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4.movimiento Relativo PDF
4.movimiento Relativo PDF
Javier Junquera
Bibliografa
Fsica, Volumen 1, 3 edicin
Raymod A. Serway y John W. Jewett, Jr.
Ed. Thomson
ISBN: 84-9732-168-5
Captulos 3 y 9
Fsica
M. Alonso y E.J. Finn
Ed. Addison-Wesley Iberamericana
ISBN: 968-444-223-8
Captulo 6
way at an airport in Figure 4.21. The woman standing on the moving beltway will see
the man moving at a normal walking speed. The woman observing from the stationary
floor will see the man moving with a higher speed, because the beltway speed combines with his walking speed. Both observers look at the same man and arrive at different values for his speed. Both are correct; the difference in their measurements is due
to the relative velocity of their frames of reference.
seora
ver
al hombre
moverse a una
Suppose a person riding on a skateboardEsta
(observer
A) throws
a ball
in such a way
that it appears in this persons frame of reference
to move
first straight
upward
and caminando
celeridad
usual
de una
persona
Figure 4.21 Two observers measure the speed of a man walking on a moving beltway.
The woman standing on the beltway sees the man moving with a slower speed than the
woman
from
the stationary
ver
al observing
hombre
moverse
a floor.
una
Las dos tienen razn: las
Esta seora
celeridad mayor, porque la celeridad de la
cinta se suma a la celeridad del hombre
diferencias en
sus medidas se debe a la velocidad relativa
de los sistemas de referencia
Path seen
by observer A
97
Path seen
by observer B
(a)
(b)
Figure 4.22 (a) Observer A on a moving skateboard throws a ball upward and sees it
rise and fall in a straight-line path. (b) Stationary observer B sees a parabolic path for
Observador
A, sobre el monopatn:
Observador
the same ball.
B, en el suelo:
lanza la pelota de manera que en su
ver la pelota moverse a lo largo de una
sistema de refencia, primero se mueve
parbola. La pelota tiene tambin una
hacia arriba y luego hacia abajo
componente horizontal de la velocidad (adems
then straight downward along the same vertical line, as shown in Figure 4.22a. An obla vertical
debido al impulso inicial)
server B on the ground sees the path of the ball as a parabola, asde
illustrated
in Figure
4.22b. Relative to observer B, the ball has a vertical component of velocity (resulting
Path seen
by observer A
97
Path seen
by observer B
(a)
(b)
Figure 4.22 (a) Observer A on a moving skateboard throws a ball upward and sees it
rise and fall in a straight-line path. (b) Stationary observer B sees a parabolic path for
Observador
A, sobre el monopatn:
Observador
the same ball.
B, en el suelo:
lanza la pelota de manera que en su
ver la pelota moverse a lo largo de una
sistema de refencia, primero se mueve
parbola. La pelota tiene tambin una
hacia arriba y luego hacia abajo
componente horizontal de la velocidad (adems
then straight downward along the same vertical line, as shown in Figure 4.22a. An obla vertical
debido al impulso inicial)
server B on the ground sees the path of the ball as a parabola, asde
illustrated
in Figure
4.22b. Relative to observer B, the ball has a vertical component of velocity (resulting
Movimiento relativo de
traslacin uniforme
Para simplificar:
Cmo se pueden relacionar las medidas de un observador con respecto del otro?
Movimiento relativo de
traslacin uniforme
Para simplificar:
Posiciones
Movimiento relativo de
traslacin uniforme
Para simplificar:
Velocidades
Movimiento relativo de
traslacin uniforme
Para simplificar:
Aceleraciones
El principio de la relatividad
de Galileo
Sistema de referencia inercial: aquel en el cul no se observa
ninguna aceleracin si sobre el cuerpo no acta fuerza alguna
Cualquier sistema movindose a velocidad constante con respecto a un
sistema de referencia inercial tambin es un sistema de referencia inercial
disagree on certain aspects of the situation, they agree on the validity of Newtons laws
and on such classical principles as conservation of energy and conservation of linear
momentum. This agreement implies that no mechanical experiment can detect any
difference between the two inertial frames. The only thing that can be detected is the
relative motion of one frame with respect to the other.
