^W·aI[yTWPIKMM[\IVWZUIY]MVWZMKWOMTIWZITQLIL
IJ[WT]\IIY]MTTW[IK\W[Y]MXWZ[]KWUXTMRQLILTITMaXZMÅMZMY]M[MXZM[MV\MVXWZM[KZQ\W
LMUIVLI LM TW[ XZWKM[W[ LMKTIZI\Q^W[# QV\MZXW[QKQ~V LM ZMK]Z[W[# [WTQKQ\]L LM UMLQLI[
KI]\MTIZM[aMRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[INZMV\MIIY]MTTW[W\ZW[LWVLMTIWZITQLIL[MXZM^uXWZUW\Q^W[
LM MKWVWUyI XZWKM[IT KWV\M[\IKQ~V MV MT R]QKQW IJZM^QILW a [M QUXWVM I\MVLQMVLW I TI
VI\]ZITMbIKWV^MVQMV\MUMV\MÆM`QJTMLMTIK\WXZWKM[ITMVIZI[INIKQTQ\IZTIJ[Y]MLILMTI
^MZLILZMITLM[IZZWTTWLMTW[QV\MZZWOI\WZQW[LMXZ]MJI
26
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
:M[XMK\W LM \WLI[ TI[ KWUXIZMKMVKQI[ a ^Q[\I[ Y]M [M XZIK\QY]MV WZITUMV\M LMJMZn VW
WJ[\IV\MO]IZLIZ[M]VZMOQ[\ZWNMPIKQMV\MLM[]KWV\MVQLWKWUWUyVQUWI\ZI^u[LMTIÅO]ZI
LMTIK\IM[KZQ\IaMV[]KI[WXWZQV[\Z]UMV\W[I]LQW^Q[]ITM[LMOZIJIKQ~V^MZIZ\[
LMT+~LQOW
O Enunciado:
¹4I[I]LQMVKQI[LM\WLW[TW[XZWKM[W[XZM^Q[\W[MVM[\M+~LQOW[MZnVXJTQKI[[IT^WY]MMT
R]MbLMWÅKQWWIQV[\IVKQILMXIZ\MLQ[XWVOITWKWV\ZIZyWXWZZIbWVM[LM[MO]ZQLILVIKQWVIT
LMUWZITWLMWZLMVXJTQKWWLMXZW\MKKQ~VLMTIXZQ^IKQLILLMITO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[
4IZM[\ZQKKQ~VLMTIX]JTQKQLILLMTI[I]LQMVKQI[LMJMZnIKWZLIZ[MMVZM[WT]KQ~VLMJQLIUMV\M
UW\Q^ILIMVTIY]M[MXZMKQ[MVLMUIVMZIM`XZM[IaKTIZITI[ZIbWVM[LMLQKPIZM[\ZQKKQ~V
I[yKWUWTILM\MZUQVIKQ~VLMY]QMVM[ILMUn[LMTI[XIZ\M[[][IXWLMZILW[WZMXZM[MV\IV\M[
XWLZnVM[\IZXZM[MV\M[MVTI[UQ[UI[
4I[XIZ\M[[][IXWLMZILW[ZMXZM[MV\IV\M[TW[IJWOILW[aK]ITY]QMZIW\ZIXMZ[WVIY]MITMO]M
ITOVQV\MZu[R]ZyLQKIUMV\MXZW\MOQLW\MVLZnVIKKM[WITM`XMLQMV\MR]LQKQITº
O Aplicación:
+WV\MUXTI MT IZ\ ! LMT +~LQOW [MOV KWZZMK\IUMV\M M[XMKQÅKI LW[ KTI[M[ LM X]JTQKQLIL
QV\ZIXZWKM[W"TIXZQUMZILMMTTI[ZMQ\MZILIT]MOWMVMTIZ\M[TILMTI[I]LQMVKQI[WZITM[
XnZZINW[ XZQUMZW a [MO]VLW a M[ ]VI X]JTQKQLIL Y]M IJIZKI \IV\W I TI[ XIZ\M[ LMT TQ\QOQW
como a los terceros.
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27
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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O Enunciado:
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O Aplicación:
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28
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
O Enunciado:
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MT R]Mb KWVKMV\ZIZ MV ]VI UQ[UI [M[Q~V \WLW[ TW[ IK\W[ Y]M [MI XW[QJTM ZMITQbIZ# I[QUQ[UW
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30
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98
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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99
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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102
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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hacia las escasas normas de los procesos especiales e inclusive al mismo proceso abreviado.
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poseen competencia para tramitar los procesos comunes cuyo demandado sea el Estado.
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241
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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242
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES
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rigen sus destinos conforme al procedimiento abreviado. Como suele sostenerse en materia
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procesal.!
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243
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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del Juzgado de paz competente.
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un componente de la hacienda pública estatal y los patrimonios socialmente protegidos. Así
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pueda intervenir eventualmente en un proceso contencioso.
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imposibilidad de intentar conciliar a los representantes a nombre de los menores
de edad y los mayores de edad incapaces en pudieran resultar involucrados como
partes.
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Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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información contentiva es mínima en comparación a la demanda planteada en los procesos
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esta facilidad desapareció al adoptarse el imperativo de la norma citada.
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la inadmisibilidad de la solicitud.
245
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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comparecer obligatoriamente.
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incomparecencia de las partes se tienen los efectos siguientes:
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conciliación intentada.
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instancia y las comunes por mitad.
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audiencia especial.
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hacerlo efectivo.
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XWZ TI[ ^IZQIV\M[ [QO]QMV\M[" 4I I]LQMVKQI XWLZn [][XMVLMZ[M ]VI [WTI ^Mb XWZ ]V XTIbW
UIaWZ LM LQMb LyI[ IV\M TI QUXW[QJQTQLIL UI\MZQIT LM ZMKQJQZ MT UMLQW XZWJI\WZQW MV TI
I]LQMVKQIIZ\ QVKQ[W#4IXZ]MJIXMZQKQITXZWX]M[\IXWZTIXIZ\MQV\MZM[ILI[MTQUQ\II
la intervención de un solo perito designado por el Juez; La prueba testimonial propuesta se
TQUQ\I I KQVKW \M[\QOW[ XWZ KILI XIZ\M a TI[ LMKTIZIKQWVM[ XWLZnV ZMKQJQZ[M XWZ MT 2]Mb Y]M
KWVWbKILMTQVKQLMV\MK]ITY]QMZIN]MZMMTLWUQKQTQW
:M[XMK\WITILMKQ[Q~VLMTIK]M[\Q~VQVKQLMV\IT[MXQLMIT2]MbY]MPIOIMTXZWV]VKQIUQMV\W
LMV\ZW LM TI UQ[UI I]LQMVKQI ZWUXQMVLW KWV TI XW[QJQTQLIL LM LQNMZQZ TI ZM[WT]KQ~V
XW[\MZQWZUMV\M LM NWZUI M[KZQ\I# \IT KWUW [Q M[ XMZUQ\QLW MV TW[ XZWKM[W[ LMKTIZI\Q^W[ a
M[XMKQITM[)XM[IZLMTIM`QOMVKQILMTXZWV]VKQIUQMV\WWZIT[WJZMTILMKQ[Q~VLMTIK]M[\Q~V
QVKQLMV\IT VW LMJMZn LM[K]QLIZ[M TI KITQLIL LM [] KWV\MVQLW M[\M K]UXTQZn TI NWZUI TI
UW\Q^IKQ~V a TI KWVOZ]MVKQI LM \WLI XZW^QLMVKQI R]LQKQIT [MOV TI[ VWZUI[ XZWKM[ITM[
pertinentes.
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LMZMKPWY]MTI[XIZ\M[XW[MMVLMQUX]OVIZ\ITLMKQ[Q~VI\ZI^u[LMTW[ZMK]Z[W[R]LQKQITM[
KWVNWZUM IT KWV\MVQLW LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V WJRM\W LM IVnTQ[Q[ IZ\ +8+5 4W K]IT
KWV[\Q\]aM]V[IVWM[XyZQ\]Un[Y]M]VIZMOTIZMQ\MZI\Q^ITIUQ[UILMJMMV\MVLMZ[MKWUW
]VIZMOTIIKTIZI\WZQIY]MVW[WTWINMK\IITI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[LMÅVQ\Q^I[LILI[MVTW[XZWKM[W[
XZQVKQXITM[[QVW\IUJQuVITI[XZW^MyLI[MVTI[K]M[\QWVM[QVKQLMV\ITM[QVVWUQVILI[
-VUI\MZQIXI\ZQUWVQIT[MZMQ\MZIMTLMZMKPWIQUX]OVIZTIZM[WT]KQ~VY]MLMKQLMTI[K]M[\QWVM[QVKQLMV\ITM[XWZ
MTIOZI^QILW[MOVMTIZ\QVKQ[W+8+5TWK]ITVWM[XW[QJTMMVTW[XZWKM[W[LMNIUQTQIZM[aIY]MXWZ
TMaM`XZM[IVWXZWKMLMTI]\QTQbIKQ~VLMVQVOVZMK]Z[WR]LQKQITIZ\ QVKQ[W48.
263
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
+WUWM[[IJQLWTIXZWUWKQ~VMQV\MZ^MVKQ~VLMTI[XIZ\M[MV\WLWXZWKM[WR]LQKQIT[QVL]LI
ITO]VIWKI[QWVIVMVOMVMZITOI[\W[MKWV~UQKW[TW[K]ITM[LMJMZnVXZW^MVQZLMTXI\ZQUWVQW
LM K]ITY]QMZI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ QV\MZ^QVQMV\M[ 8IZI M^Q\IZ MT LM[MY]QTQJZQW M QVR][\QKQI MV
LQ[UQV]QZMTXI\ZQUWVQWLMIY]MTTIXIZ\MIY]QuVLMU]M[\ZITMI[Q[\MTIZIb~VaMTLMZMKPW
M[ Y]M TI TMOQ[TIKQ~V ZMKWVWKM MT ZMMUJWT[W LM M[\M T\QUW I KIZOW LM TI XIZ\M Y]M ZM[]T\M
vencida en sus argumentos. Esas cantidades de dinero van destinadas al pago de aranceles
O]JMZVIUMV\ITM[ XIOW I XIZ\QK]TIZM[ XWZ TI XZM[\IKQ~V LM ]V [MZ^QKQW W JQMV IT XIOW LM
ITO]VW[[]RM\W[XZWKM[ITM[XWZ[]QV\MZ^MVKQ~VMV\ZMW\ZW[
4I MK]IKQ~V R]ZyLQKI XZWKM[W QO]IT KW[\W [QMUXZM IXIZMKMZn MV MT PWZQbWV\M XZWKM[IT#
I XM[IZ LMT JMVMNQKQW LM ZIVOW KWV[\Q\]KQWVIT \ITTILW LM TI [QO]QMV\M UIVMZI" ¹4I
ILUQVQ[\ZIKQ~V LM R][\QKQI [MZn OZI\]Q\Iº MT K]IT [M MVK]MV\ZI XZM[MV\M MV MT IZ\ +6
-[\WT\QUWVW[MZMÅMZMITI[KW[\I[XZWKM[ITM[[QVWUn[JQMVITW[OI[\W[R]LQKQITM[KWUW"
TI[ QV^MZ[QWVM[ O]JMZVIUMV\ITM[ XZWXQI[ LMT XIOW LM TW[ [MZ^QLWZM[ R]LQKQITM[ a TW[ ZMK]Z[W[
UI\MZQITM[XIZITIXZM[\IKQ~VLMT[MZ^QKQWLMR][\QKQI
0Q[\~ZQKIUMV\M XIZI TI QUXW[QKQ~V LM KW[\I[ M[ IKMX\ILW MV TI[ TMOQ[TIKQWVM[ XZWKM[ITM[
UWLMZVI[ MT XZQVKQXQW OMVMZIT LMT ^MVKQUQMV\W \W\IT LM ]VI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ MT K]IT PI [QLW
\QT XIZI KIZOIZ IY]MTTI XIZ\M Y]M VW LMUW[\Z~ KWUXTM\IUMV\M [] M[\ZI\MOQI NZMV\M IT
adversario. -[LMKQZY]M[MM`QOMLMTIXIZ\MQV\MZ^QVQMV\MMTXTIV\MIUQMV\WLM]VIJ]MVI
LMNMV[ILM\ITUIVMZIY]MITUMVW[]VILM[][XZM\MV[QWVM[WNWZUI[LMZM[Q[\MVKQI[[MIV
MNMK\Q^I[ [~TW I[y [M M^Q\IZn KIZOIZ KWV TI[ KW[\I[ XZWKM[ITM[ XZWL]KQLW[ XWZ MT ZM[XMK\Q^W
proceso civil y mercantil.
-[LMIL^MZ\QZY]MTIV]M^ITMOQ[TIKQ~VXZWKM[ITKQ^QTaUMZKIV\QTZMKWVWKMY]MQVQKQITUMV\M
TW[ LM[MUJWT[W[ UWVM\IZQW[ [MZnV I KIZOW LMT JWT[QTTW LM TI[ XIZ\M[ 4]MOW MTTW[ XWLZnV
+017>-6,) 2 La Condena en Costas X ,M IK]MZLW I ]VI KWZZQMV\MLM XMV[IUQMV\W Q\ITQIVI JI[\IV\M
ZMXZM[MV\I\Q^I[W[\MVQLIXWZMTI]\WZKQ\ILWZM[IT\IY]M¹TIKIZIK\MZy[\QKIN]VLIUMV\ITLMTXZQVKQXQWUWLMZVW
LMTIKWVLMVIMVKW[\I[KWV[Q[\MXZMKQ[IUMV\MMVPITTIZ[MKWVLQKQWVILIIT^MVKQUQMV\WX]ZWa[QUXTMaVWITI
QV\MVKQ~VVQITKWUXWZ\IUQMV\WLMT^MVKQLWUITINMWK]TXIº
264
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
[MZ ZM[IZKQLW[ XWZ IY]MT I Y]QuV KWVNWZUM I TI[ ZMOTI[ OMVMZITM[ a M[XMKQITM[ ZM[]T\IZM
KWVLMVILWITXIOWLMIK]MZLWITIZ\+8+5
=V [MK\WZ LM TI LWK\ZQVI XZWKM[IT M[XI}WTI MV\QMVLM XWZ KW[\I[ XZWKM[ITM[ TW [QO]QMV\M"
¹4W[ LM[MUJWT[W[ MKWV~UQKW[ Y]MPIV LM ZMITQbIZ TI[ XIZ\M[ a Y]M\QMVMV []KI][ILQZMK\I
e inmediata en la realización de un proceso determinado”.186 Esta propuesta conceptual es
QT][\ZI\Q^I a IXTQKIJTM I V]M[\ZW WZLMVIUQMV\W R]ZyLQKW [IT^ILWZM}W X]LQMVLW IOZMOIZ[M
KWVKZM\IUMV\M I TW[ Z]JZW[ KWUXZMVLQLW[ LMV\ZW LM TI[ KW[\I[ XZWKM[ITM[ TW[ KW[\W[
siguientes:
I 4W[ PWVWZIZQW[ XZWNM[QWVITM[ LM TW[ IJWOILW[ TI[ QVLMUVQbIKQWVM[ LM TI[ XIZ\M[ a
los peritos conforme al Arancel Judicial.
J 4W[ LMZMKPW[ MKWV~UQKW[ KWUXMV[I\WZQW[ I NI^WZ LM TI[ [QO]QMV\M[ XMZ[WVI[" MT
depositario por la labor de custodia y conservación del bien depositado por orden
R]LQKQIT# MT QV\MZ^MV\WZ MV TI ILUQVQ[\ZIKQ~V LM TI MUXZM[I UMZKIV\QT []RM\I I
MUJIZOW# MT K]ZILWZ M[XMKQIT LM[QOVILW R]LQKQITUMV\M \ITM[ KWUW" MT K]ZILWZ IL
TQ\MU a MT K]ZILWZ LM PMZMVKQI aIKMV\M XWZ [] I[Q[\MVKQI R]ZyLQKI LM[MUXM}ILI# a
MT MRMK]\WZ Y]M XZIK\QY]M MT MUJIZOW XZM^MV\Q^W LM JQMVM[ MV\ZM W\ZI[ XMZ[WVI[
conforme al Arancel Judicial.
8ZQVKQXITUMV\MTI[KIV\QLILM[IZM[IZKQZKWUWaI[MLQRWXW[MMV]VI\I[IKQ~VTMOIT#I]Y]M
VWLMJMXMZLMZ[MLM^Q[\IY]MMVTIXZnK\QKILQIZQIITO]VW[LMTW[LM[MUJWT[W[UMVKQWVILW[
[W []XMZQWZM[ Y]MLIVLW []XMLQ\ILW[ I TI TQJMZ\IL LM KWV\ZI\IKQ~V# \IT KWUW []KMLM KWV
MT IXWLMZILW R]LQKQIT IJWOILW LM TI XIZ\M a [] KTQMV\M MT XWLMZLIV\M# XWZ KWV[QO]QMV\M
MT KW[\W ZMIT [QMUXZM LQÅMZM IT KW[\W XZnK\QKIUMV\M [QUJ~TQKW M[\IJTMKQLW XWZ MT )ZIVKMT
R]LQKQIT ;QV L]LI ITO]VI TI XIZ\M LMJM M[\IZ KWV[QMV\M Y]M I[]UM JIRW [] KIXIKQLIL
MKWV~UQKITILQNMZMVKQIUI\MUn\QKIY]MX]LQMZIZM[]T\IZMV\ZMTWIKWZLILWaMTXWZKMV\IRM
Y]MTITMaM[\ILQ[X]M[\IIZMKWVWKMZXIZIMNMK\W[LMZMMUJWT[WITNI^WZMKQLWXWZTI[KW[\I[187
<IUJQuV LMJMV IOZMOIZ[M I TI[ KI\MOWZyI[ IV\MZQWZM[ W\ZW[ \QXW[ LM MZWOIKQWVM[ KWVM`I[
Y]MLMJMVKWV[QLMZIZ[MKWUXZMVLQLW[LMV\ZWLMTZ]JZWLMTI[KW[\I[XZWKM[ITM[MV\ZMW\ZW[
pueden mencionarse los siguientes:
187 8IZI TI ÅRIKQ~V KWV\ZIK\]IT LM PWVWZIZQW[ XZWNM[QWVITM[ MV\ZM XWLMZLIV\M KTQMV\M a IXWLMZILW IJWOILW [M
[]RM\IVQKIUMV\MITQJZM^WT]V\ILLMMTTW[#MVKWV[MK]MVKQITI[KIV\QLILM[XIK\ILI[MVKWVKMX\WLMPWVWZIZQW[
][]ITUMV\M [WV []XMZQWZM[ I TW[ M[\IJTMKQLW[ XZM^QIUMV\M a ]\QTQbIVLW KZQ\MZQW[ WJRM\Q^W[ XWZ TI TMOQ[TIKQ~V
1VLMXMVLQMV\MUMV\M[QTIKIV\QLILXIK\ILIXWZ]VILMTI[XIZ\M[KWV[]IJWOILWZM[]T\M[]XMZQWZITW[PWVWZIZQW[
ÅRILW[XWZUQVQ[\MZQWLMTMa#\ITKIV\QLILJIRWM[MKWVKMX\WVW^QVK]TIITXIOW[WJZMMTM`KM[WIIY]MTTIXIZ\MI
Y]QuV[MTMQUXWVOIVTI[KW[\I[XZWKM[ITM[ZM[XWVLQMVLWMTKWVLMVILWITXIOW[~TWMVMTUWV\WM[\IJTMKQLWXWZ
MT)ZIVKMTR]LQKQIT#MTM`KM[WLMTW[PWVWZIZQW[[MZnI[]UQLWaXIOILW[XWZTIXIZ\MKWV\ZI\IV\M
265
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
I -T XIOW LM TW[ IZIVKMTM[ XIZI TI WJ\MVKQ~V LM \WLW \QXW LM LWK]UMV\IKQ~V
MV ZM[O]IZLW O]JMZVIUMV\IT Y]M LMJI [MZ IXWZ\ILI IT XZWKM[W R]LQKQIT XIZI
R][\QÅKIZ TI[ ITMOIKQWVM[ LM TI[ XIZ\M[ 8WZ MRMUXTW" TI[ KMZ\QÅKIKQWVM[ ZMOQ[\ZITM[
a TI[ KMZ\QÅKIKQWVM[ M`XMLQLI[ XWZ MT :MOQ[\ZW LM -[\ILW .IUQTQIZ IL[KZQ\I[ I TI[
Municipalidades.
J 4W[ IZIVKMTM[ XIOILW[ XWZ TI XZM[MV\IKQ~V LM TI[ QV[KZQXKQWVM[ a M^MV\]ITM[
cancelaciones registrales. Tal como la anotación preventiva sobre bienes inmuebles
y la anotación preventiva de demanda.
K 8IOW[ LM TW[ KIZ\MTM[ W I^Q[W[ X]JTQKILW[ MV MT ,QIZQW 7ÅKQIT a TW[ ,QIZQW[
comerciales de circulación nacional.
8WZ W\ZW TILW TI ÅRIKQ~V LMT UWV\W I K]JZQZ MV KWVKMX\W LM KW[\I[ a MT XZWKMLQUQMV\W
R]LQKQIT XIZI PIKMZTI[ MNMK\Q^I[ KWUW MZI LM M[XMZIZ VW [M ZMO]TIV MV MT +~LQOW 8ZWKM[IT
+Q^QT a 5MZKIV\QT [QVW MT UQ[UW VW[ ZMUQ\M I KWV[]T\IZ ]VI TMa LM KIZnK\MZ M[XMKQIT
-[M KnTK]TW XZMKQ[W [WJZM TI[ KIV\QLILM[ I XIOIZ XWZ IY]MT []RM\W XZWKM[IT KWVLMVILW I
ZM[IZKQZTI[[MTWOZIUMLQIV\MTI]\QTQbIKQ~VLMWXMZIKQWVM[IZQ\Uu\QKI[KWV\MVQLI[MVTI4Ma
LMT)ZIVKMT2]LQKQIT^QOMV\MMVV]M[\ZWXIy[LM[LMMTI}WLM!
-V TI TMOQ[TIKQ~V M[XMKQIT UMVKQWVILI [M XZWXWZKQWVIV TW[ XWZKMV\IRM[ IXTQKIJTM[ XIZI TI
WJ\MVKQ~V LM TI[ KIV\QLILM[ MV KWVKMX\W LM KW[\I[ XZWKM[ITM[ \WUIVLW KWUW XIZnUM\ZW[
TW[ KZQ\MZQW[ XZMM[\IJTMKQLW[ ÅRIVLW MV\ZM W\ZW[ TW[ [QO]QMV\M[" -T ^ITWZ LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V
procesal; la clase de proceso patrimonial; la instancia en la cual se pronuncian las costas; y
TW[[]RM\W[XZWKM[ITM[Y]MQV\MZ^MVOIVMVTIOMVMZIKQ~VLMTW[OI[\W[,QKPW[KZQ\MZQW[TMOITM[
QT][\ZIVIT2]bOILWZITUWUMV\WLMIXZWJIZMTUWV\WXZWX]M[\WXWZTIXIZ\MNI^WZMKQLIM[M
UWV\W[MZMÆMRIZnMVTIZM[WT]KQ~VLILIMVMT\ZnUQ\MR]LQKQITLMVWUQVILWKWUW"¹>Q[IKQ~V
de planillas”.
,M[LMMTQVQKQWPI[\IMTÅVITXIZIY]MMTNI^WZMKQLWWJ\MVOITIKIV\QLILMVMNMK\Q^WLMTI[
MZWOIKQWVM[MNMK\]ILI[[MI\ZI^QM[IXWZ]VITIZOIMQVM^Q\IJTMXMZMOZQVIKQ~VXZWKM[ITLMTI
K]ITX]MLMVQLMV\QÅKIZ[MXZQVKQXITUMV\MTW[UWUMV\W[XZWKM[ITM[[QO]QMV\M["
I =VI KWVLMVI LM TI[ KW[\I[ XZWKM[ITM[ MV IJ[\ZIK\W -[ KWV\MVQLI MV TI ZM[WT]KQ~V
KWVKT][Q^I [MI ]VI [MV\MVKQI W JQMV MV MT I]\W LMÅVQ\Q^W LM IK]MZLW I TI[
ZMO]TIKQWVM[ZM[XMK\Q^I[aTW[TQVMIUQMV\W[QVLQKILW[MVTW[IZ\[·+8+5
-T\y\]TWKWV\MV\Q^WaPIJQTQ\IV\MXIZIQVQKQIZTI[QO]QMV\MM\IXI[MZnTIM`XMLQKQ~V
LMTIKMZ\QÅKIKQ~VLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQIT
J 4I TQY]QLIKQ~V LM TI[ KIV\QLILM[ I KIZOW LMT []RM\W KWVLMVILW I XIOIZ TI[ KW[\I[
XZWKM[ITM[ -[\W WJ\QMVM UMLQIV\M MT IOW\IUQMV\W LM TI \ZIUQ\IKQ~V R]LQKQIT LM TI
>Q[IKQ~VLMXTIVQTTI[IZ\[ 4)2
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VWPI[QLW[I\Q[NMKPI,MJMZnQVQKQIZ[MMTXZWKM[WK]aIXZM\MV[Q~V[MITIMRMK]KQ~V
266
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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IXZWJILI[-TLWK]UMV\WY]MIXIZITIXZM\MV[Q~VLMMRMK]KQ~V[MZnTIKMZ\QÅKIKQ~V
LMTIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQITY]MIXZ]MJITI>Q[IKQ~VLMXTIVQTTI[[MXZM[MV\IZnIT2]Mb
Y]MP]JQM[MLQK\ILW[MOVTW[IZ\[WZLQVITaQVKQ[W+8+5
Vistos los momentos para obtener el dinero en efectivo invertido por la parte victoriosa en el
XZWKM[WKQ^QTaUMZKIV\QTY]MLQWWZQOMVITZMKTIUWLMTI[XZM\MV[QWVM[QVQKQITM[[MIL^QMZ\M
Y]M [M ILQKQWVI ]VI M\IXI ZM[XMK\W I TI [I\Q[NIKKQ~V XZWKM[IT XZQVKQXIT 4I ILQKQ~V MV
KWUMV\W[MLMJMITXZWV]VKQIUQMV\WMVIJ[\ZIK\WY]M[MZMITQbI[WJZMTI[KW[\I[XZWKM[ITM[
en el proceso principal.
