Ex. SoLUcionNARIO www. elsoluctonario. Het BE ststorss EER wrcenrscie | rotor ron Encuentra en nuestra pagina los Textos Universitarios que necesitas! Libros y Solucionarios en formato digital El complemento ideal para estar preparados para los exdmenes! Les Solucionarios contienen TODOS los problemas del libro resueltos yexplicados paso a paso de forma clara.. Visitanos para descargarlos GRATIS! Descargas directas mucho més facile: WWW ELSOLUCIONARIO NET Biology Investigacion Operativa mputer Science Matematicas Avanzadas Physics Estadistica Chemistry Geometria “ Math 8 wie Céleulo ronica ircult usiness - Economia Analisis Numérie Civil Engineering Equaciones Diferenciales Electrical Engineering Algebra Electromagnetismoa) Determine the function f(#) whose Fourier transform is shown in figure P-3.1.a. b) Determine the function f(t) whose Fourier transform is shown in figure P-3.1.b, ©) Sketch f(t) and g(t) near t = 0. What effects does the phase has on the symmetry of this waveform? rey ete Te wwe (0) ele) | ——n +2 — @ ® Figure 9: P-3.1.1 Solution: ] The function f(t) can be obtained from F(w) by doing an inverse Fourier transform, S)= FMP) = 5 [™ Fleyeiat (7s) DS) HO=z [rede win, ha » Ho= LP retttemto aie inl tgiet gy = wigs i c) The sketches for the time functions are given in the figures 10, 11. In the first case, the Fourier transform is real and even resulting in a real, even time function. In the second case, the Fourier transform is pure imaginary and odd resulting in a real, odd time function, Problem 3.1.2] Show that if F( a) F( F(t), then Fo)= f- soar (78) By$5 a5 7 Figure 10: The function f(t) = sin(Wt)/t for W = 1, even symmetry. ea ae eee Figure 11: The function f(t) = {1 — cos(W)]/t for W = 1, odd symmetry.Fels f~ elas ) °) @ se (60) L £. Lf f(t + re" drdwdt = 2m F(0). (81) Solution: a) Fo)= [se at = [toecta= [seas (82) b) Using the triangle inequality, |A + B| < ial + [B|, and considering integration as a limit of a summation, it can be shown that: [toma sf re ilae= f- ls@lat. (83) Note that |e~#*] el wF(w)ei*des| < eo Fenian (84) Note that the same inequality used in part b) was used. 4d) Note that, f - Sltt r)e#Tar = &* F(w) (85) then, we have, ee Slt-+ re F" drdudt = i L Flw)e*dedt anf flt)dt = 2nF(0) (86) ‘Problem 3.2.1] a) Find the Fourier transform for of the raised cosine pulse signal defined by: Lteosmt if -11. (93) c) Using Euler's identity, we get directly an expansion of our function in exponential form as 1 int S(O) = 1 + 008 (nt) = 1+ (2 +e) (94) from which it is evident that Fy =1, Fa = Fi =1/2 and Fy =0 for |n| > 1 Problem 3.2.2] a) Find the spectral density of the real-valued function: _f acxp(-at) t>0 #0 -{ bexp(at) t<0 (95) b) Examine your answer to part a) for the special cases 6 = a and 6 = ~a, particularly with respect to the following chart: fF) Fw) even even real odd odd imaginary 27Figure 12: Raised cosine pulse Solution:] a) The Fourier Transform can be written as: 7 Oy ela-dult, oe entation, b +a) + ju(b ~ Fo) ft! vonat + [ ac(otieigt = shiek *) (96) b) From the above expression we obtain the following cases: if a=b Fle) = (97) ifa= These conclusions are consistent with the chart given above, with 6 = a corresponding to the first row and 6 = ~a to the second row. Problem 3.2.3] A pulse signal described by f(t) = exp (—alt))rect(¢/T) is repeated periodically with period T. a) Find the exponential Fourier Series beginning with the Fourier transform of exp (—alt|) and the converting to the series. b) Compare your answer with problem 2.7.1. c) Under what conditions can equation 3.15 (equation 3.15 is as follows: Fy, = 7F(nwo)) be used