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Tesis Sist Ecuac No Lineales PDF
Tesis Sist Ecuac No Lineales PDF
RESOLUCIN NUMRICA DE
SISTEMAS DE ECUACIONES
NO LINEALES
AUTOR:
Agradecimientos
Tambin quiero dar las gracias a Lydia, Natalia y Oscar por ser
grandes amigos en todos los momentos de mi vida y por ayudarme a
seguir adelante.
Resumen
Este proyecto consiste principalmente en el estudio de las bases matemticas,
anlisis y diseo de los diferentes algoritmos numricos que resuelven el problema de los
sistemas de ecuaciones no lineales. Para el desarrollo de dichos algoritmos se ha empleado
el paquete de clculo numrico, simblico y grfico Mathematica debido a las grandes
posibilidades de clculo y representacin grfica que ofrece. Es un sistema de computacin
numrico y simblico que incorpora un excelente lenguaje de programacin y la capacidad
de integrar clculos, grficos y texto, en un mismo documento. Principalmente las
caractersticas que distinguen a Mathematica de los programas de anlisis convencionales
son su verstil interfaz grfica y su sofisticado lenguaje de programacin. Como prueba de
todo esto, la aplicacin de Mathematica en los campos de la Economa, Fsica, Qumica,
Biologa o Lingstica. Tambin se ha desarrollado un interfaz grfico implementado con
GUIkit, que permite desarrollar aplicaciones independientes con clculos sofisticados y
creacin de grficos.
II
realizan en cada iteracin para resolver el problema, un tabla resumen con los datos ms
importantes que resultan de cada iteracin y, por ltimo, la solucin aproximada del
problema. Adems se ha creado una interfaz grfica para que el usuario pueda resolver los
sistemas de ecuaciones no lineales de una forma ms fcil.
III
Sin embargo, en otras muchas ocasiones es muy difcil, incluso imposible en la mayor parte
de los casos, obtener la solucin exacta de la ecuacin por mtodos algebraicos. Algunos
ejemplos que no puede ser resueltos de forma exacta son: x - 2 = sen (x) - 3, cos(x) +
Exp(x) = sen(x) - 5. En estos casos, es necesario recurrir a mtodos numricos para obtener
una solucin aproximada y para dar una estimacin del error cometido en tal aproximacin,
es decir, aproximar la raz con el grado de precisin deseado.
En este proyecto se han analizado seis mtodos numricos para la resolucin de sistemas de
ecuaciones no lineales, estos mtodos son los siguientes:
1.
2.
Mtodo de Seidel.
3.
Mtodo de Newton.
4.
5.
6.
El principal objetivo de este proyecto es disear una herramienta que ayude a calcular
IV
Abstract
This Project consists mainly on the study of the mathematical basis, analysis and
design of the different numerical algorithms that resolves problems of nonlinear equation
systems. The packet of numerical calculus, symbolic and graphycal Mathematica is used
for the algorithms because the packet has big possibilities of calculus and graphical
representations. That is a system of numerical and symbolic computation that has an
excelent programming language and capacity of make up calculus, graphics and text on one
document. The mainly characteristics that distinguish Mathematica of conventional
analitical program are her versatile graphical interface and her sophisticated programmming
language. As a proof of this, the application of Mathematica on fields such as Economy,
Phisics, Chemestry, Biology or Language. As well, it has been developed a graphical
interface implement with GUIkit, that allows to develop independent applications with
sophisticates calculus and creation of graphics.
The methodology used in this Project consists basically on listing the mathematical theory
of each numercial methods, its design on pseudocodem, its codification and developing
with the packet of numerical calculus, symbolic and graphycal Mathematica, and the
practical resolution of every examples and problems proposes to make easy the compresion
of the studies algorithms and to comprise its practical application. In the resolution of
problems it is shown as a solution the most important calculus that are carried out in such
iteration for resolve the problem, a summary table with the most important data that results
VI
in such iteration, and finally, the approximate solution of the problem. As well, a graphical
interface is created for the user can resolve the nonlinear equation systems easily.
not exppresable such the sum of the behaviour of its parts. In special, the behaviour of
nonlinaer equation systems are not subject to the superposition principle, such as is a linear
system. The liniality of the equation systems allows researchers make mathematical
suppositions and approximations, permitting a easily calculus of results.
Such the nonlinear systems are not equals to the sum of its parts, usually the systems are
dificult of model, and its behaviours with regard to one variable given, for example, the
weather, is extremely difficult to predict. As well, the nonlinear systems are systems in that
its parts or components interact with a continuous mutual influence. This mutual influence
can be described with nonlinear functions.
The nonlinear equations are interested in the field of science and thecnology because the
most of physical problems are implicitly nonlinear in her nature. A nonlinear equation is a
equation of form f(x) = 0, for any unknown value of x and it can not be drawn in a plane
with a line. In many cases, manipulating algebraticment a nonlinear equation, can give an
explicit formula to obtain the solution or solutions. For example for the second grade
equation, exists one analytical formule that gives the solition.
Nevertheless, in other cases is difficult, even impossible in the majority of cases, to obtain
the exact solution of the equation whit algebratical methods. Some exaples that can not be
resolves in the exact form are: x - 2 =sen (x) - 3, cos(x) + Exp(x) =sen(x) - 5. In this cases,
VII
Six numerical methods are analyzed in this project for resolve nonlinear equation systems,
this methods are the followings:
1.
2.
Method of Seidel
3.
Method of Newton.
4.
5.
6.
Some examples of application of nonlinear equation are: the general relativity, the chaos
theory, the Navier - Stockes equations of dinamyc fluids, the optics nonlinear, the weather
climate system of the Earth or the organization management.
The mainly objective of this project is to design a tool that helps to calculate approximate
solutions for nonlinear equations systems by means of developing and implementation of
differents numerical methods that resolves this type of equation system with a approximate
form. As well, other objetives are achived: the study of numercial methods that resolves
nonlinear equation systems and convergence of the methods for identify the best method to
VIII
use in each type of problem, determinate the mistake maked on the numerical
approximation of solutions.
IX
ndice
Agradecimientos............................................................................................................ i
Resumen........................................................................................................................ ii
Abstract......................................................................................................................... vi
ndice............................................................................................................................. x
1. Introduccin.............................................................................................................. 1
2. Objetivos................................................................................................................... 5
4. Mtodo de Seidel....................................................................................................... 41
4.1 Introduccin..................................................................................................... 41
4.2 Pseudocdigo................................................................................................... 41
4.3 Problemas......................................................................................................... 42
5. Mtodo de Newton.................................................................................................... 56
5.1 Introduccin..................................................................................................... 56
5.2 Pseudocdigo................................................................................................... 60
5.3 Problemas......................................................................................................... 62
XI
1. Introduccin
Este proyecto consiste principalmente en el estudio de las bases matemticas,
anlisis y diseo de los diferentes algoritmos numricos que resuelven el problema de los
sistemas de ecuaciones no lineales. Para el desarrollo de dichos algoritmos se ha empleado
el paquete de clculo numrico, simblico y grfico Mathematica debido a las grandes
posibilidades de clculo y representacin grfica que ofrece. Tambin se ha desarrollado
una interfaz grfica implementada con GUIkit, que permite
desarrollar aplicaciones
sus partes o componentes interactan de tal forma que se da una continua influencia mutua
o relacin causal que se retroalimenta. Esta influencia mutua puede describirse mediante
funciones no lineales.
!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!
b2 - 4 a c M H2 aL.
ejemplos
que
no
puede
ser
resueltos
de
forma
exacta
son:
1.
2.
Mtodo de Seidel.
3.
Mtodo de Newton.
4.
5.
6.
general, la teora del caos, las ecuaciones de Navier - Stokes de dinmica de fluidos, la
ptica no lineal, el sistema del clima de la Tierra, el balanceo de un uniciclo robot, la
ecuacin de transporte de Boltzmann, la ecuacin de Kortewg-de Vires, la ecuacin no
lineal de Schroedinger o la gestin de las organizaciones.
2. Objetivos
El principal objetivo de este proyecto es disear una herramienta que ayude a
calcular soluciones aproximadas a sistemas de ecuaciones no lineales mediante el desarrollo
e implementacin de diferentes mtodos numricos que resuelven de forma aproximada este
tipo de sistemas de ecuaciones.
1.
lineales.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Mathematica.
7.
Abordar problemas del mundo real, que de otro modo sera casi imposible de
8.
aprendizaje.
9.
10.
Desarrollo modular del software lo que permite futuras integraciones con otros
11.
12.
Y por ltimo, desarrollar un software til para que en casos futuros sea utilizado de
forma fcil para poder resolver problemas que necesiten calcular sistemas de ecuaciones no
lineales.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
xx0
si, dado cualquier nmero > 0, existe un nmero d > 0 tal que
f HxL - L
siempre que x D y 0 x - x0 d.
En esta definicin puede usarse cualquier norma que resulte conveniente; el valor
especfico de d depender de la norma elegida, pero la existencia y el valor del lmite L son
independientes de la norma utilizada.
Definicin 2. Se dice que la funcin f de D n en es continua en x0 D si existe
lm f HxL
xx0
xx0
f1 H xL y
zz
z
f2 H xL zzz
zz
zz
.
zz.
zz
zz
.
zz
zz
.
zz
z
fn H xL {
El lmite de F es
lm FHxL = L = HL1 , L2 , ..., Ln Lt
xx0
xx0
p D si G H pL = p.
Teorema 2.
Sea
para
algn
Y suponiendo, adems, que G tiene derivadas parciales continuas y que existe una
constante k 1 con
f HxL
Kn siempre que x D, para toda j = 1, 2, ..., n
x j
y toda funcin componente gi . Entonces la sucesin 8xHkL <k=0 definida por una xH0L selec
10
para cada k 1,
3.2 Pseudocdigo
Algoritmo 1. Algoritmo del Punto Fijo
El pseudocdigo del algoritmo que resuelve un sistema de ecuaciones no lineales
mediante el mtodo del Punto Fijo es el siguiente.
Algoritmo del Punto Fijo
H0L L , errorM
Input I8f Hx1 , ..., xm L<1 m , 8ftrans Hx1 , ..., xm L<1 m , H x1H0L x2H0L ... xm
T
ij ftrans1 HpL yz
jj
z
jj ftrans2 HpL zzz
zz
p_sig jjjj
zz
jj
zz
...
jj
zz
k ftrans3 HpL {
11
3.3 Problemas
Problema 1. Aplquese el mtodo de Punto Fijo para sistemas no lineales para
aproximar el sistema de ecuaciones no lineales siguiente, iniciando el mtodo en el punto
H0L H0L T
T
-5
inicial P0 = IxH0L
1 , x2 , x3 M = H0.1, 0.1, -0.1L e iterando hasta que Pi+1 - Pi 10 .
f1 Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = 3 x1 - cosHx2 x3 L - 1 2 = 0,
f2 Hx1 , x2,x3 L = x21 - 81 Hx2 - 0.1L2 + sen x3 + 1.06 = 0,
f3 Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = e-x1 x2 + 20 x3 + H10 p - 3L 3 = 0.
Solucin
Clear@ecuaciones, ecuacionestrans, p, dD;
ecuaciones = 93 x1 Cos@x2 x3 D + 1 2,
10 3
x21 81 Hx2 0.1L2 + Sin@x3 D + 1.06, Exp@x1 x2 D + 20 x3 + =;
3
1
1 i"################################
########## y
ecuacionestrans = 9 H2 Cos@x2 x3 D + 1L, j
j x21 + Sin@x3 D + 1.06 z
z 0.1,
9 k
6
{
1 i
10 3 y
j
jExp@x1 x2 D + z
z=;
20 k
3
{
d = 10.5 ; p = 80.1, 0.1, 0.1<;
puntoFijo@ecuaciones, ecuacionestrans, p, dD;
ij -cosHx2 x3 L + 3 x1 + 12
yz i 0 y
jj
zz jj zz
jj 2
z
2
f Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = jjj x1 - 81 Hx2 - 0.1L + sinHx3 L + 1.06 zzzz = jjjj 0 zzzz
jj
zz jj zz
j
z k0 {
1
-x1 x2
20
x
+
H-3
+
10
pL
3
k
{
3
ij x1H0L yz i 0.1 y
jj
zz jj
zz
j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 0.1 zzzz
z
jj
z j
j H0L zz jk -0.1 z{
x
k 3 {
ij 16 I2 cosIHx2Hk-1L L Hx3Hk-1L LM + 1M
yz
zz
yz jjjj
zz
zz jj
zz
zz jj 1
zz
2
Hk-1L
Hk-1L %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
zz = jj $%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Hx1 L + sinIHx3 LM + 1.06 - 0.1 zzzz
zz jj 9
zz jj
zz
j
zz
zz
{ jjj 1
1
-Hx1Hk-1L L Hx2Hk-1L L
I-
+
H3
10
pLM
k 20
{
3
Tabla de datos.
12
i
0
H0L
jij x1
jj
jj x H0L
jj 2
jjj H0L
k x3
zyz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
ij x1H1L yz
z
jj
jj H1L zzz
jj x2 zz
zz
jj
jj H1L zz
k x3 {
H2L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
jj x H2L zzz
jj 2 zz
jj
z
j H2L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H3L yz
jj
z
jj H3L zzz
jj x2 zz
jj
zz
jj H3L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H4L yz
jj
z
jj H4L zzz
jj x2 zz
jj
z
jj H4L zzz
x
k 3 {
Pi
Pi+1
ij 0.100000000000 yz
jj
z
jj 0.100000000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.100000000000 {
ij 0.499983333472 yz
jj
z
jj 0.00944114960371 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.523101267286 {
ij 0.499983333472 yz
jj
z
jj 0.00944114960371 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.523101267286
k
{
0.499995934919
jij
zy
jj 0.0000255677467667 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k -0.523363310909
{
ij 0.499999999970
yz
jj
z
jj 0.0000123367203634 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.523598136414
{
ij 0.499999999993
yz
jj
z
jj 3.41679062543 10-8 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.523598467181
{
ij 0.499995934919
yz
jj
z
jj 0.0000255677467667 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.523363310909
k
{
0.499999999970
jij
zy
jj 0.0000123367203634 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k -0.523598136414
{
ij 0.499999999993
yz
jj
z
jj 3.41679062543 10-8 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.523598467181
k
{
ij 0.500000000000
yz
jj
z
jj 1.64870403996 10-8 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.523598774744
{
Pi+1 - Pi
0.423101
0.00941558
0.000234826
0.0000123026
3.07563 10-7
a)
H0L
T
P0 = IxH0L
1 , x2 M = H0.8, 0.8L .
T
b)
Solucin
a)
Clear@ecuaciones, p, dD;
ecuaciones = 8x21 + 10 x1 + x22 + 8, x1 x22 + x1 10 x2 + 8<;
13
1
1
ecuacionestrans = 9 Hx21 + x22 + 8L, Hx1 x22 + x1 + 8L=;
10
10
5
d = 10. ; p = 80.0, 0.0<;
puntoFijo@ecuaciones, ecuacionestrans, p, dD;
ij x1H0L yz i 0. y
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj zz
k x2 { k 0. {
Tabla de datos.
i
0
ij x1H0L
jjj
H0L
k x2
yz
zz
z
{
ij x1H1L yz
z
jj
j H1L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H2L yz
jj
z
j H2L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H3L yz
jj
z
j H3L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H4L yz
jj
z
j H4L zz
x
k 2 {
ij x1H5L yz
z
jj
j H5L zz
x
k 2 {
H6L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
H6L z
k x2 {
H7L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
H7L z
k x2 {
ij x1H8L yz
jj
z
j H8L zz
x
k 2 {
ij x1H9L yz
jj
z
j H9L zz
x
k 2 {
Pi
ij 0 yz
j z
k0 {
ij 0.800000000000 yz
j
z
k 0.800000000000 {
ij 0.928000000000 yz
j
z
k 0.931200000000 {
0.972831744000 y
jij
zz
k 0.973269983232 {
0.989365606239 y
jij
zz
k 0.989435095259 {
ij 0.995782611054 yz
j
z
k 0.995793653594 {
ij 0.998318800902 yz
j
z
k 0.998320562762 {
ij 0.999328437427 yz
j
z
k 0.999328719003 {
ij 0.999731521447 yz
j
z
k 0.999731566479 {
ij 0.999892631999 yz
j
z
k 0.999892639203 {
Pi+1
ij 0.800000000000 yz
j
z
k 0.800000000000 {
ij 0.928000000000 yz
j
z
k 0.931200000000 {
ij 0.972831744000 yz
j
z
k 0.973269983232 {
0.989365606239 y
jij
zz
k 0.989435095259 {
0.995782611054 y
jij
zz
k 0.995793653594 {
ij 0.998318800902 yz
j
z
k 0.998320562762 {
ij 0.999328437427 yz
j
z
k 0.999328719003 {
ij 0.999731521447 yz
j
z
k 0.999731566479 {
ij 0.999892631999 yz
j
z
k 0.999892639203 {
ij 0.999957056546 yz
j
z
k 0.999957057698 {
14
Pi+1 - Pi
0.8
0.1312
0.0448317
0.0165339
0.006417
0.00253619
0.00100964
0.000403084
0.000161111
0.0000644245
ij x1H11L yz
11 jjj H11L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H12L yz
12 jjj H12L zzz
k x2 {
ij 0.999957056546 yz
j
z
k 0.999957057698 {
ij 0.999982823218 yz
j
z
k 0.999982823402 {
ij 0.999993129383 yz
j
z
k 0.999993129412 {
ij 0.999982823218 yz
j
z
k 0.999982823402 {
ij 0.999993129383 yz
j
z
k 0.999993129412 {
ij 0.999997251769 yz
j
z
k 0.999997251773 {
0.0000257667
0.0000103062
4.12239 10-6
Solucin
b)
Clear@ecuaciones, p, dD;
ecuaciones = 8x21 + 10 x1 + x22 + 8, x1 x22 + x1 10 x2 + 8<;
1
1
ecuacionestrans = 9 Hx21 + x22 + 8L, Hx1 x22 + x1 + 8L=;
10
10
d = 10.5 ; p = 80.8, 0.8<;
puntoFijo@ecuaciones, ecuacionestrans, p, dD;
ij x1H0L yz i 0.8 y
zz
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj
k x2 { k 0.8 {
JHx
L
Hx
L
+
Hx
L
+
8N
1
2
1
k 10
{
Tabla de datos.
i
0
H0L
jij x1
jj
H0L
k x2
zyz
zz
{
Pi
ij 0.800000000000 yz
j
z
k 0.800000000000 {
Pi+1
ij 0.928000000000 yz
j
z
k 0.931200000000 {
15
Pi+1 - Pi
0.1312
H1L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
H1L z
k x2 {
ij x1H2L yz
jj
z
j H2L zz
x
k 2 {
ij x1H3L yz
jj
z
j H3L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H4L yz
z
jj
j H4L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H5L yz
jj
z
j H5L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H6L yz
jj
z
j H6L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H7L yz
jj
z
j H7L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H8L yz
z
jj
j H8L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H9L yz
jj
z
j H9L zz
x
k 2 {
ij x1H10L yz
10 jjj H10L zzz
k x2 {
H11L
ji x1 zy
11 jjj H11L zzz
k x2 {
ij 0.928000000000 yz
j
z
k 0.931200000000 {
ij 0.972831744000 yz
j
z
k 0.973269983232 {
ij 0.989365606239 yz
j
z
k 0.989435095259 {
ij 0.995782611054 yz
j
z
k 0.995793653594 {
ij 0.998318800902 yz
j
z
k 0.998320562762 {
ij 0.999328437427 yz
j
z
k 0.999328719003 {
ij 0.999731521447 yz
j
z
k 0.999731566479 {
ij 0.999892631999 yz
j
z
k 0.999892639203 {
0.999957056546 y
jij
zz
k 0.999957057698 {
0.999982823218 y
jij
zz
k 0.999982823402 {
ij 0.999993129383 yz
j
z
k 0.999993129412 {
ij 0.972831744000 yz
j
z
k 0.973269983232 {
0.0448317
ij 0.989365606239 yz
j
z
k 0.989435095259 {
0.0165339
ij 0.995782611054 yz
j
z
k 0.995793653594 {
0.006417
ij 0.998318800902 yz
j
z
k 0.998320562762 {
0.00253619
ij 0.999328437427 yz
j
z
k 0.999328719003 {
0.00100964
ij 0.999731521447 yz
j
z
k 0.999731566479 {
0.000403084
ij 0.999892631999 yz
j
z
k 0.999892639203 {
ij 0.999957056546 yz
j
z
k 0.999957057698 {
0.999982823218 y
jij
zz
k 0.999982823402 {
0.999993129383 y
jij
zz
k 0.999993129412 {
ij 0.999997251769 yz
j
z
k 0.999997251773 {
0.000161111
0.0000644245
0.0000257667
0.0000103062
4.12239 10-6
16
x22
ecuacionestrans = 9$%%%%%%%%
, 0.25 HSin@x1 D + Cos@x2 DL=;
5
5
d = 10. ; p = 80.5, 0.5<;
puntoFijo@ecuaciones, ecuacionestrans, p, dD;
ij x1H0L yz i 0.5 y
zz
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj
k x2 { k 0.5 {
!!!!
jj
zz = jj
zz
5
j H0L z jj
zz
j
k x2 { k 0.25 IcosIHx2Hk-1L LM + sinIHx1Hk-1L LMM z{
Tabla de datos.
i
0
ij x1H0L
jj
j H0L
k x2
yz
zz
z
{
ij x1H1L yz
jj
z
j H1L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H2L yz
jj
z
j H2L zz
x
k 2 {
ij x1H3L yz
jj
z
j H3L zz
x
k 2 {
H4L
jij x1 zyz
z
jj
H4L z
k x2 {
H5L
jij x1 zyz
z
jj
H5L z
k x2 {
ij x1H6L yz
jj
z
j H6L zz
x
k 2 {
ij x1H7L yz
z
jj
j H7L zz
k x2 {
H8L
jji x1 yzz
jj
z
H8L z
k x2 {
ij x1H9L yz
jj
z
j H9L zz
k x2 {
Pi
ij 0.500000000000 yz
j
z
k 0.500000000000 {
0.223606797750 y
jij
zz
k 0.339252025124 {
0.151718117936 y
jij
zz
k 0.291187975613 {
ij 0.130223221540 yz
j
z
k 0.277260057885 {
ij 0.123994467375 yz
j
z
k 0.272916126437 {
ij 0.122051802174 yz
j
z
k 0.271666490106 {
ij 0.121492947817 yz
j
z
k 0.271268513444 {
ij 0.121314967243 yz
j
z
k 0.271156513360 {
ij 0.121264879283 yz
j
z
k 0.271119846920 {
ij 0.121248481552 yz
j
z
k 0.271109872001 {
Pi+1
ij 0.223606797750 yz
j
z
k 0.339252025124 {
0.151718117936 y
jij
zz
k 0.291187975613 {
0.130223221540 y
jij
zz
k 0.277260057885 {
ij 0.123994467375 yz
j
z
k 0.272916126437 {
ij 0.122051802174 yz
j
z
k 0.271666490106 {
ij 0.121492947817 yz
j
z
k 0.271268513444 {
ij 0.121314967243 yz
j
z
k 0.271156513360 {
ij 0.121264879283 yz
j
z
k 0.271119846920 {
ij 0.121248481552 yz
j
z
k 0.271109872001 {
ij 0.121244020633 yz
j
z
k 0.271106470504 {
17
Pi+1 - Pi
0.276393
0.0718887
0.0214949
0.00622875
0.00194267
0.000558854
0.000177981
0.000050088
0.0000163977
4.46092 10-6
H-3
+
10
pL
3
k
{
3
ij x1H0L yz i 1. y
jj
zz jj zz
j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 1. zzzz
jj
z j z
j H0L zz jk 1. z{
x
k 3 {
Hx
L
+
0.3125
0.03
j
z
1
z
jj
zz jj 25 k
{ zzzz
jj H0L zz jjj
z
k x3 { j - 1 -Hx1Hk-1L L Hx2Hk-1L L + 1 H3 - 10 pL z
k 20
{
60
Tabla de datos.
18
H0L
jij x1
jj
jj x H0L
jj 2
jjj H0L
k x3
zyz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
ij x1H1L yz
z
jj
jj H1L zzz
jj x2 zz
zz
jj
jj H1L zz
k x3 {
H2L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
jj x H2L zzz
jj 2 zz
jj
z
j H2L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H3L yz
jj
z
jj H3L zzz
jj x2 zz
jj
zz
jj H3L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H4L yz
jj
z
jj H4L zzz
jj x2 zz
jj
z
jj H4L zzz
x
k 3 {
Pi
Pi+1
ij 1.00000000000 yz
jj
z
jj 1.00000000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 1.00000000000 {
ij 0.346767435289 yz
jj
z
jj 0.0446257569496 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.491992747657 {
ij 0.346767435289 yz
jj
z
jj 0.0446257569496 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.491992747657
k
{
ij 0.499919662207 yz
jj
z
jj 0.0251134233175 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.522830993577
k
{
0.499919662207 y
jij
z
jj 0.0251134233175 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k -0.522830993577 {
0.499971267263 y
jij
z
jj 0.0287978577545 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k -0.522974964963 {
ij 0.499971267263 yz
jj
z
jj 0.0287978577545 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.522974964963 {
ij 0.499962197310 yz
jj
z
jj 0.0287992338059 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.522884028376 {
ij 0.499962197310 yz
jj
z
jj 0.0287992338059 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.522884028376
k
{
Pi+1 - Pi
1.49199
0.153152
0.00368443
0.0000909366
ij 0.499962206844 yz
jj
z
jj 0.0287989919494 zzz 2.41856 10-7
jj
zz
j
z
-0.522884007342
k
{
19
Solucin
a)
Clear@ecuaciones, p, dD;
ecuaciones = 815 x1 13 + x2 2 4 x3 , 10 x2 11 x3 + x1 2 , 25 x3 22 x2 3 <;
1
1
1
ecuacionestrans = 9 H13 x2 2 + 4 x3 L, H11 + x3 x1 2 L, H22 + x2 3 L=;
10
25
15
d = 10.5 ; p = 81.0, 1.0, 1.0<;
puntoFijo@ecuaciones, ecuacionestrans, p, dD;
H0L
jij x1 zyz ij 1. yz
jj
zz j z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 1. zzzz
jj
z j z
j H0L zz jk 1. z{
k x3 {
Tabla de datos.
i
0
ij x1H0L
jj
jj H0L
jj x2
jj
jj H0L
k x3
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
{
ij x1H1L yz
jj
z
jj H1L zzz
jj x2 zz
jj
z
jj H1L zzz
x
k 3 {
i x H2L y
jjj 1 zzz
jj H2L zz
jjj x2 zzz
jj
z
j H2L zz
k x3 {
Pi
Pi+1
ij 1.00000000000 yz
jj
z
jj 1.00000000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 1.00000000000 {
ij 1.06666666667 yz
jj
z
jj 1.10000000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.920000000000 {
ij 1.06666666667 yz
jj
z
jj 1.10000000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.920000000000 {
ij 1.03133333333 yz
jj
z
jj 1.07822222222 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.933240000000 {
ij 1.03133333333 yz
jj
z
jj 1.07822222222 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.933240000000 {
ij 1.03802645597 yz
jj
z
jj 1.08695915556 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.930140057375 {
20
Pi+1 - Pi
0.1
0.0353333
0.00873693
H3L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
jj x H3L zzz
jj 2 zz
jj
z
j H3L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H4L yz
z
jj
jj H4L zzz
jj x2 zz
zz
jj
jj H4L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H5L yz
jj
z
jj H5L zzz
jj x2 zz
z
jj
jj H5L zzz
x
k 3 {
ij x1H6L yz
jj
z
jj H6L zzz
jjj x2 zzz
jj
z
j H6L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H7L yz
jj
z
jj H7L zzz
jj x2 zz
z
jj
jj H7L zzz
x
k 3 {
H8L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
jj x H8L zzz
jj 2 zz
jj
z
j H8L zz
k x3 {
1.03802645597 y
jij
z
jj 1.08695915556 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k 0.930140057375 {
ij 1.03593866824 yz
jj
z
jj 1.08526411341 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.931368829074 {
ij 1.03651180803 yz
jj
z
jj 1.08581999047 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.931128884592 {
ij 1.03636736578 yz
jj
z
jj 1.08567721564 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.931207490160 {
ij 1.03640899627 yz
jj
z
jj 1.08571501733 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
0.931187292947
k
{
1.03639813820 y
jij
z
jj 1.08570436854 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k 0.931192639933 {
1.03593866824 y
jij
z
jj 1.08526411341 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k 0.931368829074 {
ij 1.03651180803 yz
jj
z
jj 1.08581999047 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.931128884592 {
ij 1.03636736578 yz
jj
z
jj 1.08567721564 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.931207490160 {
0.00208779
0.00057314
0.000144442
ij 1.03640899627 yz
jj
z
jj 1.08571501733 zzz 0.0000416305
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.931187292947 {
ij 1.03639813820 yz
jj
z
jj 1.08570436854 zzz 0.0000108581
jj
zz
j
z
0.931192639933
k
{
1.03640110559 y
jij
z
jj 1.08570715391 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k 0.931191133641 {
2.9674 10-6
Solucin
b)
Clear@ecuaciones, p, dD;
ecuaciones = 81 x1 Cos @ x1 x2 x3 D,
1 H1 x1 L14 0.05 x3 2 x2 + 0.15 x3 , 1 + 0.1 x2 2 0.01 x2 x3 + x1 2 <;
ecuacionestrans = 81 Cos @ x1 x2 x3 D,
1 H1 x1 L14 0.05 x3 2 + 0.15 x3 , 1 + 0.1 x2 2 0.01 x2 + x1 2 <;
d = 10.5 ; p = 80.0, 0.1, 0.5<;
puntoFijo@ecuaciones, ecuacionestrans, p, dD;
21
-cosHx1 x2 x3 L - x1 + 1
jij
zyz ij 0 yz
jj
z j z
4
!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!
2
j
f Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = jj -0.05 x3 + 0.15 x3 - x2 - 1 - x1 + 1 zzzz = jjjj 0 zzzz
jjj
zzz jj zz
2
2
k x1 + 0.1 x2 - 0.01 x2 - x3 + 1
{ k0 {
H0L
jij x1 zyz ij 0.
yz
jj
zz j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj -0.1 zzzz
j
z
jj
z
j H0L zz jk 0.5 z{
k x3 {
Tabla de datos.
i
0
ij x1H0L
jj
jj H0L
jj x2
jj
jj H0L
k x3
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
{
ij x1H1L yz
z
jj
jj H1L zzz
jj x2 zz
jj
z
jj H1L zzz
x
k 3 {
H2L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
jj x H2L zzz
jj 2 zz
jj
z
j H2L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H3L yz
z
jj
jj H3L zzz
jj x2 zz
jj
zz
jj H3L zz
k x3 {
H4L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
jj x H4L zzz
jj 2 zz
jj
z
j H4L zz
k x3 {
Pi
Pi+1
ij 0
yz
jj
z
jj -0.100000000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.500000000000 {
ij 0
yz
jj
z
jj 0.0625000000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 1.00200000000 {
ij 0
yz
jj
z
jj 0.0625000000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
1.00200000000
k
{
ij 0
yz
jj
z
jj 0.100099800000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.999765625000 {
ij 0
yz
jj
z
jj 0.0999882785034 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
1.00000099900
k
{
0
jij
zy
jj 0.100000049950 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k 0.999999882799 {
ij 0
yz
jj
z
jj 0.100099800000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
0.999765625000
k
{
ij 0
yz
jj
z
jj 0.0999882785034 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 1.00000099900 {
ij 0
yz
jj
z
jj 0.100000049950 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
0.999999882799
k
{
0
jij
zy
jj 0.0999999941399 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k 1.00000000050 {
22
Pi+1 - Pi
0.502
0.0375998
0.000235374
0.0000117714
1.17701 10-7
Solucin
c)
Clear@ecuaciones, p, dD;
ecuaciones = 9 6 x1 2 Cos@x2 x3 D 1,
9 x2 +
"################################
##########
x21 + Sin@x3 D + 1.06 + 0.9, 60 x3 + 3 Exp@x1 x2 D + 10 Pi 3=;
1
1
1 "################################
##########
ecuacionestrans = 9 Cos @ x2 x3 D + ,
x21 + Sin@x3 D + 1.06 0.1,
3
6
9
1
10 Pi 3
Exp@x1 x2 D =;
20
60
5
d = 10. ; p = 80., 0., 0.<;
puntoFijo@ecuaciones, ecuacionestrans, p, dD;
-2 cosHx2 x3 L + 6 x1 - 1
jij
zyz ij 0 yz
zz j z
jj
j
"################################
########
#
#
2
f Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = jjj 9 x2 + x1 + sinHx3 L + 1.06 + 0.9 zzzz = jjjj 0 zzzz
jj
zz jj zz
-x1 x2
0
60
x
+
3
+
10
p
3
k
{ k {
3
ij x1H0L yz i 0. y
jj
zz jj zz
j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 0. zzzz
jj
z j z
j H0L zz jk 0. z{
x
k 3 {
ij 13 cosIHx2Hk-1L L Hx3Hk-1L LM + 16
yz
j
zz
zz
zyz jjjj
zz
zz jj
zz
zz = jj 1 $%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Hk-1L 2
Hk-1L
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%
%
%%%%%%%
%
zz jj - 9 Hx1 L + sinIHx
LM + 1.06 - 0.1 zzzz
3
zz jj
zz
z jj
zz
zz
{ jjj 1 -Hx1Hk-1L L Hx2Hk-1L L
1
H3
10
pL
k 20
{
60
Tabla de datos.
i
0
ij x1H0L
jj
jj H0L
jj x2
jj
jj H0L
k x3
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
{
H1L
jji x1 yzz
jj
z
jj x H1L zzz
jj 2 zz
jj
z
j H1L zz
x
k 3 {
Pi
Pi+1
ij 0 yz
jj zz
jj 0 zz
jj zz
j z
k0 {
ij 0.500000000000 yz
jj
z
jj -0.214395890455 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.523598775598 {
0.500000000000 y
jij
z
jj -0.214395890455 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
-0.523598775598
k
{
0.497901916407 y
jij
z
jj -0.200000000000 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
-0.529256504414
k
{
23
Pi+1 - Pi
0.523599
0.0143959
H2L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
jj x H2L zzz
jj 2 zz
jj
z
j H2L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H3L yz
z
jj
jj H3L zzz
jj x2 zz
zz
jj
jj H3L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H4L yz
jj
z
jj H4L zzz
jj x2 zz
jj
z
jj H4L zzz
x
k 3 {
0.497901916407 y
jij
z
jj -0.200000000000 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k -0.529256504414 {
0.498134326654 y
jij
z
jj -0.199567869407 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k -0.528834138957 {
ij 0.498134326654 yz
jj
z
jj -0.199567869407 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.528834138957 {
ij 0.498145333572 yz
jj
z
jj -0.199604819327 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.528824817283 {
ij 0.498145333572 yz
jj
z
jj -0.199604819327 zzz
jjj
zzz
k -0.528824817283 {
0.000432131
0.0000369499
ij 0.498144712711 yz
jj
z
jj -0.199605997698 zzz 1.17837 10-6
jjj
zzz
k -0.528825955120 {
Solucin
a)
<< Graphics`ImplicitPlot`;
24
Y
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
-4-2 2 4 6
Solucin
b)
Clear@ecuaciones, p, dD;
ecuaciones = 8x1 H1 + x1 L + 2 x2 18, Hx1 1L2 + Hx2 6L2 25<;
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! "##############################
ecuacionestrans = 90.5 + 2 x2 17.75 , 25 Hx1 1L 2 + 6=;
d = 10.5 ; p = 82.0, 11.0<;
puntoFijo@ecuaciones, ecuacionestrans, p, dD;
25
Tabla de datos.
i
0
H0L
jij x1
jj
H0L
k x2
zyz
zz
{
ij x1H1L yz
jj
z
j H1L zz
x
k 2 {
ij x1H2L yz
jj
z
j H2L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H3L yz
jj
z
j H3L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H4L yz
z
jj
j H4L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H5L yz
jj
z
j H5L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H6L yz
jj
z
j H6L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H7L yz
jj
z
j H7L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H8L yz
jj
z
j H8L zz
x
k 2 {
Pi
ij 2.00000000000 yz
j
z
k 11.0000000000 {
ij 1.56155281281 yz
j
z
k 10.8989794856 {
ij 1.51195401815 yz
j
z
k 10.9683657714 {
ij 1.54615042038 yz
j
z
k 10.9737212511 {
ij 1.54876609259 yz
j
z
k 10.9700824659 {
ij 1.54698923590 yz
j
z
k 10.9697943394 {
ij 1.54684847479 yz
j
z
k 10.9699902189 {
1.54694417065 y
jij
zz
k 10.9700057088 {
1.54695173798 y
jij
zz
k 10.9699951785 {
Pi+1
ij 1.56155281281 yz
j
z
k 10.8989794856 {
ij 1.51195401815 yz
j
z
k 10.9683657714 {
ij 1.54615042038 yz
j
z
k 10.9737212511 {
ij 1.54876609259 yz
j
z
k 10.9700824659 {
ij 1.54698923590 yz
j
z
k 10.9697943394 {
ij 1.54684847479 yz
j
z
k 10.9699902189 {
Pi+1 - Pi
0.438447
0.0693863
0.0341964
0.00363879
0.00177686
0.00019588
ij 1.54694417065 yz
j
z 0.0000956959
k 10.9700057088 {
1.54695173798 y
jij
zz 0.0000105303
k 10.9699951785 {
1.54694659358 y
jij
zz
k 10.9699943457 {
5.1444 10-6
26
Tabla de datos.
