Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
5HVXPHQ
3H ]PVSLUJPH LZ \UV KL
SVZWYVISLTHZZVJPHSLZX\LTmZ
WYLVJ\WH H SVZ ZHS]HKVYL|VZ
3VZTLKPVZKLJVT\UPJHJP}ULU
WHY[PJ\SHY SH WYLUZH LZJYP[H YLSH[HU
KPHYPHTLU[LLZ[L[LTH[LQPLUKV\UH
YLSHJP}U KL ZLU[PKV JVU SH WLYJLW
JP}UZVJPHSKLSH]PVSLUJPH+\YHU[L
TmZKLKVZH|VZLZ[HPU]LZ[PNHKVYH
LZ[\KP} LS MLU}TLUV WHY[PLUKV KL
\U HUmSPZPZ ZVJPVOPZ[}YPJV KL SHZ
JPYJ\UZ[HUJPHZ X\L WLYTP[PLYVU X\L
SH ]PVSLUJPH ZL JVU]PY[PLYH LU \UH
]VYmNPULWHZHUKVWVYLSHUmSPZPZKL
KPZJ\YZVKLKPLaUV[HZLTISLTm[PJHZ
X\L THYJHYVU H SH VWPUP}U WISPJH
LU[YL ` ` JVUJS\`LUKV ^LH]LZ H YLSH[PVU VM ZLUZL ^OP[ [OL
JVU\UHUmSPZPZKLYLJLWJP}UJVU[YLZ ZVJPHS WLYJLW[PVU VM ]PVSLUJL 0U [^V
NY\WVZKLKPZJ\ZP}U `LHYZ[OPZPU]LZ[PNH[VYZ[\KPLK[OLWOL
3VZ HNLU[LZ LU[YL]PZ[HKVZ YL UVTLUVU [OYV\NO H ZVJPHS OPZ[VYPJHS
Z\S[HYVU ZLY TmZ JYx[PJVZ HU[L SVZ HUHS`ZPZ HIV\[ [OL JPYJ\TZ[HUJLZ [OH[
TLKPVZ KL JVT\UPJHJP}U SV X\L ZL WLYTP[[OPZWYVISLTNL[H^OPYSWVVSHU
WVKYxH Z\WVULY ZVIYL [VKV WVYX\L HUHS`ZPZ VM KPZJV\YZL VM [LU PTWVY[HU[
Z\JHWP[HSWVSx[PJVSLZWLYTP[L[LULY UL^ZIL[^LLUHUK;OLPU
\UHVWPUP}UTmZMVYTHKHMYLU[LHSVZ ]LZ[PNH[PVU JVUJS\KLZ ^P[O HU HUHS`ZPZ
WYVISLTHZ KL SH YLHSPKHK UHJPVUHS VMYLJLW[PVUVM[OYLLMVJ\ZNYV\WZ
7VYV[YHWHY[LLZKLYLJHSJHYX\LSHZ ;OL TLTILYZ VM [OLZL MVJ\Z
JVT\UPKHKLZPU[LYWYL[H[P]HZTmZPT NYV\WZ HYL TVYL JYP[PJHS [OHU ^L Z\W
WVY[HU[LZHSHOVYHKLMVYTHYZL\UH WVZLK ;OLPY WVSP[PJHS JHWP[HS NP]LZ
VWPUP}U JVU YLZWLJ[V H SH ]PVSLUJPH TVYL JYP[LYPH MVY THRL [OLPY W\ISPJ
ZVUSHMHTPSPHSVZHTPNVZVSVZNY\ VWPUPVUHIV\[[OLWYVISLTZVM[OLYLHS
WVZKLWHYLZLULSmTIP[VSHIVYHS P[`0^HU[[VLTWOHZPaL[OH[[OLJVT
$EVWUDFW T\UP[PLZVMPU[LYWYL[H[PVUHYLTVYL
;OL]PVSLUJLPZVULVM[OLWYVI PTWVY[HU[ PU [OL JVUZ[Y\J[PVU VM
