Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
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CDCD DDSTU *3.$*CDDV=CD D
ABSTRACT
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the information age in the region. We analyzed the cases of Chile,
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with the neoliberal project of the nineties, the hegemony of global
discourse on the Information Society and the adjustment of state-
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y cotidianas en las sociedades actuales. As, por ejemplo, familiares, amigos,
colegas y clientes se encuentran sin fronteras de tiempo y espacio en los directorios
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En el caso de los estudios sobre la globalizacin, podemos encontrar tres tipos
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referirse al futuro del Estado en la globalizacin, cuando escribe: Con escasa
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determinar el posicionamiento de ste en el proceso.
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actores de la economa global (corporaciones, empresas transnacionales e
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por parte de actores polticos y de la esfera pblica. En esta interpretacin se
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Latinoamrica, con la emergencia y aceptacin de un discurso sobre la Sociedad
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Sociedad de la Informacin en organismos como la CEPAL? Cmo entender
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hoy de un nexo poltico a un nexo de consumo y hereda el utilitarismo liberal, en
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democracia y la participacin socio-poltica por parte de los ciudadanos constituye
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usos relacionados con el campo del comercio, el ocio y la comunicacin personal
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polticos en Facebook, Twitter y el impacto de Wikileaks, darles comprensin
en el contexto sociopoltico de cada pas, es fundamental para aproximaciones
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El estudio de caso
Tomamos tres pases de la regin andina, Chile, Ecuador y Colombia para
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discusin. La seleccin de estos pases corresponde a razones metodolgicas.
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comparacin interesantes al estudio planteado, y aun as, son buenos representantes
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ndole econmica, poltica, social y cultural en los pases de la regin. Las polticas
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respuestas a los problemas de la economa, la democracia, el desarrollo, y sobre
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Este ciclo se adelant en medio de las tensiones entre diferentes fuerzas sociales y
polticas en el seno de la regin, un debate regido por el cdigo desajuste-retraso,
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los pases como condicin para afrontar las coacciones exteriores, para posibilitar
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como neoliberal, del cual muchos trabajos acadmicos hacen precisin (Estrada,
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constituan la premisa necesaria para la consolidacin de las reformas en marcha.
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pases andinos, cuyo origen pblico y experimental en los centros acadmicos nos
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dcadas anteriores solo haba logrado, en el sector de las comunicaciones,