El principio de la relatividad
de Galileo
(a)
(b)
Figure 39.1 (a) The observer in the truck sees the ball move in a vertical path when
disagree on certain aspects of the situation, they agree on the validity of Newtons laws
and on such classical principles as conservation of energy and conservation of linear
momentum. This agreement implies that no mechanical experiment can detect any
difference between the two inertial frames. The only thing that can be detected is the
relative motion of one frame with respect to the other.
El principio de la relatividad
de Galileo
(a)
(b)
Figure 39.1 (a) The observer in the truck sees the ball move in a vertical path when
disagree on certain aspects of the situation, they agree on the validity of Newtons laws
and on such classical principles as conservation of energy and conservation of linear
momentum. This agreement implies that no mechanical experiment can detect any
difference between the two inertial frames. The only thing that can be detected is the
relative motion of one frame with respect to the other.
El principio de la relatividad
de Galileo
(a)
(b)
39.1 (a) The observer in the truck sees the ball move in a vertical path when
Los dos observadoresFigure
estarn
de
enthelas
la Mecnica:
thrown
upward. (b)
Theacuerdo
Earth observer sees
pathleyes
of the ball de
as a parabola.
- Gravitacin Universal
- Conservacin de la energa
- Conservacin de la cantidad de movimiento
No hay ningn experimento mecnico que pueda detectar ninguna diferencia entre
los dos sistemas de referencia inerciales
Slo se puede detectar el movimiento relativo de un sistema con respecto al otro
disagree on certain aspects of the situation, they agree on the validity of Newtons laws
and on such classical principles as conservation of energy and conservation of linear
momentum. This agreement implies that no mechanical experiment can detect any
difference between the two inertial frames. The only thing that can be detected is the
relative motion of one frame with respect to the other.
El principio de la relatividad
de Galileo
(a)
(b)
39.1 (a) The observer in the truck sees the ball move in a vertical path when
Los dos observadoresFigure
estarn
de
enthelas
la Mecnica:
thrown
upward. (b)
Theacuerdo
Earth observer sees
pathleyes
of the ball de
as a parabola.
- Gravitacin Universal
- Conservacin de la energa
- Conservacin de la cantidad de movimiento
No hay ningn experimento mecnico que pueda detectar ninguna diferencia entre
los dos sistemas de referencia inerciales
Slo se puede detectar el movimiento relativo de un sistema con respecto al otro
Transformaciones espacio-temporales
de Galileo
Supongamos un suceso visto por un observador en reposo en un sistema de referencia inercial, S
Caracterizamos el suceso por cuatro coordenadas
Otro observador en un sistema de referencia S que se mueve con respecto al primero con
velocidad constante
(medida con respecto a S) a lo largo de los ejes comunes x y x caracteriza
el suceso por las coordenadas
S E C T I O N 3 9 . 1 The Principle of Galilean Relativity
occurs and is
s location and
We would like
n one inertial
elative velocity
mean that the
1247
Transformaciones de Galileo
S
y
v
P (event)
vt
x
moves with a
0
x
0
x
d relative to S.
Figure 39.2 An event occurs at a
n event occurs
point P. The event is seen by two
Se
el tiempo
es frames
el mismo
ibes asume
the eventqueobservers
in inertial
S and en los dos sistemas de referencia inerciales
he
S!, Clsica,
where S! moves
with a los
velocity
v
Encoordinates
la Mecnica
todos
relojes
se mueven con el mismo ritmo, sin importar su velocidad
relative
to
S.
in
39.2, de tiempo entre dos sucesos consecutivos es el mismo para los dos observadores
ElFigure
intervalo
(39.1)
Galilean transformation
equations
C H A P T E R 3 9 Relativity
c +v
(a) Downwind
c v
(b) Upwind
v
c 2 v 2
at rest with respect to the ether. The Galilean velocity transformation equation was
expected to hold for observations of light made by an observer in any frame moving at
speed v relative to the absolute ether frame. That is, if light travels along the x axis and
A finales del siglo XIX se pensaba que las ondas electromagnticas
an observer moves with velocity v along the x axis, the observer will measure the light to
dentro
un medio,
denominado ter
have speed c ! v, depending viajaban
on the directions
of travel ofde
the observer
and the light.
