Geotechnical Zoning of Mexico Valley Subsoil

Ingeniera Investigacin y Tecnologa, volumen XVII (nmero 3), julio-septiembre 2016: 297-308
ISSN 1405-7743 FI-UNAM

(artculo arbitrado)
doi:10.1016/j.riit.2016.07.001
Geotechnical Zoning of Mexico Valley Subsoil

Zonificacin geotcnica del subsuelo del Valle de Mxico
Jurez-Camarena Moiss
Instituto de Ingeniera, UNAM
E-mail: mjuarezc@iingen.unam.mx
Mndez-Snchez Edgar
Auvinet-Guichard Gabriel E-mail: emendezs@iingen.unam.mx
E-mail: gauvinetg@iingen.unam.mx
Informacin del artculo: recibido: mayo de 2014, aceptado: enero de 2016
Abstract
A new geotechnical zoning map for the subsoil of Mexico Valley is presen-
ted. This proposal is based on a Geographic Information System for Geote-
Keywords:

to the geotechnical information, available topographic and geological data VXEVRLO
on the studied area were taken into account. Geostatistical techniques were ERULQJV
used to assess the spatial distribution of the thickness of the lacustrine clay *HRJUDSKLF,QIRUPDWLRQ
deposits within the area down to the so-called deep deposits. As a result, a 6\VWHP
contour map was obtained that was used to update the current geotechnical 0H[LFR9DOOH\
zoning map for Mexico Valley. It has been proposed to include this new map *HRVWDWLVWLFV
into the Building Code for the Federal District (Mexico City). FRUUHORJUDP
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Resumen

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Introduction Location of study area
The numerous geotechnical borings performed in the The study presented in this paper is focused on the area
shown in Figure 1. It includes parts of political delega-
knowledge of the subsoil and for improving the accura-
cy of the existing geotechnical zoning map for regula- Cuauhtmoc, Gustavo A. Madero, Iztacalco, Miguel
tory purposes of construction (GDFa, 2004; GDFb, Hidalgo and Venustiano Carranza in the Distrito Fede-
2004). ral and municipalities of Naucalpan, Ecatepec, Neza-
To take advantage of the available information, hualcoyotl, Tlalnepantla in the Estado de Mexico
computational and informatics tools, such as Geogra- (Figure 1).
phical Information Systems as well as powerful mathe-
matical tools based on Geostatistics have been used.
Basic information
Geographic Information Systems are useful to organize
geotechnical information for fast and easy reviewing. To characterize the geological formations and soil de-
- posits typical of Mexico Valley subsoil, it was conside-
tion of random functions theory to the description of
the spatial distribution of properties of geological mate- and to integrate and present this information in synthe-
rials, provides valuable tools for estimating data such tized form.
-
ven soil property, taking into account the correlation
7RSRJUDSK\
structure of the medium. Additionally, uncertainty as-
Figure 2 shows a Shaded Relief Model (SRM) illustrating
In recent years, several studies dealing with the
was built from the electronic data edited by Instituto
the Valley of Mexico have been published. In that Nacional de Estadstica Geografa e Informtica (INE-
studies, Geostatistical methods have been widely GI, 2010).
used to assess the spatial distribution of geotechnical Mexico Valley is a former lacustrine area limited by
properties (Jimnez, 2007; Valencia, 2007; Hernndez, large topographic elevations: Sierra de Las Cruces, Mon-
2013; Eyssautier, 2014; Jurez, 2014). The results of the- te Alto and Monte Bajo to the west reaching an altitude
se works have been taken into account in the geote- of up to 3600 m, Sierra de Guadalupe to the north rea-
chnical zoning proposed in this paper. ching an elevation of 2960 m, the eastern Sierra Nevada
298 Ingeniera Investigacin y Tecnologa, volumen XVII (nmero 3), julio-septiembre 2016: 297-308 ISSN 1405-7743 FI-UNAM
Jurez-Camarena Moiss, Auvinet-Guichard Gabriel, Mndez-Snchez Edgar
)LJXUH/RFDWLRQRIVWXG\DUHD
)LJXUH7RSRJUDSKLFPRGHOIRUWKH
VWXG\DUHD
Ingeniera Investigacin y Tecnologa, volumen XVII (nmero 3), julio-septiembre 2016: 297-308 ISSN 1405-7743 FI-UNAM 299
On the west side, the Sierra de las