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Estas estimaciones se realizaron sumando las cifras de importacin de: emisores-receptores de radiotelefona, aparatos de
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precisar dnde terminaba la reforma econmica y dnde comenzaba la reforma
del Estado.
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modernizacin de la administracin pblica daran origen a uno de los procesos
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Gobiernos Electrnicos.
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institucional del Estado, el gobierno y la ciudadana, y asimismo, como eslabn
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en documentos de alta poltica ! para recomendar la aplicacin de polticas o
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relacionado con el comportamiento de la informacin en la microeconoma. En
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con el concepto de Sociedad de la Informacin: La sociedad de la informacin
es la piedra angular de las sociedades del conocimiento*H>0.-8#)* VVU)*4E*TIE*R.*
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su desarrollo y tengan, entre otras cosas, opciones educacionales y de libertad.
Internet, conocimiento y libertad se hicieron para mucha gente sinnimos en
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el cambio social como ineludible, necesario y enfocado al progreso (Durkheim,
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en el ao 2003:
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$#-*.-&F3%#-*-#5/.*.$*4#-%&%?%-6#*3.*f.#4#$3#*y.,*1(F%$,/E*;0*-F*#5/,*8#0&%0X,*
9* .@&.0-,)* y.,* 3.N0%'* .$* .?#$F8%#0%-6#* $,&%0#,6./%8,0#* .0* $,* 3%8#C,*
A%?%$%O,8%'0pB,/5,/%.*Hy.,)* VUD)*4E*:x=f:rIE*f,*8%?%$%O,8%'0*8#6#*F0*3%-8F/-#*
3#6%0,0&.*YF.*5F-8,*$,-*/]4$%8,-*3.$*6F03#*3.-,//#$$,3#)*,\#/,*&/,0-K#/6,3,*.0*
F0,*R#8%.3,3*3.*$,*:0K#/6,8%'0c*9*$,*5,/5,/%.*8#6#*F0*P3%-8F/-#*3.*6,/(%0,8%'0*
YF.*0#*-.*4/.&.03.*/.4.&%/)*3.$*YF.*-.*.-*8#0-8%.0&.*9*3.$*YF.*-.*3.-.,*.-8,4,/*,*
&/,?]-*3.$*4/#(/.-#Q*Hy.,)* VUD)*4E*:x=f:rIE*
;$*-#8%'$#(#*$,&%0#,6./%8,0%-&,)*1/6,03*+,&&.$,/&)*,64$%N8,*.-&,*%3.,*,$*-.[,$,/*
YF.* $,* R#8%.3,3* 3.* $,* :0K#/6,8%'0* 8#0-&%&F9.* .$* 6,8/#* /.$,&#* 3.* $,* ]4#8,)*
%/'0%8,6.0&.*.0*&%.64#-*.0*$#-*YF.*-.*-F4#0.*0#*.@%-&.0*#*0#*4./3F/,0*(/,03.-*
0,//,&%?,-*H+,&&.$,/&)*CDDC)*4E* CIE*R.*8#$#8,*.0*3%-8F-%'0*$,-*8,/,8&./7-&%8,-*3.*
F0,*-#8%.3,3*62-*-#$%3,/%,)*62-*,5%./&,*9*62-*3.6#8/2&%8,*.0*&,0&#*.$*/.K./.0&.*
tecnoinformacional se instala en sociedades latinoamericanas al margen de los
debates ciudadanos. En tal sentido, Mattelart realiza un recorrido genealgico
3.*$,*R#8%.3,3*3.*$,*:0K#/6,8%'0*4,/,*8#08$F%/*YF.*-.*\,*0,&F/,$%O,3#*F0,*0F.?,*
%3.#$#(7,*H+,&&.$,/&)*CDDC)*4E* U= DCIE
;-.*/.8#//%3#*(.0.,$'(%8#*0#-*$$.?,*,$*.0&#/0#*0#/&.,6./%8,0#*9*,-%2&%8#*3#03.*
predomina el concepto Digital Economy o Economa Digital. El trmino fue
desarrollado por el economista norteamericano, Don Tapscott, en el libro
Economa Digital (Digital Economy)*3.* VVi)*3#03.*.@4$#/,*8'6#*$,-*0F.?,-*
&.80#$#(7,-*3.*$,*%0K#/6,8%'0*\,0*/.?#$F8%#0,3#*$,*.8#0#67,*&/,3%8%#0,$E*;-&.*
8#08.4&#* /.N./.* ,$* KF08%#0,6%.0&#* 3.* F0* 6./8,3#* 3#03.* $,* %0K#/6,8%'0* .-* .$*
4/%08%4,$* /.8F/-#* 4/#3F8&%?#)* YF.* 3.5.* 3%-&/%5F%/-.* 3.* 6,0./,* .N8%.0&.)* 4./#*
.0*.$*YF.*-.*3.5.*K,?#/.8./*-F*4/#4%.3,3*%0&.$.8&F,$*HJ.(/#4#0&.)* VV!)*4E* SIE*
Economa Digital, como ideologa liberal y capitalista, hace parte fundamental de
$,*R#8%.3,3*3.*$,*:0K#/6,8%'0*9*3.*$#-*3#8F6.0&#-*YF.*-F-&.0&,0*$,*4/#4%.3,3*3.*
$,*%0K#/6,8%'0*9*-F*8#6./8%,$%O,8%'0*.0*4/#9.8&#-*8#6#*.$*3.*h.0#6,*gF6,0#)*
$%8.08%,-*3.*-#K&_,/.)*6X-%8,)*8%0.)*4,-,03#*4#/*$,-*5,-.-*3.*3,&#-*3.*/.?%-&,-*
8%.0&7N8,-* 9* 3.* $#-* 4#/&,$.-* 3.* $,-* $$,6,3,-* /.3.-* -#8%,$.-* .0* :0&./0.&* 8#6#*
Facebook y Twitter S .