Because the existence of a preferred, absolute ether frame would show that light
was similar to other classical waves and that Newtonian ideas of an absolute frame were
true, considerable importance was attached to establishing the existence of the ether
frame. Prior to the late 1800s, experiments involving light traveling in media moving at
the highest laboratory speeds attainable at that time were not capable of detecting
differences as small as that between c and c ! v. Starting in about 1880, scientists
decided to use the Earth as the moving frame in an attempt to improve their chances
of detecting
small changes
in the
of light. de la luz vala c nicamente en un sistema
Se these
pensaba
que
la speed
celeridad
As observers fixed on the Earth, we can take the view that we are stationary
de referencia especial, absoluto, en reposo con respecto al ter
and that the absolute ether frame containing the medium for light propagation moves
past us with speed v. Determining the speed of light under these circumstances is
just like determining the speed of an aircraft traveling in a moving air current, or
wind; consequently, we speak of an ether wind blowing through our apparatus fixed
to the Earth.
A direct method for detecting an ether wind would use an apparatus fixed to the
Earth to measure the ether winds influence on the speed of light. If v is the speed of
the ether relative to the
then light should
maximum speed c "
v when
SeEarth,
esperaba
que have
lasitsecuaciones
de
transformacin de las
propagating downwind, as in Figure 39.3a. Likewise, the speed of light should have its
de Galileo
tambin
al caso de un
minimum value c # vvelocidades
when the light is propagating
upwind, se
as in aplicaran
Figure 39.3b, and
an
in the direction
perpendicular
to the
ether
wind, as in
intermediate
value (c 2 # v 2)1/2 que
observador
se moviera
con
una
celeridad
con respecto al ter
Figure 39.3c. If the Sun is assumed to be at rest in the ether, then the velocity of the
ether wind would be equal to the orbital velocity of the Earth around the Sun, which
Imposible
deBecause
determinar
c % 3 $ 108experimentalmente
m/s, it is
has a magnitude of approximately
3 $ 104 m/s.
4
necessary to detect a change in speed of(experimento
about 1 part in 10 forde
measurements
in the
Michelson.Morley)
upwind or downwind directions. However, while such a change is experimentally
measurable, all attempts to detect such changes and establish the existence of the
ether wind (and hence the absolute frame) proved futile! We explore the classic
Postulados de la teora
especial de la relatividad
El principio de relatividad:
Todas las leyes de la Fsica deben ser las mismas en todos los sistemas de referencia inerciales
Todas = Mecnica + Electromagnetismo + ptica + Termodinmica +
Generalizacin del principio de relatividad de Galileo (slo las leyes de la Mecnica).
El
v
Mirror
d
O
O
x
1253
El observador
est en reposo con respecto a
un sistema
de
O
O referencia asociado al vehculo
c t
2
(c)
(b)
Active Figure 39.6 (a) A mirror is fixed to a moving vehicle, and a light pulse is sent
out by observer O! at rest in the vehicle. (b) Relative to a stationary observer O standing
alongside the vehicle, the mirror and O! move with a speed v. Note that what observer
O measures for the distance the pulse travels is greater than 2d. (c) The right triangle
for calculating the relationship between "t and "tp .
at http://www.pse6.com,
you
En un determinado instante, la linterna se enciende
momentneamente
y
can observe the bouncing of
proyecta luz en direccin vertical hacia el espejo
(suceso
1)
the light pulse
for various
speeds of the train.
In other
Enwords,
algn
two events
simultaneous in a second frame moving relative to the first. That is, simultaneity is
not an absolute
concept
rathercon
one that
depends
on the state
of motion
of
observador
tiene
unbutreloj
el que
puede
medir
el intervalo
the observer.
