Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
1. Introduccion
Como los niveles de tension y corriente del sistema de potencia son muy
elevados, los instrumentos de medida y los reles de proteccion no se pueden
conectar en forma directa y lo hacen a traves de transformadores de me-
dida.
- Transformadores de corriente
- Transformadores de tension
- adaptar las tensiones elevadas a valores compatibles con los que tra-
bajan los instrumentos de medida y los reles de proteccion.
2. Clasificacion
Los transformadores de tension pueden ser:
1
B.III: Transformadores de tension 2
Para tensiones entre 70kV y 150kV pueden utilizarse tanto inductivos como
capacitivos. En los sistemas en que se utiliza comunicacion por carrier
se deben utilizar transformadores de tension capacitivos
- Divisores Capacitivos
- Divisores Resistivos
3. Normas tecnicas
Las especificaciones de los transformadores de tension deben seguir reglas
que estan determinadas en normas tecnicas, entre las que se encuentran:
4.1. Introduccion
Un transformador de tension inductivo consiste en un arrollamiento prima-
rio y un arrollamiento secundario dispuestos sobre un nucleo comun. Estos
transformadores difieren principalmente de los transformadores de potencia
B.III: Transformadores de tension 3
4.2. Definiciones
4.2.1. Generales
Transformador de tension : Transformador en el cual la tension secun-
daria es proporcional a la tension primaria, y difiere en fase por un
angulo que es aproximadamente cero para una conexion apropiada.
Rated voltage factor Rated time Method of connecting the primary winding
and system earthing conditions
0.1 0.1 5
0.2 0.2 10
0.5 0.5 20
1.0 1.0 40
3.0 3.0 Not specified
3P 3.0 120
6P 6.0 240
tension inductivo
El circuito equivalente de un transformador de tension inductivo es similar
al de un transformador de potencia.
B.III: Transformadores de tension 8
transf. ideal
RP LP RS LS
NP:NS
H1 X1
RFE LM
H2 X2 carga
H1 , H2 : circuito primario
X1 , X2 : circuito secundario
RF e : perdidas en el hierro
El hierro tiene una caracterstica B(H) no lineal que se debe tener en cuenta
en el circuito equivalente.
E(t) RFE w
j LM
H2 X2 carga
NP
k= NS
E(t) = Ecos(t + )
Considerando que estamos en la zona lineal del hierro; y refiriendo todas las
magnitudes primarias al secundario se tiene:
transf. ideal
RP/k2 jXp/k2 RS jXS
NP:NS
I Pk IS
E(t) UP RFE XM US
w
Zb=Rb+j Lb
E/k=UP/k Ie
Suponemos RF e =
ZP 1
- kIP = Ie + IS ZS = RS + jXS k2
= k2
(RP + jXP )
UP
- k = (RP + jXP ) k12 kIP + RS IS + jXS IS + US
- Ue = jXm Ie
- US = Zb IS
Surge:
(ZS +Zb +jXm )
- kIP = jXm IS
Zb
kUS = ZP ZS +Zb +jXm
UP
k2 jXm + ZS + Zb
kUS UP
= 100 %
UP
del punto anterior se sabe que:
Zb
kUS = ZP ZS +Zb +jXm
UP
k2 jXm + ZS + Zb
B.III: Transformadores de tension 11
Zb
=|Z ZS +Zb
1| 100 %
P
k2
(1 + jXm ) + ZS + Zb
kUS Zb
= arg(kUS ) arg(UP ) = arg = arg Z ZP ZS +Zb
UP P
+ ZS + Zb +
k2 k2 jXm
6.1. Introduccion
Por razones economicas se ha determinado la adopcion de transformado-
res de tension capacitivos para alimentacion de tension a instrumentos de
medida y reles de proteccion, a partir de niveles de tensiones de 132kV y
superiores.
Ademas, el transformador de tension capacitivo se debe utilizar en un sis-
tema de potencia, cuando se quiere tener un sistema de comunicaciones del
tipo de onda portadora.