=[]ITUMV\MTI[KW[\I[XZWKM[ITM[[WVI\ZQJ]QLI[ITI[XIZ\M[QV\MZ^QVQMV\M[MVMTXZWKM[WKQ^QT
a UMZKIV\QT XMZW MV WKI[QWVM[ a JIRW []X]M[\W[ TMOITM[ KWVKZM\W[ W\ZI[ XMZ[WVI[ X]MLMV
[MZ [WUM\QLI[ IT XIOW LM TI[ UQ[UI[ IV\M ]VI M^MV\]IT KWVLMVI MV\ZM MTTW[ [M \QMVMV TW[
[QO]QMV\M["4W[ZMXZM[MV\IV\M[aMTIJWOILWLMTI[XIZ\M[Y]MQVK]ZZIVMVTIQVNZIKKQ~VITW[
XZQVKQXQW[LM^MZIKQLILTMIT\ILJ]MVINMaXZWJQLILXZWKM[ITIZ\QVKQ[W+8+5-T
IJWOILWY]MQV\MZ^QMVMKWUWXZWK]ZILWZWÅKQW[WK]IVLWVWN]MZI\QÅKILI[]QV\MZ^MVKQ~V
XWZTIXIZ\MIY]QuVZMXZM[MV\IaLQKPIQV\MZ^MVKQ~VN]MLMUIVMZIQVR][\QÅKILIa\MUMZIZQI
IZ\QVKQ[W+8+5
4W[ R]MKM[ a UIOQ[\ZILW[ IT LMKTIZI[M VW PI T]OIZ I TI IJ[\MVKQ~V M`X]M[\I MV MT QVKQLMV\M
ZM[XMK\Q^WIZ\QVKQ[W+8+5+]IVLWMT2]bOILWW<ZQJ]VITLMJIXIOIZTI[MV^QZ\]L
LM[MV\MVKQIMRMK]\WZQILIIZ\4)2
8IZ\QMVLW LMT QUXMZI\Q^W TMOIT M`Q[\MV\M LQZQOQLW IT 2]bOILWZ [WJZM QVKT]QZ MT
XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W LM TI[ KW[\I[ XZWKM[ITM[ MV TI [MV\MVKQI [MOV MT IZ\ +8+5# I[y
KWUW \IUJQuV MV TI ZMLIKKQ~V LM TW[ I]\W[ LMÅVQ\Q^W[ M[\QUI\WZQW[ K]aW KWV\MVQLW [MI
TI ÅVITQbIKQ~V IV\QKQXILI LMT XZWKM[W LM UIVMZI OMVMZIT MV TW[ IZ\[ a [QO]QMV\M[# a
XIZ\QK]TIZUMV\MMVTW[IZ\[a+8+5
) XM[IZ LMT QUXMZI\Q^W KQ\ILW TI NITQJQTQLIL LMT N]VKQWVIZQW R]LQKQIT X]MLM XZM[MV\IZ[M
WUQ\QMVLW \IV\W MT XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W LM TI KWVLMVI LM KW[\I[ XZWKM[ITM[ I[y KWUW I KIZOW
LMY]QuVKWZZM[XWVLMZn[]XIOW
.ZMV\M IT IV\MZQWZ XTIV\MIUQMV\W LM WUQ[Q~V R]LQKQIT \IV\W TI[ XIZ\M[ KWUW MT UQ[UW
Juzgador poseen las herramientas necesarias para remediar ese olvido. Al procedimiento
R]LQKQITY]MVW[^MVQUW[ZMÅZQMVLWTIV]M^ITMaXZWKM[ITTMLMVWUQVIKWUW"¹;]J[IVIKQ~V
LMTIWUQ[Q~VLMXZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[ºKWV[QOVILWMVMTIZ\+8+5-[\M\ZnUQ\MR]LQKQIT
desplaza al recurso de reforma regulado en el art. 236 C.P.C./1882.188
188 4IVW^MLW[IQVKT][Q~VLMT\ZnUQ\MLMTI;]J[IVIKQ~VLMTIWUQ[Q~VLMTXZWV]VKQIUQMV\WLMTI[KW[\I[XZWKM[ITM[
267
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
) XM[IZ LM [] LMVWUQVIKQ~V LMJM I\ZQJ]yZ[MTM LMV\ZW LM [] ITKIVKM TMOQ[TI\Q^W IY]MTTW[
[]X]M[\W[ LM []XZQUQZ TI KWVLMVI K]IVLW VW XZWKMLQMZM a LM [][\Q\]QZ LMT \M`\W LM TI
resolución a la persona condenada a pagarlas.
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cubrir los honorarios de un abogado particular. !
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268
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
2.6.3.1. Generalidades
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un sistema de condena absoluta.!
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o defensa contra las pretensiones del demandante.
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269
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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haber litigado con temeridad. Esta especie de condena viene a constituir el monto mas
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son los arts. 217 y 272 C.P.C.M.
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realizar la separación siguiente:
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del C.P.C.M.
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270
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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promoción favorable.
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de reconocerle el recibimiento de las costas a la parte.
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una condenación en costas procesales.
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271
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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en costas.
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el Código establece un sistema de preclusión de determinados medios de prueba de los
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un efecto preclusivo.
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tal sentido tenemos:
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mediante la designación de un representante legal; si son personas físicas la
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para su aportación con el escrito de alegaciones inicial. Volveremos sobre ello en
el tema de la prueba pericial.
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de la demanda”.
280
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especiales encontramos entre otros y por referirnos al Código:
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se tienen todos los elementos necesarios para resolver.
2.7.4.2 La improponibilidad:
2.7.4.2.1 Supuestos:
El Código como decíamos utiliza dos mecanismos distintos para referirse a las modalidades
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293
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297
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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W NI\IT \ZI[ MT K]IT aI VW [M X]MLM MRMZKQ\IZ -[M XTIbW MV XIZ\M M[ TMOIT XMZW MV XIZ\M M[
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[M[IJZnPI[\IMTUWUMV\WMVY]M[M\MVOIKWV[\IVKQILMTIZMKMXKQ~VR]LQKQITLMTM[KZQ\WLM
KWV\M[\IKQ~V ,M[LM M[M LyI a PWZI MV Y]M [M ZMKQJI XZMKT]aM MT LMZMKPW LMT LMUIVLIV\M
a la ampliación.
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PI LM KWVR]OIZ[M TW LQ[X]M[\W MV IY]MT IZ\ KWV MT IZ\ ZMO]TILWZ LMT IK\W LM TI
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LMT KWV\MVQLW LM TI LMUIVLI [QUXTQÅKILI a K~UW LMJyI QV\MOZIZ[M MV TI I]LQMVKQI TI
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LMUIVLI KWUXTM\I -V TW Y]M IPWZI VW[ QUXWZ\I KIJM [M}ITIZ [QV MUJIZOW Y]M M[\M IZ\
VWX]MLM[MZMUXTMILWXIZI¹IUXTQIZTILMUIVLIºKWV\WLITIM`\MV[Q~VLMTIZ\
X]M[ [WZXZMVLMZ IT LMUIVLILW KWV V]M^I[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ W XZM\MVLMZ Y]M [M \MVOIV XWZ
LMUIVLILI[IW\ZI[XMZ[WVI[\WLWMTTWQV[Q\]MVMTXZWXQWIK\WLMTII]LQMVKQIIKIZZMIZyI
QVLMNMV[Q~VXIZI\WLW[UMVW[XIZIMTIK\WZ8WZ\IV\WaMV[yV\M[Q[TI[Q\]IKQ~VMVMTXZWKM[W
IJZM^QILWIZUWVQbIVLWIUJI[LQ[XW[QKQWVM[IZZWRIMT[QO]QMV\MJITIVKM"
I )V\M[LMTIK\WLMTII]LQMVKQIX]MLMMTIK\WZIUXTQIZ[]LMUIVLIMVTW[\uZUQVW[
LMT IZ\ +8+5 IY]y KWV TI KMZ\QL]UJZM LM [IJMZ TI NMKPI M`IK\I MV Y]M ^I
I \MVMZ T]OIZ TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V LMT LMUIVLILW W [MI MT LyI LM TI I]LQMVKQI a [Q TW
PIKM QUXM\ZIZn ]VI IUXTQIKQ~V I [] ^Mb LMT LMZMKPW LM M[\M T\QUW I KWV\M[\IZ I
\WLW MTTW TW Y]M QUXTQKI Y]M MT 2]bOILW LMJI ZMXZWOZIUIZ V]M^W LyI ·XW[\MZQWZ
para la audiencia.
J )JQMZ\I TI I]LQMVKQI IT IK\WZ [~TW TM M[\IZn XMZUQ\QLW IUXTQIZ TI LMUIVLI MV TW[
\uZUQVW[ Y]M QVLQKI MT IZ\ +8+5" XZM[MV\IZ [] N]VLIUMV\IKQ~V KI][I LM
XMLQZ[QVWTWPIJyIPMKPWIV\M[aZMITQbIZKWZZMKKQWVM[UI\MZQITM[IKTIZIKQWVM[W
ITMOIKQWVM[KWUXTMUMV\IZQI[6WLML]KQZV]M^I[XM\QKQWVM[LM\]\MTIpetitumaLM[LM
T]MOWVWIUXTQIZTILMUIVLIIV]M^W[LMUIVLILW[KWVTIVQKIM`KMXKQ~VLMY]M
298
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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4I IUXTQIKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI MV MT KWV\M`\W LMT IZ\ +8+5 PI LM TTM^IZ[M I
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TW[ M`\ZMUW[ LM TI IUXTQIKQ~V LM UIVMZI Y]M MVK]MV\ZMV MVKIRM MV TW[ []X]M[\W[ LM IY]MT
XZMKMX\WaTI[WTQKQ\]LLMY]MTIIUXTQIKQ~V[MILUQ\IKWVTW[MNMK\W[QVPMZMV\M[IMTTW
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TILW a KWUW aI PMUW[ IX]V\ILW [M XZWL]KM ]V ITIZOIUQMV\W LMT XTIbW Y]M \MVyI XIZI
KWV\M[\IZITILMUIVLIITIZOIUQMV\WY]MKWV[Q[\MMVY]MMTXTIbWKWUQMVbIIKWV\IZ[MLM
V]M^WyV\MOZIUMV\MLM[LMMTLyI[QO]QMV\MITINMKPILM[MZTMVW\QÅKILWIIY]uTMTI]\WY]M
I]\WZQbITIIUXTQIKQ~VR]V\WKWVKWXQILMM[\MT\QUWM[KZQ\W-TIZ\ XnZZINW[MO]VLW
M[KTIZWITZM[XMK\WITPIJTIZLMT¹XTIbWXIZIKWV\M[\IZTILMUIVLIºVW[~TWTIIUXTQIKQ~V
ni efectúa prorrata alguna del cómputo ya agotado para cuando el demandado recibió la
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MV\WVKM[ XZM[MV\IZ TI IUXTQIKQ~V a MT LMUIVLILW \MVLZyI Y]M INZWV\IZ u[\I MV TW XWKW W
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-T [MO]VLW MNMK\W KWVKQMZVM I Y]M TI WXW[QKQ~V LMT LMUIVLILW XWLZn KWVKMZVQZ VW
[WTIUMV\M I TI LMUIVLI WZQOQVIT a IT KWV\MVQLW LM TI IUXTQIKQ~V [QVW \IUJQuV IT PMKPW
UQ[UWLMPIJMZ[MILUQ\QLWu[\IT\QUIPIKQuVLWTWKWV[\IZI[yMV[]KWV\M[\IKQ~VXIZIY]M
[M ZM[]MT^I TW XZWKMLMV\M MV MT IK\W LM TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI XZWKM[W KWUV W MV TI
I]LQMVKQILMTIJZM^QILW-[\WM[KWUW]VIM`KMXKQ~VXZWKM[ITUn[
0RGLÀFDFLRQHVSRVWHULRUHVDODFRQWHVWDFLyQGHODGHPDQGD
.QVITUMV\M MT IZ\ +8+5 JIRW MT Z~\]TW LM ¹XZWPQJQKQ~V LMT KIUJQW LM LMUIVLIº
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LMTXZWKM[WºKWVXW[\MZQWZQLIL
-V [yV\M[Q[ M[W KWUXWZ\I Y]M TI[ NIK]T\ILM[ LMT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW VW [M ZMIJZMV \ZI[
MT \ZnUQ\M LM KWV\M[\IKQ~VZMKWV^MVKQ~V [IT^W LW[ M`KMXKQWVM[ LM TI[ Y]M IPWZI VW[
WK]XIZMUW[8MZWILMUn[LMM[I[M`KMXKQWVM[\IUJQuVM[NIK\QJTMY]MTIXIZ\MLM[MMPIKMZ
ZMK\QÅKIKQWVM[IKTIZIKQWVM[WI}ILQZIZO]UMV\W[LMZMN]MZbWI[]XZM\MV[Q~VaM[\M\QXWLM
UI\QbIKQWVM[ VW Y]MLIV K]JQMZ\I[ XWZ TI M`KMXKQ~V LMT IZ\ X]M[ u[\M LMRI I [IT^W ¹TI
NIK]T\ILLMNWZU]TIZITMOIKQWVM[KWUXTMUMV\IZQI[MVTW[\uZUQVW[XZM^Q[\W[MVMTXZM[MV\M
código”. Procede distinguir por tanto los distintos supuestos:
6]M^I[ XZM\MV[QWVM[" XWZ M`KMXKQ~V \ZI\nVLW[M LMT XZWKM[W KWUV MT IZ\
del Código permite al actor introducir nuevas pretensiones en el acto de la audiencia
XZMXIZI\WZQI[QMUXZMaK]IVLWZM[]T\MV¹IKKM[WZQI[ºLMTI[aILML]KQLI[MVTILMUIVLI0I
299
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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Y]M X]MLM XTIV\MIZ MT LMUIVLILW IT ZM[XMK\W MV K]aW KI[W MT R]Mb LMJMZn ZM[WT^MZ MV
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MV ZMITQLIL VW ZM[]T\I IKKM[WZQI LM TI W\ZI W Y]M [QuVLWTW ¹[]XWVM UMVW[KIJW XIZI MT
ILMK]ILW MRMZKQKQW LMT LMZMKPW LM LMNMV[Iº IZ\ XnZZINW \MZKMZW +8+5 1VLMNMV[Q~V
X]M[Y]MXWLZyIXZMLQKIZ[M\IV\WLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VXZQVKQXIT[QKWVTIIKKM[WZQI[MQV\MV\IV
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la audiencia preparatoria.
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[MO]VLW T]OIZ MT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW W\ZI ^Mb I XZWX~[Q\W LM TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI
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XIZI TI ÅRIKQ~V LM TW[ \uZUQVW[ LMT LMJI\Mº 8IZI MTTW M[ VMKM[IZQW Y]M \ITM[ PMKPW[ [MIV
XW[\MZQWZM[ITIK\WLMITMOIKQWVM[Y]MXWZTWY]MI\I}MITIK\WZ[QOVQÅKIVW[WTIUMV\MIV\M[
LM XZM[MV\IZ TI LMUIVLI [QVW IV\M[ LM Y]M MT LMUIVLILW PIaI KWV\M[\ILW I TI LMUIVLI
Y]M M[ K]IVLW XZMKT]aM TI XW[QJQTQLIL XIZI IUXTQIZ TI LMUIVLI# W Y]M [QMVLW PMKPW[
anteriores resultaren desconocidos para la parte respectiva y por ello no se pudieron tomar
en cuenta en sus alegaciones originales.
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IJZM^QILWJIRWTINIK]T\ILLMTLMUIVLIV\MXIZIY]M¹IUXTyMº[]LMUIVLIXMZWZM[XM\IVLW
KWUWXZMKMX\IMTIZ\MTKIZnK\MZVW^MLW[WWLM[KWVWKQLWLM\ITM[PMKPW[X]M[LMTW
contrario su introducción traería consigo un fraude de ley.
300
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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K]ITM[VQVO]VIWJRMKQ~V[M[][KQ\IXIZIQV\MOZIZTI[a posterioriMVMTLMJI\M[QMUXZMY]MTW[MI
MVMTUWUMV\WXZWKM[ITUIZKILWXWZTITMa"WZITII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQILMTXZWKM[WKWUV
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W[K]ZW[WXWKWQV\MTQOQJTM[LMTILMUIVLIIZ\+8+5WZIIQV[\IVKQILMTXZWXQWIK\WZ
[QMVLWK]ITM[Y]QMZILMIY]MTTI[ITMOIKQWVM[KWUXTMUMV\IZQI[UQ[UWIZ\+8+57\ZW
\IV\WKIJMXZMLQKIZLMV\ZWLMTII]LQMVKQILMTIJZM^QILWIZ\aIKQ\ILW
301
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
;=5):17"14IKWV\M[\IKQ~VITILMUIVLI+WVKMX\WaKWV\MVQLW.WZ
UITQLILM[aXTIbW114IZMKWV^MVKQ~V"+WVKMX\WaTyUQ\M[<ZI\IUQMV\W
XZWKM[IT1115MLQW[LMXZ]MJIY]MPIVLMIKWUXI}IZ[M1>4ILMKTIZIKQ~V
de rebeldía del demandado: concepto y efectos
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LMNMV[IKWVKZM\INZMV\MITIXZM\MV[Q~VLML]KQLIMV[]KWV\ZIXWZMTLMUIVLIV\M[WTQKQ\IVLW
]VI\]\MTIR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITKWVOZ]MV\MKWVLQKPILMNMV[I[QVZMJI[IZTW[TyUQ\M[LMTKWVÆQK\W
R]ZyLQKWUIZKILWXWZTITQ\Q[XMVLMVKQI
;]ZMO]TIKQ~VJn[QKI[MKWV\QMVMMVMTIZ\ +8+5Y]MMV[]KWV\MVQLWZM[]T\I\IUJQuV
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dentro del acto de la audiencia. La contestación a la demanda alude pues a la posición
LMT LMUIVLILW NZMV\M I TI LMUIVLI QV\MZX]M[\I MV [] KWV\ZI NZMV\M I TI Y]M IY]uT X]MLM
ZMIKKQWVIZ LM ^IZQI[ UIVMZI[ LQ[\QV\I[ \WLI[ MTTI[ TMOy\QUI[ a ILUQ\QLI[ XWZ TI TMa a KILI
]VI[][KMX\QJTMLMIKIZZMIZMNMK\W[R]ZyLQKW[\IUJQuVLQ[\QV\W[
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XWLZyIV MV\ZMKZ]bIZ[M MV ]V UQ[UW IK\W LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V IV\M XZM\MV[QWVM[ KWUXTMRI[ KWV
^IZQI[ XM\QKQWVM[ ZM[XMK\W LM TI[ Y]M MT LMUIVLILW XWZ MRMUXTW X]MLM WXWVMZ[M I ]VI a
ITTIVIZ[MIW\ZIM\KX]MLMV[MZ"
a) Oposición a la demanda:
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KWUWR]ZyLQKW[-VKWVKZM\WMTLMUIVLILWXWLZyI"
I +WV\ZILMKQZ \W\IT W XIZKQITUMV\M MT ZMTI\W LM PMKPW[ LM TI LMUIVLI IZ\
XnZZINW \MZKMZW QVKQ[W XZQUMZW" VMOIVLW [QUXTMUMV\M MV \uZUQVW[
IJ[WT]\W[ TI ^MZIKQLIL LM ITO]VW[ LM MTTW[ W JQMV WNZMKQMVLW ]V ZMTI\W
IT\MZVI\Q^WMV\WLWWMVXIZ\MKWVMTY]MWJZIMVTILMUIVLI
302
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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M`\QV\Q^W[" IY]MTTW[ PMKPW[ W [Q\]IKQWVM[ Y]M PIV \ZIyLW KWV[QOW TI XuZLQLI
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verdaderos límites del debate.
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sino de allanamiento221.
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305
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se contesta aludiendo a un hecho desconectado de la aseveración concreta de la demanda.
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VIZZIZMV[]LMUIVLIQVNWZUIIT\ZQJ]VITY]MTILM[KWVWKM223.
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KWLMUIVLILWLMTIUQ[UITQ\Q[-[\MVWM[]VXWLMZWUVyUWLWLMTY]MMTR]bOILWZX]MLM
hacer uso arbitrariamente.
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223 7\ZIKW[IXWZ[]X]M[\WM[Y]MM[MLM[KWVWKQUQMV\WIXIZMbKI[QVKMZWWVWMTTWaIXWLZnY]MLIZLM[^QZ\]ILWa
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306
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MV TW[ LQMb LyI[ [QO]QMV\M[ LM TI[ X]JTQKIKQWVM[ WÅKQITM[# J W JQMV MT XTIbW XIZI KWV\M[\IZ
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;MV\ILW TW Y]M IV\MKMLM LQKM TI TMa Y]M MT M[KZQ\W LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V [M ZMLIK\IZn ¹MV TI
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XZWKMLQUQMV\WLI\W[XMZ[WVITM[LMTLMUIVLILWaT]MOWXI[IZILM[IZZWTTIZTIM[\ZI\MOQILM
LMNMV[I Y]M [M PIaI M[KWOQLW j[\I LMJM MUXMbIZ XWZ ]V IXIZ\ILW LMLQKILW I TW[ PMKPW[
LWVLM LMJM XZMKQ[IZ K]nTM[ LM TW[ ^MZ\QLW[ MV TI LMUIVLI [M \QMVMV XWZ ILUQ\QLW[ a LM
K]nTM[[MLQ[KZMXIXWZMV\MVLMZTW[VWIR][\ILW[ITIZMITQLILWNZMKQMVLWIZMVOT~V[MO]QLW
MV[]KI[WMTZMTI\WLMPMKPW[IT\MZVI\Q^WY]MXQMV[I[W[\MVMZMVMTXZWKM[W
=VI ^Mb LM[XIKPILW MT JTWY]M LM PMKPW[ [M MV]VKQIZnV TI[ M`KMXKQWVM[ XZWKM[ITM[ Y]M [M
\]^QMZM I JQMV ITMOIZ# IJWZLIVLW LM[X]u[ TI[ XW[QJTM[ M`KMXKQWVM[ UI\MZQITM[ a TW[ X]V\W[
LM,MZMKPWLMTW[Y]MLQ[QMV\MLMTILMUIVLI;QWX\IXWZMTITTIVIUQMV\WLMJMM[XMKQÅKIZ
TW[ TyUQ\M[ XZMKQ[W[ LM u[\M [Q M[ \W\IT W XIZKQIT a MV M[\M T\QUW []X]M[\W ZM[XMK\W LM Y]u
pretensión de la demanda se formula.
.QVITUMV\M MT M[KZQ\W LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V LMJM KWVKZM\IZ ]VI XM\QKQ~V LM \]\MTI OMVMZITUMV\M
TI LM LM[M[\QUIKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI a KWV[QO]QMV\M IJ[WT]KQ~V LMT LMUIVLILW [IT^W Y]M
[MNWZUITQKMITTIVIUQMV\W;QMTLMUIVLILW^IILML]KQZZMKWV^MVKQ~VKWV\ZIMTIK\WZ^MZ
MXyOZINM[QO]QMV\MTWPIZnMVMTUQ[UWM[KZQ\WXMZW[~TWK]IVLWPIaIIOW\ILWTIM`XW[QKQ~V
XMZ\QVMV\M MV K]IV\W I TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V M[\ZQK\IUMV\M V]VKI UMbKTIVLW IUJI[ XW[\]ZI[
procesales.
8WZ [] TILW MV MT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW TI LMNMV[I LM TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V [M [][\IVKQI LM UIVMZI
WZITLMV\ZWLMT\]ZVWLMQV\MZ^MVKQ~VQVQKQITY]MPILMKWVKMLMZTMMTR]MbITLMUIVLILWMV
[] KI[W ZMXZM[MV\ILW XWZ K]ZILWZ IL TQ\MU \ZI[ TI M`XW[QKQ~V LM TI XIZ\M IK\WZI Y]M u[\I
IXZW^MKP~ZMK]uZLM[MXIZIZI\QÅKIZIUXTQIZWZML]KQZ[]LMUIVLI7ZLMVIMTIZ\I
307
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
\ITMNMK\WY]M[MTMKWVKMLITIXITIJZIITLMUIVLILWXIZIY]MX]MLILM[XTMOIZTIM[\ZI\MOQI
LM LMNMV[I KWV TI UQ[UI M`\MV[Q~V Y]M MV MT XZWKM[W KWUV" ¹ITMOIVLW MV XZQUMZ T]OIZ
K]IV\W[ LMNMK\W[ XZWKM[ITM[ M[\QUM KWV^MVQMV\M a XW[\MZQWZUMV\M IÅZUIVLW W VMOIVLW
KWVKZM\IUMV\M TW[ PMKPW[ a TW[ N]VLIUMV\W[ LM LMZMKPW LM TI LMUIVLI )K\W [MO]QLW MT
LMUIVLILW XWLZn NWZU]TIZ ZMKWV^MVKQ~Vº )]VY]M VW [M UMVKQWVI M`XZM[IUMV\M MV M[\I
VWZUILM^QMVMM^QLMV\MY]M\IUJQuVXWLZnITTIVIZ[M
2.8 LA RECONVENCIÓN:
4I ZMKWV^MVKQ~V M[ MT IK\W XZWKM[IT XWZ MT K]IT Y]QMV ÅO]ZI KWUW LMUIVLILW MV ]V
XZWKM[W X]MLM IXZW^MKPIZ TI XMVLMVKQI LM u[\M XIZI LML]KQZ ]VI XZM\MV[Q~V Y]M I [] ^Mb
\]^QMZMKWV\ZITIXIZ\MIK\WZIaM^MV\]ITUMV\MKWV\ZIW\ZI[XMZ[WVI[IÅVLMY]M[MKWVWbKI
y resuelva sobre ella en el mismo procedimiento.
