Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
A Dios.
TÍTULO FECHA
“Modernización de la Enseñanza
Aprendizaje en la Asignatura de
Agosto, 2001
Ingeniería Antisísmica”
(Texto del Docente)
AUTORES CARRERA
COMPENDIO
PLAN GLOBAL i
1. Identificación i
2. Objetivos del Curso i
3. Estructura del Curso
i
4. Estructuración en Unidades Didácticas i
UNIDAD I Fundamentos sobre Sismología i
UNIDAD II Dinámica Estructural iii
UNIDAD III Métodos de Análisis v
UNIDAD IV Diseño vii
Referencias 155
NOTACIÓN
Capítulo 3
c Coeficiente de amortiguamiento, [fuerza · tiempo/longitud].
DOF Grado de libertad, definido como el número de enlaces de un nudo que se puede mover dentro
de una estructura espacial.
fD Fuerza de amortiguamiento.
fI Fuerza de inercia.
fS Fuerza elástica.
k Factor de rigidez, [fuerza/longitud].
m Masa, [fuerza/aceleración]
p(t) Fuerza externa.
peff(t) Fuerza sísmica efectiva.
u Desplazamiento.
ú Velocidad.
ü Aceleración.
u’(t) Desplazamiento total de la masa.
ug(t) Desplazamiento del suelo.
üg(t) Aceleración del suelo.
Capítulo 4
ccr Coeficiente de amortiguamiento critico.
fn Frecuencia cíclica natural, expresada en ciclos por segundo, [Hertz].
j Número de ciclos.
TD Período natural de vibración amortiguada, [seg.].
Tn Período natural de vibración.
u(0) Desplazamiento en tiempo cero.
ú(0) Velocidad en tiempo cero.
u0 Amplitud de movimiento.
δ Decremento logarítmico de desplazamiento.
ωD Frecuencia natural de vibración amortiguada, [rad/seg].
ωn Frecuencia circular natural, [rad/seg].
ξ Razón o relación de amortiguamiento.
φ Ángulo de fase
Capítulo 5
p0 Amplitud de fuerza.
Rd Factor de respuesta de deformación.
Rv Factor de respuesta de velocidad.
Ra Factor de respuesta de aceleración.
ust(t) Deformación estática en cada instante de tiempo.
(ust)0 Máximo valor de la deformación estática, deformación estática debido a la amplitud de fuerza.
uj Desplazamiento pico después de j ciclos de vibración del sistema.
ω Frecuencia de excitación, [rad/seg].
Capítulo 6
Capítulo 7
I Magnitud del impulso
Rd Factor de respuesta de deformación.
t1 Tiempo de duración de la fase de excitación, [seg]
∆ú Variación de la velocidad
ω Frecuencia de excitación, [rad/seg].
Capítulo 8
A Aceleración espectral
D Deformación máxima, similar a u0
Mb Momento volcador
ug0 Desplazamiento pico del suelo durante un sismo
úg0 Velocidad pico del suelo durante un sismo
üg0 Aceleración pico del suelo durante un sismo
V Velocidad espectral o seudo velocidad pico
Vb Cortante basal
αA, αV,αD Factores de amplificación
Capítulo 9
ay Aceleración de la masa para producir la fuerza de fluencia fy.
Dy Deformación de fluencia, (uy), de un sistema elastoplástico distinto a um.
f0 Fuerza resistente del sistema lineal correspondiente, similar a fs0.
fS Fuerza elástica.
fy Fuerza de fluencia.
fy Esfuerzo de fluencia normalizado.
Ry Factor de reducción de fluencia.
u0 Deformación pico del sistema lineal correspondiente.
um Desplazamiento máximo del sistema elastoplástico.
up Deformación permanente.
uy Deformación de fluencia
µ Factor de ductilidad.
Capítulo 10
[C] Matriz de amortiguamiento.
{FD} Vector de fuerzas de amortiguamiento.
{FI} Vector de fuerzas de inercia.
{FS} Vector de fuerzas elásticas.
[K] Matriz de rigidez.
[M] Matriz de masas.
MDF Sistema de varios grados de libertad.
ME Masa efectiva.
Mi Masa correspondiente al nivel i.
P Factor de participación.
{U} Vector de desplazamiento.
{Ú} Vector de velocidad.
{Ü} Vector de aceleración.
V Cortante basal.
WE Peso efectivo.
[Φ] Matriz modal.
[Ω2] Matriz espectral.
φn Forma modal o eigenvector correspondiente al modo n.
Capítulo 12
Ca, Cv Coeficientes de respuesta del suelo.
Cs Coeficiente de respuesta sísmica.
fi Fuerza lateral en el nivel i.
Ft Fuerza en la parte superior de la estructura que considera el efecto de los modos altos.
Fx Fuerza lateral que actúa sobre un nudo en particular.
hn Altura en metros, medida desde la base, del piso más alto del edificio.
I Factor de importancia.
Mpi Momento primario del nivel en consideración.
Msi Momento secundario del nivel en consideración.
Na, Nv Factor de cercanía a la fuente de origen.
R Factor de modificación de respuesta.
ri Relación del esfuerzo cortante del elemento - piso.
SA, SB, SC,
S D , S E, y S F Tipos de perfil de suelo.
V Cortante basal.
V’ Cortante basal modal.
VE Cortante basal desarrollada en una estructura ideal completamente elástica.
VS Cortante basal de diseño.
W Carga muerta sísmica.
wi Carga muerta del nivel i.
Z Factor de zona sísmica.