6.2. Definiciones
Transformador de tension capacitivo : Transformador de tension que
comprende un divisor capacitivo, una unidad electromagnetica aco-
plada al divisor, en la cual la tension secundaria es proporcional a la
tension primaria, y difiere en fase por un angulo que es aproximada-
mente cero para una conexion apropiada.
Tension nominal primaria: Valor de la tension primaria que figura en la
designacion del transformador y a partir de la cual son determinadas
sus condiciones de funcionamiento.
Tension nominal secundaria: Valor de la tension secundaria que figura
en la designacion del transformador y a partir de la cual son determi-
nadas sus condiciones de funcionamiento.
Error de relacion () : Error que introduce el transformador en la medida
de la tension y proviene de que la relacion de transformacion actual
no es igual a la relacion de transformacion nominal.
kn US UP
= 100( %)
UP
Desfasaje () : Diferencia de fase entre los fasores de tension primaria y
secundaria. El desfasaje es positivo cuando el fasor de tension secunda-
rio se encuentra adelantado con respecto al fasor de tension primario.
Esta definicion es estrica para regimen sinusoidal.
Carga nominal : Valor de la carga, expresada en VA, para la cual se basan
los requerimientos de precision.
Ferro-resonancia : Resonancia sostenida de un circuito consistente de una
capacidad con una inductancia magnetica no lineal saturable. La ferro-
resonancia puede ser originada por maniobras de operacion del lado
primario o secundario.
B.III: Transformadores de tension 14
Rated voltage factor Rated time Method of connecting the primary winding
and system earthing conditions
The standard reference range of frequency shall be from 99 % to 101 % of the rated
frequency for accuracy classes for measurement.
Minutes Centiradians
0,2 0,2 10 0,3
0,5 0,5 20 0,6
1,0 1,0 40 1,2
3,0 3,0 Not specified Not specified
NOTE 1 The input burden (input impedance) of a compensated bridge is very low ( 0) (very high).
NOTE 2 The power factor of the rated burden shall be in accordance with 9.8.2.
NOTE 3 For CVTs having two or more secondary windings (see 9.8). If one of the winding is loaded only
occasionally for short periods or only used as a residual voltage winding its effect upon other windings may be
neglected. Figura 9: Lmite del error 50de tension y desfasaje Copyright 2002, IEC
[%]
-1.0
-0.5
-0.2
0.2
0.5
1.0
Figure 16 Error diagram of a capacitor voltage transformer for accuracy classes 0,2, 0,5 and
Figura 10: Diagrama
1,0 de error
14.5 6.4.
Tests for accuracy
Transformadores de tension capacitivos para proteccion
14.5.1 Type tests
Rango nominal de la referencia de frecuencia : El rango de frecuen-
cia debe estar entretype
To prove compliance with 14.4, 96 tests
% y shall
102 %bede la frecuencia
made at 80 %, 100nominal, para
% and 120 losrated
% of
voltage, at transformadores
the extreme valuesde
of tension
the standard reference range
para proteccion. of frequency (14.2) and at the
upper and lower limits of rated outputs (9.8.1 and 9.8.2).
Routine tests for accuracy check shall be done at ambient temperature at a reduced number
of voltages and/or burdens and at rated frequency, (see 10.6, table 14) provided it has been
shown by type tests on a similar capacitor voltage transformer that such a reduced number of
tests is sufficient to prove compliance with 14.4.
Clase de precision:
Copyright 2002, IEC Las clases de precision para
51 un transformador de ten-
sion capacitivo monofasico, para proteccion, son:
15.4 Limits of voltage error and phase displacement
3P 6P
The voltage error and phase displacement shall not exceed the values given in table 17 for
the appropriate
Ademas se accuracy
introducenclass at clases
tres 2 % and 5 % rated para
adicionales voltage
el and rated voltage
desempeno tran-multiplied by
the rated voltage factor (1,2, 1,5 or 1,9), and at any value of temperature and frequency
sitorio: T1, T2 y T3.
within the reference ranges and with burdens from 0 % to 100 % of rated value for burden
range I or with burdens from 25 % to 100 % of rated value for burden range II.