i
0
ij x1H0L
jjj
H0L
k x2
ij x1H1L
jjj
H1L
k x2
yz
zz
z
{
yz
zz
z
{
ij x1H2L yz
jj
z
j H2L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H3L yz
jj
z
j H3L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H4L yz
z
jj
j H4L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H5L yz
jj
z
j H5L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H6L yz
z
jj
j H6L zz
x
k 2 {
ij x1H7L yz
jj
z
j H7L zz
x
k 2 {
H8L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
H8L z
k x2 {
H9L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
H9L z
k x2 {
ij x1H10L yz
10 jjj H10L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H11L yz
11 jjj H11L zzz
k x2 {
Pi
ij -1.50000000000 yz
j
z
k 10.5000000000 {
ij -2.30277563773 yz
j
z
k 10.3301270189 {
ij -2.20594666911 yz
j
z
k 9.75388772965 {
ij -1.82581124573 yz
j
z
k 9.83691359752 {
ij -1.88702097859 yz
j
z
k 10.1248988840 {
-2.08107487744 y
jij
zz
k 10.0822922322 {
-2.05389332466 y
jij
zz
k 9.93788999333 {
ij -1.95800548239 yz
j
z
k 9.95900689082 {
ij -1.97241766549 yz
j
z
k 10.0311541233 {
ij -2.02062758317 yz
j
z
k 10.0205389218 {
ij -2.01363068271 yz
j
z
k 9.98444588416 {
ij -1.98959449795 yz
j
z
k 9.98974060663 {
Pi+1
ij -2.30277563773 yz
j
z
k 10.3301270189 {
ij -2.20594666911 yz
j
z
k 9.75388772965 {
ij -1.82581124573 yz
j
z
k 9.83691359752 {
ij -1.88702097859 yz
j
z
k 10.1248988840 {
ij -2.08107487744 yz
j
z
k 10.0822922322 {
-2.05389332466 y
jij
zz
k 9.93788999333 {
-1.95800548239 y
jij
zz
k 9.95900689082 {
ij -1.97241766549 yz
j
z
k 10.0311541233 {
ij -2.02062758317 yz
j
z
k 10.0205389218 {
ij -2.01363068271 yz
j
z
k 9.98444588416 {
ij -1.98959449795 yz
j
z
k 9.98974060663 {
ij -1.99314473956 yz
j
z
k 10.0077830203 {
27
Pi+1 - Pi
0.802776
0.576239
0.380135
0.287985
0.194054
0.144402
0.0958878
0.0721472
0.0482099
0.036093
0.0240362
0.0180424
ij x1H13L yz
13 jjj H13L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H14L yz
14 jjj H14L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H15L yz
15 jjj H15L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H16L yz
16 jjj H16L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H17L yz
17 jjj H17L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H18L yz
18 jjj H18L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H19L yz
19 jjj H19L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H20L yz
20 jjj H20L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H21L yz
21 jjj H21L zzz
k x2 {
H22L
ji x1 zy
22 jjj H22L zzz
k x2 {
H23L
ji x1 zy
23 jjj H23L zzz
k x2 {
H24L
jij x1 zyz
24 jj H24L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H25L yz
25 jjj H25L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H26L yz
26 jjj H26L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H27L yz
27 jjj H27L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H28L yz
28 jjj H28L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H29L yz
29 jjj H29L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H30L yz
30 jjj H30L zzz
k x2 {
ij -1.99314473956 yz
j
z
k 10.0077830203 {
ij -2.00517973698 yz
j
z
k 10.0051322785 {
ij -2.00341762559 yz
j
z
k 9.99610995200 {
ij -1.99740438893 yz
j
z
k 9.99743449806 {
ij -1.99828868918 yz
j
z
k 10.0019453931 {
ij -2.00129636853 yz
j
z
k 10.0012829113 {
ij -2.00085503051 yz
j
z
k 9.99902739529 {
ij -1.99935145665 yz
j
z
k 9.99935858430 {
-1.99957232857 y
jij
zz
k 10.0004863254 {
-2.00032418188 y
jij
zz
k 10.0003207179 {
ij -2.00021379667 yz
j
z
k 9.99975684306 {
ij -1.99983788661 yz
j
z
k 9.99983964357 {
ij -1.99989309191 yz
j
z
k 10.0001215799 {
ij -2.00008105108 yz
j
z
k 10.0000801788 {
ij -2.00005345161 yz
j
z
k 9.99993921041 {
ij -1.99995947306 yz
j
z
k 9.99995991074 {
ij -1.99997327359 yz
j
z
k 10.0000303949 {
ij -2.00002026312 yz
j
z
k 10.0000200447 {
ij -2.00001336305 yz
j
z
k 9.99998480258 {
ij -2.00517973698 yz
j
z
k 10.0051322785 {
ij -2.00341762559 yz
j
z
k 9.99610995200 {
ij -1.99740438893 yz
j
z
k 9.99743449806 {
ij -1.99828868918 yz
j
z
k 10.0019453931 {
ij -2.00129636853 yz
j
z
k 10.0012829113 {
ij -2.00085503051 yz
j
z
k 9.99902739529 {
ij -1.99935145665 yz
j
z
k 9.99935858430 {
ij -1.99957232857 yz
j
z
k 10.0004863254 {
-2.00032418188 y
jij
zz
k 10.0003207179 {
-2.00021379667 y
jij
zz
k 9.99975684306 {
ij -1.99983788661 yz
j
z
k 9.99983964357 {
ij -1.99989309191 yz
j
z
k 10.0001215799 {
ij -2.00008105108 yz
j
z
k 10.0000801788 {
ij -2.00005345161 yz
j
z
k 9.99993921041 {
ij -1.99995947306 yz
j
z
k 9.99995991074 {
ij -1.99997327359 yz
j
z
k 10.0000303949 {
ij -2.00002026312 yz
j
z
k 10.0000200447 {
ij -2.00001336305 yz
j
z
k 9.99998480258 {
ij -1.99998986835 yz
j
z
k 9.99998997767 {
28
0.012035
0.00902233
0.00601324
0.0045109
0.00300768
0.00225552
0.00150357
0.00112774
0.000751853
0.000563875
0.00037591
0.000281936
0.000187959
0.000140968
0.0000939786
0.0000704842
0.0000469895
0.0000352421
0.0000234947
ij x1H32L yz
32 jjj H32L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H33L yz
33 jjj H33L zzz
k x2 {
ij -1.99998986835 yz
j
z
k 9.99998997767 {
ij -1.99999331843 yz
j
z
k 10.0000075987 {
ij -2.00000506580 yz
j
z
k 10.0000050112 {
ij -1.99999331843 yz
j
z
k 10.0000075987 {
ij -2.00000506580 yz
j
z
k 10.0000050112 {
ij -2.00000334077 yz
j
z
k 9.99999620064 {
0.000017621
0.0000117474
8.81052 10-6
Solucin
a)
Clear@ecuaciones, p, dD;
ecuaciones = 8x1 2 + x2 2 x1 , x1 2 x2 2 x2 <;
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ecuacionestrans = 9 x1 x2 2 , x2 + x1 2 =;
29
ij x1H0L yz i 0.7 y
zz
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj
k x2 { k 0.4 {
yz i 0 y
zz = jj zz
z
{ k0 {
yz
zz
zz
zz
{
Tabla de datos.
i
0
ij x1H0L
jjj
H0L
k x2
yz
zz
z
{
ij x1H1L yz
z
jj
j H1L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H2L yz
jj
z
j H2L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H3L yz
z
jj
j H3L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H4L yz
jj
z
j H4L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H5L yz
jj
z
j H5L zz
x
k 2 {
ij x1H6L yz
jj
z
j H6L zz
x
k 2 {
H7L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
H7L z
k x2 {
H8L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
H8L z
k x2 {
ij x1H9L zy
jj
z
j H9L zz
x
k 2 {
ij x1H10L yz
10 jjj H10L zzz
k x2 {
Pi
ij 0.700000000000 yz
j
z
k 0.400000000000 {
ij 0.734846922835 yz
j
z
k 0.300000000000 {
ij 0.803023612875 yz
j
z
k 0.489897948557 {
ij 0.750348994052 yz
j
z
k 0.393635585635 {
0.771621681768 y
jij
zz
k 0.411567767494 {
0.776037147647 y
jij
zz
k 0.428756635260 {
0.769548500984 y
jij
zz
k 0.416505725371 {
ij 0.772056657064 yz
j
z
k 0.419164848234 {
ij 0.772241857884 yz
j
z
k 0.420602702657 {
ij 0.771579694135 yz
j
z
k 0.419231182537 {
ij 0.771896955379 yz
j
z
k 0.419647520980 {
Pi+1
ij 0.734846922835 yz
j
z
k 0.300000000000 {
ij 0.803023612875 yz
j
z
k 0.489897948557 {
ij 0.750348994052 yz
j
z
k 0.393635585635 {
ij 0.771621681768 yz
j
z
k 0.411567767494 {
0.776037147647 y
jij
zz
k 0.428756635260 {
0.769548500984 y
jij
zz
k 0.416505725371 {
0.772056657064 y
jij
zz
k 0.419164848234 {
ij 0.772241857884 yz
j
z
k 0.420602702657 {
ij 0.771579694135 yz
j
z
k 0.419231182537 {
ij 0.771896955379 yz
j
z
k 0.419647520980 {
ij 0.771876229401 yz
j
z
k 0.419734902937 {
30
Pi+1 - Pi
0.1
0.189898
0.0962624
0.0212727
0.0171889
0.0122509
0.00265912
0.00143785
0.00137152
0.000416338
0.000087382
ij x1H13L yz
13 jjj H13L zzz
k x2 {
ij 0.771876229401 yz
j
z
k 0.419734902937 {
ij 0.771815289209 yz
j
z
k 0.419592672216 {
ij 0.771853145768 yz
j
z
k 0.419650054738 {
ij 0.771815289209 yz
j
z
k 0.419592672216 {
ij 0.771853145768 yz
j
z
k 0.419650054738 {
ij 0.771846472640 yz
j
z
k 0.419651312275 {
0.000142231
0.0000573825
6.67313 10-6
Solucin
b)
Clear@ecuaciones, p, dD;
ecuaciones = 83 x1 2 x2 2 , 3 x1 x2 2 x1 3 1<;
!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ecuacionestrans = 9x2 3 , H1 + x1 3 L H3 x1 L =;
d = 10.5 ; p = 80.4, 0.7<;
puntoFijo@ecuaciones, ecuacionestrans, p, dD;
ij x1H0L yz i 0.4 y
zz
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj
k x2 { k 0.7 {
Hx2 L
ij
j !!!!
3
yz jjjj
zz = jj
Hk-1L 3
Hx1
L +1
z jjj $%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%
%%
Hk-1L
{ jj
Hx1
L
!!!!
k
3
Hk-1L
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
{
Tabla de datos.
i
0
H0L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
H0L z
k x2 {
Pi
ij 0.400000000000 yz
j
z
k 0.700000000000 {
Pi+1
ij 0.404145188433 yz
j
z
k 0.941629792788 {
31
Pi+1 - Pi
0.24163
H1L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
H1L z
k x2 {
ij x1H2L yz
jj
z
j H2L zz
x
k 2 {
ij x1H3L yz
jj
z
j H3L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H4L yz
z
jj
j H4L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H5L yz
jj
z
j H5L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H6L yz
jj
z
j H6L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H7L yz
jj
z
j H7L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H8L yz
z
jj
j H8L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H9L yz
jj
z
j H9L zz
x
k 2 {
ij x1H10L yz
10 jjj H10L zzz
k x2 {
H11L
ji x1 zy
11 jjj H11L zzz
k x2 {
H12L
ji x1 zy
12 jjj H12L zzz
k x2 {
H13L
jij x1 zyz
13 jj H13L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H14L yz
14 jjj H14L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H15L yz
15 jjj H15L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H16L yz
16 jjj H16L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H17L yz
17 jjj H17L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H18L yz
18 jjj H18L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H19L yz
19 jjj H19L zzz
k x2 {
ij 0.404145188433 yz
j
z
k 0.941629792788 {
ij 0.543650214343 yz
j
z
k 0.937672940468 {
ij 0.541365724591 yz
j
z
k 0.843598161451 {
ij 0.487051625602 yz
j
z
k 0.844641336143 {
ij 0.487653902791 yz
j
z
k 0.873763836342 {
ij 0.504467786120 yz
j
z
k 0.873392046155 {
ij 0.504253132956 yz
j
z
k 0.863476476688 {
ij 0.498528376255 yz
j
z
k 0.863597549558 {
0.498598277709 y
jij
zz
k 0.866878386985 {
0.500492470081 y
jij
zz
k 0.866837719240 {
ij 0.500468990547 yz
j
z
k 0.865741449200 {
ij 0.499836058744 yz
j
z
k 0.865754970393 {
ij 0.499843865209 yz
j
z
k 0.866120096701 {
ij 0.500054670981 yz
j
z
k 0.866115585789 {
ij 0.500052066604 yz
j
z
k 0.865993844080 {
ij 0.499981778996 yz
j
z
k 0.865995347290 {
ij 0.499982646875 yz
j
z
k 0.866035924197 {
ij 0.500006073963 yz
j
z
k 0.866035423080 {
ij 0.500005784643 yz
j
z
k 0.866021897037 {
ij 0.543650214343 yz
j
z
k 0.937672940468 {
ij 0.541365724591 yz
j
z
k 0.843598161451 {
ij 0.487051625602 yz
j
z
k 0.844641336143 {
ij 0.487653902791 yz
j
z
k 0.873763836342 {
ij 0.504467786120 yz
j
z
k 0.873392046155 {
ij 0.504253132956 yz
j
z
k 0.863476476688 {
ij 0.498528376255 yz
j
z
k 0.863597549558 {
ij 0.498598277709 yz
j
z
k 0.866878386985 {
0.500492470081 y
jij
zz
k 0.866837719240 {
0.500468990547 y
jij
zz
k 0.865741449200 {
ij 0.499836058744 yz
j
z
k 0.865754970393 {
ij 0.499843865209 yz
j
z
k 0.866120096701 {
ij 0.500054670981 yz
j
z
k 0.866115585789 {
ij 0.500052066604 yz
j
z
k 0.865993844080 {
ij 0.499981778996 yz
j
z
k 0.865995347290 {
ij 0.499982646875 yz
j
z
k 0.866035924197 {
ij 0.500006073963 yz
j
z
k 0.866035423080 {
ij 0.500005784643 yz
j
z
k 0.866021897037 {
ij 0.499997975378 yz
j
z
k 0.866022064071 {
32
0.139505
0.0940748
0.0543141
0.0291225
0.0168139
0.00991557
0.00572476
0.00328084
0.00189419
0.00109627
0.000632932
0.000365126
0.000210806
0.000121742
0.0000702876
0.0000405769
0.0000234271
0.000013526
7.80926 10-6
Solucin
c)
Clear@ecuaciones, p, dD;
ecuaciones = 8 x1 2 + x2 37, x1 x2 2 5, x3 + x1 + x2 3<;
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!
ecuacionestrans = 9 37 x2 , x1 5 , 3 x1 x2 =;
d = 10.5 ; p = 85.0, 1.0, 1.0<;
puntoFijo@ecuaciones, ecuacionestrans, p, dD;
ij x1H0L yz i 5. y
jj
zz jj
zz
j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 1. zzzz
z
jj
z j
j H0L zz jk -1. z{
x
k 3 {
Tabla de datos.
i
0
ij x1H0L
jj
jj H0L
jj x2
jj
jj H0L
k x3
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
{
ij x1H1L yz
jj
z
jj H1L zzz
jj x2 zz
jj
z
jj H1L zzz
x
k 3 {
Pi
Pi+1
ij 5.00000000000 yz
jj
z
jj 1.00000000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -1.00000000000 {
ij 6.00000000000 yz
jj
zz
jj 0
zz
jj
zz
j
z
k -3.00000000000 {
ij 6.00000000000 yz
jj
zz
jj 0
zz
jj
zz
j
z
-3.00000000000
k
{
ij 6.08276253030 yz
jj
z
jj 1.00000000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-3.00000000000
k
{
33
Pi+1 - Pi
2.
1.
H2L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
jj x H2L zzz
jj 2 zz
jj
z
j H2L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H3L yz
z
jj
jj H3L zzz
jj x2 zz
zz
jj
jj H3L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H4L yz
jj
z
jj H4L zzz
jj x2 zz
z
jj
jj H4L zzz
x
k 3 {
ij x1H5L yz
jj
z
jj H5L zzz
jjj x2 zzz
jj
z
j H5L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H6L yz
jj
z
jj H6L zzz
jj x2 zz
z
jj
jj H6L zzz
x
k 3 {
H7L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
jj x H7L zzz
jj 2 zz
jj
z
j H7L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H8L yz
z
jj
jj H8L zzz
jj x2 zz
jj
zz
jj H8L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H9L yz
jj
z
jj H9L zzz
jj x2 zz
jj
z
jj H9L zzz
x
k 3 {
6.08276253030 y
jij
z
jj 1.00000000000 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k -3.00000000000 {
ij 6.00000000000 yz
jj
z
jj 1.04055875870 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -4.08276253030 {
ij 5.99661915093 yz
jj
z
jj 1.00000000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -4.04055875870 {
ij 6.00000000000 yz
jj
z
jj 0.998308144277 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -3.99661915093 {
ij 6.00014098632 yz
jj
z
jj 1.00000000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-3.99830814428
k
{
6.00000000000 y
jij
z
jj 1.00007049068 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k -4.00014098632 {
ij 5.99999412577 yz
jj
z
jj 1.00000000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -4.00007049068 {
6.00000000000 y
jij
z
jj 0.999997062883 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
-3.99999412577
k
{
6.00000000000 y
jij
z
jj 1.04055875870 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k -4.08276253030 {
ij 5.99661915093 yz
jj
z
jj 1.00000000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -4.04055875870 {
ij 6.00000000000 yz
jj
z
jj 0.998308144277 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -3.99661915093 {
ij 6.00014098632 yz
jj
z
jj 1.00000000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -3.99830814428 {
ij 6.00000000000 yz
jj
z
jj 1.00007049068 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-4.00014098632
k
{
5.99999412577 y
jij
z
jj 1.00000000000 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k -4.00007049068 {
ij 6.00000000000 yz
jj
z
jj 0.999997062883 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -3.99999412577 {
6.00000024476 y
jij
z
jj 1.00000000000 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
-3.99999706288
k
{
1.08276
0.0422038
0.0439396
0.00169186
0.00183284
0.0000704956
0.0000763649
2.93712 10-6
6.00000024476 y
jij
zz
j
j
= jj 1.00000000000 zzzz
jj
zz
k -3.99999706288 {
Solucin
d)
Clear@ecuaciones, p, dD;
x1 2
ecuaciones = 9 x1 2 + 2 x2 2 x2 2 x3 , x1 2 8 x2 2 + 10 x3 , 1=;
7 x3 x2
34
1
k 7 x2 x3
{
ij x1H0L yz i 0.5 y
jj
zz jj
zz
j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 0.5 zzzz
z
jj
z j
j H0L zz jk 0.1 z{
x
k 3 {
k 7 Hx2Hk-1L L
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
{
Tabla de datos.
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k x3 {
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k 3 {
Pi
Pi+1
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{
Pi+1 - Pi
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0.057223
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{
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jj
zz jj
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P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 1. zzzz
z
jj
z j
j H0L zz jk -1. z{
x
k 3 {
yz i 0 y
zz jjj zzz
zz = jj 0 zz
zz jj zz
zz j z
{ k0 {
Hk-1L
2
Hx
L
k
{
2
Tabla de datos.
39
i
0
H0L
jij x1
jj
jj x H0L
jj 2
jjj H0L
k x3
zyz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
ij x1H1L yz
z
jj
jj H1L zzz
jj x2 zz
zz
jj
jj H1L zz
k x3 {
H2L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
jj x H2L zzz
jj 2 zz
jj
z
j H2L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H3L yz
jj
z
jj H3L zzz
jj x2 zz
jj
zz
jj H3L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H4L yz
z
jj
jj H4L zzz
jj x2 zz
z
jj
jj H4L zzz
x
k 3 {
ij x1H5L yz
jj
z
jj H5L zzz
jjj x2 zzz
jj
z
j H5L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H6L yz
z
jj
jj H6L zzz
jj x2 zz
jj
zz
jj H6L zz
k x3 {
H7L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
jj x H7L zzz
jj 2 zz
jj
z
j H7L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H8L yz
jj
z
jj H8L zzz
jj x2 zz
jj
zz
jj H8L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H9L yz
jj
z
jj H9L zzz
jj x2 zz
jj
z
jj H9L zzz
x
k 3 {
Pi
Pi+1
ij 1.00000000000 yz
jj
z
jj 1.00000000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -1.00000000000 {
ij 0.400000000000 yz
jj
z
jj 0.790569415042 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.500000000000 {
ij 0.400000000000 yz
jj
z
jj 0.790569415042 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.500000000000
k
{
0.445943058496 y
jij
zz
jj 1.00000000000
zz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k -0.632455532034 {
ij 0.473508893593 yz
jj
z
jj 0.961769203084 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.500000000000 {
ij 0.488823079692 yz
jj
zz
jj 1.00000000000
zz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.519875244910
k
{
ij 0.496024951018 yz
jj
z
jj 0.994919526829 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.500000000000 {
ij 0.498481020290 yz
jj
zz
jj 1.00000000000
zz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.502553208091
k
{
0.499489358382 y
jij
z
jj 0.999359863372 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k -0.500000000000 {
ij 0.499808040967 yz
jj
zz
jj 1.00000000000
zz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.500320273333 {
ij 0.499935945333 yz
jj
z
jj 0.999919902815 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.500000000000 {
ij 0.445943058496 yz
jj
zz
jj 1.00000000000
zz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.632455532034
k
{
0.473508893593 y
jij
z
jj 0.961769203084 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k -0.500000000000 {
ij 0.488823079692 yz
jj
zz
jj 1.00000000000
zz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.519875244910 {
ij 0.496024951018 yz
jj
z
jj 0.994919526829 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.500000000000
k
{
ij 0.498481020290 yz
jj
zz
jj 1.00000000000
zz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.502553208091 {
ij 0.499489358382 yz
jj
z
jj 0.999359863372 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.500000000000
k
{
0.499808040967 y
jij
zz
jj 1.00000000000
zz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k -0.500320273333 {
ij 0.499935945333 yz
jj
z
jj 0.999919902815 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.500000000000 {
0.6
0.209431
0.132456
0.0382308
0.0198752
0.00508047
0.00255321
0.000640137
0.000320273
ij 0.499975972128 yz
jj
zz
jj 1.00000000000
zz 0.0000800972
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.500040051800 {
Pi+1 - Pi
0.499975972128 y
jij
zz
j
zz
j
= jj 1.00000000000
zz
jj
zz
k -0.500040051800 {
40
4. Mtodo de Seidel
4.1 Introduccin
El mtodo de Seidel es una forma de acelerar la conergencia de la iteracin del
mtodo del Punto Fijo. Consiste en usar las estimaciones ms recientes de
x1 HkL , x2 HkL , ..., xi-1 HkL en vez de x1 Hk-1L , x2 Hk-1L , ..., xi-1 Hk-1L para calcular xi HkL , igual que en
el mtodo de Gauss -Seidel para los sistemas lineales.
4.2 Pseudocdigo
Algoritmo 2. Mtodo de Seidel para sistemas no lineales
El pseudocdigo del algoritmo que resuelve un sistema de ecuaciones no lineales de
n ecuaciones con n incognitas mediante el mtodo de Seidel es:
Algoritmo de Seidel
H0L L , errorM
Input I8f Hx1 , ..., xm L<1 m , 8ftrans Hx1 , ..., xm L<1 m , H x1H0L x2H0L ... xm
T
For k = 1,...n do
For j = 1,..., i do
ij ftransj HpL yz
jj
z
jj ftransj HpL zzz
j
j
zzz
p jjj
zz
...
jjj
zzz
j
z
k ftransj HpL {
End
For j = i, ..., n do
41
ij ftransj Hp0L yz
jj
z
jj ftransj Hp0L zzz
jj
zz
zz
p jjj
jj
zzz
...
jj
zz
f
Hp0L
transj
k
{
End
End
p1 p
(* Clculo de la norma de la distancia entre los dos puntos *)
error_inicial p1 - p0
p0 p1
i i+1
End
Return Hx HiL Hp1LT L
Output
4.3 Problemas
Problema 9. Aplquese el mtodo de Seidel para sistemas no lineales para aproximar
el sistema de ecuaciones no lineales siguiente, iniciando el mtodo en el punto inicial
H0L H0L T
T
-5
P0 = IxH0L
1 , x2 , x3 M = H0.1, 0.1, -0.1L e iterando hasta que Pi+1 - Pi 10 .
f1 Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = 3 x1 - cosHx2 x3 L - 1 2 = 0,
f2 Hx1 , x2,x3 L = x21 - 81 Hx2 - 0.1L2 + sen x3 + 1.06 = 0,
f3 Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = e-x1 x2 + 20 x3 + H10 p - 3L 3 = 0.
Solucin
Clear@ecuaciones, ecuacionestrans, p, dD;
ecuaciones = 93 x1 Cos@x2 x3 D + 1 2,
10 3
x21 81 Hx2 0.1L2 + Sin@x3 D + 1.06, Exp@x1 x2 D + 20 x3 + =;
3
1
1 i"################################
##########
y
ecuacionestrans = 9 H2 Cos@x2 x3 D + 1L, j
j x21 + Sin@x3 D + 1.06 z
z 0.1,
9 k
6
{
1 i
10 3 y
j
jExp@x1 x2 D + z
z =;
20 k
3
{
d = 10.5 ; p = 80.1, 0.1, 0.1<;
seidel@ecuaciones, ecuacionestrans, p, dD;
42
yz
ij -cosHx2 x3 L + 3 x1 + 12
jj
zz ijj 0 yzz
jj 2
z
2
f Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = jjj x1 - 81 Hx2 - 0.1L + sinHx3 L + 1.06 zzzz = jjjj 0 zzzz
zz jj zz
jj
j
z k0 {
1
-x1 x2
20
x
+
H-3
+
10
pL
3
{
k
3
ij x1H0L yz i 0.1 y
jj
zz jj
zz
j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 0.1 zzzz
z
jj
z j
j H0L zz jk -0.1 z{
x
k 3 {
yz
ij 16 I2 cosIHx2Hk-1L L Hx3Hk-1L LM + 1M
zz
yz jjjj
zz
zz jj
zz
zz jj 1
zz
2
HkL
Hk-1L
zz = jj $%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%
%
%%%
Hx1 L + sinIHx3 LM + 1.06 - 0.1 zzzz
zz jj 9
zz jj
zz
j
zz
zz
{ jjj 1
1
-Hx1HkL L Hx2HkL L
I-
+
H3
10
pLM
k 20
{
3
Tabla de datos.
i
0
ij x1H0L
jjj
jj x H0L
jj 2
jj
j H0L
k x3
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
{
H1L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
jj x H1L zzz
jj 2 zz
jj
z
j H1L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H2L yz
z
jj
jj H2L zzz
jj x2 zz
zz
jj
jj H2L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H3L yz
jj
z
jj H3L zzz
jj x2 zz
jj
z
jj H3L zzz
x
k 3 {
Pi
Pi+1
ij 0.100000000000 yz
jj
z
jj 0.100000000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.100000000000
k
{
ij 0.499983333472 yz
jj
z
jj 0.0222297935586 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.523046126191
k
{
0.499983333472 y
jij
z
jj 0.0222297935586 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
-0.523046126191
k
{
ij 0.499977468262
yz
jj
z
jj 0.0000281536619354 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.523598071793
{
ij 0.499999999964
yz
jj
z
jj 3.76220182091 10-8 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.523598774658
{
ij 0.499999999964
yz
jj
z
jj 3.76220182091 10-8 zzz
zz
jj
z
j
-0.523598774658
k
{
ij 0.500000000000
jj
jj 5.02802799396 10-11
jj
j
k -0.523598775597
zyz
zz
zz
zz
{
0.423046
0.499977468262
jij
zy
jj 0.0000281536619354 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
-0.523598071793
k
{
Pi+1 - Pi
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
0.0222016
0.000028116
3.75717 10-8
Tabla de datos.
i
0
ij x1H0L
jjj
H0L
k x2
yz
zz
z
{
ij x1H1L yz
jj
z
j H1L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H2L yz
jj
z
j H2L zz
k x2 {
i x H3L y
jjj 1 zzz
j H3L z
k x2 {
ij x1H4L yz
jj
z
j H4L zz
x
k 2 {
Pi
ij 2.00000000000 yz
j
z
k 11.0000000000 {
ij 1.56155281281 yz
j
z
k 10.9683657714 {
ij 1.54615042038 yz
j
z
k 10.9700824659 {
1.54698923590 y
jij
zz
k 10.9699902189 {
1.54694417065 y
jij
zz
k 10.9699951785 {
Pi+1
ij 1.56155281281 yz
j
z
k 10.9683657714 {
ij 1.54615042038 yz
j
z
k 10.9700824659 {
ij 1.54698923590 yz
j
z
k 10.9699902189 {
1.54694417065 y
jij
zz
k 10.9699951785 {
1.54694659358 y
jij
zz
k 10.9699949118 {
44
Pi+1 - Pi
0.438447
0.0154024
0.000838816
0.0000450652
2.42293 10-6
Tabla de datos.
i
0
ij x1H0L
jjj
H0L
k x2
yz
zz
z
{
ij x1H1L yz
jj
z
j H1L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H2L yz
jj
z
j H2L zz
k x2 {
i x H3L y
jjj 1 zzz
j H3L z
k x2 {
ij x1H4L yz
jj
z
j H4L zz
x
k 2 {
Pi
ij -1.50000000000 yz
j
z
k 10.5000000000 {
ij -2.30277563773 yz
j
z
k 9.75388772965 {
ij -1.82581124573 yz
j
z
k 10.1248988840 {
ij -2.08107487744 yz
j
z
k 9.93788999333 {
-1.95800548239 y
jij
zz
k 10.0311541233 {
Pi+1
ij -2.30277563773 yz
j
z
k 9.75388772965 {
ij -1.82581124573 yz
j
z
k 10.1248988840 {
ij -2.08107487744 yz
j
z
k 9.93788999333 {
ij -1.95800548239 yz
j
z
k 10.0311541233 {
-2.02062758317 y
jij
zz
k 9.98444588416 {
45
Pi+1 - Pi
0.802776
0.476964
0.255264
0.123069
0.0626221
H5L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
H5L z
k x2 {
ij x1H6L yz
jj
z
j H6L zz
x
k 2 {
ij x1H7L yz
jj
z
j H7L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H8L yz
z
jj
j H8L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H9L yz
jj
z
j H9L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H10L yz
10 jjj H10L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H11L yz
11 jjj H11L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H12L yz
12 jjj H12L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H13L yz
13 jjj H13L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H14L yz
14 jjj H14L zzz
k x2 {
H15L
ji x1 zy
15 jjj H15L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H16L zy
16 jjj H16L zzz
k x2 {
H17L
ji x1 zy
17 jjj H17L zzz
k x2 {
ij -2.02062758317 yz
j
z
k 9.98444588416 {
ij -1.98959449795 yz
j
z
k 10.0077830203 {
ij -2.00517973698 yz
j
z
k 9.99610995200 {
ij -1.99740438893 yz
j
z
k 10.0019453931 {
ij -2.00129636853 yz
j
z
k 9.99902739529 {
ij -1.99935145665 yz
j
z
k 10.0004863254 {
ij -2.00032418188 yz
j
z
k 9.99975684306 {
ij -1.99983788661 yz
j
z
k 10.0001215799 {
-2.00008105108 y
jij
zz
k 9.99993921041 {
-1.99995947306 y
jij
zz
k 10.0000303949 {
ij -2.00002026312 yz
j
z
k 9.99998480258 {
ij -1.99998986835 yz
j
z
k 10.0000075987 {
ij -2.00000506580 yz
j
z
k 9.99999620064 {
ij -1.98959449795 yz
j
z
k 10.0077830203 {
ij -2.00517973698 yz
j
z
k 9.99610995200 {
ij -1.99740438893 yz
j
z
k 10.0019453931 {
ij -2.00129636853 yz
j
z
k 9.99902739529 {
ij -1.99935145665 yz
j
z
k 10.0004863254 {
ij -2.00032418188 yz
j
z
k 9.99975684306 {
ij -1.99983788661 yz
j
z
k 10.0001215799 {
ij -2.00008105108 yz
j
z
k 9.99993921041 {
-1.99995947306 y
jij
zz
k 10.0000303949 {
-2.00002026312 y
jij
zz
k 9.99998480258 {
ij -1.99998986835 yz
j
z
k 10.0000075987 {
ij -2.00000506580 yz
j
z
k 9.99999620064 {
ij -1.99999746709 yz
j
z
k 10.0000018997 {
0.0310331
0.0155852
0.00777535
0.00389198
0.00194491
0.000972725
0.000486295
0.000243164
0.000121578
0.0000607901
0.0000303948
0.0000151975
7.59871 10-6
46
f2 Hx1 , x2 L = x1 2 - x2 2 - x2 = 0,
H0L T
T
P0 = IxH0L
1 , x2 M = H0.7, 0.4L
f1 Hx1 , x2 L = 3 x1 2 - x2 2 = 0,
f2 Hx1 , x2 L = 3 x1 x2 2 - x1 3 - 1 = 0,
H0L T
T
P0 = IxH0L
1 , x2 M = H0.4, 0.7L
f1 Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = x1 2 + x2 - 37 = 0,
f2 Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = x1 - x2 2 - 5 = 0,
f3 Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = x3 + x1 + x2 - 3 = 0
H0L H0L T
T
P0 = IxH0L
1 , x2 , x3 M = H5, 1, -1L
f1 Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = x1 2 + 2 x2 2 - x2 - 2 x3 = 0,
f2 Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = x1 2 - 8 x2 2 + 10 x3 = 0,
x1 2
f3 Hx1 , x2 , x3 L =
- 1 = 0
7 x3 x2
b)
c)
d)
H0L H0L
T
P0 = IxH0L
1 , x2 , x3 M = H0.5, 0.5, 0.1L
T
Solucin
a)
Clear@ecuaciones, ecuacionestrans, p, dD;
ecuaciones = 8x1 2 + x2 2 x1 , x1 2 x2 2 x2 <;
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ecuacionestrans = 9 x1 x2 2 , x2 + x1 2 =;
ij x1H0L yz i 0.7 y
zz
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj
k x2 { k 0.4 {
yz i 0 y
zz = jj zz
z
{ k0 {
yz
zz
zz
zz
{
Tabla de datos.
i
0
ij x1H0L
jjj
H0L
k x2
yz
zz
z
{
Pi
ij 0.700000000000 yz
j
z
k 0.400000000000 {
Pi+1
ij 0.758186601593 yz
j
z
k 0.395853396857 {
47
Pi+1 - Pi
0.0581866
H1L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
H1L z
k x2 {
ij x1H2L yz
jj
z
j H2L zz
x
k 2 {
ij x1H3L yz
jj
z
j H3L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H4L yz
z
jj
j H4L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H5L yz
jj
z
j H5L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H6L yz
jj
z
j H6L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H7L yz
jj
z
j H7L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H8L yz
z
jj
j H8L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H9L yz
jj
z
j H9L zz
x
k 2 {
ij x1H10L yz
10 jjj H10L zzz
k x2 {
H11L
ji x1 zy
11 jjj H11L zzz
k x2 {
H12L
ji x1 zy
12 jjj H12L zzz
k x2 {
H13L
jij x1 zyz
13 jj H13L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H14L yz
14 jjj H14L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H15L yz
15 jjj H15L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H16L yz
16 jjj H16L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H17L yz
17 jjj H17L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H18L yz
18 jjj H18L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H19L yz
19 jjj H19L zzz
k x2 {
ij x1H20L yz
zz
20 jj
k
{
ij 0.758186601593 yz
j
z
k 0.395853396857 {
ij 0.786673895490 yz
j
z
k 0.382915782338 {
ij 0.808335559959 yz
j
z
k 0.365129119713 {
ij 0.829623091179 yz
j
z
k 0.346144074853 {
ij 0.850108783922 yz
j
z
k 0.330235800227 {
ij 0.867057510997 yz
j
z
k 0.320183781089 {
ij 0.878556796643 yz
j
z
k 0.315898578348 {
ij 0.884694665710 yz
j
z
k 0.315384225093 {
0.886940471283 y
jij
zz
k 0.316489556832 {
0.887038695732 y
jij
zz
k 0.317833861157 {
ij 0.886317953082 yz
j
z
k 0.318833504567 {
ij 0.885526587708 yz
j
z
k 0.319391371455 {
ij 0.884959544969 yz
j
z
k 0.319613272293 {
ij 0.884653101842 yz
j
z
k 0.319643028398 {
ij 0.884538377982 yz
j
z
k 0.319593068015 {
ij 0.884529978360 yz
j
z
k 0.319529452198 {
ij 0.884563268283 yz
j
z
k 0.319480717288 {
ij 0.884601456979 yz
j
z
k 0.319452706939 {
ij 0.884629490427 yz
j
z
k 0.319441084854 {
0.884645014784 y
jij
zz
k
{
ij 0.786673895490 yz
j
z
k 0.382915782338 {
ij 0.808335559959 yz
j
z
k 0.365129119713 {
ij 0.829623091179 yz
j
z
k 0.346144074853 {
ij 0.850108783922 yz
j
z
k 0.330235800227 {
ij 0.867057510997 yz
j
z
k 0.320183781089 {
ij 0.878556796643 yz
j
z
k 0.315898578348 {
ij 0.884694665710 yz
j
z
k 0.315384225093 {
ij 0.886940471283 yz
j
z
k 0.316489556832 {
0.887038695732 y
jij
zz
k 0.317833861157 {
0.886317953082 y
jij
zz
k 0.318833504567 {
ij 0.885526587708 yz
j
z
k 0.319391371455 {
ij 0.884959544969 yz
j
z
k 0.319613272293 {
ij 0.884653101842 yz
j
z
k 0.319643028398 {
ij 0.884538377982 yz
j
z
k 0.319593068015 {
ij 0.884529978360 yz
j
z
k 0.319529452198 {
ij 0.884563268283 yz
j
z
k 0.319480717288 {
ij 0.884601456979 yz
j
z
k 0.319452706939 {
ij 0.884629490427 yz
j
z
k 0.319441084854 {
ij 0.884645014784 yz
j
z
k 0.319439124922 {
0.884651081736 y
jij
zz
k
{
48
0.0284873
0.0216617
0.0212875
0.0204857
0.0169487
0.0114993
0.00613787
0.00224581
0.0013443
0.000999643
0.000791365
0.000567043
0.000306443
0.000114724
0.0000636158
0.0000487349
0.0000381887
0.0000280334
0.0000155244
6.06695 10-6
Solucin
b)
Clear@ecuaciones, ecuacionestrans, p, dD;
ecuaciones = 83 x1 2 x2 2 , 3 x1 x2 2 x1 3 1<;
!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ecuacionestrans = 9x2 3 , H1 + x1 3 L H3 x1 L =;
ij x1H0L yz i 0.4 y
zz
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj
k x2 { k 0.7 {
Hx2 L
ij
yz
j !!!!
zz
3
zz
yz jjjj
zz
zz = jj
zz
HkL 3
z jj $%%%%%%%%
Hx1 L +1
%HkL
%%%%%%%
%%% z
j
zz
j
{ j
Hx1 L
z
!!!!
k
3
{
Hk-1L
Tabla de datos.
i
0
ij x1H0L
jj
j H0L
k x2
yz
zz
z
{
ij x1H1L yz
jj
z
j H1L zz
x
k 2 {
ij x1H2L yz
jj
z
j H2L zz
x
k 2 {
H3L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
H3L z
k x2 {
Pi
0.400000000000 y
jij
zz
k 0.700000000000 {
0.404145188433 y
jij
zz
k 0.937672940468 {
ij 0.541365724591 yz
j
z
k 0.844641336143 {
ij 0.487653902791 yz
j
z
k 0.873392046155 {
Pi+1
0.404145188433 y
jij
zz
k 0.937672940468 {
0.541365724591 y
jij
zz
k 0.844641336143 {
ij 0.487653902791 yz
j
z
k 0.873392046155 {
ij 0.504253132956 yz
j
z
k 0.863597549558 {
49
Pi+1 - Pi
0.237673
0.137221
0.0537118
0.0165992
H4L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
H4L z
k x2 {
ij x1H5L yz
jj
z
j H5L zz
x
k 2 {
ij x1H6L yz
jj
z
j H6L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H7L yz
z
jj
j H7L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H8L yz
jj
z
j H8L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H9L yz
jj
z
j H9L zz
k x2 {
ij x1H10L yz
10 jjj H10L zzz
k x2 {
ij 0.504253132956 yz
j
z
k 0.863597549558 {
ij 0.498598277709 yz
j
z
k 0.866837719240 {
ij 0.500468990547 yz
j
z
k 0.865754970393 {
ij 0.499843865209 yz
j
z
k 0.866115585789 {
ij 0.500052066604 yz
j
z
k 0.865995347290 {
ij 0.499982646875 yz
j
z
k 0.866035423080 {
ij 0.500005784643 yz
j
z
k 0.866022064071 {
ij 0.498598277709 yz
j
z
k 0.866837719240 {
0.00565486
ij 0.500468990547 yz
j
z
k 0.865754970393 {
ij 0.499843865209 yz
j
z
k 0.866115585789 {
ij 0.500052066604 yz
j
z
k 0.865995347290 {
ij 0.499982646875 yz
j
z
k 0.866035423080 {
ij 0.500005784643 yz
j
z
k 0.866022064071 {
ij 0.499998071815 yz
j
z
k 0.866026517028 {
0.00187071
0.000625125
0.000208201
0.0000694197
0.0000231378
7.71283 10-6
Solucin
c)
Clear@ecuaciones, ecuacionestrans, p, dD;
ecuaciones = 8 x1 2 + x2 37, x1 x2 2 5, x3 + x1 + x2 3<;
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!
ecuacionestrans = 9 37 x2 , x1 5 , 3 x1 x2 =;
d = 10.5 ; p = 85.0, 1.0, 1.0<;
seidel@ecuaciones, ecuacionestrans, p, dD;
H0L
jij x1 zyz ij 5. yz
jj
zz j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 1. zzzz
z
jj
z j
j H0L zz jk -1. z{
k x3 {
50
Tabla de datos.
i
0
ij x1H0L
jj
jj H0L
jj x2
jj
jj H0L
k x3
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
{
ij x1H1L yz
jj
z
jj H1L zzz
jj x2 zz
jj
z
jj H1L zzz
x
k 3 {
Pi
Pi+1
ij 5.00000000000 yz
jj
z
jj 1.00000000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -1.00000000000 {
ij 6.00000000000 yz
jj
z
jj 1.00000000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -4.00000000000 {
ij 6.00000000000 yz
jj
z
jj 1.00000000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-4.00000000000
k
{
ij 6.00000000000 yz
jj
z
jj 1.00000000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-4.00000000000
k
{
Pi+1 - Pi
3.