δi Desplazamiento horizontal en el nivel i debido a la fuerza fi.
φi Componente de la forma modal en el nivel i para un modo dado.
θi Índice de estabilidad.
ρ Factor de confiabilidad o redundancia.
Capítulo 13
Sa Aceleración espectral
Sv Velocidad espectral
Capítulo 14
Ach Área transversal de un elemento estructural, medida de extremo a extremo del acero de refuerzo
transversal, [cm2].
Ag Área total de la sección, [cm2].
Aj Área efectiva de la sección transversal dentro de la unión, en un plano paralelo al plano de
refuerzo que genera cortante en la unión.
Ash Área total transversal del acero de refuerzo transversal (incluyendo horquillas) dentro del
espaciamiento, s, y perpendicular a la dimensión hc.
b Ancho efectivo del patín de compresión de un elemento estructural, [cm]
bw Ancho del alma o diámetro de la sección circular, [cm]
D Carga muerta.
d Peralte efectivo de la sección.
db Diámetro del refuerzo longitudinal.
E Carga sísmica.
f’c Resistencia especificada a la compresión del concreto, [kg/cm2].
fy Resistencia especificada a la fluencia del acero de refuerzo, [kg/cm2].
hc Dimensión transversal del núcleo de la columna medida centro a centro del refuerzo confinante.
hw Altura del muro considerado.
L Carga viva.
ld Longitud de desarrollo de una varilla recta.
ldh Longitud de desarrollo de un varilla con gancho estándar.
lo Longitud mínima, medida desde la cara de la unión a lo largo del eje del elemento estructural,
sobre la que debe proporcionarse refuerzo transversal, [cm].
lw Longitud de todo el muro considerado en dirección de la fuerza cortante.
Mpr Momento probable resistente del elemento, con o sin carga axial determinada usando las
propiedades de los elementos en las caras de las uniones, suponiendo una resistencia a la
tensión en el refuerzo longitudinal de al menos 1.25 fy, y un factor de reducción de resistencia φ
de 1.0
s Espaciamiento del refuerzo transversal medido a lo largo del eje longitudinal del elemento
estructural, [cm].
Vc Resistencia nominal al cortante, proporcionada por el concreto.
Ve Fuerza cortante de diseño.
Vn Resistencia nominal al cortante.
Vu Fuerza cortante factorizada en la sección.
W Carga de viento.
ρ Cuantía de refuerzo de tensión = As / bd.
φ Factor de reducción de resistencia.
Diapositiva 1
CARACTERÍSTICAS
DE LOS SISMOS
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Conceptos Básicos
de Sismología
Sitio D Epicentro
H
R
Fuente
Hipocentro
Foco
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• Tectónica de
Placas
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Fallas Geológicas
• Falla normal
• Falla Inversa
• Falla por desgarramiento
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Ondas Sísmicas
• Ondas de cuerpo
Ondas “P”
Ondas “S”
• Ondas superficiales
Ondas “L”
Ondas “R”
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SISMICIDAD Y AMENAZA
REGIONAL
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Actividad Sísmica de
una región
104ºE 106ºE 108ºE 110ºE
• Mapas de eventos
sísmicos 6ºS
• Estudios de liberación
DJAKARTA
JAVA
de energía 8ºS
0 - 70 km
PROFUNDIDAD 71 - 150 km
FOCAL más de 151 km
desconocida
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• Licuación
• Mejoramiento de
suelos
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ZONA INTENSIDAD
LOCALIDAD ACTIVIDAD
SÍSMICA MM
0 Todo el sector adyacente al Brasil y al Paraguay. Casi inexistente <IV
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BOLIVIA
BRASIL
ZONAS SÍSMICAS 10 SISMICIDAD DE BOLIVIA 10
CHILE
ARGENTINA
68º 66º 64º 62º 60º 70 65 60
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Sismo de Diseño
B A
traza de la falla
traza de
X
EB
la
DB=30
falla
km
S DA=50 km EA X
B` A`
X-X
EB S EA
HB =15 km
HA=20 km
Hipocentro B
Hipocentro A
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CONCEPTOS GENERALES
EN EL ANÁLISIS DINÁMICO
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Nociones
• Estructura simple
• Grados de libertad
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Propiedades de la
estructura
• Sistema linealmente
elástico
fS = k ⋅u
• Amortiguamiento
Mecanismos de
disipación
Fuerza de
amortiguamiento
f D = c ⋅ u&
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Ecuación de Movimiento
• Segunda Ley de • Equilibrio dinámico
Newton • Componentes de masa,