f,*1(.03,*3.*A#0.8&%?%3,3*4,/,*$,-*16]/%8,-*-.*3.N0%'*.0*.$*"$,0*3.*188%'0*3.*
wF%&#*H,(#-&#*3.*CDDCI)*%64F$-,3#*4#/*$,*m;1E*f,-*1(.03,-*-./7,0*.-&/,&.(%,-*3.*
8,/28&./*0,8%#0,$)*4,/,*K,?#/.8./*.$*,88.-#*,*$,-*&.80#$#(7,-*3.*$,*%0K#/6,8%'0*4#/*
4,/&.*3.*.64/.-,-*4.YF.[,-)*(/F4#-*/F/,$.-*9*3.-K,?#/.8%3#-M*P;$*#5b.&%?#*.-*5/%03,/*
a los ciudadanos de las Amricas la oportunidad de desarrollar las herramientas
0.8.-,/%,-*4,/,*#5&.0./*8#0#8%6%.0&#-*YF.*$.-*4./6%&%/20*,4/#?.8\,/*4$.0,6.0&.*$,-*
posibilidades de fortalecer la democracia, generar prosperidad y realizar su potencial
\F6,0#Q*Hm;1)*"$,0*3.*wF%&#)*CDDCIE
f,*m;1*.08#6.03'*,*$,*A#6%-%'0*:0&./,6./%8,0,*3.*W.$.8#6F0%8,8%#0.-*HA:W;fI*
la labor de apoyar a cada pas para consolidar sus Agendas. Luego, junto con
.$* :0-&%&F&#* 4,/,* $,* A#0.8&%?%3,3* .0* $,-*16]/%8,-* H:A1I)* 8/.,3#* .0* $,* AF65/.* 3.*
wF.5.8)*-.*4/#8.3%'*,*8#0?#8,/*,*$,-*/.F0%#0.-*4/.4,/,&#/%,-*,*$,*AF65/.*+F03%,$*
de la Sociedad de la Informacin.
<.*.-&,*K#/6,)*$,-*&/.-*3%026%8,-*6,.-&/,-*,5#0,/#0*.$*&.//.0#*3.*$,-*1(.03,-*3.*
A#0.8&%?%3,3E*"./#)*oYF.*-#0*$,-*1(.03,*3.*A#0.8&%?%3,3*.0*.-.08%,*9*8'6#*-.*
formularon en los pases objeto de nuestro estudio?
f,-*1(.03,-*3.*A#0.8&%?%3,3*8#0-&%&F9.0*F0,*-70&.-%-*3.*$#-*.$.6.0&#-*4#$7&%8#-)*
.8#0'6%8#-)* %3.#$'(%8#-* 9* &.80#$'(%8#-)* ($#5,$.-* 9* $#8,$.-)* YF.* -F59,8.0*
,$* &/,0-%&,/* 4#/* $#-* &%.64#-* 3.* $,* 8#0.8&%?%3,3)* 4#/* $#-* &%.64#-* 3.* :0&./0.&E*
R.* 4/.-.0&,/#0* 8#6#* F0* 4,YF.&.* 3.* 4#$7&%8,-* 4X5$%8,-* 3.* $,/(#* 4$,O#)* 8#6#*
4#$7&%8,-*3.*;-&,3#)*YF.*#/%.0&,/#0*$,*%0K/,.-&/F8&F/,*9*.$*F-#*3.*$,-*\.//,6%.0&,-*
&.80#$'(%8,-*%0K#/62&%8,-)*4/%08%4,$6.0&.*.0*.$*,88.-#*9*6,-%N8,8%'0*3.*:0&./0.&*
y de los computadores.
f,-* 3%026%8,-* 6,.-&/,-* 0#-* 6#-&/,/#0* $#-* 6,8/#4/#8.-#-)* ,\#/,* ?.,6#-* $#-*
6%8/#4/#8.-#-* YF.* -.* 4/.-.0&,/#0* .0* $#-* 4,7-.-* ,03%0#-* 4,/,* 8#0-&/F%/* -F-*
1(.03,-*3.*A#0.8&%?%3,3E
f,*3.N0%8%'0*3.*$,-*1(.03,-*3.*A#0.8&%?%3,3*4#/*4,/&.*3.*$#-*;-&,3#-*3.*0F.-&/#*
estudio tiene como antesala una serie de acciones de fogueo o primeros retos
YF.*$$,6,/.6#-*"/.=1(.03,-E*f,*-%08/#07,*3.*.-&,-*,88%#0.-*&,65%]0*.-*.0#/6.)*
,-*8#6%.0O,0*.0*.$*,[#*3.* VVUE*R%0*.65,/(#)*.$*]0K,-%-*3.*,$(F0,-*3.*.-&,-*
acciones Pre-Agendas fue distinta en los tres pases.