:MXZM[MV\I TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V ]VI UWLITQLIL LM IK]U]TIKQ~V [WJZM^MVQLI LM XZM\MV[QWVM[
N]VLILI MV UW\Q^W[ M[MVKQITM[ LM MKWVWUyI XZWKM[IT X]M[\W Y]M I]VY]M MV \MWZyI a
XZMKQ[IUMV\M XWZ \ZI\IZ[M LM ]V [MO]VLW WJRM\W XZWKM[IT XWLZyI XMZNMK\IUMV\M LML]KQZ[M
MV W\ZW XZWKM[W LQ[\QV\W XZMÅMZM TI TMa KWVKMLMZ TI WXWZ\]VQLIL I Y]QMV I ÅV LM K]MV\I[
a KWV\ZI [] ^WT]V\IL [M PI ^Q[\W NWZbILW I TQ\QOIZ KWV\ZI MT LMUIVLIV\M XIZI Y]M MRMZKQ\M
IY]MTTI[IKKQWVM[Y]M\MVOII[]NI^WZKWV\ZIuT]VQÅKIVLWI[yTIIK\Q^QLILXZWKMLQUMV\ITa
ZIKQWVITQbIVLWTW[ZMK]Z[W[R]LQKQITM[MVXW[LM[WT]KQWVIZ\WLW[TW[KWVÆQK\W[R]ZyLQKW[Y]M
M`Q[\IVMV\ZMIUJW[;QMUXZMIM`XMV[I[LMY]MMTLMUIVLILWMTQRI[QY]QMZMZMKWV^MVQZW
por el contrario reservar la acción para otro proceso.
,ILI [QV MUJIZOW TI LQ[\WZ[Q~V Y]M IKIZZMI MV MT VWZUIT LM^MVQZ LM ]VI KWV\QMVLI TI
XW[QJQTQLIL LM Y]M [M LQTI\M [] WJRM\W a PI[\I MT MTMVKW LM XMZ[WVI[ INMK\ILI[ UMLQIV\M
ZMKWV^MVKQ~V u[\I VQKIUMV\M KIJZn MV TW[ XZWKM[W[ LWVLM I[y TW XMZUQ\I M`XZM[IUMV\M
TI TMa ,WVLM VW [MI I[y MT QV\MZM[ILW LMJMZn NWZUITQbIZ LMUIVLI MV XZWKM[W V]M^W M
independiente.
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LMKQZ §K~UW [M [IJM Y]M [M PI ZMJI[ILW TI NZWV\MZI LM TI ¹UMZIº KWV\M[\IKQ~V XIZI
KWV^MZ\QZ[MMV]VI¹OMV]QVIºZMKWV^MVKQ~V'
,Q[\QVO]QZ MV\ZM IUJI[ ÅO]ZI[ ZM[]T\I N]VLIUMV\IT VW aI [~TW XWZ UW\Q^W[ M[\ZQK\IUMV\M
NWZUITM[ K~UW a MV Y]u WZLMV KWV[\Z]QZ MT M[KZQ\W KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M [QVW XWZ ZIbWVM[
^QVK]TILI[ IT LMZMKPW LM LMNMV[I LMT IK\WZ WZQOQVIT Y]QMV \MVLZn LMZMKPW I [] ^Mb I
KWV\M[\IZ TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V XMZW VW I ZMXTQKIZ MT NWVLW LM ]VI KWV\M[\IKQ~V# I[y KWUW LMT
308
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
MNMK\W UI\MZQIT LM KW[I R]bOILI LM TI [MV\MVKQI Y]M [M LQK\M MV M[M XZWKM[W TTIUILW I
ZM[WT^MZW]VWKWV\M[\IKQ~VWLW[ZMKWV^MVKQ~VWJRM\W[TQ\QOQW[W[
8WLMUW[ZMKWVWKMZI[y\ZM[XI]\I[QLMV\QÅKI\Q^I[\QTM[MV\ZMKWV\M[\IKQ~VaZMKWV^MVKQ~V"
I )V\M \WLW TI ÅVITQLIL LM TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V VW KWV[Q[\M MV Y]M [M LM[M[\QUM TI
LMUIVLIWZQOQVITX]M[XIZIM[WM[\nTIKWV\M[\IKQ~V[QVWTILMWJ\MVMZ]VI\]\MTI
R]LQKQIT LM NWVLW LQ[\QV\I LM TI IJ[WT]KQ~V KWV XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[ I NI^WZ LMT
ZMKWV^QVQMV\M MV MT XZWXQW NITTW LM TI [MV\MVKQI ) M[\W [M ZMÅMZM MT IZ\ MV []
último inciso.
J ;Q TI ZMTIKQ~V R]ZyLQKI UI\MZQIT Y]M NWZU]TI TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V M[ LQ[\QV\I LM TI Y]M
ITMOI TI LMUIVLI I]VY]M MT ÅV T\QUW LMT ZMKWV^QVQMV\M XI[M XWZ M[\IJTMKMZ
]VI ZMXMZK][Q~V KI][IT MV\ZM IUJI[ KWV JI[M MV TI TMa VW X]MLM PIJTIZ[M aI
LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V [QVW LM ZMKWV^MVKQ~V X]M[ M[ M^QLMV\M Y]M QUXM\ZIZ MNMK\W[
R]ZyLQKW[ NI^WZIJTM[ ZM[XMK\W LM M[I [MO]VLI ZMTIKQ~V UI\MZQIT VW KWVTTM^I [QUXTM
a TTIVIUMV\M ]VI IJ[WT]KQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI )[y XWZ MRMUXTW WX]M[\I ]VI
KWUXMV[IKQ~V LM KZuLQ\W[ XIZI Y]M [M LMKTIZM TI M`\QVKQ~V ·\W\IT X XIZKQIT LM TI
WJTQOIKQ~V Y]M [M TM ZMKTIUI M` IZ\ ++ M[\IZMUW[ MV XZM[MVKQI LM ]VI
ZMKWV^MVKQ~V I]VY]M VW [M XQLI VQVO]VI KWVLMVI X]M[\W Y]M TI ZMITQLIL LM ]V
KZuLQ\WM`QOQJTMINI^WZLMTLMUIVLILWKWV\ZIMTIK\WZLQ[\QV\WLMTKZuLQ\WLML]KQLW
WZQOQVITUMV\MMVMTXTMQ\WM`QOMVW[WTIUMV\MY]MMT[]X]M[\WLM]LWZITI[Ib~VMT
LMUIVLIV\M[MIWyLWXIZI[IJMZ[QY]QMZMWXWVMZ[MQV^WKIVLWITO]VIXZWPQJQKQ~V
LMTMaXIZIXWLMZKWUXMV[IZIZ\a[[++[QVWXWZY]MTI[MV\MVKQI^II\MVMZ
Y]M M[\I\]QZ KW[I R]bOILI [WJZM MT LMZMKPW LMT LMUIVLILW I KWUXMV[IZ a [WJZM
\WLWTIM`\QVKQ~V·\W\ITWXIZKQITLMTKZuLQ\WQV\ZWL]KQLWMVTIZMKWV^MVKQ~VR]V\W
KWVTIM`\QVKQ~V·\W\ITWXIZKQITLMIY]MTW\ZWZMKTIUILWITQVQKQW.
K 8MZW ILMUn[ a VW UMVW[ QUXWZ\IV\M M[ Y]M TW[ XZWV]VKQIUQMV\W[ NI^WZIJTM[
Y]M [M QV[\IV MV TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V PIV LM [MZ^QZ XIZI XZWL]KQZ MT MNMK\W LM KW[I
R]bOILI UI\MZQIT VW [WTIUMV\M MV K]IV\W I TI ZMTIKQ~V R]ZyLQKI XTIV\MILI XWZ MT
IK\WZ [QVW \IUJQuV KW[I R]bOILI UI\MZQIT [WJZM TI ZMTIKQ~V R]ZyLQKI [][KQ\ILI XWZ
MT LMUIVLILWZMKWV^QVQMV\M M[\u W VW KWVMK\ILI KWV IY]uTTI X]MLM KWV[Q[\QZ
QVKT][W MV TI UQ[UI XZM\MV[Q~V WZQOQVIT I TI Y]M MT LMUIVLILW ZMKWV^QVQMV\M TM
LI TI ^]MT\I R]ZyLQKIUMV\M LMNMVLQMVLW Y]M MT LMZMKPW TW \QMVM uT a VW MT IK\WZ
-[ LMKQZ Y]M ]VI ^Mb ZM[]MT\I TI XZM\MV[Q~V ZMKWV^MVKQWVIT MV M[M XZWKM[W VW
KIJM NWZU]TIZTI LM V]M^W MV ]V XZWKM[W V]M^W XWZ VQVO]VW LM TW[ []RM\W[ Y]M
XIZ\QKQXIZWV MV TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V TMOQ\QUILW[ IK\Q^W[ a XI[Q^W LM u[\I X]M[ \WLW
TWY]MXWLyILQ[K]\QZ[MMVZMTIKQ~VIMTTIaI[MPIPMKPWY]MLIVLWR]bOILWMVTI
[MV\MVKQIZM[WT]\WZQILMIUJW[KWVÆQK\W[R]ZyLQKW[NWZUITUMV\MLML]KQLW[
-TK]ITIL^QMZ\MY]M"¹-VVQVOVKI[W[MKWV[QLMZIZnNWZU]TILIZMKWV^MVKQ~VMVMTM[KZQ\WLMTLMUIVLILWY]M
ÅVITQKM[WTQKQ\IVLW[]IJ[WT]KQ~VZM[XMK\WLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VWXZM\MV[QWVM[LMTILMUIVLIXZQVKQXITº
)]VY]M N]MZI LMT XZMKMX\W ZMO]TILWZ LM TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V MT IZ\ TI KWUXMV[IKQ~V LM KZuLQ\W[ [M \ZI\I
XZWKM[ITUMV\M XWZ TI 4-+ M[XI}WTI KWUW ]V IZO]UMV\W LM IY]MT \QXW LIVLW MV \WLW KI[W LMZMKPW IT
LMUIVLIV\MIWXWVMZ[MIuT¹MVTINWZUIXZM^MVQLIXIZITIKWV\M[\IKQ~VITIZMKWV^MVKQ~Vº"IZ\
309
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
8MV[MUW[XWZMRMUXTWMVTIIKKQ~VLMMRMK]KQ~VKWV\ZIK\]ITXWZQUXIOWLMTJQMVMVIRMVILW
frente a la cual el demandado opone la nulidad del negocio. Desde el punto de vista del
LMZMKPW UI\MZQIT ZM[]T\IV LM[LM T]MOW XMZNMK\IUMV\M LQ[\QVO]QJTM[ LMV\ZW LMT OuVMZW LM
TI V]TQLIL KWV\ZIK\]IT TI TTIUILI V]TQLIL IJ[WT]\I a TI V]TQLIL ZMTI\Q^I W IV]TIJQTQLIL
ZM[KQ[Q~V\IV\WMVK]IV\W[MZMÅMZMITI[KI][I[Y]MWZQOQVIKILI]VIIZ\++KWUW
[]XW[QJTMIXZMKQIKQ~VLMWÅKQWXWZMTR]bOILWZK]IVLW[M\ZI\ILMTIXZQUMZIXMZWVWLMTI
[MO]VLIIZ\++6WWJ[\IV\MMVTWY]MIY]yQUXWZ\IINIT\ILM]VIVWZUIKWVKZM\I
Y]MLQ[X][QMZMW\ZIKW[I226 ambas vertientes de la nulidad deben tratarse como reconvención
aVWKWUWITMOI\WLMUMZIKWV\M[\IKQ~VXWZLW[ZIbWVM[XZQVKQXITM["
8ZQUMZI XWZY]M MT IK\WZ IT LMUIVLIZ TI MRMK]KQ~V LMT KWV\ZI\W PI XIZ\QLW LM TI ^ITQLMb
LMu[\MXWZTWY]MVW[MPIKWV[QLMZILWMVMTLMJMZLM\MVMZY]MR][\QÅKIZMV[]M[KZQ\WLM
demanda la concurrencia de todos y cada uno de los elementos de validez del pacto. Que
LMXZWV\W[MKWTWY]MMVMV\ZMLQKPW]VWW^IZQW[LMM[W[MTMUMV\W[M`QOM[]KWV[QLMZIKQ~V
KWUW XZM\MV[Q~V KWVM`I XMZW MV [y QVLMXMVLQMV\M LM TI LMT IK\WZ a MT Y]M u[\M LM PMKPW
pueda defenderse de la imputación de nulidad.
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MV TI [MV\MVKQI ^QVK]TIZn I IUJI[ XIZ\M[ \IV\W XIZI M[M XZWKM[W KWUW XIZI K]ITY]QMZ W\ZW
MV MT Y]M [ITOI I ZMT]KQZ LQKPW KWV\ZI\W 6W KWUXWZ\I XWZ \IV\W ]V [QUXTM IZO]UMV\W LM
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Y]MM`KMLMLMu[\M
8WZ TW LMUn[ [Q [M WXWVM TI V]TQLIL LMT KWV\ZI\W a M`Q[\MV ^IZQW[ KWV\ZI\IV\M[ PIJZn
TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQWXI[Q^WVMKM[IZQWaXWZMVLMLQKPIZMKWV^MVKQ~VLM\MZUQVIZnMTMUXTIbIUQMV\W
KWUW LMUIVLILW[ LM \WLW[ IY]MTTW[ Y]M [M PITTMV KWVKMZVQLW[ XWZ MT VMOWKQW [IT^W MT
LMUIVLILW ZMKWV^QVQMV\M Y]QMV I[]UQZn TI XW[QKQ~V LM TMOQ\QUILW IK\Q^W QVKT][W LM
Y]QMVM[VWÅO]ZMVKWUWXIZ\MMVMTXZWKM[WQVQKQIT
7\ZW LM TW[ KI[W[ Y]M PI [QLW ZMKWVWKQLW KWUW \yXQKIUMV\M ZMKWV^MVKQWVIT M[ MT LM TI
XZM[KZQXKQ~VILY]Q[Q\Q^I[QMVLWKZQ\MZQW\IV\WLMTI+WZ\MKWUWLMTI[+nUIZI[LM;MO]VLI
1V[\IVKQI MT Y]M M[\M IZO]UMV\W I]VY]M X]MLM [MZ^QZ I TI IJ[WT]KQ~V LMT LMUIVLILW VW
X]MLM ^MZ\MZ[M KWUW ]VI M`KMXKQ~V XMZMV\WZQI X]M[ KWUXWZ\I UI\MZQITUMV\M ]VI IKKQ~V
LMKTIZI\Q^I LMT LMZMKPW LM XZWXQMLIL LMT LMUIVLILW [WJZM MT JQMV TW Y]M PI LM PIKMZ[M
por tanto como reconvención227.
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M`KMXKQ~VUI\MZQITKWV\M[\IKQ~VW]VIZMKWV^MVKQ~VTMW\WZOILM\WLW[UWLW[M[\MT\QUW\ZI\WITOIZIV\QbIZMT
LMZMKPWLMTIK\WZ¹K]IVLWMVTILMUIVLI[MP]JQMZMLILWXWZ[]X]M[\WTI^ITQLMbLMTVMOWKQWºXIZIY]MX]MLI
KWV\M[\IZILQKPIIÅZUIKQ~VLMV]TQLIL¹MVMTUQ[UWXTIbWM[\IJTMKQLWXIZITIKWV\M[\IKQ~VITIZMKWV^MVKQ~Vº
227 4I;MV\MVKQILMTI;ITILMTW+Q^QTLMTI+WZ\M;]XZMUILM2][\QKQILMLMUIZbWLMLQK\ILIITI[PWZI[
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[MOV ]V [MK\WZ LM TI LWK\ZQVI LM TW[ M`XW[Q\WZM[ LMT ,MZMKPW [WJZM TI XZM[KZQXKQ~V ILY]Q[Q\Q^I u[\I X]MLM
ITMOIZ[MXWZ^yILMIKKQ~VaXWZ^yILMM`KMXKQ~V#[MOVW\ZW[MK\WZM[IM[XMKQMLMXZM[KZQXKQ~V[~TWX]MLM[MZ
ITMOILI XWZ ^yI LM M`KMXKQ~V a [MOV ]V \MZKMZ JTWY]M TI XZM[KZQXKQ~V ILY]Q[Q\Q^I LMJM [MZ ITMOILI XWZ ^yI
310
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
;MV\ILW TW Y]M IV\MKMLM XWLMUW[ LMKQZ Y]M TW[ MTMUMV\W[ KIZIK\MZy[\QKW[ LM TI
ZMKWV^MVKQ~VY]MQUXTIV\IMTV]M^W+~LQOW[WVTW[[QO]QMV\M["
I ;]JRM\Q^IUMV\M"TIIKKQ~VPILM\MVMZKWUWTMOQ\QUILWIK\Q^WIY]QMVÅO]ZMKWUW
LMUIVLILW W KWLMUIVLILW LMT XZWKM[W MV MT Y]M [M XZM[MV\I TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V
MT ZMKWV^QVQMV\M# a LQZQOQZ[M K]IV\W UMVW[ KWUW ]VW LM [][ TMOQ\QUILW[ XI[Q^W[
ZMKWV^MVQLW I Y]QMV PI MRMZKQ\ILW TI LMUIVLI QVQKQIT MV [] KWV\ZI LMUIVLIV\M
VQKW W KWLMUIVLIV\M ,M \IT UIVMZI [M IZ\QK]TI IY]y ]VI [MO]VLI ZMTIKQ~V
R]ZyLQKWXZWKM[ITMVTIY]MXIZIMV\MVLMZVW[TW[XIXMTM[[MQV^QMZ\MV1UXWZ\IV\M
M[ LM[\IKIZ aI TW PMUW[ UMVKQWVILW Y]M MV\ZM TW[ ZMKWV^MVQLW[ X]MLMV
IXIZMKMZ XMZ[WVI[ Y]M VW IXIZMKyIV KWUW XIZ\M MV MT XZWKM[W QVQKQIT XMZW Y]M
[y M[\nV QV^WT]KZILW[ MV TI ZMTIKQ~V KWV\ZW^MZ\QLI LM TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V a M[W MV
U]KPW[ KI[W[ [M M`XTQKI XZMKQ[IUMV\M XWZY]M KWUW IPWZI UQ[UW ^MZMUW[ VW
LMIKKQ~VaVWXWZ^yILMM`KMXKQ~V8WZW\ZIXIZ\MIOZMOIVLMJMZMKWZLIZ[MY]M\WLIM`KMXKQ~VXMZMV\WZQI
M[]VILMNMV[ILMTLMUIVLILWY]M\QMVMXWZWJRM\WMVMZ^IZUI\IZLM[\Z]QZIVQY]QTIZM`\QVO]QZTIIKKQ~VLMT
LMUIVLIV\MaTIXZM[KZQXKQ~VILY]Q[Q\Q^IVW\QMVMXWZÅVVQKWMVMZ^IZTW[.]VLIUMV\W[LMTILMUIVLI[QVW
obtener el reconocimiento del dominio del demandado. El prescribiente demandado al oponer la prescripción
ILY]Q[Q\Q^IITLMUIVLIV\MLMJMPIKMZTWMV]VIZMKWV^MVKQ~VM[\WM[MV]VIKWV\ZILMUIVLIMVTIY]MXMLQZyI
XWZ^yILMIKKQ~VTILMKTIZIKQ~VLMTIXZM[KZQXKQ~VILY]Q[Q\Q^IaKWUWKWV[MK]MVKQIMTZMKWVWKQUQMV\WLM[]
LWUQVQWXWZPIJMZWXMZILWM[MUWLWLMILY]QZQZ#TIILY]Q[QKQ~VLMTXZM[KZQJQMV\MLMUIVLILW\QMVMTI^QZ\]LLM
M`\QVO]QZMTLMZMKPWKWZZM[XWVLQMV\MLMTIK\WZMTIV\QO]WL]M}WLMTIKW[I-V[yV\M[Q[K]IVLWMTXZM[KZQJQMV\M
M[ MT LMUIVLILW LMJM WXWVMZ TI XZM[KZQXKQ~V MV ]VI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V a PI LM PIKMZTW XWZ ^yI LM IKKQ~V -V
KWV[MK]MVKQI K]ITY]QMZI Y]M [MI TI XW[QKQ~V XZWKM[IT LMT XZM[KZQJQMV\M V]VKI X]MLM MV\IJTIZ TI XZM[KZQXKQ~V
ILY]Q[Q\Q^IKWUWM`KMXKQ~VXMZMV\WZQI4W[Y]MIKMX\IVTIM`Q[\MVKQILMTIIKKQ~VLMXZM[KZQXKQ~VILY]Q[Q\Q^I
LQKMV Y]M TI NWZUI LM WXWVMZTI M[ XZMKQ[IUMV\M ZMKWV^QVQMVLW LML]KQuVLWTI MV ZMKWV^MVKQ~V )LMUn[ TI
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317
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formalmente no ha sido convocada a participar en el proceso.
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en sí de la rebeldía.
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LMTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW[MLIZnI]LQMVKQIIIUJI[XIZ\M[aMTR]MbZM[WT^MZnaMVKI[WLMIKWOMZ
TIM`KMXKQ~VKWVKMLMZnITLMUIVLIV\M]VXTIbWLMLyI[XIZIKWV[\Q\]QZMTTQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW
LIVLWXWZÅVITQbILWMTXZWKM[W[QXW[\MZQWZUMV\MMTLMUIVLIV\MVWXZM[MV\IZMTILMUIVLI
contra los nuevos demandados dentro de ese plazo231.
4I ZM[WT]KQ~V Y]M [M XZWV]VKQI [WJZM TI M`KMXKQ~V LM NIT\I LM TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW VMKM[IZQW aI
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X]M[\WY]MIVK]IVLWM[\QUMXZWKMLMV\MTIM`KMXKQ~VaKWVKMLIITLMUIVLIV\M]VXTIbW
XIZIKWZZMOQZMTLMNMK\WVWXWVMÅVITXZWKM[WKWUW[yTWPIKMTIM^MV\]ITa[]J[QO]QMV\M
ZM[WT]KQ~VY]MKWV[\I\MTIWUQ[Q~VLMTLMUIVLIV\MMVKWZZMOQZMTLMNMK\WTIK]IT[yILUQ\QZn
apelación.
-T IZ\yK]TW XIZMKM ZMNMZQZ M`KT][Q^IUMV\M IT TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW VMKM[IZQW XI[Q^W MV MT Y]M
TI QV\MOZIKQ~V XT]ZIT [M ]JQKI MV MT XWTW XI[Q^W LM TI ZMTIKQ~V XZWKM[IT XIZ\M LMUIVLILI
X]M[TI[[WT]KQWVM[XZM^Q[\I[MVTIVWZUIKQ\ILIZMÅMZMVITIVMKM[QLILLMLQZQOQZTILMUIVLI
KWV\ZI\WLI[TI[XMZ[WVI[Y]MQV\MOZIVTIXIZ\MUI\MZQIT
;QVMUJIZOWTIQVKWZZMK\IQV\MOZIKQ~VLMTITQ\Q[X]MLMM[\IZZMNMZQLIITIXIZ\MLMUIVLIV\M
MV []X]M[\W[ LM TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW VMKM[IZQW IK\Q^W KWUW TW XZM^u MT IZ\yK]TW MV K]aW KI[W
TI [WT]KQ~V XI[I XWZ QV\MOZIZ LMJQLIUMV\M TI XIZ\M LMUIVLIV\M a VW TI LMUIVLILI 4I
[WT]KQ~V MV M[M KI[W [MZyI TI UQ[UI" MV KI[W LM M[\QUIZ[M TI M`KMXKQ~V MT LMUIVLIV\M
LMJMZnQV\MOZIZLMJQLIUMV\MTITQ\Q[LMV\ZWLMTXTIbWLMLyI[XZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW
UMLQIV\M MT KWVK]Z[W LM TI[ ^WT]V\ILM[ WUQ\QLI[ QVQKQITUMV\M Y]M LMJMZnV [][KZQJQZ TI
demanda.
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M`\MVLMZ I TI ZM[WT]KQ~V LM TI[ ZM[\IV\M[ M`KMXKQWVM[ XZWKM[ITM[" ¹K]IVLW MT KI[W MV\ZI}M
-TIZ\yK]TWUMVKQWVI]VXTIbWLMLyI[I[XMK\WK]aIUWLQÅKIKQ~VM[\nXZM^Q[\IMVTI[ZMNWZUI[ZMUQ\QLI[ITI
)[IUJTMI4MOQ[TI\Q^IXIZIIZUWVQbIZTWKWVMTXTIbWLMLyI[XZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW
329
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
]VIM[XMKQITLQÅK]T\ILMTR]MbXWLZnZM[WT^MZTIK]M[\Q~VLMV\ZWLMTW[KQVKWLyI[XW[\MZQWZM[
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I]VY]MTIVWZUIVWTWQVLQY]MM`XZM[IUMV\M;QTIM`KMXKQ~VN]M[MIKWOQLI[MXWVLZnÅVIT
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TIM`KMXKQ~VN]MZILM[M[\QUILIXWZMTR]MbMTLMUIVLILWXWLZnQV\MZXWVMZZM^WKI\WZQIWZIT
XWZ\ZI\IZ[MLM]VIZM[WT]KQ~VY]MVWXWVMÅVITXZWKM[W
;M XZM^u IT QO]IT Y]M MV ZMTIKQ~V I TI M`KMXKQ~V LM NIT\I LM TQ\Q[KWV[WZKQW VMKM[IZQW TI
XW[QJQTQLILLMLQK\IZTIZM[WT]KQ~VLMV\ZWLMTW[KQVKWLyI[XW[\MZQWZM[ITII]LQMVKQIK]IVLW
MTKI[WMV\ZI}M]VIM[XMKQITLQÅK]T\IL
-T IZ\yK]TW ZMO]TI TI M`KMXKQ~V LM ¹^yI XZWKM[IT MZZ~VMIº VWZUI Y]M LMJM QV\MOZIZ[M
KWV TW XZM^Q[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW ;M \ZI\I MV [yV\M[Q[ LM KI[W[ MV TW[ Y]M MT LMUIVLILW
ITMOIY]MLMJQ~[MO]QZ[MW\ZW\ZnUQ\MaI[MIMTKWZZM[XWVLQMV\MI]VXZWKM[WM[XMKQITWIT
XZWKM[WIJZM^QILWK]aWnUJQ\WM[\nXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW-TR]MbLMJMZnWyZIIUJI[
XIZ\M[MVI]LQMVKQIaLQK\IZZM[WT]KQ~V#[QM[\QUIZMY]MKWZZM[XWVLM\ZIUQ\IZTIXZM\MV[Q~V
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-TIZ\yK]TWZMÅMZMITIM`KMXKQ~VLMLMUIVLILMNMK\]W[IK]IVLW[MP]JQMZMLMV]VKQILW
TI M`Q[\MVKQI LM LMNMK\W[ []J[IVIJTM[ MV TI LMUIVLI ;M \ZI\I MV OMVMZIT LM LMNMK\W[ Y]M
QUXQLMV ]V ILMK]ILW MRMZKQKQW LMT LMZMKPW LM LMNMV[I LMT LMUIVLILW XWZ INMK\IZ TI
claridad de la demanda.