SLTZTVZ[^VYY`PUNMVY[OL:HS]HKVY W\ISPJVWPUPVU[OHU[OLUL^Z
PHUZ+HPS`[OLTLKPHPUZWLJPHS[OL WHWLYZ PU ZWLJPHS MHTPS`
UL^ZWHWLYZ YLSH[LZ [OPZ WYVISLT MYPLUKZHUKJV^VYRLYZ
,
U ,S :HS]HKVY VJ\YYLU WVY SV <UP]LYZPKHK*LU[YVHTLYPJHUH1VZt
TLUVZ KPLa HZLZPUH[VZ KPH :PTL}U *H|HZ L_PZ[L \U HTWSPV
YPVZ 3HZ JPMYHZ ZL KPZWHYHU LU UTLYVKL[LTHZ\YNLU[LZHSVZX\L
T\JOHZVJHZPVULZ`SSLNHUHJVU[H WYLZ[HYH[LUJP}U
IPSPaHYZL TmZ KL ]LPU[L :VTVZ \U
/HSSLNHKVLSTVTLU[VLUX\L
WHxZ WLX\L|V KL TPSSVULZ KL
LS LZ[H[\Z JPLU[xJV KL SH *VT\
OHIP[HU[LZ WVY SV X\L LZ[H JPMYH ZL
UPJHJP}U `H UV KLIL WVULYZL LU
]\LS]LHSHYTHU[L
KPZJ\ZP}U [HS JVTV HW\U[H SH JV
3HZ LZ[HKxZ[PJHZ Z\ILU ` IHQHU T\UPJ}SVNH HYNLU[PUH +LSPH *YV]P
ZLNUSHPUZ[P[\JP}UWISPJHX\LSHZ +Y\L[[H! +LIPKV H SH YLZPZ[LUJPH
THULQL WVY SV X\L UV LZ TP HMmU X\L OH KLZWLY[HKV LS Z[H[\Z JPLU[x
JVSVJHYSL \U UTLYV MYxV HS KVSVY JVKLSHJVT\UPJHJP}UIHZHKHLU
` HS KLZNHYYHTPLU[V X\L SH ]PVSLU SHPTWYLJPZP}UKLZ\VIQL[VKLLZ[\
JPHLZWLJxJHTLU[LLSH\TLU[VLU KPVJVU]PLULHJSHYHYX\LKLZKLTP
LS UTLYV KL HZLZPUH[VZ JH\ZH LU WLYZWLJ[P]H[HSVIQL[VKLLZ[\KPVLZ
U\LZ[YHZVJPLKHK JSHYV`SVPKLU[PJVJVULSWYVJLZV
JVT\UPJH[P]V X\L W\LKL ZLY LZ[\
3H]PVSLUJPHLZLSWYVISLTHX\L
KPHKVKLTHULYHNSVIHSVLUHSN\UH
SLH[H|LHLZ[HPU]LZ[PNHJP}U(ZxKL
WHY[L W\U[\HS KL Z\Z JVTWVULU
JSHYV7LYVLZ[L[LTH[HUWYVWPVKL
[LZ 7\LKL HZPTPZTV ZLY HUHSPaHKV
SHZVJPVSVNxH`SHWZPJVSVNxHZVJPHS
KLZKL Z\Z YLWLYJ\ZPVULZ ZVJPHSLZ
[HTIPtU W\LKL HIVYKHYZL KLZKL SH
Z\ LJVUVTxH WVSx[PJH Z\Z WYVJLZVZ
*VT\UPJHJP}U
WYVK\J[P]VZ ` LZ[t[PJVZ Z\Z \ZVZ `
,S WYVISLTH X\L VYPNPU} LZ[H WYmJ[PJHZ ZVJPHSLZ SHZ HWYVWPHJPV
SHYNH PU]LZ[PNHJP}U KL KVZ H|VZ ` ULZTLKPm[PJHZLU[YLV[YHZWLYZWLJ
TLKPVM\LSHMVYTHHTPWHYLJLYPU [P]HZ*YV]P!
