Balance de Materiales

Objetivo.
Calcular Petrleo Original en Sitio (POES)
utilizando la historia de presin, produccin y
datos PVT y de la roca.
Que otros mtodos permiten calcular POES?
cmtoti.blogspot

Antecedentes
- Primer desarrollador de la Ecuacin:
Schilthuis 1936.
- Halvena y Odeh, mtodo modificado 1953.

Fundamentos
- Principio de conservacin de la energa
- Volumen de Control Constante (medio
poroso). Y se puede determinar para cada
P.
V. Fluidos remanentes = V. Fluidos Iniciales V. Fluidos Producidos
El volumen de los fluidos debe ser calculado a una misma condicin de
P y T.

Suposiciones
-El yacimientos es considerado como un tanque
(Dimensin Cero).
-Medio Isotrpico y propiedades de los fluidos
uniformes.
-Presiones y saturaciones distribuidas
uniformemente.
-Cualquier cambio de presin y saturacin se
distribuye en forma instantnea en el yacimiento.

Nomenclatura y Unidades
N
Boi
Np
Bo
G
Bgi
Gf
Rsoi
Rp
Rso
Bg
W
Wp
Bw
We
Cw
p
Swi
Vf
Cf

POES, BN
Factor volumtrico Inicial del Petrleo, BY/BN
Petrleo producido acumulado, BN
Factor volumtrico del Petrleo, BY/BN
GOES, PCN
Factor volumtrico Inicial del gas, BY/BN
Cantidad de gas libre en el yacimiento, PCN
Relacin inicial Gas-Petrleo en solucin, PCN/BN
Relacin Gas-Petrleo producido, PCN/BN
Relacin Gas-Petrleo en solucin, PCN/BN
Factor volumtrico del gas, BY/BN
Agua inicial en el yacimiento, BY
Agua acumulada producida, BN
Factor volumtrico del agua, BY/BN
Intrusin de agua dentro del yacimiento, BY
Compresibilidad isotrmica del agua, 1/psi
Cambio en presin promedio del yacimiento, psia
Saturacin inicial de agua,
Volumen poroso inicial, BY
Compresibilidad isotrmica de la formacin, 1/psi

Deduccin de la Ecuacin
Balance de Materiales
Volmenes Producidos = Expansin de los Fluidos y el Volumen Poroso + Intrusin de Agua
Petrleo, Gas de la capa y Gas en Solucin

Petrleo, Gas en
Solucin y agua

Petrleo y Gas en Solucin

Capa de
Gas

CGPO
Expansion de la Capa de
Gas

Zona de
Petrleo
Intrusin de Agua

CAPO

Acufero

Deduccin de la Ecuacin
Volmenes producidos a condiciones de superficie:
Para una cada de presin P = pi - p

Np Petrleo producido acumulado, BN

Wp Agua acumulada producida, BN
Gp Gas producido acumulado, P CN
Relacin gas-petrleo acumulado
RP = Gp/Np (PCN/BN)

Deduccin de la Ecuacin
Volmenes Producidos a condiciones de yacimiento:
Evaluados a la presin promedio p

NpBo
NpRsBg
NpRpBg
BwWp

Petrleo + gas en solucin

Gas disuelto producido
Gas total producido
Agua producida

Sumando todos estos factores tenemos los fluidos producidos Para

una cada de presin P = pi - p

NpBo ( NpRpBg NpRsBg ) BwWp

N p Bo R p Rs Bg BwW p

Deduccin de la Ecuacin
Expansin del petrleo + gas en solucin para cada p

NBoi
N(Bo Boi)

Volumen inicial de petrleo

Reduccin del volumen de petrleo debido a p

NRsi
Volumen de gas inicialmente disuelto en el petrleo
NRs
Volumen de gas disuelto en el petrleo para p.
N(Rsi Rs)Bg Volumen de gas liberado debido a p
El cambio del volumen total en la zona de petrleo es la suma de la reduccin del
volumen de petrleo mas la expansin del gas liberado para cada P

