Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
15 ModulacionDigital PDF
15 ModulacionDigital PDF
Comunicaciones Eléctricas
Leslie Murray
leslie@eie.fceia.unr.edu.ar
¿Para qué?
¿Para qué?
¿Para qué?
¿Para qué?
Figure 6.1
Illustrative waveforms for the three basic forms of
signaling binary information. (a) Amplitude-shift keying.
(b) Phase-shift keying. (c) Frequency-shift keying with
continuous phase.
Tx C Rx
mi 7−→ si (t) 7−→ x(t) = si (t) + w(t) 7−→ m̂i
w(t)
mi si (t) x(t) m̂
M ensajes Tx Canal Rx
©2000, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ©2000, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Haykin/Communication Systems, 4th Ed Haykin/Communication Systems, 4th Ed
x(t) SX (f ) = A2 T sinc2 (f T )
↓ ↓
y(t) = x(t) cos 2πfc t SY (f ) = 14 [SX (f − fc ) + SX (f + fc )]
Figure 1.6
Sample function of random binary wave.
g(t)
+A
t
0 T
q
s1 (t) = 2Eb
Tb
cos(2πfc t) 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
q q
s2 (t) = 2Eb 2Eb
Tb
cos(2πf c t + π) = − Tb
cos(2πfc t) 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
q
2
φ1 (t) = Tb
cos(2πfc t) 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
√
s1 (t) = s11 φ1 (t) = + Eb φ1 (t) 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
√
s2 (t) = s21 φ1 (t) = − Eb φ1 (t) 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
Figure 6.3
Signal-space diagram for coherent binary PSK system.
The waveforms depicting the transmitted signals s1(t)
and s2(t), displayed in the inserts, assume nc = 2.
Z Tb
x1 = Proyección de x(t) sobre φ1 (t) : x(t)φ1 (t) dt
0
x(t) = [si (t) + w(t)]
Z Tb p
x1 = s1 (t)φ1 (t) dt = + Eb
0
%
w(t) = 0
&
Z Tb p
x1 = s2 (t)φ1 (t) dt = − Eb
0
w(t) 6= 0 → x1 se distribuye en forma Gaussiana alrededor de la media
√ √
− Eb Eb φ1
1 1
fx1 (x1 |0) = √ exp − (x1 − s21 )2
πN0 N0
1 1 p
fx1 (x1 |0) = √ exp − (x1 + Eb )2
πN0 N0
Z ∞
p10 = fx1 (x1 |0) dx1
0
√ √
− Eb Eb φ1
Z ∞
1 1 p
p10 = √ exp − (x1 + Eb )2 dx1
πN0 0 N0
1
z = √ (x1 + Eb )
N0
Z ∞ r !
1 −z 2 1 Eb
p10 = √ √ e dz = erf c
π Eb /N0 2 N0
erf c(z)
u z
Z ∞
2 2
erf c(u) = √ exp −z dz
π u
Figure 6.4
Block diagrams for (a) binary PSK transmitter
and (b) coherent binary PSK receiver.
q
2Eb
g(t)
Tb
|t| ≤ Tb
+A g(t) =
t
0 |t| > Tb
0 T
Eg (f )
SB (f ) = = 2Eb sinc2 (Tb f )
T
Figure 6.5
Power spectra of binary PSK and FSK signals.
i = 1, 2, 3, 4
q
2E π
si (t) = cos 2πfc t + (2i − 1) 4
T
0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
q
2E π
si (t) = T
cos (2i − 1) 4 cos(2πfc t)
q
2E π
− T
sen (2i − 1) 4 sen(2πfc t) 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
q
2
φ1 (t) = T
cos(2πfc t) 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
q
2
φ2 (t) = T
sen(2πfc t) 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
Figure 6.6
Signal-space diagram of coherent QPSK
system.
Figure 6.7
(a) Input binary sequence. (b) Odd-numbered bits of input
sequence and associated binary PSK wave. (c) Even-
numbered bits of input sequence and associated binary PSK
wave. (d) QPSK waveform defined as s(t) = si1φ1(t) + si2φ2(t).