amortiguamiento y rigidez
m ⋅ u&& + c ⋅ u& + k ⋅ u = p (t ) f S + f D + f I = p (t )
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Excitación Sísmica
u ' (t ) = u (t ) + u g (t )
f I = m ⋅ u&&'
m ⋅ u&& + c ⋅ u& + k ⋅ u = − m ⋅ u&&g (t )
p eff (t ) = −m ⋅ u&&g (t )
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VIBRACIÓN LIBRE
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Teoría General de
Vibraciones
• Definición
• Periodo de vibración, frecuencia y
amplitud
• Sistemas lineales y no lineales
• Vibración libre y forzada
• Resonancia
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Vibración Libre No
Amortiguada
m ⋅ u&& + k ⋅ u = 0
ωn = k m
u&& + ω n2 ⋅ u = 0
u (t ) = A ⋅ cos ω n t + B ⋅ senω n t
u& (0)
u (t ) = u (0) ⋅ cos ω n t + senω n t
ωn
2π
Tn =
ωn
1
fn =
Tn
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u (t ) = u 0 cos(ω n t − φ )
2
2 u& (0)
u 0 = u ( 0) +
ω n
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m ⋅ u&& + c ⋅ u& + k ⋅ u = 0
2
u&& + 2ξω n u& + ω n u = 0
c
ξ=
c cr
2k
c cr = 2mω n = 2 km =
ωn
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• Tipos de movimiento:
Sistema críticamente amortiguado (ξ = 1)
Sistema sobreamortiguado (ξ > 1)
Sistema subamortiguado (ξ < 1)
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• Sistema subamortiguado:
u& ( 0) + ξω n u ( 0)
u (t ) = e −ξω n t u (0) cos ω D t + senω D t
ωD
ω D = ω n 1− ξ 2
2π
TD =
ωD
Tn
TD =
1−ξ 2
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VIBRACIÓN FORZADA
CARGA ARMÓNICA
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Sistema No Amortiguado
con Carga Armónica
• Ecuación de movimiento
m ⋅ u&& + k ⋅ u = p 0 senωt
p0 1
u p (t ) = ⋅ senωt
k 1 − (ω ω n )2
u c (t ) = A ⋅ cos ω n t + B ⋅ senω n t
p0 1
u ( t ) = A ⋅ cos ω n t + B ⋅ senω n t + ⋅ senωt
k 1 − (ω ω n )2
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• Ecuación de movimiento
Estado transitorio
Estado permanente
u& (0) p 0 ω ωn p 1
u (t ) = u (0) cos ω n t + − ⋅ senω n t + 0 ⋅ senωt
ωn k 1 − (ω ω n )
2 k 1 − (ω ω n )2
144444444 4244444 4444 3 1444 424444 3
Estado Transitori o Estado Permanente
p0 1
u (t ) = [senωt − (ω ω n )senω n t ]
k 1 − (ω ω n )2
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• Resonancia
p0
u st (t ) = senωt
k
p0
(u st ) 0 =
k
1
u (t ) = (u st ) 0 senωt
1 − (ω ω n )
2
u (t ) = u 0 ⋅ sen(ωt − φ ) = (u st ) 0 ⋅ R d ⋅ sen(ωt − φ )
u0 1 0° ω < ωn
Rd = = φ
(u st ) 0 1 − (ω ω )2 180 ° ω > ωn
n
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• Resonancia
p0
u st (t ) = senωt
k
ω = ωn
p0
u p (t ) = − ω n t ⋅ cos ω n t
2k
p0
u (t ) = A ⋅ cos ω n t + B ⋅ senω n t −
p0
ω n t ⋅ cos ω n t u (t ) = (senω n t − ω n t ⋅ cos ω n t )
2k 2k
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p0 1 − (ω ω n )2
C=
[ ]
k 1 − (ω ω ) 2 2 + [2ξ (ω ω )]2
n n
p − 2ξ (ω ω n )
D= 0
[ ]
k 1 − (ω ω )2 2 + [2ξ (ω ω )]2
n n
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• Resonancia ω = ωn
1 −ξω n t ξ
u (t ) = (u st ) 0 e cos ω D t + sen ω t
D − cos ω n t
2ξ 1−ξ 2
(u st ) 0
u0 =
2ξ
u (t ) ≈ (u st ) 0
2ξ
(
1 −ξω nt
e )
− 1 ⋅ cos ω n t
144424443
función
envolvente
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• Deformación máxima p0
u (t ) = u 0 ⋅ sen(ωt − φ ) = R d sen(ωt − φ )
k
u0 1
Rd = =
(u st ) 0
[1 − (ω ω ) ]n
2 2
+ [2ξ (ω ω n )]2
ωn2 p0
Si ω>>ωn, la respuesta es controlada u 0 ≅ (u st ) 0 =
2
por la masa del sistema. ω mω 2
(u st ) 0 p
Si ω≈ωn, la respuesta es controlada u0 = = 0
por el amortiguamiento del sistema. 2ξ cω n
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• Deformación máxima
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Ra ω
= Rv = ωn
Rd
ω
ωn
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ωn
Frecuencia resonante para la aceleración: ω=
1 − 2ξ 2
1 1 1
Rd = Rv = Ra =
2ξ 1 − ξ 2 2ξ 2ξ 1 − ξ 2
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MOVIMIENTO FORZADO
CARGA IMPULSIVA
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Introducción
• Corta duración
Vibración forzada
Vibración libre
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Carga Impulsiva
Rectangular
p0
• Fase I 0 ≤ t ≤ t1 u (t ) = (1 − cos ω n t )
k
u&( t1 )
• Fase II t − t1 ≥ 0 u(t ) = u( t1 ) ⋅ cos ω n (t − t1 ) + senω n (t − t1 )
ωn
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p (t ) = p 0 ⋅ (1 − tt )