N ( Bo Boi ) N ( Rsi Rs ) Bg
N ( Bo Boi ) N ( Rsi Rs ) Bg

Deduccin de la Ecuacin
Expansin de la capa de gas para cada p

volumen inicial de gas libre en el yacimiento

m
volumen inicial de petrelo en el yacimiento
Volumen inicial de gas libre en el yacimiento:

GBgi
NBoi

GBgi NmBoi

Volumen total de hidrocarburos en el yacimiento: NmBoi NBoi (m 1) NBoi

Volumen inicial de gas libre a cond. de superficie:

GB gi
B gi

Volumen de gas libre a cond. de superficie para un p:

GBgi
Bgi Bg

NmBoi
B gi

NmBoi
Bgi Bg

Deduccin de la Ecuacin
Expansin de la capa de gas para cada p
La expansin de la capa de gas se tiene restando: el volumen de la
capa de gas debido a un P menos el volumen inicial de la capa de
gas

NmBoi
NmBoi
Bgi Bg
NmBoi (

Bg
Bgi 1

Deduccin de la Ecuacin
Expansin del agua connata (Swc) para cada p
A partir de la compresibilidad del agua podemos definir la
expansin del agua dentro de la zona de petrleo.

dVw cwVwp
(1 m) NBoiSwc
Vw
1 S wc

Volumen de Agua

c w (1 m ) NB oi S wc p
dV w
1 S wc

Deduccin de la Ecuacin
Expansin del volumen poroso para un p
Similar a la definicin anterior podemos definir la expansin de la
roca como:

cf (1 m) NBoiSwcp
dVp
1 S wc

Deduccin de la Ecuacin
Intrusin de agua en la zona de petrleo para un p

La intrusin de agua en la zona de petrleo puede ser definida

como We a condiciones de superficie o como WeBw a
condiciones de yacimiento.

cmtoti.blogspot

Deduccin de la Ecuacin
Capa de Gas
mNBoi

3
1

Zona de Petrleo
NBoi

Acufero
W

Expansin del Sistema Completo modificado de Fernndez V.

1:
2:
3:
4:

Expansin del Petrleo + Gas Disuelto.

Expansin de la Capa de Gas.
Expansin del Agua Connata y Reduccin del Volumen Poroso.
Intrusin de Agua.

Deduccin de la Ecuacin
Volmenes Producidos = Expansin de los Fluidos y el Volumen Poroso + Intrusin de Agua

N p Bo ( R p Rs ) Bg W p Bw N ( Bo Boi ) ( Rsi Rs ) Bg
Bg
Cw S wc C f
mNBoi
1 NBoi
Bgi
1 S wc

p We Bw + GiBgi + Wi

Fluidos Inyectados

RESUMEN DE LA ECUACIN DE B.M.

Expansin de Petrleo
Debido al gas en Solucin
Volumen de Gas Liberado
Volumen de Fluidos
Producidos
Expansin de la Capa de Gas
Aplicaciones:
Clculo de POES
Estimacin de Reservas
Identificacin y grado de
Importancia de los mecanismos de
Empuje

Expansin de la Roca y
Agua connata
Vol. de Agua de Intrusin en
La zona de petrleo

Yacimiento de Petrleo
Volumtrico
Yacimientos de Petrleo Subsaturado
Para yacimientos de petrleo subsaturado con P>Pb,
Rp = Rs y Rs = Rsi. Despreciando cambios en porosidad,
produccin e intrusin de agua, la EBM se reduce a:

N Bo Boi N p Bo
El factor de recobro (FR) se puede estimar entonces
:

Bo Boi
RF

N
Bo
Np

Ejercicio
Calcular el POES y el Factor de Recobro de un yacimiento
volumtrico que ha acumulado 10 MMBNP y cuya
presin ha declinado 1500 psi. Segn un anlisis PVT
reporta lo siguiente
P psi
Pi 5000
4000
Pb 3500
3000

Bo, BY/BN
1.13
1.21
1.35
1.28

Mtodo de Havlena y Odeh

Linearizacin de la EBM
Los siguientes trminos se definen como:

F N p Bo R p Rs Bg W p Bw
WI GI BIg
Eo ( Bo Boi ) ( Rsi Rs ) Bg

Bg

E g Boi
1
B

gi
E f ,w

cw S wc c f
1 m Boi
1 S wc

Fluidos Producidos
Fluidos inyectados
Expansin del petrleo y gas

Expansin de la capa de gas

Expansin del agua connata

y el volmen poroso.

