Prof. Julio C.

Bracho 5-1
Gases
1. Presin
2. Ley de Boyle
3. Ley de Charles
4. Ley de Gay-Lussac
5. Ley de Avogadro
6. Ecuacin del Gas Ideal
7. Ley de Dalton
8. Efusin y Difusin
9. Teora Cintico-Molecular
10.Gases Reales
5-2
 Estado Elemental a 25oC

H Slido He

Li Be
Lquido B C N O F Ne
Gases
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Cs Ba Ls Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

Fr Ra Ac
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
5-2
 Propiedades de la Materia
Estado
Propiedades Slidos Lquidos Gases
Density Elevada Elevada Baja

Forma Fija Toma la forma Se expanden

del recipiente hasta llenar
que los contiene el recipeinte
Compresibilidad Pequea Pequea Grande

Expansin Muy Pequea Pequea

trmica pequea

5-4
El Estado Gaseoso
En este estado, las partculas poseen
suficiente energa para superar todas las
fuerzas de atraccinn entre las molculas

Cada partcula se encuentra

completamente separada del
resto de partculas.

Bajas densidades debido a

las grandes separaciones entre partculas y
la tendencia de los gases a llenar
completamente el recipiente que los
contiene.
5-5
 Presin de un Gas
Los gases presentan ciertos valores de
Presin en cualquier recipiente que los
contenga.
La Presin de un gas se define como la fuerza
por unidad de rea que provocan los choques
de las molculas.
Presin = Fuerza / Area
Alguna unidades comunes: fuerza
1.00 atm = 760 torr
760 mm Hg
29.9 in Hg
14.7 lb/in2 rea
1.01 x 105 Pa

5-6
Barmetro
Equipo utilizado para medir la presin
atmosfrica.

vaco
1
atm
760 mmHg

29.9 inHg

5-7
Leyes de los Gases
Debido a que los gases son muy
compresibles y se expanden cuando
se les somete a calentamiento, estas
propiedades han sido extensamente
estudiadas.
Las relaciones existentes entre el
volumen, presin, temperatura y los
moles se han establecido a travs de
las leyes de los gases.
Para comprender esas relaciones,
se deben introducir algunos
conceptos.
5-8
Unidades que sern utilizadas

Volumen se expresa en litros, aunque

existen otras unidades.

Temperatura se debe utilizar la escala

absoluta K Kelvin.

Presin Atm, torr, mmHg, lb/in2.

se emplea la apropiada.

Moles se especifican las cantidades

en cantidades molares.
5-9
Leyes de los Gases

Las leyes establecen las relaciones entre el

volumen de un gas y otras popiedades
inherentes a este estado de agregacin:

Ley de Boyle
Ley de Charles
Ley de Gay-Lussac
Ley de Avogadro

La ecuacin Ideal de los Gases combina

estas leyes en una simple relacin
matemtica.
5 - 10
 Ley de Boyle

El volumen de un gas es inversamente

proporcional a su presin.

PV = k
or
P1 V1 = P2 V2

La Temperatura y el Nmero de Moles deben

mantenerse constantes !

5 - 11
 Ley de Boyle

Increasing the pressure

on a sample on gas
decreases it volume at
constant temperature.

Note the effect here as

weight is added.

5 - 12
 Ley de Charles

El volumen de un gas es directamente

proporcional a la temperatura absoluta (K).
V = k
T
o V1 V 2
=
T1 T2

La Presin y el Nmero de Moles deben

permanecer constantes !
5 - 13
 Ley de Charles
Cuando Ud. Calienta una muestra de un gas, su
volumen se incrementa.

La Presin y el Nmero de Moles

deben mantenerse constantes !
5 - 14
 Ley de Charles

Al colocar un globo con aire en contacto con nitrgeno

lquido (77 K) causar la reduccin del volumen. La
Presin y el Nmero de Moles son constantes !
5 - 15
 Ley de Gay-Lussac

Ley de la Combinacin de Volmenes

A temperatura y presin constantes, el
volumen de los gases involucrados en
una reaccin qumica se encuentran
relacionados por nmeros enteros
pequeos.

Los estudios desarrollados por Joseph

Gay-Lussac permitieron una mejor
comprensin del comportamiento de
las molculas en el estado gaseoso y
sus reacciones. 5 - 16
Ley de Gay-Lussac
Example.
Reaction of hydrogen and oxygen gases.

H2 H2 + O2 H2O H2O

Two volumes of hydrogen will combine

with one volume of oxygen to produce two
volumes of water.
We now know that the equation is:
2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 H2O (g)
5 - 17
Ley de Avogadro

Equal volumes of gas at the same

temperature and pressure contain equal
numbers of molecules.

V=kn

V1 V2
=
n1 n2

5 - 18
Ley de Avogadro
If you have more moles of a gas, it takes up
more space at the same temperature and
pressure.

5 - 19
Condiciones Estndar (CNPT)

Remember the following standard conditions.

Standard temperature = 273.15 K

Standard pressure = 1 atm

At these conditions:

One mole of a gas has

a volume of 22.4 liters.

5 - 20
Ley del Gas Ideal

A combination of Boyles, Charles and

Avogadros Laws

PV = nRT
P = pressure, atm
V = volume, L
n = moles
T = temperature, K
R = 0.082 06 L atm/K mol
(gas law constant)
5 - 21
Ejemplo:

What is the volume of 2.00 moles of gas at

3.50 atm and 310.0 K?