f,*4/%6./,*,88%'0*"/.=1(.03,)*$,*YF.*8#64,/&%./#0*#-*$#-*4,7-.-*3.*$,*/.(%'0)*
KF.* .$* 6,0.b#* 3.$* 420%8#* %0K#/62&%8#* 3.* N0* 3.* -%($#)* 8#0#8%3#* &,65%]0* 8#6#*
.$*dkCE*;-&,*,88%'0*KF.*6F9*8#9F0&F/,$)*4./#*-.*8#0-&%&F9'*.0*$,*4/%6./,*(/,0*
%0&./?.08%'0*3.$*;-&,3#*.0*$#-*&.6,-*3.*$,-*&.80#$#(7,-*%0K#/62&%8,-E*;$*4/#5$.6,*
de programacin de las memorias de datos integradas a los computadores
4/#3F8%3#-*,0&.-*3.* VV!)*YF.*8,/.87,0*3.*$,-*3#-*4/%6./,-*8%K/,-*4,/,*/.4/.-.0&,/*
$#-* ,[#-)* 9* YF.* ./,0* %03%-4.0-,5$.-* 4,/,* 3%-&%0(F%/* .0&/.* .$* ,[#* VDD* 9* .$* ,[#*
2000, produjo las primeras polticas estatales concretas frente al manejo de la
",/,*.$*8,-#*;8F,3#/)*.$*]0K,-%-*.-&F?#*.0*$,*6#3./0%O,8%'0*3.*;0&.$)*8#0*$#*8F,$*
-.* 8/.'* $,* A#6%-%'0* 3.* +#3./0%O,8%'0* 3.* $,-* W.$.8#6F0%8,8%#0.-* HA#6#&.$I)*
organismo ejecutor delegado al mismo tiempo del Consejo Nacional de
+#3./0%O,8%'0*3.$*;-&,3#*HAmJ1+I)*#/(,0%-6#*,$*YF.*-.*$.*.08,/('*.$*.-&F3%#*
4,/,*$,*%08#/4#/,8%'0*3.*&.80#$#(7,-*%0K#/62&%8,-*.0*.$*;-&,3#E*"#-&./%#/6.0&.)*
.0*6,/O#*3.*CDDD)*.$*(#5%./0#*3.*hF-&,?#*J#5#,*HCDDD=CDDTI*3.8%3%'*/.K#/6,/*
;0*A\%$.)*5,b#*$,*4/.-%3.08%,*3.*;3F,/3#*`/.%*H VVi=CDDDI)*-.*.6%&%'*.$*%0-&/F8&%?#*
presidencial sobre Modernizacin de la Gestin Pblica y se cre la Comisin
Presidencial de Tecnologas de Informacin y Comunicaciones conformada
por expertos en TIC. En este caso, se combinaron dos nfasis: por un lado la
modernizacin del Estado y, por otro, el acceso a la informacin para el desarrollo
4/#3F8&%?#*9*8F$&F/,$E*;-&,-*,88%#0.-*4/.=,(.03,*-.*6,0&F?%./#0*3F/,0&.*$#-*3#-*
4/%6./#-* ,[#-* 3.$* (#5%./0#* 3.$* 4/.-%3.0&.* G%8,/3#* f,(#-* HCDDD=CDDiI* 8#0* $,*
$$,6,3,*P#K.0-%?,*3%(%&,$QE*;$*]0K,-%-*3.*6#3./0%O,/*.$*,4,/,&#*.-&,&,$*-.*/.,$%O,5,*
8#0* $,* %08#/4#/,8%'0* 3.* &.80#$#(7,-* #N62&%8,-* 9* F0* /.8#/&.* ,36%0%-&/,&%?#* .0*
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el desarrollo del gobierno electrnico20 en mayo de 2001. El nfasis de acceso
y desarrollo se formul con un conjunto de misiones tecnolgicas pblico-
4/%?,3,-M*.0*CDD *-.*8/.'*.$*8#6%&]*3.*6%0%-&/#-*W:A*4/.-%3%3#*4#/*.$*+%0%-&./%#*
3.* ;8#0#67,)* 8F9,* 6%-%'0* ./,* P4/#4#0./* 4#$7&%8,-* .* %64F$-,/* %0%8%,&%?,-* 4,/,*
el desarrollo de la infraestructura de informacin, el impulso del comercio
.$.8&/'0%8#)*$,*4/#6#8%'0*3.*$,*%03F-&/%,*3.*$#-*8#0&.0%3#-)*$,*6,-%N8,8%'0*3.$*
acceso a Internet, la aceleracin del aprendizaje social ligado al uso de redes, as
8#6#*$,*3%KF-%'0*3.*$,*8F$&F/,*9*$,*.3F8,8%'0*4#/*?7,*3%(%&,$QHm//.(#*9*1/,9,)*