Lmites del error de tension y del desfasaje : El error de ten-
NOTE 1 The power factor of rated burden shall be in accordance with 9.8.2.
sion y el desfasaje a la frecuencia nominal no deben exceder las
NOTE 2 For CVTs having two or more windings (see 9.8.4). If one of the windings is loaded only occasionally for
valores
short periods dados
or only used as a por la siguiente
residual tabla,
voltage winding, paraupon
its effect cualquier tension
other windings entre
may be neglected.
NOTE 3 Where5 % de la tension nominal y la tension nominal multiplicada por
transformers have different error limits at 5 % of rated voltage and at the upper voltage limit (i.e.
voltage corresponding to rated voltage factor 1,2, 1,5, 1,9), agreement should be made between manufacturer and
purchaser. el factor de tension nominal y con cargas entre 25 % y 100 % de
la carga nominal con un factor de potencia de 0.8 en atraso.
Table 17 Limits of voltage error and phase displacement
for protective capacitor voltage transformers
Minutes Centiradians
Percentage
of rated
voltage 2 5 100 X 2 5 100 X 2 5 100 X
Protection
classes
3P 6,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 240 120 120 120 7,0 3,5 3,5 3,5
6P 12,0 6,0 6,0 6,0 480 240 240 240 14,0 7,0 7,0 7,0
15.5.1 General
Figura
Characteristic of the11: Lmite response
transient del error are
de tension
the ratioysecondary
desfasaje voltage U S (t) to the peak
value of the secondary voltage 2 U S before the application of the primary short circuit at a
Respuestatime
specified T s after application
transitoria of the
: Relacion primary
entre short circuit.
la tension The secondary
secundaria US (t) y elvoltage U S =
U S (t) after a short circuit of the primary voltage
U P = U P (t) can be represented as follows:
valor de pico de la tension secundaria 2US antes de la aplicacion de
un cortocircuito del lado primario, en un tiempo TS especfico luego
U (t)
U (t) de la aplicacion del cortocircuito.
p
[v]
Us (t)
(1)
(2)
(3)
1) Short circuit of U P (t)
15.5.1 General
Characteristic of the transient response are the ratio secondary voltage U S (t) to the peak
value of the secondary voltage 2 U S before the application of the primary short circuit at a
B.III: Transformadores de tension 18
specified time T s after application of the primary short circuit. The secondary voltage U S =
U S (t) after a short circuit of the primary voltage U P = U P (t) can be represented as follows:
Up (t)
U (t)
[v]
Us (t)
(1)
(2)
(3)
1) Short circuit of U P (t)
Figure 17 Transient
52 response of a capacitor voltage
Copyright 2002, IEC transformer
FollowingFigura
a short 12:
circuitRespuesta
of the supplytransitoria
betweende theunhigh-voltage
transformador de tension
terminal A and the low
voltage terminal N connected to earth, the secondary voltage of a capacitor voltage
transformer shall decay within a specified time T s to a specified value of the peak voltage
before application of the
Requerimientos parashort la
circuit (see figure 17).
respuesta transitoria : Luego de un cortocir-
cuito entre el terminal de alta tension y el de baja tension (conectado
15.5.3 Standard transient response classes
a tierra), la tension secundaria del transformador de tension capacitivo
Characteristic of the transient response is the ratio of secondary voltage U s (t) at a specified
timedebe decaer
T S after en un
application of tiempo
a primary especificado
short circuit to T S a
the un value
peak valorof especificado
the secondary del
voltage
valor2 UdeS before
picothedeapplication of the
la tension primary
antes deshort circuit.
la aplicacion del cortocircuito.
Table 18 Standard values
U s (t)
Ratio 100 %
2 US
Time T s Classes
10 10 -3 25 4
20 10 -3 10 10 2
40 10 -3 < 10 2 2
60 10 -3 < 10 0,6 2
90 10 -3 < 10 0,2 2
If a damping device is used, the proof of the reliability of this device should be part of an
agreement between manufacturer and purchaser.
Figura 13: Clases para la respuesta transitoria
15.5.4 Transient response type tests
Rated secondary voltages of windings intended to be connected in broken delta with similar
windings to produce a residual voltage are given in table 19.