0.
Solucin
d)
Clear@ecuaciones, ecuacionestrans, p, dD;
x1 2
ecuaciones = 9 x1 2 + 2 x2 2 x2 2 x3 , x1 2 8 x2 2 + 10 x3 , 1=;
7 x3 x2
x1 2
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ecuacionestrans = 9 2 x3 + x2 2 x2 2 , H10 x3 + x1 2 L 8 , =;
7 x2
5
d = 10. ; p = 80.5, 0.5, 0.1<;
seidel@ecuaciones, ecuacionestrans, p, dD;
51
1
{
k 7 x2 x3
H0L
jij x1 zyz ji 0.5 zy
jj
zz j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 0.5 zzzz
j
z
jj
z
j H0L zz jk 0.1 z{
k x3 {
!!!!
jj
z
2 2
jj HkL zzz jjjj
2
Hx1HkL L
k x3 { jjj
HkL
7
Hx
k
2 L
zyz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Tabla de datos.
i
0
ij x1H0L
jj
jj H0L
jj x2
jj
jj H0L
k x3
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
{
ij x1H1L yz
z
jj
jj H1L zzz
jj x2 zz
z
jj
jj H1L zzz
x
k 3 {
ij x1H2L yz
jj
z
jj H2L zzz
jjj x2 zzz
jj
z
j H2L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H3L yz
jj
z
jj H3L zzz
jj x2 zz
jj
z
jj H3L zzz
x
k 3 {
H4L
jij x1 zyz
z
jj
jj x H4L zzz
jj 2 zz
jj
z
j H4L zz
k x3 {
i H5L y
jjj x1 zzz
jj H5L zz
jj x2 zz
jj
z
jj H5L zzz
k x3 {
Pi
Pi+1
ij 0.500000000000 yz
jj
z
jj 0.500000000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.100000000000 {
ij 0.447213595500 yz
jj
z
jj 0.387298334621 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.0737711113563 {
ij 0.447213595500 yz
jj
z
jj 0.387298334621 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.0737711113563 {
ij 0.484603505284 yz
jj
z
jj 0.348667404358 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.0962196369040 {
ij 0.545865148587 yz
jj
z
jj 0.396888701257 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
0.107251644208
k
{
0.544381031358 y
jij
z
jj 0.413652503526 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k 0.102346329269 {
ij 0.525479185809 yz
jj
z
jj 0.403049573163 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.0978711138794 {
52
ij 0.484603505284 yz
jj
z
jj 0.348667404358 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.0962196369040 {
ij 0.545865148587 yz
jj
z
jj 0.396888701257 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.107251644208 {
ij 0.544381031358 yz
jj
z
jj 0.413652503526 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
0.102346329269
k
{
0.525479185809 y
jij
z
jj 0.403049573163 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k 0.0978711138794 {
ij 0.523348721283 yz
jj
z
jj 0.395696383428 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.0988831320244 {
Pi+1 - Pi
0.112702
0.0386309
0.0612616
0.0167638
0.0189018
0.00735319
H6L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
jj x H6L zzz
jj 2 zz
jj
z
j H6L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H7L yz
z
jj
jj H7L zzz
jj x2 zz
zz
jj
jj H7L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H8L yz
jj
z
jj H8L zzz
jj x2 zz
z
jj
jj H8L zzz
x
k 3 {
ij x1H9L yz
jj
z
jj H9L zzz
jjj x2 zzz
jj
z
j H9L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H10L yz
jj
zz
j
z
10 jjjj x2H10L zzzz
jj
z
j H10L zz
x
k 3 {
H11L
jij x1 zyz
jj
zz
11 jjjj x2H11L zzzz
jj
z
j H11L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H12L yz
zz
jj
j
z
12 jjjj x2H12L zzzz
jj
z
j H12L zz
x
k 3 {
ij x1H13L yz
zz
jj
j
z
13 jjjj x2H13L zzzz
z
jj
j H13L zz
x
k 3 {
ij x1H14L yz
zz
jj
j
z
14 jjjj x2H14L zzzz
jj
z
j H14L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H15L yz
jj
zz
j
z
15 jjjj x2H15L zzzz
z
jj
j H15L zz
x
k 3 {
H16L
jij x1 zyz
zz
jj
16 jjjj x2H16L zzzz
jj
z
j H16L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H17L yz
jj
zz
j
z
17 jjjj x2H17L zzzz
jj
z
j H17L zz
x
k 3 {
ij x1H18L yz
jj
zz
j
z
18 jjjj x2H18L zzzz
jj
z
j H18L zz
x
k 3 {
0.523348721283 y
jij
z
jj 0.395696383428 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k 0.0988831320244 {
ij 0.529444418009 yz
jj
z
jj 0.398299935979 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.100538516128 {
ij 0.531122669667 yz
jj
z
jj 0.401166494662 zzz
jjj
zzz
k 0.100453941902 {
ij 0.529344184427 yz
jj
z
jj 0.400740671227 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.0998883480747 {
ij 0.528517924223 yz
jj
z
jj 0.399720945938 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
0.0998307869756
k
{
0.528988516554 y
jij
z
jj 0.399708756534 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k 0.100011694612 {
ij 0.529337289125 yz
jj
z
jj 0.400049201939 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.100058394353 {
0.529232711291 y
jij
z
jj 0.400104862229 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
0.100004948396
k
{
ij 0.529100139352 yz
jj
z
jj 0.399999443972 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.0999811952175 {
ij 0.529115038580 yz
jj
z
jj 0.399964791611 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
0.0999954888614
k
{
ij 0.529161695776 yz
jj
z
jj 0.399994841981 zzz
jjj
zzz
k 0.100005611105 {
ij 0.529163790303 yz
jj
z
jj 0.400011004226 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.100002362081 {
0.529148487085 y
jij
z
jj 0.400003397204 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
0.0999984797779
k
{
53
0.529444418009 y
jij
z
jj 0.398299935979 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k 0.100538516128 {
ij 0.531122669667 yz
jj
z
jj 0.401166494662 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.100453941902 {
ij 0.529344184427 yz
jj
z
jj 0.400740671227 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.0998883480747 {
ij 0.528517924223 yz
jj
z
jj 0.399720945938 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.0998307869756 {
ij 0.528988516554 yz
jj
z
jj 0.399708756534 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
0.100011694612
k
{
0.529337289125 y
jij
z
jj 0.400049201939 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k 0.100058394353 {
ij 0.529232711291 yz
jj
z
jj 0.400104862229 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.100004948396 {
0.529100139352 y
jij
z
jj 0.399999443972 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
0.0999811952175
k
{
ij 0.529115038580 yz
jj
z
jj 0.399964791611 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.0999954888614 {
ij 0.529161695776 yz
jj
z
jj 0.399994841981 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
0.100005611105
k
{
ij 0.529163790303 yz
jj
z
jj 0.400011004226 zzz
jjj
zzz
k 0.100002362081 {
ij 0.529148487085 yz
jj
z
jj 0.400003397204 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.0999984797779 {
0.0060957
0.00286656
0.00177849
0.00101973
0.000470592
0.000348773
0.000104578
0.000132572
0.0000346524
0.0000466572
0.0000161622
0.0000153032
0.529145463186 y
jij
z
jj 0.399996831080 zzz 6.56612 10-6
jj
zz
jj
zz
0.0999989783686
k
{
ij 0.529145463186 yz
j
z
= jjjj 0.399996831080 zzzz
jj
zz
k 0.0999989783686 {
ij x1H0L yz i 0. y
jj
zz jj zz
j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 0. zzzz
jj
z j z
j H0L zz jk 0. z{
k x3 {
Tabla de datos.
i
0
H0L
jji x1
jj
jj x H0L
jj 2
jj
j H0L
k x3
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
{
Pi
Pi+1
0
jij zyz
jj 0 zz
jj zz
jj zz
k0 {
6.08276253030 y
jij
z
jj 1.04055875870 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
-4.12332128899
k
{
54
Pi+1 - Pi
6.08276
H1L
jij x1 zyz
jj
z
jj x H1L zzz
jj 2 zz
jj
z
j H1L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H2L yz
z
jj
jj H2L zzz
jj x2 zz
zz
jj
jj H2L zz
k x3 {
ij x1H3L yz
jj
z
jj H3L zzz
jj x2 zz
z
jj
jj H3L zzz
x
k 3 {
ij x1H4L yz
jj
z
jj H4L zzz
jjj x2 zzz
jj
z
j H4L zz
k x3 {
6.08276253030 y
jij
z
jj 1.04055875870 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k -4.12332128899 {
ij 5.99661915093 yz
jj
z
jj 0.998308144277 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -3.99492729521 {
ij 6.00014098632 yz
jj
z
jj 1.00007049068 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -4.00021147700 {
ij 5.99999412577 yz
jj
z
jj 0.999997062883 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -3.99999118866 {
5.99661915093 y
jij
z
jj 0.998308144277 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k -3.99492729521 {
ij 6.00014098632 yz
jj
z
jj 1.00007049068 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -4.00021147700 {
ij 5.99999412577 yz
jj
z
jj 0.999997062883 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -3.99999118866 {
ij 6.00000024476 yz
jj
z
jj 1.00000012238 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -4.00000036714 {
55
0.128394
0.00528418
0.000220288
9.17848 10-6
5. Mtodo de Newton
5.1 Introduccin
En los mtodos del Punto Fijo y de Seidel es necesario convertir el problema a un
problema de punto fijo convergente, si se resuelven algebraicamente las ecuaciones
iniciales para las variables del problema. Sin embargo, es dificil encontrar una
transformacin de las ecuaciones para que el problema sea convergente. Con el mtodo de
Newton se puede obtener la solucin de un sistema de ecuaciones no lineales de una forma
ms general.
(5)
(6)
donde todos los elementos ai j HxL son una funcin de n en . Esto requiere obtener AHxL de
modo que
56
(7)
Suponiendo que
`
entonces existe un nmero d d tal que la sucesin generada por xHkL = G HxHk-1L L con-
a condicin de que
xH0L - p d. Incluso
n M
xHkL - p
xHk-1L - p 2 , k 1.
2
2
57
1 - S Ibi j HxL
j HxL + xikj HxL f j HxLM i = k
xk
n
gi HxL
= 9
xk
(8)
j=1
- S Ibi j HxL
n
j=1
fj
xk
HxL +
b
xikj
HxL f j HxLM
(9)
ik
gi H pL
El teorema implica que se necesita
= 0 para toda i = 1, 2, .., n y toda
xk
fj
0 = 1 - bi j H pL H pL,
xi
j=1
(10)
as que
n
fj
bi j H pL H pL = 1.
xi
j=1
(11)
Cuando k i,
n
fj
0 = - bi j H pL H pL,
xk
j=1
(12)
as que
n
fj
bi j H pL H pL = 0.
xk
j=1
(13)
58
f1
f1
f1
ij
HxL
HxL
HxL yz
x2
xn
jj x1
zz
jj f
zz
f2
f2
jj 2 HxL
zz
HxL
HxL
jj x1
zz
x
x
2
n
j
zz
J HxL = j
... ....
jj ...
zz
...
...
jj
zz
jj
zz
j fn
z
fn
fn
HxL
HxL
HxL
x2
xn
k x1
{
(14)
se requiere que
AH pL-1 JH pL = I, la matriz identidad,
(15)
De modo que
AH pL = JH pL
(16)
En consecuencia, una eleccin apropiada de AHxL es AHxL = JHxL dado que entonces
se cumple la condicin (iii) del teorema.
(17)
-1
FHxHk-1L L M
(18)
59
y que satisfaga
JHxHk-1L L y = -FHxHk-1L L.
Una vez hecho esto, se obtiene la nueva aproximacin xHkL agregando y a xHk-1L .
5.2 Pseudocdigo
Algoritmo 3. Mtodo de Newton para sistemas 2 2
El pseudocdigo del algoritmo que resuelve un sistema de ecuaciones no lineales de
2 ecuaciones con 2 incognitas mediante el mtodo de Newton es:
Algoritmo Newton 2 2
Input If1 Hx1 , x2 L, f2 Hx1 , x2 L, H x1H0L , x2H0L L , n, errorM
T
f1 Hx1 ,x2 L
jij
x1
J jjjj f Hx ,x L
2 1 2
j
k x1
1 1 2
zyz
x2
zz
zz
f2 Hx1 ,x2 L z
x2
{
f Hx ,x L
For k = 1, ..., n do
H* Se evala la funcin F y la matriz jacobiana en el punto *L
ij f1 H x1Hk-1L , x2Hk-1L
f_valor jjj
Hk-1L
Hk-1L
k f2 H x1 , x2
L yz
zz
z
L{
j_valor
p p +y
End
Return Hx HkL HpLT L
Output
60
Lyz
zz
z
L{
f1
f1
f1
ij
HxL
HxL yzz
x2
xn
jj x1 HxL
zz
jj
zz
jj f2
f2
f2
jj
HxL
HxL
HxL zzzz
x1
x2
xn
j
j
zz Hx Hx1 , ..., xn LL
J HxL = j
... ....
jj ...
...
... zzzz
jj
jj
zz
jj fn
zz
fn
fn
HxL
HxL
HxL
x2
xn
k x1
{
p_ant p
For k = 1, ..., n do
H* Se evala la funcin F y la matriz jacobiana en el punto *L
j_valor
pp+y
(* Clculo de la norma de la distancia entre los dos puntos*)
error p - p_ant
p_ant p
If Herror error_iniL do
Break
End
End
Return Hx HkL HpLT L
Output
61
L yz
zz
z
L zzzz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
L{
5.3 Problemas
Problema 13. Considrese el sistema no lineal siguiente,
f1 Hx, yL = x2 + y2 - 2 = 0
(circunferencia)
f2 Hx, yL = x2 - y - 0.5 x + 0.1 = 0
(parbola).
a)
Usar el mtodo de Newton comenzando en el punto P0 = H p0 , q0 L= H1.2, 0.8L y
calcular los puntos P1 y P2 .
b)
Empleando el mtodo de Newton y comenzando en el punto
P0 = H p0 , q0 L= H-0.8, 1.2L, calcular los puntos P1 y P2 .
Solucin
Clear@f1, f2, p, y1, y2, g1, g2, gD;
f1 = x2 + y2 2;
f2 = x2 y 0.5 x + 0.1;
!!!!!!!!!!!!!
y1 = 2 x2 ;
y2 = x2 0.5 x + 0.1;
p = 81.2, 0.8<;
newtonRaphsonNoLineal@f1, f2, p, 2, 0.2D;
Print@"Representacin de las funciones",
"\n\t f1 Hx,yL = ", f1, "\n\t f2 Hx,yL = ", f2D;
!!!! !!!!
g1 = Plot AEvaluateA8y1, y1<, 9x, 2 , 2 =E,
62
2y y
i2x
zz
J Hx, yL = jj
k 2 x - 0.5 -1 {
J
-1
1
ij -
x+1. y
jj -4 y x-2
Hx, yL = jjj
0.5-2 x
-4 y x-2 x+1. y
k
2y
-
yz
-4 y x-2 x+1. y z
zz
zz
2x
-4 y x-2 x+1. y
{
Iteracin i = 0.
i x H0L y i 1.20000 yz
z
P0 = jj H0L zz = jj
k y { k 0.800000 {
i 0.0800000 yz
z
F HP0 L = F H1.2, 0.8L = jj
k 0.140000 {
i 2.40000 1.60000
J HP0 L = J H1.2, 0.8L = jj
k 1.90000 -1.00000
yz
z
{
63
1.14412 y
jij
zz
k 0.833824 {
Iteracin i = 1.
i x H1L y i 1.14412 yz
z
P1 = jj H1L zz = jj
k y { k 0.833824 {
i 0.00426687 yz
z
F HP1 L = F H1.14412, 0.833824L = jj
k 0.00312284 {
i 2.28824 1.66765
J HP1 L = J H1.14412, 0.833824L = jj
k 1.78824 -1.00000
yz
z
{
i
0
1
i
0
1
Pi
J HPi L DP = -F HPi L
ij 1.2 zy
ij 2.4 1.6 yz ji Dx yz
i 0.08 yz
j
z
j
z.j
z = - jj
z
0.8
1.9
-1
Dy
k
{
k
{k
{
k 0.14 {
ij 1.14412 zy ij 2.28824 1.66765 zy ji Dx zy
i 0.00426687 zy
j
z j
z.j
z = - jj
z
k 0.833824 { k 1.78824 -1
{ k Dy {
k 0.00312284 {
Pi
i 1.2 zy
jj
z
k 0.8 {
ij 1.14412 yz
j
z
k 0.833824 {
i Dx yz
z
DP = jj
Pi+1 = Pi + DP
k Dy {
ij -0.0558824 yz
ij 1.14412 zy
j
z
j
z
k 0.0338235 {
k 0.833824 {
ij -0.00179772 yz ij 1.14232 yz
j
z j
z
k -0.0000919057 { k 0.833732 {
64
-1 -0.5
0.5 1
-1
2y y
i2x
zz
J Hx, yL = jj
k 2 x - 0.5 -1 {
jij -
-4 y x-2 x+1. y
J -1 Hx, yL = jjjj
0.5-2 x
-4 y x-2 x+1. y
k
2y
-
yz
-4 y x-2 x+1. y z
zz
zz
2x
-4 y x-2 x+1. y
{
Iteracin i = 0.
i x H0L y i -0.800000 yz
z
P0 = jj H0L zz = jj
k y { k 1.20000
{
i 0.0800000 zy
z
F HP0 L = F H-0.8, 1.2L = jj
k -0.0600000 {
i -1.60000 2.40000
J HP0 L = J H-0.8, 1.2L = jj
k -2.10000 -1.00000
65
yz
z
{
i x H1L y i -0.809639 yz
z
P1 = jj H1L zz = jj
k y { k 1.16024
{
i 0.00167368 yz
z
F HP1 L = F H-0.809639, 1.16024L = jj
k 0.0000929017 {
i -1.61928 2.32048
J HP1 L = J H-0.809639, 1.16024L = jj
k -2.11928 -1.00000
yz
z
{
66
i
0
1
i
0
1
Pi
-0.8
ij
zzy
j
k 1.2 {
ij -0.809639 yz
j
z
k 1.16024
{
Pi
ij -0.8 zy
j
z
k 1.2 {
ij -0.809639 yz
j
z
k 1.16024
{
J HPi L DP = -F HPi L
-1.6
2.4 y i Dx y
0.08 y
jij
zz.jj
zz = - jji
zz
k -2.1 -1 { k Dy {
k -0.06 {
ij -1.61928 2.32048 yz ij Dx yz
i 0.00167368 yz
j
z.j
z = - jj
z
-2.11928
-1
Dy
k
{k
{
k 0.0000929017 {
i Dx yz
z
DP = jj
k Dy {
ij -0.00963855 zy
j
z
k -0.039759
{
0.000289009
ij
yz
j
z
k -0.000519589 {
Pi+1 = Pi + DP
ij -0.809639 yz
j
z
k 1.16024
{
-0.80935
ij
yz
j
z
k 1.15972 {
-1 -0.5
0.5 1
-1
67
68
Y
6
4
2
-4
-2
-2
-4
-6
Mtodo de Newton- Raphson para sistemas de ecuaciones no lineales.
f1 Hx,yL = - 1 + 3 x 2 - 2 y2
f2 Hx,yL = - 8 - 2 x + x 2 + 2 y + y2
i x H0L y i 1.5 yz
z
P0 = jj H0L zz = jj
k y { k 1.5 {
-4 y
i6x
J Hx, yL = jj
k -2 + 2 x 2 + 2 y
J
-1
2+2 y
ij
y+20 x y
jj 12 x-8
Hx, yL = jjj
2-2 x
12 x-8 y+20 x y
k
yz
z
{
yz
z
{
4y
yz
12 x-8 y+20 x y z
zz
z
6x
z
12 x-8 y+20 x y {
Iteracin i = 0.
i x H0L y i 1.50000 yz
z
P0 = jj H0L zz = jj
k y { k 1.50000 {
i 1.25000 yz
z
F HP0 L = F H1.5, 1.5L = jj
k -3.50000 {
i 9.00000 -6.00000
J HP0 L = J H1.5, 1.5L = jj
k 1.00000 5.00000
Se resuelve el sistema lineal J HP0 L DP = -F HP0 L:
69
yz
z
{
0.117647 y i 1.25 y
zz.jj
zz
0.176471 { k -3.5 {
i x H1L y i 1.78922 yz
z
P1 = jj H1L zz = jj
k y { k 2.14216 {
i -0.573794 yz
z
F HP1 L = F H1.78922, 2.14216L = jj
k 0.496011 {
i 10.7353 -8.56863 yz
z
J HP1 L = J H1.78922, 2.14216L = jj
k 1.57843 6.28431 {
Se resuelve el sistema lineal J HP1 L DP = -F HP1 L:
ij 10.7353 -8.56863 yz ij Dx yz
i -0.573794 yz
j
z.j
z = - jj
z
k 1.57843 6.28431 { k Dy {
k 0.496011 {
0.1058
-0.573794 y
i Dx yz
i 0.0775947
zzy.jji
zz
z = - jj
DP = jj
k Dy {
k -0.0194895 0.132553 { k 0.496011 {
i Dx yz ij -0.0079546 yz
z=j
z
DP = jj
k Dy { k -0.0769305 {
El siguiente punto de la iteracin es:
P2 = P1 + DP
i 1.78922 zy ji -0.0079546 zy ji 1.78126 zy
z+j
z=j
z
P2 = jj
k 2.14216 { k -0.0769305 { k 2.06523 {
Iteracin i = 2.
i x H2L y i 1.78126 yz
z
P2 = jj H2L zz = jj
k y { k 2.06523 {
i -0.0116468 yz
z
F HP2 L = F H1.78126, 2.06523L = jj
k 0.00598158 {
i 10.6876 -8.26091 yz
z
J HP2 L = J H1.78126, 2.06523L = jj
k 1.56252 6.13045 {
70
i
0
1
2
i
0
1
2
Pi
ij 1.5 yz
j
z
k 1.5 {
1.78922 y
jji
zz
k 2.14216 {
ij 1.78126 yz
j
z
k 2.06523 {
Pi
ij 1.5 yz
j
z
k 1.5 {
1.78922 y
jji
zz
k 2.14216 {
ij 1.78126 yz
j
z
k 2.06523 {
J HPi L DP = -F HPi L
ij 9. -6. yz ij Dx yz
i 1.25 yz
j
z.j
z = - jj
z
k 1. 5. { k Dy {
k -3.5 {
ij 10.7353 -8.56863 yz ji Dx yz
i -0.573794 yz
j
z.j
z = - jj
z
k 1.57843 6.28431 { k Dy {
k 0.496011 {
ij 10.6876 -8.26091 yz ij Dx yz
i -0.0116468 yz
j
z.j
z = - jj
z
1.56252
6.13045
Dy
k
{k
{
k 0.00598158 {
i Dx yz
z
DP = jj
Pi+1 = Pi + DP
k Dy {
ij 0.289216 yz
ij 1.78922 yz
j
z
j
z
k 0.642157 {
k 2.14216 {
ij -0.0079546 zy
ij 1.78126 zy
j
z
j
z
k -0.0769305 {
k 2.06523 {
ij 0.000280345 yz
ij 1.78154 yz
j
z
j
z
-0.00104717
k
{
k 2.06418 {
71
p = 82.0, 3.0<;
l = newtonRaphsonNoLineal@f1, f2, p, 3, 0.2D;
Print@"\t f1 Hx, yL = ", f1,
StringReplace@"\n\t f1 Haa, bbL = ",
8"aa" > ToString@l@@1, 1DD, TraditionalFormD,
"bb" > ToString@l@@2, 1DD, TraditionalFormD<D,
f1 . 8x > l@@1, 1DD, y > l@@2, 1DD<,
"\n\t f2 Hx, yL = ", f2,
StringReplace@"\n\t f2 Haa, bbL = ",
8"aa" > ToString@l@@1, 1DD, TraditionalFormD,
"bb" > ToString@l@@2, 1DD, TraditionalFormD<D,
f2 . 8x > l@@1, 1DD, y > l@@2, 1DD<D;
Mtodo de Newton- Raphson para sistemas de ecuaciones no lineales.
f1 Hx,yL = - 1 + 3 x 2 - 2 y2
f2 Hx,yL = - 8 - 2 x + x 2 + 2 y + y2
i x H0L y i 2. zy
z
P0 = jj H0L zz = jj
k y { k -3. {
-4 y y
i6x
zz
J Hx, yL = jj
k -2 + 2 x 2 + 2 y {
J
-1
2+2 y
ij
y+20 x y
jj 12 x-8
Hx, yL = jjj
2-2 x
12 x-8 y+20 x y
k
4y
yz
12 x-8 y+20 x y z
zz
zz
6x
12 x-8 y+20 x y {
Iteracin i = 0.
i x H0L y i 2.00000 yz
z
P0 = jj H0L zz = jj
k y { k -3.00000 {
i -7.00000 yz
z
F HP0 L = F H2., -3.L = jj
k -5.00000 {
i 12.0000 12.0000 yz
z
J HP0 L = J H2., -3.L = jj
k 2.00000 -4.00000 {
72
0.166667 y i -7. y
zz.jj
zz
-0.166667 { k -5. {
ij 3.22222 yz
j
z
k -3.63889 {
Iteracin i = 1.
i x H1L y i 3.22222 yz
z
P1 = jj H1L zz = jj
k y { k -3.63889 {
i 3.66512 zy
z
F HP1 L = F H3.22222, -3.63889L = jj
k 1.90201 {
i 19.3333 14.5556
J HP1 L = J H3.22222, -3.63889L = jj
k 4.44444 -5.27778
Se resuelve el sistema lineal J HP1 L DP = -F HP1 L:
19.3333 14.5556 y i Dx y
3.66512 y
jij
zz.jj
zz = - jij
zz
k 4.44444 -5.27778 { k Dy {
k 1.90201 {
i Dx yz
i 0.0316549 0.087301 yz ji 3.66512 yz
z = - jj
z.j
z
DP = jj
Dy
k
{
k 0.0266568 -0.115957 { k 1.90201 {
i Dx yz ij -0.282066 yz
z=j
z
DP = jj
k Dy { k 0.122851 {
73
yz
z
{
Iteracin i = 2.
i x H2L y i 2.94016 yz
z
P2 = jj H2L zz = jj
k y { k -3.51604 {
i 0.208500 yz
z
F HP2 L = F H2.94016, -3.51604L = jj
k 0.0946537 {
i 17.6409 14.0642
J HP2 L = J H2.94016, -3.51604L = jj
k 3.88031 -5.03208
yz
z
{
i
0
1
2
i
0
1
2
Pi
ij 2. yz
j
z
k -3. {
ij 3.22222 yz
j
z
k -3.63889 {
ij 2.94016 yz
j
z
k -3.51604 {
Pi
ij 2. yz
z
j
k -3. {
ij 3.22222 yz
j
z
k -3.63889 {
ij 2.94016 yz
j
z
k -3.51604 {
J HPi L DP = -F HPi L
ij 12. 12. yz ij Dx yz
i -7. yz
j
z.j
z = - jj
z
2.
-4.
Dy
k
{k
{
k -5. {
19.3333 14.5556 y i Dx y
3.66512 y
jij
zz.jj
zz = - jji
zz
k 4.44444 -5.27778 { k Dy {
k 1.90201 {
ij 17.6409 14.0642 yz ij Dx yz
i 0.2085
yz
j
z.j
z = - jj
z
3.88031
-5.03208
Dy
0.0946537
k
{k
{
k
{
i Dx yz
z
DP = jj
Pi+1 = Pi + DP
k Dy {
ij 1.22222
yz
ij 3.22222 yz
j
z
j
z
-0.638889
k
{
k -3.63889 {
-0.282066 y
2.94016 y
jij
zz
jij
zz
k 0.122851 {
k -3.51604 {
ij -0.0166063 yz ij 2.92355 yz
j
z j
z
k 0.00600469 { k -3.51003 {
74
a)
Clear@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ecuaciones = 82 x1 3 x2 + x3 4, 2 x1 + x2 x3 + 4, x21 + x22 + x23 4<;
p = 80.5, 1.5, 1.5<;
m = 12; d = 10.5 ;
newtonSistemasNoLineal@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ij x1H0L yz i -0.5 y
jj
zz jj
zz
j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj -1.5 zzzz
z
jj
z j
j H0L zz jk 1.5 z{
x
k 3 {
75
-3
1
2 x2
1
-1
2 x3
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Iteracin i = 0.
H0L
jij x1 zyz ij -0.500000 yz
jj
zz j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj -1.50000 zzzz
j
zz
jj
z
j H0L zz jk 1.50000
{
k x3 {
ij 1.00000 yz
j
zz
zz
F HP0 L = jjjj 0
zz
jj
z
k 0.750000 {
-3.00000 1.00000 y
ij 2.00000
zz
jj
1.00000
-1.00000 zzzz
J HP0 L = jjj 2.00000
jj
zz
k -1.00000 -3.00000 3.00000 {
yz ij -0.15 yz
zz jj
zz
zz = jj 0.2
zz
zz jj
zz
z j
z
{ k -0.1 {
76
zyz
zz
zz
zz
{
Iteracin i = 1.
ij x1H1L yz i -0.650000 y
jj
zz jj
zz
j
z
P1 = jjjj x2H1L zzzz = jjjj -1.30000 zzzz
zz
jj
z j
j H1L zz jk 1.40000
{
k x3 {
ij 4.44089 10-16 yz
zz
jj
F HP1 L = jjjj 2.22045 10-16 zzzz
zz
jj
{
k 0.0725000
-3.00000 1.00000 y
ij 2.00000
zz
j
1.00000
-1.00000 zzzz
J HP1 L = jjjj 2.00000
jj
zz
k -1.30000 -2.60000 2.80000 {
yz ij -0.0154255 yz
zz jj
zz = jj -0.0308511 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z j
z
{ k -0.0617021 {
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Iteracin i = 2.
H2L
jij x1 zyz ij -0.665426 yz
jj
zz j
z
P2 = jjjj x2H2L zzzz = jjjj -1.33085 zzzz
zz
jj
z j
j H2L zz jk 1.33830
{
k x3 {
-16
jij -4.44089 10
zyz
jj
z
F HP2 L = jjj -4.44089 10-16 zzzz
jj
zz
k 0.00499689
{
-3.00000 1.00000 y
ij 2.00000
zz
j
1.00000
-1.00000 zzzz
J HP2 L = jjjj 2.00000
jj
zz
k -1.33085 -2.66170 2.67660 {
77
yz ij -0.00123315 yz
zz jj
zz = jj -0.0024663 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z j
z
-0.00493261
{
{ k
zyz
zz
zz
zz
{
Iteracin i = 3.
ij x1H3L yz i -0.666659 y
zz jj
jj
zz
z
j
P3 = jjjj x2H3L zzzz = jjjj -1.33332 zzzz
zz
z j
jj
j H3L zz jk 1.33337
{
x
k 3 {
ij 4.44089 10-16 yz
jj
zz
F HP3 L = jjjj 2.22045 10-16 zzzz
jj
zz
k 0.0000319339 {
-3.00000 1.00000 y
ij 2.00000
zz
jj
j
1.00000
-1.00000 zzzz
J HP3 L = jj 2.00000
jj
zz
k -1.33332 -2.66663 2.66673 {
yz ij -7.98281 10-6 yz
z
zz jjj
zz = jj -0.0000159656 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z
{ k -0.0000319312 {
-6
ij -0.666659 yz ijj -7.98281 10
jj
zz jj
P4 = jjj -1.33332 zzz + jjj -0.0000159656
jj
zz j
k 1.33337
{ k -0.0000319312
78
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
yz ij -0.666667 yz
zz jj
zz = jj -1.33333 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z j
z
1.33333
{
{ k
Iteracin i = 4.
ij x1H4L yz i -0.666667 y
jj
zz jj
zz
j
z
P4 = jjjj x2H4L zzzz = jjjj -1.33333 zzzz
zz
jj
z j
j H4L zz jk 1.33333
{
k x3 {
ij 2.22045 10-16 yz
zz
jj
zz
F HP4 L = jjjj 0
zz
z
jj
-9 z
{
k 1.33823 10
-3.00000 1.00000 y
ij 2.00000
zz
j
1.00000
-1.00000 zzzz
J HP4 L = jjjj 2.00000
jj
zz
k -1.33333 -2.66667 2.66667 {
i -3.34558 10-10 yz
zyz jjj
zz
zz jj
z
zz = jj -6.69115 10-10 zzz
zz jj
zz
j
z
{ k -1.33823 10-9 {
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
-10
yz i -0.666667 y
ij -0.666667 yz ijj -3.34558 10
zz jj
jj
zz jjj
zz jj -1.33333 zzzz
-10
P5 = jjj -1.33333 zzz + jj -6.69115 10
zz = jj
zz
j
zz jj
jj
zz jj
zz
z
-9
k 1.33333
{ k -1.33823 10
{
{ k 1.33333
Tabla de datos.
Pi
ij -0.5 yz
jj
z
jj -1.5 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 1.5 {
ij -0.65 yz
jj
z
jj -1.3 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 1.4
{
ij Dx1
jj
DP = jjj Dx2
jj
k Dx3
ij -0.15 yz
jj
zz
jj 0.2
zz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.1 {
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
ij -0.0154255 yz
jj
z
jj -0.0308511 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.0617021 {
79
Pi+1 = Pi + DP
Pi+1 - Pi
ij -0.65 yz
jj
z
jj -1.3 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 1.4
{
0.2
ij -0.665426 yz
jj
z
jj -1.33085 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 1.3383
{
0.0617021
-0.665426 y
jij
z
jj -1.33085 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
1.3383
k
{
-0.666659
ij
yz
jj
zz
jjj -1.33332 zzz
jj
zz
k 1.33337
{
ij -0.666667 yz
jj
z
jj -1.33333 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 1.33333
{
-0.00123315 y
jij
z
jj -0.0024663 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
-0.00493261
k
{
-6
jij -7.98281 10
jj
jj -0.0000159656
jj
k -0.0000319312
zyz
zz
zz
zz
{
ij -3.34558 10-10 yz
jj
zz
jj
z
jj -6.69115 10-10 zzz
jj
zz
j
-9 z
k -1.33823 10
{
-0.666659 y
jij
z
jj -1.33332 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
1.33337
k
{
-0.666667
ij
yz
jj
zz
jjj -1.33333 zzz
jj
zz
k 1.33333
{
0.00493261
0.0000319312
ij -0.666667 yz
jj
z
jj -1.33333 zzz 1.33823 10-9
jj
zz
j
z
k 1.33333
{
Solucin
b)
Clear@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ecuaciones = 82 x1 3 x2 + x3 4, 2 x1 + x2 x3 + 4, x21 + x22 + x23 4<;
p = 81.0, 1.5, 0.5<;
m = 12;
d = 10.5 ;
newtonSistemasNoLineal@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ij x1H0L yz i -1. y
jj
zz jj
zz
j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj -1.5 zzzz
z
jj
z j
j H0L zz jk 0.5 z{
k x3 {
80
-3
1
2 x2
1
-1
2 x3
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Iteracin i = 0.
H0L
jij x1 zyz ij -1.00000 yz
jj
zz j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj -1.50000 zzzz
j
z
jj
z
j H0L zz jk 0.500000 z{
k x3 {
ij -1.00000 yz
j
zz
zz
F HP0 L = jjjj 0
zz
jj
z
k -0.500000 {
-3.00000 1.00000 y
ij 2.00000
zz
jj
1.00000
-1.00000 zzzz
J HP0 L = jjj 2.00000
jj
zz
k -2.00000 -3.00000 1.00000 {
Se resuelve el sistema lineal J HP0 L DP = -F HP0 L:
-3.00000 1.00000 y ji Dx1
ij 2.00000
zz j
jj
jj 2.00000
1.00000
-1.00000 zzzz.jjjj Dx2
jj
zz jj
j
k -2.00000 -3.00000 1.00000 { k Dx3
ij Dx1
jj
DP = jjj Dx2
jj
k Dx3
yz ij 0.125 yz
zz jj
zz = jj -0.25 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z j
z
{
{ k 0.