CDDCI*W,65%]0*.0*.$*CDD *-.*.6%&.*.$*%0-&/F8&%?#*4/.-%3.08%,$*4,/,*.$*3.-,//#$$#*
de la Poltica Nacional de Infocentros21 . Para el ao 2003 se constituy el Grupo
3.* 188%'0* <%(%&,$Q* Hh1<I)* %0-&,08%,* 8#0K#/6,3,* 4#/* #-* $#-* 6%0%-&./%#-*
y agencias del Estado y los gremios empresariales, cuya tarea fue generar un
,8F./3#*4X5$%8#=4/%?,3#*-#5/.*F0,*.-&/,&.(%,*P4,7-Q*9*3.*.-&,*K#/6,*8#0-&/F%/*F0,*
P1(.03,*<%(%&,$Q*H"/.-%3.08%,*3.*A\%$.)*CDDCIE*
;$* h1<* 4/.-.0&'* .0* .$* CDDe* $,* P1(.03,* <%(%&,$QE* R.* 3.N0%'* 8#6#* .$* .64$.#*
3.* $,-* W:A* 4,/,* %08/.6.0&,/* $,* 8#64.&%&%?%3,3)* $,* %(F,$3,3* 3.* #4#/&F0%3,3.-)*
$,-*$%5./&,3.-*%03%?%3F,$.-)*$,*8,$%3,3*3.*?%3,*9*$,*.N8%.08%,*9*&/,0-4,/.08%,*3.$*
-.8&#/*4X5$%8#E*f,*1(.03,*<%(%&,$*-.*4/#4F-#*F0,*%0&.(/,8%'0*%0K#/62&%8,*3.*$#-*
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f,*4#$7&%8,*4X5$%8,*3.*8#0.8&%?%3,3*-.*8#0-&%&F9.*.0*$#-*&/.-*4,7-.-*4,/,*
-./?%/* ,* 6X$&%4$.-* 4/#4'-%&#-* .0* $#-* 3%-&%0&#-* 265%&#-* 3.* $,* ,8&%?%3,3*
econmica, social y gubernamental. Dicho de otra forma, partimos de unas
,(.03,-*YF.*8#64,/&.0*#5b.&%?#-*9*6.&,-*.0*F0#-*265%&#-*6F9*8#08/.&#-*
9*8$,?.-c*-%0*.65,/(#*$#-*,$8,08.-*3.*$,*4#$7&%8,*4X5$%8,*-#0*3%K./.0&.-*9*
-F-*/.-F$&,3#-*&,65%]0E*;@4$%YF.6#-*.-.*,-F0&#E*
"#3.6#-*3.N0%/*&/.-*265%&#-*.0*$#-*YF.*-.*.0K#8,/#0*$,-*,88%#0.-*3.*$,*
4#$7&%8,*3.*8#0.8&%?%3,3*9*4#3.6#-*-.[,$,/*-F*%64,8&#)*-%0*%0&.08%'0*\*3.*
/.,$%O,/*F0,*.?,$F,8%'0*3.*4#$7&%8,*4X5$%8,M
Cuadro 2. mbitos de accin de las Agendas de Conectividad en Colombia, Ecuador y Chile.
mbitos Colombia Ecuador Chile
Polticas Impacto Polticas Impacto Polticas Impacto
Infocentros y redes
Compartel Telesalud/wifi rural hogareas
Acceso e Regulacin Regulacin Regulacin
infraestructura Tarifas Tarifas Tarifas
Promocin de empresas
Desarrollo de desarrollo y
econmico Capacitacin Teleeducacin capacitacin tecnolgica
productivo y
capacitacin a travs Computadores para Formacin de masa
de tecnologas educar Comercio electrnico crtica
informticas
Alivios tributarios Comercio electrnico
Parques tecnolgicos
Comercio electrnico
Sistema de Informacin
Gobierno Electrnico
para la Gobernabilidad
Gobierno en lnea Democrtica SIGOB Chileclic
J%?.$*3.*%64,8&#*3.*$,*4#$7&%8,*4X5$%8,Mz5,b#****zz*6.3%#***zzz*,$&#*****zzzz*6F9*,$&#*
`F.0&.M*.$,5#/,3#*4#/*.$*,F&#/*,*4,/&%/*3.$*AF64$%6%.0&#*3.*6.&,-*3.$*"$,0*3.*188%'0*.=f1A*CDDS)*
4E*C=!UE*<%-4#0%5$.*.0*\&&4Mpp___E.8$,8E#/(p-#8%0K#p.$,8p