Einsteins thought experiment demonstrates that two observers can disagree on the
simultaneity of two events. This disagreement, however, depends on the transit
time of light to the observers and, therefore, does not demonstrate the deeper
meaning of relativity. In relativistic analyses of high-speed situations, relativity shows
v
y
1253
x
vt
(b)
Debido al movimiento del vehculo, el segundo observador concluye que para que
la luz incida sobre el espejo, deber salir de la linterna formando un determinado
ltaneous in one reference frame are in general not
ngulo
rame moving relative to the first. That is, simultaneity
is con respecto a la direccin vertical
v
Mirror
1253
d
O
O
x
x
vt
1253
(b)
v
ctive Figure
39.6 (a) A mirror is fixed to a moving vehicle, and a light pulse is sent
c t
La
2 luz recorre ms espacio para el observador
d
que para
, pero su velocidad es la misma en los
dos sistemas
vt
2
(c)
other words,
O
c t
wo events that are simultaneous
2 in one reference frame are in general not
d
imultaneous in a second
x frame moving relative to the first. That is, simultaneity is
not an absolute concept but rather one that depends on the state of motion of
he observer.
vt
2
El intervalo de tiempo
medido por
es mayor que el intervalo de tiempo
porque
es siempre mayor que la unidad
medido por
where
c2
Because $ is always greater than unity, this result says that the time interval !t
1
$#
(39.8) than the time
measured by an observer
moving with respect to a clock is longer
2
v
at rest with respect to the clock. This effect
interval !tp measured by 1an
%observer
2
Table 39.1
c
is known as time dilation.
We can see that time dilation is not observed in our everyday lives by considering
Approximate ValuesBecause
for " $ is always
greater
than factor
unity, deviates
this result
says that the
interval
!t for very high
$. This
significantly
fromtime
a value
of 1 only
the factor
at Various Speeds
measured by an observer moving with respect to a clock is longer than the time
speeds, as shown in Figure 39.7 and Table 39.1. For example, for a speed of 0.1c, the
interval
!tp measured by an observer at rest with respect to the clock. This effect
v/c
"
value of $ is 1.005. Thus, there is a time dilation of only 0.5% at one-tenth the speed of
Table 39.1
is known as time dilation.
light.
Speeds that we
encounter
on an everyday
basis are far
slower
than this, so we do
fenmeno
no
se
observa
en
nuestra
vida
cotidiana
0.001 0
1.000We
000can
5 Este
see
that
time
dilation
is
not
observed
in
our
everyday
lives
by
considering
Approximate Values for "
not see time dilation
in normal
situations.
factor
solo
se adesva
lafor
unidad
0.010
1.000
05
$. porque
This factor el
deviates
significantly
from
value of 1de
only
very highpara
the factor
at Various Speeds
The time interval !t p in Equations 39.5 and 39.7 is called the proper time
0.10
1.005
speeds, as shown in Figure 39.7 andvelocidades
Table 39.1. For example,
for a speed of 0.1c, the
muy
interval. (In German, Einstein used the
term altas
Eigenzeit, which means own-time.) In
v/c
"
0.20
1.021
value of $ is 1.005. Thus, there is a time dilation of only 0.5% at one-tenth the speed of
0.30
1.048
light. Speeds that we encounteron an everyday basis are far slower than this, so we do
0.001 0
1.000 000 5
0.40
1.091
not see time dilation in normal20situations.
0.010
1.000 05
0.50
1.155The time interval !t p in Equations 39.5 and 39.7 is called the proper time
0.10
1.005
0.60
1.250
interval. (In German, Einstein used the term Eigenzeit, which means own-time.) In
la dilatacin temporal
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
0.99
0.995
0.999
1.021
0.70
1.048
0.80
1.091
0.90
1.155
0.92
1.250
0.94
1.400
0.96
1.667
0.98
2.294
0.99
2.552
0.995
2.931
0.999
3.571
5.025
7.089
10.01
22.37
1.400
1.667
2.294
2.552
2.931
3.571
5.025
7.089
10.01
22.37
15
20
10
15
10
1
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
5Figure 39.7 Graph of $ versus v. As the speed approaches that of light, $ increases
rapidly.
1
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Figure 39.7 Graph of $ versus v. As the speed approaches that of light, $ increases
rapidly.