p senω n t t 1
= 0
u (t )
k ω t − cos ω n t − t + 1
n1 1
• Fase II t − t1 ≥ 0
p0 senω n t1
u (t1 ) =
k ω t − cos ω n t1
n 1
p0 ⋅ω n cos ω n t1 1
u& (t1 ) =
k ω t + senω n t1 − ω t
n 1 n 1
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u& (t1 )
• Fase II t − t1 ≥ 0 u (t ) = u (t ) ⋅ cos ω n (t − t1 ) +
ωn
senω n (t − t1 )
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∂u p 1
=0= 0 ⋅ ⋅ (ω ⋅ cos ωt − ω ⋅ cos ω n t ) cos ωt = cos ω n t
∂t k 1 − (ω ω n ) 2
2π
ωt = 2πn ± ω n t n = 0,±1,2,3... ωt =
1 + (ω n ω )
u0 2 ⋅ω ω n π
Rd = = ⋅ cos
p0
k 1 − (ω ω n ) 2 2 ⋅ω ω n
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Respuesta al Movimiento
del Suelo
• Rd depende de t1/ Tn
• Excitación sísmica,
espectro de choque
p eff (t ) = − mu&&g (t )
p 0eff = − mu&&g 0
u0 u u0 ω 2 ⋅ u0 u&&0′
Rd = = 0 Rd = = n Rd =
(u st ) 0 p0 k m ⋅ u&&g 0 k u&&g 0 u&&g 0
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t1
• Cargas de corta duración t1 T n < 1
4 I= ∫p (t ) dt
0
t2
∂ (m ⋅ u& )
∂t
=p m ⋅ u&& = p ∫ pdt = m ⋅ (u&
t1
2 − u&1 ) = m ⋅ ∆u&
u& (t1 )
u (t ) = u (t1 ) ⋅ cos ω n (t − t1 ) + senω n (t − t1 )
ωn
1 t1
u (t ) = ⋅ p (t ) dt ⋅ senω n (t − t1 )
∫
m ⋅ω n
0
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RESPUESTA A CARGA
DINÁMICA GENERAL
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Integral de Duhamel
p(τ ) dτ
du( t ) = senω n ⋅ (t − τ )
mω n
t
1
u(t ) =
mω n ∫ p τ senω (t − τ )dτ
0
( ) n
t
u& (0) 1
u (t ) =
ωn
senω n t + u (0) cos ω n t +
mω n ∫ p τ senω
0
( ) n (t − τ ) dτ
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t
1
A(t ) =
mω n ∫pτ
0
( ) ⋅ cos ω nτ ⋅ dτ
t
1
B( t ) =
mω n ∫ p τ senω τ ⋅ dτ
0
( ) n
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t
1 e ξω nτ
B(t ) =
mω D ∫pτ
0
( )
e ξω nt
senω Dτ ⋅ dτ
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Evaluación Numérica de la
Respuesta Dinámica
• La solución analítica no es posible
• Interpolación lineal
∆p i
t i ≤ t ≤ t i +1 p (τ ) = p i + τ
∆t i
∆p i
m ⋅ u&& + k ⋅ u = p i + τ
∆t i
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Para τ=∆ti
u& i p ∆p 1
u i +1 = u i cos(ω n ⋅ ∆t i ) + sen(ω n ⋅ ∆t i ) + i [1 − cos(ω n ⋅ ∆t i )] + i [ω n ⋅ ∆t i − sen(ω n ⋅ ∆t i )]
ωn k k ω n ⋅ ∆t i
u& i +1 u& i p ∆p 1
= −u i sen(ω n ⋅ ∆t i ) + cos(ω n ⋅ ∆t i ) + i sen(ω n ⋅ ∆t i ) + i [1 − cos(ω n ⋅ ∆t i )]
ωn ωn k k ω n ⋅ ∆t i
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Ejemplo ilustrativo
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RESPUESTA SÍSMICA A
SISTEMAS LINEALES
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Respuesta Dinámica de la
Estructura
• Cargas gravitatorias son
independientes del tiempo.
• Fuerzas sísmicas causan una
respuesta dependiente del tiempo.
• La respuesta depende de:
Magnitud y duración de la excitación.
Propiedades dinámicas de la
estructura.
Depósitos de suelo en el lugar.
• Ecuación de movimiento:
u&& + 2ξ ⋅ ω n ⋅ u& + ω n 2 ⋅ u = −u&&g (t )
u ≡ u (t , Tn , ξ )
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Espectro de Respuesta
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Espectro de Respuesta
• Espectro de
respuesta de
deformación
u 0 = f (Tn )
para un ξ fijo
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Espectro de Respuesta
• Espectro de respuesta
de Seudo Velocidad
2π
V = ωn ⋅D = D
Tn
• Espectro de respuesta
de Seudo Aceleración
2
2 2π
A = ωn ⋅ D = D
Tn
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Espectro de Respuesta
• Espectro de respuesta Tn 2π
A =V = D
combinado D–V–A 2π Tn
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Características del
Espectro de Respuesta
• Espectro de respuesta para ξ = 0; 2; 2.5; 10%
u g0
u& g 0
u&&g 0
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Espectro Elástico de
Diseño
Espectro de respuesta medio y medio más una desviación estándar
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RESPUESTA SÍSMICA A
SISTEMAS NO LINEALES
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Introducción
Deformación de la estructura en el rango inelástico
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Relación
Fuerza-Deformación
• Idealización elastoplástica
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Esfuerzo de Fluencia
Normalizado
• Sistema lineal correspondiente
fy uy
fy = =
f0 u0
f 0 u0