Cruces range is constituted by a line
of large volcanoes oriented from

volcanoes was of explosive type lea-
ding to the formation of extensive
volcanic fans constituted by pyro-
clastic materials (T) associated with
that activity.
On the east side, the Sierra de San-
ta Catarina range is formed by a line
of volcanoes oriented in the WE di-
rection; those are very young volca-
noes, so that their eruptive products
are lavas (Qv) that are interbedded
with alluvial (Qal) and lacustrine
(Ql) deposits.
Finally, in the south, the Sierra
is an extensive
volcanic field of the quaternary
formed of many individual bo-
dies, whose volcanic products,
mainly lavas (Qv), form a huge
mass of rock that separates the
Mexico basin from the Cuernava-
ca valley.
Geographic information system

for geotechnical borings
)LJXUH*HRORJ\RIWKHVWXG\DUHD0RRVHU
layers of the subsoil it was taken ad-

an altitude of 3800 to 3900 m. Within the valley, some by public institutions and private contractors. These bo-
isolated volcanic domes such as
(2288 m), (2372 m), Cerro de la Estrella Information System developed by the Geocomputing
(2443 m), Cerro de Xico (2348 m), Cerro de Tlapacoya Laboratory of Institute of Engineering, UNAM (Auvinet
(2442 m) and those forming Sierra de Santa Catarina et al., 1995).
(2482 m) protrude from the lacustrine area. The
(GIS-GB) for the study area has been built using
ArcMap ver. 9.2 (commercial software). Nowadays, the
*HRORJ\
system includes a database with information on more
Figure 3 shows a geological map of the area (Mooser et than 10000 borings (type, date, location, depth, water
1966). table level, etc.) and a database of images of geotechni-
The central portion of the area consists of lacustrine
soft clay deposits (Ql), which are surrounded by allu- Incorporating information from the borings in the
vial deposits (Qal) that also extend below the lacustrine system requires pre-processing: the information is criti-
deposits. cally reviewed and converted from analog to digital
North of the area, the Sierra de Guadalupe range is format of either raster (cell information) or vector (digi-
formed mainly of andesitic and dacitic strato-volcanoes tized information) type.
activity.
)LJXUH*HRJUDSKLF,QIRUPDWLRQ
6\VWHPIRU*HRWHFKQLFDO%RULQJV
Subsoil model , composed of potent deposits of highly

compressible clay strata separated by sand layers with
9HUWLFDOPRGHO varying content of silt or clay. These sandy layers are
-
ters to several meters. The lacustrine deposits are often

Crust (DC), a (FCL) several tens of me-
ters thick, a
(FHL), a Second Clay Layer can exceed 50 m.
(SCL) and the so-called (DD) (Marsal and
Mazari, 1959).
Theoretical concepts of geostatistics
+RUL]RQWDOPRGHO
zones II and III, a contour map for the thickness of soft
Article 170, Chapter VIII, of Mexico City Building Code clay deposits, also corresponding to the depth to the
(GDFa, 2004), establishes that for regulatory purposes, was constructed, using geostatistical te-
Mexico City is divided into three zones with the fo- chniques. The basic concepts used for this type of
llowing general characteristics: analysis are presented in this section.

, formed by rocks or hard soils that were 5DQGRPILHOG$XYLQHW
generally deposited outside the lake area, but where
sandy deposits in relatively loose state or soft clays can It has been proposed to consider spatial distribution
also be found. In this area, cavities in rocks, sand mines of soil properties and geometrical dimensions of soil

common. 1965; Auvinet 2002). This hypothesis makes it possible
to use the mathematical tools of the random function
found at a depth of 20 m or less, and consisting predo- theory for important applications such as estimation
minantly of sand and silt layers interbedded with la-
custrine clay layers. The thickness of clay layers is where no measurement have been performed.
variable between a few tens of centimeters and meters.
u = unit vector in the considered direction

N = total number of data
N(hu) = number of data pairs separated by a distance h
in direction u within appropriate tolerance in
V(x4, y4) tervals
V(x5, y5) The autocovariance function, commonly anisotropic,

represents the degree of linear dependence between the

-
rrelation without dimension whose value is always bet-
ween 1 and +1

)LJXUH'UDQGRPILHOGS
CV V X , V X hu
UV V X , V X hu UV hu (4)
V V2 X
Consider a geotechnical variable V(X), either of physi-
cal (i.e. water content), mechanical (i.e. shear strength) not intrinsic properties of the two points X and X + hu,
or geometrical nature (i.e. depth or thickness of some they also depend on the population, that is to say, on
X of a given domain Rp (p = 1,
2, or 3). In each point of the domain, this variable can be
considered as random due to the range of possible va- Correlation distance
lues that it can take (Figure 5). The set of these random
, 1983). The correlation distance (also known as
) is the distance beyond which variables V (X) y
6WUXFWXUDODQDO\VLV V (X +hu) are no longer correlated.
- The correlation distance, u)= 2u, is conventionally