Para poder utilizar la ecuacin anterior los sucesos deben tener lugar en la
misma posicin del espacio dentro de algn sistema de referencia inercial
La distancia entre dos puntos cualesquiera del espacio, medida por un observador, estar
contrada en la direccin del movimiento del observador con respecto a esos puntos
Suceso 2:
Llegada de la nave espacial a la
segunda estrella
Observador 2:
Situado en la nave
Suceso 2:
Llegada de la nave espacial a la
segunda estrella
Observador 2:
Situado en la nave
Puesto que
Consequences of
of the Special
Special Theory
OINO N3 93.94. 4 Consequences
TheoryofofRelativity
Relativity
ary
Earthobserver
observer with
with
y Earth
observerin
inaaframe
frame
nanobserver
11a.The
Thelength
length of
of the
the
1a.
2
2
1/2
factor (1 ! v2 /c2 )1/2 .
factor
(1 ! v /c ) .
ion of motion.
on of motion.
differently. The proper
ifferently. The proper
length remain fixed in
ength remain fixed in
om the two events take
m
tworeturn
eventstotake
nt, the
let us
the
,observer
let us return
to
the
in the muons
bserver
in the muons
h-based observer
would
based
observer
would
in Figure 39.8). In the
nofFigure
In the
travel 39.8).
to the surface
ofintravel
to the
surface
the Earth
observers
nisthe
Earth observers
measured
to be the
s measured
to be the
med
in both frames,
the
me
other
frame
d in the
both
frames,
the
lativistic
effects.
e in the other frame
tivistic effects.
y
y
Lp
Lp
O
y
y
(a)
(a)
(b)
O
x
Active Figure 39.11
(b) (a) A meter
stick measured
an observer
in a
Active
Figure by
39.11
(a) A meter
frame attached to the stick (that is,
stick measured by an observer in a
both have the same velocity) has its
frame attached to the stick (that is,
proper length Lp . (b) The stick
both have the same
velocity) has its
measured by an observer in a frame
La longitud
de la varilla medida por
el observador situado en la Tierra ser
ms corta que
,
Pero la anchura ser la misma
La contraccin de longitudes es un efecto simtrico
method exists for distinguishing the motion of a light source from the motion
the observer.
If a light source and an observer approach each other with a relative speed v, t
frequency f obs measured by the observer is
Transformaciones de Lorentz
f obs $
1 % v/c
1 & v/c
f source
(39.1
depends only on the relative speed v of the source and observer and holds for relat
speeds as great as c. As you might expect, the equation predicts that f obs ! f source wh
Sistema de referenciathe
S source and observer approachSistema
each other.
obtain the expression
for the case
deWereferencia
S
which the source and
from
other con
by substituting
negative
(en reposo)
(seobserver
mueverecede
hacia
la each
derecha
velocidad
) valu
for v in Equation 39.10.
The most spectacular and dramatic use of the relativistic Doppler effect is t
measurement of shifts in the frequency of light emitted by a moving astronomi
object such as a galaxy. Light emitted by atoms and normally found in the extrem
violet region of the spectrum is shifted toward the red end of the spectrum for ato
in other galaxiesindicating
that these
are receding from us. The Americ
Consideremos
un segundo suceso
engalaxies
Q
astronomer Edwin Hubble (18891953) performed extensive measurements of this r
shift to confirm that most galaxies are moving away from us, indicating that t
Universe
is expanding.
Segn
Galileo,
, esto es la
S
vt
O
x
x O
v
P (event) Q (event)
x
x
x
x
contradice
nocin
de
Suppose an Pero
event esto
that occurs
at somelapoint
P is reported
by two observers, o
contraccin
deinlaalongitud,
at rest in a frame
S and another
frame S" that is moving to the right w
speed vnuevas
as in Figure
39.14. The observer
in necesarias
S reports the event with spacetim
transformaciones
son
coordinates (x, y, z, t), while the observer in S" reports the same event using t
coordinates (x", y", z", t"). If two events occur at P and Q , Equation 39
Transformaciones de Lorentz
El espacio y el tiempo
no son conceptos
separados, estn
estrechamente
interreacionados entre
s en lo que llamamos
espacio-tiempo
Sistema de referencia S
(se mueve hacia la derecha con velocidad
Sistema de referencia S
(se mueve hacia la derecha con velocidad