81
zyz
zz
zz
zz
{
Iteracin i = 1.
ij x1H1L yz i -0.875000 y
jj
zz jj
zz
j
z
P1 = jjjj x2H1L zzzz = jjjj -1.75000 zzzz
z
jj
z j
j H1L zz jk 0.500000 z{
k x3 {
0
jij
zyz
j
zz
j
F HP1 L = jj 0
zz
jj
zz
0.0781250
k
{
-3.00000 1.00000 y
ij 2.00000
zz
jj
1.00000
-1.00000 zzzz
J HP1 L = jjj 2.00000
jj
zz
k -1.75000 -3.50000 1.00000 {
yz ji 0.0164474 zy
zz jj
zz = jj 0.0328947 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z j
z
{ k 0.0657895 {
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Iteracin i = 2.
ij x1H2L yz i -0.858553 y
jj
zz jj
zz
j
z
P2 = jjjj x2H2L zzzz = jjjj -1.71711 zzzz
z
jj
z j
j H2L zz jk 0.565789 z{
x
k 3 {
ij -1.11022 10-16 yz
zz
jj
F HP2 L = jjjj 1.11022 10-16 zzzz
jj
zz
{
k 0.00568083
-3.00000 1.00000 y
ij 2.00000
zz
jj
1.00000
-1.00000 zzzz
J HP2 L = jjj 2.00000
jj
zz
k -1.71711 -3.43421 1.13158 {
82
yz ij 0.00139949 yz
zz jj
zz = jj 0.00279898 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z j
z
0.00559797
{
{ k
zyz
zz
zz
zz
{
Iteracin i = 3.
ij x1H3L yz i -0.857153 y
zz jj
jj
zz
z
j
P3 = jjjj x2H3L zzzz = jjjj -1.71431 zzzz
z
z j
jj
j H3L zz jk 0.571387 z{
x
k 3 {
ij -9.99201 10-16 yz
jj
zz
F HP3 L = jjjj 1.11022 10-16 zzzz
jj
zz
k 0.0000411302 {
-3.00000 1.00000 y
ij 2.00000
zz
jj
j
1.00000
-1.00000 zzzz
J HP3 L = jj 2.00000
jj
zz
k -1.71431 -3.42861 1.14277 {
yz ij 0.0000102814 yz
zz jj
zz = jj 0.0000205629 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z j
z
0.0000411257
k
{
{
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
83
Iteracin i = 4.
ij x1H4L yz i -0.857143 y
jj
zz jj
zz
j
z
P4 = jjjj x2H4L zzzz = jjjj -1.71429 zzzz
z
jj
z j
j H4L zz jk 0.571429 z{
k x3 {
ij 1.44329 10-15 yz
jj
zz
j
z
F HP4 L = jjj -1.11022 10-16 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-9
2.21986
10
k
{
-3.00000 1.00000 y
ij 2.00000
zz
jj
1.00000
-1.00000 zzzz
J HP4 L = jjj 2.00000
jj
zz
k -1.71429 -3.42857 1.14286 {
-10
yz jij 5.54966 10
zyz
zz jj
z
zz = jj 1.10993 10-9 zzz
zz jj
zz
z jj
zz
-9
{ k 2.21986 10
{
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
-10
ij -0.857143 yz jij 5.54966 10
zyz ij -0.857143 yz
zz jj
jj
zz jjj
-9
zz = jj -1.71429 zzzz
j
z
P5 = jj -1.71429 zz + jj 1.10993 10
zz jj
zz
jj
zz jjj
zz j
z
-9
0.571429
0.571429
k
{ k 2.21986 10
{
{ k
Tabla de datos.
Pi
-1. y
jij
z
jj -1.5 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
0.5
k
{
-0.875
jij
zy
jj -1.75 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k 0.5
{
ij Dx1
jj
DP = jjj Dx2
jj
k Dx3
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Pi+1 = Pi + DP
0.125 y
jij
z
jj -0.25 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
0.
k
{
0.0164474
jij
zy
jj 0.0328947 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k 0.0657895 {
84
-0.875 y
jij
z
jj -1.75 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
0.5
k
{
-0.858553
jij
zy
jj -1.71711 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k 0.565789 {
Pi+1 - Pi
0.25
0.0657895
-0.858553 y
jij
z
jj -1.71711 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
0.565789
k
{
-0.857153
jij
zy
jj -1.71431 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k 0.571387 {
-0.857143 y
jij
z
jj -1.71429 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
0.571429
k
{
0.00139949 y
jij
z
jj 0.00279898 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
0.00559797
k
{
0.0000102814
jij
zy
jj 0.0000205629 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k 0.0000411257 {
ij 5.54966 10-10 yz
jj
zz
jj
z
jj 1.10993 10-9 zzz
jj
zz
j
-9 z
2.21986
10
k
{
-0.857153 y
jij
z
jj -1.71431 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
0.571387
k
{
-0.857143
jij
zy
jj -1.71429 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k 0.571429 {
-0.857143 y
jij
z
jj -1.71429 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
0.571429
k
{
0.00559797
0.0000411257
2.21986 10-9
85
H-3
+
10
pL
3
{
k
3
ij x1H0L yz i 0.5 y
jj
zz jj
zz
j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 0.1 zzzz
z
jj
z j
j H0L zz jk -0.1 z{
x
k 3 {
1
jij -cosHx2 x3 L + 3 x1 - 2
zyz
jj
zz
j
2
2
F Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = jjj x1 - 81 Hx2 + 0.1L + sinHx3 L + 1.06 zzzz
zz
jj
j
z
-x1 x2
+ 13 H-3 + 10 pL
{
k 20 x3 +
sinHx2 x3 L x3
sinHx2 x3 L x2
-162 Hx2 + 0.1L cosHx3 L
--x1 x2 x1
20
ij 3
j
J Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = jjjj 2 x1
jj -x x
k - 1 2 x2
Iteracin i = 0.
ij x1H0L yz i 0.500000 y
zz jj
jj
zz
z
j
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 0.100000 zzzz
z
z j
jj
j H0L zz jk -0.100000 z{
x
k 3 {
ij 0.0000499996 yz
j
zz
zz
F HP0 L = jjjj -2.02983
zz
jj
z
k 8.42320
{
ij 3.00000
j
J HP0 L = jjjj 1.00000
jj
k -0.0951229
0.000999983 -0.000999983 y
zz
zz
-32.4000
0.995004
zz
zz
-0.475615
20.0000
{
86
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Iteracin i = 1.
ij x1H1L yz i 0.499868 y
jj
zz jj
zz
j
z
P1 = jjjj x2H1L zzzz = jjjj 0.0243576 zzzz
z
jj
z j
j H1L zz jk -0.522960 z{
x
k 3 {
ij -0.000316183 yz
j
zz
zz
F HP1 L = jjjj -0.442229
zz
jj
z
k 0.000679587 {
ij 3.00000
j
J HP1 L = jjjj 0.999735
jj
k -0.0240629
0.00666131 -0.000310261 y
zz
zz
-20.1459
0.866345
zz
zz
-0.493818
20.0000
{
yz ij 0.000154114 yz
zz jj
zz = jj -0.0219684 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z j
z
-0.000576215
k
{
{
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
87
Iteracin i = 2.
ij x1H2L yz i 0.500022
yz
jj
zz jj
z
j
z
P2 = jjjj x2H2L zzzz = jjjj 0.00238921 zzzz
z
jj
z j
j H2L zz jk -0.523536 z{
k x3 {
0.0000658141 y
jij
zz
j
j
F HP2 L = jj -0.0390915 zzzz
jj
zz
k 0.0000631242 {
ij 3.00000
0.000654858 -2.98851 10-6
jj
J HP2 L = jjjj 1.00004
-16.5871
0.866057
j
-0.00238636
-0.499425
20.0000
k
Se resuelve el sistema lineal J HP2 L DP = -F HP2 L:
ij 3.00000
0.000654858 -2.98851 10-6
jj
jj 1.00004
-16.5871
0.866057
jj
j
20.0000
k -0.00238636 -0.499425
ij Dx1
jj
DP = jjj Dx2
jj
k Dx3
yz ij -0.0000214227 yz
zz jj
zz = jj -0.00236128 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z j
z
{ k -0.0000621228 {
yz ji Dx1
zz jj
zz.jj Dx
zz jj 2
zj
{ k Dx3
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
zyz
zz
zz
zz
{
ij 0.500022
yz ij -0.0000214227 yz ij 0.5
yz
j
z j
z j
z
P3 = jjjj 0.00238921 zzzz + jjjj -0.00236128 zzzz = jjjj 0.000027929 zzzz
jj
zz jj
zz jj
zz
k -0.523536 { k -0.0000621228 { k -0.523598 {
Iteracin i = 3.
ij x1H3L yz i 0.500000
yz
jj
z
z
jj H3L zzz jjjj
j
z
P3 = jj x2 zz = jj 0.0000279290 zzzz
zz
jj
zz jj
j H3L z k -0.523598
{
x
k 3 {
ij 7.63928 10-7 yz
jj
zz
F HP3 L = jjjj -0.000451626 zzzz
jj
z
-7 z
k 6.45934 10 {
ij 3.00000
7.65687 10-6
jj
J HP3 L = jjjj 1.00000
-16.2045
j
k -0.0000279286 -0.499993
88
-4.08422 10-10
0.866026
20.0000
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
-7
yz jij -2.54571 10
zz jj
zz = jj -0.0000279251
zz jj
z j
{ k -7.30415 10-7
-4.08422 10-10
0.866026
20.0000
zyz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
-7
i
0.5
jij
zyz jjj -2.54571 10
P4 = jjjj 0.000027929 zzzz + jjjj -0.0000279251
jj
zz jj
k -0.523598 { k -7.30415 10-7
zyz
zz
zz
zz
{
yz ij 0.5
zz jj
zz = jj 3.90671 10-9
zz jj
zz j
{ k -0.523599
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Iteracin i = 4.
ij x1H4L yz i 0.500000
zz jj
jj
z j
j
P4 = jjjj x2H4L zzzz = jjjj 3.90671 10-9
z
jj
j H4L zz j -0.523599
x
k 3 { k
ij 1.06894 10-10
jj
j
F HP4 L = jjj -6.31645 10-8
jj
j
-11
k 9.03668 10
jij 3.00000
j
J HP4 L = jjjj 1.00000
jj
-9
k -3.90671 10
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
1.07105 10-9
-16.2000
-7.99135 10-18
0.866025
-0.500000
20.0000
1.07105 10-9
-16.2000
-7.99135 10-18
0.866025
-0.500000
20.0000
-11
yz
yz ijj -3.56313 10
zz
zz jj
zz
-9
zz = jj -3.90671 10
zz
zz jj
zz
z jj
z
-10
{ k -1.02186 10
{
zyz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
-11
yz i 0.5
yz ijj -3.56313 10
yz
zz jjj
zz jj
z
zz jj
-9
-17 z
zz + jj -3.90671 10
zz
=
z
8.71767
10
zz jj
j
zz
z
zz jj
z jj
z
z
-10
-0.523599
{ k -1.02186 10
{
{ k
89
Tabla de datos.
Pi
ij 0.5 yz
jj
z
jj 0.1 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.1 {
ij Dx1
jj
DP = jjj Dx2
jj
k Dx3
ij 0.499868 yz
jj
z
jj 0.0243576 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.52296 {
ij 0.500022
yz
jj
z
jj 0.00238921 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.523536
k
{
ij 0.5
yz
jj
z
jj 0.000027929 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.523598 {
ij 0.5
jj
jj 3.90671 10-9
jj
j
k -0.523599
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
-0.000132437
ij
yz
jj
zz
jjj -0.0756424 zzz
jj
zz
k -0.42296
{
ij 0.000154114 yz
jj
zz
jjj -0.0219684 zzz
jj
zz
k -0.000576215 {
ij -0.0000214227 yz
jj
z
jj -0.00236128 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.0000621228
k
{
ij -2.54571 10-7
jj
jj -0.0000279251
jj
jj
-7
k -7.30415 10
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
{
-11
jij -3.56313 10
zyz
jj
z
jj -3.90671 10-9 zzz
jj
zz
jj
z
-10 z
k -1.02186 10
{
Pi+1 = Pi + DP
Pi+1 - Pi
ij 0.499868 yz
jj
z
jj 0.0243576 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.52296 {
0.42296
ij 0.500022
yz
jj
z
jj 0.00238921 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.523536 {
0.0219684
ij 0.5
yz
jj
z
jj 0.000027929 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.523598
k
{
0.5
jij
jj
jj 3.90671 10-9
jj
k -0.523599
zyz
zz
zz
zz
{
ij 0.5
yz
jj
z
jj 8.71767 10-17 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.523599
k
{
0.00236128
0.0000279251
3.90671 10-9
Problema 17. Mediante el mtodo de Newton para sistemas no lineales calcular las
aproximaciones P1 y P2 , partiendo del punto inicial P0 para los sistemas no lineales
siguientes:
a)
f1 Hx1 , x2 L = 4 x21 - 20 x1 + 1 4 x22 + 8 = 0,
f2 Hx1 , x2 L = 1 2 x1 x22 + 2 x1 - 5 x2 + 8 = 0,
H0L T
T
P0 = IxH0L
1 , x2 M = H0, 0L .
b)
f1 Hx1 , x2 L = senH4 p x1 x2 L - 2 x2 - x1 = 0,
f2 Hx1 , x2 L = HH4 p - 1L H4 pLL He2 x1 - eL + 4 e x22 - 2 e x1 = 0,
H0L T
T
P0 = IxH0L
1 , x2 M = H0, 0L .
c)
f1 Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = 3 x1 - cosHx2 x3 L - 1 2 = 0,
f2 Hx1 , x2,x3 L = 4 x21 - 625 x22 + 2 x2 - 1 = 0,
f3 Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = e-x1 x2 + 20 x3 + H10 p - 3L 3 = 0,
H0L H0L T
T
P0 = IxH0L
1 , x2 , x3 M = H0, 0, 0L .
d)
f1 Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = x21 + x2 - 37 = 0,
f2 Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = x1 - x22 - 5 = 0,
90
f3 Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = x1 + x2 + x3 - 3 = 0,
H0L H0L T
T
P0 = IxH0L
1 , x2 , x3 M = H0, 0, 0L
Solucin
a)
Clear@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ecuaciones = 84 x21 20 x1 + x22 4 + 8, x1 x22 2 + 2 x1 5 x2 + 8 <;
p = 80.0, 0.0<;
m = 2;
d = 10.6 ;
newtonSistemasNoLineal@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ij x1H0L yz i 0. y
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj zz
k x2 { k 0. {
x
ij 8 x1 - 20 22
j
j
J Hx1 , x2 L = jj x 2
2
x1 x2 - 5
k 2 + 2
yz
zz
zz
{
Iteracin i = 0.
ij x1H0L yz i 0 y
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj zz
k x2 { k 0 {
i 8.00000 yz
z
F HP0 L = jj
k 8.00000 {
i -20.0000 0
J HP0 L = jj
-5.00000
k 2.00000
91
yz
z
{
yz ij 0.4 yz
z=j
z
{ k 1.76 {
H1L
ji x1 zy i 0.400000 yz
z
P1 = jjj H1L zzz = jj
k x2 { k 1.76000 {
i 1.41440 zy
z
F HP1 L = jj
k 0.619520 {
i -16.8000 0.880000 yz
z
J HP1 L = jj
-4.29600 {
k 3.54880
Se resuelve el sistema lineal J HP1 L DP = -F HP1 L:
-16.8000 0.880000 y ji Dx1 zy
jji
zz.j
z
-4.29600 { k Dx2 {
k 3.54880
i Dx1 yz ji 0.0958936 zy
z=j
z
DP = jj
k Dx2 { k 0.223423 {
ij 0.495894 yz
j
z
k 1.98342 {
Tabla de datos.
i
0
1
Pi
ij 0. yz
j z
k 0. {
0.4 y
jij
zz
k 1.76 {
i Dx1 yz
z
DP = jj
Pi+1 = Pi + DP
k Dx2 {
ij 0.4 yz
ij 0.4 yz
j
z
j
z
1.76
k
{
k 1.76 {
0.0958936 y i 0.495894 y
jij
zz jj
zz
k 0.223423 { k 1.98342 {
92
Pi+1 - Pi
1.76
0.223423
Solucin
b)
Clear@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ecuaciones = 8 Sin@4 Pi x1 x2 D 2 x2 x1 ,
HH4 Pi 1L H4 PiLL HExp@2 x1 D EL + 4 E Hx2 L2 2 E x1 <;
p = 80.0, 0.0<;
m = 2;
d = 10.6 ;
newtonSistemasNoLineal@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
k 4 x2 - 2 x1 +
4p
yz
zz
z
{
ij 4 p cosH4 p x1 x2 L x2 - 1 4 p cosH4 p x1 x2 L x1 - 2
J Hx1 , x2 L = jjj
2 x1 H-1+4 pL
8 x2
k -2 +
2p
Iteracin i = 0.
H0L
jij x1 zyz ij 0 yz
P0 = jj H0L zz = j z
k x2 { k 0 {
yz
i0
z
F HP0 L = jj
k -1.58155 {
i -1.00000 -2.00000 yz
z
J HP0 L = jj
k -3.59572 0
{
93
yz
zz
z
{
yz ij -0.439841 yz
z=j
z
{ k 0.219921 {
H1L
ji x1 zy i -0.439841 yz
z
P1 = jjj H1L zzz = jj
k x2 { k 0.219921 {
i -0.937560 yz
z
F HP1 L = jj
k 0.797033 {
i -0.0387518 -3.92250 yz
z
J HP1 L = jj
4.78245 {
k -4.67277
Se resuelve el sistema lineal J HP1 L DP = -F HP1 L:
-0.0387518 -3.92250 y ji Dx1 zy
jji
zz.j
z
4.78245 { k Dx2 {
k -4.67277
i Dx1 yz ji -0.0733204 zy
z=j
z
DP = jj
k Dx2 { k -0.238297 {
i
0
1
Pi
0.
jji yzz
k 0. {
-0.439841 y
jij
zz
k 0.219921 {
i Dx1 yz
z
DP = jj
k Dx2 {
ij -0.439841 yz
j
z
k 0.219921 {
-0.0733204 y
jij
zz
k -0.238297 {
Pi+1 = Pi + DP
ij -0.439841 yz
j
z
k 0.219921 {
-0.513162 y
jij
zz
k -0.0183762 {
94
Pi+1 - Pi
0.439841
0.238297
Solucin
c)
Clear@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ecuaciones = 83 x1 Cos@x2 x3 D 1 2, 4 Hx1 L2 625 Hx2 L2 + 2 x2 1,
Exp@x1 x2 D + 20 x3 + H10 Pi 3L 3<;
p = 80.0, 0.0, 0.0<;
m = 2;
d = 10.6 ;
newtonSistemasNoLineal@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ij x1H0L yz i 0. y
jj
zz jj zz
j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 0. zzzz
jj
z j z
j H0L zz jk 0. z{
x
k 3 {
ij -cosHx2 x3 L + 3 x1 - 12
yz
jj
zz
jj
zz
2
2
zz
F Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = jjj 4 x1 - 625 x2 + 2 x2 - 1
zz
jj
zz
j
1
-x1 x2
20
x
+
H-3
+
10
pL
3
k
{
3
ij 3
j
J Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = jjjj 8 x1
jj -x x
k - 1 2 x2
sinHx2 x3 L x3 sinHx2 x3 L x2
2 - 1250 x2 0
--x1 x2 x1
20
95
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Iteracin i = 0.
ij x1H0L yz i 0 y
jj
zz jj zz
j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 0 zzzz
jj
z j z
j H0L zz jk 0 z{
k x3 {
-1.50000 y
jij
zz
j
j
F HP0 L = jj -1.00000 zzzz
jj
zz
k 10.4720 {
0
ij 3.00000 0
yz
jj
zz
zz
2.00000 0
J HP0 L = jjj 0
zz
jj
z
0
20.0000 {
k0
yz ji 0.5
zyz
zz jj
zz
zz = jj 0.5
zz
zz jj
zz
z j
-0.523599
{
{ k
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
ij 0. yz ij 0.5
yz ij 0.5
yz
jj zz jj
zz jj
zz
j
z
j
z
j
zz
0.
0.5
0.5
P1 = jj zz + jj
zz = jj
zz
jj zz jj
zz jj
z
0.
-0.523599
-0.523599
k { k
{ k
{
Iteracin i = 1.
ij x1H1L yz i 0.500000 y
jj
zz jj
zz
j
z
P1 = jjjj x2H1L zzzz = jjjj 0.500000 zzzz
z
jj
z j
j H1L zz jk -0.523599 z{
x
k 3 {
ij 0.0340742 yz
j
z
F HP1 L = jjjj -155.250 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.221199 {
3.00000
0.135517
-0.129410 y
jij
zz
j
zz
j
-623.000
0
J HP1 L = jj 4.00000
zz
jj
zz
-0.389400
-0.389400
20.0000
k
{
96
3.00000
0.135517
-0.129410 y ji Dx1
jij
zz jj
jj 4.00000
zz.jj D
-623.000
0
jj
zz jj x2
jj
zz j
k -0.389400 -0.389400 20.0000
{ k Dx3
ij Dx1
jj
DP = jjj Dx2
jj
k Dx3
yz ij 0.000166687 yz
zz jj
zz = jj -0.249196 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z j
z
0.00621135
{
{ k
zyz
zz
zz
zz
{
ij 0.5
yz ij 0.000166687 yz ij 0.500167 yz
jj
zz jj
z j
z
zz + jj -0.249196 zzz = jjj 0.250804 zzz
P2 = jjj 0.5
z
j
z
j
zz
jj
zz jj
zz jj
z
k -0.523599 { k 0.00621135 { k -0.517387 {
Tabla de datos.
Pi
ij 0. yz
jj zz
jj 0. zz
jj zz
j z
k 0. {
ij 0.5
yz
jj
zz
jj 0.5
zz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.523599
k
{
ij Dx1
jj
DP = jjj Dx2
jj
k Dx3
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
ij 0.5
yz
jj
zz
jj 0.5
zz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.523599
k
{
ij 0.000166687 yz
jj
z
jj -0.249196 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
0.00621135
k
{
Pi+1 = Pi + DP
Pi+1 - Pi
ij 0.5
yz
jj
zz
jj 0.5
zz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.523599
k
{
0.523599
ij 0.500167 yz
jj
z
jj 0.250804 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.517387
k
{
Solucin
d)
97
0.249196
Clear@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ecuaciones = 8x21 + x2 37, x1 x22 5, x1 + x2 + x3 3<;
p = 80.0, 0.0, 0.0<;
m = 2;
d = 10.6 ;
newtonSistemasNoLineal@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ij x1H0L yz i 0. y
jj
zz jj zz
j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 0. zzzz
jj
z j z
j H0L zz jk 0. z{
x
k 3 {
1
-2 x2
1
0
0
1
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Iteracin i = 0.
ij x1H0L yz i 0 y
zz jj zz
jj
j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 0 zzzz
jj
z j z
j H0L zz jk 0 z{
x
k 3 {
ij -37.0000 yz
j
z
F HP0 L = jjjj -5.00000 zzzz
jj
zz
k -3.00000 {
1.00000 0
ij 0
yz
jj
zz
j
zz
1.00000
0
0
J HP0 L = jj
zz
jj
z
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
k
{
98
yz ij 5.
yz
zz jj
zz = jj 37. zzzz
zz jj
zz
z j
z
-39.
{
{ k
zyz
zz
zz
zz
{
ij 0. yz ij 5.
yz ij 5.
yz
jj zz jj
z j
z
P1 = jjj 0. zzz + jjj 37. zzzz = jjjj 37. zzzz
jj zz jj
zz jj
zz
k 0. { k -39. { k -39. {
Iteracin i = 1.
ij x1H1L yz i 5.00000 y
zz jj
jj
zz
z
j
P1 = jjjj x2H1L zzzz = jjjj 37.0000 zzzz
z
z j
jj
j H1L zz jk -39.0000 z{
x
k 3 {
ij 25.0000 yz
j
z
F HP1 L = jjjj -1369.00 zzzz
jj
zz
k0
{
0
ij 10.0000 1.00000
yz
jj
zz
j
zz
1.00000
-74.0000
0
J HP1 L = jj
zz
jj
z
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
k
{
Se resuelve el sistema lineal J HP1 L DP = -F HP1 L:
0
ij 10.0000 1.00000
yz ij Dx1
jj
zz jjj
jj 1.00000 -74.0000 0
zz.jj Dx2
jj
zz jj
j
z
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
k
{ k Dx3
ij Dx1
jj
DP = jjj Dx2
jj
k Dx3
yz ij -0.649123 yz
zz jj
zz = jj -18.5088 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z j
z
{
{ k 19.1579
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
5.
-0.649123 y i 4.35088 y
jij
zyz jij
zz jj
zz
j
z
j
j
z
j
P2 = jj 37. zz + jj -18.5088 zzzz = jjjj 18.4912 zzzz
jj
zz jj
zz jj
zz
k -39. { k 19.1579
{ k -19.8421 {
Tabla de datos.
99
Pi
ij 0. yz
jj zz
jj 0. zz
jj zz
j z
k 0. {
5.
jij
zy
jj 37. zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
-39.
k
{
ij Dx1
jj
DP = jjj Dx2
jj
k Dx3
ij 5.
yz
jj
z
jj 37. zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-39.
k
{
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
-0.649123 y
jij
z
jj -18.5088 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
19.1579
k
{
Pi+1 = Pi + DP
Pi+1 - Pi
ij 5.
yz
jj
z
jj 37. zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-39.
k
{
39.
4.35088 y
jij
z
jj 18.4912 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
-19.8421
k
{
19.1579
Solucin
a)
<< Graphics`ImplicitPlot`;
100
Y
12
10
8
6
4
2
-2
Solucin
b)
Clear@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ecuaciones = 8x1 H1 x1 L + 4 x2 12, Hx1 2L2 + H2 x2 3L2 25<;
p = 82.0, 3.0<;
m = 10;
d = 5 10.2 ;
newtonSistemasNoLineal@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
p = 82.0, 2.0<;
m = 10;
d = 5 10.2 ;
newtonSistemasNoLineal@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
101
yz
z
{
Iteracin i = 0.
ij x1H0L yz i 2.00000 y
zz
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj
k x2 { k 3.00000 {
i -2.00000 yz
z
F HP0 L = jj
k -16.0000 {
i -3.00000 4.00000
J HP0 L = jj
12.0000
k0
yz
z
{
yz ij 1.11111 yz
z=j
z
{ k 1.33333 {
ij x1H1L yz i 3.11111 y
zz
P1 = jjj H1L zzz = jj
4.33333
k
{
x
k 2 {
i -1.23457 zy
z
F HP1 L = jj
k 8.34568 {
i -5.22222 4.00000
J HP1 L = jj
22.6667
k 2.22222
yz
z
{
102
H2L
jij x1 zyz ij 2.62890 yz
z
P2 = jj H2L zz = j
k x2 { k 4.01242 {
i -0.232531 yz
z
F HP2 L = jj
k 0.644479 {
i -4.25779 4.00000 yz
z
J HP2 L = jj
20.0993 {
k 1.25779
Se resuelve el sistema lineal J HP2 L DP = -F HP2 L:
-4.25779 4.00000 y ji Dx1 yz
jji
zz.j
z
20.0993 { k Dx2 {
k 1.25779
i Dx1
DP = jj
k Dx2
yz ji -0.0800312 zy
z=j
z
{ k -0.0270564 {
ij x1H3L yz i 2.54887 y
zz
P3 = jjj H3L zzz = jj
k x2 { k 3.98536 {
i -0.00640500 yz
z
F HP3 L = jj
k 0.00933319 {
i -4.09773 4.00000
J HP3 L = jj
19.8829
k 1.09773
yz
z
{
yz ij -0.00191791 yz
z=j
z
{ k -0.000363521 {
103
i
0
1
2
3
Pi
2.
jij zyz
k 3. {
3.11111
ij
yz
j
z
k 4.33333 {
ij 2.6289 zy
j
z
k 4.01242 {
ij 2.54887 yz
j
z
k 3.98536 {
i Dx1 yz
z
DP = jj
Pi+1 = Pi + DP
k Dx2 {
1.11111 y
3.11111 y
jij
zz
jij
zz
k 1.33333 {
k 4.33333 {
ij -0.482214 yz
ij 2.6289 yz
j
z
j
z
k -0.320916 {
k 4.01242 {
ij -0.0800312 zy
ij 2.54887 yz
j
z
j
z
k -0.0270564 {
k 3.98536 {
ij -0.00191791 yz
ij 2.54695 yz
j
z
j
z
k -0.000363521 {
k 3.985 {
Pi+1 - Pi
1.33333
0.482214
0.0800312
0.00191791
104
Iteracin i = 0.
ij x1H0L yz i -2.00000 y
zz
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj
k x2 { k 2.00000 {
i -10.0000 yz
z
F HP0 L = jj
k -8.00000 {
4.00000
i 5.00000
J HP0 L = jj
k -8.00000 4.00000
yz
z
{
yz ij 0.153846 yz
z=j
z
{ k 2.30769 {
H1L
ji x1 zy i -1.84615 yz
z
P1 = jjj H1L zzz = jj
k x2 { k 4.30769 {
i -0.0236686 yz
z
F HP1 L = jj
k 21.3254
{
4.69231
4.00000
i
yz
z
J HP1 L = jj
k -7.69231 22.4615 {
Se resuelve el sistema lineal J HP1 L DP = -F HP1 L:
4.69231
4.00000 y ji Dx1 zy
jji
zz.j
z
k -7.69231 22.4615 { k Dx2 {
i Dx1 yz ij 0.63036
yz
z=j
z
DP = jj
k Dx2 { k -0.733544 {
105
Iteracin i = 2.
ij x1H2L yz i -1.21579 y
zz
P2 = jjj H2L zzz = jj
k x2 { k 3.57415 {
i -0.397354 yz
z
F HP2 L = jj
k 2.54970
{
4.00000
i 3.43159
J HP2 L = jj
k -6.43159 16.5932
yz
z
{
yz ij 0.203129
yz
z=j
z
-0.0749256
{ k
{
H3L
ji x1 zy i -1.01266 yz
z
P3 = jjj H3L zzz = jj
k x2 { k 3.49922 {
i -0.0412615 yz
z
F HP3 L = jj
k 0.0637169 {
4.00000 y
i 3.02533
zz
J HP3 L = jj
k -6.02533 15.9938 {
Se resuelve el sistema lineal J HP3 L DP = -F HP3 L:
3.02533
4.00000 y ji Dx1 zy
jji
zz.j
z
k -6.02533 15.9938 { k Dx2 {
i Dx1 yz ij 0.01262
yz
z=j
z
DP = jj
k Dx2 { k 0.000770471 {
106
Pi
-2. y
jij
zz
k 2. {
ij -1.84615 yz
j
z
k 4.30769 {
-1.21579 y
jji
zz
k 3.57415 {
ij -1.01266 yz
j
z
k 3.49922 {
0
1
2
3
i Dx1 yz
z
DP = jj
Pi+1 = Pi + DP
k Dx2 {
0.153846 y
-1.84615 y
jij
zz
jij
zz
k 2.30769 {
k 4.30769 {
ij 0.63036
yz
ij -1.21579 yz
j
z
j
z
-0.733544
k
{
k 3.57415 {
0.203129
-1.01266 y
jij
zzy
jij
zz
k -0.0749256 {
k 3.49922 {
ij 0.01262
yz ij -1.00004 yz
j
z j
z
k 0.000770471 { k 3.49999 {
Pi+1 - Pi
2.30769
0.733544
0.203129
0.01262
Solucin
a)
<< Graphics`ImplicitPlot`;
107
g = 3 x y2 x3 1;
Print@"Representacin grfica de la solucin",
"\n\t f1 Hx, yL = ", f, "\n\t f2 Hx, yL = ", g D;
g1 = ImplicitPlot @f == 0, 8x, 2, 2<,
PlotStyle > 88Thickness @0.010D, RGBColor @0, 0, 1D<<,
AxesLabel > 8"X", "Y"<, DisplayFunction > Identity D;
g2 = ImplicitPlot @g == 0, 8x, 2, 2<,
PlotStyle > 88Thickness @0.010D, RGBColor @1, 0, 0D<<,
AxesLabel > 8"X", "Y"<, DisplayFunction > Identity D;
g = Show @g1, g2, AxesLabel > 8"X", "Y"<,
AspectRatio > Automatic, DisplayFunction > $DisplayFunctionD;
ecuaciones = 83 x21 x22 , 3 x1 x22 x31 1<;
p = 81.0, 1.0<;
m = 10;
d = 10.6 ;
newtonSistemasNoLineal@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
p = 81.0, 1.0<;
m = 10;
d = 10.6 ;
newtonSistemasNoLineal@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
-2 -1
-2
-4
108
ij x1H0L yz i 1. y
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj zz
k x2 { k 1. {
yz
z
{
Iteracin i = 0.
ij x1H0L yz i 1.00000 y
zz
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj
1.00000
k
{
k x2 {
i 2.00000 yz
z
F HP0 L = jj
k 1.00000 {
i 6.00000 -2.00000
J HP0 L = jj
6.00000
k0
yz
z
{
yz ij -0.388889 yz
z=j
z
{ k -0.166667 {
ij x1H1L yz i 0.611111 y
zz
P1 = jjj H1L zzz = jj
0.833333
k
{
x
k 2 {
i 0.425926 yz
z
F HP1 L = jj
k 0.0449246 {
-1.66667 y
i 3.66667
zz
J HP1 L = jj
k 0.962963 3.05556 {
109
yz ij -0.107452 yz
z=j
z
{ k 0.0191611 {
H2L
ji x1 zy i 0.503659 yz
z
P2 = jjj H2L zzz = jj
k x2 { k 0.852494 {
i 0.0342707 yz
z
F HP2 L = jj
k -0.0296667 {
i 3.02195 -1.70499 yz
z
J HP2 L = jj
k 1.41922 2.57620 {
Se resuelve el sistema lineal J HP2 L DP = -F HP2 L:
3.02195 -1.70499 y ji Dx1 zy
jji
zz.j
z
k 1.41922 2.57620 { k Dx2 {
i Dx1 yz ji -0.00369496 zy
z=j
z
DP = jj
k Dx2 { k 0.0135512
{
ij x1H3L yz i 0.499964 y
zz
P3 = jjj H3L zzz = jj
k x2 { k 0.866046 {
i -0.000142677 zy
z
F HP3 L = jj
k -1.25763 10-6 {
i 2.99978 -1.73209 yz
z
J HP3 L = jj
k 1.50021 2.59795 {
110
yz ij 0.0000358789 yz
z=j
z
{ k -0.0000202346 {
H4L
ji x1 zy i 0.500000 yz
z
P4 = jjj H4L zzz = jj
k x2 { k 0.866025 {
i 3.45246 10-9 yz
zz
F HP4 L = jjjj
-9 z
k -5.08917 10 {
i 3.00000 -1.73205
J HP4 L = jj
k 1.50000 2.59808
yz
z
{
-11
yz
yz ijj -1.49197 10
zz
z = jj
z
-9
{ k 1.96744 10
{
-11
yz i 0.5
i 0.5
yz ijj -1.49197 10
yz
zz = jj
z + jj
z
P5 = jj
z
k 0.866025 { k 1.96744 10-9 { k 0.866025 {
Tabla de datos.
i
0
1
Pi
ij 1. yz
j z
k 1. {
0.611111
ij
yz
j
z
k 0.833333 {
i Dx1 zy
z
DP = jj
k Dx2 {
ij -0.388889 yz
j
z
k -0.166667 {
ij -0.107452 yz
j
z
k 0.0191611 {
111
Pi+1 = Pi + DP
ij 0.611111 zy
j
z
k 0.833333 {
ij 0.503659 yz
j
z
k 0.852494 {
Pi+1 - Pi
0.388889
0.107452
2
3
4
0.503659 y
jij
zz
k 0.852494 {
ij 0.499964 zy
j
z
k 0.866046 {
ij 0.5
yz
j
z
k 0.866025 {
-0.00369496 y
jij
zz
k 0.0135512
{
ij 0.0000358789 yz
j
z
k -0.0000202346 {
0.499964 y
jij
zz
k 0.866046 {
0.5
jji
zzy
0.866025
k
{
ij -1.49197 10-11 yz
jj
zz
j
z
-9
k 1.96744 10
{
ij 0.5
yz
j
z
k 0.866025 {
0.0135512
0.0000358789
1.96744 10-9
ij x1H0L yz i 1. y
zz
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj
k x2 { k -1. {
yz
z
{
Iteracin i = 0.
ij x1H0L yz i 1.00000 y
zz
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj
-1.00000
k
{
x
k 2 {
i 2.00000 yz
z
F HP0 L = jj
k 1.00000 {
i 6.00000 2.00000
J HP0 L = jj
-6.00000
k0
yz
z
{
yz ij -0.388889 yz
z=j
z
{ k 0.166667 {
112
0.611111 y
jij
zz
k -0.833333 {
Iteracin i = 1.
H1L
jij x1 zyz ij 0.611111 yz
z
P1 = jj H1L zz = j
k x2 { k -0.833333 {
i 0.425926 yz
z
F HP1 L = jj
k 0.0449246 {
1.66667 y
i 3.66667
zz
J HP1 L = jj
k 0.962963 -3.05556 {
Se resuelve el sistema lineal J HP1 L DP = -F HP1 L:
3.66667
1.66667 y ji Dx1 yz
jji
zz.j
z
k 0.962963 -3.05556 { k Dx2 {
i Dx1
DP = jj
k Dx2
yz ji -0.107452 zy
z=j
z
{ k -0.0191611 {
ij x1H2L yz i 0.503659 y
zz
P2 = jjj H2L zzz = jj
k x2 { k -0.852494 {
i 0.0342707 yz
z
F HP2 L = jj
k -0.0296667 {
i 3.02195 1.70499
J HP2 L = jj
k 1.41922 -2.57620
yz
z
{
yz ij -0.00369496 yz
z=j
z
{ k -0.0135512 {
113
H3L
jij x1 zyz ij 0.499964 yz
z
P3 = jj H3L zz = j
k x2 { k -0.866046 {
i -0.000142677
F HP3 L = jj
k -1.25763 10-6
yz
z
{
i 2.99978 1.73209
J HP3 L = jj
k 1.50021 -2.59795
yz
z
{
yz ij 0.0000358789 yz
z=j
z
{ k 0.0000202346 {
H4L
ji x1 zy i 0.500000 yz
z
P4 = jjj H4L zzz = jj
k x2 { k -0.866025 {
i 3.45246 10-9 yz
zz
F HP4 L = jjjj
-9 z
k -5.08917 10 {
i 3.00000 1.73205
J HP4 L = jj
k 1.50000 -2.59808
yz
z
{
-11
yz
yz ijj -1.49197 10
zz
z = jj
-9 z
{ k -1.96744 10
{
114
-11
yz i 0.5
i 0.5
yz ijj -1.49197 10
yz
zz = jj
z + jj
z
P5 = jj
-9 z
-0.866025
-0.866025
k
{ k -1.96744 10
{
{ k
Tabla de datos.
i
0
1
2
3
4
Pi
1. y
jij
zz
k -1. {
ij 0.611111 yz
j
z
k -0.833333 {
ij 0.503659 yz
j
z
k -0.852494 {
0.499964 y
jji
zz
k -0.866046 {
ij 0.5
yz
j
z
k -0.866025 {
i Dx1 yz
z
DP = jj
k Dx2 {
-0.388889 y
jij
zz
k 0.166667 {
ij -0.107452 yz
j
z
k -0.0191611 {
ij -0.00369496 yz
j
z
k -0.0135512 {
0.0000358789 y
jji
zz
k 0.0000202346 {
ij -1.49197 10-11 yz
jj
zz
j
-9 z
k -1.96744 10
{
Pi+1 = Pi + DP
0.611111 y
jij
zz
k -0.833333 {
ij 0.503659 yz
j
z
k -0.852494 {
ij 0.499964 yz
j
z
k -0.866046 {
ij 0.5
yz
j
z
k -0.866025 {
Pi+1 - Pi
0.388889
0.107452
0.0135512
0.0000358789
ij 0.5
yz
j
z 1.96744 10-9
k -0.866025 {
Solucin
b)
Clear@ecuaciones, p, d, m, dD;
ecuaciones = 8 Log@x21 + x22 D Sin@x1 x2 D HLog @2D + Log @PiDL,
Exp@x1 x2 D + Cos@x1 x2 D<;
p = 82.0, 2.0<;
m = 10;
d = 10.6 ;
newtonSistemasNoLineal@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
115
H0L
jij x1 zyz ij 2. yz
P0 = jj H0L zz = j z
k x2 { k 2. {
2 x2
- cosHx1 x2 L x1 yz
x12 +x22
zz
z
-sinHx1 x2 L x1 - x1 -x2 {
Iteracin i = 0.
ij x1H0L yz i 2.00000 y
zz
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj
2.00000
k
{
x
k 2 {
i 0.998367 zy
z
F HP0 L = jj
k 0.346356 {
i 1.80729 1.80729 yz
z
J HP0 L = jj
k 2.51360 0.513605 {
Se resuelve el sistema lineal J HP0 L
1.80729 1.80729 y ji Dx1
jji
zz.j
k 2.51360 0.513605 { k Dx2
DP = -F HP0 L:
zyz
{
i Dx1 yz ij -0.0313174 yz
z=j
z
DP = jj
k Dx2 { k -0.521094 {
ij 1.96868 yz
j
z
k 1.47891 {
Iteracin i = 1.
ij x1H1L yz i 1.96868 y
zz
P1 = jjj H1L zzz = jj
k x2 { k 1.47891 {
i -0.263765 yz
z
F HP1 L = jj
k 0.658308 {
i 2.08935 2.40465
J HP1 L = jj
k 1.29466 -2.08095
116
yz
z
{
yz ij -0.138603 yz
z=j
z
{ k 0.230118 {
H2L
ji x1 zy i 1.83008 yz
z
P2 = jjj H2L zzz = jj
k x2 { k 1.70902 {
i -0.0160496 yz
z
F HP2 L = jj
k 0.128786
{
2.29262
2.37505
i
yz
z
J HP2 L = jj
k 1.10486 -1.15420 {
Se resuelve el sistema lineal J HP2 L DP = -F HP2 L:
2.29262 2.37505 y ji Dx1 zy
jji
zz.j
z
k 1.10486 -1.15420 { k Dx2 {
i Dx1 yz ji -0.0545226 zy
z=j
z
DP = jj
k Dx2 { k 0.0593879 {
ij x1H3L yz i 1.77556 y
zz
P3 = jjj H3L zzz = jj
k x2 { k 1.76841 {
i -0.00220154 yz
z
F HP3 L = jj
k 0.00717276 {
i 2.33388 2.33875
J HP3 L = jj
k 1.00421 -1.01015
117
yz
z
{
yz ij -0.003092 yz
z=j
z
{ k 0.00402689 {
H4L
ji x1 zy i 1.77247 yz
z
P4 = jjj H4L zzz = jj
k x2 { k 1.77244 {
i -8.48201 10-6
F HP4 L = jj
k 0.0000268752
zzy
{
i 2.33663 2.33665
J HP4 L = jj
k 1.00002 -1.00004
yz
z
{
yz ij -0.0000116223 yz
z=j
z
{ k 0.0000152522 {
ij x1H5L yz i 1.77245 y
zz
P5 = jjj H5L zzz = jj
1.77245
k
{
x
k 2 {
i -1.20840 10-10 yz
zz
F HP5 L = jjjj
-10 z
k 3.81824 10
{
i 2.33664 2.33664
J HP5 L = jj
k 1.00000 -1.00000
118
yz
z
{
-10
i 1.77245 yz jij -1.65054 10
zyz = ijj 1.77245 yzz
z + jj
P6 = jj
z
-10 z
1.77245
k
{ k 2.16769 10
{ k 1.77245 {
Tabla de datos.