rameters and functions are generally used (Matheron, estimated from the experimental correlogram, as:
1965; Deutsch, 1992; Auvinet, 2002)
hc
a u UV hu dh (5)
0
Expected value
where: hch for whichVu is equal
1 N
E ^V ( X )` PV X # V Xi (1) to zero.
N11
Variance
(VWLPDWLRQ
1 N
var ^V ( X )` V X # V 2 Xi PV2 X
2
V (2) Geostatistics can be used to estimate the value of a pro-
N11
perty of interest at points of the medium where no mea-
Autocovariance function surement has been made. It is then possible to interpolate
CV V X , V X hu virtual borings,

^ `
E V X PV X V X hu PV X # (3) the soil. The problem can be generalized to the estimation
of the average value of a property in any sub-domain of
N hu the studied medium, for example, in a given volume or
1
# V Xi V Xi hu PV (X)2
N hu i 1 along a certain potentially critical surface.
To reach this objective, linear statistical estimators
without bias and with a minimum variance can be used
Where
(Best linear Unbiased Estimation or BLUE). This tech-
h = distance between two points X and X + hu of the nique, also known as Ordinary kriging (Krige, 1962;
domain Matheron, 1965; Vanmarcke, 1983; Deutsch, 1992; Auvi-
net, 2002) is also widely used in mining engineering. an RP domain, with p = 2 (area of the former lacustrine
The estimate is -
n n formation). The set of measured values within the RP

V * X O V X 1 O P
i i i V
(6) domain (Figure 6) is considered as a random sample of
i 1 i 1 -
The value of the (minimized) variance error associated -
to the estimate, also known as can ving a linear trend to obtain experimental correlograms
also be assessed and correlation distances. Theoretical correlograms
n

V E2 X Var V X Q Oi C X Xi (7)
i 1
6WDWLVWLFDOGHVFULSWLRQ

Configuration of deep deposits depth in study, the main statistical parameters of the depth of
the deep deposits were estimated (Table 1). In Figure 7
'HILQLWLRQRIWKHUDQGRPILHOG
the variability of the data is described graphically by
The geotechnical zoning map is based on the subsoil means of a histogram.
models previously described. In the context of the geos-
7DEOH6WDWLVWLFDOSDUDPHWHUVRIWKH
tatistical analysis, the depth of (DD) is 'HHS'HSRVLWVGHSWK
V(X), distributed within
Parameter Value
No. data 544
Mean, (m) 32.78
2(m2) 319.28
Standard deviation,
(m) 17.87
0.5451
6WUXFWXUDODQDO\VLV
7UHQGDQDO\VLV
The general trend of the -

sits depth was assessed by means of

an equation of the form:
V(X) =ax+by+c to the data. The

trend are:
a = 0.00096398, b = 0.00064913 and
c = 955.997663.
The corresponding linear re-
gression surface (Figure 8) helps to
identify the preferential direction of