B.III: Transformadores de tension 19
ltfiICAFIL
Fig. 1 rig.2
Capacitor voltage transformer Capacitor voltage transformer MicafilAG CH-8O48 Zurich/Switzerland
type WE 245 E2 type WE 550 F2
Rated capacitance 4400 pF Rated capacitance 4900 pF
Figura 14: Transformador de tension capacitivo
Rated output 0,3 z (TRD) or Rated output 0,3 z or 300 VA
200 VA in class 0 r 5 in class 0r5 c 6113 E
Application of voltage part of the CVT 31 Construction
consists of homogenously 311 Capacitor part
acitor Voltage Trans- assembled capacitors, it is
ers (CVT) extremely surge- resi stant The capacitor column con-
in itself. sists of I to 3 units in
citor voltage transfor- Other advantages are : porcelain shells. The capa-
(CVTs) are used in Small dimensions and low citor serves simultaneously
voltage and extra high weight, only small quanti- as capacitive potential
ge systems for : ties of oiI ( reduced danger divider and coupling capa-
Measurement of voltage of fire) , shipment in parts citor. Both parts of the
Measurement of power and easy erection. capacitive potential divi-
together with current B.III: Transformadores de tension der are enclosed in the 21
ansf ormer s) Fig. 3 Schematic Diagram
eeding of protection
elays (together with
urrent transformers)
eeding of synchronizing :. F!
qu ipment
oupling of carrier
ignals :ii
Reduction of transient
oltage peaks on the
rimary side tt:
'.l.'..1
!r,rlr, I
*l1i::tl-+$:Fii|r*rn$$$*nii**ffifi
' ':'l ' l i|$
,',,',i' #iiiili#sffi$$mi'uF
dvantages of the CVT . .TJ:
3 ft,*a*fortner ' t ,, ''
rii$ffiiriffiiiiip*ii:i
..,
have a number of in- :;t
nt good qualities,
h are :
+ 2 -ri--'l *
s,.
i r,trraru$#$##Ii
#$***oiiiiini,:ii
Fu+ : to#.o*S.tl::i.iii
tril
ii:
conomical solution I r------l 6 Secondary timinals
Dual application for
measurement and carrier Drain coiS alr..,*.$*#t$.$ifi.$i
igh reliability arrest.er {optiorra.f. ..,..,. ,..;....
ow weight, easy instal- U Carrier terminai
ation
9 Grounding jumper
capacitor voltage trans- ::
er is economical. In 10 Carrier grounding swiLch
rn poh/er systems, there (optonal )
high demand for power
carrier communication 11 Ground terminaf
control channels to
ate the operation of ,: l':ll' ,:
networks. Power line ' t
er permits voice i$
munication, telemetering,
rvisory control, pro-
n relaying, Ioad-
ency control, teletype,
through overhead
3 Design porcelain inculator (and
Figura 15: Transformador not
de tension
partly capacitivo
in the steel
s. For this purpose, Many years of our research case). Thus, both capaci-
ing capacitors are re- and experience resulted in tances are always at the
d in a1I stations of a a design, which has the same temperature. This will
er network, also in all following qualities : practically not affect the
stations where a accuracy class of the capa-
er bypass is provided. o High output capability citor voltage transformer,
o H igh accu rac\ especially during rapid
eciable investment o Small influence from changes of temperature or
gs can be achieved by variations of frequency, at extreme temperatures.