<IUJQuVMVM[\MKI[WMTLMUIVLIV\MLMJMZn[MZWyLWMVTII]LQMVKQIMVNWZUIXZM^QIIY]M
MT R]Mb ZM[]MT^I IKMZKI LM TI M`KMXKQ~V XZWKM[IT XWZ IXTQKIKQ~V LMT XZQVKQXQW LM LMNMV[I a
contradicción.
,M M[\QUIZ N]VLILI TI M`KMXKQ~V MT R]Mb XMLQZn MV TI I]LQMVKQI TI[ IKTIZIKQWVM[ W
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LQK\IZnI]\WMVMTY]M[MXWVOIÅVITXZWKM[W4W[LMNMK\W[LMTILMUIVLI\IUJQuVXWLZnV
[MZ IXZMKQILW[ LM WÅKQW XWZ MT R]Mb I]VY]M MT LMUIVLILW VW TW[ P]JQMZM LMV]VKQILW IT
KWV\M[\IZTILMUIVLI[QO]QuVLW[MMVM[MKI[WMTUQ[UWXZWKMLQUQMV\W
330
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
+WV\QV]IVLWKWVMT\ZnUQ\MLMTII]LQMVKQIT]MOWLMT[IVMIUQMV\WLMTW[LMNMK\W[XZWKM[ITM[
KWZZM[XWVLM ÅRIZ LMÅVQ\Q^IUMV\M TI XZM\MV[Q~V a TW[ \uZUQVW[ LMT LMJI\M LM IK]MZLW I TW
XZM^Q[\WMVTW[IZ\yK]TW[a[QO]QMV\M[
-V XZQVKQXQW TI XZM\MV[Q~V Y]MLI ÅRILI MV TI LMUIVLI a VW X]MLM [MZ UWLQÅKILI MV TI
I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI MV TI Y]M TI[ XIZ\M[ XWLZnV PIKMZ TI[ XZMKQ[QWVM[ IKTIZIKQWVM[ a
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IKTIZIKQ~VWXZMKQ[Q~VLMTIKWV\ZIXIZ\MY]M[]XWVOI]VKIUJQWWIT\MZIKQ~VLMTW[\uZUQVW[
LMTIXZM\MV[Q~VM[\nVLW[MMVLMÅVQ\Q^IITWY]MZM[]MT^IMTR]Mb
;QVMUJIZOWMVM[\IM\IXILMTII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQIMTLMUIVLIV\MXWLZnañadir nuevas
pretensiones I TI aI XTIV\MILI MV [] LMUIVLI XMZW ¹[~TW [Q IY]uTTI[ [WV IKKM[WZQI[ ZM[XMK\W
LM u[\Iº [MOV TW LQ[XWVM MT [MO]VLW XnZZINW LMT IZ\yK]TW ;M \ZI\I LM ]VI [WT]KQ~V
M`KMXKQWVITY]MXMZUQ\MQV\ZWL]KQZV]M^I[XZM\MV[QWVM[IKKM[WZQI[ZM[XMK\WLMTIXTIV\MILI
MVTILMUIVLIaY]MXWLZnILUQ\QZ[Msiempre que no afecte el adecuado ejercicio del derecho de defensa.
)^yILMMRMUXTW[QTILMUIVLI\QMVMXWZWJRM\WTIXZM\MV[Q~VLMKWVLMVIITXIOWLM]VI
[]UI LM LQVMZW MT LMUIVLIV\M XWLZyI I}ILQZ MV TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI KWUW V]M^I
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ZMKTIUILW MV TI LMUIVLI 8]MLMV [M}ITIZ[M W\ZW[ MRMUXTW[ LM XZM\MV[QWVM[ IKKM[WZQI[ MV
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[]XWVOIVUMVW[KIJWITILMK]ILWMRMZKQKQWLMTLMZMKPWLMLMNMV[II[XMK\WY]MLMJMZn^ITWZIZ
MTR]MbLMIK]MZLWITI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[LMTKI[WKWVKZM\W"
I -V]VXZWKM[WLMZMQ^QVLQKIKQ~VLMTIXZWXQMLILLM]VQVU]MJTMXWLZyII}ILQZ[M
MVTII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQIKWUWV]M^IXZM\MV[Q~VIKKM[WZQITILMKWVLMVIITI
restitución de los frutos civiles;
J ;Q MT XZWKM[W \QMVM XWZ WJRM\W TI XZM\MV[Q~V LM KWVLMVI IT KM[M LM TI ^QWTIKQ~V LM
LMZMKPW[ LM I]\W[ LM IK]MZLW I TI TMa LM XZW\MKKQ~V I TI XZWXQMLIL QV\MTMK\]IT
XWLZyIV I}ILQZ[M MV TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI KWUW XZM\MV[QWVM[ IKKM[WZQI[ TI[
LMZMXIZIKQ~VLMTW[LI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[KI][ILW[XWZTIQVNZIKKQ~VITW[LMZMKPW[LM
I]\WZXZWPQJQKQ~VITQVNZIK\WZLMZMIV]LIZM[IIK\Q^QLILQTyKQ\IMVMTN]\]ZWZM\QZW
LMTKWUMZKQWLMTW[MRMUXTIZM[QTyKQ\W[aTILMQV]\QTQbIKQ~VLMTI[UI\ZQKM[]\QTQbILI[
para esa actividad ilícita;
K ;Q TI LMUIVLI \QMVM XWZ WJRM\W TI XZM\MV[Q~V LM ZM[WT]KQ~V LM ]V KWV\ZI\W LM
LQ[\ZQJ]KQ~VKWUMZKQITXWZQVK]UXTQUQMV\WLMTIXIZ\MLMUIVLILIXWLZyII}ILQZ[M
MV TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI KWUW XZM\MV[Q~V IKKM[WZQI TI LM KWJZW LM TI U]T\I
por incumplimiento pactada en el contrato.
331
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
-T XTIV\MW LM V]M^I[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ IKKM[WZQI[ L]ZIV\M TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI LMJM
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KWV\ZILQKKQ~V IZ\ £ Y]M XWLZn WXWVMZ[M I M[M XTIV\MW [M}ITIVLW XWZ MRMUXTW Y]M VW
[M \ZI\I LM ]VI XZM\MV[Q~V IKKM[WZQI W Y]M [] QVKWZXWZIKQ~V INMK\I [MZQIUMV\M [] LMZMKPW
LM LMNMV[I K]M[\Q~V Y]M LMJMZn ZM[WT^MZ MT R]Mb MV TI UQ[UI I]LQMVKQI ILUQ\QMVLW W
LMVMOIVLW TI QVKWZXWZIKQ~V LM TI V]M^I XZM\MV[Q~V ) M[W[ MNMK\W[ LMJMZn XWVLMZIZ TI
KWVLQKQ~VLMIKKM[WZQMLILLMTIV]M^IXZM\MV[Q~VZM[XMK\WLMTIXTIV\MILIMVTILMUIVLI
a MV M[XMKQIT LMJMZn IXZMKQIZ [Q ILUQ\QZ M[I V]M^I XZM\MV[Q~V VW []XWVM UMVW[KIJW IT
ILMK]ILWMRMZKQKQWLMTLMZMKPWLMLMNMV[IXI]\IXZQUWZLQITITUWUMV\WLMZM[WT^MZIKMZKI
del planteo del demandante.
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MT LMUIVLIV\M XWLZn ZMK]ZZQZ LM TI ZM[WT]KQ~V Y]M LMVQMO]M TI QVKWZXWZIKQ~V LM TI V]M^I
XZM\MV[Q~V -V M[\M T\QUW KI[W ZM[WT]KQ~V LMVMOI\WZQI LM TI V]M^I XZM\MV[Q~V XWLZyI
IÅZUIZ[M TI XZWKMLMVKQI LMT ZMK]Z[W LM IXMTIKQ~V MV TI UMLQLI Y]M TI ZM[WT]KQ~V XWVM
ÅV IT XZWKM[W MV ZMTIKQ~V I M[I V]M^I XZM\MV[Q~V LMVMOILI# XWZ MT KWV\ZIZQW MV V]M[\ZI
WXQVQ~V a ZMKWVWKQMVLW TW KWUXTMRW LMT X]V\W KWZZM[XWVLM ZM[MZ^IZ TI IXMTIKQ~V XIZI TI
[MV\MVKQI LMÅVQ\Q^I a TI[ ZM[WT]KQWVM[ Y]M MNMK\Q^IUMV\M XWVMV ÅV IT XZWKM[W a VW [MZyI
M[\MMTKI[WX]M[MTXZWKM[WKWV\QVIMVTWZMTI\Q^WITIXZM\MV[Q~VLML]KQLIWZQOQVITUMV\M
MV TI LMUIVLI a ÅVITUMV\M XWLZn IXMTIZ[M TI [MV\MVKQI LMÅVQ\Q^I a PIKMZ ^ITMZ MV M[I
oportunidad el agravio causado por la denegatoria de la nueva pretensión accesoria.
)LUQ\QLITIV]M^IXZM\MV[Q~VIKKM[WZQI[MWQZnMVTII]LQMVKQIITIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQIIMNMK\W[
LMY]MMRMZbI[]LMZMKPWLMLMNMV[IZM[XMK\WLMTIUQ[UI;QJQMVTIVWZUIVWKWV\MUXTI
M`XZM[IUMV\M M[\I XW[QJQTQLIL KWV[QLMZIUW[ Y]M TI XIZ\M M[\n NIK]T\ILI XIZI [WTQKQ\IZ
IT R]Mb TI [][XMV[Q~V LM TI I]LQMVKQI I MNMK\W[ LM MRMZKMZ ILMK]ILIUMV\M [] LMZMKPW LM
LMNMV[I ZM[XMK\W LM TI V]M^I XZM\MV[Q~V ILUQ\QLI MV I]LQMVKQI X]M[ I]VY]M [M \ZI\M LM
]VI XZM\MV[Q~V IKKM[WZQI XIZI IZ\QK]TIZ TI LMNMV[I M[ XZMKQ[W MV U]KPW[ KI[W[ KWV\IZ KWV
QVNWZUIKQ~V a XZ]MJI[ Y]M X]MLMV VW M[\IZ I LQ[XW[QKQ~V LM TI XIZ\M LMUIVLILI L]ZIV\M
la audiencia.
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ILUQ\QLW TI V]M^I XZM\MV[Q~V KWZZM[XWVLMZn KWVKMLMZ I TI XIZ\I KWV\ZIZQI ]VI ZIbWVIJTM
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-VW\ZIXW[QJTMQV\MZXZM\IKQ~VLMTUIZKWVWZUI\Q^WKWUMV\ILWMTR]MbLMJMZyILMVMOIZTI
V]M^I XZM\MV[Q~V [QMUXZM Y]M XWZ [][ KIZIK\MZy[\QKI[ KWUXTMRQLIL NnK\QKI W XZWJI\WZQI MT
demandado no se encuentre en posición de contestarla en la misma audiencia sin menoscabo
LMTLMZMKPWLMLMNMV[IILUQ\QMVLWTIV]M^IXZM\MV[Q~V[~TWMVTW[KI[W[Y]MZM[]T\MXW[QJTM
su contestación en la propia audiencia.
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XTIV\MIW\ZIQV\MZM[IV\MK]M[\Q~VMV\WZVWITIXW[QJTMUWLQÅKIKQ~VLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VK]M[\Q~V
Y]M[MZnIVITQbILIIKWV\QV]IKQ~V
332
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
8IZIÅVITQbIZKWVM[\MX]V\WZMNMZQLWITIÅRIKQ~VLMÅVQ\Q^ILMTIXZM\MV[Q~VLMJMZnKWV[\IZ
en acta la ÅRIKQ~VLMTW[\uZUQVW[LMTLMJI\M a partir de las pretensiones deducidas en la demanda
y las eventuales aclaraciones y precisiones o nuevas pretensiones accesorias agregadas en
TI I]LQMVKQI -[\I QV[\IVKQI XMZUQ\QZn MV TW []KM[Q^W KWVKMV\ZIZ TI IK\Q^QLIL XZWKM[IT a
XZWJI\WZQIMVXIZ\QK]TIZMVTIZM[WT]KQ~VLMTLMJI\MXTIV\MILWLMIK]MZLWITI[ITMOIKQWVM[
QVQKQITM[LMUIVLIaKWV\M[\IKQ~VaTI[KWUXTMUMV\IZQI[Y]M[MP]JQMZIVMNMK\]ILWaILUQ\QLW
en la misma audiencia.
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K]ITY]QMZ PMKPW ZMTM^IV\M XIZI TI LM\MZUQVIKQ~V LM TI KI][I LM XMLQZ LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V W
XIZI TI ÅRIKQ~V LM TW[ \uZUQVW[ LMT LMJI\M [QMUXZM Y]M \ITM[ PMKPW[ P]JQMZIV WK]ZZQLW
KWV XW[\MZQWZQLIL IT UWUMV\W MV Y]M [M NWZU]TIZWV TI[ ITMOIKQWVM[ QVQKQITM[ W LM
PIJMZ IKWV\MKQLW IV\M[ [M P]JQM[MV KWVWKQLW XWZ TI[ XIZ\M[ KWV XW[\MZQWZQLIL I LQKPW
UWUMV\W4IWXWZ\]VQLILXIZIPIKMZTWL]ZIV\MTII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQI[MZnMTÅRIZ[MTW[
\uZUQVW[LMTIXZM\MV[Q~VWXWZ\]VQLILMVTIY]MKWUW^QUW[TI[XIZ\M[XWLZnVNWZU]TIZ
IKTIZIKQWVM[WXZMKQ[QWVM[aLMIK]MZLWITIVWZUIY]MIPWZIKWUMV\IUW[ITMOIZPMKPW[
nuevos.
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XZM[MV\IKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI [Q M[ MT LMUIVLIV\M Y]QMV XZM\MVLM QV\ZWL]KQZTW W LM TI
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corrientes reguladoras de esta actividad.
340
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341
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generalizado por la mayor parte de los habitantes de esa colectividad. Admitir
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generalizado de ese hecho en la colectividad.
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con el principio de normalidad de las cosas.
347
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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puedan resultar vulneradores de los derechos constitucionales de los ciudadanos
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fundamentales”.
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351
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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352
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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su verdadero resultado.
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de convicción sobre la prueba previa.
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Importa considerar el onus probandi en dos momentos del proceso: uno al comienzo de la
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353
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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del onus y así en efecto ocurre.
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sólo indirectamente conecta con el problema del onus probandi
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354
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
propio del campo de las obligaciones civiles236 [QVW XWZY]M M[I[ UQ[UI[ ZMOTI[ LM M`Q[\QZ
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falta de acreditación237.
2.10.7.1 Determinación:
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la situación personal y patrimonial de ambas partes.
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matizaciones importantes:
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hechos.
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los sistemas de valoración de la prueba conocidos son dos:
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a su contenido.
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algunas de esas tarifas cuando se trata de la tradicional prueba de confesión y la de
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Administración, nº 2,5WV\M^QLMW!X!
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puede resultar muy sugerente. Como propuesta real para un sistema de Administración
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libre valoración se hace compatible no obstante con dos concesiones puntuales a la prueba
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disparatados o contrarios al principio de normalidad de las cosas. Cada medio de
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de huellas representativas de tales hechos.
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Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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su valor legal y posible impugnación.
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como para el abreviado.
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Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
2.11.1.2.2 La exhibición:
2.11.1.2.2.1 Finalidad:
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lado resulta lógico teniendo como telón de fondo la garantía del derecho de defensa.
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376
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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2.11.1.2.2.3 Efectos:
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el tribunal.
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oponente pierda la pretensión.
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2.11.1.2.3 La reproducción:
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la reproducción necesariamente de esta segunda manera.
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377
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2.11.1.3.1 Impugnación:
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de su mayor o menor trascendencia de fondo para la resolución de la controversia.
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valoración misma.
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ocurrió o no.
387
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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comunicación.
2.11.2.3.3 Contrainterrogatorio:
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Volveremos sobre esto en el tema siguiente.
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abogado interrogante y ayudando a esa parte.
388
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
2.11.2.4 Valoración.
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valor tasado:
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cada parte declarase a su propia conveniencia y los interrogatorios se convertirían
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389
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los declarados por la parte.
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aportados por otros medios probatorios.
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390
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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ITX]V\WMVKWUMV\WTI;ITIKWV[QLMZI"4IKWVNM[Q~VÅK\IKWV[\Q\]aM]VIXZM[]VKQ~Vjuris tantumMÅKIbK]IVLW
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interpretación de la ÅK\IKWVNM[[QWVWX]MLM[MZW\ZIY]MTIÆM`QJTMIKWV[MRILIXWZTI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[LMKILIKI[W
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391
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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] W\ZI KQZK]V[\IVKQI M[XMKQITUMV\M R][\QÅKILI ZM[]T\M QUXW[QJTM W LMUI[QILW OZI^W[W XIZI
el testigo comparecer a la sede del tribunal”.
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Y]MTIXIZ\MXZWXWVMV\MLMT\M[\QOWI[yTWXQLIaM`XTQY]MMTXWZY]uLMMTTW
)JQMZ\W MT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW MV TI [MLM LMT ~ZOIVW R]LQKQIT W LWVLM KWV IZZMOTW I TW Y]M
IKIJIUW[ LM LMKQZ LMJQMZI LQ[XWVMZ[M a \ZI[ [MZ QLMV\QÅKILW MT R]Mb \WUIZn R]ZIUMV\W
W XZWUM[I IT \M[\QOW LM LMKQZ ^MZLIL IZ\ IL^QZ\QuVLWTM LM TI[ XMVI[ I Y]M X]MLM
[MZ KWVLMVILW XWZ NIT[W \M[\QUWVQW I K]aW MNMK\W ¹[M TM LMJMZnV TMMZ TW[ XZMKMX\W[
KWZZM[XWVLQMV\M[ LMT +~LQOW 8MVITº IZ\ a \IUJQuV TM XZMO]V\IZn [Q [M PITTI QVK]Z[W
MV ITO]VI LM TI[ [Q\]IKQWVM[ XIZI TI[ Y]M TI TMa XZM^u TI M`MVKQ~V LMT LMJMZ LM LMKTIZIZ
conforme vimos ya.
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K]IVLWMTR]MbXQLIIT\M[\QOWY]MM`XTQY]MTIZIb~VLM[]LQKPWM[\WM[TI[KQZK]V[\IVKQI[
MVTI[Y]MIÅZUIPIJMZTWOZILWMTKWVWKQUQMV\WLMTW[PMKPW[[WJZMTW[Y]M^IILMKTIZIZ
X]M[ I ZM[]T\I[ LM TW Y]M LQOI IT ZM[XMK\W XWLZyI WK]ZZQZ Y]M [M TM \]^QMZI Y]M M`KT]QZ XWZ
[MZXITXIJTMY]M[]KWVWKQUQMV\WVWM[LQZMK\WIZ\[a
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Y]MLQKPIXIZ\M·[]IJWOILWQLMV\QÅKIZnXZQUMZWIT\M[\QOWXMZWM[M^QLMV\MY]MM[\W
aITWPIJZnPMKPWMTR]MbX]M[VW\QMVM[MV\QLWMNMK\]IZIY]MTTI[ILUWVQKQWVM[ITLMJMZLM
LMKTIZIZ a [WJZM XMVI XWZ NIT[W \M[\QUWVQW I ITO]QMV Y]M \WLI^yI VW PI [QLW QLMV\QÅKILW
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MV K]M[\Q~V )T QO]IT Y]M MV MT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW LMT TQ\QOIV\M MT \M[\QOW X]MLM I]`QTQIZ[M
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Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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!
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TI XZ]MJI LM LMKTIZIKQ~V LM XIZ\M [M MV\QMVLM Y]M KWUW T\QUW ZMK]Z[W XIZI TTMOIZ I TI
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LM IY]MTTW [WJZM TW Y]M PI LM ZM[XWVLMZ 8MZUQ\QZ Y]M u[\M QVK]ZZI MV KWVN][QWVM[ OZIKQI[
IT MVOI}W LM TI []OM[\Q~V [M IV\WRIZyI I \WLI[ T]KM[ ]V MNMK\W QUXZWKMLMV\M a VW Y]MZQLW
por la ley.
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\M[\QOW[MO]QZn]VIZuXTQKIW[MO]VLI\IVLILMXZMO]V\I[XZWXQI[Y]MI[]^MbXWLZnLIZ
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anteriores.
2.11.3.7 Valoración:
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M[\IJTMKQLW M[XMKyÅKIUMV\M XIZI MTTI PI LM IXTQKIZ[M TI WZLMV OMVMZIT LMT IZ\ LMT
+~LQOW MV K]IV\W I TI ^ITWZIKQ~V LMT \M[\QUWVQW KWVNWZUM I TI[ ZMOTI[ LM TI [IVI KZy\QKI
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KZMLQJQTQLILLMT\M[\QOWMVKILIKI[W-[QUXWZ\IV\M\MVMZMVK]MV\IY]MMT+~LQOWPIP]QLW
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K]M[\Q~V [Q JQMV LM[LM T]MOW \QMVM Y]M QV\MV\IZ [MZ LM[MV\ZI}ILI XWZ MT \ZQJ]VIT IT LQK\IZ
[MV\MVKQI]VI^Mb[MPIaIVITMOILWUW\Q^W[XIZIL]LIZLMMTTIXWZTIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQIITI
Y]M XMZR]LQKI [] LQKPW KWVNWZUI ]V M[\ILW LM [W[XMKPI Y]M I NIT\I LM XZ]MJI KQMZ\I VW
X]MLM\WUIZ[MKWUW[QUXTMJ]TWXIZITILM[KITQÅKIKQ~VLMT\M[\QOWI[yY]MMVKI[WLML]LI
el testigo debe ser reputado imparcial.
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LM ZIb~V a M`XMZQMVKQI Y]M [~TW I u[\M KWZZM[XWVLM LM[XTMOIVLW [][ Un`QUI[ LM
TI M`XMZQMVKQI a IVITQbIVLW TI KWVKWZLIVKQI LM TI[ LMKTIZIKQWVM[ [Q [WV ^IZQI[ TI[
KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ MV Y]M KILI \M[\QOW LQKM PIJMZ IXZMPMVLQLW TW[ PMKPW[ a TI KWPMZMVKQI LM
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403
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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R]ZyLQKI;QMT\M[\QOW[MXWVMVMZ^QW[WUQMV\ZI[LMKTIZIM[WLMJM[MZ^QZTMIT\ZQJ]VITMVM[M
momento para formularle si acaso otras preguntas de aclaración y registrar sus respuestas;
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Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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especializado con el cual se pretende el conocimiento o interpretación de los datos de la
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LMY]M[M\ZI\M;Q[MXZM\MVLQMZI]\QTQbIZXIZIIKZMLQ\IZPMKPW[[MZyIXZ]MJIQUXMZ\QVMV\M
por su naturaleza.
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tema anterior.
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ILY]MU PI QVK]ZZQLW MV MT ^QKQW LMV]VKQILW X]M[\W Y]M TI XMZQKQIT VW M[ XZ]MJI QL~VMI XIZI M[\IJTMKMZ TW[
IK\W[Y]MLMU]M[\ZIVTIXW[M[Q~VLMTIXIZ\MLMUIVLILI[WJZMMTXZMLQWMVLQ[X]\IXMZWMTTWVWM[]VPMKPW
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I]\W[W\ZW[UMLQW[LMXZ]MJIY]M[yZM[]T\IJIVQL~VMW[ITUQ[UWÅVLWK]UMV\ITaZMKWVWKQUQMV\WR]LQKQITXWZ
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MTMRMK]\IV\MXIZIZM[XITLIZMTKIZnK\MZTMOITLMT\y\]TWY]MXZM[MV\IXIZIMTLM[XIKPWLM]VXZWKM[WMRMK]\Q^W
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Y]M[]ZOM[]XZMM[\IJTMKQUQMV\Wº"^MZ;MV\MVKQILMLMUIaWLMLQK\ILIITI[PWZI[ZMN
405
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
ZMOTIY]M^]MT^MIZMQ\MZIZMTIZ\+8+5-[\W[]XWVMY]MKILIXIZ\MMVXZQVKQXQWLMJM
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[MZ^QKQW[LMTQUQ\IZMTWJRM\WLM[]IK\Q^QLILa]VI^MbY]MMTLQK\IUMVM[\uTQ[\WIXWZ\IZTW
MVM[INI[MLMITMOIKQWVM[IXIZ\MKTIZWLM[I\Q[NIKMZTW[OI[\W[LMTQVNWZUMLMTUWLWKWUW
P]JQMZMV XIK\ILW XMZQ\W a KTQMV\M -TTW [QV XMZR]QKQW LM Y]M aI UM\QLW[ MV TI[ ^QKQ[Q\]LM[
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mencionaremos.
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otro tipo de dictamen parte de ser el mismo desde la perspectiva legal.