to obtain the Fourier series coefficients ? [Solution:] a) For one pulse , (from table 3.1) (98) 28Using equation 3.15 2a/T 1 TPC) bene = CREDA (9) b) For T = 2, the result in a) gives: PF) |. (100) But, problem 2.7.1 gives: (101) Relationship (100) is indeed the general term of the Fourier series representation of the periodic function obtained by repeating the function exp(—alt|) while (101) is the general term of the Fourier series representation of the periodic funetion obtained by repeating the funetion f(t) = exp (—alt))rect(t/7) c) For a give function f(t), the formula F, = }F(nu») gives the Fourier coefficients of the periodic signal Df. f(t — KT). ‘These are equal to the Fourier coefficients of f(t) as long as F(t) is zero outside of the time interval 1. In this case, the replica of the original signal, namely F(t— kT), do not have overlap and the resulting periodic signal, namely D~2_,. f(t— kT), is equal to the original signal f(t) over the time interval 7. ‘Problem 3.2.4] The time function f(t) = (1/ov2m)e~t’/?*" (o= constant) is known as the Gaussian function. This function has finite energy and thus is Fourier transformable. Find its Fourier transform. In carrying out your solution it will be helpful to combine exponents, complete the square in the exponent, and then use the finite integral (&, edu = /#. Note that f(t) and F(w) have the same mathematical form; ie., the Gaussian function is its own Fourier transform. Solution: Fw) = Z [Ccesmactertainea, (19 Let u= (t+ jo%w)/V%; then, Fw) = ee"! Sore eee 103) Problem 5.4.2] Show that a more general statement of Parseval’s theorem for for energy signals than Eq. (3.21) is [sor oe= z/ © FW)G"(w)ao. (104) 29Solution: fs Allowing an interchange in the order of integration, this becomes: £ F()g" (Hae = alt. Fuerte) [ He ddadt. Using Eq. (3.25) [sor of the main text, this becomes: i)dt = tf Lt F(w)G"(2)8(w — 2)dedu = £ F(w)G"(w)dwo. Problem 3.4.3 Evaluate the following definite integrals using Parseval’s theorem: a) [isn 2/z)Pde, b) [ene +2), ) [7 aejtat +2 |Solution:| We know that, a) rect(t/2) <=> 28a(w) then, [rea x [Pin wold resulting in, oe [ [sin w/us]Pdo = b) ol) 55 = |_t “(esd = n/a, a Clee da = 2% [ (eat = x/a, a> 0. °) etl 24 e+e 1? (_2@ \? Qn paiva — AT 4a? /” (sea) dom te fe "Pade = a 30 woortode= [~ [2 [~ reyeas] [E [oc we*e] at. (105) (106) (107) (108) (109) (110) (11) (12) (113) (14) Use the result of problem 3.4.2 to evaluate the following integrals, for a > 0,6 > 0:oe dz 9 eae Sa(be) ‘b) L. 4a?” Solution: a) eval gy eas (118) a de 1 al ae, f-(ossie 7 f Brae aan fo pat ge a= 5 [eam ay (8) b) rect(t/7) = Sa(ur/2) (17) © Sa(bw) 7 * [~ SO y= an f aut (35 3) ae lat = 7 =50-e%). (8) Problem 3.5.1] Use Eq. (3.25) and an interchange in the order of integration to show that: ) FFU = 10. b) FEF} = £9 Solution: 3) Furion= z [ [fo seve *ar] ode us) FUFUOH = z f tte) [dude = i H(r)5(t—7)dr = F(t). (120) ») Feros [~ [fo nme rar] man = J sey [feral ar, 20) FFU} = f. © Flayblet rar = 1-9) (122) [Problem 3.6.1) a) Find F(w) for the f(t) shown in Fig. P-3.6.1 (a), (b). b) Sketch |F()| for r < T for both cases, and compare Solution: Fw) = Are" Sa(wr/2), (123) = Arel*?Sa(wr/2) + Are? Sa(wr/2) = 2A cos (wT) Sa(wr /2) (124) = = q 31At) Alt) a 7 T © T Figure 13: P-3.6.1 b) Graphs for |F,(w)| and |Fs(w)| are shown if Figures (14) and (15), respectively. Figure 14: The function ASa(wr/2) for A= 1, 7 =1. Prob Use the modulation property to find the function f(t) whose Fourier transform is shown in Fig. P.3.6.2 for the conditions: a) B= A; b) B=-A Solution: a) For A= B, we have, 32¢ lly | od ‘y ifs Wyn ) Figure 15: The function 