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
Pi
2.
jij zyz
k 2. {
ij 1.96868 yz
j
z
k 1.47891 {
ij 1.83008 yz
j
z
k 1.70902 {
ij 1.77556 yz
j
z
k 1.76841 {
1.77247 y
jji
zz
k 1.77244 {
ij 1.77245 yz
j
z
k 1.77245 {
i Dx1 yz
z
DP = jj
k Dx2 {
-0.0313174 y
jij
zz
k -0.521094 {
ij -0.138603 yz
j
z
k 0.230118 {
ij -0.0545226 yz
j
z
k 0.0593879 {
ij -0.003092 yz
j
z
k 0.00402689 {
ij -0.0000116223 zy
j
z
k 0.0000152522 {
-10
jij -1.65054 10
zyz
jj
z
-10 z
k 2.16769 10
{
Pi+1 = Pi + DP
1.96868 y
jij
zz
k 1.47891 {
ij 1.83008 yz
j
z
k 1.70902 {
ij 1.77556 yz
j
z
k 1.76841 {
ij 1.77247 yz
j
z
k 1.77244 {
1.77245 y
jji
zz
k 1.77245 {
ij 1.77245 yz
j
z
k 1.77245 {
Solucin
c)
Clear@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ecuaciones = 8 x31 + x21 x2 x1 x3 + 6,
Exp@x1 D + Exp@x2 D x3 , x22 2 x1 x3 4<;
p = 81.0, 2.0, 1.0<;
119
Pi+1 - Pi
0.521094
0.230118
0.0593879
0.00402689
0.0000152522
2.16769 10-10
m = 10;
d = 10.6 ;
newtonSistemasNoLineal@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ij x1H0L yz i -1. y
jj
zz jj
zz
j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj -2. zzzz
z
jj
z j
j H0L zz jk 1. z{
k x3 {
ij 3 x12 + 2 x2 x1 - x3
jj
J Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = jjjj x1
j
k -2 x3
x12
-x1
x2
2 x2
-1
-2 x1
Iteracin i = 0.
ij x1H0L yz i -1.00000 y
jj
zz jj
zz
j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj -2.00000 zzzz
z
jj
z j
j H0L zz jk 1.00000 z{
x
k 3 {
ij 4.00000
yz
jj
zz
j
zz
-0.496785
F HP0 L = jj
zz
jj
z
2.00000
k
{
6.00000
1.00000
1.00000 y
jij
zz
j
j
J HP0 L = jj 0.367879 0.135335 -1.00000 zzzz
jj
zz
k -2.00000 -4.00000 2.00000 {
Se resuelve el sistema lineal J HP0 L DP = -F HP0 L:
6.00000
1.00000
1.00000 y ji Dx1
jij
z
jj 0.367879 0.135335 -1.00000 zzz.jjjj D
jj
zz jj x2
jj
zz j
k -2.00000 -4.00000 2.00000 { k Dx3
ij Dx1
jj
DP = jjj Dx2
jj
k Dx3
yz ij -0.636738 yz
zz jj
zz = jj 0.485723 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z j
z
-0.665293
{
{ k
120
zyz
zz
zz
zz
{
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Iteracin i = 1.
ij x1H1L yz i -1.63674 y
jj
zz jj
zz
j
z
P1 = jjjj x2H1L zzzz = jjjj -1.51428 zzzz
z
jj
z j
j H1L zz jk 0.334707 z{
x
k 3 {
ij -1.89347 yz
j
z
F HP1 L = jjjj 0.0798737 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.611308 {
2.67891
1.63674 y
ij 12.6590
zz
jj
j
0.219967 -1.00000 zzzz
J HP1 L = jj 0.194614
jj
zz
k -0.669414 -3.02855 3.27348 {
Se resuelve el sistema lineal J HP1 L DP = -F HP1 L:
2.67891
1.63674 y ij Dx1
ij 12.6590
zz jj
jj
zz.jj D
jj 0.194614
0.219967
-1.00000
zz jj x2
jj
zz j
j
-0.669414
-3.02855
3.27348
k
{ k Dx3
ij Dx1
jj
DP = jjj Dx2
jj
k Dx3
yz ij 0.171881 yz
zz jj
zz = jj -0.153955 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z j
z
0.0794592
k
{
{
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
121
Iteracin i = 2.
ij x1H2L yz i -1.46486 y
jj
zz jj
zz
j
z
P2 = jjjj x2H2L zzzz = jjjj -1.66823 zzzz
z
jj
z j
j H2L zz jk 0.414166 z{
k x3 {
-0.116306
jij
zyz
j
j
F HP2 L = jj 0.00552485 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.00361305 {
2.14581
1.46486 y
ij 10.9107
zz
jj
0.188580 -1.00000 zzzz
J HP2 L = jjj 0.231111
jj
zz
k -0.828333 -3.33646 2.92971 {
Se resuelve el sistema lineal J HP2 L DP = -F HP2 L:
2.14581
1.46486 y ij Dx1
ij 10.9107
jj
zz j
jj 0.231111
0.188580 -1.00000 zzzz.jjjj Dx2
jj
zz jj
j
k -0.828333 -3.33646 2.92971 { k Dx3
ij Dx1
jj
DP = jjj Dx2
jj
k Dx3
yz ji 0.00874949 zy
zz jj
zz = jj 0.00404093 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z j
z
{ k 0.00830899 {
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Iteracin i = 3.
ij x1H3L yz i -1.45611 y
jj
zz jj
zz
j
z
P3 = jjjj x2H3L zzzz = jjjj -1.66419 zzzz
z
jj
z j
j H3L zz jk 0.422475 z{
x
k 3 {
ij -0.000639433 yz
j
z
F HP3 L = jjjj 0.0000104138 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.000129070 {
10.7848
2.12025
1.45611 y
jij
zz
j
j
0.189344 -1.00000 zzzz
J HP3 L = jj 0.233142
jj
zz
k -0.844951 -3.32838 2.91221 {
122
10.7848
2.12025
1.45611 y ji Dx1
jij
zz j
jj 0.233142
0.189344 -1.00000 zzzz.jjjj Dx2
jj
jj
zz jj
k -0.844951 -3.32838 2.91221 { k Dx3
ij Dx1
jj
DP = jjj Dx2
jj
k Dx3
yz ij 0.0000646082 yz
zz jj
zz = jj -0.0000394195 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z j
z
0.0000180128
{
{ k
zyz
zz
zz
zz
{
Iteracin i = 4.
ij x1H4L yz i -1.45604 y
zz jj
jj
zz
z
j
P4 = jjjj x2H4L zzzz = jjjj -1.66423 zzzz
z
z j
jj
j H4L zz jk 0.422493 z{
x
k 3 {
ij -1.89278 10-8 yz
zz
jj
z
j
F HP4 L = jjj 6.33712 10-10 zzz
zz
jj
j
-10 z
-7.73657
10
k
{
2.12006
1.45604 y
ij 10.7841
zz
j
0.189336 -1.00000 zzzz
J HP4 L = jjjj 0.233157
jj
zz
k -0.844987 -3.32846 2.91209 {
Se resuelve el sistema lineal J HP4 L DP = -F HP4 L:
2.12006
1.45604 y ij Dx1
ij 10.7841
zz j
jj
jj 0.233157
0.189336
-1.00000 zzzz.jjjj Dx2
jj
zz jj
j
k -0.844987 -3.32846 2.91209 { k Dx3
ij Dx1
jj
DP = jjj Dx2
jj
k Dx3
-9
yz
yz ijj 1.55555 10
zz
zz jj
zz = jj 2.92941 10-10 zzz
zz jj
zz
z jj
zz
{ k 1.05186 10-9 {
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
-9
yz i -1.45604 y
ij -1.45604 yz ijj 1.55555 10
zz jj
jj
zz jjj
zz jj -1.66423 zzzz
-10
P5 = jjj -1.66423 zzz + jj 2.92941 10
zz = jj
zz
zz jj
jj
zz jjj
zz
z
-9
0.422493
k 0.422493 { k 1.05186 10
k
{
{
123
Tabla de datos.
Pi
ij -1. yz
jj
z
jj -2. zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 1. {
ij -1.63674 yz
jj
z
jj -1.51428 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.334707 {
ij -1.46486 yz
jj
z
jj -1.66823 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
0.414166
k
{
ij -1.45611 yz
jj
z
jj -1.66419 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
0.422475
k
{
ij -1.45604 yz
jj
z
jj -1.66423 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
0.422493
k
{
ij Dx1
jj
DP = jjj Dx2
jj
k Dx3
yz
zz
zz
Pi+1 = Pi + DP
zz
z
{
-0.636738
ij
yz
ij -1.63674 yz
jj
zz
jj
z
jj -1.51428 zzz
jjj 0.485723 zzz
j
zz
jj
zz
jj
z
k -0.665293 {
k 0.334707 {
ij 0.171881 yz
ij -1.46486 yz
jj
zz
jj
z
jj -1.66823 zzz
jjj -0.153955 zzz
j
zz
jj
zz
jj
z
k 0.0794592 {
k 0.414166 {
ij 0.00874949 yz
ij -1.45611 yz
jj
z
jj
z
jj 0.00404093 zzz
jj -1.66419 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
j
z
j
z
0.00830899
0.422475
k
{
k
{
ij 0.0000646082 yz ij -1.45604 yz
z
jj
z j
jj -0.0000394195 zzz jjj -1.66423 zzz
zz
jj
zz jj
z
j
z j
0.422493
0.0000180128
{
k
{ k
-9
jij 1.55555 10
zyz
jj
z
jj 2.92941 10-10 zzz
jj
zz
jj
z
-9 z
k 1.05186 10
{
ij -1.45604 yz
jj
z
jj -1.66423 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
0.422493
k
{
Pi+1 - Pi
0.665293
0.171881
0.00874949
0.0000646082
1.55555 10-9
Solucin
d)
Clear@f, g, g1, g2, ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ecuaciones = 9 6 x1 2 Cos@x2 x3 D 1, 9 x2 +
60 x3 + 3 Exp@x1 x2 D + 10 Pi 3=;
"################################
##########
x21 + Sin@x3 D + 1.06 + 0.9,
124
+
10
p
3
3
{ k {
k
ij x1H0L yz i 0. y
jj
zz jj zz
j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 0. zzzz
jj
z j z
j H0L zz jk 0. z{
x
k 3 {
-2 cosHx2 x3 L + 6 x1 - 1
jij
zyz
jj
zz
j
"################################
########
#
#
2
F Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = jjj 9 x2 + x1 + sinHx3 L + 1.06 + 0.9 zzzz
jj
zz
-x x
k 60 x3 + 3 1 2 + 10 p - 3
{
ij 6
jj
x1
j
J Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = jjjj
################
#########
x12 +sinHx3 L+1.06
jj "################
j
-x x
k -3 1 2 x2
2 sinHx2 x3 L x3 2 sinHx2 x3 L x2
-3 -x1 x2 x1
Iteracin i = 0.
ij x1H0L yz i 0 y
zz jj zz
jj
z
j
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 0 zzzz
z j z
jj
j H0L zz jk 0 z{
k x3 {
ij -3.00000 yz
j
z
F HP0 L = jjjj 1.92956 zzzz
jj
zz
k 31.4159 {
0
ij 6.00000 0
yz
j
z
9.00000 0.485643 zzzz
J HP0 L = jjjj 0
jj
zz
0
60.0000 {
k0
y
zyz ijj 0.5
zz jj -0.186142 zzzz
zz = jj
zz
zz jj
zz
{ k -0.523599 {
125
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
cosHx3 L
"################
################
#########
2 x12 +sinHx3 L+1.06
60
zzy
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
ij 0. yz ij 0.5
yz ij 0.5
yz
j z j
z j
z
P1 = jjjj 0. zzzz + jjjj -0.186142 zzzz = jjjj -0.186142 zzzz
jj zz jj
zz jj
zz
k 0. { k -0.523599 { k -0.523599 {
Iteracin i = 1.
ij x1H1L yz i 0.500000 y
jj
zz jj
zz
j
z
P1 = jjjj x2H1L zzzz = jjjj -0.186142 zzzz
z
jj
z j
j H1L zz jk -0.523599 z{
x
k 3 {
ij 0.00949169 yz
j
zz
zz
F HP1 L = jjjj 0.124719
zz
jj
z
k 0.292620
{
-0.101902 -0.0362269
ij 6.00000
jj
j
0.481125
J HP1 L = jj 0.555556 9.00000
jj
0.612896
-1.64631
60.0000
k
yz ij -0.00184219 yz
zz jj
zz = jj -0.0134645 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z j
z
-0.00522762
k
{
{
yz ij Dx1
zz jjj
zz.jj Dx2
zzz jj
{ k Dx3
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
ij 0.5
yz ij -0.00184219 yz ij 0.498158 yz
jj
z j
z j
z
j
P2 = jj -0.186142 zzzz + jjjj -0.0134645 zzzz = jjjj -0.199607 zzzz
jj
zz jj
zz jj
zz
k -0.523599 { k -0.00522762 { k -0.528826 {
126
Iteracin i = 2.
ij x1H2L yz i 0.498158 y
jj
zz jj
zz
j
z
P2 = jjjj x2H2L zzzz = jjjj -0.199607 zzzz
z
jj
z j
j H2L zz jk -0.528826 z{
k x3 {
0.0000788744
jij
jj
F HP2 L = jjj -1.26903 10-6
j
k -0.0000148414
zyz
zz
zz
zz
{
6.00000
-0.111436 -0.0420617
jij
j
j
0.481561
J HP2 L = jj 0.555694 9.00000
jj
0.661426
-1.65072
60.0000
k
-0.0000131256 y
zz
zyz ijjj
zz
zz jj
zz
zz = jj 9.2908 10-7
zz
zz jj
z
-7
{ k 4.1761 10
{
D
zyz ijjj x1
zz.jj D
zz jj x2
zz j
{ k Dx3
zyz
zz
zz
zz
{
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Iteracin i = 3.
ij x1H3L yz i 0.498145 y
jj
zz jj
zz
j
z
P3 = jjjj x2H3L zzzz = jjjj -0.199606 zzzz
z
jj
z j
j H3L zz jk -0.528826 z{
x
k 3 {
ij 4.09894 10-13 yz
jj
zz
j
z
F HP3 L = jjj 6.80560 10-11 zzz
jj
zz
j
-11 z
5.61542
10
{
k
-0.111435 -0.0420613
ij 6.00000
j
0.481565
J HP3 L = jjjj 0.555684 9.00000
jj
60.0000
k 0.661421 -1.65067
127
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
-13
yz
yz ijj -2.15366 10
zz
zz jj
zz
-12
zz = jj -7.48751 10
zz
zz jj
zz
z jj
z
{ k -1.13952 10-12 {
D
zyz jijj x1
zz.jj D
zz jj x2
zz j
{ k Dx3
zyz
zz
zz
zz
{
-13
yz i 0.498145 y
ij 0.498145 yz ijj -2.15366 10
zz jj
zz
jj
zz jjj
z
P4 = jjj -0.199606 zzz + jj -7.48751 10-12 zzz = jjjj -0.199606 zzzz
zz jj
jj
zz jjj
zz
z
k -0.528826 { k -1.13952 10-12 { k -0.528826 {
Tabla de datos.
Pi
ij 0. yz
jj zz
jj 0. zz
jj zz
j z
k 0. {
ij 0.5
yz
jj
z
jj -0.186142 zzz
jjj
zzz
k -0.523599 {
ij 0.498158 yz
jj
z
jj -0.199607 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.528826 {
0.498145 y
jij
z
jj -0.199606 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
-0.528826
k
{
ij Dx1
jj
DP = jjj Dx2
jj
k Dx3
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
ij 0.5
yz
jj
z
jj -0.186142 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.523599
k
{
ij -0.00184219 yz
jj
z
jj -0.0134645 zzz
jjj
zzz
k -0.00522762 {
-0.0000131256 y
jij
zz
jj
zz
zz
jj 9.2908 10-7
jj
zz
j
z
-7
{
k 4.1761 10
ij -2.15366 10-13 yz
jj
zz
jj
z
jj -7.48751 10-12 zzz
jj
zz
j
-12 z
-1.13952
10
k
{
128
Pi+1 = Pi + DP
Pi+1 - Pi
ij 0.5
yz
jj
z
jj -0.186142 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.523599
k
{
0.523599
ij 0.498158 yz
jj
z
jj -0.199607 zzz
jjj
zzz
k -0.528826 {
ij 0.498145 yz
jj
z
jj -0.199606 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.528826 {
0.0134645
0.0000131256
0.498145 y
jij
z
jj -0.199606 zzz 7.48751 10-12
jj
zz
jj
zz
-0.528826
k
{
b)
c)
Solucin
a)
Clear@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ecuaciones = 8 4 x1 x2 + x3 x1 x4 , x1 + 3 x2 2 x3 x2 x4 ,
x1 2 x2 + 3 x3 x3 x4 , x21 + x22 + x23 1 <;
p = 80.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0<;
m = 10;
d = 10.5 ;
newtonSistemasNoLineal@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ij x1H0L zy
0.
jj
z
jj H0L zzz ijjj yzzz
jjj x2 zzz jjj 1. zzz
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jjj zzz
jj x zz jj 1. zz
jj 3 zz jj zz
jj
z
j H0L zz k 1. {
x
k 4 {
129
yz ij 0 yz
zz jj zz
zz jj 0 zz
zz jj zz
zz = jj zz
zz jj 0 zz
zz jj zz
z
{ k0 {
ij 4 - x4
jj
jj -1
J Hx1 , x2 , x3 , x4 L = jjjj
jj 1
jj
k 2 x1
-1
3 - x4
-2
2 x2
1
-2
3 - x4
2 x3
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
-x1
-x2
-x3
0
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
{
Iteracin i = 0.
ij x1H0L yz
0
jj
z
yz
jj H0L zzz ijjj
jj x2 zz jj 1.00000 zzzz
j
z
zz
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jjjj
jj x zz jj 1.00000 zzzz
jj 3 zz jj
zz
jj
z
j H0L zz k 1.00000 {
k x4 {
ij 0
yz
jj
zz
jj 0
zz
zz
F HP0 L = jjjj
zz
zz
jjj 0
zz
j
k 1.00000 {
ij 3.00000
jj
jj -1.00000
J HP0 L = jjjj
jjj 1.00000
j
k0
-1.00000
2.00000
-2.00000
2.00000
1.00000
-2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
-1.00000
2.00000
-2.00000
2.00000
1.00000
-2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
yz ij 0.
yz
zz jj
zz jj -0.25 zzzz
zz = jj
zz
zz jj
zz jj -0.25 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z
0.
k
{
{
130
0
zzy
-1.00000 zzzz
zz
-1.00000 zzzz
z
0
{
0
yz ij Dx1
zj
-1.00000 zzzz jjjj Dx2
zz.jj
-1.00000 zzzz jjjj Dx3
z jj
0
{ k Dx4
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
ij 0. zy ji 0.
yz ij 0. yz
jj zz jj
z j
z
jj 1. zz jj -0.25 zzz jjj 0.75 zzz
j
z
j
z
j
zz
j
z
j
z
j
P1 = jj zz + jj
z=j
z
jj 1. zz jj -0.25 zzz jjj 0.75 zzz
jj zz jj
zz jj
zz
k 1. { k 0.
{ k 1. {
Iteracin i = 1.
ij x1H1L yz
0
jj
z
yz
jj H1L zzz ijjj
jj x2 zz jj 0.750000 zzzz
j
z
zz
P1 = jjj H1L zzz = jjjj
jj x zz jj 0.750000 zzzz
jj 3 zz jj
z
jjj H1L zzz k 1.00000 z{
k x4 {
ij 0
yz
jj
zz
jj 0
zz
zz
F HP1 L = jjjj
zz
jj 0
zz
jj
zz
k 0.125000 {
ij 3.00000
jj
jj -1.00000
J HP1 L = jjjj
jjj 1.00000
j
k0
-1.00000
2.00000
-2.00000
1.50000
1.00000
-2.00000
2.00000
1.50000
-1.00000
2.00000
-2.00000
1.50000
1.00000
-2.00000
2.00000
1.50000
yz ij 0.
yz
zz jj
zz jj -0.0416667 zzzz
zz = jj
zz
zz jj
zz jj -0.0416667 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z
{
{ k 0.
0
yz ij Dx1
zj
-0.750000 zzzz jjjj Dx2
zz.jj
-0.750000 zzzz jjjj Dx3
z jj
0
{ k Dx4
yz ij 0.
ij 0. yz ij 0.
zzy
jj
z j
z j
jj 0.75 zzz jjj -0.0416667 zzz jjj 0.708333 zzz
zz + jj
zz = jj
zz
P2 = jjjj
z j
z j
z
jj 0.75 zzz jjj -0.0416667 zzz jjj 0.708333 zzz
jj
zz jj
zz jj
zz
k 1. { k 0.
{ k 1.
{
131
0
zzy
-0.750000 zzzz
zz
-0.750000 zzzz
z
0
{
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Iteracin i = 2.
ij x1H2L yz
jj
z i0
yz
jj H2L zzz jjj
jj x2 zz jj 0.708333 zzzz
j
z
zz
P2 = jjj H2L zzz = jjjj
jj x zz jj 0.708333 zzzz
jj 3 zz jj
zz
jj
z
j H2L zz k 1.00000 {
k x4 {
0
jij
zyz
jj
z
jj -1.11022 10-16 zzz
zz
F HP2 L = jjjj
z
jj -1.11022 10-16 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
0.00347222
k
{
ij 3.00000
jj
jj -1.00000
J HP2 L = jjjj
jj 1.00000
jj
k0
-1.00000
2.00000
-2.00000
1.41667
1.00000
-2.00000
2.00000
1.41667
-1.00000
2.00000
-2.00000
1.41667
1.00000
-2.00000
2.00000
1.41667
yz
yz ij 0.
zz
zz jjj
zz
zz jj -0.00122549
zz
zz = jj
zz
zz jj
zz
zz jj -0.00122549
zz
zz jj
z
-16 z
{ k -1.56737 10
{
0
zzy
-0.708333 zzzz
zz
-0.708333 zzzz
z
0
{
0
yz ij Dx1
zj
-0.708333 zzzz jjjj Dx2
zz.jj
-0.708333 zzzz jjjj Dx3
z jj
0
{ k Dx4
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
0.
yz ij 0.
ij 0.
zzy jji
zy
zz jj
jj
zz jj 0.707108 zzzz
jj 0.708333 zzz jjjj -0.00122549
z
z
zz = jjj
zzz + jj
P3 = jjjj
zz jj 0.707108 zzzz
jj 0.708333 zzz jjjj -0.00122549
zz jj
zz
jj
zz jj
zz j
z
k 1.
{ k -1.56737 10-16 { k 1.
{
132
Iteracin i = 3.
ij x1H3L yz
jj
z i0
yz
jj H3L zzz jjj
jj x2 zz jj 0.707108 zzzz
j
z
zz
P3 = jjj H3L zzz = jjjj
jj x zz jj 0.707108 zzzz
jj 3 zz jj
zz
jj
z
j H3L zz k 1.0000 {
k x4 {
ij 0
yz
jj
z
jj 2.22045 10-16 zzz
jj
zz
zz
F HP3 L = jjj
jj 2.22045 10-16 zzz
jj
zz
z
jj
-6 z
k 3.00365 10
{
ij 3.00000
jj
jj -1.00000
J HP3 L = jjjj
jj 1.00000
jj
k0
-1.00000
2.00000
-2.00000
1.41422
1.00000
-2.00000
2.00000
1.41422
0
zzy
-0.707108 zzzz
zz
-0.707108 zzzz
z
0
{
-1.00000
2.00000
-2.00000
1.41422
1.00000
-2.00000
2.00000
1.41422
yz ijj 0.
zz jj
zz jj -1.06195 10-6
zz = jj
zz jj
zz jj -1.06195 10-6
zz jj
z jj
{ k 3.14018 10-16
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zzz
{
D
0
zyz ijjj x1
z
j
z
-0.707108 zz jj Dx2
zz.jj
-0.707108 zzzz jjjj Dx3
z jj
0
{ k Dx4
i 0.
ij 0.
zzy jjjj
jj
z
jj 0.707108 zz jjj -1.06195 10-6
zz + jj
P4 = jjjj
zz j
-6
jjj 0.707108 zzz jjjj -1.06195 10
j
z jj
k 1.
{ k 3.14018 10-16
Tabla de datos.
133
yz i 0.
y
zz jj
zz jj 0.707107 zzzz
zz jj
z
z
zz = jj
zz jj 0.707107 zzzz
zz jj
zz
zzz j
z
1.
{
{ k
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Pi
ij 0. yz
jj zz
jj 1. zz
jj zz
jj zz
jj 1. zz
jj zz
k 1. {
ij 0. yz
jj
zz
jjj 0.75 zzz
jj
z
jj 0.75 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 1. {
ij 0.
yz
jj
z
jj 0.708333 zzz
jj
zz
jj
z
jj 0.708333 zzz
jj
zz
k 1.
{
0.
jji
zy
jj 0.707108 zzz
jj
zz
jjj
zz
jj 0.707108 zzz
jj
zz
k 1.
{
ij Dx1
jj
jj Dx2
DP = jjjj
jjj Dx3
jj
k Dx4
ij 0.
yz
jj
z
jj -0.25 zzz
jj
zz
jj
z
jj -0.25 zzz
jj
zz
k 0.
{
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Pi+1 = Pi + DP
ij 0.
yz
jj
z
jj -0.0416667 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
jjj -0.0416667 zzz
z
j
k 0.
{
0.
ij
yz
jj
zz
zz
jjj -0.00122549
zz
jj
zz
jj -0.00122549
zz
jj
zz
jj
-16 z
k -1.56737 10
{
ij 0.
jj
jj -1.06195 10-6
jj
jj
jj -1.06195 10-6
jj
jjj
-16
k 3.14018 10
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zzz
{
ij 0. yz
jj
z
jj 0.75 zzz
jj
zz
jj
z
jj 0.75 zzz
jj
zz
k 1. {
ij 0.
yz
jj
zz
jjj 0.708333 zzz
jj
z
jj 0.708333 zzz
zz
jj
j
z
k 1.
{
ij 0.
yz
jj
z
jj 0.707108 zzz
jj
zz
jj
z
jj 0.707108 zzz
jj
zz
{
k 1.
ij 0.
zzy
jj
jj 0.707107 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
jjj 0.707107 zzz
j
z
k 1.
{
Pi+1 - Pi
0.25
0.0416667
0.00122549
1.06195 10-6
Solucin
b)
Clear@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ecuaciones = 8 4 x1 x2 + x3 x1 x4 , x1 + 3 x2 2 x3 x2 x4 ,
x1 2 x2 + 3 x3 x3 x4 , x21 + x22 + x23 1 <;
p = 81.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0<;
m = 10;
d = 10.5 ;
newtonSistemasNoLineal@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
134
ij x1H0L yz
jj
z i 1. zy
jj H0L zzz jjj
jj x2 zz jj -1. zzzz
j
z
zz
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jjjj
jj x zz jj 1. zzzz
jj 3 zz jj
zz
jj
z
j H0L zz k 1. {
k x4 {
yz ij 0 yz
zz jj zz
zz jj 0 zz
zz jj zz
zz = jj zz
zz jj 0 zz
zz jj zz
z
{ k0 {
ij 4 - x4
jj
jj -1
J Hx1 , x2 , x3 , x4 L = jjjj
jj 1
jj
k 2 x1
-1
3 - x4
-2
2 x2
1
-2
3 - x4
2 x3
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
-x1
-x2
-x3
0
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
{
Iteracin i = 0.
ij x1H0L yz
1.00000 y
jj
z
z
jj H0L zzz ijjj
jj x2 zz jj -1.00000 zzzz
jj
zz jj
zz
P0 = jj H0L zz = jj
jj x zz jj 1.00000 zzzz
jj 3 zz jj
zz
jj
z
j H0L zz k 1.00000 {
k x4 {
ij 5.00000 yz
jj
z
jj -5.00000 zzz
zz
F HP0 L = jjjj
zz
jjj 5.00000 zzz
j
z
k 2.00000 {
ij 3.00000
jj
jj -1.00000
J HP0 L = jjjj
jjj 1.00000
j
k 2.00000
-1.00000
2.00000
-2.00000
-2.00000
135
1.00000
-2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
-1.00000 y
zz
1.00000 zzzz
zz
-1.00000 zzzz
z
0
{
-1.00000
2.00000
-2.00000
-2.00000
1.00000
-2.00000
2.00000
2.00000
yz ij -0.333333 yz
zz jj
zz jj 0.333333 zzzz
zz = jj
zz
zz jj
zz jj -0.333333 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z
{
{ k 3.33333
-1.00000 y ij Dx1
zz j
1.00000 zzzz jjjj Dx2
zz.jj
-1.00000 zzzz jjjj Dx3
z jj
0
{ k Dx4
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
ij 1. yz ij -0.333333 yz ij 0.666667 yz
jj
z j
z j
z
jj -1. zzz jjj 0.333333 zzz jjj -0.666667 zzz
zz + jj
zz = jj
zz
P1 = jjjj
zz jj
zz jj
zz
jjj 1. zzz jjj -0.333333 zzz jjj 0.666667 zzz
j
z j
z j
z
k 1. { k 3.33333
{ k 4.33333
{
Iteracin i = 1.
ij x1H1L yz
0.666667 y
z
jj
zz
jj H1L zzz ijjj
jjj x2 zzz jjj -0.666667 zzzz
z
P1 = jjj H1L zzz = jjj
jj x zz jj 0.666667 zzzz
jj 3 zz jj
zz
jj
z
j H1L zz k 4.33333
{
k x4 {
ij 1.11111 yz
jj
z
jj -1.11111 zzz
j
j
zzz
F HP1 L = jj
jj 1.11111 zzz
jj
zz
k 0.333333 {
ij -0.333333
jj
jj -1.00000
J HP1 L = jjjj
jj 1.00000
jj
k 1.33333
-1.00000
-1.33333
-2.00000
-1.33333
136
1.00000
-2.00000
-1.33333
1.33333
-0.666667 y
zz
0.666667 zzzz
zz
-0.666667 zzzz
z
0
{
-1.00000
-1.33333
-2.00000
-1.33333
1.00000
-2.00000
-1.33333
1.33333
yz ij -0.0833333 yz
zz jj
zz jj 0.0833333 zzzz
zz = jj
zz
zz jj
zz jj -0.0833333 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z
{
{ k 1.45833
-0.666667 y ij Dx1
zz j
0.666667 zzzz jjjj Dx2
zz.jj
-0.666667 zzzz jjjj Dx3
z jj
0
{ k Dx4
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Iteracin i = 2.
ij x1H2L yz
0.583333 y
z
jj
zz
jj H2L zzz ijjj
jjj x2 zzz jjj -0.583333 zzzz
z
P2 = jjj H2L zzz = jjj
jj x zz jj 0.583333 zzzz
jj 3 zz jj
zz
jj
z
j H2L zz k 5.79167
{
k x4 {
ij 0.121528 yz
jj
z
jj -0.121528 zzz
j
j
zzz
F HP2 L = jj
jj 0.121528 zzz
jj
zz
k 0.0208333 {
ij -1.79167
jj
jj -1.00000
J HP2 L = jjjj
jj 1.00000
jj
k 1.16667
-1.00000
-2.79167
-2.00000
-1.16667
137
1.00000
-2.00000
-2.79167
1.16667
-0.583333 y
zz
0.583333 zzzz
zz
-0.583333 zzzz
z
0
{
-1.00000
-2.79167
-2.00000
-1.16667
1.00000
-2.00000
-2.79167
1.16667
yz ij -0.00595238 yz
zz jj
zz jj 0.00595238 zzzz
zz = jj
zz
zz jj
zz jj -0.00595238 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z
{
{ k 0.206207
-0.583333 y ij Dx1
zz j
0.583333 zzzz jjjj Dx2
zz.jj
-0.583333 zzzz jjjj Dx3
z jj
0
{ k Dx4
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Iteracin i = 3.
ij x1H3L yz
0.577381 y
z
jj
zz
jj H3L zzz ijjj
jjj x2 zzz jjj -0.577381 zzzz
z
P3 = jjj H3L zzz = jjj
jj x zz jj 0.577381 zzzz
jj 3 zz jj
zz
jj
z
j H3L zz k 5.99787
{
k x4 {
ij 0.00122743 yz
jj
z
jj -0.00122743 zzz
j
j
zzz
F HP3 L = jj
jj 0.00122743 zzz
jj
zz
k 0.000106293 {
ij -1.99787
jj
jj -1.00000
J HP3 L = jjjj
jj 1.00000
jj
k 1.15476
-1.00000
-2.99787
-2.00000
-1.15476
138
1.00000
-2.00000
-2.99787
1.15476
-0.577381 y
zz
0.577381 zzzz
zz
-0.577381 zzzz
z
0
{
-1.00000
-2.99787
-2.00000
-1.15476
1.00000
-2.00000
-2.99787
1.15476
yz ij -0.0000306824 yz
zz jj
zz jj 0.0000306824 zzzz
zz = jj
zz
zz jj
zz jj -0.0000306824 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z
{
{ k 0.00212574
-0.577381 y ij Dx1
zz j
0.577381 zzzz jjjj Dx2
zz.jj
-0.577381 zzzz jjjj Dx3
z jj
0
{ k Dx4
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Iteracin i = 4.
ij x1H4L yz
z i 0.577350 yz
jj
jj H4L zzz jjj
z
jjj x2 zzz jjj -0.577350 zzzz
j
z
z
P4 = jj
z=j
jj x H4L zzz jjjj 0.577350 zzzz
jj 3 zz jj
zz
jj
zz
6.00000
H4L
k
{
k x4 {
-8
jij 6.52227 10
jj
jj -6.52227 10-8
j
F HP4 L = jjjj
-8
jjj 6.52227 10
jj
-9
k 2.82422 10
ij -2.00000
jj
jj -1.00000
J HP4 L = jjjj
jjj 1.00000
j
k 1.15470
zyz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
{
-1.00000
-3.00000
-2.00000
-1.15470
139
1.00000
-2.00000
-3.00000
1.15470
-0.577350 y
zz
0.577350 zzzz
zz
-0.577350 zzzz
z
0
{
-1.00000
-3.00000
-2.00000
-1.15470
1.00000
-2.00000
-3.00000
1.15470
-10
yz
yz ijjj -8.15283 10
zz
zz jj
zz jj 8.15283 10-10 zzzz
zz = jj
zz
zz jj
zz jj -8.15283 10-10 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z j
z
{ k 1.12969 10-7 {
-0.577350 y ij Dx1
zz j
0.577350 zzzz jjjj Dx2
zz.jj
-0.577350 zzzz jjjj Dx3
z jj
0
{ k Dx4
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
-10
yz i 0.57735 y
ij 0.57735 zy jjji -8.15283 10
zz jj
zz
jj
zz jj
zz jj
-10
jj -0.57735 zz jj 8.15283 10
zz jj -0.57735 zzzz
j
z
zz = jj
zz + jj
zz
P5 = jjj
jj 0.57735 zzz jjjj -8.15283 10-10 zzzz jjj 0.57735 zzz
jj
zz jj
j
zz
zz j
j
z
k 6.
{ k 1.12969 10-7 { k 6.
{
Tabla de datos.