F N ( Eo mE g E f , w ) BwWe

MECANISMOS DE EMPUJE

Expansin de los Fluidos

Al caer la presin el
petrleo se expande

Petrelo

Agua

Factor Volumtrico del

Petrelo
Factor Volumtrico

Factor Volumtrico

Bob

Bt

Bob

Bo

Bo
Bo

1.0

1.0

Pb
Presin del Yacimiento

Pb
Presin del Yacimiento

Gas en solucin
Zonas del yacimiento debajo de Punto de Burbuja

Gas en solucin

Petrleo

Agua

Expansin de la Capa de Gas

Capa de Gas

Gas

Oil
Petrleo

Water
Agua

Empuje Hidrulico

Oil
Petrelo
Oil

Agua
Water

Acuifero

Reduccin del Volumen Poroso

Compresibilidad de la Roca y expansin del agua connata

Oil

Mecanimos de Empuje
RELACIN DE PRESIONES Vs FR
100

Relacin Py/Pi (%)

80
EMPUJE HIDRAULICO

60
SEGREGACION
GRAVITACIONAL

40
EXPANSIN
DE LA ROCA
GAS EN
SOLUCIN

20

EXPANSIN
CAPA DE GAS

0
0

10

20

30

FR (%)

40

50

60

APLICACIONES DE LA
EBM

Balance de Materiales para

Yacimientos Subsaturados sin intrusin de
agua
ya que m 0, We 0 y R p Rs

F, BY

F= N(Eo + Ef,w)

N
Ef,w) BY/BN

Balance de Materiales para

Yacimientos Saturados con empuje por gas en
solucin, sin capa de gas y sin intrusin de agua

ya que m 0, We 0

F, BY

F= N(Eo + Ef,w)

N
Ef,w) BY/BN

Balance de Materiales para

Yacimientos Saturados con empuje por gas en
solucin, con capa de gas y sin intrusin de agua
F= N(Eo + mEg + Ef,w )
1
Multiplicando por
Eo E f ,w

F
Eo E f ,w

F= N(Eo + Ef,w)+ mNEg

Eg
F
N mN
Eo E f ,w
Eo E f ,w

Nm

N
Eg
E o E f ,w

Grafico de F vs. Eo+mEg

Si se conoce o presume la presencia de una capa de gas:

F N Eo mE g
Graficando F vs. (Eo+mEg) se debe obtener una lnea recta.

Valor correcto de m

m - subestimado

F
m sobre estimado

Eo+mEg

Balance de Materiales para

Yacimientos Saturados con empuje por gas en
solucin, sin capa de gas y con intrusin de agua
F= N(Eo + Ef,w ) + WeBw

F
WeBw
N
Eo E f , w
Eo E f , w

1
Multiplicando por
Eo E f ,w

F
Eo E f ,w

We=0
We=0

WeBw
Eo E f , w

Indicadores de los Mecanismos

de Empuje

1 = NEo + mNEg + NEf,w + NWeBw

F

Mtodo Volumtrico para estimar

POES
Agua connata

POES

7758 AhS w

7758Ah( 1 S w )
Boi
A, Acres
h, pies
, Sw, fraccin

Volumetric Method for Estimating RF

above the Bubble Point Pressure
For oil production above the bubble point pressure :
Integrating the equation for isothermal compressibility
1 V
c
V p
RF

Vp
Vi

V
gives e c pi p and
Vi
T

e ct pi p 1

where V Vi V p and ct co S o cw S w c f
N p N RF

Volumetric Method for Estimating RF

under Volumetric Control
Below the bubble point pressure , under volumetric control
with no free gas production, only S g and Bo change :
Reservoir oil
Stock tank oil

7758 (1 S w S g )
7758( 1 S w S g )
Bo

(1 S w ) (1 S w S g )

