Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Resumen.
Objetivos. Examinar diversos indicadores biológicos de uso ilegal de drogas, incluyendo sangre, orina, pelo y saliva
empleando tanto métodos tecnológicos como prácticos acerca de su aplicación e interpretación. Métodos. El proceso de revi-
sión incluyó un examen de textos de referencia claves y artículos de los campos científicos de la toxicología analítica y clíni-
ca. Hallazgos. La orina se mantiene como el parámetro biológico de elección para la detección cualitativa de uso ilegal de dro-
gas en el ámbito clínico, mientras que la precisión cuantitativa es estrictamente un dominio de la sangre. La creciente sofisti-
cación de los análisis de laboratorio podría hacer posible además el uso rutinario del análisis de muestras de pelo lo que puede
proporcionar un periodo de tiempo de valoración mucho más largo. El aliento, la saliva, el sudor o la leche materna permane-
cen como posibilidades futuras. Conclusiones. La interpretación precisa de una prueba selectiva (screening) en el ámbito clí-
nico mas allá de otra información relevante, sigue siendo la clave de la utilidad de cualquier prueba (test.)
Confirmación
revisada
Niveles de test inicial Confirmación Niveles de test inicial anunciada abril 1998
Drogas (mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1)
Anfetaminas 1000
Anfetamina 500 1000 1000
Metanfetamina 500 1000 1000
Barbitúricos 1000 300
Benzodiacepinas 1000 300
Metabolitos cocaína 300 150 300 300
Metabolitos marihuana 50 15 65 65
Metadona 1000 300
Fenciclidina 25 25
Opiáceos 300 1000
Morfina 300 1000 500-1000
Codeína 300 2000 1000-2000
LSD - - - 2,5
NEQAS (Plan Nacional para la Valoración de la de corte 300mg/1) es generalmente de 24-36 horas
Calidad Externa) en el Reino Unido (Burnett y col, pero se reduce a menos de 12 a una concentración
1990) y son implementados por los laboratorios para "de corte" superior a 2000 mg/1 (Cone y col, 1996).
estandarizar los informes de los resultados finales. El La tabla 2 demuestra los tiempos de detección de
empleo de despistaje de drogas, por ejemplo, precisa sustancias psicoactivas comunes con las concentra-
un conjunto de criterios de validación totalmente dis- ciones de corte encontradas frecuentemente en los
tintos a los usados en los despistajes rutinarios del tra- valores de laboratorio. Desgraciadamente, aún no se
bajo en clínica (Tabla 1). ha descrito en la literatura científica disponible, una
Debemos remarcar que se fijan valores umbrales validación científica de los valores de corte más fre-
más altos cuando se analizan fluidos por sospecha de cuentes recomendados por las entidades oficiales
sobredosis de droga (toxicidad). Por tanto es importan- (Hamseler & Keller, 1994).
te informar al laboratorio del contexto de la investiga- Interpretación de los hallazgos. La explicación clíni-
ción para que fije la sensibilidad de la prueba. ca de los resultados de los tests para drogas es un reto y a
El conocimiento de los valores de corte empleados menudo un problema crítico, especialmente cuando el test
para el test de drogas es importante ya que los tiempos de puede ser crucial en la decisión entre la evidencia de uso
detección para sustancias ilegales varían según los valores legal y el uso ilegal y las complicaciones consecuentes
de corte asignados al procedimiento analítico (Watson (Cody & Scwarzhoff, 1993). En tests cualitativos para
1992). Por ejemplo, el tiempo de detección para morfina despistaje, cada muestra se informa como positiva o nega-
total empleando GC-MS e inmunoensayo (concentración tiva para una droga en concreto o para un grupo de drogas
Estimulantes
Anfetamina 2-3 días
MDMA (éxtasis) 30-48 horas
Metanfetamina 48 horas
Cocaína* 6-8 horas
Metabolito de la cocaína (benzoilecgonina) 2-3 días
Barbitúricos
Acción corta (ciclobarbitona) 24 horas
Acción intermedia (pentobarbitona) 48-72 horas
Acción larga (fenobarbital) 16 días o más
Benzodiacepinas
Acción corta (triazolam) 24 horas
Acción intermedia (temazepam, clordiacepóxido) 40-80 horas