Ry = =
fy uy
um
µ=
uy
um µ
= µ⋅ fy =
u0 Ry
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Ecuación de Movimiento y
parámetros de Control
m ⋅ u&& + c ⋅ u& + f s (u, u& ) = −m ⋅ u&&g (t )
k c f s (u , u& )
ωn = ξ= f s (u , u& ) =
m 2 ⋅ m ⋅ω n fy
u&&g (t )
µ&& + 2 ⋅ ξ ⋅ ω n ⋅ µ& + ω n 2 ⋅ f s ( µ , µ& ) = −ω n 2 ⋅
ay
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Efectos de Fluencia
2
c
d
b
u, [in]
0 e
a
g
-2 f
um=1.71 in (a)
0.3
f s / w = -ü' / g
b c f y / w=0.17
0 a g
d
- f y / w=-0.17
e f
-0.3
(b)
+ Fluencia b c
g
ad
- Fluencia e f
0 5 10
Tiempo, [s]
(c)
0.3
b c
fs/w
0 g a
d
f e
-0.3
-2 -1 0 1 2
Deformación, u, [in]
(d)
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Efectos de fluencia
• Influencia de: fy
• Demanda y
capacidad de
ductilidad
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Efectos de fluencia
• Influencia de Tn
Regiones Espectrales
2 2
1 1
0.5 0.5
2.25/8.4=0.27
_
f y=0.125
um /ug 0 1.62/8.4=0.19
0.1 0.1
u0 /ug 0 o um /ug0
_
f y=0.25
0.05 0.05
_
f y=0.5 _
0.01 uo /ugo f y=1
0.01
0.005 0.005
T a=0.035
T b=0.125
T c= 0.5
T e= 10
T f = 15
T d= 3
0.001 0.001
0.02 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50
Periodo natural de vibración T n, s
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Efectos de fluencia
Regiones Espectrales
Aceleración Velocidad Desplazamiento
Sensitiva Sensitiva Sensitiva
100
50
e
Td
f
T
T
T
Demanda de ductilidad, µ
20
_
10 f y = 0.125
7.36 _
5 f y = 0.25
_
3.11 f y = 0.5
2
a
T
b
_
T 1.44 fy=1
1
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Ay
= Vy = ω n ⋅ Dy
ωn
Ay
fy = w
g
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• Esfuerzo de Fluencia
de Diseño
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SISTEMAS DE VARIOS
GRADOS DE LIBERTAD
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Ecuación de Movimiento
f Ia + f Da + f Sa = p a (t )
f Ib + f Db + f Sb = p b (t )
f Ic + f Dc + f Sc = p c (t )
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Ecuación de Movimiento
• Fuerzas de Inercia
f Ia m a 0 0 u&&a
⋅ u&&
f Ib = 0
f 0
mb 0 b {FI } = [M ]⋅ {U&&}
Ic 0 m c u&&c
• Fuerzas elásticas
f Sa k aa k ab k ac u a
f Sb = k ba k bb k bc ⋅ u b {Fs } = [K ]⋅ {U }
f k k cb k cc u c
Sc ca
• Fuerzas de amortiguamiento
{FD } = [C ]⋅ {U& }
• Ecuación de equilibrio dinámico
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Respuesta Dinámica:
Análisis Modal
• Obtención de la respuesta máx. para cada modo por
separado, modelando c/u de ellos como un SDF
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Método Matricial
• Prioridad: encontrar frecuencias y formas modales
[M ]⋅ {U&&}+ [K ]⋅ {U } = 0
2
q1 0 t
-2
(c)
a b c d e T1 =2π/ω1
2
m e d c b a u2 0 t
u2 φ 21 -2
k 2
2m
u1 φ 11 u1 0 t
-2
2k
0 T1 2T1 3T1
{u (t ) }= { q n(t ) }⋅ { φ n }
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Método Matricial
• Ecuación de eigenvalores
q n (t ) = An ⋅ cos ω n t + B n ⋅ senω n t
u (t ) = φ n ⋅ ( An ⋅ cos ω n t + B n ⋅ senω n t )
([K ] − [M ]⋅ω )⋅ {U } = 0
2
n
({φ }⋅ [K ]− ω ⋅ {φ }⋅ [M ])⋅ {q } = 0
n
2
n n n
([K ]− ω ⋅ [M ])⋅ {φ } = 0
2
n n
[K ] − ω n2 ⋅ [M ] = 0
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Método Matricial
ω 12
• Matriz Espectral
[Ω ]2
=
ω 22
O
2
ω N
[K ]⋅ {φ n } = [M ]⋅ {φ n }⋅ ω n2 [K ]⋅ [Φ] = [M ]⋅ [Φ]⋅ [Ω 2 ]
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Método Matricial
[K ] ≡ [Φ ]T ⋅ [K ]⋅ [Φ ] [M ] ≡ [Φ ]T ⋅ [M ]⋅ [Φ ]
• Normalización de los Modos
M n = [φ n ]T ⋅ [M ]⋅ [φ n ] = 1
[Φ]T ⋅ [M ]⋅ [Φ] = [I ]
u jn
φ jn =
(Σm jj ⋅ u 2jn ) 1
2
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Método Matricial
[P] = [Φ ]T ⋅ [M ]⋅ {1}
T
• Factor de Participación
[Φ ] ⋅ [M ]⋅ [Φ]
• Para un sistema especifico: ΣPn ⋅ φ1n = 1
[U ] = [Φ ]⋅ [P]⋅ [D ]
• La matriz de máximos [U ] = [Φ ]⋅ [P]⋅ [V ]⋅ [Ω]−1
[U ] = [Φ ]⋅ [P]⋅ [A]⋅ [Ω 2 ]
desplazamientos: −1
• La matriz matriz de [F ] = [K ]⋅ [U ]
• fuerzas laterales:
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CRITERIOS DE ESTRUCTURACIÓN
SISMO RESISTENTE
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Requisitos de
Configuración
• Estructuras regulares.
No tienen discontinuidades físicas considerables.
• Estructuras irregulares.
Con discontinuidades físicas considerables en su
configuración o en sus sistemas resistentes a las
fuerzas laterales.