E$* 4/%6./* 265%&#* $#* 8#0-&%&F9.* $,* F0%?./-,$%O,8%'0* 3.$* ,88.-#* ,* &/,?]-* 3.*
%0K/,.-&/F8&F/,* 52-%8,)* /.K./%3,* ,* F0,* 4#$7&%8,* 3.* ,88.-#-E* f#-* (#5%./0#-*
4/#6#?%./#0* :0&./0.&)* $,* &.$.K#07,* 6'?%$* 9* $,* &.$.?%-%'0* 4#/* -F-8/%48%'0* 8#6#*
F0,* 8,&.(#/7,* 3.* -./?%8%#-* 4X5$%8#-)* 5,b#* /.-4#0-,5%$%3,3* 3.* $,-* .64/.-,-* 3.*
&.$.8#6F0%8,8%#0.-)* 4,/,* ,-7* ,-.(F/,/* $,* 8,4,8%3,3* 3.* 4/#?%-%'0* 3.* .-&#-* .0*
$#-*&.//%&#/%#-*0,8%#0,$.-E*A#0*.-.*.0K#YF.)*.0*$#-*&/.-*4,7-.-*$,*%0K/,.-&/F8&F/,*
fue dirigida a los segmentos de mayor capacidad de pago y hacia los centros
3.* 6,9#/* 4#5$,8%'0* H(/2N8#-* !=UIE* J#* #5-&,0&.)* $,* 4#$7&%8,* &F?#* 6,&%8.-E* "#/*
.b.64$#)*.0*A\%$.*-.*4/.-.0&'*F0,*4#$7&%8,*3.*,88.-#-*F0%?./-,$%-&,*9*.-&/,&%N8,3,)*
&'($)* F% G04.'"*0 6/ D15/'1/5 /1 78"9/: ;)4.6*' < 7*9*2=". >3*' ).6. HII 8.="5.15/0A%
2003 2008
&'($)* J% K40)'"35*'/0 6/ 9. 5/9/L*1B. 2MN"9 /1 78"9/: ;)4.6*' < 7*9*2=". >3*' ).6. HII 8.="5.15/0A%
2003 2008
@"* '1#$ !6''(4#* 8&* 0"$* >9"$* 8&* A1#&' (-(8"8* $(9#(<'4* 0"* 1!(&# "'(4#* 8&*
importantes procesos de ajuste y transformacin del Estado, en una poca
!&,1!.($ "*%1!*#" 6!"0&=")*B"*$&"*&#*0"*'1#-60$(1#"8"*C%1'"*8&*(#8&%&#'("/*
51;* &#* 0"* ".%0( 68* 8&* 0"* 9"0"D("* 8&* E# &!#& /* (#-&#'(1#&$* '1.1* 0"$* >9"$*
8&* A1#&' (-(8"8/* 01$* 213(&!#1$* +0&' !4#('1$* ;* 0"$* !&8&$* $1'("0&$* &#* E# &!#& /*
(!!6.%&#* %"!"* '1#<96!"!* #6&-1$* %!1'&$1$* 8&* .6 "'(4#/* 5(3!(8"'(1#&$* &# !&* 01*
-(&71*;*01*#6&-1)*
>$?/* &0* "-"#'&* 8&* 0"$* &'#1019?"$* 8&* 0"* (#,1!."'(4#* ;* 0"$* &0&'1.6#('"'(1#&$*
plantean para la regin andina un doble reto: la transformacin y ajuste del
+$ "81*%"!"*0"*"8&'6"'(4#*&G6(0(3!"8"*"*6#*,6 6!1* &'#1049('1F*;*0"*"%!1%("'(4#*
$1'("0*8&*0"$* &'#1019?"$*'1.1*&$%"'(1$*8&*8&3" &*;*%06!"0(8"8/*G6&*%&!.( "#*&0*
fortalecimiento de la participacin ciudadana.
W* +$ &*."!'1*8&*(#-&$ (9"'(1#&$*5"*$(81*'"0(<'"81*%1!*&0*I]PV*'1.1*%(1#&!1*&#*&0*
"31!8"7&* 8&* 0"* '1#&' (-(8"8* '1#* &0* 8&$"!!1001)* +0* EUV2* 5"* %!186'(81* 6#* AVRd1.*
denominado Apropiacin de Tecnologas de la Informacin y Comunicacin en
>.C!('"*@" (#"/*KC"$&*&0*%1! "0*TTT)( 89)1!9)%&/*'1#$60 "81*&#*8('(&.3!&*8&*WXXe)
Z* V&$8&*01$*"Q1$*81$*.(0/*&$ 1$*1!9"#($.1$*'1#-1'"!1#*0"$*!&6#(1#&$*8&*%!&%"!"'(4#*%"!"*
0"*fA6.3!&*8&*0"*$1'(&8"8*8&*0"*(#,1!."'(4#g/*&#*0"*G6&*(# &!-(#(&!1#*!&%!&$&# "'(1#&$*
gubernamentales y ONG, reconociendo como un hecho social, cultural, poltico y
&'1#4.('1*&0*"-"#'&*8&*E# &!#& *;*$6*%"%&0*&#*0"*"! ('60"'(4#*8&*8(-&!$"$*!&9(1#&$*8&0*
planeta.