Oil Recovery 7758

in STB/ac - ft , and
Bo
Boi

(1 S w S g ) Boi
RF 1
in STB
(1 S w ) Bo

Volumetric Method for Estimating RF

under Hydraulic Control
Over time, under hydraulic control where there is no
appreciable decline in reservoir pressure, only S o changes.
Under active water drive in the zone swept by water influx
Reservoir oil

7758 (1 S w S or )

Stock tank oil

7758( 1 S w S or )
Boi

(1 S w S or )
Oil Recovery 7758
in STB/ac - ft , and
Boi

(1 S w S or )
RF
in STB
(1 S w )

Volumetric Method for Estimating RF

under Hydraulic Control
Accounting for formation and water compressibilities,
and solving for N , for p pb
N p Bt We BwW p
N
cw S wi c f
Bt Bti Bti
1 S wi

Example 5.3, p. 172

Example 5.4, p. 173

Oil Reservoirs
Undersaturated Reservoirs
Simple Volumetric CHT pg. 146-153, 69-78
Recovery Factors
Complete Volumetric
Generalized Material Balance CHT pg. 56-67
Recovery Mechanisms using straight-line
techniques
Saturated Reservoirs CHT Chapter 6
Generalized Material Balance
Gas Cap Drive Reservoirs

Saturated Oil Reservoir Material

Balance
For saturated oil reservoirs:
With an original gas cap or one that forms
over time, the gas cap slows overall pressure decline,
which keeps dissolved gas in solution. Recoveries
are generally higher in gas cap reservoirs, especially
those with high vertical relief.

Volumetric Saturated Oil Reservoir

Volumetric Saturated oil reservoirs, no gas cap:
Generalized Material Balance Equation, neglecting
formation and water compressibilities, reduces to

N p Bt R p Rsoi Bg

Bt Bti

Bt Bti
RF

N
Bt R p Rsoi Bg
Np

Example 5.1, p. 156

Example 6.1
Calculate the original oil in place of a reservoir with the following data.
Volume of bulk rock zone = 112000 ac-ft
Volume of gas zone = 19600 ac-ft
Initial reservoir pressure = 2710 psia
Initial FVF = 1.340 bbl/STB
Initial gas FVF = 0.006266 cu ft/SCF
Initial dissolved GOR = 562 SCF/STB
Oil Produced during the interval = 20 MMSTB
Reservoir pressure at the end of the interval = 2000 psia
Average produced GOR = 700 SCF/STB
Two-phase FVF at 2000 psia = 1.4954 bbl/STB
Volume of encroached water = 11.58 MMbbl
Volume of produced water = 1.05 MMSTB
FVF of water = 1.028 bbl/STB
Gas FVF at 2000 psi = 0.008479 cu ft/SCF

Example Problem
Convert to consistent units of cu ft.

Bti = 1.3400*5.615 = 7.5241 cu ft/STB

Bt = 1.4954*5.615 = 8.3967 cu ft/STB
We = 11.58*5.615 = 65.02 cu ft
Wp = 1.05*1.028*5.615 = 6.06 MM res. cu ft
Assuming a constant porosity and connate water
saturation for the entire reservoir.
19600
m
0.175
112000

Example Problem
Substituting into the general equation:

N p Bt R p Rsoi Bg We BwW p
N
mBti

Bt Bti
Bg Bgi
Bgi
20 E 6 8.3967 700 562 0.008489 65.02 6.06 E 6
N
7.5241
8.3967 7.5241 0.175
0.008489 0.006266
0.006266
N 98.97 MMSTB

Example Problem
Substituting into the general equation:

N p Bt R p Rsoi Bg We BwW p
N
mBti

Bt Bti
Bg Bgi
Bgi
20 E 6 1.4954 700 562 0.001510 11.58 1.05 1.028106
N
1.3400
1.4954 1.3400 0.175
0.001510 0.001166
0.001166
N 98.97 MMSTB