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Requisitos de Configuración
• Configuración en Elevación
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Requisitos de Configuración
• Configuración en Elevación
F
D
Rigidez KC < 0.70 Rigidez KD
o C
F
Tipo 2A - Irregularidad de peso (masa) E
D
mD > 1.50 mE C
o
B
mD > 1.50 mC
A
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Requisitos de Configuración
C
a > 1.30 b B
laterales C a
B
b>a A
C
Resistencia Piso B < 0.70 Resistencia Piso C B
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Requisitos de Configuración
• Configuración en Planta
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Requisitos de Configuración
• Configuración en Planta
A > 0.15 B C D
y B A
C > 0.15 D
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Requisitos de Configuración
A A
Tipo 3P - Discontinuidad de Diafragma B
D
C B D
C
E
C · D > 0.5 A · B
y
(C · D + C · E) > 0.5 A · B
Dirección bajo
estudio
Tipo 4P - Desviaciones Fuera del Plano
Desplazamineto del
plano de acción
Sistemas No Paralelos
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Requisitos de Configuración
• Poco Peso
Los elementos estructurales y no estructurales con
menor peso posible
No se recomiendan voladizos.
• Hiperestaticidad
Continuidad y monolitismo
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Sistemas estructurales
• Sistema de Estructuras de Edificación
Sistemas de Estructuras de
Edificación
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Sistemas Estructurales
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Sistemas Estructurales
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Sistemas Estructurales
Pórtico 25%
Muros 75 %
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MÉTODO DE LA FUERZA
HORIZONTAL EQUIVALENTE
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Determinación de las
Fuerzas Laterales
• Factor de zona sísmica: Z; 1→ 4 • Periodo fundamental
3
T = C t ⋅ ( hn ) 4
Aceleración espectral, g
A→C
Cv / T
• Factor de cercanía a la fuente de
origen: Na y Nv Ca
T 0 T s
Periodo [s]
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• Amortiguamiento y Ductilidad
Pórticos de Hormigón: ξ = 5%
Fuerza
Energia disipada
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• Factor de Importancia, I.
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Cv
Fuerza
VE = ⋅W V E = 2.5 ⋅ C a ⋅ W Real
T VM
Diseño
VS
I
VS = V E ⋅ ∆ M = 0.7 ⋅ R ⋅ ∆ S ∆S ∆M ∆E
R
Desplazamiento
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• Si T>0.7 s. Nivel x
wx Fx
H
Ft = 0.07 ⋅ T ⋅ V Nivel 2
w2
Ø x=x h /H
F2
hx
Nivel 1
• La fuerza lateral en x: w1 F1
V
(V − Ft ) ⋅ w x ⋅ h x
Fx = Pórtico Peso de Desplazamiento Fuerza
Σwi ⋅ hi los pisos de los pisos lateral
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Efecto P-delta
• El efecto P-Delta debe tenerse en cuenta cuando:
∆2
P2 P2
• El índice de estabilidad: F2
∆1
h s2
M si P1 P1
θi = > 0 .1
M pi F1
h s1
• En zonas sísmicas 3 y 4
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Desplazamientos de Piso
• Desplazamiento de un piso relativo al piso inferior de una
estructura de varios niveles: ∆
• El desplazamiento relativo
de piso deben calcularse con:
∆ M = 0.7 ⋅ R ⋅ ∆ s
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Torsión
• Se deben considerar los incrementos del esfuerzo
cortante que resulta de la torsión horizontal cuando los
diafragmas no son flexibles.
δM
δA
δM> 2δA
Muro de
Corte Diafragma
Carga Sísmica
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Torsión
• Momento Torsor ex
R N
CM (calculada) r N
CR
R W R E B
ea ea
• Centro de rigideces N R S
r S
r W r =L·R /(R +R )
E W W E
L
• Centro de masas ea = Excentricidad accidental = 0.05·L
V
Fuerzas en el
• Torsión accidental 5% Plano
2 _
δ max T=V(e x+e a) Efectos de la R r V(ex+e a)/ΣR r 2
N N
Ax = ≤ 3.0 Torsión
1.2 ⋅ δ avg
R r V(ex+e a)/ΣR r 2
S S
-R r V(ex -ea)/ΣR r 2
W W R r V(ex +e a)/ΣR r 2
E E
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Torsión
Fuerzas en el
La fuerza total en el muro Este: Plano
RE
F = FS + FT (max) FS = ⋅V
R E + RW
Tmax ⋅ rE ⋅ R E R W V/(RW+R E) RE V/(RW+RE)
FT (max) =
J _
T=V(e x+e a) Efectos de la RN rN V(ex +ea)/ΣR r 2
La fuerza total en el muro Oeste: Torsión
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MÉTODO DINÁMICO
SUPERPOSICIÓN MODAL
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• Determina la
distribución real de
las fuerzas laterales
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Análisis Espectral
• Número de modos:
Σ W E ≥ 0 .9 ⋅ W
Los modos de vibración :
Análisis de Eigenvectores
Análisis de los Vectores de Ritz
• Combinación de modos:
CQC, Combinación Cuadrática Completa
GMC, Combinación Modal General
SRSS, Raíz Cuadrada de la Suma de los Cuadrados
ABS, suma de valores absolutos
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Análisis Espectral
• Efectos de dirección
En zonas sísmicas 2, 3 y 4 :
La estructura tiene irregularidad de planta Tipo 5
La estructura tiene irregularidad de planta Tipo 1 en ambos
ejes principales
Cuando una columna de una estructura forma parte de dos
o más sistemas interceptantes de resistencia a las fuerzas
sísmicas.