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$&* '"!"' &!(="* %1!* !&$ "6!"!* &0* !C9(.&#* 8&.1'!H ('1* ;* ."# &#&!* 0"* &$ !6' 6!"*
econmica con fuerte insercin internacional.
b. Ecuador. Al noroeste de la regin andina, este pas tiene una poblacin aproximada de
MZ*.(001#&$*8&*5"3( "# &$/*'1#*6#*+$ "81*8&.1'!H ('1/*8&*'"!H' &!*%!&$(8&#'("0($ ")*
Su economa presenta ciertos retrasos con respecto al resto de pases de la regin,
"6#G6&* &#* 01$* :0 (.1$* "Q1$* 5"* !&%6# "81* 9!"'("$* "* 0"* &$ "3(0(8"8* %10? ('"* ;* 0"*
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aos dos mil.
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proceso.
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deseados en pases como Colombia y Ecuador, Las exportaciones no lograron ser
el motor de la economa y, por el contrario, se redujo su contribucin al crecimiento
8&0* IEJ/* 01* '6"0* $&* '1.%&#$4* 8&* ."#&!"* 8&'(8(8"* '1#* &0* "6.&# 1* 8&* 0"* 8&."#8"*
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+6!1%&"*&$*&0*4!9"#1*+7&'6 (-1*'1.6#( "!(1*8&*0"*P#(4#*+6!1%&")
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20 Los Infocentros son similares a los centros Compartel colombianos: centros con
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8&0*(.%6&$ 1*"*0"$*-&# "$*%1!*0"*'1.%!"*8&*'1.%6 "81!&$*%&!$1#"0&$\*f$&*&# (&*
como computador personal de escritorio la unidad compuesta por la Unidad Central
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del pago del IVA elementos como la impresora, las unidades de almacenamiento
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%&!(,C!('1$/*"$?*'1.1*%"! &$*;*%(&="$*8&*01$*'1.%6 "81!&$)g*V&'!& 1*`^N*8&*."!=1*8&*
WXXN/*c(#($ &!(1*8&*n"'("*8&*A101.3(")
REFERENCIAS
LIBROS
V&="0";*B-&$* ;* J!;"# * 2)* 2"! 5)* SMee^[)* Dealing in virtue: International commercial
arbitration and the construction of a transnational legal order,*A5('"91/*P#(-&!$( ;*
of Chicago Press.
m0(9$ &(#/* ]&(0)* SWXXM[)* The architecture of markets,* I!(#'& 1#/* I!(#'& 1#* P#(-&!$( ;*
Press.
m1D* 8&* A"!81#")* +)* & * "0)/* SMeOW[)* Comunicacin y Democracia en Amrica Latina,
DESCO, Lima.
c"'506%* m!( =)* SMe^W[)* The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United
States, AER.
U!&'5$&0/* >)* SWXXY[)* Evaluation of the use of new technologies in order to facilitate
democracy in europe.*&R8&.1'!" (=(#9* 5&*%"!0(".&# $*"#8*%"! (&$*1,*&6!1%&/*9&#&-&*
t*m01!&#'&/*6#(-&!$( ;*1,*9&#&-&*t*&6!1%&"#*6#(-&!$( ;*(#$ ( 6 &)
INFORMES
V" =/* 2)* SWXXN[)* f2013"0R]" (1#"0* E# &!"' (1#$* "#8* L1-&!&(9#* V&3 Rd&$ !6' 6!(#9*
b6 '1.&$g/* &#* L)* L"$$&#* S&8)[/* Deciphering the Global: Its Spaces, Scales and
Subjects*/d16 0&89&/*]6&-"*B1!l*;*@1#8!&$)
U168&! /* V7".&0)* SWXXW[)* fvI1!* G6C* $&* #&'&$( "* 6#* +R3(#"'(1#"0* &#* 0"* ,!1# &!"* #1! &*
mexicana en el lugar de E-Mxico? Alcances y lmites de un proyecto centralizado de
�"'&*&0&' !4#('1*#"'(1#"0g/*&#*])*m)*>!1#*;*@)*K"!9"$*2"#$ &!*S&8$)[/*La economa de
la frontera Mxico-Estados Unidos en el siglo XXI - The U.S. Mexicobordereconomy
in the 21st Century,*Ab@+mRJ"#'1*8&*0"*d&$&!-"*m&8&!"0/*L"#*V(&91*L " &P#(-&!$( ;)*
ARTICULOS EN REVISTAS
J"!"#/* I"60)* SMe^Z[)* f+#* '1.6#('"'(1#&$* 8($ !(36(8"$\* E* (# !186''(4#* "* 0"* !&8* 8&*
comunicaciones distribuida. Memorndum RM-3420-PR, RAND.