Differential Gas Liberation

p, TR,
Vs
pR,
TR,
Vi

p < pR,
TR,
V > Vi

p,
TR,
Vi

pSC, TSC
VSC

Liquid phase

Determine composition of gas

sample, and determine residue
gas volume and gal/MSCF liquid
using flash calculations for given
separator conditions.
Compute z

z ( p ) z SC

p TSC Vs
p SC TR VSC

Mercury

Piston

Repeat steps for each

pressure level.
See CHT pp. 200-201

Move piston
to increase
cell volume Gas droplets
form

Wait for
Move
gas to
piston to
segregate return to
Vi

Calculations below the Bubble

Point with Free Gas Production
Material balance under solution gas drive
Calculate production vs. reservoir
pressure
Yields ultimate recovery prediction

Calculations below the Bubble

Point with Free Gas Production
Material Balance under Solution Gas Drive
- Tarner-Tracy Method
Reservoirs below the Bubble Point
- Expansion of water is negligible
- Compression of rock is negligible
- Production due to expansion of gas
When Gas saturation reaches a critical value, free
gas flows in the reservoir. Gas mobility, kg/g, is
much higher than oil mobility, ko/o, resulting in
increasing producing gas-oil ratio.

Tarner-Tracy Method
Assumptions
Uniform reservoir porosity, permeability and
fluid saturation at all times.
Uniform pressure throughout the reservoir in
both gas and oil zones.
Gravity segregation forces are negligible.
Equilibrium at all times between gas and oil.
A gas liberation mechanism which is the same
as that used to determine the fluid properties.
No water encroachment and negligible water
production.

Tarner-Tracy Generalized
Equation

N p Bo Rso Bg G p Bg We W p
N
mBoi

Bg Bgi
Bo Boi Rsoi Rso Bg
Bgi

- neglects formation and water compressibility

Grouping of Terms
n

Bo Rso Bg
Bo Boi Rsoi Rso Bg

mBoi

Bg Bgi
Bgi

Bg
Bo Boi Rsoi Rso Bg

mBoi

Bg Bgi
Bgi

1
mBoi

Bo Boi Rsoi Rso Bg

Bg Bgi
Bgi

Tarner-Tracy Equation
- General equation now written as:
N N p n G p g We W p w

- For a volumetric, undersaturated

reservoir, the equation becomes:
N N p n G p g

Extrapolation of GOR
- iterate on the pressure and producing gas-oil
ratio to calculate Np
R Rso

k g o Bo
k o g Bg

- at time tj, pressure is now pj < pj-1

- the average producing gas-oil ratio, Ravg,
over the time period between tj-1 and tj is:
Ravg

R j 1 R j
2

Calculating Oil Produced

- the oil volume produced in the time period is Np.
Expanding the generalized equation to include Np
gives:
N N p j 1 N p nj G p j 1 Rave N p gj

where
N pj N p j 1 N p

Solving for Np
N p

N N p j 1 nj G p j 1 gj

nj Rave gj

Step by Step Approach

The Tarner-Tracy Method uses the producing Gas-Oil
Ratio as a unique feature. One estimates a producing
GOR and through a series of equations, calculates the
actual producing GOR. One then compares the result to
the initial estimate. The estimated GOR is altered until it
matches the calculated GOR.
Step 1: Select the calculation pressure, guess the
producing GOR at pressure j and calculate the
average GOR from pressure j-1 and pressure j
using:
R j 1 R j
Ravg
2

Step by Step Approach

Step 2: Calculate n and g using the equations
provided.
Step 3: Calculate Np, Np, and SL, the total liquid
saturation.
N p Bo
S L S w 1 S w 1
B
N

oi
Step 4: Determine the kg/ko ratio and calculate the
producing GOR using equation
R Rso

k g o Bo
k o g Bg

Step by Step Approach

Step 5: After the estimated Rj until it matches the
calculated R in the last step.
Step 6: Calculate Gp and Gp.
Repeat the procedure on the next pressure steps.