2A cos(wP)Sa(wr/2) for A=1,7=1,T = 2. Fw) Figure 16: P-3.6.2 F(w) = 2Arectw/2W] + A rect{(w ~ wp) /2W] + A rect{(w + w)/2W) Using Table 3.1 and the modulation property of the Fourier transform, fe) = 2a saw) + AW so'sawi) + AZo imtsacwe) = oat +cos wot}Sa(W1). b) Similarly, for A = —B, we have, F(w) = 2A rect[w/2W] — Arect{(w — wo)/2W] — A rect{(w + wo) /2W] and f(t) = 2a sawe) 7 Al sa'sawe) - A eiatsa(wi) 5 oat cos wt}Sa(W) 33, (125) (126) (127) (128) (129) (130)Problem 3.6.4 If f(t) ++ F(w), determine the Fourier transform of a) F2-0), b) #I(t/2) - 1, ©) f(t) cos (t= 1), 4 a) GlFen)- [Solution: a) Assuming € = 2~ t, we obtain, £ f(2— teat = f S(Qe 2 de = eH Fw), b) Assuming € = (¢/2) ~ 1, we obtain, [itera — eae = a 7 eae = DoH? (20), c) Substituting, cos(nt ~ x) = [eit + e-Jlnt-")]/2, we obtain, yom £ SQM Mat Fe [i soeseriat = — 5lFlw—n) + Fw mh Note that e* = e#* = =1. d) We have, fe) =f” P@eag fea) = | P@eag tien) = [Ger @eas rr Sipen)= [~ iwP(w/ryehaa/2 This results in, Sat) = (iw/2)Flw/2) Problem 3.6.5] (131) (132) (133) (134) (135) (136) Find the Fourier transform of the pulse waveform f(t) shown in Fig. P-8.6.5 by differentiating to obtain impulse functions, then writing the transform using the delay and integration properties. [Hint: Consider use of superposition. ] 34Figure 17: P-3.6.5 Solution: Taking two derivatives of f(t), we obtain f"(t) = (—A/r)é(t +r) + (A/r)4(t — 7) + 246'(2). Therefore, we can write, so ff’ cama +n + (are —miacas +f" aaseae sr which has a Fourier transform —A/r)eit + (Alt) eH" (jw)? (138) ‘Two functions of time, f(t) and g(t), are known to satisfy the following integral equation: a(t) = [ aenrte- Har +50). (139) a) If f(t) = exp(~at)u(t), find 9() b) If F(8) = exp(—alt), find g(t) Computing the Fourier transform of the two sides of our main relationship, we obtain, (140) or = FoR (41) 35,a) From Table 3.1, for f(t) = exp(~at)u(t), we have F( + jw) and, _ _jwta Se) = jote-1-)* fore (142) at) = (+e Mult), a>1. (143) b) From Table 8.1, for f(t) = exp(-—alt}), we have, a (144) wid 2a Brecon apo (145) g(t) = 5(t) + VAN, 4 > 2 (148) Problem Consider the following (volume) integral o - S(u)h(v)é[t— (w+ v)}dudv. (a7) 1) Show that this integral describes the convolution integral, f(t) + h(t). ) Using this integral and the result of (a), show that f(t) « A(t) = A(t) + F(t). c) Use this integral to show that the area under the convolution result of two given functions is equal to the product of the areas under the two functions, d) Repeat part (c) using the inverse Fourier transform of one function in f(t) « h(t) and then interchanging the order of integration. Solution: a) Noting that the impulse function is at v = 1u, the integration over v yields: £ F(w)A(t — u)du = f(t) + A(t). (148) b) We could just as well have chosen the integration in (a) over w f. H(t — vph(v)du = A(t) « F(0) (149) 36£ LE F(uph(v)s[t ~ (w+ v)]dudvdt = (150) Lf soon f° at (u+v)Jdtdudy = (151) £ £ flu)h(v)dudv = (152) [s0au [™ pone (153) d) We have, ja Flen(e) at= ff seryne—nyarae . i sf. F(u)e"dwh(t—r) drat (154) Assuming € = t — r, we obtain, a Pel Plw)el*"dush(t — 1) dr dt = (185) LE Fw |f h(g)e tag] eM dwdt = (156) [or (w) H(w) Ef do (s7) [POH (e\A(u) do = FO)H(0) (158) Problem 3.7.3 Use frequency convolution to prove the following trigonometric identities (also see Fig. 3.3): a) 2cos* uot = 1+ cos 2wot, b) 2sin? wot = = cos uot, ©) 2eosurt coswat = cos(wi + w2)t + cos(is — w2)t. a) We know that cos(wt) <=> a[5(w — wy) + 5(w +wo)], and, f(t)g(t) > [F(w) * G(w)]/2m, then, 2 cos? uot => 2d {rl6lo— wo) + 6(w 4+ wo)] #x[5(w— wo) +5(o+u0)}} = (159) sf. ‘n(5(u— wo) + 5(u + wo)}n[5(w—u— wy) + 5(w—u-+un)idu = (160) Sle ~ 2un) + 25(w) + 75(w) + x5(e + 2p) — 1+ 608 Qugt (161) b) We know that sin(wyt) <=> —jr[6(w — ap) ~ 5(w + wo)], then, Qsin? wot => 2 Hin lilw ~ tie) = 6(w + wo)] # —Fx[S(w — wo) — 5(w + w0)]} (162) 37ef. =n{5(u— wo) — 6(u+ wp)]r{S(w — u— ap) — Sw — ut wo) du 8 (w — 2up) + 25(w) + 95(w) — 25(w + Quy) => 1 — cos wut * p{B(u~ uy) + 5(u + o)]a [bw — w~ won) + 5(w ~ w+ w)]du ilu = 0 — 3) + 5+ 04 ~ on) 4] (wy +) + HOw +0 + 02) 5 cos (Wy + w2)t + cos(w — un)t. [Problem 3.8.1 (163) (164) (165) (166) (167) (168) ‘Sketch the results of the following convolution operations (where fo > 0 in all cases). Check your result by writing a Fourier transform, of each function, multiplying and writing the corresponding time function. a) Ad(t) * BS(t ~ ta) b) Ad(t-+ to) + Blt — to); c) Ad(t — t)) » BS(t — to); 4) A[B(t-+ to) + 4( to] » BIS (E+ to) + 5(¢ ~ to))s e) A[d(t +t) + d(t — th] + BS(t + to) +4(t— to)], to > tas ‘Solution: Recall that convolution of two functions f(t) and g(t) is given by: Noa) = [> serate drs Using this, the convolution of our given functions becomes: ° AS(t) + BA(t — to) = £ Ab(r)B6(t— 7 — to)dr = ABS(t — to); F{AS(t)} = F{BS(t- te) = Ba +; The product is ABe~*“", and the inverse Fourier transform of the product is, FY ABe™i%} = ABO(t — to). which agrees with our equation obtained earlier. b) AB(t-+ to) # BO(t— to) = ° A8(1 + to) BO(t — 7 — to)dr = ABS(t); 38FASE + to)} = Ach"; F{BE(t— to)} = Benito; ‘The inverse Fourier transform of their product is given by: Fo Aei# Berd} = ABE(t) Which agrees with our previous result, °) AS(t ~ th) # Bé(t to £ Aé(r ~ t1)BA(t — 7 ~ to)dr = ABO(t — to ~ tr); F{AS(t — y)} = Ae"; F{BA(t — to)} = Be; ‘The inverse Fourier transform of the product is given by: Fo" Avi" Be} = ABE(t — to ~ th) Which agrees with our previous result, d) ‘The convolution expression given is equal to: [ A[S(r + to) + 47 — to)]B(S(t — + to) + 5(t — 7 —to)]dr = AB[S(t + 2to) + 26(2) + 5(t — 2to)]s By evaluating the Fourier transform of the individual terms, multiplying and finding the inverse Fourier transform, as done in parts a)—c), it can be found that: Ff Aledo 4 e-F4t0] Blois + estoy} = ABLS(t + 2to) + 25(t) + 5(t — 2to)] which agrees with our previous result. ¢) The convolution of the given expression is equal to: [Alb + 2) + 8(r = eI BI(t— 740) + (E17 toe AB[S(t + th + to) + 4(t ~ th + to) + 5(E + th — to) + 5(¢ — tr — to) Likewise , F'{Aleitt 46° 5ett ) Beit +e F4te]} — AB[S(t-+ti +o) +4(t+ti to) +6(t-th +to)+5(t—t1 ~to)}; Which also agrees with the above result. Wvaluate the following convolution integrals; check your result by taking the Fourier transform of each function , multiplying, and finding the inverse Fourier transform. a) u(t) *etu(t); b) evttu(t) + e-Mu(t) c) eA cosupt 39u(t) xe-tu(t) = £ Je u(t - nar = far ‘The integral is zero if t < 0 and is equal to (1 — e~*) if t > 0. Then, we have, u(t) «etu(t) = (1—e“)u(t) The product of their Fourier transforms is given by: 1 nite 1 rile) 2 1 [e+75)] [Aa] joGotty * Jott ~ jo josi tO) The Inverse Fourier transform of the above expression is given by: Je Mult — r)dr tnd te~**u(t) a=6 [(e* — er) (adult) a Ad ¢) Following the same procedure, it is seen that: ell wcosunt = £ e-l"l cos(wor)dr 2 en ft €°7 cos(wor)dr + et je cos(wor)dr 2a pag one ‘The Product of their Fourier transforms is given as: [zeal {r8(w — wp) + 74 (w-+ wo] 7 [r5(w — wo) + 78(w +u0)] ‘The Inverse Fourier transform of this expression is given as. 3 coswot, Fup ‘This is also consistent with the earlier result, 40Evaluate f,(t) * fo(t), fa(E) * fa(t), and f2(t) * fa(t) for functions defined by