100% dirección principal y 30% perpendicular
Para los efectos de las direcciones, SRSS
• Torsión
Efectos de Torsión accidental
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Simulador Estructural
(Sap2000)
• Análisis de Eigenvectores.
Determina las formas modales para vibración libre no
amortiguada
([K ] − Ω 2 ⋅ [M ])⋅ {Φ} = 0
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• Número de Modos:
Realmente hallados, n, están limitado
por:
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DISEÑO SÍSMICO DE
ESTRUCTURAS DE CONCRETO
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Introducción
• Elección práctica:
Un sistema con respuesta dentro del rango lineal
Un sistema que permita una respuesta No lineal
• Cargas de diseño
1.4 D
1.4 D + 1.7 L
0.9 D ± 1.3 W
0.75 (1.4 D + 1.7 L ± 1.7 W)
0.9 D ± 1.3· 1.1 E
0.75 (1.4 D + 1.7 L ± 1.7· 1.1 E)
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Pórticos Especiales
Resistentes a Momentos
• Diseño por el método de la resistencia
φ (resistencia nominal) ≥ U
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Mct Mct
Mbr Mbr
Mbr Mbr
Mcb Mcb
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1.25·fy φ = 1.0
(1.25 ⋅ f y )
M pr = As ⋅ (1.25 f y ) ⋅ d ⋅ 1 − 0.59 ⋅ ρ ⋅
f c′
fy
M pr = As ⋅ f y ⋅ d ⋅ 1.25 − 0.92 ⋅ ρ ⋅
f c′
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M pr1 + M pr 2 M pr 3 + M pr 4
Ve = + Vg Ve = + Vg
Ln Ln
Vp1 Vp2
Mpr1 Mpr4
Mpr2 Mpr3
Vp1 Vp2
Ln Ln
Mpr1 Mpr4
Diagrama
Mpr2 Mpr3 de
Momentos
Vp1
Diagrama
de
Cortantes
Vp2
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0.8P0
Mpr1 Ve
Ve
• Cortante de diseño: Mpr1
M pr1 + M pr 2 Hn
Ve =
Hn
Mpr2
Ve
Mpr2 Ve
Diagrama Diagrama
0.8P0 de de
Momentos Cortantes
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debido a la resistencia
probable a flexión Mpr1 Mpr1 + Mpr2
Ve
2
Ve
de las vigas Mpr2
Mpr1 + Mpr2
2
M pr1 + M pr 2 + M pr 3 + M pr 4
Ve =
2H n Hn
Mpr3 + Mpr4
2
Ve
Mpr3 + Mpr4
Vc = 0 para P< Ag·f’c/20 Mpr4 Mpr3 2
Diagrama Diagrama
de de
Momentos Cortantes
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punto de inflexión
V
T2 = 1.25A s2 f y C 1 = T1
Mpr2
Mpr1 + Mpr2
V=
Hc
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viga
área efectiva del nudo
V n = 5.3 f c′ A j
V n = 3.2 f c′ A j
b x
be
ancho efectivo del nudo = be = b+h < b+2x
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f s′ d′
ρb = ρb + ρ ′ f s′ = E s ε s′ = E s ε u − (ε u + ε y )
fy d
f s′
ρ max = 0.75 ρ b + ρ ′
fy
εu
c − d′ a − β 1d ′ ε's
0.85 f ' c
f s′ = ε u E s
b
f s′ = 6300 d'
A' s f y
c a
A' s a=β1c
c
As f y − As′ f s′ dρ ( f y − Rf s′ )
a= a= d
a
M n = 0.85 f c′ab d − + As′ f s′ ( d − d ′) εs
2
(a) (b) (c)
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d
ϕu
As
ϕy
fy fy
d′
k = n 2 (ρ + Rρ )2 + 2nρ 1 + R − nρ (1 + R )
d
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ϕu ε c d (1 − k )
• Factor de ductilidad de curvatura ϕy
=
f y / E s a / β1
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f y ⋅ db
• Longitud de desarrollo: l dh =
17.2 f c′
ldh ≥ 8 db
ldh ≥ 15 [cm]
• Refuerzo transversal
• Sobre una distancia 2d a partir de la cara de la columna
• Sobre una distancia 2d a ambos lados de la sección sujeta a rótula
plástica.
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smax ≤ d/4
6 db
6 db
smax ≤ 8·db 6 db 6 db 6 db
estribo sísmico
db
smax ≤ 24 dt
smax ≤ 30 [cm] gancho estribo lazo horquillas lazo
sísmico sísmico simple doble (2 pz)
s < d/4
s < 8 db
s < 24 d t s < d/4
s < 30 cm s < d/2 s < 10 cm
< 5 cm < 5 cm
> 2d estribos > empalme estribos > 2d > 2d estribos > empalme
lazos sísmicos lazos sísmicos lazos lazos sísmicos lazos
> 2h > 2h
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< 35 cm
• Cuantías ρg ≥ 0.01
< 35 cm
ρg ≤ 0.06
< 35 cm < 35 cm < 35 cm
• Empalmes
Dentro de la mitad de la longitud del elemento
Empalmes de tensión
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para columnas:
s/2
f ′ Ag f c′
s
l0 ≥ 45 [cm]
s ≤ hmin/4
s ≤ 10 [cm] s < 10 cm
s < h/4
l0
la longitud
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Unión viga-columna
h
l dh min
s < h/4 < 10 cm
l dh min
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1. ACHABAL, Fernando (2000) “Diseño de Edificios de HºAº de Mediana Altura en Zonas de Riesgo
Sísmico Moderado. Una Comparación Técnico-Económica con un Diseño No Sísmico”, proyecto de
grado para optar al título de Licenciado en Ingeniería Civil, Universidad Mayor de San Simón,
Cochabamba, Bolivia.