2.11.4.2 El perito:
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I]VWXWZKILI]VILMTI[XIZ\M[IZ\[a [MIXIZITIZMITQbIKQ~VM`\ZIR]LQKQITW
R]LQKQITLMLQK\IUMVITMNMK\WXZWX]M[\W
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XMZQ\W VQKW MV MT MV\MVLQLW LM Y]M TW [MZn XIZI ZMITQbIZ MT LQK\IUMV LMV\ZW LMT XZWKM[W
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LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI XIZI ^MZQÅKIZ Y]M MT IK]MZLW M`Q[\M ·XWZY]M MT LMUIVLILW
IXWZ\MMTM[KZQ\WKWVTIÅZUILM\WLW[WXWZY]M^ITQLMMTXZM[MV\ILWXWZMTIK\WZ
406
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
8WZ TW LMUn[ IT PIJTIZ[M IY]y LM ¹XIZ\M[º VW VMKM[IZQIUMV\M \QMVMV Y]M [MZTW \WLI[ [QVW
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TI[LMUn[ILQNMZMVKQILMTWY]M[MM[\IJTMKMMVTITMaXIZITIPQX~\M[Q[Y]MIPWZI[QO]M
-VMNMK\WaKWUWM`KMXKQ~VITVUMZWXZM^Q[QJTMI]\WZQbIMT+~LQOWMVMTIZ\ QVÅVM
XIZIY]MTI[XIZ\M[\IUJQuVX]MLIVLM[QOVIZUn[LM]VXMZQ\WXMZWMVM[MKI[WMT[MO]VLW
a ]T\MZQWZM[ M`XMZ\W[ LMJMZnV [MZTW KWV MT KWV[MV[W LM \WLI[ TI[ XIZ\M[ QV\MZ^QVQMV\M[ VW
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2.11.4.2.2.1 Obligaciones:
I +]IVLWMTLQK\IUMVM[M`\ZIR]LQKQITaXWZ\IV\WTW[[MZ^QKQW[LMTXMZQ\W[MMVKIZOIV
LMUIVMZILQZMK\IXWZY]QMV^IILML]KQZLMUIVLIWXWZY]QMV\QMVMY]MKWV\M[\IZ
I]VIaIILUQ\QLII\ZnUQ\MMVM[\M[MO]VLWKI[W\WLWKWZZM\IUJQuVITUIZOMV
LM[]KWV\ZWTR]LQKQITM[\IUW[IV\M]VIZMTIKQ~VKTQMV\MTIZWZLQVIZQIMVMTY]MMT
R]MOW LM TI WNMZ\I a TI LMUIVLI LM\MZUQVI TI IKMX\IKQ~V LMT M`XMZ\W I TI XMZQKQI
Y]M [M TM WNZMKM +WV M[\W TW Y]M Y]MZMUW[ LMKQZ M[ Y]M TMOITUMV\M VW M`Q[\M MV
M[\MQV[\IV\MWJTQOIKQ~VZMIT·LM[LMT]MOWVWTMOITLMTXMZQ\WLM\MVMZY]MIKMX\IZ
TIMVKWUQMVLI;QVWPIaIK]MZLWMTQV\MZM[ILWLMJMJ][KIZIW\ZIXMZ[WVIY]M[y
M[\uLQ[X]M[\I
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TW [WTQKQ\IV I[y IT VW PIJMZ IXWZ\ILW MT QVNWZUM KWV [] ITMOIKQ~V QVQKQIT M[ MT
R]Mb Y]QMV LMJM WK]XIZ[M LM J][KIZ IT M`XMZ\W a ]VI ^Mb LM[QOVILW MVKIZOIZTM
MT LQK\IUMV -T IZ\ LMT +~LQOW LQ[XWVM Y]M IV\M TI KWU]VQKIKQ~V LM M[M
VWUJZIUQMV\W MT XMZQ\W LMJM IKMX\IZ MT MVKIZOW a XZM[\IZ R]ZIUMV\W W XZWUM[I
LMK]UXTQZJQMVaÅMTUMV\MMTMVKIZOWMVMTXTIbWLMTW[\ZM[LyI[[QO]QMV\M[I[MZTM
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6W XIZMKM MV M[\I NI[M R]LQKQIT Y]M MT XMZQ\W LQ[XWVOI LM UIZOMV XIZI VMOIZ[M
IT VWUJZIUQMV\W a LM[LM T]MOW VW XWZY]M TM X]MLI XIZMKMZ XWKW QV\MZM[IV\M
MT MVKIZOW W Y]M TM ^I I ZMXWZ\IZ XWKI ZM\ZQJ]KQ~V MKWV~UQKI 6W [WV KI][I[
R][\QÅKILI[ XIZI VMOIZ[M I I[]UQZ MT KIZOW ÙVQKIUMV\M TW M[ KWVNWZUM I M[\M
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KI][I LM IJ[\MVKQ~V ^OZ LM ZMK][IKQ~V" TI[ ^MZMUW[ IPWZI MV K]aW KI[W LMJMZn
procederse a la designación de otro.
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ITMOI ITO]VI KQZK]V[\IVKQI Y]M VW [QMVLW LM IJ[\MVKQ~V ZM^MTI ]VI QUXW[QJQTQLIL
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LMJMZnIKMX\IZTW\IUJQuVa[][\Q\]QZTM*QMVXWZY]MKWV\ZIZQIUMV\MITWY]MPIJyI
M[\QUILW I XZQWZQ MT \ZQJ]VIT MT WJRM\W LM TI XMZQKQI VW KWZZM[XWVLI I [] KIUXW
\uKVQKWKQMV\yÅKWIZ\y[\QKWWXZnK\QKW#JQMVXWZY]MMV[]KI[WMTXMZQ\WKIZMbKILMT
407
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
L AI ]VI ^Mb MTMOQLW ·XZW[MO]QUW[ KWV TI[ WJTQOIKQWVM[ MT XMZQ\W \QMVM TI
WJTQOIKQ~V LM XZM[MV\IZ MT LQK\IUMV MV MT XTIbW W\WZOILW XWZ MT \ZQJ]VIT MT K]IT
[M MV\QMVLM LMJMZn [MZ XZM^QW I TI KMTMJZIKQ~V LM TI I]LQMVKQI LM XZ]MJI X]M[
las partes precisamente necesitan leer el dictamen para saber si se precisa pedir
MT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW LMT I]\WZ LMT QVNWZUM KWV ÅVM[ IKTIZI\WZQW[ W LM KWV\ZWT LM [][
apreciaciones.
M AÅVITUMV\MaK]IVLWIZM[]T\I[LMM[I[WTQKQ\]L[MIKQ\ILWIR]QKQW\QMVMMTXMZQ\W
\IV\W M`\ZIR]LQKQIT LM XIZ\M KWUW MT LM LM[QOVIKQ~V R]LQKQIT TI WJTQOIKQ~V LM
I[Q[\QZ I TI [MLM LM TI ^Q[\I WZIT KWV^WKILI a KWV\M[\IZ TI[ XZMO]V\I[ Y]M [M TM
NWZU]TMV,MVWKWUXIZMKMZKWVR][\QÅKIKQ~V[MZMXZWOZIUIZnMTIK\WLMXZ]MJI
XIZI W\ZW LyI ,M VW \MVMZTI [M TM QUXWVLZn ]VI U]T\I LM KQVKW I LQMb [ITIZQW[
UyVQUW[ ]ZJIVW[ Un[ IT\W[ Y]M M[\uV ^QOMV\M[ IXMZKQJQuVLWTM MV TI [MO]VLI
WKI[Q~V [IT^W Y]M TI XIZ\M XZWXWVMV\M ZMV]VKQIZI IT QV\MZZWOI\WZQW LM Y]M VW
I[Q[\QZ QVK]ZZQZn MV MT LMTQ\W LM LM[WJMLQMVKQI I UIVLI\W R]LQKQIT -[\M T\QUW
\IUJQuV XWLZn QUX]\nZ[MTM [Q KWUXIZMKM XMZW [M VQMOI I KWV\M[\IZ I ITO]VI W
^IZQI[XZMO]V\I[WTWPIKMKWVM^I[Q^I[IZ\ +8+5
2.11.4.2.2.2 Derechos:
I *n[QKIUMV\M MT XMZQ\W \QMVM LMZMKPW I Y]M [M TM ZM\ZQJ]aI XWZ TI ZMITQbIKQ~V LM []
\ZIJIRW ,M V]M^W XZWKMLM LQ[\QVO]QZ MV M[\M X]V\W MV\ZM TI XMZQKQI M`\ZIR]LQKQIT
aTIR]LQKQIT"MVTIXZQUMZI^IZQIV\MaMVTIbIVLWKWVTWY]MIV\M[KWUMV\IUW[TI
M[\ZQK\IZMTIKQ~VKTQMV\MTIZLM\MZUQVIZnMTXIK\WMV\ZMIUJW[[WJZMK]nV\WaLMY]u
UWLWXWZILMTIV\ILWKWVXZW^Q[Q~VQVQKQITLM]VXWZKMV\IRMaMTZM[\WITÅVITQbIZ
MT XZWKM[W M\K XMZKQJQZn MT XMZQ\W [][ MUWT]UMV\W[ +WV \WLW [Q MT XMZQ\W VW
hubiera cobrado nada y el dictamen se presenta con la demanda o la contestación
[MOV Y]M MT MVKIZOIV\M N]M[M MT IK\WZ W MT LMUIVLILW W MT ZMKWV^QVQMV\M W MT
ZMKWV^MVQLWXIZMKMTWT~OQKWY]MMTXMZQ\WY]MVWPIZMKQJQLW[I\Q[NIKKQ~VITO]VI
TM [MI IXTQKILW MT ZuOQUMV LM TI XMZQKQI LM LM[QOVIKQ~V R]LQKQIT \IUJQuV I M[\W[
efectos de cobro.
J 8IZI M[\I T\QUI XMZQKQI LM LM[QOVIKQ~V R]LQKQIT TI TMa IZJQ\ZI Y]M [Q MT XMZQ\W TW
[WTQKQ\M MV MT XTIbW LM TW[ \ZM[ LyI[ [QO]QMV\M[ I [] LM[QOVIKQ~V XMZW VILI QUXQLM
Y]M TW PIOI \IUJQuV a posteriori TI XIZ\M XZWXWVMV\M LMXW[Q\IZn TI []UI Y]M ÅRM
MT \ZQJ]VIT KWVNWZUM I TW[ IZIVKMTM[ R]LQKQITM[ TW K]IT [M TM VW\QÅKIZn KWV\IVLW
entonces con cinco días para formalizar el depósito so pena sino de acordarse el
LM[Q[\QUQMV\W LM TI XZ]MJI IZ\ ! +8+5 -V MT KI[W LM Y]M TI XMZQKQI [MI LM
KWUVIK]MZLWLMLW[WUn[XIZ\M[¹TW[OI[\W[Y]MWKI[QWVMTIMUQ[Q~VLMTLQK\IUMV
XMZQKQIT[MZnV[I\Q[NMKPW[MVXIZ\M[QO]ITM[XWZMTLMUIVLIV\MaMTLMUIVLILWº
K <WLWTWM`X]M[\WMV\WZVWITXIOWLMTW[LMZMKPW[LMTXMZQ\WKWUWM`QOMVKQIXIZI
408
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
Y]Mu[\MPIOI[]\ZIJIRWY]MLILM[KWVMK\ILWLMTWY]MX]MLM[MZMTXZWV]VKQIUQMV\W
MVKW[\I[MVM[MXZWKM[WMTK]IT[MO]QZn[][XZWXQI[ZMOTI[-[LMKQZTI[VWZUI[Y]M
PMUW[KQ\ILWTWY]MPIKMVM[OIZIV\QbIZY]MMT\MZKMZWKWJZIZnXWZ[]\ZIJIRWXMZW
VWXZMLM\MZUQVIY]uXIZ\M[MZnTILMÅVQ\Q^IUMV\MLMJMZnKIZOIZKWVM[IZM\ZQJ]KQ~V
8WZ\IV\W[QPIaKWVLMVIMVKW[\I[ITIXIZ\MKWV\ZIZQIIY]QMVXZWX][WTIXMZQKQI
KWVNWZUM IT XZQVKQXQW LMT ^MVKQUQMV\W LMJMZn IY]uTTI ZMMUJWT[IZ I u[\I [][
PWVWZIZQW[aIXIOILW[aLMJQLIUMV\MR][\QÅKILW[KWVNIK\]ZI
;Q LQ[\QV\IUMV\M ZM[]T\I TI M[\QUIKQ~V XIZKQIT LM TI LMUIVLI a VW PI T]OIZ I
KWVLMVIZ MV KW[\I[ TI XIZ\M XZWXWVMV\M KIZOIZn LMÅVQ\Q^IUMV\M KWV M[W[ OI[\W[
;IT^WY]M[M\ZI\IZMLMXMZQ\W[XZM[MV\ILW[KWVR]V\IUMV\MMVK]aWKI[W[M[MO]QZn
ZMXIZ\QMVLW TI UQV]\I I XIZ\M[ QO]ITM[ X]M[\W Y]M IUJI[ M[\]^QMZWV LM IK]MZLW
con aprovecharse de sus servicios.
&RQWURODEVWHQFLyQ\UHFXVDFLyQ
4I QUXIZKQITQLIL LMT XMZQ\W [M KWVÅO]ZI KWUW ]V ZMY]Q[Q\W M[MVKQIT LM [] KIZOW VW
[QUXTMUMV\MKWUW]VUW\Q^WLM[W[XMKPII^ITWZIZKWV^MVQMV\MUMV\MMVTI[MV\MVKQIKWUW
WK]ZZMMVTIXZ]MJILM\M[\QOW[,M\ITUWLWY]M[Q[MIKZMLQ\ITIKWVK]ZZMVKQILMITO]VI
KQZK]V[\IVKQI Y]M TTM^M I LM[^QZ\]IZ IY]MT I\ZQJ]\W MT XMZQ\W LMJM [MZ M`KT]QLW [QV Un[ a
XZWKMLMZ[MI[][][\Q\]KQ~VXWZW\ZWLMQO]IT\Q\]TIKQ~VWKWVWKQUQMV\W[XZnK\QKW[
) \IT MNMK\W MT R]Mb LMJMZ QVNWZUIZ IT XMZQ\W IT KWU]VQKIZTM TI LM[QOVIKQ~V LM [] KIZOW
Y]M LMJMZn XWVMZ LM UIVQÅM[\W [Q M`Q[\M ITO]VI ZMTIKQ~V LM XIZMV\M[KW W LM IUQ[\IL W
LM MVMUQ[\IL KWV ITO]VI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ W [Q \QMVM QV\MZu[ MV MT ZM[]T\ILW LMT XZWKM[W IZ\
+8+5IÅVLMY]MVW[MTM\WUMR]ZIUMV\Wa[MXZWKMLILQZMK\IUMV\MIVWUJZIZI
otro”en los tres días siguientes a la recepción de la abstención”.
-V K]ITY]QMZ KI[W [Q MT XMZQ\W KITTI KWV[KQMV\MUMV\M W XWZY]M VW KZMM [QVKMZIUMV\M
Y]M KWVK]ZZI VQVO]VI KI][I LM XIZKQITQLIL K]ITY]QMZI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ I TI Y]M [] QVNWZUM
X]MLI XMZR]LQKIZTM XWLZn ITMOIZ TI KI][I LM XIZKQITQLIL Y]M aI VW [MZn LM IJ[\MVKQ~V
[QVW LM ZMK][IKQ~V MV TW[ \ZM[ LyI[ [QO]QMV\M[ I Y]M TI[ XIZ\M[ \MVOIV KWVWKQUQMV\W XWZ
[MZTM VW\QÅKILI TI LM[QOVIKQ~V LMT M`XMZ\W IZ\ PIJTI LM TW[ \ZM[ LyI[ [QO]QMV\M[ I TI
LM[QOVIKQ~VXMZW[QVWPI[QLWVW\QÅKILWLMMTTIUITX]MLMMRMZKQ\IZ[MKWV\ZWTITO]VW
)]VY]MVWTWKWVKZM\ITITMaXIZMKMT~OQKWY]MVWJI[\MKWVTIUMZILMV]VKQILMTUW\Q^W[QVW
Y]Mu[\MPIJZnLMXZWJIZ[M
*QMVUMLQIV\MXZ]MJILWK]UMV\ITJQMVUMLQIV\M\M[\QOW[Y]M[MWNZMKMZnIT\ZQJ]VITXIZI
[MZWyLW[MVM[W[\ZM[LyI[WQVKT][WIXWZ\IVLWQVNWZUM[XMZQKQITM[IV\MZQWZM[MVKIZOILW[XWZ
MTUQ[UWTQ\QOIV\MY]MX]LQMZIVZM^MTIZ]VIZMTIKQ~VKWV\QV]ILILMKWVÅIVbILMu[\MKWVMT
perito.
409
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
6WJI[\IZnXIZIKWV[\Z]QZTIKI][ILMXIZKQITQLILKWVMTUMZWPMKPWLMY]M[M\ZI\MLM]V
LQK\IUMV M`\ZIR]LQKQIT LWVLM XWZ \IV\W a NWZbW[IUMV\M TI XIZ\M PI \MVQLW Y]M MV\ZIZ MV
KWV\IK\WXMZ[WVITaLQZMK\WKWVMTM`XMZ\WXIZIXWLMZPIKMZTMMTMVKIZOW9]MTITMaPIJTM
LM¹XMZQ\WLMXIZ\MºMVM[\W[KI[W[IZ\+8+5TWM[[~TWIMNMK\W[LMÅRIZK]nVLW[M
IXWZ\IMTLQK\IUMVaIQV[\IVKQILMY]QuVXMZWVILIUn[
,MV]M^WPMUW[LMZMKITKIZY]MVWX]MLMVPIKMZ[MLQ[KZQUQVIKQWVM[MVMTXTIVWTMOITMV\ZM
MTQVNWZUM[WTQKQ\ILWIV\M[LMPIJMZXZWKM[WWLMV\ZWLMuT
4IXIZKQITQLILY]MXZW[KZQJMTITMaM[IY]MTTIY]MTTM^IITXMZQ\WVW[QUXTMUMV\MI\MVMZ]VI
relación estrictamente profesional con el litigante derivada de su contratación puntual para
TI MTIJWZIKQ~V LM M[M QVNWZUM [QVW ]VI ZMTIKQ~V XMZ[WVIT [][KMX\QJTM LM TTM^IZ IT M`XMZ\W
I UIVQX]TIZ TI[ KWVKT][QWVM[ LM [] \ZIJIRW LQ[NZIbnVLWTI[ LM R]QKQW \uKVQKW KWV MT ÅV LM
NI^WZMKMZ W XMZR]LQKIZ I ]VI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ XWZ UW\Q^IKQWVM[ Y]M WJ^QIUMV\M ^IV Un[ ITTn
Y]MTILMI[MO]ZIZMTKWJZWLM[][PWVWZIZQW[ITOWITWY]M[QMUXZMKWUWPMUW[^Q[\W\QMVM
LMZMKPWITUMVW[LMV\ZWLMTUIZOMVLMTW[IZIVKMTM[R]LQKQITM[IXTQKIJTM[XMZWY]MV]VKI
X]MLMR][\QÅKIZ]VKWUXWZ\IUQMV\WQTyKQ\WaLMWV\WT~OQKIUMV\MZMXZWJIJTM
+]IVLWMTQVNWZUM[MIXWZ\IKWVTW[M[KZQ\W[LMITMOIKQWVM[VWPIaVQVO]VIXZWXW[QKQ~V
Y]MPIKMZLMTXMZQ\W[QVWY]Mu[\IaI[MKWUXZMVLMMVTIXZWXQIMV\ZMOILMTLQK\IUMV[QV
XMZR]QKQWLMTW[KWV\ZWTM[Y]MXWLZnVQV[\IZ[MLM[X]u[MVTII]LQMVKQIXZMXIZI\WZQIW[QM[
XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW MV TI I]LQMVKQI LM XZ]MJI IZ\ XnZZINW \MZKMZW XIZI Y]M [M KQ\M I
declarar al perito.
6W LMJM WT^QLIZ[M ILMUn[ Y]M KWUW ZM[]T\ILW LM PMKPW[ V]M^W[ ITMOILW[ XWZ MT
LMUIVLILW MV [] M[KZQ\W LM KWV\M[\IKQ~V IT WXWVMZ M`KMXKQWVM[ UI\MZQITM[ MT IZ\ !
+8+5 W\WZOI LMZMKPW I TI XIZ\M IK\WZI XIZI Y]M X]MLI KWV[QOVIZ VW [~TW LWK]UMV\IT
[QVW QVNWZUM[ XMZQKQITM[ LQZQOQLW[ I LM[^QZ\]IZ M[I[ IÅZUIKQWVM[ -T UQ[UW LMZMKPW TM
corresponde al actor cuando el demandado reconviene y se abre el plazo para contestar
y presentar documentos e informes periciales de oposición a la reconvención. En ambas
[Q\]IKQWVM[ MT QVNWZUM XMZQKQIT [QO]M [QMVLW LM MVKIZOW ]VQTI\MZIT LM TI XIZ\M KWUW MT
M`\ZIR]LQKQITLMTIK\WZM[LMKQZ[QVKWV\ZWTLMTR]Mb
;MLMRIPMKPIXWZ[]X]M[\WTI[IT^MLILLM]VIXW[QJTMXZ]MJIIV\QKQXILIKWVNWZUII
TI[ZMOTI[aZMY]Q[Q\W[LMTW[IZ\[a[[+8+5
.]MZI LM TW[ KI[W[ IV\MZQWZM[ aI PMUW[ QVLQKILW Y]M TI TMa XMZUQ\M \IUJQuV TI
LM[QOVIKQ~VXWZ^yIR]LQKQIT"
410
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
I -T IZ\ XnZZINW XZQUMZW LMT +~LQOW M[\IJTMKM ]V XZQUMZ []X]M[\W XIZI MTTW a
es cuando por razones de urgencia la parte respectiva no ha podido gestionar en
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LM ITMOIKQ~V QVQKQIT XWZ XMLQZ IT R]Mb Y]M TW LM[QOVM M[XMKQÅKIVLW MT WJRM\W LM TI
pericia.
-T\ZQJ]VIT^ITWZIZn[QTIXZ]MJIZM[]T\IXMZ\QVMV\Ma\QTa[QM[I[y[MXZWKMLMZnI
su nombramiento en el plazo de tres días “desde la conclusión del señalado para
KWV\M[\IZTILMUIVLIQVLMXMVLQMV\MUMV\MLMK]nTLMTI[XIZ\M[P]JQMZI[WTQKQ\ILW
TIXMZQKQIR]LQKQITº:MOTIY]MPILMUWL]TIZ[MMVMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWMVZMTIKQ~V
KWVTII]LQMVKQILMXZ]MJILMIK]MZLWKWVMTXZWXQWIZ\ XnZZINW\MZKMZW
-V\MVLMUW[ Y]M LMV\ZW LM M[\I[ ¹ZIbWVM[ LM ]ZOMVKQIº X]MLMV \IUJQuV QVKT]QZ[M
TI[Q\]IKQ~VLMY]QMVXWZKIZMKMZLMZMK]Z[W[MKWV~UQKW[[]ÅKQMV\M[XIZIINZWV\IZ
]VIKWV\ZI\IKQ~VTQJMZITLMTXMZQ\WKWVNWZUMITI[M`QOMVKQI[LMIY]MTTW[IY]QMVM[
[MLQZQOQ~LMJIWX\IZXWZ]VILM[QOVIKQ~VR]LQKQITY]M\ZIMZnKWV[QOWTIZMO]TIKQ~V
LMM[W[PWVWZIZQW[XWZIZIVKMTTWY]MX]MLMZM[]T\IZTMUn[MY]Q\I\Q^W
J )[QUQ[UW \IUJQuV XZWKMLMZn TI LM[QOVIKQ~V R]LQKQIT MV KI[W LM IK]MZLW MV\ZM
TI[ XIZ\M[ MV TW[ \uZUQVW[ LMT IZ\ +8+5 Y]M aI IVITQbIUW[ MV MT MXyOZINM
[MO]VLW ZMTI\Q^W IT VUMZW LM XMZQ\W[ 4I XZ]MJI [M XZWXWVLZn IY]y PI[\I TI
I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI XZWKM[W KWUV W MV TI ^Q[\I WZIT LMT IJZM^QILW XWZ
IXTQKIKQ~VLMTIZ\ T\QUWXnZZINW
K )]VY]M VW TW UMVKQWVM M`XZM[IUMV\M TI TMa \IUJQuV LMJM KIJMZ LM[QOVIKQ~V
R]LQKQIT LMT LQK\IUMV K]IVLW [M \ZI\M LM XMLQZ XZ]MJI XMZQKQIT LM KWV\ZI[\M
precisamente para desvirtuar el valor de algún informe aportado en las fases
previas del proceso por la parte contraria. Dicho de otro modo: el derecho a
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426
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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audiencia probatoria las pruebas propuestas y admitidas en la audiencia preparatoria.
427
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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interrogatorio y contrainterrogatorio.
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Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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posterior a la declaración de cada uno.
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no contienen una norma similar.
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audiencia.
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pericial. La incomparecencia del perito citado puede determinar la imposición de multa
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429
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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2.12.4 Objeciones
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fundamentalmente en relación al interrogatorio de testigos.
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Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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siempre referidos a las garantías involucradas en el correcto desarrollo del interrogatorio;
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el testigo ya ha respondido.
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KWV\ZIZQI UMLQIV\M MVOI}W W IZ\QÅKQW KWV TI ÅVITQLIL LM WJ\MVMZ ZM[X]M[\I[ NI^WZIJTM[ IT
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el cúmulo de circunstancias comprendidas en la pregunta sea susceptible de afectar
431
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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pregunta.
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eso desde la perspectiva probatoria.
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interpretaciones y respuestas.
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interrogado.
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interrogatorio de parte.
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2.12.4.4 Objeciones a las respuestas de las partes, los testigos y los peritos
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432
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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QVLQKIY]M[QMT\M[\QOWLMKTIZI" “Juan me dijo que me fuera para mi casa”, esa manifestación no
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pronunciar la sentencia.
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por otras razones igualmente fundadas.
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433
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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se considere imprescindible su declaración o informe.
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y hora de la diligencia probatoria impidiendo de esa forma la comparecencia y control de
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probatoria. Las diligencias para mejor proveer.
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Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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un sistema lógico de deducciones e inducciones”.
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el sistema de las presunciones.
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monedas de plata.