Símbolos Enviados: N
Bits Enviados: 2N
Símbolos con error: Ne
Ne
= PeS
N
Admitiendo únicamente errores de un Bit por Símbolo:
r !
Bits con error Ne PeS 1 Eb
PeBit = BER = = = =
Bits enviados 2N 2 2 N0
Eb
Para la misma relación N0
:
Figure 6.8
Block
diagrams of
(a) QPSK
transmitter
and (b)
coherent
QPSK
receiver.
Por lo tanto
S(f ) = E sinc2 (T f )
Dado que los canales son estadísticamente independientes
SB (f ) = 2E sinc2 (T f )
Figure 6.15
(a) Signal-space diagram
for octaphase-shift keying
(i.e., M = 8). The decision
boundaries are shown as
dashed lines. (b) Signal-
space diagram illustrating
the application of the union
bound for octaphase-shift
keying.
"r #
E π
Pei ≤ erfc sen
N0 M
Pe = P e1 p1 + P e2 p2 + P e3 p3 + . . . + P eM pM
Pe = P ei (p1 + p2 + p3 + . . . + pM )
| {z }
=1
"r #
E π
Pe ≤ erfc sen
N0 M
q
2E 2π
si (t) = T
cos 2πfc t + M (i − 1) 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
q 2π
2E
si (t) = T
cos M (i − 1) cos 2πfc t
q 2π
2E
− T
sen M (i − 1) sen2πfc t 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
SB (f ) = 2E sinc2 (T f )
E = (log2 M )Eb
T = (log2 M )Tb
Figure 6.16
Power spectra of M-ary PSK signals for M
= 2, 4, 8.
2 2 2Rb
B= = = Rb : tasa de bits
T log2 M Tb log2 M
Rb log2 M
ρ= =
B 2
M 2 4 8 16 32 64
d
p p
√ d d
E0
ṡi ↔ ai , bi = ai E0 , bi E0
√
E0 φ1
2 2
q q
2E0 2E0
si (t) = T
ai (cos 2πfc t) − T i
b (sen 2πfc t)
√
Caso 1: Constelación Cuadrada, L = M es entero
√ 1 K
L= M =M =22 2 K debe ser par
√
Caso 2: Constelación en Cruz, L = M no es entero
Ejemplo:
M = 256 símbolos ↔ K = 8 bits (256 = 28 )
√ √
L = M = 256 = 16 → Reja cuadrada de 16 × 16 puntos
√ q
E0
2E0
√
E0 φ1
si (t) = T
ai (cos 2πfc t)
q
2E0
− T i
b (sen 2πfc t)
(−3, 3) (−1, 3) ( 1, 3) ( 3, 3)
(−3, 1) (−1, 1) ( 1, 3) ( 3, 1)
(ai , bi ) =
(−3, −1) (−1, −1) ( 1, −1) ( 3, −1)
(−3, −3) (−1, −3) ( 1, −3) ( 3, −3)
h i
bi = (−L + 1) (−L + 3) · · · (L − 1)
√
E0 3d d d 3d
2 2 2 2 φ1
√
E0 φ1 3d d d 3d
2 2 2 2 φ1
q
i j 1 E0
√ √
Pei = Pej = 2
erfc N0
E0 E0
L L
L−1
P 1
P 1
P
Pe0 = pk Pek = L
Pek = L Pe1 + PeL + Pek
k=1 k=1 k=2
q q L−1 q
1 1 E0 1 E0
P 1 E0
Pe0 = L 2
erf c N0
+ 2
erf c N0
+ 2 2
erf c N0
k=2
h q i q
1 E0 √1 E0
Pe0 = L
(L − 1) erf c N0
= 1− M
erf c N0
√
K es impar → L = M no es entero.
r !
1 E0
Pe ≈ 2 1 − √ erf c
2M N0
E0
Aproximación válida si N0
es alto.