2. ROSENBLUETH, Emilio (1992) “Diseño de Estructuras Resistentes a Sismos”, Instituto Mexicano del
Cemento y del Concreto (IMCYC), 1ª edición, México D.F., México.
3. MICROSOFT, Home (1995) “Encarta`95”, The Complete Interactive Multimedia Encyclopedia for
windows, edicion 95.
4. WILLIAMS, Alan (1998) “Seismic Design of Buildings and Bridges” , 2ª edición, Editorial
Engineering Press, Austin-Texas, Estados Unidos.
5. BOLT, Bruce (1993) “Earthquakes”, 3ª edición, W.H. Freeman and Company, Estados Unidos.
9. DEL POZO, Salvador (1988) “Actividad Sísmica del Departamento de Cochabamba”, Boletín
científico vol. 1, nº 2, publicación del Laboratorio de Sismología de la Universidad Mayor de San
Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia.
10. CABRÉ, Ramón y VEGA, Ángel (1989) “Sismicidad de Bolivia”, Publicación nº 40, Laboratorio San
Calixto, La Paz, Bolivia.
11. Páginas Web del Instituto Andalúz de Geofísica y Prevención de Desastres Sísmicas
http://www.ugr.es/iag/iag.html
12. CHOPRA, Anil K. (1995) “Dynamics of Structures”, theory and aplications to earthquake engineering,
Unuversity of California at Berkeley, Editorial Prentice Hall, New Jersey, Estados Unidos.
13. CLOUGH, Ray W. y PENZIEN, Joseph (1982) “Dynamics of Structures”, edition 5ª, International
Student Edition, McGraw-Hill International Book Company.
18. AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION (AISC) (1994) “Load and Resistance
Factor Design, Manual of Steel Construction ”, EEUU.
19. NILSON, Arthur H. y WINTER, George (1994) “Diseño de estructuras de concreto ”, Mc Grau-Hill
Interamericana S.A. Santa Fé de Bogotá, Colombia
20. AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE (ACI) (1995) “Reglamento para las construcciones de
concreto estructural (ACI 318-95) y Comentarios (ACI 318 R-95)”, Instituto Mexicano del cemento y
del concreto, A.C. México.
SE-SISMO http://www.iie.org.mx/Civil/Sismo2.htm
http://www.esiisl.com/estruc/REI%2520STAADPRO.htm
StruCAD*3D Análisis y Diseño de estructuras http://www.seibo.com.ar/software/softplan/zentech/strucad/
STAAD-III implementa http://www.esiisl.com/estruc/REI%20STAAD.htm
Libros
1. http://www.dynasoftinc.com/Bookstore/bs_Seismic1.htm
Seismic Design of Buildings and Bridges : For Civil and Structural Engineers
Alan Williams / Hardcover / Published 1995
2. http://www.dynasoftinc.com/Bookstore/bs_Seismic1.htm
ó
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-form/103-1333777-7968625
Dynamics of Structures: Theory and Applications to Earthquake Engineering
by Anil K. Chopra
3. http://www.dynasoftinc.com/Bookstore/bs_Seismic1.htm
ó
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/search-handle-form/103-1333777-7968625
Uniform Building Code Compliance Manual : 1997 Uniform Building Code
Bolivia
Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, UMSA http://www.umsanet.edu.bo/
Universidad Mayor de San Simón, UMSS http://www.umss.edu.bo/
Universidad Privada del valle, Univalle http://www.univalle.edu/
Universidad Católica Boliviana, UCB http://www.ucbcba.edu.bo/
Universidad Mayor, Real y Pontificia de San Francisco http://www.usfx.edu.bo/
Xavier de Chuquisaca
Universidad Técnica de Oruro, UTO http://www.uto.edu.bo/
México
Universidad Autónoma de Laguna (Colegio de Ciencias
e Ingenierías) http://www.angelfire.com/al3/colegioual/index.htm
Instituto de Ingeniería, UNAM http://pumas.iingen.unam.mx/
Colombia
Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander http://www.ufps.edu.co/
Universidad de La Salle http://www.lasalle.edu.co/
España
Universidad politécnica de Madrid http://otilio.mecanica.upm.es/
Japón
Universidad Internacional de Japón http://www.iuj.ac.jp/
Norte América
Universidad de Baltimore http://www.ubalt.edu/
Universidad de Boston http://web.bu.edu/
Universidad de Connecticut http://www.uconn.edu/
Universidad de Georgetown http://www.georgetown.edu/
Universidad de Harvard http://www.harvard.edu/
Universidad de Florida http://www.ufl.edu/
Universidad de Newhaven http://www.newhaven.edu/
Universidad de Nueva Inglaterra http://www.une.edu/
Universidad de Princeton http://www.princeton.edu/index.shtml
Universidad de Toronto http://www.utoronto.ca/uoft.html
Universidad de Yale http://www.yale.edu/
Universidad Estatal de Delaware http://www.dsc.edu/index2.html
Universidad Estatal de Florida http://www.fsu.edu/
Universidad Internacional de Florida http://www.fiu.edu/choice.html
Cuba
Universidad de Oriente http://www.uo.edu.cu/
Universidad de La República de Cuba http://www.web.net/cuba_university/