ling capacitor vo1- voltage and temperature
transformers in such No ferroresonance oscil- The active parts ( stacks)
ons because they can lations of the capacitor units are
sed as coupling capaci- Shortest transient pheno- manufactured of flat wound
as well as voltage mena thanks to our elements, piled up and
formers. For extra patented damping device; pressed. The dielectric
voltage networks, the therefore suitable for consists of purest cellu-
citor voltage transfor- f ast p rotect j.on relay ing lose paper and polypropyle-
s the most economical o High cut-off frequency ne film, impregnated with a
on, even if no a Very low values of non-polluting synthetic oil
er coupling is requi- internal and external Nepolin L, which results in
Capacitor voltage partial discharge excellent electrical per-
formers can be connec- a High mechanical strength formance and shows uniform
without danger at the Safe performance under production quality. The
o pressure to fix the stack
of unloaded lines. earthquake conditions
is so chosen that the capa-
des these economical These features are achieved citance does not change
ntages, the capacitor by careful choice of cir- with time and that again
ge transformers offer cuit and construction para- the influence of temperature
technical advantages : meters. is kept to a minimum. The
surge withstand 1evel interconnections of the ca-
he capacitor voltage pacitor elements have been
former is excellent. designed as to obtain
is one of the 'reasons highest surge withstand
its high reliability in capabitity, highest cut-off
ce. Since the high frequency and low value of
teurs de couplage ont t dtermines conformes 6. Quels accessoires HF pouvons-nous
aux recommandations de la CEI: fournir?
Temprature ambiante
maximale: + 40"c Nous tenons la disposition de nos clients 3 l-
Moyenne journalire <
+ 30'c ments accessoires parfaitement adapts atx ca-
Moyenne annuelle: <
+20"c ractristiques de nos condensateurs, se montant
Temprature minimale: )'- -40'C directement sur les condensateurs de couplage
Altitude d'implantation :B.III:
< 1000Transformadores
m au dessus ou lesde tension
TCT. L'utilisation de ces lments ressort 22
du niveau de la mer du schma de principe de la figure 3.
Conditions atmosphriques: sans pollution ex- Le signal HF, engendr dans une armoire HF,
cesslve est, soit envoy la ligne haute tension 3, par
Remarque: Si la temprature ambiante dpasse I'intermdiaire des bornes 11, d'un transforma-
ces valeurs (milieu tropical, par exemple), et si, teur d'adaptation 7., et du condensateur de
en mme temps, la tension applique entre les couplage 6, soit transmis partir de la ligne,
bornes HT et de terre du condensateur de cou- passant dans le sens contraire. Une bobine de
plage est suprieure la valeur maximale de la drainage 9, prvue entre la borne BT du con-
tension de service permanente admissible (d- densateur et la terre, assure la mise la terre du
faut la terre, par exemple), le condensateur de courant la frquence du rseau du condensa-
couplage risque de subir une surcharge thermique. teur de couplage. Cette bobine est protge par
Par consquent, la dure de prserice, entre les un parafoudre 10. Le sectionneur 8 permet la
bornes HT et de terre, d'une tension comprise mise la terre directe du condensateur de
entre la tension de service permanente maximale couplage, lorsque la liaison HF ne fonctionne
et la tension de service entre phases maximale pas, ou si l'on ne dsire pas I'utiliser.
du rseau (ou 80% de cette tension, s'il s'agit Pour que les signaux HF soient transmis autant
d'un condensateur d'un type au niveau d'isola- que possible dans le sens correct, un circuit-
tion rduit), ne devra pas dpasser 2 heures dans bouchon 2 est prvu dans le sens contraire de la
la journe. La dure des dfauts la terre devra ligne. Ce circuit-bouchon vite les pertes d'ner-
donc tre limite en consquence. gie HF excessives dans les impdances 5a et 5b
Nous fournissons, la demande, des condensa- des transformateurs de puissance, transforma-
teurs de couplage d'une excution particulire teurs de tension ou de courant, disjoncteurs ou
pour les lieux d'implantation dont les conditions autres appareils d'quipement de la sous-station.
de service ne correspondent pas aux conditions Afin de rduire au maximum la perte de puis-
normales prcdentes du TCT HF dans la sous-station, le condensateur
Figure 4 Schma de principe sance
'WfJ
of the capacitor units are ;.gql be earthed through a drain
hermetically sealed by use iit@.,|tt7..1,1 coil. The drain coil may be
of hiqh quality O-ring gas- ;;r'rffi1F't/,111 located in the terminal box
kets with cast flanges of :::. a;,1 ..::.:
or be supplied by the PLC
weather-proof aluminium :ii,,t@tiitttt
(power line carrier) manu-
alloy. A gas cushion pro- facturer. If it is not used
vides for the volume changes for carrier coupling, the
of the oil due to change of ?,,ffiid
rr
HFx te rminal must be
ambient temperature. The a'1,1ifu|/.