PV = nRT

V = nRT / P
= (2.00 mol)(0.08206 L atm K-1mol-1)(310.0 K)
(3.50 atm)

= 14.5 L
5 - 22
Ley del Gas Ideal

R can be determined from standard conditions.

PV
R=
nT
( 1 atm ) ( 22.4 L )
R=
( 1 mol ) ( 273.15 K)

= 0.08206 atm L mol-1 K-1

5 - 23
Ley del Gas Ideal

When you only allow volume and one other

factor to vary, you end up with one of the
other gas laws.

Just remember

Boyle Pressure
Charles Temperature
Avogadro Moles

5 - 24
Ley del Gas Ideal

P1V1 P2V2
=R=
n1T1 n2T2

This one equation

says it all.

Anything held constant will

cancels out of the equation

5 - 25
Ley del Gas Ideal

Example - if n and T are held constant

P1V1 P2V2
=
n1T1 n2T2

This leaves us

P1V1 = P2V2 Boyles Law

5 - 26
Ejemplo:

If a gas has a volume of 3.0 liters at 250 K,

what volume will it have at 450 K ?

Cancel P and n P1V1 P2V2

=
They dont change n1T 1 n2T 2

We end up with V1 V2
Charles Law
=
T1 T2
5 - 27
Ejemplo:

If a gas has a volume of 3.0 liters at 250 K,

what volume will it have at 450 K ?

P1V1 P2V2 V1 V2
= =
n1 T 1 n2T 2 T1 T2

V2 = (3.0 l) (450 K)
(250 K)

= 5.4 L
5 - 28
Ley de Dalton de las Presiones
Parciales
The total pressure of a gaseous mixture is the
sum of the partial pressure of all the gases.

PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + .....

Air is a mixture of gases - each adds it own

pressure to the total.

Pair = PN2 + PO2 + PAr + PCO2 + PH2O

5 - 29
Ejemplo de Presin Parcial

Mixtures of helium and oxygen are used in

scuba diving tanks to help prevent the
bends.

For a particular dive, 46 liters of O2 and 12

liters of He were pumped in to a 5 liter tank.
Both gases were added at 1.0 atm pressure
at 25oC.

Determine the partial pressure for both gases

in the scuba tank at 25oC.

5 - 30
Partial pressure example

First calculate the number of moles of each

gas using PV = nRT.

(1.0 atm) (46 l)

nO 2 = (0.08206 l atm K-1 mol-1)(298.15K) = 1.9 mol

(1.0 atm) (12 l)

nHe = (0.08206 l atm K-1 mol-1)(298.15K) = 0.49 mol

5 - 31
 Partial pressure example

Now calculate the partial pressures of each.

(1.9 mol) (298.15 K) (0.08206 l atm K-1 mol-1)

PO2 = (5.0 l) = 9.3 atm

(0.49 mol) (298.15 K) (0.08206 l atm K-1 mol-1)

PO2 = (5.0 l) = 2.4 atm

Total pressure in the tank is 11.7 atm.

5 - 32
Ley de Graham

Relates the rates of effusion of two gases to

their molar masses.

Rate A MM B
=
Rate B MM A

This law notes that larger molecules move

more slowly.

5 - 33
Difusin
Difusin y efusin

Difusin
The random and
spontaneous mixing of
molecules.

Efusin
The escape of
molecules through
small holes in a
barrier.

5 - 35
Teora cintico-molecular

This theory explains the behavior of gases.

Gases consist of very small particles
(molecules) which are separated by large
distances.
Gas molecules move at very high speeds -
hydrogen molecules travel at almost 4000
mph at 25oC.
Pressure is the result of molecules hitting
the container. At 25 oC and 1 atm, a
molecule hits another molecule and average
of 1010 times/sec.
5 - 36
Teora Cintico-molecular

No attractive forces exist between ideal gas

molecules or the container they are in.
Energy of motion is called kinetic energy.

1
Average kinetic energy = 2
mv2

Because gas molecules hit each other

frequently, their speed and direction is
constantly changing.
The distribution of gas molecule speeds can
be calculated for various temperatures.
5 - 37
 Teora Cintico-Molecular
Fraction having each speed

O2 at 25oC
O2 at 700oC
H2 at 25oC

Average speed

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Molecular speed (m/s)
5 - 38
Gases Reales
We can plot the compressibility factor (PV/nRT)
for gases. If the gas is ideal, it should always
give a value of 1.
Compressibility H2
N2
factor

CH4

C 2H 4
NH3
0 5 10
Pressure, atm

Obviously, none of these gases are ideal.

5 - 39
Gases Reales

As pressure approaches zero, all gases

approach ideal behavior.

At high pressure, gases deviate significantly

from ideal behavior.

Why?
Attractive forces actually do exist between
molecules.
Molecules are not points -- they have
volume.
5 - 40
Ecuacin de Van der Waals

This equation is a modification of the ideal

gas relationship. It accounts for attractive
forces and molecular volume.

an2
( )
P + 2 (V - nb) = nRT
V
Correction for
Molecular volume
Correction for attractive
forces between molecules
5 - 41
Constantes de Van der Waals

a b
Gas Formula L2 atm mol-2 L mol-1
Ammonia NH3 4.170 0.037 07
Argon Ar 1.345 0.032 19
Chlorine Cl2 6.493 0.056 22
Helium He 0.034 12 0.023 70
Hydrogen H2 0.244 4 0.026 61
Nitrogen N2 1.390 0.039 13
Water H2O 5.464 0.030 49
Xenon Xe 4.194 0.051 05
5 - 42