HKLJ\HKHWVYL_WSPJP[H`JHYLU[LLU
+LLZ[LWYVJLZVHLZ[HPU]LZ[P
T\JOHZ VJHZPVULZ KL WYVM\UKPaH
NHJP}USLH[H|LSHHWYVWPHJP}UX\L
JP}U`ZLN\PTPLU[VLUX\LSVZTL
SVZ HNLU[LZ OHJLU KL SVZ TLUZHQLZ
KPVZ KL JVT\UPJHJP}U YLSH[HU ` YL
KLSHWYLUZHLZJYP[HZVIYLSH]PVSLU
[YH[HUSH]PVSLUJPHX\LHMLJ[HHSWHxZ JPHLZKLJPY!*\mSLZSHYLSHJP}UKL
3H*VT\UPJHJP}U[PLULT\JOV ZLU[PKV LU[YL SH WYVK\JJP}U KL SH
X\L HWVY[HY H SH YLL_P}U KL SVZ UV[HYVQHLUSHWYLUZHLZJYP[HZHS]H
WYVISLTHZ KL SH YLHSPKHK ZHS]HKV KVYL|H`SHWLYJLWJP}UZVJPHSKLSH
YL|H :PLUKV \UH KPZJPWSPUH YLJPtU ]PVSLUJPH&7YLN\U[HLQL
PU[YVK\JPKH HS WHxZ HWLUHZ LU SVZ :LU[PKVLU[LUKPKVJVTVLSZPN
H|VZ UV]LU[H ZL HIYP} SH WYPTLYH UPJHKVKLSVZKPZJ\YZVZZLNUZL
JHYYLYH KL *VT\UPJHJPVULZ LU SH |HSH7H\S9PJVL\Y!:P[VKVKPZJ\YZV
7HRUtD\PpWRGR
,
S WYLZLU[L [YHIHQV [VT} JVTV HUmSPZPZMVYTHSVKPZJ\YZP]V`SHPU
IHZL TL[VKVS}NPJH H SH OLY [LYWYL[HJP}UKLSVZHU[LYPVYLZ
TLUt\[PJH WYVM\UKH KL 1VOU
);OVTWZVU ,U LS KLZHYYVSSV TL[VKVS}NPJV
KLS LUMVX\L [YPWHY[P[V WYVWVUL [YLZ
;OVTWZVU LU Z\ SPIYV 0KLV UP]LSLZKLHUmSPZPZ!LSKLSHWYVK\J
SVNxH ` J\S[\YH TVKLYUH ;LVYxH JP}U [YHUZTPZP}U V KPM\ZP}U" LS KL
` JYx[PJH ZVJPHS LU SH LYH KL SH JV SH JVUZ[Y\JJP}U KL SVZ TLUZHQLZ `
T\UPJHJP}U KL THZHZ WYVW\NUH LS KL SH YLJLWJP}U ` HWYVWPHJP}U
SHZ [YLZ MHZLZ KL LZ[H OLYTLUt\[PJH ;OVTWZVU!
WYVM\UKH!HUmSPZPZZVJPVOPZ[}YPJVLS
7VYZ\SHKVLSHWVY[LKL;OVTW ;HTIPtUUVZLZULJLZHYPVHJSHYHY
ZVUJVUZPZ[LLULUMH[PaHYLSJHYmJ[LY X\t LZ \UH JVT\UPKHK PU[LYWYL[H[P
ZPTI}SPJV KL SVZ MLU}TLUVZ J\S[\ ]H :LNU LS PU]LZ[PNHKVY TL_PJHUV
YHSLZ`HZL]LYHX\LtZ[VZZLPUZLY[HU .\PSSLYTV6YVaJVZLLU[PLUKLImZP
LUJVU[L_[VZZVJPHSLZLZ[Y\J[\YHSLZ JHTLU[L JVTV \U JVUQ\U[V KL Z\
QL[VZ ZVJPHSLZ \UPKVZ WVY \U mTIP[V
3H]PVSLUJPHLZZPTI}SPJHOHWLY
KLZPNUPJHJP}UKLSJ\HSLTLYNL\UH
TLHKVSH]PKHJV[PKPHUH`SVZTLKPVZ
ZPNUPJHJP}U LZWLJPHS WHYH Z\ HJ[\H
KL JVT\UPJHJP}U LZ[m PUZLY[HKH LU
JP}U ZVJPHS LU SH JVT\UPKHK KL PU
\U JVU[L_[V ZVJPHS L OPZ[}YPJV JVT