depth decrease from
northwest toward the southeast.
The presence of this trend is taken
into account to calculate the experi-
mental correlograms and in the esti-
)LJXUH6WXG\DUHDDQGORFDWLRQRIWKH'HHS'HSRVLWVGHSWKGDWD mations.
Histograma
140
120
100
Frequency
80
60
40
20
0
0 0 -10 10 -20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60 -70 70-80 80 -90 90
-100100
-110
Deep Depositis depth (m)
)LJXUH+LVWRJUDPRIWKH'HHS'HSRVLWVGHSWK
)LJXUH/LQHDUUHJUHVVLRQVXUIDFHRIWKH'HHS'HSRVLWVGHSWK
(VWLPDWLRQRIWKHDXWRFRUUHODWLRQFRHIILFLHQW 7DEOH$XWRFRUUHODWLRQGLVWDQFHVRI'HHS'HSRVLWVGHSWK
IXQFWLRQ Direction, Az() (m)
0 4500
After removing the trend from the original data, a resi- 45 5000
90 6000
function was calculated along four preferential direc-
135 4500
tions with azimuth Az = 0, 45, 90 and 135, and steps
('h) of 250m (Figure 8). These functions describing the
correlation structure are shown in Figure 9. The correla- several thousand meters. Some anisotropy is detected.
tion distances (G) obtained for each preferential direc- Figure 9 shows that the shortest correlation distance of
tion are shown in Table 2. 4500m corresponds to directions Az=0 and 135 and
the highest correlation distance of 600m to direction
Az=90.
1 1
Experimental correlogram Experimental correlogram
Exponential correlogram 0.8 Exponential correlogram
0.8
Autocorrelation coefficient, U
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000
0
-0.2
0 10000 20000 30000 40000
-0.2 -0.4
-0.4 -0.6
Distance, h(m) Distance, h(m)
D'LUHFWLRQ$] D'LUHFWLRQ$]
1 1
Experimental correlogram Experimental correlogram
0.8 Exponential correlogram 0.8 Exponential correlogram
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000
-0.2 -0.2
-0.4 -0.4
Distance, h(m) Distance, h(m)
D'LUHFWLRQ$] D'LUHFWLRQ$]
)LJXUH'LUHFWLRQDOFRUUHORJUDPVIRU'HHS'HSRVLWVGHSWK
- 9LVXDOL]DWLRQ
ponential function to obtain the spatial correlation mo-
del. From the results, a contour map was built showing the
spatial distribution of the depth of this layer within the
= e-(2h/) (8) studied area (Figure 10). The results of the estimation
can also be represented by a surface map, assigning the
value of the depth to the vertical coordinate (elevation)
(VWLPDWLRQ of each point (Figure 11).
Figures 10 and 11 show that the largest -
The expected value and estimation standard deviation sits depths are located in the area of the former Chalco
of the depth of the were obtained at all Lake, in the south part of the lacustrine area. In this
area, the depth reaches values as high as
technique of Ordinary Kriging (Deutsch and Journel, 90 and 100m.
1992).
Geotechnical zoning map
-
- The map of Figure 10 has immediate practical implica-
ned reinstating the linear trend into the results. tions, and is useful to update the geotechnical zoning
Additionally, the estimation variance was obtained. map of Federal District. The curves of equal depth of
are also useful in earthquake enginee-
-

-
tion of the transition zone pre-
COORDINATE Y
N
2165000 viously indicated (GDFa, 2004) and
using the map of Figure 10, it was "CARACOL"
2160000 - TEXCOCO
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nes between zones II and III. After

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It should also be stressed that
2120000 the geotechnical zoning map only
470000 475000 480000 485000 490000 495000 500000 505000 510000 515000
provides a general orientation and
COORDINATE X
Zone I in no case should be used to avoid
Zones II and III Graphic scale the traditional geotechnical surveys
0 1 2.5 5 10 15 20 Km
of geotechnical that must be perfor-
med for each project as required by
)LJXUH&RQWRXUPDSRI'HHS'HSRVLWVGHSWK the building code.
Conclusions
Recent advances in the geotechnical
characterization of the subsoil of
Mexico Valley using a -
-
(GIS-GB) that includes more

presented.
Geostatistical techniques were
-
pressible lacustrine soils lower
boundary also known as -
sits. It can be concluded that Geosta-
tistical methods provide a rational
tool for interpreting the available
geotechnical information and to
evaluate the spatial variability of
the subsoil. They can be useful to
eliminate a large part of the subjec-
tivity generally introduced in tradi-
)LJXUH5HSUHVHQWDWLYHVXUIDFHRIHVWLPDWHGGHSWKRI'HHS'HSRVLWV tional stratigraphical interpretations
and will certainly be used much
more frequently in the future.
COORDINATE Y
N The availability of increasingly

2165000
accurate information about the dis-
"CARACOL"
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tribution of materials and index and
2160000
mechanical properties in Mexico
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cations for updating the building
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The geotechnical zoning map
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shown in this paper only provides a

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that must be performed for each
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project as emphasized in the buil-

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Acknowledgments
2120000
The authors acknowledge the va-
470000 475000 480000 485000 490000 495000 500000 505000 510000 515000 luable support of Direccin General
COORDINATE X de Apoyo al Personal Acadmico,
Zone I
Graphic scale UNAM, of Distrito Federal Govern-
Zone II
0 1 2.5 5 10 15 20 Km ment and to various private compa-
Zone III nies that provided geotechnical
)LJXUH*HRWHFKQLFDO]RQLQJPDSSURSRVHGIRU0H[LFR&LW\EXLOGLQJFRGH information for this work. The con-
tribution of A. Zuiga to the geological description pre- Jimnez O. -