Acción larga (diazepam,nitracepan 7 días o más
Opiáceos
Metadona (dosis de mantenimiento) 7-9 días
Codeína /Morfina$ 24 horas
6-monoacetil morfina 2-4 horas
Glucurónidos de morfina 48 horas
Glucurónidos de codeína 3 días
Propoxifeno / norpropoxifeno 6-48 horas
Dihidrocodeína 24 horas
Buprenorfinat 48-56 horas
Conjugados de buprenorfina 7 días
Cannabinoides (marihuana): -U9 tetrahidrocannabinol
Un único uso 3 días
Uso moderado 4 días
Uso intenso (diario) 10 días
Uso crónico intenso ¶ hasta 36 días
Otros
Metacualona 7 días o más
Peniciclidina (PCP) 8 días
LSD §+ 24 horas
Nicotina+ 12 horas
Cotinina 2-3 días
Clordiacepóxido demoxepam
desmetilado
TEMAZEPAM
NORDIAZEPAM
CLORACEPATO
OXAZEPAM
to biológico proporcionado por la orina es a menudo camento únicamente de prescripción (Fig. 1). De máxi-
complejo; una droga puede estar presente únicamente mo interés para el clínico de centros de tratamiento de
como metabolitos, (cannabinoides) o en forma conju- drogodependencia es la detección de opiáceos, pero
gada soluble en agua, lo que con frecuencia hace que la existe un problema similar con esta clase de drogas
detección sea más difícil. Además la droga madre (fig. 2).Tanto el EMIT como el inmunoanálisis
puede estar presente en concentraciones muy bajas (por Abuscreen RIA detectan codeína y morfina en sus for-
ejemplo buprenorfina o LSD) o no detectables en abso- mas libre y conjugada (glucurónido) pero estos tests no
luto (heroína). Además, la excreción a orina de algunas distinguen entre ellas. Un test de despistaje de orina que
sustancias es pH dependiente (por ejemplo metadona y es positivo para opiáceos podría ser el resultado de varias
anfetamina) por lo que, por ejemplo, cuando se alcali- circunstancias distintas de administración de drogas.
niza la orina la cantidad de droga inalterada en orina La detección de 6-monoacetil morfina (MAM) es
está muy disminuida (Nilsson, Widerlof & Meresaar, considerada generalmente como más específica del
1982). La interpretación clínica en tales circunstancias consumo de heroína que del consumo de morfina pero
está consecuentemente afectada por variables ínter e normalmente solo se encuentra en orina durante 24-36
intra individuales para valores de pH de orina y por horas tras el consumo de heroína. La presencia de
intentos de forzar cambios de pH mediante el uso de morfina sola o de su conjugado puede indicar tanto el
manipulaciones dietéticas. uso clínico como el uso ilegal de heroína o de morfi-
La interpretación por profesionales de la salud de los na (dentro de las 48 horas previas). La presencia con-
tests analíticos se complica por la relación entre compues- junta de codeína y morfina en orina es consistente
tos similares de la misma clase, que pueden compartir pro- con la ingestión de codeína sola cuando la concentra-
ductos metabólicos terminales. Por ejemplo, muchas ben- ción de codeína es alta y mayor que la de morfina
zodiacepinas son metabolizadas a oxazepam, un medi- (Hawks & Chiang 1986). Aunque la presencia de codeína
Norcodeina
6-monoacetilmorfina
Glucurónido codeina
MORFINA
Morfina-3-
glucurónico normorfina Hidrocodeina
Morfina-6-glucurónico
nordihidromorfina nordihidrocodeina
Tabla 3. Vidas medias aproximadas de eliminación de plasma para algunas drogas de abuso y algunos de sus metabolitos
(Moffatt, 1984)
Heroína 2 minutos
6-monoacetil morfina 20 minutos
Morfina 3 horas
Glucurónidos de morfinat 7,5 horas
Codeína 3 horas
Glucurónidos de codeínat 12 horas
Didrocodeína 4 horas
Buprenorfina§ 8 horas
Glucurónidos de buprenorfina § 24 horas
Metadona * 36 horas
Anfetamina 12 horas
Cocaína 1 hora
Benzoilecgonina (metabolito de la cocaína) 1 7,5 horas
MDMA (éxtasis) 6 horas
Nitrazepam 28 horas
Flunitrazepam (rohipnol) 25 horas
Temazepam 10 horas
Diazepam 48 horas
Cannabis ¶ 20 horas
Metabolitos de cannabinoides** 25-28 horas
LSD 3 horas
Nicotina 2 horas
Cotinina 11 horas
*Wolff y col., 1997; 1 Ambre, 1985 tCone y col., 1991; § Hanks, 1987; ¶Hunt & Jones, 1980; **Lemberger y col., 1971, Law y
col., 1984.
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