[LYWYL[HJP}U SVZ HNLU[LZ ZVJPHSLZ ZL
WSLQVLSJ\HSUVWVKLTVZPNUVYHY
3URSLHGDGHVGHOFRQWH[WRR\UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVRIDFWRUHVVRFLRFXOWXUDOHV
*VTVLUSHZHU[LYPVYLZKVZUV[HZLSWLYPVKPZ[HUVKHZ\JPLU[LZKH[VZKLSJVU[L_[VKLLZ[H
PUMVYTHJP}UUVOH`\UIHJRNYV\UKWHYHX\LLSSLJ[VYX\LWVYWYPTLYH]LaZLHJLYJHH
LZ[L[LTH[LUNHJSHYVWVYX\tOHHYYLJPHKVSHS\JOHJVU[YHSHZWHUKPSSHZ,UJVTWHYHJP}U
JVUX\tTLKPKHZ&;HTWVJVZLJVTLU[HHSNVT\`PTWVY[HU[L`LZX\L[HU[VLS7SHU4HUV
+\YHJVTVLS7SHU:WLY4HUV+\YHM\LYVUT\`J\LZ[PVUHKVZWVYVYNHUPaHJPVULZPU[LY
UHJPVUHSLZ`KLSHZVJPLKHKJP]PSWVY]PVSHYSVZKLYLJOVZ\UP]LYZHSLZKLSPIYLHZVJPHJP}UV
PTHNLUW\LZ[VX\LZLSLNHSPa}SHKL[LUJP}UKLWLYZVUHZWVYLSZVSVOLJOVKL\ZHY[H[\HQLZ
HKLTmZSHSL`JVU[LTWSHIH X\L TmZ KL KVZ Q}]LULZ YL\UPKVZ LU \UH LZX\PUH LYHU HZV
JPHJPVULZ PSxJP[HZ(SN\UVZ VYNHUPZTVZ O\THUP[HYPVZ LU LS WHxZ SSLNHYVU H HYTHY X\L ZL
WLYZLN\xH`WLUHSPaHIHZLYQV]LULU,S:HS]HKVY
3HUVXDVLyQ
,U LZ[H UV[H Z\I`HJL LS KPmSVNV WLYZ\HZP]V KL X\LYLY JVU]LUJLY HS SLJ[VY KL X\L LS NV
IPLYUV`SHWVSPJxHLZ[HIHUS\JOHUKVHYK\HTLU[LJVU[YHSHPUZLN\YPKHKJP\KHKHUHLULZ[H
tWVJH`HUHOVYHSHZLUJ\LZ[HZYLLQHIHUX\L\UVKLSVZWYVISLTHZX\LTmZWYLVJ\WH
HSHWVISHJP}UZHS]HKVYL|HZLZSHPUZLN\YPKHK,Z[LKPmSVNVWLYZ\HZP]VZLW\LKL]LYLULS
LUJHILaHKVX\LZL|HSHKLKxH`KLUVJOLSHZM\LYaHZKLSVYKLUWISPJVUVWLYTP[PLYVU
LZWHJPVHSHZTHYHZLULS[LYYP[VYPV/H`\UHPU[LUJP}UKLWYLZLU[HYHSHH\[VYPKHKJVTV
OtYVLZLJHLHKLTmZLU\UHMHSHJPHW\LZHSKLJPYX\LUPKLKxHUPKLUVJOLZLWLYTP[P}LS
LZWHJPVHSHZTHYHZLULS[LYYP[VYPV*\mS[LYYP[VYPV&LZ[HHYTHJP}ULZT\`]HNHLZJVTV
ZP`HUVL_PZ[PLYHU(KLTmZSHUV[HQ\Z[PJHSHZYLMVYTHZSLNHSLZ`UVPUJS\`LSHYLZL|HKL
SHJYx[PJHX\LJH\ZHYVUtZ[HZOHZ[HLULSTPZTVYNHUV1\KPJPHS,Z[HUV[HLZ[mJHYNHKHKL
WLYZVUHSPaHJP}ULUJVU[YHKLSVX\L`HTLUJPVUHTVZX\LKLILJHYHJ[LYPaHYHSNtULYVZLJV
2EVHUYDFLRQHV/H`JVOLYLUJPHZLJ\TWSLSHWYV`LJJP}UZLTmU[PJHUVHZxSHSHIVYKLSWL
YPVKPZ[HLUSVX\LYLLYLHSHKLZWLYZVUHSPaHJP}UKLSKPZJ\YZVLULSNtULYVZLJVVPUMVYTH[P]V
$SXQWHVILQDOHV
BIBLIOGRAFA