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principios lógicos a la valoración de la prueba.
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sensibles e intelectuales.
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sus demasías.”
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sentido en relación a los hechos alegados en la causa. Se conecta con el deber de motivación
LMT NITTW Y]M VW [M TQUQ\I I TW[ I[XMK\W[ W N]VLIUMV\W[ R]ZyLQKW[ LMT KI[W [QVW Y]M
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impugnarla por inadecuación del fallo a las circunstancias de hecho comprobadas de la
causa.
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a TI TQJZM ^ITWZIKQ~V X]MLM IXZMKQIZ[M [~TW MV ZMTIKQ~V KWV MT KWV\ZWT LM TI IK\Q^QLIL LMT
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razonamiento.
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posibilitar el control de la motivación de la sentencia.
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han mencionado diversos fundamentos para consagrar este sistema:
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Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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verdaderamente importa.
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dictamen y la declaración vertida en la audiencia probatoria”.
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a tal reconocimiento no se oponga el resultado de las otras pruebas”; la valoración de ese
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resultado de otras pruebas.
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KWVLMVI IT XIOW LM ]VI KIV\QLIL [QV M[XMKQÅKIZ MV K]aW KI[W TI KIV\QLIL [M LM\MZUQVIZn
UMLQIV\MMTKWZZM[XWVLQMV\MXZWKM[WLMKTIZI\Q^WaVWXWZ^yILMMRMK]KQ~VNWZbW[IIZ\
-V M[M [MV\QLW a KWV IZZMOTW I TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW [M LMKQLQZnV XWZ MT XZWKM[W
IJZM^QILW K]ITY]QMZI [MI [] K]IV\yI TI[ LMUIVLI[ LM TQY]QLIKQ~V LM LI}W[ a XMZR]QKQW[#
XWZ TW \IV\W [Q TI LMUIVLI \QMVM XWZ WJRM\W TI XZM\MV[Q~V LM KWVLMVI IT XIOW LM LI}W[ a
XMZR]QKQW[aVW[MM[XMKQÅKITIKIV\QLILTI[MV\MVKQILMKWVLMVILMKTIZIZnY]MTIKIV\QLIL
[MZnLM\MZUQVILIUMLQIV\MMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILW
;QTIKWVLMVIN]MZIITXIOWLMW\ZI[XZM[\IKQWVM[aVW[MP]JQMZIM[XMKQÅKILWMVTILMUIVLI
TIKIV\QLILLMJMZnLM\MZUQVIZ[MUMLQIV\MMTXZWKM[WLMKTIZI\Q^WY]MKWZZM[XWVLI[MOVMT
WJRM\WLMTIXZM[\IKQ~VaM^MV\]ITUMV\MXWLZnKWZZM[XWVLMZ]VV]M^WXZWKM[WKWUVIM[W[
MNMK\W[6W[MZnLMIXTQKIKQ~VMT\ZnUQ\MXZM^Q[\WMVTW[IZ\yK]TW[!a[QO]QMV\M[ZMTI\Q^WI
TITQY]QLIKQ~VLMKIV\QLILM[MVMTXZWKM[WLMMRMK]KQ~V
451
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
Santiago Garderes
-TXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWQV\MOZIR]V\WKWVMTXZWKM[WKWUVTW[XZWKM[W[LMKTIZI\Q^W[XZM^Q[\W[
en el CPCM.
;] nUJQ\W LM IXTQKIKQ~V ZM[]T\I LM TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW a XWLZn LMZQ^IZ LM
TI K]IV\yI LM TI LMUIVLI W LM [] WJRM\W [MOV ^MZMUW[ <ZIUQ\IV XWZ M[\M XZWKM[W TI[
LMUIVLI[ K]aI K]IV\yI VW []XMZM TW[ ^MQV\QKQVKW UQT KWTWVM[ W [] MY]Q^ITMV\M MV L~TIZM[
<IUJQuV[MLMKQLQZnVXWZM[\M\ZnUQ\MK]ITY]QMZI[MI[]K]IV\yITI[[QO]QMV\M[XZM\MV[QWVM["
Ü 4I[LMUIVLI[LMTQY]QLIKQ~VLMLI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[
Ü 4I[LMUIVLI[LMWXW[QKQ~VITIZMXW[QKQ~VR]LQKQITLM\y\]TW[^ITWZM[
Ü 4I[LMUIVLI[ZMTI\Q^I[ITILQ[WT]KQ~VaTQY]QLIKQ~VR]LQKQITLM]VI[WKQMLIL
Ü Las demandas de nulidad de sociedades.
;M \ZI\I LM ]V XZWKM[W []UIZQW Y]M XZWK]ZI TI IJZM^QIKQ~V LMT \ZnUQ\M UMLQIV\M ]VI
LMUIVLI[QUXTQÅKILIZMOTI[TQUQ\I\Q^I[LMTIIK]U]TIKQ~VaTIKWVKMV\ZIKQ~VLMIK\Q^QLIL
LMITMOIKQ~VKWV\M[\IKQ~VITILMUIVLIXZ]MJIa[MV\MVKQIMVI]LQMVKQI
4IZMO]TIKQ~VLMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWVWKWV\QMVMVWZUI[LMQV\MOZIKQ~VKWVTI[IT^MLILLM
TIZMTI\Q^IITIXZWL]KKQ~VLMTIXZ]MJII[XMK\WMVMTY]M[MZMUQ\MITI[ZMOTI[LMTXZWKM[W
KWUV6WWJ[\IV\M[MZnVMKM[IZQWQV\MOZIZTI[LQ[XW[QKQWVM[LMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILWKWVTI
VWZUI\Q^I Y]M ZQOM MT XZWKM[W KWUV Y]M QV\MOZI MT OuVMZW LM TW[ XZWKM[W[ LMKTIZI\Q^W[
X]M[\W Y]M MV U]KPW[ I[XMK\W[ MT UIZKW VWZUI\Q^W LMT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW VW ZM[]T\IZn
[]ÅKQMV\M#MVM[M[MV\QLWTIQV\MOZIKQ~VLMVWZUI[XZWKM[ITM[Y]MZQOMV[]X]M[\W[IVnTWOW[
MVI[XMK\W[VWXZM^Q[\W[M`XZM[IUMV\MMVTIZMO]TIKQ~VLMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILW[MN]VLIMV
TWLQ[X]M[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW!LMT+8+5
2.14.2 La demanda
-V M[\W[ XZWKM[W[ [M XZM[MV\IZn ]VI LMUIVLI [QUXTQÅKILI XWZ M[KZQ\W Y]M LMJMZn
KWV\MVMZ TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ XZM^Q[\W[ MV MT IZ\yK]TW " LM[QOVIKQ~V LMT R]bOILW# QLMV\QÅKIKQ~V
LMTLMUIVLIV\MLMTLMUIVLILWaLMIY]MTTW[W\ZW[QV\MZM[ILW[Y]MLMJIV[MZTTIUILW[IT
XZWKM[W I[y KWUW [][ LWUQKQTQW[# ]VI MV]UMZIKQ~V []ÅKQMV\M LM TW[ PMKPW[ Y]M R][\QÅY]MV
TIZIb~VLM[MZLMTIXM\QKQ~V#TIXM\QKQ~V#NMKPIaÅZUI
4I [QUXTQÅKIKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI ZM[]T\I LM KWUXIZIZ TW[ ZMY]Q[Q\W[ MV]VKQILW[ KWV TW[
previstos en el artículo 276 para la demanda del proceso común. La principal diferencia
452
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
ZILQKI MV TI VMKM[QLIL LM ]V ZMTI\W XZMKQ[W a KWUXTM\W LM TW[ PMKPW[ Y]M LMJM MNMK\]IZ[M
MV TI LMUIVLI LMT XZWKM[W KWUV [QMVLW []ÅKQMV\M KWV ]VI MV]UMZIKQ~V []KQV\I LM TW[
PMKPW[ MV TI LMUIVLI LMT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW# I]VY]M ZM[]T\IZn IKWV[MRIJTM Y]M MT ZMTI\W
[MITWUn[KTIZWXZMKQ[WaKWUXTM\WXW[QJTM\IUJQuVMVTILMUIVLILMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILW
<IUXWKW [M ZMY]QMZM MV TI LMUIVLI [QUXTQÅKILI LMT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW TI QVLQKIKQ~V LM
TW[IZO]UMV\W[LMLMZMKPWaTI[VWZUI[R]ZyLQKI[Y]M[][\MV\IVTIXZM\MV[Q~VTWY]M[yM[\n
XZM^Q[\WXIZITILMUIVLILMTXZWKM[WKWUV#KWVTIUQ[UIIKTIZIKQ~VaIMNMK\]ILIMVMT
[MV\QLWLMY]MMV\WLWKI[WXWLZnMTLMUIVLIV\MQVKT]QZ\ITM[ZMNMZMVKQI[MVTILMUIVLI
[QUXTQÅKILILMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILW
4I VWZUI ZMNMZQLI VW M`QOM M`XZM[IUMV\M TI XZM[MV\IKQ~V LM TW[ LWK]UMV\W[ Y]M
N]VLIUMV\MV TI XZM\MV[Q~V KWUW [y TW XZM^u MT IZ\yK]TW XIZI TI LMUIVLI LMT XZWKM[W
KWUV8WLZyIKWVKT]QZ[MMV\WVKM[MV]VIXZQUMZITMK\]ZILMTIVWZUIY]MTW[LWK]UMV\W[
XWLZnVXZM[MV\IZ[MMVTII]LQMVKQILMTXZWKM[WIJZM^QILW\MVQMVLWXZM[MV\MY]MMTIZ\yK]TW
NIK]T\I I TI[ XIZ\M[ I XZWXWVMZ MV I]LQMVKQI TI[ XZ]MJI[ LM Y]M QV\MV\MV ^ITMZ[M [QV
TQUQ\IV\M[ KWUW TI[ XZM^Q[\I[ MV TW[ IZ\yK]TW[ a ! XIZI MT XZWKM[W KWUV# LM UWLW
Y]MTIXZMKT][Q~VLMIXWZ\IKQ~VLWK]UMV\ITXZM^Q[\IMVTW[KQ\ILW[IZ\yK]TW[ a ![MZyI
LM IXTQKIKQ~V M`KT][Q^I IT XZWKM[W KWUV MV ^QZ\]L LM TI ]JQKIKQ~V LM M[W[ IZ\yK]TW[ a VW
al proceso abreviado.
;QV MUJIZOW VW LMJM WJ^QIZ[M TI ZMNMZMVKQI ÅVIT LMT IZ\yK]TW MV K]IV\W LQ[XWVM
Y]M ¹LM TI LMUIVLI a LWK]UMV\W[ Y]M TI IKWUXI}MV [M XZM[MV\IZnV \IV\I[ KWXQI[ KWUW
LMUIVLILW[ a LMUn[ QV\MZM[ILW[ MV MT XZWKM[W PIaI °º# TW Y]M X]MLM TTM^IZ I KWVKT]QZ
Y]M TW[ LWK]UMV\W[ LMJMV XZM[MV\IZ[M KWV TI LMUIVLI I]VY]M TI VWZUI VW TW M`QOM KWV
claridad.
-V LMÅVQ\Q^I ZM[]T\IZn KWV^MVQMV\M XZM[MV\IZ KWV TI LMUIVLI TW[ LWK]UMV\W[ MV Y]M [M
N]VLITIXZM\MV[Q~VM^Q\IVLWLMM[INWZUIK]ITY]QMZM^MV\]ITL]LIQV\MZXZM\I\Q^IMV\WZVW
ITUWUMV\WXZM^Q[\WXIZITIIXWZ\IKQ~VLWK]UMV\IT8WZW\ZIXIZ\MTIXZM[MV\IKQ~VQVQKQITLM
TW[LWK]UMV\W[MVTW[Y]M[MN]VLITIXZM\MV[Q~VX]MLMZM[]T\IZVMKM[IZQIXIZILM\MZUQVIZ
MT^ITWZLMTIXZM\MV[Q~VLMTY]MLMXMVLMZnMT\ZnUQ\MI[MO]QZ[M
+WV ZMTIKQ~V I TI[ ZM[\IV\M[ XZ]MJI[ XWLZnV [MZ XZWX]M[\I[ MVTI I]LQMVKQI KWV IZZMOTW I
TWXZM^Q[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW 4I[XZ]MJI[Y]MXIZIXZIK\QKIZ[MMVTII]LQMVKQIZMY]QMZIV
LQTQOMVKQI[ LM KQ\IKQ~V W ZMY]MZQUQMV\W XWZ MRMUXTW TI KQ\IKQ~V LM ]V \M[\QOW I MNMK\W[ LM
[]QV\MZZWOI\WZQWWTILM[QOVIKQ~VLM]VXMZQ\WR]LQKQITXWLZnV[MZ[WTQKQ\ILI[ITUMVW[KWV
\ZM[LyI[LMIV\MTIKQ~VITINMKPILMTII]LQMVKQIIZ\ #[QMTLMUIVLIV\MXZWX][QMZIMT
ZMKWVWKQUQMV\WR]LQKQITIZMITQbIZ[MN]MZILMTI[MLMLMT\ZQJ]VITTWIL^MZ\QZnMVTILMUIVLI
IMNMK\W[LMY]MX]MLIZMITQbIZ[MIV\M[LMTII]LQMVKQIWyLWMTLMUIVLILW
4I IK]U]TIKQ~V WJRM\Q^I LM XZM\MV[QWVM[ [M MVK]MV\ZI IKW\ILI LM IK]MZLW I TW XZM^Q[\W
MV MT IZ\yK]TW ILUQ\QuVLW[M M`KT][Q^IUMV\M MV TW[ [QO]QMV\M[ []X]M[\W[" K]IVLW TI[
XZM\MVKQWVM[ IK]U]TILI[ M[\uV JI[ILI[ MV TW[ UQ[UW[ PMKPW[ [QMUXZM Y]M LMJI [MO]QZ[M
MV \WLW KI[W MT XZWKM[W IJZM^QILW# K]IVLW [M MRMZKQ\M ]VI XZM\MV[Q~V LM ZM[IZKQUQMV\W LM
LI}W[aXMZR]QKQW[^QVK]TILIIW\ZIXZM\MV[Q~VY]M[MIXZMR]LQKQITLMIY]uTTI
453
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
;M M[\IJTMKM LM M[I NWZUI ]V ZuOQUMV TQUQ\I\Q^W LM TI IK]U]TIKQ~V WJRM\Q^I ZM[XMK\W LMT
XZM^Q[\W KWV KIZnK\MZ OMVMZIT MV MT IZ\yK]TW ! KWV IZZMOTW IT K]IT ¹MT LMUIVLIV\M XWLZn
MRMZKMZ I TI ^Mb MV TI LMUIVLI K]IV\I[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ \MVOI KWV\ZI ]V UQ[UW LMUIVLILW
KWV MT VQKW TyUQ\M LM Y]M VW [MIV QVKWUXI\QJTM[ MV\ZM [yº VWZUI Y]M [M KWUXTMUMV\I
KWV TW LQ[X]M[\W MV MT IZ\yK]TW ZMY]Q[Q\W[ LM TI IK]U]TIKQ~V ° XZMR]LQKQITQLIL ;QV
XMZR]QKQW LM MTTW XWLZn [WTQKQ\IZ[M XW[\MZQWZUMV\M TI IK]U]TIKQ~V LM XZWKM[W[ IJZM^QILW[
MV\ZM TW[ Y]M M`Q[\I KWVM`Q~V NnK\QKI W R]ZyLQKI MV TW[ \uZUQVW[ XZM^Q[\W[ MV TW[ IZ\yK]TW[
a[QO]QMV\M[-VK]IV\WITIIK]U]TIKQ~V[]JRM\Q^ILMXZM\MV[QWVM[[MZQOMXWZTIZMOTI
OMVMZIT LMT IZ\yK]TW Y]M ZMY]QMZM TI M`Q[\MVKQI LM ]V VM`W W KWVM`Q~V XWZ ZIb~V LMT
título o de la causa de pedir.
8ZM[MV\ILI TI LMUIVLI MT R]Mb MNMK\]IZn ]V KWV\ZWT LM ILUQ[QJQTQLIL LMV\ZW LMT XTIbW LM
KQVKWLyI[LQK\IVLWI]\WLMILUQ[Q~Va[M}ITIVLWNMKPILMI]LQMVKQI[QTILMUIVLIK]UXTM
KWV \WLW[ TW[ XZM[]X]M[\W[ a ZMY]Q[Q\W[ -V KI[W KWV\ZIZQW [Q TI LMUIVLI \]^QMZI LMNMK\W[
[]J[IVIJTM[ MT R]Mb KWVKMLMZn I TI XIZ\M ]V XTIbW LM KQVKW LyI[ XIZI []J[IVIZTW[# [Q TW[
LMNMK\W[ N]MZIV QV[]J[IVIJTM[ LMKTIZIZn TI LMUIVLI QUXZWXWVQJTM UMLQIV\M ZM[WT]KQ~V
Y]MILUQ\MIXMTIKQ~VX]M[\WY]MXWVMÅVITXZWKM[W
)LUQ\QLITILMUIVLIMTR]MbKQ\IZnII]LQMVKQIY]MLMJMZnKMTMJZIZ[MMV\ZMTW[LQMbaTW[
^MQV\M LyI[ [QO]QMV\M[ I TI KQ\IKQ~V Y]M [MZn VW\QÅKILI IT LMUIVLIV\M IT LMUIVLILW a
LMUn[QV\MZM[ILW[IT]LQLW[MVTILMUIVLIIKWUXI}nVLW[MKWXQILMTILMUIVLIaLMUn[
LWK]UMV\W[ XZM[MV\ILW[ KWV MTTI ;QJQMV TII]LQMVKQI\MVLZn T]OIZMV VQKIKWV^WKI\WZQI
XWLZnVTI[XIZ\M[[WTQKQ\IZTI[][XMV[Q~VLMTII]LQMVKQIITMOIVLWR][\IKI][IKWUWZM[]T\I
LMTIZ\yK]TWaLMTWLQ[X]M[\WMVTW[IZ\yK]TW[ aKWVKIZnK\MZOMVMZIT
2.14.3 La audiencia
4I I]LQMVKQI KWVKMV\ZI IK\Q^QLIL LM ITMOIKQ~V ZI\QÅKIKQ~V IUXTQIKQ~V W ZML]KKQ~V LM
TI LMUIVLI KWV\M[\IKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI M^MV\]IT ZMKWV^MVKQ~V a XZ]MJI XZWXW[QKQ~V a
XZWL]KKQ~V LM TI XZ]MJI I[y KWUW MT QV\MV\W LM KWVKQTQIKQ~V Y]M LMJM MNMK\]IZ MT R]Mb a
M^MV\]ITUMV\MTI[MV\MVKQI
4II]LQMVKQI[MZnXZM[QLQLIXWZMTR]MbJIRWXMVILMV]TQLILQV[]J[IVIJTMLMIK]MZLWITW
XZM^Q[\WKWVKIZnK\MZOMVMZITMVMTIZ\yK]TW-TXZQVKQXQWLMQVUMLQIKQ~VXZM[MV\I]VI
ZMTM^IVKQIXZQWZQ\IZQIMVTIZMNWZUIXZWKM[ITaLM\MZUQVIY]MTI[XZ]MJI[[MIVXZIK\QKILI[
MV XZM[MVKQI LMT R]Mb Y]QMV PIJZn LM LQK\IZ [MV\MVKQI IT KIJW LM TI I]LQMVKQI W IV]VKQIZ
MT NITTW a LQK\IZ T]MOW TI [MV\MVKQI# TI KWUXIZMKMVKQI LM TI[ XIZ\M[ MV I]LQMVKQI XW[QJQTQ\I
TIXZnK\QKIaKWV\ZWTLMTIXZ]MJIaMVM[\MKI[WKWVTTM^IILMUn[TIZMITQbIKQ~VLMIK\W[
XZWKM[ITM[ LM ITMOIKQ~V KWUW TI KWV\M[\IKQ~V I TI LMUIVLI M^MV\]IT ZMKWV^MVKQ~V a TI
NWZU]TIKQ~VLMTW[ITMOI\W[ÅVITM[
454
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
I QVLMUVQbIZ TW[ LI}W[ a XMZR]QKQW[ KI][ILW[ [Q N]MZIV [WTQKQ\ILW[ a IKZMLQ\ILW[ XWZ MT
demandado.
;Q Y]QMV VW KWUXIZMKM M[ MT LMUIVLILW [M KWV\QV]IZn KWV TI I]LQMVKQI [QV VMKM[QLIL LM
declarar su rebeldía.
4I[ XIZ\M[ XWLZnV [WTQKQ\IZ TI [][XMV[Q~V LM TI I]LQMVKQI ITMOIVLW R][\I KI][I Y]M
TM[ QUXQLI KWUXIZMKMZ MV TI NMKPI a PWZI [M}ITILI[ MV TI KQ\IKQ~V <IUJQuV XWLZnV
M`KMXKQWVITUMV\MR][\QÅKIZ[]QVKWUXIZMKMVKQIKWVXW[\MZQWZQLILITII]LQMVKQI\ZI\nVLW[M
LM KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ QUXZM^Q[QJTM[ Y]M VW PIaIV XWLQLW KWU]VQKIZ IT \ZQJ]VIT KWV []ÅKQMV\M
antelación a la audiencia.
-V M[M [MV\QLW KWV[QLMZIUW[ Y]M XZM^QW I \MVMZ XWZ LM[Q[\QLW IT LMUIVLIV\M MT R]Mb
LMJMZn KWVKMLMZTM ]V XTIbW ZIbWVIJTM XIZI R][\QÅKIZ TW[ UW\Q^W[ LM [] QVKWUXIZMKMVKQI I
TII]LQMVKQIX]M[LMTWKWV\ZIZQW[MTWKWTWKIZyIMVTIVMKM[QLILLMQUX]OVIZTIZM[WT]KQ~V
Y]MTW\QMVMXWZLM[Q[\QLW-V\WLWKI[WMTR]MbLMJMZn^ITWZIZ[QTIKI][IQV^WKILI[]XWVM
]V QUXMLQUMV\W XIZI TI KWUXIZMKMVKQI I TI I]LQMVKQI \MVQMVLW XZM[MV\M TI[ KI][I[ LM
[][XMV[Q~V LM I]LQMVKQI[ XZM^Q[\I[ KWV KIZnK\MZ OMVMZIT MV MT IZ\yK]TW a ^ITWZIVLW
TI[ KQZK]V[\IVKQI[ QV^WKILI[ LM IK]MZLW KWV TI[ ZMOTI[ LM TI [IVI KZy\QKI a TI[ Un`QUI[ LM
M`XMZQMVKQI
-VK]IV\WITKWV\MVQLWLMTII]LQMVKQIMVXZQUMZ\uZUQVWMTR]MbQV\MV\IZnTIKWVKQTQIKQ~V
I ÅV LM M^Q\IZ TI XZW[MK]KQ~V LMT XZWKM[W ;Q JQMV TI VWZUI VW ZMQ\MZI TW XZM^Q[\W XIZI TI
I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI LMT XZWKM[W KWUV LM \WLW[ UWLW[ MT R]Mb LMJMZn \MVMZ M[XMKQIT
K]QLILWLMM^Q\IZK]ITY]QMZXZMR]bOIUQMV\W+Q\IVLWTWLQ[X]M[\WMVMTIZ\yK]TW!¹ITI^Mb
Y]MQV[\IITI[XIZ\M[ITWOZIZ]VIK]MZLWMTR]MbTM[IL^MZ\QZnLMTW[LMZMKPW[aWJTQOIKQWVM[
Y]MX]LQMZIVKWZZM[XWVLMZTM[[QVXZMR]bOIZMTKWV\MVQLWLMTIM^MV\]IT[MV\MVKQIº
;QVWP]JQMZII^MVMVKQI[MKWVKMLMZnTIXITIJZIITIXIZ\MLMUIVLIV\MXIZIY]MZI\QÅY]M
IUXTyMWZML]bKI[]LMUIVLII]VY]MMVVQVOVKI[WXWLZnQV\ZWL]KQZKIUJQW[[][\IVKQITM[
a lo ya alegado.
4I ZI\QÅKIKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI VW XTIV\MI QVKWV^MVQMV\M[ [IT^W TI XZM^Q[Q~V LM M^Q\IZ Y]M
XWZ M[I ^yI [M QV\MV\M UWLQÅKIZ TI LMUIVLI I[XMK\W Y]M LMJMZn \MVMZ M[XMKQITUMV\M MV
K]MV\IMTR]MbXIZILMVMOIZM^MV\]ITM[IT\MZIKQWVM[LMTXTIV\MWQVQKQITaMTLMUIVLILWXIZI
WXWVMZ[M MV I]LQMVKQI <IUXWKW XTIV\MI LQÅK]T\ILM[ TI ZML]KKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI MV TI
UMLQLI Y]M VW INMK\I MT LMZMKPW LM LMNMV[I LMT LMUIVLILW XMZUIVMKQMVLW MV MT nUJQ\W
del principio dispositivo.
-VKIUJQWX]MLMZM[]T\IZKWUXTMRWLM\MZUQVIZMTITKIVKMLMTIVWZUIMVK]IV\WI]\WZQbI
TIIUXTQIKQ~VLMTILMUIVLIMVI]LQMVKQIIKTIZIVLWT]MOWY]M¹VW[MXWLZnPIKMZMVMTTI
variación sustancial”.
-V M[M [MV\QLW KWV[QLMZIUW[ Y]M TI VWZUI ZMÅMZM I TI[ UWLQÅKIKQWVM[ XZM^Q[\I[ L]ZIV\M
TI I]LQMVKQI XZMXIZI\WZQI LMT XZWKM[W KWUV MV MT Y]M [M ILUQ\M IT LMUIVLIV\M IOZMOIZ
455
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
V]M^I[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ IKKM[WZQI[ W ITMOIZ PMKPW[ V]M^W[ LMZQ^ILW[ LM TW[ XTIV\MILW[ MV TI
LMUIVLI,MUWLWY]MXWZMRMUXTWXWLZnIUXTQIZ[MTILMUIVLIXIZIQVKT]QZTW[QV\MZM[M[
VWZMKTIUILW[QVQKQITUMV\MKWUWXZM\MV[Q~VIKKM[WZQI[QMUXZMY]MVW[]XMZMVTIK]IV\yI
de los procesos abreviados.