140
Pi
ij 1. yz
jj
z
jj -1. zzz
jj
zz
jj
z
jj 1. zzz
jj
zz
k 1. {
ij 0.666667 yz
jj
zz
jjj -0.666667 zzz
jj
z
jj 0.666667 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 4.33333
{
0.583333
ij
yz
jj
zz
jjj -0.583333 zzz
z
jj
jj 0.583333 zzz
zz
jj
j
z
k 5.79167
{
0.577381
yz
ij
zz
jj
jjj -0.577381 zzz
z
jj
jj 0.577381 zzz
zz
jj
z
j
5.99787
{
k
i 0.57735 zy
jjj
z
jj -0.57735 zzz
zz
jjj
jj 0.57735 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
6.
k
{
ij Dx1
jj
jj Dx2
DP = jjjj
jjj Dx3
jj
k Dx4
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
ij -0.333333 yz
jj
z
jj 0.333333 zzz
jj
zz
jj
z
jj -0.333333 zzz
jj
zz
k 3.33333
{
ij -0.0833333 yz
jj
zz
jjj 0.0833333 zzz
jj
z
jj -0.0833333 zzz
jj
zz
z
j
k 1.45833
{
-0.00595238
ij
yz
jj
zz
jjj 0.00595238 zzz
jj
z
jj -0.00595238 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.206207
{
-0.0000306824
yz
ij
zz
jj
jjj 0.0000306824 zzz
z
jj
jj -0.0000306824 zzz
zz
jj
z
j
0.00212574
{
k
ij -8.15283 10-10 yz
jj
zz
jj
-10 z
zz
jjj 8.15283 10
zz
jj
z
jj -8.15283 10-10 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
-7
k 1.12969 10
{
Pi+1 = Pi + DP
ij 0.666667 yz
jj
z
jj -0.666667 zzz
jj
zz
jj
z
jj 0.666667 zzz
jj
zz
k 4.33333
{
ij 0.583333 yz
jj
zz
jjj -0.583333 zzz
jj
z
jj 0.583333 zzz
zz
jj
j
z
k 5.79167
{
0.577381
ij
yz
jj
zz
jjj -0.577381 zzz
jj
z
jj 0.577381 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 5.99787
{
0.57735
yz
ij
zz
jj
jjj -0.57735 zzz
z
jj
jj 0.57735 zzz
zz
jj
z
j
6.
{
k
ij 0.57735 zy
jj
z
jj -0.57735 zzz
jjj
zz
jj 0.57735 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
6.
k
{
Pi+1 - Pi
3.33333
1.45833
0.206207
0.00212574
1.12969 10-7
Solucin
c)
Clear@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ecuaciones = 8 4 x1 x2 + x3 x1 x4 , x1 + 3 x2 2 x3 x2 x4 ,
x1 2 x2 + 3 x3 x3 x4 , x21 + x22 + x23 1 <;
p = 81.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0<;
m = 10;
d = 10.5 ;
newtonSistemasNoLineal@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
141
ij x1H0L yz
jj
z i 1. y
jj H0L zzz jjj zzz
jj x2 zz jj 0. zz
j
z
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jjjj zzzz
jj x zz jj 0. zz
jj 3 zz jj zz
jj
z
j H0L zz k 1. {
x
k 4 {
yz ij 0 yz
zz jj zz
zz jj 0 zz
zz jj zz
zz = jj zz
zz jj 0 zz
zz jj zz
z
{ k0 {
ij 4 - x4
jj
jj -1
J Hx1 , x2 , x3 , x4 L = jjjj
jj 1
jj
k 2 x1
-1
3 - x4
-2
2 x2
1
-2
3 - x4
2 x3
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
-x1
-x2
-x3
0
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
{
Iteracin i = 0.
ij x1H0L yz
1.00000 y
jj
z
zz
jj H0L zzz ijjj
zz
jj x2 zz jj 0
zz
jj
zz jj
zz
P0 = jj H0L zz = jj
zz
jj x zz jj 0
zz
jj 3 zz jj
z
jj
zz
j H0L z k 1.00000 {
x
k 4 {
ij 3.00000 yz
jj
z
jj -1.00000 zzz
zz
F HP0 L = jjjj
zz
jjj 1.00000 zzz
j
z
k0
{
ij 3.00000
jj
jj -1.00000
J HP0 L = jjjj
jjj 1.00000
j
k 2.00000
-1.00000
2.00000
-2.00000
0
142
1.00000
-2.00000
2.00000
0
-1.00000 y
zz
zz
0
zz
zz
zz
0
zz
z
0
{
-1.00000
2.00000
-2.00000
0
1.00000
-2.00000
2.00000
0
yz ij -5.9848 10-17
zz jjj
zz jj 0.25
zz = jj
zz jj
zz jj -0.25
zz jj
z
{ k 2.5
-17
ij 1. zy jji -5.9848 10
jj zz jj
jj 0. zz jj 0.25
P1 = jjjj zzzz + jjj
jj 0. zz jjj -0.25
jj zz jj
k 1. { k 2.5
zzy
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
{
-1.00000 y ij Dx1
zz jj
zz jj D
0
zz jj x2
zz.jj
zz jj D
0
zz jj x3
zj
0
{ k Dx4
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
yz
zzy ijj 1.
z
zz jj
zz jj 0.25 zzzz
zz = jj
zz jj -0.25 zzzz
zz jj
zz
zz j
z
3.5
{
{ k
Iteracin i = 1.
ij x1H1L yz
1.0000
jj
z
yz
jj H1L zzz ijjj
jj x2 zz jj 0.250000 zzzz
j
z
zz
P1 = jjj H1L zzz = jjjj
jj x zz jj -0.250000 zzzz
jj 3 zz jj
zz
jj
z
j H1L zz k 3.50000
{
k x4 {
-16
zyz
jij -4.44089 10
zz
jj
jj -0.625000
zz
zz
F HP1 L = jjj
zz
jj 0.625000
zz
jjj
zz
k 0.125000
{
ij 0.500000
jj
jj -1.00000
J HP1 L = jjjj
jjj 1.00000
j
k 2.00000
-1.00000
-0.500000
-2.00000
0.500000
143
1.00000
-2.00000
-0.500000
-0.500000
-1.0000 y
zz
-0.250000 zzzz
zz
0.250000 zzzz
z
0
{
-1.00000
-0.500000
-2.00000
0.500000
1.00000
-2.00000
-0.500000
-0.500000
yz ij -0.170732 yz
zz jj
zz jj 0.216463 zzzz
zz = jj
zz
zz jj
zz jj -0.216463 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z
{ k -0.518293 {
-1.0000 y ij Dx1
zz j
-0.250000 zzzz jjjj Dx2
zz.jj
0.250000 zzzz jjjj Dx3
z jj
0
{ k Dx4
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
ij 1.
yz ji -0.170732 yz ij 0.829268 yz
jj
z j
z j
z
jj 0.25 zzz jjj 0.216463 zzz jjj 0.466463 zzz
zz + jj
zz = jj
zz
P2 = jjjj
zz jj
zz jj
zz
jjj -0.25 zzz jjj -0.216463 zzz jjj -0.466463 zzz
j
z j
z j
z
k 3.5
{ k -0.518293 { k 2.98171
{
Iteracin i = 2.
ij x1H2L yz
0.829268 y
z
jj
zz
jj H2L zzz ijjj
jjj x2 zzz jjj 0.466463 zzzz
z
P2 = jjj H2L zzz = jjj
jj x zz jj -0.466463 zzzz
jj 3 zz jj
zz
jj
z
j H2L zz k 2.98171
{
k x4 {
ij -0.0884890 yz
jj
zz
jj 0.112191
zz
j
j
zzz
F HP2 L = jj
jj -0.112191 zzz
jj
zz
k 0.122862
{
ij 1.01829
jj
jj -1.00000
J HP2 L = jjjj
jj 1.00000
jj
k 1.65854
-1.00000
0.0182927
-2.00000
0.932927
144
1.00000
-2.00000
0.0182927
-0.932927
-0.829268 y
zz
-0.466463 zzzz
zz
0.466463 zzzz
z
0
{
-1.00000
0.0182927
-2.00000
0.932927
1.00000
-2.00000
0.0182927
-0.932927
yz ij -0.0103077 yz
zz jj
zz jj -0.0566853 zzzz
zz = jj
zz
zz jj
zz jj 0.0566853 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z
{ k 0.0173469 {
-0.829268 y ij Dx1
zz j
-0.466463 zzzz jjjj Dx2
zz.jj
0.466463 zzzz jjjj Dx3
z jj
0
{ k Dx4
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Iteracin i = 3.
ij x1H3L yz
0.818961 y
z
jj
zz
jj H3L zzz ijjj
jjj x2 zzz jjj 0.409778 zzzz
z
P3 = jjj H3L zzz = jjj
jj x zz jj -0.409778 zzzz
jj 3 zz jj
zz
jj
z
j H3L zz k 2.99905
{
k x4 {
ij 0.000178807 yz
jj
z
jj 0.000983313 zzz
j
zz
j
F HP3 L = jj
z
jj -0.000983313 zzz
jj
zz
k 0.00653269
{
ij 1.00095
jj
jj -1.00000
J HP3 L = jjjj
jj 1.00000
jj
k 1.63792
-1.00000
0.000945783
-2.00000
0.819556
145
1.00000
-2.00000
0.000945783
-0.819556
-0.818961 y
zz
-0.409778 zzzz
zz
0.409778 zzzz
z
0
{
-1.00000
0.000945783
-2.00000
0.819556
1.00000
-2.00000
0.000945783
-0.819556
yz ij -0.00245967 yz
zz jj
zz jj -0.00152762 zzzz
zz = jj
zz
zz jj
zz jj 0.00152762 zzzz
zz jj
zz
z
{ k 0.000942714 {
-0.818961 y ij Dx1
zz j
-0.409778 zzzz jjjj Dx2
zz.jj
0.409778 zzzz jjjj Dx3
z jj
0
{ k Dx4
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Iteracin i = 4.
ij x1H4L yz
z i 0.816501 yz
jj
jj H4L zzz jjj
z
jjj x2 zzz jjj 0.408251 zzzz
j
z
z
P4 = jj
z=j
jj x H4L zzz jjjj -0.408251 zzzz
jj 3 zz jj
zz
jj
zz
3.00000
H4L
k
{
k x4 {
-6
jij 2.31877 10
jj
jj 1.44011 10-6
F HP4 L = jjjj
jj -1.44011 10-6
jj
jj
k 0.0000107172
ij 1.00000
jj
jj -1.00000
j
J HP4 L = jjjj
jjj 1.00000
jj
k 1.63300
zyz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
{
-1.00000
3.06909 10
-2.00000
0.816501
146
1.00000
-6
-2.00000
3.06909 10-6
-0.816501
-0.816501 y
zz
z
-0.408251 zzzz
zz
0.408251 zzzz
zz
0
{
-1.00000
1.00000
3.06909 10
-6
-2.00000
3.06909 10-6
-0.816501
-2.00000
0.816501
-6
yz ijjj -4.31288 10
zz jj
zz jj -2.25001 10-6
zz = jj
zz jj
zz jj 2.25001 10-6
zz jj
z j
{ k 3.06908 10-6
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
-6
ij 0.816501 yz ijjj -4.31288 10
jj
z
jj 0.408251 zzz jjjj -2.25001 10-6
zz + jj
P5 = jjjj
z
jj -0.408251 zzz jjjj 2.25001 10-6
jj
zz jj
j
k 3.
{ k 3.06908 10-6
Tabla de datos.
147
-0.816501 y i Dx1
zz jj
z
-0.408251 zzzz jjjj Dx2
zz.jjj
0.408251 zzzz jjjj Dx3
zz j
0
{ k Dx4
yz i 0.816497 y
zz jj
zz
zz jj
zz jj 0.408248 zzzz
zz = jj
zz jj -0.408248 zzzz
zz jj
zzz
zz j
z
3.
k
{
{
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Pi
ij 1. yz
jj zz
jj 0. zz
jj zz
jj zz
jj 0. zz
jj zz
k 1. {
ij 1.
zyz
jj
jj 0.25 zzz
jj
zz
z
jj
jj -0.25 zzz
zz
jj
k 3.5
{
ij 0.829268 yz
jj
z
jj 0.466463 zzz
jj
zz
z
jj
jj -0.466463 zzz
jj
zz
{
k 2.98171
ij 0.818961 yz
z
jj
jj 0.409778 zzz
zz
jj
jj
z
jj -0.409778 zzz
zz
jj
{
k 2.99905
ij 0.816501 yz
jj
z
jj 0.408251 zzz
jj
zz
jj
z
jj -0.408251 zzz
jj
zz
k 3.
{
ij Dx1
jj
jj Dx2
DP = jjjj
jjj Dx3
jj
k Dx4
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
ij -5.9848 10-17 yz
jj
zz
jj 0.25
zz
jj
zz
jj
zz
jj -0.25
zz
jj
zz
j
z
2.5
k
{
-0.170732
jij
zy
jj 0.216463 zzz
jj
zz
z
jj
jj -0.216463 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.518293
k
{
ij -0.0103077 yz
jj
z
jj -0.0566853 zzz
zz
jjj
jj 0.0566853 zzz
jjj
zzz
k 0.0173469 {
ij -0.00245967 yz
z
jj
jj -0.00152762 zzz
zz
jj
jj
z
jj 0.00152762 zzz
zz
jj
k 0.000942714 {
ij -4.31288 10-6
jj
jj
jj -2.25001 10-6
jj
jj
jj 2.25001 10-6
jj
j
-6
k 3.06908 10
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
148
Pi+1 = Pi + DP
Pi+1 - Pi
yz
ij 1.
jj
z
jj 0.25 zzz
jj
zz
jj
z
jj -0.25 zzz
jj
zz
k 3.5
{
2.5
0.829268 y
jij
z
jj 0.466463 zzz
jj
zz
jj
z
jj -0.466463 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
2.98171
{
k
ij 0.818961 yz
jj
z
jj 0.409778 zzz
zz
jjj
jj -0.409778 zzz
jjj
zzz
{
k 2.99905
ij 0.816501 yz
z
jj
jj 0.408251 zzz
zz
jj
jj
z
jj -0.408251 zzz
zz
jj
{
k 3.
ij 0.816497 yz
jj
z
jj 0.408248 zzz
jj
zz
jj
z
jj -0.408248 zzz
jj
zz
k 3.
{
0.518293
0.0566853
0.00245967
4.31288 10-6
ecuaciones no lineales est en el hecho de que, en cada iteracin, es necesario calcular una
matriz jacobiana y resolver un sistema de n ecuaciones con n incgnitas con dicha matriz.
Para ejemplificar la importancia de esta debilidad, se consideran la cantidad de clculos
necesarios para llevar a cabo una sola iteracin del mtodo de Newton. La matriz jacobiana
asociada a un sistema de n ecuaciones no lineales escritas de la forma FHxL = 0 , requiere
que se determinen y evaluen las n2 derivadas parciales de las componentes de F. En la
mayora de las situaciones la evaluacin exacta de las derivadas parciales resulta complicada
y, en muchas aplicaciones, imposible.
(19)
149
(20)
Una desventaja aadida de los mtodos actualizacin de secante con cambio mnimo
es que, a diferencia del mtodo de Newton, no se corriguen a si mismos. En el mtodo de
Newton, por ejemplo, generalmente los errores de redondeo se van corrigiendo en las
sucesivas iteraciones, lo que no ocurre con este mtodo salvo que se incorporen medidas
150
especiales de correcin.
Suponiendo que se se dispone de una aproximacin inicial pH0L a la solucin p de
F(x) = 0. La siguiente aproximacin pH1L se calcula como en el mtodo de Newton o, si es
dificil de determinar exactamente J( pH0L ), se utilizarn las ecuaciones de diferencias dadas
por (19) para aproximar las derivadas parciales. Sin embargo, para calcular pH2L se procede
de manera diferente al mtodo de Newton examinando el mtodo de la Secante para una sola
ecuacin. En el mtodo de la Secante se utiliza la aproximacin
f H p1 L - f H p0 L
f H p1 L
p1 - p0
(21)
(22)
151
(23)
Esta condicin especifica que ningn vector ortogonal a pH1L - pH0L se ve afectado
por la sustitucin de J H pH0L L, la matriz que se utiliz para calcular pH1L , por la matriz A1 con
la que se va a determinar pH2L .
.
pH1L - pH0L 22
t
H0L
(24)
Esta matriz es la que se usa en lugar de J H pH1L L para determinar pH2L como:
pH2L = pH1L - A1 -1 FH pH1L L .
(25)
Una vez que se ha determinado pH2L , se repite el procedimiento para determinar pH3L ,
utilizando A1 en lugar de A0 JH pH0L L y con pH2L y pH1L en lugar de pH1L y pH0L ,
(26)
(27)
se introduce en las
152
Ai yi = -F H pHiL L.
(28)
-1
-1
yi - Ai-1 si t yz-1
ij
= j Ai-1 +
si z
si 22
k
{
=
A-1
i-1
yi - Ai-1 si
A-1
si t M A-1
i-1 I
i-1
si 22
-
yi - Ai-1 si
1 + sti A-1
2 M
i-1 I
s
i 2
t -1
HA-1
i-1 yi - si L si Ai-1
= A-1
2
i-1
si 22 + sti A-1
i-1 yi - si 2
(29)
t -1
H si - A-1
i-1 yi L si Ai-1
= A-1
i-1 -
sti A-1
i-1 yi
153
6.2 Pseudocdigo
Algoritmo 5. Mtodo de Cuasi - Newton para sistemas no lineales
El pseudocdigo del algoritmo que resuelve un sistema de ecuaciones no lineales de
n ecuaciones con n incognitas mediante el mtodo de Cuasi - Newton es:
Algoritmo Cuasi - Newton
Input I8f Hx1 , ..., xn L<1 n , H x1H0L x2H0L ... xnH0L L , n, errorM
T
H0L
H0L
H0L
jij f1 H p1 , p2 , ..., pn L zyz
jj
z
jj f H pH0L , pH0L , ..., pH0L L zzz
jj 2 1
zz
n
2
zz
f_valor jj
jj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
zz
jj
zz
jj
z
H0L
H0L
H0L z
fn H p1 , p2 , ..., pn L {
k
f1
f1
f1
ij
HxL
HxL yzz
x2
xn
jj x1 HxL
zz
jj
zz
jj f2
f2
f2
jj
HxL
HxL
HxL zzzz
x1
x2
xn
j
zz
J HxL = jj
... ....
jj ...
...
... zzzz
jj
jj
zz
jj fn
zz
fn
fn
HxL
HxL
HxL
x2
xn
k x1
{
Hx Hx1 , ..., xn LL
A y J (xL-1
s y A . f_valor
p_sig p - s
p y p_sig
error p_sig - p
For k = 2, ..., n do
H* Se evala la funcin F *L
w y f_valor
ij f1 H p1Hk-1L , p2Hk-1L , ..., pnHk-1L L yz
jj
zz
jj
z
jj f2 H p1Hk-1L , p2Hk-1L , ..., pnHk-1L L zzz
zz
f_valor jjj
zz
jj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
zz
jj
zz
jj
Hk-1L
Hk-1L
Hk-1L z
f
H
,
...,
p
L
p
,
p
n
n
k
{
1
2
y y f_valor - w
s y -A.w
154
6.3 Problemas
Problema 21. Sea el sistema no lineal de ecuaciones siguiente:
f1 Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = 3 x1 - cosHx2 x3 L - 1 2 = 0,
f2 Hx1 , x2,x3 L = x21 - 81 Hx2 + 0.1L2 + sen x3 + 1.06 = 0,
f3 Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = e-x1 x2 + 20 x3 + H10 p - 3L 3 = 0.
Mediante el mtodo de Cuasi Newton calclese la aproximacin de la solucin,
comenzando en el punto inicial
H0L H0L T
T
P0 = IxH0L
1 , x2 , x3 M = H0.1, 0.1, -0.1L
-5
e iterando hasta que Pi+1 - Pi 10 .
Solucin
Clear@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ecuaciones = 83 x1 Cos@x2 x3 D 1 2,
x21 81 Hx2 + 0.1L2 + Sin@x3 D + 1.06,
Exp@x1 x2 D + 20 x3 + H10 Pi 3L 3
<;
p = 80.1, 0.1, 0.1<;
m = 12;
d = 10.5 ;
cuasinewtonSistemasNoLineal@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
155
H-3
+
10
pL
3
{
k
3
ij x1H0L yz i 0.1 y
jj
zz jj
zz
j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 0.1 zzzz
z
jj
z j
j H0L zz jk -0.1 z{
x
k 3 {
La matriz jacobiana es:
ij 3
j
J Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = jjjj 2 x1
jj -x x
k - 1 2 x2
sinHx2 x3 L x3
sinHx2 x3 L x2
-162 Hx2 + 0.1L cosHx3 L
--x1 x2 x1
20
Iteracin i = 0
ij -1.1999500 yz
j
z
F HP0 L = jjjj -2.2698334 zzzz
jj
zz
k 8.4620253 {
A0
-1
0.333333
0.0000102385 0.000016157 y
jij
zz
j
j
0.00153584 zzzz
= jj 0.00210861 -0.0308688
jj
zz
k 0.00166052 -0.000152758 0.0500077
{
Clculo de P1 .
P1 = P0 - A0 -1 * F HP0 L
0.10000000 y i -0.39986967 y
jij
zz jj
zz
j
j
P1 = jj 0.10000000 zzzz - jjjj 0.080533151 zzzz
jj
zz jj
zz
k -0.10000000 { k 0.42152047 {
ij 0.49986967 yz
j
z
P1 = jjjj 0.019466849 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.52152047 {
156
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Iteracin i = 1.
ij -0.00033944646 yz
j
zz
zz
F HP1 L = jjjj -0.34438793
jj
zzz
k 0.031882378
{
ij 1.1996106 yz
j
z
y1 = F HP1 L - F HP0 L = jjjj 1.9254455 zzzz
jj
zz
k -8.4301430 {
ij 0.39986967
yz
j
z
s1 = P1 - P0 = jjjj -0.080533151 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.42152047 {
ij 0.33337810
0.000011104966
jj
j
A1 = jjj -0.0020207098 -0.030948482
j
-0.00016503843
k 0.0010238994
Clculo de P2 .
8.9673439 10-6
0.0021968158
0.050109587
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
P2 = P1 - A1 * F HP1 L
ij 0.49986967 yz ij -0.00011670253 yz
j
z j
zz
zz
P2 = jjjj 0.019466849 zzzz - jjjj 0.010729009
zz
jj
zz jj
z
k -0.52152047 { k 0.0016541025
{
ij 0.49998638 yz
j
z
P2 = jjjj 0.0087378393 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.52317457 {
Iteracin i = 2.
ij -0.000030424728 yz
j
zz
zz
F HP2 L = jjjj -0.14738354
zz
jj
z
k 0.0041247527
{
ij 0.00030902173 yz
j
zz
zz
y2 = F HP2 L - F HP1 L = jjjj 0.19700438
zz
jj
z
-0.027757625
k
{
ij 0.00011670253 yz
j
z
s2 = P2 - P1 = jjjj -0.010729009 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.0016541025 {
ij 0.33338820
0.000068121639 -9.2972649 10-6
jj
A2 = jjjj -0.0059534545 -0.053140268
0.0093056886
j
0.050468859
k 0.00082514415 -0.0012865794
157
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Clculo de P3 .
P3 = P2 - A2 * F HP2 L
ij 0.49998638 yz ij -0.000020221603 yz
j
z j
zz
zz
P3 = jjjj 0.0087378393 zzzz - jjjj 0.0078705657
zz
jj
zz jj
z
k -0.52317457 { k 0.00039776709
{
ij 0.50000660
yz
j
z
P3 = jjjj 0.00086727356 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.52357234 {
Iteracin i = 3.
0.000019894274 y
jij
zz
j
j
F HP3 L = jj -0.014081267 zzzz
jj
zz
k 0.000095133748 {
ij 0.000050319003 yz
j
zz
zz
y3 = F HP3 L - F HP2 L = jjjj 0.13330228
zz
jj
z
k -0.0040296189 {
ij 0.000020221603 yz
j
z
s3 = P3 - P2 = jjjj -0.0078705657 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.00039776709 {
P4 = P3 - A3 * F HP3 L
-6
ij 0.50000660
yz ijj 6.2683424 10 yzz
jj
zz jj
z
P4 = jjj 0.00086727356 zzz - jjj 0.00082774528 zzzz
jj
zz j
z
k -0.52357234 { k 0.000025343892 {
ij 0.50000033
yz
j
z
P4 = jjjj 0.000039528275 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.52359769
{
158
zyz
zz
zz
zz
{
Iteracin i = 4.
-7
jij 9.8636682 10 zyz
jj
z
F HP4 L = jjj -0.00063921175 zzzz
jj
z
-6 z
k 2.0404339 10 {
ij -0.000018907908 yz
j
zz
zz
y4 = F HP4 L - F HP3 L = jjjj 0.013442055
zz
jj
z
k -0.000093093314 {
ij -6.2683424 10-6 yz
jj
zz
s4 = P4 - P3 = jjjj -0.00082774528 zzzz
j
z
k -0.000025343892 {
ij 0.33338120
2.6524561 10-6 4.8972458 10-6
jj
A4 = jjjj -0.0068587733 -0.061511385
0.011123659
j
0.050522775
k 0.00079801933 -0.0015343986
Clculo de P5 .
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
P5 = P4 - A4 * F HP4 L
-7
ij 0.50000033
yz ijj 3.2715067 10 yzz
jj
zz jj
z
P5 = jjj 0.000039528275 zzz - jjj 0.000039334731 zzzz
jj
zz jj
zz
k -0.52359769
{ k 1.0846811 10-6 {
ij 0.50000000
yz
jj
zz
-7
j
P5 = jjj 1.9354398 10 zzzz
j
z
k -0.52359877
{
Iteracin i = 5.
ij 4.7006390 10-9 yz
jj
zz
j
z
F HP5 L = jjj -3.1290522 10-6 zzz
jj
zz
j
-8 z
1.3994331
10
k
{
ij -9.8166618 10-7 yz
jj
zz
zz
y5 = F HP5 L - F HP4 L = jjjj 0.00063608269
zz
jj
z
-6 z
k -2.0264396 10 {
-7
jij -3.2715067 10 zyz
jj
z
s5 = P5 - P4 = jjj -0.000039334731 zzzz
z
jj
-6 z
k -1.0846811 10 {
ij 0.33338104
2.0305293 10-7 5.3953303 10-6
jj
A5 = jjjj -0.0068787533 -0.061814004
0.011185196
j
0.050524536
k 0.00079744751 -0.0015430594
159
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Clculo de P6 .
P6 = P5 - A5 * F HP5 L
-9
ij 0.50000000
yz jij 1.5665441 10 zyz
jj
z
j
zz
z
j
P6 = jjjj 1.9354398 10-7 zzzz - jjj 1.9354344 10-7 zzz
j
zz
j
z jj
z
k -0.52359877
{ k 5.5391192 10-9 {
ij 0.50000000
jj
P6 = jjjj 5.3466189 10-13
j
k -0.52359878
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Tabla de datos.
i
0
F HPi L
-1.1999500
ij
yz
jj
z
jj -2.2698334 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 8.4620253 {
Pi
0.10000000
ij
yz
jj
z
jj 0.10000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.10000000 {
ij 0.49986967 yz
jj
z
jj 0.019466849 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.52152047 {
ij -0.000339446 yz
jj
zz
jj -0.344388
zz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.0318824
{
ij 0.49998638 yz
jj
z
jj 0.0087378393 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.52317457 {
ij -0.00033944646 yz
jj
zz
jj -0.34438793
zz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.031882378
{
yz
ij 0.50000660
jj
z
jj 0.00086727356 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.52357234
k
{
ij 0.50000033
yz
z
jj
jj 0.000039528275 zzz
zzz
jjj
{
k -0.52359769
ij 0.50000000
yz
jj
z
jj 1.9354398 10-7 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.52359877
k
{
ij 0.50000000
jj
jj 5.3466189 10-13
jj
j
k -0.52359878
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
ij -0.000030424728 yz
zz
jj
jj -0.14738354
zz
zz
jj
j
z
0.0041247527
k
{
ij 0.000019894274 yz
jj
z
jj -0.014081267 zzz
jjj
zzz
k 0.000095133748 {
-7
jij 9.8636682 10 zyz
jj
z
jj -0.00063921175 zzz
jj
zz
j
-6 z
k 2.0404339 10 {
ij 4.7006390 10-9 yz
jj
zz
jj
z
jj -3.1290522 10-6 zzz
jj
zz
j
-8 z
1.3994331
10
k
{
Pi - Pi-1
0.42152
0.010729
0.00787057
0.000827745
0.0000393347
1.93543 10-7
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
160
P0 =
IxH0L
1 ,
Solucin
Clear@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ecuaciones = 84 x21 20 x1 + 1 4 x22 + 8, 1 2 x1 x22 + 2 x1 5 x2 + 8<;
p = 80., 0.<;
m = 12;
d = 10.5 ;
cuasinewtonSistemasNoLineal@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ij x1H0L yz i 0. y
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj zz
k x2 { k 0. {
La matriz jacobiana es:
x
ij 8 x1 - 20 22
j
J Hx1 , x2 L = jjj x 2
2
x1 x2 - 5
k 2 + 2
yz
zz
zz
{
Iteracin i = 0
i 8.0000000 yz
z
F HP0 L = jj
k 8.0000000 {
i -0.05 0.
yz
z
A0 -1 = jj
-0.02
-0.2
k
{
P1 = P0 - A0 -1 * F HP0 L
i 0 y i -0.40000000 zy
z
P1 = jj zz - jj
k 0 { k -1.7600000 {
i 0.40000000 yz
z
P1 = jj
k 1.7600000 {
Clculo de P1 .
Iteracin i = 1.
i 1.4144000 zy
z
F HP1 L = jj
k 0.61952000 {
H
161
i -0.051318185 -0.0084058166 yz
z
A1 = jj
k -0.022836782 -0.21808962
{
P2 = P1 - A1 * F HP1 L
i 0.40000000 yz ij -0.077792012 yz
z-j
z
P2 = jj
k 1.7600000 { k -0.16741123 {
Clculo de P2 .
i 0.47779201 yz
z
P2 = jj
k 1.9274112 {
Iteracin i = 2.
i 0.28602909 zy
z
F HP2 L = jj
k 0.20600602 {
i -1.1283709 yz
z
y2 = F HP2 L - F HP1 L = jj
k -0.41351398 {
i 0.077792012 yz
z
s2 = P2 - P1 = jj
k 0.16741123 {
i -0.056620702 -0.033621257 yz
z
A2 = jj
k -0.039464683 -0.29716148 {
P3 = P2 - A2 * F HP2 L
0.47779201
i
yz ij -0.023121349 yz
z-j
z
P3 = jj
k 1.9274112 { k -0.072505101 {
Clculo de P3 .
i 0.50091336 yz
z
P3 = jj
k 1.9999163 {
Iteracin i = 3.
i -0.014694116 yz
z
F HP3 L = jj
k 0.0039879863 {
i -0.30072321 yz
z
y3 = F HP3 L - F HP2 L = jj
k -0.20201803 {
i 0.023121349 yz
z
s3 = P3 - P2 = jj
k 0.072505101 {
i -0.056115716 -0.030918285
A3 = jj
k -0.039902570 -0.29950530
162
yz
z
{
P4 = P3 - A3 * F HP3 L
i 0.50091336 yz ij 0.00070126913 yz
z-j
z
P4 = jj
k 1.9999163 { k -0.00060809004 {
Clculo de P4 .
i 0.50021209 yz
z
P4 = jj
k 2.0005244 {
Iteracin i = 4.
i -0.0028688097 zy
z
F HP4 L = jj
k -0.0012490081 {
i 0.011825306
yz
z
y4 = F HP4 L - F HP3 L = jj
-0.0052369944
k
{
i -0.00070126913 yz
z
s4 = P4 - P3 = jj
k 0.00060809004 {
i -0.059072114 0.00052001246 yz
z
A4 = jj
k -0.047138803 -0.22255529
{
P5 = P4 - A4 * F HP4 L
i 0.50021209 yz ij 0.00016881715 zy
z-j
z
P5 = jj
k 2.0005244 { k 0.00041320562 {
Clculo de P5 .
i 0.50004328 yz
z
P5 = jj
k 2.0001112 {
Iteracin i = 5.
i -0.00058117897 yz
z
F HP5 L = jj
k -0.00027173274 {
i 0.0022876307 zy
z
y5 = F HP5 L - F HP4 L = jj
k 0.00097727535 {
i -0.00016881715 yz
z
s5 = P5 - P4 = jj
k -0.00041320562 {
i -0.065479166 -0.019467391
A5 = jj
k -0.063605474 -0.27392462
yz
z
{
P6 = P5 - A5 * F HP5 L
0.50004328
i
yz ij 0.000043345042 yz
z-j
z
P6 = jj
k 2.0001112 { k 0.00011140045 {
Clculo de P6 .
i 0.49999993 zy
z
P6 = jj
k 1.9999998 {
Iteracin i = 6.
i 9.3066080 10-7 yz
zz
F HP6 L = jjjj
-7 z
k 4.7618543 10 {
H
163
i -0.065430487 -0.019313566 yz
z
A6 = jj
k -0.063473992 -0.27350915 {
Clculo de P7 .
P7 = P6 - A6 * F HP6 L
-8
i 0.49999993 yz ijj -7.0090428 10 yzz
z - jj
P7 = jj
zz
k 1.9999998 { k -1.8931383 10-7 {
i 0.50000000 yz
z
P7 = jj
k 2.0000000 {
Tabla de datos.
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Pi
ij 0 yz
j z
k0 {
ij 0.40000000 yz
j
z
k 1.7600000 {
ij 0.47779201 yz
j
z
k 1.9274112 {
ij 0.50091336 yz
j
z
k 1.9999163 {
ij 0.50021209 yz
j
z
k 2.0005244 {
ij 0.50004328 yz
z
j
k 2.0001112 {
0.49999993 y
jji
zz
k 1.9999998 {
ij 0.50000000 yz
j
z
k 2.0000000 {
F HPi L
ij 8.0000000 yz
j
z
k 8.0000000 {
ij 1.4144 yz
j
z
k 0.61952 {
ij 1.4144000 yz
j
z
k 0.61952000 {
ij 0.28602909 yz
j
z
k 0.20600602 {
ij -0.014694116 yz
j
z
k 0.0039879863 {
ij -0.0028688097 yz
j
z
k -0.0012490081 {
ij -0.00058117897 yz
j
z
k -0.00027173274 {
ij 9.3066080 10-7 yz
jj
zz
j
-7 z
4.7618543
10
k
{
164
Pi - Pi-1
1.76
0.167411
0.0725051
0.000701269
0.000413206
0.0001114
1.89314 10-7
H0L
jij x1 zyz ij -1. yz
jj
zz j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj -2. zzzz
j
z
jj
z
j H0L zz jk 1 z{
k x3 {
ij 3 x12 + 2 x2 x1 - x3
jj
J Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = jjjj x1
j
k -2 x3
x12
x2
2 x2
yz
zz
zz
-1
zz
z
-2 x1 {
-x1
Iteracin i = 0
ij 4.0000000
yz
jj
zz
j
zz
-0.49678528
F HP0 L = jj
zz
jj
z
2.0000000
k
{
A0
-1
0.16714
jij
j
j
= jj -0.0566605
jj
k 0.0538193
0.268907
0.0508832 y
zz
-0.627449 -0.285394 zzzz
zz
-0.985991 -0.019905 {
165
Clculo de P1 .
P1 = P0 - A0 -1 * F HP0 L
ij -1.0000000 yz ij 0.63673833 yz
j
z j
z
P1 = jjjj -2.0000000 zzzz - jjjj -0.48572277 zzzz
jj
zz jj
zz
k 1.0000000 { k 0.66529279 {
ij -1.6367383 yz
j
z
P1 = jjjj -1.5142772 zzzz
jj
zz
k 0.33470721 {
Iteracin i = 1.
-1.8934664 y
jij
zz
j
j
F HP1 L = jj 0.079873675 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.61130823 {
ij -5.8934664 yz
j
z
y1 = F HP1 L - F HP0 L = jjjj 0.57665895 zzzz
jj
zz
k -2.6113082 {
ij -0.63673833 yz
j
z
s1 = P1 - P0 = jjjj 0.48572277 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.66529279 {
0.13063097
0.30761641
0.016948919 y
jij
zz
j
j
A1 = jj -0.030727708 -0.65494452 -0.26129036 zzzz
jj
zz
-0.96598994 -0.037438346 {
k 0.034955507
Clculo de P2 .
P2 = P1 - A1 * F HP1 L
-1.6367383 y i -0.23313592 y
jij
zz jj
zz
j
j
P2 = jj -1.5142772 zzzz - jjjj 0.16559801 zzzz
jj
zz jj
zz
k 0.33470721 { k -0.12045788 {
ij -1.4036024 yz
j
z
P2 = jjjj -1.6798752 zzzz
jj
zz
k 0.45516509 {
166
Iteracin i = 2.
ij 0.56411230
yz
jj
z
j
F HP2 L = jj -0.023057640 zzzz
jj
zz
k 0.099722438 {
ij 2.4575787
yz
j
z
y2 = F HP2 L - F HP1 L = jjjj -0.10293131 zzzz
jj
zz
k 0.71103067 {
ij 0.23313592 yz
j
z
s2 = P2 - P1 = jjjj -0.16559801 zzzz
jj
zz
k 0.12045788 {
0.27175067
-0.0070565193 y
ij 0.10828747
zz
jj
zz
j
A2 = jj -0.021471687 -0.64008677 -0.25134587
zz
jj
zz
0.022437366
-0.98608403
-0.050887600
k
{
Clculo de P3 .
P3 = P2 - A2 * F HP2 L
ij -1.4036024 yz ij 0.054116669 yz
j
z j
z
P3 = jjjj -1.6798752 zzzz - jjjj -0.022418375 zzzz
jj
zz jj
zz
k 0.45516509 { k 0.030319329 {
-1.4577191 y
jij
zz
j
j
P3 = jj -1.6574569 zzzz
jj
zz
k 0.42484576 {
....
....
Nota: Se han eliminado varias iteraciones. En la tabla final se pueden ver los resultados
167
Iteracin i = 6.
-0.000033783397 y
jij
zz
jj
z
F HP6 L = jjj 4.3150610 10-7 zzzz
jj
z
-6 z
k -9.9292832 10 {
ij -0.0010724581 yz
jj
zz
y6 = F HP6 L - F HP5 L = jjjj 6.0574834 10-6 zzzz
j
z
k -0.00043231324 {
ij -0.00012944703 yz
jj
zz
zz
s6 = P6 - P5 = jjjj 0.00015704500
zz
j
z
-6
-6.5087361
10
k
{
0.49488871
ij 0.10571545
jj
A6 = jjj -0.013434126 -1.0563685
jj
-1.0384105
k 0.025056559
Clculo de P7 .
0.044110192 y
zz
-0.34474168 zzzz
zz
-0.061653279 {
P7 = P6 - A6 * F HP6 L
-6
ij -1.4560465 yz ijj -3.7958620 10 yzz
zz
jj
zz jjj
P7 = jjj -1.6642271 zzz - jj 3.4210587 10-6 zzz
zz
jj
zz jjj
z
k 0.42249274 { k -6.8240327 10-7 {
ij -1.4560427 yz
j
z
P7 = jjjj -1.6642305 zzzz
jj
zz
k 0.42249343 {
Iteracin i = 7.
ij 8.9224981 10-7 yz
zz
jj
z
j
F HP7 L = jjj -1.3598257 10-8 zzz
jj
zz
j
-7 z
k 2.3733420 10
{
ij 0.000034675647 yz
jj
zz
y7 = F HP7 L - F HP6 L = jjjj -4.4510435 10-7 zzzz
j
z
k 0.000010166617 {
ij 3.7958620 10-6 yz
jj
zz
j
z
s7 = P7 - P6 = jjj -3.4210587 10-6 zzz
jj
zz
j
-7 z
k 6.8240327 10
{
0.47766499
ij 0.10404363
jj
j
-0.012079802
-1.0424157
A7 = jj
jj
-1.0422473
k 0.024684143
168
0.039412566 y
zz
-0.34093616 zzzz
zz
-0.062699729 {
Clculo de P8 .