A"$ &00$/* c)* SWXXX[)* fE# &!#& * ;* 0"* $1'(&8"8* !&8g/* * &#* TTT)61')&86hT&3h&$%h"! ('0&$h
castells/castellsmain1.html, leccin inaugural del programa de doctorado sobre la
sociedad de la informacin y el conocimiento de la UOC.
+-"#$/* I& &!)* SMeeN[)* fU5&* &'0(%$&* 1,* 5&* $ " &w* d&j&' (1#$* 1#* $ " &#&$$* (#* "#* &!"* 1,*
globalization. World Politics,*`X*SM[/*^WRON)
c"##/* c('5"&0)* SMeee[)* f+0* ,6 6!1* 9013"0* 8&0* +$ "81g)* Anlisis Poltico, SYO[/* E+IdE/*
J191 H/*%%)*MO)
INFORMES
A"%&!$/* o1#&$)* SMeeO[)* The Year 2000 Software Problem - Quantifying the Costs and
Assessing the Consequences; Addison Wesley, Reading,* EJc* c>F* ELJ]* XRWXMR
YXe^ZR`
A+I>@)*SWXXY[)*@1$*'".(#1$*5"'("*6#"*$1'(&8"8*8&*0"*(#,1!."'(4#*&#*>.C!('"*@" (#"*;*
el Caribe, Naciones Unidas, Santiago de Chile.
m1!1* BWk* >.C!('"* 8&0* L6!)* SWXXX[/* S+#* 0?#&"[)* V($%1#(30&* &#\* 5 %\hhTTT)
,1!1;Wl".&!('"8&0$6!)1!9h)*S'1#$60 "81*&#*#1-(&.3!&*8&*WXXe[)
k" =/*o1!9&)*SMeee[)*<-=!)3(&'-&*)2,*2)($-&'4',!3#!)*(3%-"*!'*-,"!$:/%,!6')-8-9%!"-&'
en torno a las fuentes y naturaleza del cambio tecnolgico en Amrica Latina en los
aos noventa, CEPAL.
b+>)*SWXXM[)*V&'0"!"'(4#*8&*x6&3&'/*A6.3!&*8&*0"$*>.C!('"$/*b+>/*A"#"8H)
L1##&#$'5&(#/* c)* SMeeN[)* f@(3&!"0(=" (1#* 1,* 5&* U&0&'1..6#('" (1#$* L&' 1!* (#* @" (#*
America Progress to Date and Forces for Change, I Foro AHCIET sobreprivatizacin
y Regulacindel Sector de lasTelecomunicaciones,*>nAE+U/*L"# ("91*8&*A5(0&)
P#&$'1)*SMeeO[)*BC2%$5%"/'D"!E$-5/-'&!,%-*%-&6'&!3-'#)-$%3%"()4'#!%"*&'!=')-8-9%!"F0
ONU, New York.
LEYES
@&;* 2&#&!"0* 8&* U&0&'1.6#('"'(1#&$* 8&* A5(0&/* @&;* ]z* MO)M^O/* W* 8&* 1' 63!&* 8&* MeOW/*
Ministerio de Transportes y Telecomunicaciones de Chile.
PORTALES WEB
c(#($ &!(1* 8&* A1.6#('"'(1#&$* 8&* A101.3(")* SWXXX[)* >9"* 8&* A1#&' (-(8"8* 8&*
A101.3(")* {+#* 0?#&"|* V($%1#(30&* &#\* 5 %\hhTTT)"9")91-)'1h/* {A1#$60 "81* &#*
.";1*8&*WXXN|)
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5 %\hhTTT)&$ !" &9("8(9( "0)913)'0h/*{A1#$60 "81*&#*#1-(&.3!&*8&*WXMX|)
PEU)* SWXXO[)* P#(4#* E# &!#"'(1#"0* 8&* U&0&'1.6#('"'(1#&$)* {+#* 0?#&"|* V($%1#(30&* &#\*
5 %\hhTTT)( 6)(# h&$/*{A1#$60 "81*&#*.";1*8&*WXMX|)