Frecuencia fi i = 1, 2
Duración Tb
Energía Eb
q
2Eb
Es: Tb
cos(2πfi t) 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb i = 1, 2
q
2Eb
s1 (t) = Tb
cos(2πf1 t) 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
q
s2 (t) = 2Eb
Tb
cos(2πf2 t) 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
q
2
φ1 (t) = Tb
cos(2πf1 t) 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
q
φ (t) = 2
2 Tb
cos(2πf2 t) 0 ≤ t ≤ Tb
√
Eb 0
ṡ1 = ṡ2 =
√
0 Eb
nc +i
fi = Tb
nc entero, i = 1, 2 ← Sunde´s FSK
√
E[Y |1] = E[X1 |1] − E[X2 |1] = + Eb
√
E[Y |0] = E[X1 |0] − E[X2 |0] = − Eb
V AR[Y ] = V AR[X1 ] − V AR[X2 ] = N0
√ 2
1 (y + Eb )
fy (y|0) = √ exp −
2πN0 2N0
Análogamente: r !
1 Eb
p01 = erf c
2 2N0
Luego: r !
1 Eb
Pe = erf c
2 2N0
Figure 6.26
Block diagrams
for (a) binary FSK
transmitter and
(b) coherent
binary FSK
receiver.
r
2Eb πt
s(t) = cos 2πfc t ±
Tb Tb
r
2Eb 1
s(t) = cos 2πfc t ± 2π t
Tb Tb
r
2Eb 1
s(t) = cos 2π fc ± t
Tb Tb
( (
1 f1 +f2
f1 = fc − 2Tb fc = 2
1 → 1
f2 = fc + 2Tb
f2 − f1 = Tb
Figure 6.5
Power spectra of binary PSK and FSK signals.
r hπ i
2E
si (t) = cos (nc + i)t 0≤t≤T i = 1, 2, . . . , M
T T
Donde nc es una constante entera.
r hπ i
2
φi (t) = cos (nc + i)t 0≤t≤T i = 1, 2, . . . , M
T | T {z }
nc i
2π + t
2T 2T
1
fc Separación 2T
entre las fi consecutivas
Figure 6.36
Power spectra of M-ary PSK
signals for M = 2, 4, 8.
M M M Rb
B= = = Rb : tasa de bits
2T 2 (log2 M Tb ) 2 log2 M
Rb 2 log2 M
ρ= =
B M
M 2 4 8 16 32 64
RTb
x(t) dt x
0
q
2
φ1 (t) = Tb
cos(2πfc t)
Z Tb Z Tb
x = x(t)φ1 (t) dt = [si (t) + w(t)] φ1 (t) dt
0 0
Z Tb
x = si (t)φ1 (t) dt w(t)=0
0
Z Tb r r
2Eb 2
x = cos(2πfc t) cos(2πfc t) dt
0 Tb Tb
p
x = + Eb
Modulación Digital – p. 58/65
DPSK - Problema Introductorio
RTb
x(t) dt x
0
q
2
φ1 (t) = Tb
cos(2πfc t + θ)
Z Tb Z Tb
x = x(t)φ1 (t) dt = [si (t) + w(t)] φ1 (t) dt
0 0
Z Tb
x = si (t)φ1 (t) dt w(t)=0
0
Z Tb r r
2Eb 2
x = cos(2πfc t) cos(2πfc t + θ) dt
0 Tb Tb
p
x = + Eb cos θ
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6
BPSK bk Tx dk d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6
t
0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb
DPSK bk Tx dk d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6
b1
b2
b3
b4
b5
b6
bk Tx dk d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6
b1
b2
b3
b4
b5
b6
{bk } 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
{dk−1 } 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
{dk } 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
F ase 0 0 π 0 0 π 0 0 0
1 Eb
Pe = exp −
2 N0
Figure 6.44
Signal-space diagram of received DPSK
signal.
Figure
6.43
Block
diagrams of
(a) DPSK
transmitter
and (b) DPSK
receiver.