earthed by means of the
metal flanges of the porce- grounding jumper.
l-ain she11s are well de-
signed or protected by Fig. 4 shows that the
rounded shields to avoid ltilitl
opened terminal box with
corona discharges. Such dis- t@) the secondary terminals,
charges would otherwise in- l,1)
the grounding terminal, the
crease the high frequency carrier terminal drain coil
noise level. For the connec- (optional), voltage arrestor
tion to the high voltage (optional) and the diagram
line, horizontal or verti- pIate. The arrangement of
cal bolt or special connec- the secondary terminals
tion according to client's easily permits grounding
requirements is provided. connections and/or series/
para1lel connections of the
312 Inductive part secondary windings, where
required, by means of
The construction of the base j umpers .
tank and terminal box can be Space for fuses is also
seen in fig. 1 and fig. 4. available. Fuses are re-
The base tank contains all commended to protect the CVT
elements as shown in fig. 3 against any shortcircuit
except the capacitive poten- fault on the secondary
tial divider. Additional cables or equipment.
equipment such as carrier Suitable ratings will be
grounding switch can be provided upon request, nor-
mounted on the steel case or mally 15 Amp. A1so, mini
structure upon request. Fig. 5 Lihe trap, circuit breakers with auxi-
A11 exposed steel parts are mounted on top of capacitor liary contacts can be pro-
hot-dip galvanised. voltage 17:
Figura transformer
Trampa de onda vided. Different types of
The mineral oil in the base cable inlets for the secon-
tank is separated from the dary and carrier cables can
ol in the porcelain units. be furnished.
C1 , C2 : divisor capacitivo
B.III: Transformadores de tension 24
L: inductancia de ajuste
T : transformador intermediario
Z: impedancia de carga
T I
A
L _._)
ZL : impedancia de cargas
N1
a= N2 : relacion de espiras
U1 : tension primaria
U2 : tension secundaria
Z1/a2 Z2
Z2 = r2 + jl2
Z1 r1 jl 1
a2
= a2 a2
+ a2 (C1 +C2 )j
Z3 = |Z3 |ej
Z1
Z= + Z2 = |Z|ej
a2
N1 a(C1 + C2 )
a= r=
N2 C1
B.III: Transformadores de tension 26
Conclusiones
Diagrama de precision
6.7.1. Ensayos
Las pruebas mas confiables, aunque mas costosas, se realizan a plena ten-
sion, con la ayuda de un interruptor para provocar artificialmente una falta,
sincronizando de manera que la misma aparezca en el momento deseado de
la onda de tension primaria.
B.III: Transformadores de tension 28
6.7.2. Modelado
Un estudio analtico del circuito del transformador de tension capacitivo
permite predecir la respuesta transitoria. La utilizacion de programas digi-
tales permite mayor precision, ya que se pueden modelar los parametros no
lineales y el circuito de supresion de ferro-resonancia.
6.7.4. Conclusiones
La respuesta transitoria de un transformador de tension capacitivo es me-
nos satisfactoria que la de los transformadores de tension inductivos. La
permanencia de una tension secundaria luego que se produce un colapso de
la tension primaria puede afectar en algunos casos la direccionalidad de los
reles mas rapidos si se trata de faltas muy cercanas. Si la falta se situa fuera
de los lmites de zona 1 de un rele de distancia, este puede llegar a actuar
incorrectamente debido a un transitorio oscilatorio de la tension secundaria.
Los mas modernos disenos de los transformadores de tension capacitivos
han reducidos estos transitorios, pero no debe descartarse la influencia en
las protecciones. Debe estudiarse cada caso particular de aplicacion y debe
tenerse sumo cuidado cuando por alguna razon se modifica la carga aplicada
al transformador de tension capacitivo.
B.III: Transformadores de tension 29
7. Bibliografa
- Network Protection and Automation Guide, Alstom