P8 = P7 - A7 * F HP7 L
-8
yz
ij -1.4560427 yz jij 9.5691449 10
zz
jj
zz jjj
z
-8
j
z
P8 = jj -1.6642305 zz - jj -7.7518975 10 zzz
zz
jj
zz jjj
z
k 0.42249343 { k 2.1316378 10-8 {
-1.4560428 y
jij
zz
j
j
P8 = jj -1.6642305 zzzz
jj
zz
k 0.42249340 {
Tabla de datos.
i
0
Pi
ij -1.0000000 yz
jj
z
jj -2.0000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
1.0000000
k
{
ij -1.6367383 yz
z
jj
jj -1.5142772 zzz
zz
jj
j
z
0.33470721
k
{
-1.4036024 y
jij
z
jj -1.6798752 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
0.45516509
k
{
-1.4577191
ij
yz
jj
z
jj -1.6574569 zzz
jjj
zzz
k 0.42484576 {
ij -1.4573983 yz
z
jj
jj -1.6619153 zzz
jj
zz
z
j
k 0.42271835 {
ij -1.4559170 yz
jj
z
jj -1.6643842 zzz
zz
jj
j
z
k 0.42249925 {
ij -1.4560465 yz
z
jj
jj -1.6642271 zzz
zzz
jjj
k 0.42249274 {
ij -1.4560427 yz
jj
z
jj -1.6642305 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
0.42249343
k
{
ij -1.4560428 yz
jj
z
jj -1.6642305 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.42249340 {
F HPi L
ij 4.0000000
yz
jj
z
jj -0.49678528 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
2.0000000
k
{
ij -1.89347 yz
jj
z
jj 0.0798737 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.611308
k
{
-1.8934664 y
jij
z
jj 0.079873675 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
-0.61130823
k
{
0.56411230
ij
yz
jj
z
jj -0.023057640 zzz
jjj
zzz
k 0.099722438 {
ij -0.00027155345 yz
jj
z
jj -0.0014560223 zzz
zz
jj
j
z
k -0.014225217
{
ij -0.0093840223 yz
z
jj
jj -0.00010193191 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.0058993987 {
ij 0.0010386747
yz
jj
z
jj -5.6259773 10-6 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.00042238396
{
-0.000033783397
ij
yz
jj
zz
jjj 4.3150610 10-7 zzz
jj
zz
j
-6 z
k -9.9292832 10 {
ij 8.9224981 10-7 yz
jj
zz
jj
z
jj -1.3598257 10-8 zzz
jj
zz
j
-7 z
2.3733420
10
k
{
169
Pi - Pi-1
0.665293
0.233136
0.0541167
0.00445848
0.00246883
0.000157045
3.79586 10-6
9.56914 10-8
Solucin
Clear@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ecuaciones = 8 3 x1 Cos@x2 x3 D 1 2,
4 x21 625 x22 + 2 x2 1, Exp@x1 x2 D + 20 x3 + H10 Pi 3L 3 <;
d = 10.5 ;
p = 80.0, 0.0, 0.0<;
m = 12;
cuasinewtonSistemasNoLineal@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
H0L
jij x1 zyz ji 0. zy
jj
zz j z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 0. zzzz
jj
z j z
j H0L zz jk 0. z{
k x3 {
3
jij
j
j
J Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = jj 8 x1
jj -x x
k - 1 2 x2
sinHx2 x3 L x3 sinHx2 x3 L x2
2 - 1250 x2 0
--x1 x2 x1
20
170
zyz
zz
zz
zz
{
Iteracin i = 0
ij -1.5000000 yz
j
z
F HP0 L = jjjj -1.0000000 zzzz
jj
zz
k 10.471976 {
A0
-1
0.
ij 0.333333 0.
yz
jj
zz
zz
0.5 0.
= jjj 0.
zz
jj
z
0.
0.05 {
k 0.
Clculo de P1 .
P1 = P0 - A0 -1 * F HP0 L
0
-0.50000000 y
jij zyz jij
zz
j
z
j
j
z
j
P1 = jj 0 zz - jj -0.50000000 zzzz
jj zz jj
zz
k 0 { k 0.52359878 {
ij 0.50000000 yz
j
z
P1 = jjjj 0.50000000 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.52359878 {
Iteracin i = 1.
ij 0.034074174 yz
j
z
F HP1 L = jjjj -155.25000 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.22119922 {
ij 1.5340742 yz
j
z
y1 = F HP1 L - F HP0 L = jjjj -154.25000 zzzz
jj
zz
k -10.693175 {
0.50000000 y
jij
zz
j
j
s1 = P1 - P0 = jj 0.50000000 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.52359878 {
A1 =
0.000074671256
-7.8195557 10-6
jij 0.33338311
jj
jj -0.34021992
-0.010329875
0.053441620
jj
k -0.000048474318 -0.000072711477 0.050007614
Clculo de P2 .
P2 = P1 - A1 * F HP1 L
ij 0.50000000 yz ij -0.00023122871 yz
j
z j
zz
zz
P2 = jjjj 0.50000000 zzzz - jjjj 1.5802991
zz
jj
zz jj
z
k -0.52359878 { k 0.00022516001 {
ij 0.50023123 yz
j
z
P2 = jjjj -1.0802991 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.52382394 {
171
zyz
zz
zz
zz
{
Iteracin i = 2.
ij 0.15658007 yz
j
z
F HP2 L = jjjj -731.56349 zzzz
jj
zz
k 0.71218906 {
ij 0.12250590 yz
j
z
y2 = F HP2 L - F HP1 L = jjjj -576.31349 zzzz
jj
zz
k 0.93338828 {
ij 0.00023122871 yz
j
zz
zz
s2 = P2 - P1 = jjjj -1.5802991
zz
jj
z
k -0.00022516001 {
0.000070458556 0.000013977716
ij 0.33324435
jj
j
0.0027383079
-0.014175515
A2 = jj 0.090248461
jj
0.0050200777
0.000081159901
0.049211456
k
Clculo de P3 .
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
P3 = P2 - A2 * F HP2 L
ij 0.50023123 yz ij 0.00064447181 yz
j
z j
zz
zz
P3 = jjjj -1.0802991 zzzz - jjjj -1.9992106
zz
jj
zz jj
z
-0.52382394
-0.023539715
k
{ k
{
0.49958676 y
jij
zz
j
j
P3 = jj 0.91891155 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.50028422 {
....
....
Nota: Se han eliminado varias iteraciones. En la tabla final se pueden ver los resultados
172
Iteracin i = 10.
ij 0.0011160823 yz
j
zz
zz
F HP10 L = jjjj -5.3749283
zz
jj
z
k 0.00099511573 {
y10
ij -0.0016566050 yz
j
zz
zz
= F HP10 L - F HP9 L = jjjj 8.4151117
jj
zzz
k -0.0015409534 {
ij 0.000059694684 yz
j
z
s10 = P10 - P9 = jjjj -0.055798137 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.0013888404 {
A10
0.000073447929
ij 0.33704107
jj
j
-0.0067540471
= jj -0.65297008
jj
-0.013201957
-0.00015843129
k
Clculo de P11 .
P11
P11
0.000022024267
0.028417241
0.050289560
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
ij 0.49996902 yz ij -0.000018589872 yz
j
z j
zz
zz
= jjjj 0.094348299 zzzz - jjjj 0.035602029
zz
jj
zz jj
z
-0.52124522
0.00088686628
k
{ k
{
0.49998761 y
jij
zz
j
j
= jj 0.058746270 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.52213209 {
Iteracin i = 11.
0.00043321741 y
jij
zz
j
zz
j
F HP11 L = jj -2.0395097
zz
jj
zz
0.00038851313
k
{
y11
ij -0.00068286487 yz
j
zz
zz
= F HP11 L - F HP10 L = jjjj 3.3354186
zz
jj
z
k -0.00060660260 {
ij 0.000018589872 yz
j
zz
zz
s11 = P11 - P10 = jjjj -0.035602029
zz
jj
z
k -0.00088686628 {
A11
0.33715269
0.000074602296
jij
j
j
-0.010880849
= jj -1.0520154
jj
-0.023159275
-0.00026140674
k
173
0.000016956222
0.046535249
0.050741656
zyz
zz
zz
zz
{
Clculo de P12 .
P12
P12
-6
ij 0.49998761 yz jij -6.0850991 10 zyz
jj
zz jj
zz
zz
= jjj 0.058746270 zzz - jjj 0.021753924
zz
jj
zz j
k -0.52213209 { k 0.00054282238
{
ij 0.49999369 yz
j
z
= jjjj 0.036992346 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.52267491 {
Tabla de datos.
i
0
Pi
ij 0 yz
jj zz
jjj 0 zzz
jj zz
k0 {
ij 0.50000000 yz
jj
z
jj 0.50000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.52359878 {
ij 0.50023123 yz
jj
z
jj -1.0802991 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.52382394
k
{
0.49958676 y
jij
z
jj 0.91891155 zzz
jj
zz
zz
jj
-0.50028422
k
{
0.50970676
jij
zyz
zz
jj 5.9713714
zz
jj
zz
jj
k -0.36857038 {
ij 0.47746396 yz
z
jj
jj 0.79729393 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.50602980 {
ij 0.48230959 yz
jj
z
jj 0.70355047 zzz
zz
jj
z
j
k -0.50830770 {
ij 0.49882332 yz
z
jj
jj 0.37483057 zzz
zz
jj
z
j
k -0.51428842 {
ij 0.49964924 yz
z
jj
jj 0.24762963 zzz
zz
jj
z
j
-0.51737005
{
k
ij 0.49990932 yz
jj
z
jj 0.15014644 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.51985638 {
F HPi L
ij -1.5000000 yz
jj
zz
jjj -1.0000000 zzz
jj
zz
k 10.471976 {
ij 0.0340742 yz
jj
z
jj -155.25 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.221199 {
ij 0.034074174 yz
jj
z
jj -155.25000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.22119922
k
{
0.15658007 y
jij
z
jj -731.56349 zzz
zz
jj
zz
jj
0.71218906
{
k
0.10258215
zy
jij
jj -525.91285 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k 0.098158298 {
ij 1.6183251 yz
jj
z
jj -22273.816 zzz
zz
jj
j
z
k 2.1482287 {
ij 0.012681619 yz
jj
z
jj -395.79203 zzz
zz
jj
z
j
k 0.034776583 {
ij 0.010196232 yz
z
jj
jj -308.02695 zzz
zz
jj
z
j
k 0.018069454 {
ij 0.014992813 yz
z
jj
jj -87.066262 zzz
zz
jj
z
j
0.015672164
{
k
ij 0.0071433695 yz
jj
z
jj -37.831414 zzz
jjj
zzz
k 0.0081946310 {
174
Pi - Pi-1
0.523599
1.5803
1.99921
5.05246
5.17408
0.0937435
0.32872
0.127201
0.0974832
ij 0.49999369 yz
j
z
12 jjjj 0.036992346 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.52267491 {
0.0027726873 y
jij
z
jj -13.790040 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
0.0025360692
k
{
0.0011160823
jij
zyz
jj -5.3749283
zz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k 0.00099511573 {
ij 0.00043321741 yz
jj
zz
jj -2.0395097
zz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.00038851313 {
0.0557981
0.035602
0.0217539
ij 0.49999369 yz
j
z
= jjjj 0.036992346 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.52267491 {
H0L
jij x1 zyz ij 0. yz
jj
zz j z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 0. zzzz
jj
z j z
j H0L zz jk 0. z{
k x3 {
175
ij 2 x1
j
J Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = jjjj 1
jj
k1
1
-2 x2
1
0
0
1
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Iteracin i = 0
ij -37.000000 yz
j
z
F HP0 L = jjjj -5.0000000 zzzz
jj
zz
k -3.0000000 {
A0
-1
0.
1.
0. y
jij
zz
j
j
0.
0. zzzz
= jj 1.
jj
zz
k -1. -1. 1. {
Clculo de P1 .
P1 = P0 - A0 -1 * F HP0 L
0
-5.0000000 y
jij zyz jij
zz
j
z
j
j
z
j
P1 = jj 0 zz - jj -37.000000 zzzz
jj zz jj
zz
k 0 { k 39.000000 {
ij 5.0000000 yz
j
z
P1 = jjjj 37.000000 zzzz
jj
zz
k -39.000000 {
Iteracin i = 1.
ij 25.000000 yz
j
z
F HP1 L = jjjj -1369.0000 zzzz
jj
zz
k0
{
ij 62.000000 yz
j
z
y1 = F HP1 L - F HP0 L = jjjj -1364.0000 zzzz
jj
zz
k 3.0000000 {
ij 5.0000000 yz
j
z
s1 = P1 - P0 = jjjj 37.000000 zzzz
jj
zz
k -39.000000 {
ij -1.8773389
j
A1 = jjjj 1.0342830
jj
k 0.84305588
-0.086880424 0.96337129
yz
z
0.019848072
-0.017592609 zzzz
zz
0.067032352
0.054221324 {
176
Clculo de P2 .
P2 = P1 - A1 * F HP1 L
ij 5.0000000 yz ij 72.005828 yz
j
z j
z
P2 = jjjj 37.000000 zzzz - jjjj -1.3149348 zzzz
jj
zz jj
zz
k -39.000000 { k -70.690893 {
ij -67.005828 yz
j
z
P2 = jjjj 38.314935 zzzz
jj
zz
k 31.690893 {
Iteracin i = 2.
ij 4491.0959
jj
F HP2 L = jjjj -1540.0401
j
-13
k -1.7053026 10
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
4466.0959
jij
jj -171.04005
y2 = F HP2 L - F HP1 L = jjj
j
-13
k -1.7053026 10
-72.005828 y
jij
zz
j
j
s2 = P2 - P1 = jj 1.3149348 zzzz
jj
zz
k 70.690893 {
zyz
zz
zz
zz
{
0.017736688
0.34103124 y
ij -0.015443498
zz
jj
A2 = jjj -0.0011736178 -0.038332685 0.32850961 zzzz
jj
zz
0.020595997
0.33045915 {
k 0.016617116
Clculo de P3 .
P3 = P2 - A2 * F HP2 L
ij -67.005828 yz ij -96.673441 yz
j
z j
z
P3 = jjjj 38.314935 zzzz - jjjj 53.763040 zzzz
jj
zz jj
zz
k 31.690893 { k 42.910401 {
ij 29.667613 yz
j
z
P3 = jjjj -15.448105 zzzz
jj
zz
k -11.219508 {
......
.....
Nota: Se han eliminado varias iteraciones.En la tabla final se pueden ver los resultados
177
Iteracin i = 10.
75.340243
jij
jj -85.146029
F HP10 L = jjj
j
-15
k -3.5527137 10
y10
ij -110.35308
jj
= F HP10 L - F HP9 L = jjjj -94.943726
j
-15
k 7.1054274 10
s10 = P10
A10
ij -4.7944161 yz
j
z
- P9 = jjjj 9.8729439 zzzz
jj
zz
k -5.0785278 {
P11
10.140922 y i -8.3964610 y
jij
zz jj
zz
j
j
= jj 9.5019446 zzzz - jjjj 37.917288 zzzz
jj
zz jj
zz
k -16.642867 { k -29.520827 {
ij 18.537383 yz
j
z
= jjjj -28.415343 zzzz
jj
zz
k 12.877960 {
Iteracin i = 11.
ij 278.21922
jj
F HP11 L = jjjj -793.89436
j
-14
k -2.1316282 10
y11
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Clculo de P11 .
P11
zyz
zz
zz
zz
{
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
ij 202.87898
jj
= F HP11 L - F HP10 L = jjjj -708.74833
j
-14
k -1.7763568 10
8.3964610 y
jij
zz
j
j
= jj -37.917288 zzzz
jj
zz
k 29.520827 {
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
-0.0047911153 0.32425254 y
ij 0.024649010
zz
j
0.35049776 zzzz
A11 = jjjj -0.032593066 0.044169191
jj
zz
0.32524970 {
k 0.0079440555 -0.039378075
178
Clculo de P12 .
P12
P12
ij 18.537383 yz ij 10.661468 yz
j
z j
z
= jjjj -28.415343 zzzz - jjjj -44.133689 zzzz
jj
zz jj
zz
k 12.877960 { k 33.472221 {
ij 7.8759151 yz
j
z
= jjjj 15.718345 zzzz
jj
zz
k -20.594260 {
Tabla de datos.
i
0
Pi
ij 0 yz
jj zz
jj 0 zz
jj zz
j z
k0 {
5.0000000 y
jij
z
jj 37.000000 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
-39.000000
k
{
-67.005828
ij
yz
jj
z
jj 38.314935 zzz
jjj
zzz
k 31.690893 {
ij 29.667613 yz
jj
z
jj -15.448105 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -11.219508 {
ij 49.640098 yz
jj
z
jj -24.159488 zzz
jjj
zzz
k -22.480610 {
ij 18.834135 yz
jj
z
jj -12.101120 zzz
jjj
zzz
k -3.7330147 {
ij 13.615493 yz
jj
z
jj -12.445404 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 1.8299106 {
ij -8.9418766 yz
jj
z
jj -31.210731 zzz
jjj
zzz
k 43.152608 {
ij 16.237302 yz
jj
z
jj -5.9507478 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-7.2865541
k
{
ij 14.935338
yz
jj
z
jj -0.37099930 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -11.564339 {
F HPi L
ij -37.000000 yz
jj
z
jj -5.0000000 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-3.0000000
k
{
Pi - Pi-1
25.
jij
zy
jj -1369. zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
0.
k
{
25.000000
ij
yz
jj
z
jj -1369.0000 zzz
jjj
zzz
k0
{
39.
72.0058
ij 4491.0959
jj
jj -1540.0401
jj
j
-13
k -1.7053026 10
ij 827.71915
jj
jj -213.97634
jj
j
-12
k -1.1652901 10
ij 2402.9798
jj
jj -539.04078
jj
j
-14
k -1.4210855 10
ij 305.62352
jj
jj -132.60298
jj
j
-14
k 1.5987212 10
ij 135.93625
jj
jj -146.27258
jj
j
-14
k 1.0658141 10
ij 11.746425
jj
jj -988.05163
jj
j
-14
k 5.6843419 10
zyz
zz
zz
zz
{
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
zyz
zz
zz
zz
{
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
ij 220.69922
jj
jj -24.174097
jj
j
-14
k -3.1974423 10
179
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
96.6734
19.9725
30.806
5.56293
41.3227
50.4392
5.57975
10
11
12
ij 10.140922 yz
jj
z
jj 9.5019446 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -16.642867 {
ij 18.537383 yz
jj
z
jj -28.415343 zzz
jjj
zzz
k 12.877960 {
ij 7.8759151 yz
jj
z
jj 15.718345 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -20.594260 {
185.69332
jij
jj 9.7976976
jj
jj
-14
k -1.0658141 10
ij 75.340243
jj
jj -85.146029
jj
j
-15
k -3.5527137 10
ij 278.21922
jj
jj -793.89436
jj
j
-14
k -2.1316282 10
zyz
zz
zz
zz
{
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
9.87294
37.9173
44.1337
ij 7.8759151 yz
j
z
= jjjj 15.718345 zzzz
jj
zz
k -20.594260 {
ij x1H0L yz i 1. y
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj zz
k x2 { k 1. {
180
yz
z
{
Iteracin i = 0
i 2.0000000 yz
z
F HP0 L = jj
k 1.0000000 {
i 0.166667 0.0555556 yz
z
A0 -1 = jj
0.166667 {
k 0.
P1 = P0 - A0 -1 * F HP0 L
i 1.0000000 yz ij 0.38888889 yz
z-j
z
P1 = jj
k 1.0000000 { k 0.16666667 {
Clculo de P1 .
i 0.61111111 yz
z
P1 = jj
k 0.83333333 {
Iteracin i = 1.
i 0.42592593 yz
z
F HP1 L = jj
k 0.044924554 {
i -1.5740741 zy
z
y1 = F HP1 L - F HP0 L = jj
k -0.95507545 {
i -0.38888889 zy
z
s1 = P1 - P0 = jj
k -0.16666667 {
0.079879390
i 0.19859170
A1 = jj
0.0032529266
0.16914509
k
yz
z
{
P2 = P1 - A1 * F HP1 L
0.61111111
i
yz ij 0.088173899 yz
z-j
z
P2 = jj
k 0.83333333 { k 0.0089842734 {
Clculo de P2 .
i 0.52293721 zy
z
P2 = jj
k 0.82434906 {
Iteracin i = 2.
i 0.14083861
yz
z
F HP2 L = jj
k -0.076916050 {
i -0.28508732 yz
z
y2 = F HP2 L - F HP1 L = jj
k -0.12184060 {
i -0.088173899 yz
z
s2 = P2 - P1 = jj
k -0.0089842734 {
0.11080236 y
i 0.26193264
zz
A2 = jj
k -0.033174631 0.15136120 {
181
P3 = P2 - A2 * F HP2 L
i 0.52293721 yz ij 0.028367749 yz
z-j
z
P3 = jj
k 0.82434906 { k -0.016314374 {
Clculo de P3 .
i 0.49456946 yz
z
P3 = jj
k 0.84066343 {
Iteracin i = 3.
i 0.027081850 zy
z
F HP3 L = jj
k -0.072412185 {
i -0.11375676 yz
z
y3 = F HP3 L - F HP2 L = jj
k 0.0045038649 {
i -0.028367749 yz
z
s3 = P3 - P2 = jj
k 0.016314374 {
0.11010910 y
i 0.25373143
zz
A3 = jj
k -0.13777191 0.14251952 {
P4 = P3 - A3 * F HP3 L
i 0.49456946 yz ij -0.0011017241 yz
z-j
z
P4 = jj
k 0.84066343 { k -0.014051268 {
Clculo de P4 .
i 0.49567119 yz
z
P4 = jj
k 0.85471470 {
Iteracin i = 4.
i 0.0065325540 yz
z
F HP4 L = jj
k -0.035462661 {
i -0.020549296 zy
z
y4 = F HP4 L - F HP3 L = jj
k 0.036949524 {
i 0.0011017241 yz
z
s4 = P4 - P3 = jj
k 0.014051268 {
0.15253000
i 0.22064925
A4 = jj
-0.22542377
0.25491446
k
yz
z
{
P5 = P4 - A4 * F HP4 L
0.49567119
i
yz ij -0.0039677166 yz
z-j
z
P5 = jj
k 0.85471470 { k -0.010512538 {
Clculo de P5 .
i 0.49963890 zy
z
P5 = jj
k 0.86522724 {
Iteracin i = 5.
i 0.00029892374 yz
z
F HP5 L = jj
k -0.0026130772 {
H
182
0.16185083 y
i 0.21640932
zz
A5 = jj
k -0.23477381 0.27546909 {
P6 = P5 - A5 * F HP5 L
i 0.49963890 yz ij -0.00035823882 yz
z-j
z
P6 = jj
k 0.86522724 { k -0.00079000147 {
Clculo de P6 .
i 0.49999714 yz
z
P6 = jj
k 0.86601724 {
Iteracin i = 6.
i 5.5633653 10-6 zy
z
F HP6 L = jj
k -0.000025491707 {
i -0.00029336038 yz
z
y6 = F HP6 L - F HP5 L = jj
k 0.0025875855
{
0.00035823882
i
zzy
s6 = P6 - P5 = jj
k 0.00079000147 {
0.16293201 y
i 0.21598585
zz
A6 = jj
k -0.23598083 0.27855081 {
Clculo de P7 .
P7 = P6 - A6 * F HP6 L
-6
i 0.49999714 yz ijj -2.9518069 10 yzz
z - jj
P7 = jj
zz
k 0.86601724 { k -8.4135833 10-6 {
i 0.50000009 yz
z
P7 = jj
k 0.86602566 {
Iteracin i = 7.
i -1.5392563 10-7 yz
zz
F HP7 L = jjjj
-7 z
7.9492530
10
k
{
i -5.7172909 10-6 yz
z
y7 = F HP7 L - F HP6 L = jj
k 0.000026286632 {
i 2.9518069 10-6 yz
zz
s7 = P7 - P6 = jjjj
-6 z
k 8.4135833 10 {
0.15961396 y
i 0.21756925
zz
A7 = jj
-0.23174163
0.26966745 {
k
183
Clculo de P8 .
P8 = P7 - A7 * F HP7 L
-8
i 0.50000009 yz ijj 9.3391695 10 yzz
z - jj
P8 = jj
zz
k 0.86602566 { k 2.5003645 10-7 {
i 0.50000000 yz
z
P8 = jj
k 0.86602541 {
Tabla de datos.
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Pi
1.0000000
ij
yz
j
z
k 1.0000000 {
ij 0.61111111 yz
j
z
k 0.83333333 {
ij 0.52293721 yz
j
z
k 0.82434906 {
ij 0.49456946 yz
j
z
k 0.84066343 {
0.49567119 y
jij
zz
k 0.85471470 {
ij 0.49963890 yz
z
j
k 0.86522724 {
ij 0.49999714 yz
j
z
k 0.86601724 {
0.50000009 y
jji
zz
k 0.86602566 {
ij 0.50000000 yz
j
z
k 0.86602541 {
F HPi L
2.0000000
ij
yz
j
z
k 1.0000000 {
ij 0.425926 yz
j
z
k 0.0449246 {
ij 0.42592593 yz
j
z
k 0.044924554 {
ij 0.14083861
yz
j
z
-0.076916050
k
{
0.027081850
jij
zyz
k -0.072412185 {
ij 0.0065325540 yz
j
z
k -0.035462661 {
ij 0.00029892374 yz
z
j
k -0.0026130772 {
Pi - Pi-1
0.388889
0.0881739
0.0283677
0.0140513
0.0105125
0.000790001
ij 5.5633653 10-6 yz
j
z 8.41358 10-6
k -0.000025491707 {
ij -1.5392563 10-7 yz
jj
zz 2.50036 10-7
j
-7 z
k 7.9492530 10
{
184
variables
de
la
forma
g : n .
El
mtodo
es
de
gran
utiilidad
185
..
..
..
fn H x1 , x2 , ..., xn L = 0,
tiene una solucin en p = ( p1 , p2 , ...., pn ) justo cuando la funcin g definida por
gHx1 , x2 , ..., xn L = @ fi Hx1 , x2 , ..., xn LD2
n
(31)
i=1
- Determinar una direccin que, desde pH0L , se origine una disminucin del valor de
g.
pH1L .
- Desplazar una cantidad apropiada hacia esta direccin y llamar al nuevo vector
Este teorema establece que una funcin diferenciable de una sola variable puede
tener un mnimo relativo slo cuando su derivada sea cero.
186
= v2i = 1
(32)
i=1
187
(33)
para alguna constante a > 0, donde zH0L es el vector unitario en la direccin del gradiente ,
gH p L
es decir, zH0L =
.
g H p H0L L
H0L
188
significativamente menor que g H pH0L L. Si se quiere determinar una eleccin apropiada del
valor de a, considerense la funcin de una sola variable
h H a L = g H pH0L - a zH0L L.
(34)
(35)
189
7.2 Pseudocdigo
Algoritmo 6. Mtodo de la Mxima Pendiente para sistemas no lineales
El pseudocdigo del algoritmo que resuelve un sistema de ecuaciones no lineales de
n ecuaciones con n incognitas mediante el mtodo de la Mxima Pendiende es:
Algoritmo Mxima Pendiente
Input I8f Hx1 , ..., xn L<1 n , H x1H0L x2H0L ... xnH0L L , n, errorM
T
For k = 1, ..., n do
g ni = 1 F 2
ij g1 H p1Hk-1L , p2Hk-1L , ..., pnHk-1L L + yz
jj
zz
jj
z
jj g2 H p1Hk-1L , p2Hk-1L , ..., pnHk-1L L + zzz
zz
g0 jjj
zz
jj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+
zz
jj
zz
jj
Hk-1L
Hk-1L
Hk-1L z
H
,
...,
p
L
g
p
,
p
n
n
k
{
1
2
g1
g1
g1
ij
HxL
HxL yzz
x2
xn
jj x1 HxL
zz
jj g
zz
g2
g2
jjj 2 HxL
zz
HxL
HxL
zzHx Hx , ..., x LL
x2
gradiente jjjj x1
... .... xn
zz
1
n
jj ...
...
... zzzz
jj
jj g
zz
gn
gn
j n HxL
HxL
HxL z{
x2
xn
k x1
z0 "########
z 2#
ni=1########
If Hz0 = 0L do
Break
End
z
z
z0
a1 0
a3 1
g1 g0
p3 p - a3 . z
190
p3 p - a3 . z
ij g1 H p31Hk-1L , p32Hk-1L , ..., p3nHk-1L L + zy
jj
zz
jj
zz
Hk-1L
jjj g2 H p31Hk-1L , p32Hk-1L , ..., p3n L + zzz
zz
g3 jjj
zz
jj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+
zz
jj
z
jj
Hk-1L z
Hk-1L
Hk-1L
, ..., p3n L z{
gn H p31 , p32
k
If Ha3 error 2L do
Break
End
End
a3
a2
2
p2 p - a2 . z
ij g1 H p21Hk-1L , p22Hk-1L , ..., p2nHk-1L L + yz
jj
zz
jj
z
jj g2 H p21Hk-1L , p22Hk-1L , ..., p2nHk-1L L + zzz
j
zz
j
g2 jj
zz
jj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+
zz
jj
zz
jj
z
Hk-1L z
Hk-1L
Hk-1L
g
H
,
...,
p2
L
p2
,
p2
n
n
1
2
k
{
g2 - g1
h1 a
2
g3 - g2
h2
a3 - a2
h2 - h1
h3 a
3
a2 - h1
a0 0.5
h3
p0 p - a0 . z
ij g1 H p01Hk-1L , p02Hk-1L , ..., p0nHk-1L L + yz
jj
zz
jj
z
jj g2 H p01Hk-1L , p02Hk-1L , ..., p0nHk-1L L + zzz
zz
g0 jjjj
zz
jj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+
zz
jj
zz
jj
Hk-1L z
Hk-1L
Hk-1L
gn H p01 , p02
, ..., p0n L z{
k
If (g0 g3) do
a a0
Else
a a3
End
191
7.3 Problemas
Problema 27. Sea el sistema no lineal de ecuaciones siguiente:
f1 Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = 3 x1 - cosHx2 x3 L - 1 2 = 0,
f2 Hx1 , x2,x3 L = x21 - 81 Hx2 + 0.1L2 + sen x3 + 1.06 = 0,
f3 Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = e-x1 x2 + 20 x3 + H10 p - 3L 3 = 0.
Mediante el mtodo de la Mxima Pendiente calclese la aproximacin de la
solucin, comenzando en el punto inicial
H0L H0L T
T
P0 = IxH0L
1 , x2 , x3 M = H0.0, 0.0, 0.0L
e iterando hasta que Pi+1 - Pi 10-5 .
Solucin
Clear@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ecuaciones = 83 x1 Cos@x2 x3 D 1 2,
x21 81 Hx2 + 0.1L2 + Sin@x3 D + 1.06,
Exp@x1 x2 D + 20 x3 + H10 Pi 3L 3
<;
p = 80.0, 0.0, 0.0<;
m = 12;
d = 10.5 ;
maximapendiente@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ij x1H0L yz i 0. y
jj
zz jj zz
j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 0. zzzz
jj
z j z
j H0L zz jk 0. z{
x
k 3 {
192
Iteracin i = 1.
ij -0.0214514 yz
j
z
z = jjjj -0.0193062 zzzz
jj
zz
k 0.999583
{
a1 = 0
g1 = 111.97477
1
a2 =
g2 = 2.5355746
2
a3 = 1
g3 = 93.564865
h1 =-218.87839
h2 = 182.05858
h3 = 400.93697
a0 = 0.52295860
Clculo de P1 .
P1 = P0 - a0 * z
0
-0.021451362 y
jij zyz
jij
zz
j
z
j
j
z
j
P1 = jj 0 zz - 0.52295860 * jj -0.019306226 zzzz
jj zz
jj
zz
k0 {
k 0.99958347
{
ij 0.011218174 yz
j
z
P1 = jjjj 0.010096357 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.52274077 {
Iteracin i = 2.
ij -0.506566
yz
j
zz
zz
z = jjjj 0.862197
zz
jj
z
k -0.00272543 {
a1 = 0
g1 = 2.3276167
1
a2 =
g2 = 1.9473462
8
1
a3 =
g3 = 1.2740584
4
h1 =-3.0421633
h2 = -5.3863024
h3 = -9.3765564
a0 = -0.099721780
Clculo de P2 .
P2 = P1 - a0 * z
ij 0.011218174 yz
ij -0.50656615 yz
jj
zz
j
zz
zz
P2 = jjj 0.010096357 zzz - -0.099721780 * jjjj 0.86219679
zz
jj
zz
jj
z
k -0.52274077 {
k -0.0027254284 {
ij 0.13785971 yz
j
z
P2 = jjjj -0.20545284 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.52205942 {
193
....
....
Nota: Se han eliminado varias iteraciones. En la tabla final se pueden ver los resultados
Iteracin i = 11.
ij -0.767783 yz
j
z
z = jjjj -0.105224 zzzz
jj
zz
k 0.632011 {
a1 = 0
g1 = 0.21743968
1
g2 = 0.19963276
a2 =
128
1
a3 =
g3 = 0.20237438
64
h1 =-2.2792858
h2 = 0.35092709
h3 = 168.33362
a0 = 0.010676394
Clculo de P11 .
P11 = P10 - a0 * z
ij 0.34574628
yz
ij -0.76778282 yz
j
z
j
z
P11 = jjjj -0.0090339826 zzzz - 0.010676394 * jjjj -0.10522430 zzzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k -0.52094100 {
k 0.63201059 {
P11
ij 0.35394344
yz
jj
z
j
= jj -0.0079105665 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.52768860 {
Iteracin i = 12.
ij -0.638911 yz
j
z
z = jjjj 0.0514848 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.767556 {
a1 = 0
a2
a3
h1
h2
h3
a0
g1 = 0.19825170
1
=
g2 = 0.18086861
128
1
=
g3 = 0.19322688
64
=-2.2250355
= 1.5818578
= 243.64117
= 0.0084724641
194
Clculo de P12 .
P12
P12
P12 = P11 - a0 * z
ij 0.35394344
yz
ij -0.63891083 yz
jj
zz
j
z
j
z
= jj -0.0079105665 zz - 0.0084724641 * jjjj 0.051484847 zzzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k -0.52768860 {
k -0.76755603 {
ij 0.35935658
yz
j
z
= jjjj -0.0083467701 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.52118551 {
Tabla de datos.
i
0
Pi
ij 0. yz
jj zz
jj 0. zz
jj zz
j z
k 0. {
0.011218174 y
jij
z
jj 0.010096357 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
-0.52274077
k
{
0.13785971
ij
yz
jj
z
jj -0.20545284 zzz
jjj
zzz
k -0.52205942 {
ij 0.26695943 yz
jj
z
jj 0.0055110205 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.55849445 {
gHPi L
Pi - Pi-1
2.3276167
0.522741
1.2740584
0.215549
1.0681309
0.210964
ij 0.27273377
yz
jj
z
jj -0.0081175097 zzz 0.46830873
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.52200607 {
0.0364884
0.38108714
0.0359555
0.31883720
0.0121882
ij 0.30868928
yz
jj
z
jj -0.020402628 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.53311162 {
yz
ij 0.31430818
jj
z
jj -0.014704639 zzz
zz
jj
z
j
-0.52092340
{
k
0.32426667
zy
jij
jj -0.0085254888 zzz 0.28702361 0.00995849
zz
jj
zz
jj
-0.52843083
{
k
0.33080876
zy
jij
jj -0.0096784838 zzz 0.26157926 0.00776848
zz
jj
zz
jj
k -0.52066235 {
ij 0.33980857
yz
jj
z
jj -0.0085919751 zzz 0.23848640 0.00899981
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.52808019 {
195
ij 0.35935658
yz
j
z
12 jjjj -0.0083467701 zzzz 0.18076240 0.00650309
jj
zz
k -0.52118551 {
ij 0.35935658
yz
j
z
= jjjj -0.0083467701 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.52118551 {
ij x1H0L yz i 1. y
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj zz
k x2 { k 1. {
Iteracin i = 1.
Siendo gx = g HP0 - ax *zL
0.986394
i
zyz
z = jj
k 0.164399 {
a1 = 0
g1 = 5.0000000
196
1
a2 =
g2 = 0.027823883
2
a3 = 1
g3 = 1.4305648
h1 =-9.9443522
h2 = 2.8054818
h3 = 12.749834
a0 = 0.63997967
P1 = P0 - a0 * z
i 1.0000000 yz
i 0.98639392 yz
z - 0.63997967 * jj
z
P1 = jj
1.0000000
k
{
k 0.16439899 {
i 0.36872794 yz
z
P1 = jj
k 0.89478799 {
Clculo de P1 .
Iteracin i = 2.
Siendo gx = g HP1 - ax *zL
-0.953737
i
zyz
z = jj
k 0.300642 {
g1 = 0.18131486
a1 = 0
1
a2 =
g2 = 0.055627387
16
1
a3 =
g3 = 0.0020652593
8
h1 =-2.0109996
h2 = -0.85699404
h3 = 9.2320449
a0 = 0.14016410
P2 = P1 - a0 * z
i -0.95373696 yz
i 0.36872794 yz
z - 0.14016410 * jj
z
P2 = jj
0.89478799
k
{
k 0.30064233 {
i 0.50240762 yz
z
P2 = jj
k 0.85264873 {
Clculo de P2 .
Iteracin i = 3.
Siendo gx = g HP2 - ax *zL
0.336393
i
zyz
z = jj
k -0.941722 {
a1 = 0
a2
a3
h1
h2
h3
a0
g1 = 0.0018778891
1
=
g2 = 0.00034772833
128
1
=
g3 = 0.00011818906
64
=-0.19586058
= -0.029381027
= 10.654691
= 0.013097534
197
P3 = P2 - a0 * z
i 0.50240762 yz
i 0.33639266 zy
z - 0.013097534 * jj
z
P3 = jj
0.85264873
k
{
k -0.94172182 {
i 0.49800170 yz
z
P3 = jj
k 0.86498296 {
Clculo de P3 .
Tabla de datos.
i
0
1
2
3
Pi
gHPi L
Pi - Pi-1
1.
jij zyz
k 1. {
ij 0.36872794 yz
j
z
0.18131486
0.631272
k 0.89478799 {
0.50240762 y
jji
zz
0.0018778891
0.13368
k 0.85264873 {
ij 0.49800170 yz
j
z 0.000049941580 0.0123342
k 0.86498296 {
198
ij x1H0L yz i 0. y
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj zz
k x2 { k 0. {
Iteracin i = 1.
Siendo gx = g HP0 - ax *zL
i -0.963518 yz
z
z = jj
k -0.267644 {
a1 = 0
g1 = 128.00000
1
g2 = 78.052191
a2 =
4
1
a3 =
g3 = 69.362062
2
h1 =-199.79124
h2 = -34.760519
h3 = 330.06143
a0 = 0.42765765
P1 = P0 - a0 * z
0
i -0.96351791 zy
i y
z
P1 = jj zz - 0.42765765 * jj
k0 {
k -0.26764386 {
Clculo de P1 .
i 0.41205580 zy
z
P1 = jj
k 0.11445995 {
Iteracin i = 2.