+IJM IX]V\IZ ILMUn[ Y]M TI IUXTQIKQ~V LM TI LMUIVLI I]VY]M VW LM\MZUQVM ]VI
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suponga interrumpir la audiencia.
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previsto en los artículos citados.
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TI [MV\MVKQI yV\MOZI MV TW[ XZWKM[W[ IJZM^QILW[ [Q TW XMZUQ\QMZI TI KWUXTMRQLIL NnK\QKI a
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[] LMKQ[Q~V LM VW QUX]OVIZ TI [MV\MVKQI LMKTIZIZn [] ÅZUMbI MV MT IK\W ;Q [~TW [M PI
anunciado el fallo o si habiendo dictado sentencia íntegra ambas partes o alguna de ellas
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Y]M KWV[IOZIV MT [Q[\MUI LM TI [IVI KZy\QKI KWUW ZMOTI LM ^ITWZIKQ~V [QV XMZR]QKQW LM TI
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460
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
Santiago Garderes
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W ZMY]Q[Q\W[ LM TI XZW^QLMVKQI KI]\MTIZ >1 4I[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ XZM^Q[\I[ MV
MT +8+5 >11 8ZWKMLQUQMV\W KI]\MTIZ >111 -RMK]KQ~V LM TI[ XZW^QLMVKQI[
cautelares.
2.15.1 Introducción
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LMLQKILWITIXZWKMLMVKQIaKTI[M[LMUMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[aMT[MO]VLWITIILWXKQ~VLMTI[
medidas y el procedimiento cautelar.
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KI]\MTIZ a TW[ XZQVKQXQW[ Y]M TW KIZIK\MZQbIV QVLQKIVLW T]MOW MT KI\nTWOW LM TI[ UMLQLI[
cautelares previstas.
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presenta una nota común en la percepción social: el proceso suele concebirse como un
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y ponderación.
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461
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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TI UWLQÅKIKQ~V LM TI [Q\]IKQ~V XIZI XZM^MVQZ TI KWV\QV]QLIL W IOZI^IUQMV\W LMT LI}W
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M`XZM[ILMTIpotestad cautelar genérica.
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KQ^QT W UMZKIV\QT MT LMUIVLIV\M XWLZn [WTQKQ\IZ TI ILWXKQ~V LM TI[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[
Y]M KWV[QLMZM VMKM[IZQI[ a IXZWXQILI[ XIZI I[MO]ZIZ TI MNMK\Q^QLIL a MT K]UXTQUQMV\W LM
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las medidas provisionales W IV\QKQXILI[ \IUJQuV LMVWUQVILI[ “anticipativas”
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peticionante un daño irreparable.
462
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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reforma procesal en general.
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LM TI UQ[UI QLMI LM MÅKIKQI# TW Y]M [M TWOZI MV MT V]M^W +~LQOW UMLQIV\M TI XZM^Q[Q~V
LM]V[Q[\MUIJI[ILWMVTIXZMUQ[IaIQVLQKILILMTIXW\M[\ILKI]\MTIZOMVuZQKI"MTR]Mb
KWUXZWUM\QLWKWVTIQLMILM]VI\]\MTIR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITMNMK\Q^ILMJMKWV\IZKWVTW[UMLQW[M
QV[\Z]UMV\W[VMKM[IZQW[XIZIKWZZMOQZaXZM^MVQZTW[ZQM[OW[Y]MKWVTTM^ITIVI\]ZITLMUWZI
del proceso.
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LM\MZUQVI" I Y]M TI[ UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ X]MLMV ILWX\IZ[M MV K]ITY]QMZ XZWKM[W QVKT]QLW
MT IZJQ\ZIT QVKT][W KWUW LQTQOMVKQI XZMTQUQVIZ a J Y]M puede adoptarse cualquier
medida Y]M [MI QL~VMI a VMKM[IZQI XIZI I[MO]ZIZ TI MNMK\Q^QLIL LM TI XZW\MKKQ~V
R]ZQ[LQKKQWVITZMKTIUILIXWZ^yIXZQVKQXIT-[\WT\QUW[QOVQÅKIY]MTI[UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[
VW[MTQUQ\IVITI[XZM^Q[\I[M`XZM[IUMV\MMVTITMaTWY]MIXWZ\I]VIILMK]ILIÆM`QJQTQLIL
IT[Q[\MUIXW[QJQTQ\IVLW[]ILIX\IKQ~VITI[M`QOMVKQI[LMTKI[WKWVKZM\W
-T KQ\ILW IZ\yK]TW ZMÅMZM I TI “universalidad de la aplicación” de las medidas
KI]\MTIZM[ a LQ[XWVM Y]M ¹MV K]ITY]QMZ XZWKM[W KQ^QT W UMZKIV\QT MT LMUIVLIV\M XWLZn
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para asegurar la efectividad y el cumplimiento de la eventual sentencia estimatoria.”
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TI[UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[ºa¹5MLQLI[+I]\MTIZM[MVXZWKM[W[IZJQ\ZITM[aM`\ZIVRMZW[º
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ILWX\IZ MV K]ITY]QMZ M[\ILW LMT XZWKM[W a \IUJQuV KWUW LQTQOMVKQI XZMTQUQVIZ I TI
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XZWKM[W[IZJQ\ZITM[WR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITM[\ZIUQ\ILW[MVMTM`\ZIVRMZWIZ\
463
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
-V K]IV\W IT KI\nTWOW LM UMLQLI[ KI]\MTIZM[ [M M[\IJTMKM MV MT IZ\yK]TW ]VI
MV]UMZIKQ~V LM TI[ UMLQLI[ Y]M X]MLMV [WTQKQ\IZ[M XMZW I KWV\QV]IKQ~V MT IZ\yK]TW
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TIMNMK\Q^QLILLMTIXZW\MKKQ~VR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITY]MX]LQMZMW\WZOIZ[MMVTI[MV\MVKQI
M[\QUI\WZQI I[y KWUW TI LM IY]MTTI[ Y]M M[\uV M`XZM[IUMV\M XZM^Q[\I[ XWZ TI[ TMaM[ XIZI TI
salvaguarda de ciertos derechos.”
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cuando la parte interesada lo solicite y resulte indispensable para la protección de su derecho
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a M[M KI\nTWOW QVKT]aM TI[ [QO]QMV\M[ UMLQLI[" MT MUJIZOW XZM^MV\Q^W TI QV\MZ^MVKQ~V W
ILUQVQ[\ZIKQ~V R]LQKQIT MT [MK]M[\ZW LM JQMVM[ U]MJTM[ TI NWZUIKQ~V LM QV^MV\IZQW TI
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MT LMX~[Q\W LM WJZI[ ] WJRM\W[ XZWL]KQLW[ KWV QVNZIKKQ~V I TI[ VWZUI[ [WJZM XZWXQMLIL
intelectual e industrial.
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TW[ Y]M [M I[QMV\I M[ MT LQ[XW[Q\Q^W KWV[IOZILW M`XZM[IUMV\M XIZI MT nUJQ\W KI]\MTIZ MV MT
IZ\KWVNWZUMITK]ITTI[UMLQLI[KI]\MTIZM[[~TWX]MLMVILWX\IZ[MIQV[\IVKQILMXIZ\M
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TI[XMLQLI[ZM[]T\MVUMVW[WVMZW[I[XIZIMTLMUIVLILWIZ\#LMUWLWY]MMVVQVOV
KI[W XWLZyI ILWX\IZ MT R]Mb ]VI UMLQLI KI]\MTIZ Un[ WVMZW[I XIZI MT LMUIVLILW Y]M TI
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464
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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demostrar la improcedencia de la medida adoptada.
467
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
Pero no alcanza con invocar la duración o demora del proceso como fundamento para la
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471
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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sea sensiblemente inferior al de la parte contraria.
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con el de la contraparte.
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constituir caución.
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posibilidad de resarcimiento de los daños causados por la medida.
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Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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de caución en estos procesos. La regulación de la medida de embargo se encuentra en los
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493
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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dentro del plazo legal.
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citar a audiencia de prueba a petición de una de las partes cuando fuera necesario el
diligenciamiento de prueba.
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o promesa de no pedir; transacción.
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494
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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a la denuncia de los defectos procesales y reservar los restantes motivos de oposición para
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esos defectos.
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luego de un plazo suplementario de dos días para ampliar su oposición por los motivos
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por motivos de fondo.
495
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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demandado contra el actor.
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496
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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admisibilidad en estos procesos.
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497
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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defectos procesales alegados por el demandado.
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regulatorio general del recurso de apelación.
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al demandante una razonable oportunidad de pronunciarse sobre esa defensa y aportar
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por el demandante.
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a la documentación aportada.
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498
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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planteada.
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desarticular la oposición de su contraparte.
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sobre la oposición.
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demandante.
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Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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nuevamente a las partes a audiencia.
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comentar las reglas del proceso común y del proceso abreviado.
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3.1.4.6 La sentencia.
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previo a dictar la sentencia.
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Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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de la demanda.
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en los cuales se suprime dicha etapa; pues una vez admitida la demanda se convoca a la
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posesoria. El plazo para presentar el escrito de contestación u oposición a la demanda es de
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seguir en el desarrollo del procedimiento posesorio de la manera siguiente:
507
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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posesorio.
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intervención del demandado.
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Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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la remisión al tema.
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Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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reducido a las pretensiones basadas en el arrendamiento para vivienda. Esta reducción es
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a los arrendamientos y subarrendamientos de inmuebles.
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sobre la terminación del contrato de arrendamiento de vivienda se deba a la falta de pago
511
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
Santiago Garderes
3.4.1 Introducción
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prueba testimonial en etapa preliminar o preparatoria. El procedimiento presenta las siguientes características:
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517
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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de acciones de condena.”
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Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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en el mismo proceso.
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instancia de menor cuantía.
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siguientes.
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verosímil el hecho litigioso”.
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electrónico.”
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acreditan relaciones entre acreedor y deudor.
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Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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cuantía.
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C.P.C.M. El rechazo de la solicitud no priva al acreedor de perseguir el cobro de la deuda
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Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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en el nuevo Código:
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efectos.
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a los actos pendientes.
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cosa ha sido la acordada.
Sin embargo y lanzado contra su voluntad al avatar de un recurso por voluntad de la parte
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539
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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Damocles de una futura nueva demanda sobre el mismo tema. La ley atiende al derecho
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de intereses.
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540
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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entenderse siempre nula de pleno Derecho.
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de los referidos derechos”.
541
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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condena de las costas causadas a la parte impugnada hasta ese tramo del procedimiento
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pleito.
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segundo caso el recurso o la revisión seguiría su curso para resolver la impugnación
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Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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de la resolución impugnada.
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condenadas en ella. Las partes no pueden transarse respecto de las pretensiones
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pretensiones deducidas por las partes en sus escritos de alegaciones dentro del procedimiento
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543
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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por esa resolución.
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545
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el fondo.
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derecho según les convenga”.
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546
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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pedido aclaración sobre ella o en su caso complemento por omisión de pronunciamiento;
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547
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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cuestiones de tramitación o incidentales dentro del procedimiento y por tanto no afecta a
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en los mismos argumentos ya sostenidos en la resolución de la apelación”.
548
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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naturaleza y alcance de la resolución atacable.
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549
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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4.7.3 Procedimiento:
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550
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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551
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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de Segunda Instancia.
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Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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una demanda! 8WZ M`KMXKQ~V MT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW XMZUQ\M [~TW ZMK]Z[W LM
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LMUIVLI I]\W Y]M I]VY]M XWZ [] VI\]ZITMbI LM^QMVM I XZQWZQ ]VI ZM[WT]KQ~V
LMÅVQ\Q^IMVTIXZnK\QKIZM[]T\INnKQTUMV\M[]J[IVIJTMaMVMTXMWZLMTW[KI[W[VW
QUXQLMY]MX]MLIXZM[MV\IZ[MW\ZIa posteriori[QVTW[MZZWZM[Y]MKWVL]RMZWVIIY]MTTI
inadmisibilidad.
J 1UXQLMV TI KWV\QV]IKQ~V LM ]V XZWKM[W aI QVQKQILW XWZ LMKZM\IZ MT IZKPQ^W LM TI[
IK\]IKQWVM[ XWZ UW\Q^W[ XZWKM[ITM[ LM WÅKQW W MV M[\QUIKQ~V LM ]VI M`KMXKQ~V
opuesta por el demandado321;
K 8WVMVÅVI]VLM\MZUQVILWXZWKMLQUQMV\WQVKQLMV\IT322.
! 8ZM^u[MVLW[ZMK]Z[W[LMIXMTIKQ~VNZMV\MITIQVILUQ[Q~VLMLMUIVLILM]VXZWKM[WLMKTIZI\Q^WMVOMVMZIT
MT IZ\ # XWZ TI QVILUQ[Q~V LM TI LMT R]QKQW MRMK]\Q^W MT IZ\ # XWZ TI QVILUQ[Q~V LM LMUIVLI LM R]QKQW
UWVQ\WZQW MT IZ\ !# XWZ QVILUQ[Q~V LM LMUIVLI MRMK]\Q^I MT IZ\ # a XWZ QVILUQ[Q~V LM LMUIVLI LM
MRMK]KQ~VXZW^Q[QWVITMTIZ\!\WLW[LMT+8+5
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XZM[]X]M[\W[XZWKM[ITM[WITIIXIZQKQ~VLMITOV~JQKMQUXMLQ\Q^WLM]VILMKQ[Q~VLMNWVLWMVTIQVILUQ[QJQTQLIL
LMT TWY]M[MIKPIKIITILMUIVLI[WVLMNMK\W[NWZUITM[XMZWILMUn[XMZNMK\IUMV\M[]J[IVIJTM[ZMLIKKQ~V
W[K]ZIQVMV\MVLQJTM[QVO]IZLIZ]VIUyVQUIM[\Z]K\]ZI[QVNWZU]TIZXM\QKQ~VLM\]\MTIKWVKZM\IM\KY]MMT
[]RM\WJQMVXWZY]MVWMV\QMVLMTWY]M[MTMPIIXMZKQJQLWY]MKWZZQRIaTWPIKMUITJQMVXWZY]MVWY]QMZMJQMV
XWZY]MLMRIXI[IZMTXTIbWLMTW[LyI[Y]M[MTMW\WZOIVW[]J[IVImotu proprio. ,ILWY]MVWX]MLMPIKMZTWMT
~ZOIVWR]LQKQITMV[][][\Q\]KQ~VXWZY]MM[\IUW[IV\M]VIR]ZQ[LQKKQ~VZWOILIITILMUIVLIVWX]MLMLnZ[MTM
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MTTWI[yMV\QMVLMMTTMOQ[TILWZY]MVW[MR][\QÅKIIJZQZ]VLMJI\MILWJTMQV[\IVKQIXIZILQ[K]\QZ[WJZM]VIK]M[\Q~V
Y]MVWM[M[MVKQITVQQZZM^MZ[QJTMaY]MMVMTXMWZLMTW[KI[W[QV[Q[\QUW[[MIZZMOTIde facto presentando una
V]M^ILMUIVLIaIKWZZMOQLI8WZ[QIKI[WVWWJ[\IV\M[y[MXMZUQ\MMTZMK]Z[WLMZM^WKI\WZQIaY]MMT2]MbI[y
ZMKWV[QLMZM[QMT[]X]M[\WLMNMK\WY]MXIZMKMPIJMZIXZMKQILWZM[XWVLMMVZMITQLILI]VIUITIXMZKMXKQ~V[]aI
LMTWY]MTMMaVWI]VLMNMK\WKQMZ\W
321 4I[IXMTIKQWVM[KWV\ZITI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[LMTW[IZ\[LMKTIZIKQ~VLMNIT\ILMKWUXM\MVKQIWJRM\Q^IaN]VKQWVIT#
LMKTIZIKQ~V LM NIT\I LM KWUXM\MVKQI \MZZQ\WZQIT# ÅVITQbIKQ~V XWZ QUXZWXWVQJQTQLIL [WJZM^MVQLI LM
TI LMUIVLI W TI ZMKWV^MVKQ~V ·LM TI XZM\MV[Q~V MRMZKQ\ILI# a M[\QUIVLW ]V QVKQLMV\M Y]M XWVM ÅV IT
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322 )Z\+8+5MVK]IV\WITIIXMTIKQ~VKWV\ZIMTI]\WZM[WT]\WZQWMV[MV\QLWXW[Q\Q^WWVMOI\Q^WLMUMLQLI[
cautelares.
323 )[yTIIXMTIKQ~VLMTIZ\ +8+5MVK]IV\WITIZM[WT]KQ~VY]MLMVQMOITIXM\QKQ~VXIZIXMZ[WVIZ[MKWUW
coadyuvante
553
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
5HVROXFLRQHVQRGHÀQLWLYDV
-V K]IV\W I TI IXMTIKQ~V LM ZM[WT]KQWVM[ VW LMÅVQ\Q^I[ KWUW LMKyIUW[ PI LM [MZ TI TMa
TI Y]M KWV\MUXTM XIZI MTTI[ KI[]y[\QKIUMV\M MT LMZMKPW I IXMTIZ <QMVMV IY]MT KIZnK\MZ
IY]MTTI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[KI[Q[QMUXZMLMKWV\MVQLWXZWKM[ITI\ZI^u[LMTI[K]ITM["
I ;M XZW^MM [WJZM [WTQKQ\]LM[ NWZU]TILI[ XWZ TI[ XIZ\M[" [M IXMTI MV\WVKM[ K]IVLW
[MLMVQMOITW[WTQKQ\ILW#WJQMV
J ;M XZW^MM I [WTQKQ\]LM[ LM WXW[QKQ~V NZMV\M I TW aI KWVKMLQLW I TI KWV\ZIZQI
IXMTIVLWTIXIZ\MXMZR]LQKILIZM[XMK\WLMTWZM[]MT\WMV\ITM[WXW[QKQWVM[326;
K ;M XZW^MM MV ÅV [WJZM TI KWV\QV]IKQ~V W [][XMV[Q~V327 del proceso pero sin
XZM\MVLMZ[M[]ÅVITQbIKQ~V·TWY]MMV\WVKM[TI[PIZyILMÅVQ\Q^I[
,M VW M[\IJTMKMZ[M VILI TI ZM[WT]KQ~V ILUQ\QZn VQKIUMV\M ZM^WKI\WZQI W VQ [QY]QMZI M[\I
T\QUI[QTWXZWPyJMTITMaXWZKWV^MZ\QZTIMVQZZMK]ZZQJTM
.QVITUMV\M UMVKQ~V IXIZ\M UMZMKM MT []X]M[\W LMT IZ\ LMT +~LQOW MT K]IT M[\IJTMKM
Y]M ¹MT IK]MZLW LM KWVKQTQIKQ~V XWLZn [MZ IXMTILW XWZ TI[ XIZ\M[ a XWZ Y]QMVM[ X]LQMZIV
[]NZQZ XMZR]QKQW XWZ IY]uT IV\M MT 2]bOILW KWUXM\MV\M XIZI KWVWKMZ LMT I[]V\W WJRM\W LM
TI KWVKQTQIKQ~V XWZ TI[ KI][I[ Y]M QV^ITQLIV TW[ KWV\ZI\W[º 4I M[XMKQITQLIL I TI Y]M VW[
referimos proviene de dos aspectos:
I -V TW WZOnVQKW XWZY]M M[\M XZMKMX\W M[\IJTMKM XWZ M`KMXKQ~V TI KWUXM\MVKQI
N]VKQWVITINI^WZLMTW[2]bOILW[LM8ZQUMZI1V[\IVKQILMT\MZZQ\WZQWXIZIKWVWKMZa
ZM[WT^MZTI[¹IXMTIKQWVM[ºY]M[MXZWU]M^IVKWV\ZIMTI]\WY]MLQK\MMT2]bOILWLM
Paz aprobando una conciliación. La Ley habla de apelación y a ello ha de estarse;
no es un error.
J -V MT I[XMK\W UI\MZQIT XTIV\MI \IUJQuV ]VI M[XMKQITQLIL M[\M XMK]TQIZ ZMK]Z[W
XWZY]M [MOV [M IVW\I MV MT KQ\ILW IZ\ TW Y]M [M X]MLM K]M[\QWVIZ IY]y MV
XZQVKQXQW VW M[ TI QVNZIKKQ~V LM VWZUI[ XZWKM[ITM[ VQ [][\IV\Q^I[ MTTW IT LIZ XWZ
[MV\ILW MV M[\W[ KI[W[ TI TMa Y]M MT 2]bOILW LM 8Ib VW PI ZM[]MT\W KWV\ZW^MZ[QI
ITO]VI [QVW [QUXTMUMV\M PI ^MZQÅKILW TI ^ITQLMb LMT IK\W a TI KIXIKQLIL LM TW[
+IZMKMVLMM[\MKWV\MVQLWXWZMRMUXTWTI[Y]MZM[]MT^MVK]M[\QWVM[QVKQLMV\ITM[UI\MZQITM[M`IZ\a[[
CPCM.
>MZIXMTIKQ~VKWV\ZITIZM[WT]KQ~VLMTIZ\LMVMOIKQ~VLMLQTQOMVKQI[XZMTQUQVIZM[
326 )TMNMK\WTIIXMTIKQ~VKWV\ZITW[I]\W[LMTW[IZ\[ M[\QUIKQ~VLMTQVKQLMV\MQV[\ILWKWV\ZITILMKTIZIKQ~V
LM KIL]KQLIL LM TI QV[\IVKQI LMRIVLW [QV MNMK\W u[\I# LMVMOIKQ~V LM WXW[QKQ~V IT I]\W LM LQTQOMVKQI[
XZMTQUQVIZM[aIIKWZLILI[V]TQLILLMIK\W[MRMK]\Q^W[Y]MKWV\ZIZyIVMT\y\]TW# LM[M[\QUIVLWWXW[QKQ~V
ITIMRMK]KQ~V+8+5
327 >MZ IZ\[ ! [][XMV[Q~V LM TI KI][I XWZ XZMR]LQKQITQLIL XMVIT [][XMV[Q~V XWZ XZMR]LQKQITQLIL KQ^QT W
UMZKIV\QT
554
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
[]RM\W[ XIZI WJTQOIZ[M ,M ITTy Y]M TW Y]M X]MLM QUX]OVIZ[M [MZyI [Q KWVK]ZZM
ITO]VILM¹TI[KI][I[Y]MQV^ITQLIVTW[KWV\ZI\W[ºM[LMKQZY]MX]MLIIKZMLQ\IZ[M
Y]Mu[\MKIZMKyIXWZMRMUXTWLMKI][ITyKQ\IWY]MITO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[ILWTMKyILM
falta de capacidad o de un vicio de la voluntad al momento de comprometerse ante
su contrario.
,QKPW M[\W [QV MUJIZOW VW[ XIZMKM T~OQKW Y]M MT ZMK]Z[W LM IXMTIKQ~V \IUJQuV X]MLI
XZWKMLMZXWZQVNZIKKQ~V\IUJQuVLMITO]VILMTI[VWZUI[XZWKM[ITM[Y]MIZ\QK]TIMTXZWXQW
+~LQOW XIZI MT IK\W LM KWVKQTQIKQ~V [Q TI[ UQ[UI[ N]MZIV KWVK]TKILI[ W LM IY]MTTI[ Y]M
X]MLIV QUX]\IZ[M I ]V UIT Y]MPIKMZ R]ZQ[LQKKQWVIT" XWZ MRMUXTW TI Y]QMJZI LMT LMJMZ LM
QUXIZKQITQLILLMTR]Mb[Qu[\M[MU]M[\ZIXIZ\QLIZQWLMITO]VILMTI[XIZ\M[WM^QLMVKQI]V
QV\MZu[XIZ\QK]TIZMVTI[WT]KQ~VLMTKWVÆQK\W
4.8.2 Objeto:
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TI[XIZKMTI[LMTIIK\]IKQ~VR]ZQ[LQKKQWVITY]M[]JaIKMVITIMUQ[Q~VLMTIZM[WT]KQ~VR]LQKQIT
impugnada. Ello comprende:
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XIZI TI ILUQ[Q~V I \ZnUQ\M a ZMITQbIKQ~V LM TW[ XZM[]X]M[\W[ LMT XZWKM[W a LM TW[ IK\W[ LMT
XZWKMLQUQMV\W" \IV\W [Q LQKPI[ QVNZIKKQWVM[ ILY]QMZMV ZMTQM^M KWV[\Q\]KQWVIT ·XWZ ^]TVMZIZ
OIZIV\yI[ ZMKWVWKQLI[ XWZ TI +WV[\Q\]KQ~V a TI R]ZQ[XZ]LMVKQI LM TI +WZ\M MV [][ ;ITI[
+WV[\Q\]KQWVITa+Q^QTKWUW[QVQKIUMV\MIKIZZMIV]VMZZWZLMTMOITQLILWZLQVIZQI
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UMLQW[LMXZ]MJIIZ\£#ITIXZ]MJIILUQ\QLIXMZWVWXZIK\QKILIIZ\IXIZ\ILW
£#aITIXZ]MJIV]M^IIZ\TI[K]ITM[X]MLMVLIZT]OIZI]VIIK\Q^QLILXZWJI\WZQIMV
TI[MO]VLIQV[\IVKQIKWUW^MZMUW[T]MOW
;WV \IUJQuV XZWKM[ITM[ TI[ QVNZIKKQWVM[ KWUM\QLI[ MV TI [MV\MVKQI MV\MVLQLI u[\I KWUW
IK\W XZWKM[IT QVNZIKKQWVM[ Y]M X]MLM \ZIL]KQZ[M MV QVKWVOZ]MVKQI ·MV ITO]VI[ LM [][
UWLITQLILM[ MV NIT\I W LMNMK\W LM UW\Q^IKQ~V W MV LMNMK\W[ NWZUITM[ M`QOQLW[ XWZ TI TMa
XIZI[]^ITQLMbQVK]UXTQUQMV\WLMTI[VWZUI[XIZITIIK\]IKQ~VLM~ZOIVW[KWTMOQILW[#NIT\I
LMÅZUILMT2]MbW5IOQ[\ZILWM\K#
+WVKQMZVMaIITR]QKQWLMNWVLWKWV\ZW^MZ\QLWXMZWLM^QMVM\WLI^yI]VXZWJTMUIXZWKM[IT
MTXW[QJTMMZZWZMVTIÅRIKQ~VLMTW[PMKPW[MVITO]VILMTI[K]I\ZW[Q\]IKQWVM[[QO]QMV\M["
J 8WZ][WQVILMK]ILWLMTW[QV[\Z]UMV\W[LMÅRIKQ~VLMPMKPW[IT\MZVI\Q^W[ITIXZ]MJI
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LMTIZ\+8+5"PMKPW[ILUQ\QLW[Y]MOWKMVLMVW\WZQMLILOMVMZITM\K
555
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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N]VLIUMV\ITM[ ·IZ\ QVKQ[W [MO]VLW +8+5 W XWZ QVNZQVOQZ TI[ ZMOTI[ TMOITM[
XIZITIIXWZ\IKQ~VWXZnK\QKIMVR]QKQWLMTUMLQWLMY]M[M\ZI\M#a
L 4W[ MZZWZM[ MV TI ^ITWZIKQ~V LM TW[ UMLQW[ LM XZ]MJI TyKQ\W[ \IV\W MV TW[ M[KI[W[
[]X]M[\W[ LWVLM X]MLM PIJTIZ[M LM ZMOTI[ TMOITM[ LM ^ITWZIKQ~V IZ\[ XnZZINW
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KWV\ZIZQW[ITI[IVIKZy\QKI
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MV IXMTIKQ~V TW[ MZZWZM[ MV TI [MTMKKQ~V QV\MZXZM\IKQ~V a IXTQKIKQ~V LM TI[ VWZUI[
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correspondientes.