sented in this paper is also acknowledged. , (Master degree thesis), SEPI, ESIA-
IPN, Mxico, 2007.
Jurez M.
References
, (Master degree thesis), SEPI, ESIA-IPN,
Auvinet G. , Notes on Stochastic Processes, Mexico, 2001.
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th Pan- congress: Mtodos numricos en ingeniera y ciencias aplica-
American Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical das, Vol. 1, Guanajuato, Mexico, 2002, pp.287-296.
Engineering, vol. 1, pp. 312-324, Guadalajara, Mexico, 1995. Jurez M.
th Nabor -
Carrillo Lecture, Mexican Society for Soil Mechanics, Quer- (Doctoral thesis), Doctoral Program in Enginee-
taro, Mexico, 2002. ring, UNAM, Mxico, 2014.
Deutsch C. and Journel A. , Krige D.G. , J. Institute Mine
New York, Oxford University Press, 1992. Survey, South Africa, 1962.
Eyssautier A. Marsal R. and Mazari M. , Facul-
, (Pro- tad de Ingeniera, Vol. I y II, UNAM, Mexico, 1959.
fessional thesis), FI-UNAM, Mxico, 2014. Matheron G. , Masson et
Gobierno del Distrito Federal (GDFa). Reglamento de construc- Cie, France, 1965.
ciones para el Distrito Federal, - Mooser F., Montiel A., Zuiga. A. Nuevo Mapa Geolgico de las
ral, 29 de enero, Mexico, 2004. Cuencas de Mxico, Toluca y Puebla, Comisin Federal de
Gobierno del Distrito Federal (GDFb). Normas Tcnicas Comple- Electricidad, First Edition, Mexico, 1996.
mentarias para Diseo y Construccin de Cimentaciones para el Valencia J.D.
Distrito Federal, , Mexico, 2004. , (Master degree thesis), ESIA-UZ, IPN,
Hernndez F. Mexico, 2007.
, (Master degree thesis), SEPI, ESIA-IPN, Vanmarcke E. , The Massachu-
Mexico, 2013. -
Instituto Nacional de Estadstica Geografa e Informtica (INEGI).

zone of Mexico Valley, Mexico, 2010.
Citation for this article:

Chicago style citation
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ISO 690 citation style

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Semblanzas de los autores

. Is a civil engineer by Escuela Superior de Ingeniera y Arqui-
tectura (ESIA) of Instituto Politcnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico. He obtained a mas-
ter in science degree in soil mechanics by ESIA-IPN and a doctor in engineering
degree (soils mechanics) within the master and doctorate program in engineering
of Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico (UNAM). Currently, he is a re-
search engineer at the Geocomputing Laboratory of Instituto de Ingeniera, UNAM.
He is a member of the Mexican Society for Geotechnical Engineering and of the
International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering where he
-
cities and New Capitals.
. Got his doctorate in engineering degree from Facultad de In-
geniera, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico (UNAM). He is a researcher
at Instituto de Ingeniera, UNAM and professor in the master and doctorate pro-
gram in engineering of UNAM. He has been president of the Mexican Society for
Soil Mechanics and vice-president for North America of the International Society
for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. He currently directs the Labora-
tory of Geocomputing of Instituto de Ingeniera, UNAM.
. Is a civil engineer by Escuela Superior de Ingeniera y Arquitec-
tura (ESIA) of Instituto Politcnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico. He obtained a master
in soil mechanics as part of the master and doctoral program in engineering of
Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico (UNAM). He is an academic techni-
cian at Instituto de Ingeniera, UNAM. Currently he is member of the Mexican
Society for Geotechnical Engineering and of the International Society for Soil Me-
chanics and Geotechnical Engineering where he participates in the Technical


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Ingeniera Investigacin y Tecnologa, volumen XVII (nmero 3), julio-septiembre 2016: 297-308

ISSN 1405-7743 FI-UNAM

Geotechnical Zoning of Mexico Valley Subsoil

Informacin del artculo: recibido: mayo de 2014, aceptado: enero de 2016

Introduction Location of study area

On the west side, the Sierra de las

Geographic information system

Subsoil model  , composed of potent deposits of highly

u = unit vector in the considered direction

V(x5, y5) The autocovariance function, commonly anisotropic,

- The correlation distance, u)= 2u, is conventionally

The general trend of the -

nes between zones II and III. After

2150000 A shown in Figure 12, was build. This

The purpose of this map is to

contribute to improving the current

geotechnical zoning map and esta-

blishing more precise boundaries to

Mexico. However, it is necessary to

N The availability of increasingly

works and is deemed to be useful

shown in this paper only provides a

should it be used to avoid the tradi-

tional geotechnical surveys studies

project as emphasized in the buil-

tribution of A. Zuiga to the geological description pre- Jimnez O. -

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Subsoil model , composed of potent deposits of highly

- The correlation distance, u)= 2u, is conventionally

The general trend of the -

tribution of A. Zuiga to the geological description pre- Jimnez O. -