waveforms shown in figure P- 3.8.3 he He) Be 1 1 1 os: ° hr 8 Figure 18: P-3.8.3, fe shift fy with respect to fr, this results in, A@)* ht) = o [ff 00042) 467+ 1) 0509) 48571) +89 — 2M ever Problem 3.8.7] Two functions of time, f(t) and g(t) , are defined by: ro-{5" octct, 0 elsewhere emt o 0? Solutio: a) 1/(R:C) H(w) oT (> jo4 T/C) where Ry = (Ri R2)/(Ri + Re) Using the relationship between the input and output power spectral densities of a linear system we get the result: L/(Rsey? FER CP Svol a 2 b.) Using table of Fourier transforms, we get, Rog(t) = c.) The rms value of the output is given by: BO = Ra.(0) = Ae: “ Integrating S,,(w) results in the same value. .) As C+ 0, H(w) becomes a resistive divider and because the input source is assumed to be white, the mean square output > oo. 50Problem 4.4.1] a.) Determine the power spectral density of F, exp (jwot) by first finding the autocorrelation function, then taking the Fourier ‘Transform of the autocorrelation function. b,) Repeat part a.) for [F, exp (jwot) + Fh exp (j2wot)]. c.) Extend your result in part (b) to S$2._o. Fem Tia anak [ME memindoria= inte Syle) = F{Ry(2)} = 2x] /?5(e — 0) a). ny) = BP tetemte emma + meme = |Rife" + [Fe iFrom this we get: Sp(w) = 2m|F,|?5(w — wo) + 2m] F2|75(w — 2wo) c.) The cross-terms integrate to zero and we get: Ry(r) = D2. [Fale The power spectral density is then found to be given by: S4(w) = 20 S> |Fa)?6(w — maw). [Problem ‘The complex pulse signal ro={ eet Otc th 0 ast 2t,. a.) Find the autocorrelation function Ry(7), and sketch the real part. b,) Find and sketch the power spectral density $j(w). Solution: a.) We want to compute the integral, 1 7 R= Ff romesna We select the range of the integration as [0,7]. We have, . eset Stet t) = 0 ysecT 51Note that for r < 0, the function f(t +) is obtained by shifting f(t) towards positive t axis and vice versa. For —t <1 <0, we have, o O th. Similarly, for 0 < 7 < th, we have, ft+7) dial) O + *B)/e]— tan“"{(wo —eB)/e}}. (174) Note that, J oreate = ta (2). (175) ‘The desired ratio is: So an Ny 7 tas ay BY toa Yow = 9B on Problem 4.6.1, Determine the autocorrelation function of each of the following pulse waveforms by first tak- ing a Fourier transform, next taking the magnitude squared, and then taking an inverse Fourier transform. a) e-**u(t), b) rect(t/ti), ©) Sa(W) Si " a) . 1 1 1 al ano jose Frat — 2" el, (177) ’) rect(t/t1) <=> t1Sa(wt; /2) => t2Sa" (wt, /2) <=> t)A(r/ty). (178) °) Sa(Wt) = apreetio/ 2W)] > (i) seer = W5alvr). (179) 53Two pulse waveforms 2(t) and y(t) are shown in Fig. P-4.6.2. Determine and sketch ra(: ry(7), and rey(7). x(t) y(t) Figure 20: P-4.6.2 [Solutions] ‘The autocorrelation functions below are zero outside of the intervals given. a) te(t) = [ian +7, for -1<7<0, (180) = [ve ining the results, we have: 1 for 0 2 b) For y=2 Ri -2R,Ry + RE=0=> Ry = Re. (189) je frequency transfer function for the RC bandpass filter shown in Fig. P-4.7.2 can be approximated by that for two independent cascaded RC filter sections if Ri < Rz. Using this approximation, determine an expression for the spectral density of the thermal noise voltage at the output terminals of the filter. pW 0 CG RL Ry v(t) Figure 21: P-4.7.2 (Solution: To compute the effect of the noise, we assume that v; is short circuit. In this case, as Ry > Ry, we can assume that the parallel combination of 2; and Cy is short circuit and Re and Cy are in parallel, then, the transfer function from the noise source of Rs to the output terminal is equal to, Wier © Rot (1/jCw) ‘This results in the following power spectral density for the noise at output. A( KT Rs|H(w)|?. 55