Example of Tarner-Tracy
Technique
A deep water Gulf of Mexico reservoir has oil with the following data.
pr = 11664 psia and Tr = 138.3 oF, at a depth of 17999 ft. The reservoir is
estimated to have an initial volume of oil in place of 250 million STB.
Initial water saturation is 15%, initial Formation Volume Factor, Bti, is
1.387 bbl/STB. Use this information with the following PVT data to
calculate production vs. pressure for this reservoir. The bubble point of
the reservoir is 4000 psia.
Pressure, psia
4000
3800
3600
3200
2800
2400
2000
1500
1000

Bt
1.48026
1.4886124
1.5002778
1.5365729
1.5973561
1.6963118
1.8580724
2.2286468
3.0545202

Bo
1.48026
1.460787
1.441314
1.402368
1.363422
1.324476
1.28553
1.236848
1.188165

Rso
952.366
907.186
862.006
771.646
681.286
590.926
500.566
387.616
274.666

Bg
0.000584
0.000616
0.000653
0.000743
0.000863
0.001029
0.001267
0.001756
0.002754

o
1.612833
1.654985
1.69824
1.788169
1.882861
1.982567
2.087552
2.226637
2.374988

g
0.028953
0.027884
0.026855
0.02491
0.023105
0.021432
0.019879
0.018096
0.016472

Use of Relative Permeability

Data
The relative permeability data, from core measurements, JBN style
gasfloods using crude oil at temperature yields the following data:
kg/ko
1
0.998
0.995
0.99
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4

0
8.702E-09
1.386E-07
1.144E-06
3.511E-05
8.885E-05
0.0001854
0.0003426
0.0005824
0.0009314
0.0014223
0.0020944
0.036214
0.304128
2.2
18.106996
237.6

Kg /Ko v s. S L
1000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
Kg/Ko

SL

0.001
0.0001
0.00001
0.000001
0.0000001
0.00000001
0.000000001
0

0.2

0.4

0.6
SL

0.8

Calculation of Oil Produced

Using the previous data, calculate the production from
the initial reservoir pressure to the bubble point:
N Bti Bt
Np
Bt

250 106 1.387 1.48

Np
1.387

N p 16.8 million STB

First Pressure Step

The volume of oil in place at the Bubble Point Pressure
(4000 psia) is 233.2 million STB. Now solve for the first
pressure iteration at 3800 psia. Solving terms: n, g,
w with m = 0:
Bo Rso Bg
n
mBoi

Bo Boi Rsoi Rso Bg

Bg Bgi
Bgi

1.4608 907 0.000616

n
1.4608 1.48 952 907 0.000616

n 108

Calculation of Terms
The volume of oil in place at the Bubble Point Pressure
(4000 psia) is 233.2 million STB. Now solve for the first
pressure iteration at 3800 psia. Solving terms: n, g,
w with m = 0:
Bg
g
mBoi

Bo Boi Rsoi Rso Bg

Bg Bgi
Bgi

0.000616
1.4608 1.4803 952 907 0.000616

g 0.073737

Water Encroachment
The volume of oil in place at the Bubble Point Pressure
(4000 psia) is 233.2 million STB. Now solve for the first
pressure iteration at 3800 psia. Solving terms: n, g,
w with m = 0:

1
mBoi

Bo Boi Rsoi Rso Bg

Bg Bgi
Bgi
N N p n G p g We W p w

We W p 0
Assumes no water encroachment or production.

Estimate Average Producing

GOR
Estimate a producing GOR and calculate the average
producing GOR. Try GOR = 925
Ravg
Ravg

R j 1 R j

925 957

Ravg 938.7

Calculate Oil Produced

Calculate Np

N p

N N p j 1 nj G p j 1 gj

nj Rave gj

233.2 E 6 0 0
N p
108 938.68 * 0.073737

N p 1315841

Calculate Liquid Saturation

Calculate SL
N p Bo
S L S w 1 S w 1
B
N
oi

1.31E 6 1.4608
S L 0.15 1 0.15 1
6 1.4803
233.2 E

S L 0.984

Calculate Producing GOR

From SL and relative permeability data, find kg/ko, and
calculate Rj:
kg
4.79 E 9
ko

1.655 1.4608
R 907 4.78 E 6

0.02788 0.000616

R 907.8

A repeat of the calculation with the new estimate gives

908 which is the correct answer.

Calculation of Produced Gas

With Rj = 908
N p 1.32 E 6 STB

Gp

N N p n

233.2 E 6 1.32 E 6 * 108

Gp
0.073737
G p 1.23 E 9 scf