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K]M[\QWVM[VWM[UMVW[KQMZ\WY]MMTZMK]Z[W[MPITTITQUQ\ILWMV[]XTMVQ\]LLM[LMK]I\ZW
XIZnUM\ZW[ LQ[\QV\W[ \WLW[ MTTW[ QO]ITUMV\M ^QVK]TIV\M[ a I TW[ Y]M PI LM I\MVLMZ[M I TI
hora de interponer cada recurso en concreto:
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QUX]OVILI"MVMNMK\W\WLI[IY]MTTI[ZM[WT]KQWVM[Y]MP]JQMZMV\ZI\ILWXZWJTMUI[LMyVLWTM
M`KT][Q^IUMV\M XZWKM[IT QVILUQ[Q~V I \ZnUQ\M LM TI LMUIVLI IZKPQ^W LM TI[ IK\]IKQWVM[
XWZ M`KMXKQ~V XZWKM[IT QVILUQ[Q~V LM XZ]MJI Y]MLIZn KWV\ZIyLW I M[\M VQKW nUJQ\W
LM UIVMZI Y]M MT ZMK]Z[W XMZUQ\QZn \ZI\IZ [y LM TI ITMOILI ÅRIKQ~V QVKWZZMK\I \IV\W LM
TW[ PMKPW[ Y]M LMJyIV \WUIZ[M MV KWV[QLMZIKQ~V XIZI ZM[WT^MZ \IT XZWJTMUI XZWKM[IT M[\W
M[ TW[ PMKPW[ I TW[ Y]M IT]LM TI VWZUI ZMO]TILWZI LM M[M IK\W KWUW LM TW[ MZZWZM[ MV TI
[MTMKKQ~V QV\MZXZM\IKQ~V a IXTQKIKQ~V LM M[I VWZUI XZWKM[IT 8MZW VILI Un[ 8WZ \IV\W VW
[M M`\QMVLM IT MVR]QKQIUQMV\W LM NWVLW LM TI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ LML]KQLI[ MV MT XZWKM[W ,M[LM
M[I XMZ[XMK\Q^I XWLZn PIJTIZ[M MV M[\W[ KI[W[ LM IXMTIKQ~V XMZW VW LM ]VI ¹[MO]VLI
QV[\IVKQIº\uZUQVWu[\MZM[MZ^ILWMVXZWXQMLILITW[ZMK]Z[W[MVY]M[MXQLMMTZMM`IUMV
de la decisión sobre el fondo.
-V [MO]VLW T]OIZ a KWV KIZnK\MZ OMVMZIT MV [MLM LM IXMTIKQ~V VW X]MLMV XTIV\MIZ[M
XZM\MV[QWVM[QUX]OVI\WZQI[Y]M[]XWVOIVUWLQÅKIZMTWJRM\WTQ\QOQW[W\ZI\ILWMVTIXZQUMZI
QV[\IVKQI M[ LMKQZ TW Y]M KWV[\Q\]a~ MT thema decidendi MV MT XZWKM[W LMT Y]M \ZIM KI][I TI
ZM[WT]KQ~VZMK]ZZQLI petitumaKI][ILMXMLQZ-[\IXZWPQJQKQ~VI\QMVLMXWZ]VTILWIT\y\]TW
R]ZyLQKWMVY]M[MN]VLITIZM[XMK\Q^IXZM\MV[Q~VLMXIZ\MMTK]ITVWX]MLM[][\Q\]QZ[MXWZW\ZW
AI\QMVLMXWZW\ZWTILWa[WJZM\WLWITW[hechos relevantesLMTKI[WMVMT[MV\QLWLMY]M\IV\W
TW[ ZMTI\W[ NnK\QKW[ LMUIVLI a KWV\M[\IKQ~V Y]M LMTQUQ\IV a LMÅVMV TI ZMTIKQ~V UI\MZQIT
KWV\ZW^MZ\QLIKWUWMTIZ[MVITXZWJI\WZQWLQZQOQLWITIÅRIKQ~VLMTW[PMKPW[KWUWKQMZ\W[
ha de coincidir con el vertido en la primera instancia y tenido en cuenta por la resolución
impugnada. No puede alterarse ese factumMVIXMTIKQ~VXWZ\IV\WUMLQIV\MLI\W[V]M^W[W
556
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
LM[KWVWKQLW[XQLQMVLWIT\ZQJ]VITKWUXM\MV\MY]MIV]TMTI[MV\MVKQILMTQVNMZQWZMVR]QKQIVLW
XIZIMTTW]VW[PMKPW[LQ^MZ[W[IIY]MTTW[Y]MKWVÅO]ZIZWVMTWJRM\WTQ\QOQW[WLMTIXZQUMZI
instancia.
-[\ITQUQ\IKQ~VOMVMZITMVTIY]MXZQUIKWUWM[NnKQTLM^MZMT^ITWZLMTI[MO]ZQLILR]ZyLQKI
XWZ MVKQUI LMT XZQVKQXQW LM J[Y]MLI LM TI ^MZLIL UI\MZQIT LM PIJMZ [QLW I TI QV^MZ[I
[M P]JQMZI KWV[IOZILW ]VI R][\QKQI LM XZQUMZI QV[\IVKQI XZW^Q[WZQI KWVLQKQWVILI XWZ TI
posibilidad de alterar sin trabas el factumMVIXMTIKQ~VM[\nVWWJ[\IV\M[]RM\IIM`KMXKQWVM[
motivadas por la imposibilidad material de las partes de alegar o probar determinados hechos
MV MT UWUMV\W XZWKM[IT WXWZ\]VW a MT LMZMKPW I PIKMZTW LM[X]u[ ) M[I[ M`KMXKQWVM[ VW[
ZMNMZQZMUW[Un[ILMTIV\MMVMT[QO]QMV\MMXyOZINMLMM[\M<y\]TW
-V \MZKMZ T]OIZ VQ [QY]QMZI TI IXMTIKQ~V X]MLM KWVKMJQZ[M KWUW ]V V]M^W QV\MV\W XIZI
LQ[K]\QZ [WJZM TI[ UQ[UI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ QVQKQITM[ ·LMUIVLI a KWV\M[\IKQ~V LM TI[ XIZ\M[
PIKQMVLW XIZI MTTW \IJTI ZI[I LM TW MVR]QKQILW a ZM[]MT\W XWZ TI [MV\MVKQI LMT 2]bOILW 6W
IT UMVW[ LM[LM MT X]V\W LM ^Q[\I Y]M IY]y [M KWV\MUXTI M[ LMKQZ MT LM TI IK\Q^QLIL LM
IXMTIV\MaIXMTILW7\ZIKW[I[MZnVTW[MNMK\W[QVPMZMV\M[I]VIM[\QUIKQ~VLMTZMK]Z[W
-VMNMK\W"MTWJRM\WLMTIIXMTIKQ~VMVZMITQLILLM\WLWZMK]Z[W\IUJQuVLMTIIXMTIKQ~V
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Derecho: revisio prioris instantiae.
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órgano a quoMT\ZQJ]VITLMIXMTIKQ~V[MIKWTWKILWMVTI\M[Q\]ZILMZM[WT^MZLMV]M^W[WJZM
MTUuZQ\WKWV\ZW^MZ\QLW
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LM V]M^W ZM[XMK\W LM TI[ XZM\MV[QWVM[ QVQKQITM[ LM TI[ XIZ\M[ LMUIVLI a KWV\M[\IKQ~V
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desplegados por este último. Pero ello como consecuencia de la previa declaración con lugar
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557
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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planteado su propia apelación.
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de la resolución impugnada diversos a los sometidos a cuestionamiento: tantum devolutum
quantum apellatum ) [IT^W KTIZW u[\I TI NIK]T\IL LMT \ZQJ]VIT LM IXMTIKQ~V XIZI MT KWV\ZWT
MV\WLWUWUMV\WLMTW[XZM[]X]M[\W[LMTZMK]Z[WaMV[]KI[WTIIXZMKQIKQ~VM`WNÅKQW de la
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controversia.
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motivos principales: o bien para subsanar la ausencia de un medio de prueba por alguna de
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prueba realizado por el órgano inferior.
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confundirse entre sí: mientras en la primera de ellas el problema se asienta en el caudal de
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cierto de hechos probados.
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TMOQ[TILWZVWLM[MIUn[LQTIKQWVM[VW[MLM^]MT^MMVM[\W[KI[W[MTM`XMLQMV\MITIQV[\IVKQI
LMXZWKMLMVKQI]VI^MbLM\MK\ILWMTLuÅKQ\WMTM`KM[WLMUMLQW[[QVWY]MMT\ZQJ]VITad quem
558
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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probados.
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Ni el CPCM ni los ordenamientos procesales civiles de nuestro entorno obligan a una nueva
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como luego veremos al referirnos al acto de la vista.
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559
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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últimas a motivos de fuerza mayor. Veamos:
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va a servir para reforzarla o al contrario para debilitarla.
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impugnada. El marco de referencia de la pertinencia y utilidad en este caso de la prueba
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initio;QTIXZ]MJI[MTTM^IIKIJWMV\ZIZMUW[MV\WVKM[MVW\ZW\MZZMVWLQ[\QV\WMTLMTR]QKQW
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de una eventual sentencia revocatoria de la impugnada.
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Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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conectadas con una situación de indefensión. Nos remitimos en cuanto a la condición de
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haber sido diligente instando la reparación de la falta ante el propio órgano de primera
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ley.
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del vicio detectado.
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tribunal ad quem.
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4.8.4.3.1 Finalidades.
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la resolución impugnada y cuestionar los argumentos del recurso.
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estrategias siguientes:
a) Oposición al recurso:
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sentencia.
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4.8.5.2 Efectos:
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a XWZ ZIbWVM[ XMZ[WVITM[ Y]M VW ZM[]T\I XZMKQ[W ITMOIZ VQ R][\QÅKIZ IV\M MT ~ZOIVW ad quem
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de adhesión. Que no estamos hablando de una apelación autónoma y desconectada de
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570
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apelación respecto de los suscitados por el apelante inicial.
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571
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
4.8.6.2 Congruencia:
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se estima o no.
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depara en concreto la declaración con lugar de alguno de los motivos del recurso.
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resulte conforme a Derecho y satisfaga los intereses de la parte apelante.
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Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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derivado de la nulidad y este último no pueda ser concedido. Sin embargo:
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sustentado por el órgano a quo a I [] M[\QUIKQ~V \W\IT [Q ILMUn[ [M UWLQÅKI M[I
relación de hechos probados y con ello el fallo.
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recurso tiene lugar en cuanto se admite la ilicitud de la resolución recurrida merced
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las partes ha de sufrir las consecuencias de esa falta de prueba.
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de doctrina legal. Veamos:
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cómo se ha hecho de ese precepto una interpretación o aplicación errónea.
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materia.
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589
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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ya mencionado de los motivos in iudicando.
590
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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del listado.
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a OIZIV\yI[ Y]M [M IV]LIV I ]V LM\MZUQVILW UWLMTW XZWKM[IT LM IK]MZLW I ]V [Q[\MUI
de alegaciones y de prueba donde dominan en cada caso ciertos principios de actuación
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a un auto de homologación y consiguiente archivo de las actuaciones. La fuerza del principio
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591
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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al resolver sobre este motivo casacional.
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casación.
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dictadas.
B) Emplazamiento incorrecto:
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CPCM.
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593
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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de su sentencia.
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indebidamente no emplazado.
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ha padecido indefensión a título personal.
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I TI NIT\I LM MUXTIbIUQMV\W -T XZMKMX\W PIJTI [~TW LM Y]M TI [MV\MVKQI X]MLI KI[IZ[M I
virtud de esa falta de emplazamiento.
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LMZMKPWLMTW[LMUn[TQ\Q[KWV[WZ\M[PILMV]VKQIZTIQVNZIKKQ~VY]M[MPIKWUM\QLWITIUXIZW
de este motivo de casación formal.
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LML]KQLI[ MV R]QKQW XWZ UW\Q^W[ LM VI\]ZITMbI XZWKM[IT VW QV^ITQLIV KWUW \IT MT XZWKM[W
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alguna de las siguientes circunstancias:
594
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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XZM\MV[QWVM[ZMTI\Q^I[I]VLM\MZUQVILWLMZMKPWW\y\]TWR]ZyLQKW . Pasado ese plazo
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procedimiento paralizado por inactividad de la parte y no reanudado en los plazos
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! )]VY]MKIUJQMTIXW[QKQ~VLMu[\W[LM]VTQ\QOQWIW\ZWVWQUXWZ\IVQ[QPIa[]KM[Q~VXZWKM[IT\IUXWKW
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correspondiente.
595
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
) M[\M IXIZ\ILW LMJMV ZMKWVL]KQZ[M \WLI[ TI[ LMVMOIKQWVM[ IT MRMZKQKQW LMT LMZMKPW I TI
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7\ZW \IV\W KIJM LMKQZ LM M[\I W\ZI ^MZ\QMV\M LM QVLMNMV[Q~V XZWJI\WZQI KI][ILI VW XWZ []
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se entiende un resultado infructuoso de esa solicitud.
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+]IVLWQVOZM[IITW[I]\W[]VIXZ]MJIWJ\MVQLIKWVQVK]UXTQUQMV\WLMK]ITM[Y]QMZILM[][
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PIVZMKWZLILWaY]MLM[KZQJMMTIZ\+8+5Y]MM[MTXZMKMX\WLQZMK\IUMV\MQVNZQVOQLW
MV\ITM[KI[W[MVZMTIKQ~VKWVIY]MTY]MXZM^MITI[ZMOTI[LMXZnK\QKILMTUMLQW[QTITQKQ\]L
deriva de ello.
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596
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
[QVL]LIXMZWM^MV\]ITUMV\M\IUJQuVI]\WY]MVWWT^QLMUW[ZM[]T\IMVWKI[QWVM[\IUJQuV
impugnable en esta sede casacional.
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KWUWITI[VWZUI[I\MVLQJTM[XIZIITKIVbIZ]VILMKQ[Q~V\ZI\nVLW[MLM~ZOIVW[KWTMOQILW[
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QVKWVOZ]MVKQIXWZ"¹PIJMZW\WZOILWMTR]MbUn[LMTWXMLQLWXWZMTIK\WZCQVKWVOZ]MVKQIultra
petitaEUMVW[LMTWZM[Q[\QLWXWZMTLMUIVLILWCQVKWVOZ]MVKQIinfra petitaEWKW[ILQ[\QV\ICM`\ZI
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WUQ[Q^IE)M[MMTMVKWLMJM[]UIZ[MWJ^QIUMV\M\IUJQuVTIQVKWVOZ]MVKQIWUQ[Q^IZMNMZQLI
a uno de los petitum de la demanda o la reconvención.
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WUQ[Q^I"MVM[\IT\QUIMTX]V\WKWV\ZW^MZ\QLWVWPI[QLWMVR]QKQILWaXWZ\IV\WVWPIaUWLW
de reconocer un pronunciamiento positivo o negativo del mismo ni en los fundamentos ni en
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recurso ante este último.
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597
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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de apelaciones,MM[\IUIVMZILIZnT]OIZI]V[MO]VLWZMK]Z[WLMKI[IKQ~VK]aW
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TI[IK\]IKQWVM[LMTIKI[IKQ~VQVLMJQLIUMV\MQVILUQ\QLIXIZIXWLMZKWV\QV]IZ[]
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vulneración del derecho al recurso de la parte.
4.9.6 Procedimiento:
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Y]M ^MyIUW[ XIZI TI IXMTIKQ~V XMZW QVKT][W Un[ [QUXTM X]M[ IY]y VW KIJM XMLQZ Y]M [M
instrumente una fase probatoria: todas las infracciones de prueba cometidas por los órganos
QVNMZQWZM[ LM LMKTIZIZ[M KWV T]OIZ TTM^IZnV I ]VI ZM\ZWIKKQ~V LM TW[ I]\W[ I TI [MO]VLI
QV[\IVKQI ^MZ X]V\W [QO]QMV\M Y]M M[ LWVLM LMJMV []J[IVIZ[M 8WZ \IV\W MT XZWKM[W [M
KWVÅO]ZIMVZMITQLILKWV]VINI[MVQKILMITMOIKQWVM[ITIY]M[MO]QZnT]MOWTILMLMKQ[Q~V
XIZ\QLI[IUJI[XWZ]V\ZnUQ\MLMKWV\ZWTLMTI;ITIad quem sobre la admisión del recurso.
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sentencia de primera instancia y enumera una larga serie de preceptos legales infringidos”.
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con los del recurrente”.
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anulada y el Tribunal de Casación entra a sustituir al órgano de instancia en el
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por las partes.
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Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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sustantivas.
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abarca dos hipótesis concretas:
tribunal a su diligenciamiento”.
606
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apreciación de las pruebas “conforme a las reglas de la sana crítica”. Se
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un tratamiento común a los casos de “admisibilidad y a la valoración de la
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607
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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ius litigatoris de las partes del recurso.
608
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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interpone el recurso y con ese estatus se mantienen hasta la resolución del último recurso
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en algunos de sus preceptos ^MZ IZ\[ KWUM\M TI QUXZWXQMLIL ·QVWK]I XMZW
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609
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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incoación de una nueva demanda en sede declarativa.
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material. Desde luego ello comprende a las recaídas en los procesos regidos por el
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sentencias dictadas en materia de familia a LM relaciones laborales XIZI TI[ K]ITM[ MT
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luego veremos.
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condicionante para la aplicación del motivo:
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puede rehabilitarse ex novo\ZI[TIÅZUMbILMTI[MV\MVKQIXIZIKWV[MV\QZ[]ZM^Q[Q~V
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tratarse tanto de documentos públicos como privados.
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obra de la parte en cuyo favor se hubiese dictado la sentencia”.
611
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
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decisividad para resolver la controversia en cuanto al fondo. Estaríamos ante la
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impugnada. El legislador no ha limitado su cobertura a los documentos “materiales”
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culmina con la declaración penal de falsedad de ese testimonio.
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a la sentencia”.
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pena de prisión de dos a cuatro años”.
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con alguna de las circunstancias siguientes:
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de deducirse la demanda de revisión.
4.10.5 Decisión:
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proceso correspondiente”.
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y la admisión de los restantes”.
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puedan ser discutidas las declaraciones hechas en la sentencia de revisión”.
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siguiente se incluyan las asignaciones o partidas necesarias para el pago de lo ordenado en la
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instancias competentes la ilegalidad de la omisión.”
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proceder según lo dispuesto en el citado artículo.
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de allanarse u oponerse según se considere procedente. Cuando se trata de los municipios o
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la representación de los mismos.
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5. 11 LA EJECUCIÓN PROVISIONAL
Santiago Garderes
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y decisión sobre la oposición. VI. Revocación de la sentencia provisionalmente
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de los actos o contratos celebrados con el dueño aparente de los bienes”.
657
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forzosa de las sentencias.
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al estado anterior.
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tampoco constituye una regla absoluta e inmutable; el legislador puede considerar
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los siguientes:
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protagonismo.
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resolverse los recursos …
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de la inicial intransigencia de las partes a favor de la transacción o pacto entre
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otros argumentos y principios igualmente atendibles y derivados del derecho a la tutela
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y tomando los recaudos necesarios para evitar en lo posible una afectación patrimonial
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recurrida.
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determinada.
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de condena contenidos en sentencias constitutivas o meramente declarativas.
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5.11.5.1 Competencia
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tramitó la primera instancia en el proceso respectivo.
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lo relativo a la condena estimatoria de la demanda.
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instancia.
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o de un pronunciamiento de condena contenido en una sentencia constitutiva o meramente
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el pago o cumplimiento de la sentencia.
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pueden causar una situación imposible de revertir o de compensar económicamente mediante
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resulte procedente.
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LM IZKPQ^IZ TI[ IK\]IKQWVM[ MRMK]\Q^I[ TM^IV\nVLW[M \WLI[ TI[UMLQLI[ ILWX\ILI[ KWV\ZI MT
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5.12.5 Embargo
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mediante el embargo.
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conocimiento.”
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resultante de su eventual realización se destine a la satisfacción del derecho del acreedor. Pero
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tales bienes representan.”
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ss.
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sea embargable.!
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diversos tipos de embargo previstos en el Código. La referencia debe complementarse con
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inembargables los siguientes bienes:
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con independencia del principal.”
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dependen puedan atender a su subsistencia con razonable dignidad.”
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gastos necesarios para su realización.” Elementales razones de economía tornan
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vigentes”.
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mínimo;
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salario mínimo;
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salario mínimo;
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con el consentimiento del afectado.”
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General de la República.”
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5.12.6 Tercerías
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y a la tercería de preferencia de pago.
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conociendo del proceso. La oportunidad para plantearla resulta de lo dispuesto en el artículo
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demanda.”
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declaraciones de voluntad.
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artística en contra de su libre voluntad.”
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emitida la declaración. Si la indeterminación afectase a elementos esenciales del acto
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desconociera el lugar donde estuviere la cosa o no se encontrare la misma.
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constancias previstas en dicha norma.
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una vez vencido dicho plazo.
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puede fundar la conclusión contraria a esa posibilidad.
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proceso abreviado.
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692
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LIBRO SEXTO
DISPOSICIONES FINALES
Oscar Antonio Canales Cisco
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siendo en determinados casos hasta risibles.
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MT LM\MZUQVIZ TI MTMKKQ~V LMT \QXW LM XZWKM[W TI KWUXM\MVKQI R]LQKQIT WJRM\Q^I a MT ZMK]Z[W
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acorde con las necesidades económicas de los tiempos.
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693
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infractor el derecho a la defensa.
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de pagaduría respectiva.
6.3 DEROGATORIAS
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[WJZMTI[M[XITLI[LMTIKWU]VQLILR]ZyLQKIIT^MZ[MMVTIVMKM[QLILLMXWVMZ[WJZMTIUM[I
para cuestionar la vigencia o no de cierta ley procesal.
694
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
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J -V ]VI QVÅVQLIL LM TMaM[ M[XMKQITM[ Y]M KWV\QMVMV VWZUI[ XZWKM[ITM[ Y]M XIZI
aplicar procedimientos aislados para decidir controversias de los derechos y
obligaciones remiten al C.P.C. derogado. Para resolver el inconveniente se dispone
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C.P.C.M.
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el efecto ulterior de la ley procesal.
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MV Y]M [M LQW MT QVK]UXTQUQMV\W Y]M OMVMZ~ MT KWVÆQK\W M[ LMKQZ Y]M TI IXTQKIKQ~V LM TI
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impugnación.
695
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
LIBRO SEPTIMO
ANEXOS
7.1 TABLA DE CONCORDANCIAS
Advertencias
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del Código de Procedimientos Civiles/1882.
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+~LQOW8ZWKM[IT+Q^QTa5MZKIV\QTTW[K]ITM[XW[MMVKWVKWZLIVKQIKWVMT+~LQOWLM
Procedimientos Civiles/1882.
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KIV\QLIL[QOVQÅKI\Q^IY]MIXIZMKMVMVMT+~LQOW8ZWKM[IT+Q^QTa5MZKIV\QTVWXW[MMV
un elemento común en el derogado Código de Procedimientos Civiles/1882.
Disposiciones Disposiciones
Institución CPCM/2010 CPC/1882
Abstención. )Z\ Art. 1182
Acto de conciliación. )Z\ )Z\
Acumulación de procesos. )Z\ )Z\
)LUQ[Q~VLMTILMUIVLIMRMK]\Q^I )Z\ )Z\!
Allanamiento a la demanda. Art. 131 )Z\
Anticipo de prueba. Art. 326 Art. 162
Aportación de los escritos iníciales. Art. 288 )Z\a
Caducidad de la Instancia. Art. 133 )Z\)
Capacidad procesal. )Z\! Art. 16
+IZnK\MZLMTI[VWZUI[[WJZMXZWKMLQUQMV\WILMK]ILW )Z\ )Z\
Carga de la prueba. Art. 321 Art. 237
+MZ\QÅKIKQ~VLMM`XMLQMV\M[ Art. 166 )Z\!
Cese de la representación. Art. 73 )Z\
Clases de resoluciones. Art. 212 )Z\
Comisiones procesales. )Z\ Art. 27
Competencia de grado. )Z\! )Z\!
Competencia de grado cuando sea parte el Estado. )Z\! )Z\!
696
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
697
Consejo Nacional de la Judicatura
698
Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil Comentado
699
Este libro se imprimió
LU;HSSLYLZ.YmÄJVZ<*(
en el mes de julio de 2010
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