Siendo gx = g HP1 - ax *zL
i 0.219477 yz
z
z = jj
k -0.975618 {
a1 = 0
g1 = 68.331716
1
a2 =
g2 = 37.708968
2
a3 = 1
g3 = 30.400880
h1 =-61.245494
h2 = -14.616176
h3 = 46.629319
a0 = 0.90672732
P2 = P1 - a0 * z
0.41205580
i
yz
i 0.21947696 zy
z - 0.90672732 * jj
z
P2 = jj
k 0.11445995 {
k -0.97561768 {
i 0.21305005 yz
z
P2 = jj
k 0.99907915 {
Clculo de P2 .
199
....
....
Nota: Se han eliminado varias iteraciones. En la tabla final se pueden ver los resultados
Iteracin i = 11.
Siendo gx = g HP10 - ax *zL
i -0.991476 yz
z
z = jj
k -0.130288 {
a1 = 0
a2
a3
h1
h2
h3
a0
g1 = 0.094572826
1
=
g2 = 0.056358058
128
1
=
g3 = 0.050221940
64
=-4.8914903
= -0.78542310
= 262.78830
= 0.013213153
P11 = P10 - a0 * z
0.48036371
yz
i -0.99147625 zy
i
z - 0.013213153 * jj
z
= jj
k 1.9381709 {
k -0.13028754 {
i 0.49346423 zy
z
= jj
k 1.9398924 {
Clculo de P11 .
P11
P11
Iteracin i = 12.
Siendo gx = g HP11 - ax *zL
i 0.128357 yz
z
z = jj
k -0.991728 {
a1 = 0
g1 = 0.048714444
1
a2 =
g2 = 0.029799005
64
1
a3 =
g3 = 0.025321504
32
h1 =-1.2105881
h2 = -0.28656006
h3 = 29.568897
a0 = 0.028283133
200
P12 = P11 - a0 * z
i 0.49346423 yz
i 0.12835716 zy
z - 0.028283133 * jj
z
= jj
1.9398924
k
{
k -0.99172801 {
i 0.48983389 yz
z
= jj
k 1.9679416 {
Clculo de P12 .
P12
P12
Tabla de datos.
Pi
gHPi L
Pi - Pi-1
0.
jij zyz
0
k 0. {
i 0.41205580 yz
z
1 jj
68.331716
0.412056
k 0.11445995 {
i 0.21305005 zy
z
2 jj
29.900339
0.884619
k 0.99907915 {
i 0.43001490 yz
z
15.081622
0.216965
3 jj
k 1.0468405 {
i 0.34915086 yz
z
4 jj
6.6372618
0.468646
k 1.5154867 {
i 0.45719044 yz
z
5 jj
3.2594559
0.10804
k 1.5337223 {
i 0.42403332 yz
z
1.5149149
0.228172
6 jj
k 1.7618942 {
i 0.47660783 zy
z 0.75130795 0.0525745
7 jj
k 1.7694624 {
i 0.46166580 yz
z 0.36833775
8 jj
0.110292
k 1.8797549 {
i 0.48759235 yz
z 0.18677298 0.0259266
9 jj
k 1.8832549 {
i 0.48036371 yz
z 0.094572826 0.054916
10 jj
k 1.9381709 {
i 0.49346423 yz
z 0.048714444 0.0131005
11 jj
k 1.9398924 {
i 0.48983389 zy
z 0.025059163 0.0280492
12 jj
k 1.9679416 {
i
201
f3 Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = x2 2 - 2 x1 x3 - 4 = 0
Aplquese el mtodo de la Mxima Pendiente iniciando el mtodo en el punto
H0L H0L T
T
-3
inicial P0 = IxH0L
1 , x2 , x3 M = H0, 0, 0L e iterando hasta que Pi+1 - Pi 10 .
Solucin
Clear@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ecuaciones =
8x1 3 + x1 2 x2 x1 x3 + 6, Exp@x1 D + Exp@x2 D x3 , x2 2 2 x1 x3 4 <;
p = 80., 0., 0.<;
m = 11;
d = 10.3 ;
maximapendiente@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ij x1H0L yz i 0. y
jj
zz jj zz
j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 0. zzzz
jj
z j z
j H0L zz jk 0. z{
k x3 {
Iteracin i = 1.
ij 0.57735 yz
j
z
z = jjjj 0.57735 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.57735 {
a1 = 0
g1 = 56.000000
1
a2 =
g2 = 51.950093
2
a3 = 1
g3 = 44.681337
h1 =-8.0998132
h2 = -14.537512
h3 = -6.4376990
a0 = -0.37909225
202
Clculo de P1 .
P1 = P0 - a0 * z
ij 0 yz
ij 0.57735027 yz
jj zz
j
z
j
z
P1 = jj 0 zz - -0.37909225 * jjjj 0.57735027 zzzz
jj zz
jj
zz
k0 {
k -0.57735027 {
ij -0.57735027 yz
j
z
P1 = jjjj -0.57735027 zzzz
jj
zz
k 0.57735027 {
Iteracin i = 2.
0.870989
jij
zyz
j
zz
j
z = jj 0.488866
zz
jj
zz
k -0.0488764 {
a1 = 0
g1 = 44.681337
1
g2 = 26.822977
a2 =
2
a3 = 1
g3 = 3.7672550
h1 =-35.716720
h2 = -46.111444
h3 = -10.394724
a0 = -1.4680216
Clculo de P2 .
P2 = P1 - a0 * z
ij -0.57735027 yz
ij 0.87098854
yz
jj
zz
j
zz
j
z
zz
P2 = jj -0.57735027 zz - -1.4680216 * jjjj 0.48886610
zz
jj
zz
jj
z
k 0.57735027 {
k -0.048876375 {
ij -1.4483388 yz
j
z
P2 = jjjj -1.0662164 zzzz
jj
zz
k 0.62622664 {
....
....
Nota: Se han eliminado varias iteraciones. En la tabla final se pueden ver los resultados.
Iteracin i = 10.
0.197815 y
jji
zz
j
j
z = jj 0.792089 zzzz
jj
zz
k 0.577464 {
a1 = 0
g1 = 0.076466169
203
1
a2 =
g2 = 0.076202907
512
1
a3 =
g3 = 0.076139470
256
h1 =-0.13479007
h2 = -0.032479521
h3 = 26.191500
a0 = 0.0035497268
Clculo de P10 .
P10
P10 = P9 - a0 * z
ij -1.6018808 yz
ij 0.19781530 yz
jj
zz
j
z
= jjj -1.2159095 zzz - 0.0035497268 * jjjj 0.79208850 zzzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k 0.76653403 {
k 0.57746421 {
ij -1.6025830 yz
j
z
P10 = jjjj -1.2187212 zzzz
jj
zz
k 0.76448419 {
Iteracin i = 11.
ij -0.979351 yz
j
z
z = jjjj 0.134292 zzzz
jj
zz
k 0.151118 {
a1 = 0
a2
a3
h1
h2
h3
a0
g1 = 0.076136123
1
=
g2 = 0.075875516
1024
1
=
g3 = 0.075812047
512
=-0.26686133
= -0.064992483
= 103.35685
= 0.0017792520
Clculo de P11 .
P11
P11
P11 = P10 - a0 * z
ij -1.6025830 yz
ij -0.97935138 yz
jj
zz
jj
zz
j
z
-1.2187212
= jj
zz - 0.0017792520 * jjj 0.13429208 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k 0.76448419 {
k 0.15111754 {
-1.6008405 y
jij
zz
j
j
= jj -1.2189601 zzzz
jj
zz
k 0.76421531 {
Tabla de datos.
204
i
0
10
11
Pi
0.
jij zyz
jj 0. zz
jj zz
jj zz
k 0. {
ij -0.57735027 yz
jj
z
jj -0.57735027 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.57735027 {
ij -1.4483388 yz
jj
z
jj -1.0662164 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.62622664 {
ij -1.6104162 yz
jj
z
jj -1.1248900 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k 0.63275609 {
ij -1.6136071 yz
jj
z
jj -1.2043419 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
0.76672218
k
{
-1.6056229 y
jij
z
jj -1.2031066 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
0.76777778
k
{
-1.6047705
zy
jij
jj -1.2134686 zzz
zz
jj
zz
jj
k 0.77025559 {
ij -1.6028310 yz
z
jj
jj -1.2134452 zzz
zz
jj
z
j
k 0.76968974 {
ij -1.6036305 yz
z
jj
jj -1.2157250 zzz
zz
jj
z
j
k 0.76688219 {
ij -1.6018808 yz
z
jj
jj -1.2159095 zzz
zz
jj
z
j
k 0.76653403 {
ij -1.6025830 yz
z
jj
jj -1.2187212 zzz
zz
jj
z
j
0.76448419
{
k
ij -1.6008405 yz
jj
z
jj -1.2189601 zzz
jjj
zzz
k 0.76421531 {
gHPi L
Pi - Pi-1
44.681337
0.57735
3.7672550
0.870989
0.50260503
0.162077
0.087293876
0.133966
0.078795780 0.00798413
0.077600212
0.010362
0.077169875 0.00193956
0.076799239 0.00280755
0.076466169
0.0017497
0.076136123
0.0028117
0.075808948 0.00174251
ij -1.6008405 yz
j
z
= jjjj -1.2189601 zzzz
jj
zz
k 0.76421531 {
205
ij x1H0L yz i 2. y
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj zz
k x2 { k 2. {
Iteracin i = 1.
Siendo gx = g HP0 - ax *zL
i 0.803444 yz
z
z = jj
k 0.595381 {
a1 = 0
g1 = 1.1166993
1
a2 =
g2 = 0.061876723
4
1
a3 =
g3 = 0.30301513
2
h1 =-4.2192905
h2 = 0.96455364
h3 = 10.367688
a0 = 0.32848270
P1 = P0 - a0 * z
2.0000000
i
yz
i 0.80344369 yz
z - 0.32848270 * jj
z
P1 = jj
k 2.0000000 {
k 0.59538075 {
i 1.7360826 zy
z
P1 = jj
k 1.8044277 {
Clculo de P1 .
206
Iteracin i = 2.
Siendo gx = g HP1 - ax *zL
i -0.919329 yz
z
z = jj
k 0.393489 {
g1 = 0.0044813455
a1 = 0
1
a2 =
g2 = 0.0022525436
64
1
a3 =
g3 = 0.0014992209
32
h1 =-0.14264333
h2 = -0.048212650
h3 = 3.0217816
a0 = 0.031415020
P2 = P1 - a0 * z
1.7360826
i
yz
i -0.91932918 yz
z - 0.031415020 * jj
z
P2 = jj
k 1.8044277 {
k 0.39348934 {
i 1.7648117 yz
z
P2 = jj
k 1.7921312 {
Clculo de P2 .
Tabla de datos.
i
0
1
2
Pi
gHPi L
Pi - Pi-1
ij 2. yz
j z
k 2. {
1.7360826 y
jji
zz 0.0044813455 0.263917
k 1.8044277 {
ij 1.7648117 yz
j
z 0.0014992209 0.028729
k 1.7921312 {
207
Clear@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
ecuaciones = 8
Sin@4 Pi x1 x2 D 2 x2 x1 ,
HH4 Pi 1L H4 PiLL HExp@2 x1 D EL + 4 E Hx2 L2 2 E x1 <;
p = 80.0, 0.0<;
m = 2;
d = 0.005;
maximapendiente@ecuaciones, p, m, dD;
x
2
x
+
1
2
k
{ k0 {
4p
ij x1H0L yz i 0. y
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj zz
k x2 { k 0. {
Iteracin i = 1.
i 1. y
z = jj zz
k 0. {
a1 = 0
g1 = 2.5012856
1
a2 =
g2 = 0.40421324
4
1
a3 =
g3 = 0.55793456
2
h1 =-8.3882892
h2 = 0.61488529
h3 = 18.006349
a0 = 0.35792588
P1 = P0 - a0 * z
i0 y
i 1.0000000 yz
z
P1 = jj zz - 0.35792588 * jj
0
k {
k0
{
-0.35792588
i
yz
z
P1 = jj
k0
{
Clculo de P1 .
Iteracin i = 2.
Siendo gx = g HP1 - ax *zL
0.0531923
i
zyz
z = jj
k -0.998584 {
a1 = 0
g1 = 0.13938957
1
a2 =
g2 = 0.032290159
32
1
a3 =
g3 = 0.0042365080
16
h1 =-3.4271812
208
h2 = -0.89771682
h3 = 40.471430
a0 = 0.057965747
P2 = P1 - a0 * z
-0.35792588
i
yz
i 0.053192294 zy
z - 0.057965747 * jj
z
P2 = jj
k0
{
k -0.99858429 {
i -0.36100921 yz
z
P2 = jj
k 0.057883685 {
Clculo de P2 .
Tabla de datos.
i
0
1
2
Pi
gHPi L
Pi - Pi-1
ij 0. yz
j z
k 0. {
-0.35792588 y
jji
zz
0.13938957
0.357926
k0
{
ij -0.36100921 yz
j
z 0.0033164212 0.0578837
k 0.057883685 {
209
8. Mtodo de Continuacin u
Homotopa
8.1 Introduccin
Los mtodos de Continuacin, u Homotopa, para sistemas no lineales consisten en
sumergir el problema que debe resolverse dentro de una familia adecuada de problemas.
(36)
(37)
210
(38)
(39)
G H1, xL = F HxL.
(40)
para cada l @0, 1D. El conjunto 8 x HlL 0 l 1< puede verse como una curva en n
parametrizada por l, que va desde xH0L hasta xH1L = x* . Con el mtodo de Continuacin se
determinan una secuencia de puntos 8xH lk L< m
k=0 a lo largo de esta curva que corresponden a
l0 = 0 l1 ..., lm = 1.
Si las funciones l x HlL y G son diferenciables, entonces derivando la ecuacin
G H l, x HlLL
G H l, x HlLL
0 = + x HlL ,
l
x
211
(41)
(42)
(43)
f1
Hx HlLL yz
xn
zz
zz
f2
f2
zz
Hx
HlLL
Hx
HlLL
zz
x2
zz = J Hx HlLL
... .... xn
zz
...
...
zz
zz
z
fn
fn
Hx
HlLL
Hx
HlLL
x2
xn
{
f1
Hx HlLL
x2
(44)
como
G Hl , x HlL L
= FHx H0LL.
l
(45)
para 0 l 1,
(46)
212
tal que J H x L-1 M , para todo x n . Entonces para cualquier x H0L en n , existe
una nica funcin x HlL tal que
G H l, x HlL L = 0,
para todo l en @0, 1D. Adems, x HlL es diferenciable con continuidad y
x HlL = - J Hx Hl L L-1 F Hx H0LL para l @0, 1D.
En general, el sistema de ecuaciones diferenciales que se necesitan resolver con el
problema de continuacin es de la forma
d x1
= f1 H l, x1 , x2 , ...., xn L,
dl
d x2
= f2 H l, x1 , x2 , ...., xn L,
dl
..
..
..
d xn
= fn H l, x1 , x2 , ...., xn L,
dl
(47)
donde
ij f1 H l, x1 , x2 , ...., xn L
jj
jj f2 H l, x1 , x2 , ...., xn L
jj
jj
...
jj
j
k fn H l, x1 , x2 , ...., xn L
yz
ij f1 Hx H0L L
zz
jj
zz
j
zz = -J H x1 , x2 , ...., xn L-1 jjj f2 Hx H0L L
zz
jj
...
zz
jj
z
j
{
k fn Hx H0L L
yz
zz
zz
zz .
zz
zz
z
{
(48)
213
(49)
w2,0 = x2 H0L,
wn,0 = xn H0L.
(50)
Suponiendo que se ha calculado ya w1, j , w2, j , .., wn, j . Se obtienen las nuevas
aproximaciones w1, j+1 , w2, j+1 , .., wn, j+1 mediante las expresiones
k1,i = h fi Hl j , w1, j , w2, j , .., wn, j L,
i = 1, 2, ..., n;
h
1
1
k2,i = h fi Jl j + , w1, j + k1,1 , w2, j + k1,2 , .., wn, j +
2
2
2
i = 1, 2, ..., n;
h
1
1
k3,i = h fi Jl j + , w1, j + k2,1 , w2, j + k2,2 , .., wn, j +
2
2
2
i = 1, 2, ..., n;
k4,i = h fi Hl j + h, w1, j + k3,1 , w2, j + k3,2 , .., wn, j + k3,n L,
i = 1, 2, ..., n;
1
k1,n N,
2
1
k2,n N,
2
(51)
y, finalmente
1
wi, j+1 = wi, j + Hk1,i + 2 k2,i + 2 k3,i + k4,i L ,
6
i = 1, 2, ..., n.
(52)
214
(53)
yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
{
-1
1
k2 = h A- J Jw j + k1 NE FHxH0LL;
2
-1
1
k3 = h A- J Jw j + k2 NE FHxH0LL;
2
k4 = h @- J Hw j + k3 LD-1 FHxH0LL.
y
x Hl j+1 L =
1
1
x Hl j L + Hk1 + 2 k2 + 2 k3 + k4 L = w j + Hk1 + 2 k2 + 2 k3 + k4 L.
6
6
(55)
8.2 Pseudocdigo
Algoritmo 7. Mtodo de Continuacin u Homotopa para sistemas no lineales.
El pseudocdigo del algoritmo que resuelve un sistema de ecuaciones no lineales de
n ecuaciones con n incgnitas mediante el mtodo de Continuacin u Homotopa es:
215
HxL zyz
jij
x2
xn
jj x1
zz
jj f2
zz
f2
f2
jj HxL
zz
HxL
HxL
jj x1
zz
x2
xn
zz
J HxL jj
... ....
jj ...
...
... zzzz
jj
jj
zz
jj fn
zz
fn
fn
HxL
HxL
HxL
x2
xn
k x1
{
Hx Hx1 , ..., xn LL
For k = 1, ..., n do
H* Se evala la funcin F y la matriz jacobiana en el punto *L
ij j11 H p1Hk-1L , ..., pnHk-1L L ... j1 n H p1Hk-1L , ..., pnHk-1L
jj
jj
jj j21 H p1Hk-1L , ..., pnHk-1L L ... j2 n H p1Hk-1L , ..., pnHk-1L
j_valor jjjj
jj
...
...
...
jj
jj
Hk-1L
Hk-1L
Hk-1L L ... j
, ..., pnHk-1L
n n H p1
k jn 1 H p1 , ..., pn
k1 h * Hj_valorL-1 * f_valor
p_aux p
p_int p_aux + 12 k1
L yz
zz
z
L zzzz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
L{
j_valor
L ... j1 n H p_int Hk-1L
ij j11 H p_int Hk-1L
, ..., p_int Hk-1L
, ..., p_int Hk-1L
1
1
n
n
jj
jj
Hk-1L
Hk-1L
jj j21 H p_int Hk-1L
L
...
j
H
, ..., p_int n
, ..., p_int Hk-1L
2 n p_int 1
1
n
jj
jjj
...
...
...
jj
jj
j
Hk-1L
Hk-1L
L ... jn n H p_int Hk-1L
, ..., p_int Hk-1L
k jn 1 H p_int 1 , ..., p_int n
1
n
k2 h * Hj_valorL-1 * f_valor
p_int p_aux + 12 k2
j_valor
L yz
zz
z
L zzzz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
L{
j_valor
L ... j1 n H p_int Hk-1L
ij j11 H p_int Hk-1L
, ..., p_int Hk-1L
, ..., p_int Hk-1L
1
1
n
n
jj
jj
Hk-1L
Hk-1L
jj j21 H p_int Hk-1L
L ... j2 n H p_int 1 , ..., p_int Hk-1L
, ..., p_int n
1
n
jj
jj
jj
...
...
...
jj
jj
Hk-1L
Hk-1L
L ... jn n H p_int Hk-1L
, ..., p_int Hk-1L
k jn 1 H p_int 1 , ..., p_int n
1
n
216
L yz
zz
z
L zzzz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
L{
L yz
zz
z
L zzzz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
L{
8.3 Problemas
Problema 33. Sea el sistema no lineal de ecuciaones siguiente:
f1 Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = 3 x1 - cosHx2 x3 L - 1 2 = 0,
f2 Hx1 , x2,x3 L = x21 - 81 Hx2 + 0.1L2 + sen x3 + 1.06 = 0,
f3 Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = e-x1 x2 + 20 x3 + H10 p - 3L 3 = 0.
Mediante el mtodo de Continuacin u Homotopa calclese la aproximacin de
la solucin, comenzando en el punto inicial
H0L H0L T
T
P0 = IxH0L
1 , x2 , x3 M = H0, 0, 0L y realizando n = 4 iteraciones.
Solucin
Clear@ecuaciones, p, mD;
ecuaciones = 83 x1 Cos@x2 x3 D 1 2,
x21 81 Hx2 + 0.1L2 + Sin@x3 D + 1.06,
Exp@x1 x2 D + 20 x3 + H10 Pi 3L 3
<;
p = 880.0<, 80.0<, 80.0<<;
m = 4;
continuacionhomotopia@ecuaciones, p, mD;
1
jij -cosHx2 x3 L + 3 x1 - 2
zyz ij 0 yz
jj
zz j z
j
2
2
fi Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = jjj x1 - 81 Hx2 + 0.1L + sinHx3 L + 1.06 zzzz = jjjj 0 zzzz
jj
zz jj zz
z k0 {
j 20 x + -x1 x2 + 1 H-3 + 10 pL
3
k
{
3
ij x1H0L yz i 0. y
jj
zz jj zz
j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 0. zzzz
jj
z j z
j H0L zz jk 0. z{
x
k 3 {
217
ij 3
j
J Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = jjjj 2 x1
jj -x x
k - 1 2 x2
sinHx2 x3 L x3
sinHx2 x3 L x2
-162 Hx2 + 0.1L cosHx3 L
--x1 x2 x1
20
Iteracin i = 1
ij 0.12500000
yz
jj
z
j
k1 = jj -0.0042222033 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.13089969 {
0.12499998
jij
zyz
j
j
k2 = jj -0.0033117620 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.13092324 {
ij 0.12499998
yz
j
z
k3 = jjjj -0.0032962448 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.13092035 {
ij 0.12499989
yz
jj
z
j
k4 = jj -0.0023020676 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.13093470 {
0.12499997
jij
zyz
1
j
j
P1 = P0 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj -0.0032900474 zzzz
jj
zz
6
k -0.13092026 {
Iteracin i = 2
0.12499989
jij
zyz
j
j
k1 = jj -0.0023019179 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.13093466 {
ij 0.12499976
yz
j
z
k2 = jjjj -0.0012303950 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.13093902 {
ij 0.12499981
yz
j
z
k3 = jjjj -0.0012233159 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.13093560 {
0.12499976
jij
zyz
j
j
k4 = jj -0.000094776483 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.13092912
{
ij 0.24999977
yz
j
z
1
P2 = P1 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jjjj -0.0045074001 zzzz
jj
zz
6
k -0.26185576 {
218
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Iteracin i = 3
ij 0.12499976
yz
jj
z
j
k1 = jj -0.000094768570 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.13092908
{
ij 0.12499988 yz
j
z
k2 = jjjj 0.0010777262 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.13091134 {
ij 0.12499993 yz
j
z
k3 = jjjj 0.0010713431 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.13090777 {
ij 0.12500020 yz
j
z
k4 = jjjj 0.0022589181 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.13087879 {
ij 0.37499970
yz
j
z
1
P3 = P2 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jjjj -0.0034303521 zzzz
j
zz
6
j
k -0.39276344 {
Iteracin i = 4
0.12500020 y
jij
zz
j
j
k1 = jj 0.0022587863 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.13087875 {
ij 0.12500045 yz
j
z
k2 = jjjj 0.0034455048 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.13083864 {
ij 0.12500035 yz
j
z
k3 = jjjj 0.0034248117 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.13083540 {
0.12500000 y
jij
zz
j
j
k4 = jj 0.0045827692 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.13078516 {
ij 0.50000000
yz
jj
z
1
-8 z
j
j
P4 = P3 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj 1.2668609 10 zzzz
6
j
z
k -0.52359878
{
Tabla de datos.
i
0
Pi
ij 0 yz
jj zz
jjj 0 zzz
jj zz
k0 {
Pi - Pi-1
219
0.12499997
jij
zy
jj -0.0032900474 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
-0.13092026
k
{
0.24999977
jij
zy
jj -0.0045074001 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k -0.26185576 {
ij 0.37499970
yz
jj
z
jj -0.0034303521 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.39276344 {
ij 0.50000000
yz
jj
z
jj 1.2668609 10-8 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
-0.52359878
k
{
0.13092
0.130936
0.130908
0.130835
220
ij x1H0L yz i 0. y
jj
zz jj zz
j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 0. zzzz
jj
z j z
j H0L zz jk 0. z{
k x3 {
La matriz jacobiana es:
ij 2 x1
j
J Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = jjjj 1
jj
k1
1
-2 x2
1
0
0
1
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Iteracin i = 1
ij 2.5000000 yz
j
z
k1 = jjjj 18.500000 zzzz
jj
zz
k -19.500000 {
ij 7.2962963 yz
j
z
k2 = jjjj 0.25925926 zzzz
jj
zz
k -6.0555556 {
2.5232448 y
jij
zz
j
j
k3 = jj 0.089658444 zzzz
jj
zz
k -1.1129032 {
ij 3.0538605 yz
j
z
k4 = jjjj 3.0887248 zzzz
jj
zz
k -4.6425853 {
ij 4.1988238 yz
j
z
1
P1 = P0 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jjjj 3.7144267 zzzz
jj
zz
6
k -6.4132505 {
Iteracin i = 2
ij 2.2076836
yz
j
z
k1 = jjjj -0.039348791 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.66833481 {
ij 1.7539258
yz
jj
z
j
k2 = jj -0.10096403 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.15296178 {
221
ij 1.5448774
yz
jj
zz
j
zz
-0.13180717
k4 = jj
zz
jj
z
0.086929793
k
{
6.0193478 y
jij
zz
1
j
j
P2 = P1 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj 3.6218310 zzzz
jj
zz
6
k -6.6411788 {
Tabla de datos.
i
0
Pi
Pi - Pi-1
ij 0 yz
jj zz
jj 0 zz
jj zz
j z
k0 {
ij 4.1988238 yz
jj
z
jj 3.7144267 zzz
6.41325
jj
zz
j
z
-6.4132505
k
{
6.0193478 y
jij
z
jj 3.6218310 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
-6.6411788
k
{
1.82052
H0L
T
P0 = IxH0L
1 , x2 M = H0, 0L
T
H0L
T
P0 = IxH0L
1 , x2 M = H1, 1L
T
H0L
T
P0 = IxH0L
1 , x2 M = H3, -2L
T
y realizando n = 8 iteraciones.
222
Solucin
a)
Clear@ecuaciones, ecuacionestrans, p, d, mD;
ecuaciones = 8 x1 2 x2 2 + 2 x2 , 2 x1 x2 2 6<;
p = 880.0<, 80.0<<;
m = 8;
continuacionhomotopia@ecuaciones, p, mD;
ij x1H0L yz i 0. y
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj zz
k x2 { k 0. {
La matriz jacobiana es:
i 2 x1
J Hx1 , x2 L = jj
k2
2 - 2 x2
-2 x2
yz
z
{
Iteracin i = 1
i 0.37500000 yz
z
k1 = jj
k0
{
i 0.37500000
zyz
k2 = jj
k -0.070312500 {
i 0.37740328
yz
z
k3 = jj
-0.068359839
k
{
i 0.38427976 zy
z
k4 = jj
k -0.13574868 {
1
i 0.37734772
zyz
P1 = P0 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj
6
k -0.068848893 {
Iteracin i = 2
i 0.38434201 zy
z
k1 = jj
k -0.13568857 {
i 0.40257111 yz
z
k2 = jj
k -0.20170068 {
223
1
i 0.78716267 yz
z
P2 = P1 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj
6
k -0.27267906 {
....
....
Nota: Se han eliminado varias iteraciones. En la tabla final se pueden ver los resultados
Iteracin i = 7
i -0.20337776 zy
z
k1 = jj
k 0.20330965 {
i -0.21524648 yz
z
k2 = jj
k 0.21517049 {
i -0.21598197 yz
z
k3 = jj
k 0.21590537 {
i -0.23035551 yz
z
k4 = jj
k 0.23026892 {
1
i 3.6274929 yz
z
P7 = P6 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj
6
k -2.6288570 {
Iteracin i = 8
i -0.23036255 yz
z
k1 = jj
k 0.23027595 {
i -0.24789911 yz
z
k2 = jj
k 0.24779981 {
i -0.24934395 zy
z
k3 = jj
k 0.24924337 {
i -0.27201858 yz
z
k4 = jj
k 0.27190068 {
1
i 3.3780150 yz
z
P8 = P7 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj
6
k -2.3794798 {
Tabla de datos.
i
0
Pi
ij 0 yz
j z
k0 {
Pi - Pi-1
224
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.37734772
jij
zyz
k -0.068848893 {
ij 0.78716267 yz
j
z
k -0.27267906 {
ij 1.3648261
yz
j
z
k -0.69203276 {
ij 2.9002566 yz
j
z
k -2.0132693 {
ij 2.3338425 yz
j
z
k -1.4729057 {
3.8435246 y
jij
zz
k -2.8448121 {
3.6274929 y
jji
zz
k -2.6288570 {
ij 3.3780150 yz
j
z
k -2.3794798 {
0.377348
0.409815
0.577663
1.53543
0.566414
1.50968
0.216032
0.249478
Solucin
b)
Clear@ecuaciones, ecuacionestrans, p, d, mD;
ecuaciones = 8 x1 2 x2 2 + 2 x2 , 2 x1 x2 2 6<;
p = 881.0<, 81.0<<;
m = 8;
continuacionhomotopia@ecuaciones, p, mD;
ij x1H0L yz i 1. y
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj zz
k x2 { k 1. {
La matriz jacobiana es:
i 2 x1
J Hx1 , x2 L = jj
k2
2 - 2 x2
-2 x2
yz
z
{
225
Iteracin i = 1
i -0.12500000 yz
z
k1 = jj
k -0.43750000 {
i -0.030800821 yz
z
k2 = jj
k -0.43942505 {
i -0.029226983 yz
z
k3 = jj
k -0.43795011 {
i 0.067715537 zy
z
k4 = jj
k -0.43552088 {
1
i 0.97044332 yz
z
P1 = P0 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj
6
k 0.56203813 {
Iteracin i = 2
i 0.067733504 zy
z
k1 = jj
k -0.43549802 {
i 0.16163366 yz
z
k2 = jj
k -0.43819665 {
i 0.15965720 yz
z
k3 = jj
k -0.44568405 {
i 0.25769419 zy
z
k4 = jj
k -0.47102615 {
1
i 1.1317782 zy
z
P2 = P1 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj
6
k 0.11632387 {
....
....
Nota: Se han eliminado varias iteraciones. En la tabla final se pueden ver los resultados
Iteracin i = 7
i -0.41362262 zy
z
k1 = jj
k 0.36106659 {
i -0.51650642 yz
z
k2 = jj
k 0.45288133 {
i -0.55087494 yz
z
k3 = jj
k 0.48378958 {
i -0.88564861 yz
z
k4 = jj
k 0.78450886 {
1
i 2.3583257 zy
z
P7 = P6 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj
6
k -1.5078962 {
226
Iteracin i = 8
i -0.92748662 yz
z
k1 = jj
k 0.82232890 {
i 41.959215 yz
z
k2 = jj
k -37.973475 {
i -0.020312488 yz
z
k3 = jj
k 0.016239007 {
i -0.96911505 yz
z
k4 = jj
k 0.85918874 {
1
i 16.021860 yz
z
P8 = P7 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj
6
k -13.880055 {
Tabla de datos.
i
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Pi
Pi - Pi-1
1.0000000
ij
yz
j
z
k 1.0000000 {
ij 0.97044332 yz
j
z
0.437962
k 0.56203813 {
1.1317782 y
jij
zz
0.445714
k 0.11632387 {
ij 1.5441207
yz
z
j
0.577255
-0.46093098
k
{
ij 2.5882426 yz
j
z
1.13206
k -1.5929921 {
ij 3.2842844 yz
j
z
0.725762
k -2.3187540 {
ij 2.9306647 yz
z
j
0.35362
k -2.0110491 {
2.3583257 y
jji
zz
0.572339
k -1.5078962 {
ij 16.021860 yz
j
z
13.6635
k -13.880055 {
Solucin
c)
227
Clear@ecuaciones, p, d, mD;
ecuaciones = 8 x1 2 x2 2 + 2 x2 , 2 x1 x2 2 6<;
p = 883.0<, 82.0<<;
m = 8;
continuacionhomotopia@ecuaciones, p, mD;
ij x1H0L yz i 3. y
zz
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj
-2.
k
{
k x2 {
La matriz jacobiana es:
i 2 x1
J Hx1 , x2 L = jj
k2
2 - 2 x2
-2 x2
yz
z
{
Iteracin i = 1
i -0.29166667 yz
z
k1 = jj
k 0.27083333 {
i -0.33886779 zy
z
k2 = jj
k 0.31581736 {
i -0.34807302 yz
z
k3 = jj
k 0.32467067 {
i -0.43764125 yz
z
k4 = jj
k 0.41045139 {
1
i 2.6494684 yz
z
P1 = P0 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj
6
k -1.6729565 {
Iteracin i = 2
i -0.43921783 zy
z
k1 = jj
k 0.41197593 {
i -0.64545752 yz
z
k2 = jj
k 0.61041357 {
i -0.83155172 yz
z
k3 = jj
k 0.79075263 {
i 1.8880415 zy
z
k4 = jj
k -1.8567607 {
1
i 2.3986026 yz
z
P2 = P1 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj
6
k -1.4466986 {
228
....
......
Nota:Se han eliminado varias iteraciones.En la tabla final se pueden ver los resultados
Iteracin i = 7
i 0.045269325 yz
z
k1 = jj
k -0.036327495 {
i 0.045423087 yz
z
k2 = jj
k -0.036417585 {
i 0.045423629 yz
z
k3 = jj
k -0.036417780 {
i 0.045579030 yz
z
k4 = jj
k -0.036508458 {
1
i -5.0552307 yz
z
P7 = P6 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj
6
k 5.5992770 {
Iteracin i = 8
i 0.045579030 yz
z
k1 = jj
k -0.036508458 {
i 0.045736090 yz
z
k2 = jj
k -0.036599727 {
i 0.045736652 zy
z
k3 = jj
k -0.036599926 {
i 0.045895413 yz
z
k4 = jj
k -0.036691792 {
1
i -5.0094940 yz
z
P8 = P7 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj
6
k 5.5626771 {
Tabla de datos.
i
0
1
2
3
Pi
Pi - Pi-1
3.0000000
ij
yz
j
z
k -2.0000000 {
ij 2.6494684 yz
j
z
0.350532
k -1.6729565 {
2.3986026 y
jji
zz
0.250866
k -1.4466986 {
ij 1.2050556
yz
j
z
1.19355
-0.32396323
k
{
229
4
5
6
7
8
1.9623856 y
jij
zz
k -1.0674512 {
ij -5.1457715 yz
j
z
k 5.6719328 {
ij -5.1006543 yz
j
z
k 5.6356948 {
-5.0552307 y
jji
zz
k 5.5992770 {
ij -5.0094940 yz
j
z
k 5.5626771 {
0.75733
7.10816
0.0451172
0.0454236
0.0457367
ij -cosHx2 x3 L + 3 x1 - 12
yz i 0 y
jj
zz jj zz
jj
zz jj zz
zz = jj 0 zz
fi Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = jjj 4 x12 - 625 x22 + 2 x2 - 1
zz jj zz
jj
zz
j
1
-x1 x2
0
20
x
+
H-3
+
10
pL
3
k
{ k {
3
ij x1H0L yz i 1. y
jj
zz jj zz
j
z
P0 = jjjj x2H0L zzzz = jjjj 1. zzzz
jj
z j z
j H0L zz jk 1. z{
k x3 {
230
ij 3
j
J Hx1 , x2 , x3 L = jjjj 8 x1
jj -x x
k - 1 2 x2
sinHx2 x3 L x3 sinHx2 x3 L x2
2 - 1250 x2 0
--x1 x2 x1
20
Iteracin i = 1
ij -0.023047325 yz
j
z
k1 = jjjj -0.12434646 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.37570934 {
-0.057232431 y
jij
zz
j
j
k2 = jj -0.13283327 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.37665824 {
ij -0.057923995 yz
j
z
k3 = jjjj -0.13343597 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.37670686 {
ij -0.091811028 yz
j
z
k4 = jjjj -0.14399854 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.37775486 {
0.94247147 y
jij
zz
1
j
j
P1 = P0 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj 0.86651942 zzzz
jj
zz
6
k 0.62330093 {
Iteracin i = 2
-0.091815412 y
jij
zz
j
j
k1 = jj -0.14400626 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.37775484 {
ij -0.12165758 yz
j
z
k2 = jjjj -0.15726512 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.37882670 {
ij -0.12226079 yz
j
z
k3 = jjjj -0.15858062 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.37889289 {
-0.14539514 y
jij
zz
j
j
k4 = jj -0.17663369 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.37993097 {
ij 0.82163025 yz
j
z
1
P2 = P1 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jjjj 0.70779751 zzzz
jj
zz
6
k 0.24444677 {
231
yz
zz
zz
zz
z
{
Iteracin i = 3
ij -0.14539799 yz
j
z
k1 = jjjj -0.17667092 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.37993216 {
ij -0.16053067 yz
j
z
k2 = jjjj -0.20193739 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.38087962 {
ij -0.16066141 yz
j
z
k3 = jjjj -0.20614071 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.38097967 {
ij -0.16690218 yz
j
z
k4 = jjjj -0.24938372 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.38191896 {
ij 0.66251619 yz
j
z
1
P3 = P2 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jjjj 0.50076238 zzzz
j
zz
6
j
k -0.13648152 {
Iteracin i = 4
-0.16688575 y
jij
zz
j
j
k1 = jj -0.24983376 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.38193621 {
ij -0.16474080 yz
j
z
k2 = jjjj -0.33296470 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.38324352 {
ij -0.16351017 yz
j
z
k3 = jjjj -0.37455541 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.38419885 {
-0.15301950 y
jij
zz
j
j
k4 = jj -0.99905078 zzzz
jj
zz
k -0.39731006 {
ij 0.49978166 yz
j
z
1
P4 = P3 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jjjj 0.056774915 zzzz
jj
zz
6
k -0.52217002 {
Tabla de datos.
i
0
Pi
1.0000000 y
jij
z
jj 1.0000000 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
1.0000000
k
{
Pi - Pi-1
232
0.94247147 y
jij
z
jj 0.86651942 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
0.62330093
k
{
0.82163025
jij
zy
jj 0.70779751 zzz
jj
zz
jj
zz
k 0.24444677 {
ij 0.66251619 yz
jj
z
jj 0.50076238 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.13648152 {
ij 0.49978166 yz
jj
z
jj 0.056774915 zzz
jj
zz
j
z
k -0.52217002 {
0.376699
0.378854
0.380928
0.443987
ij x1H0L yz i 1. y
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj zz
k x2 { k 0. {
233
x
ij 8 x1 - 20 22
j
j
J Hx1 , x2 L = jj x 2
2
x1 x2 - 5
k 2 + 2
yz
zz
zz
{
Iteracin i = 1
i -0.11111111 yz
z
k1 = jj
k 0.28888889 {
i -0.10540694 yz
z
k2 = jj
k 0.29911158 {
i -0.10553749 yz
z
k3 = jj
k 0.29936470 {
i -0.10020766 yz
z
k4 = jj
k 0.30889480 {
1
i 0.89446539 yz
z
P1 = P0 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj
6
k 0.29912271 {
Iteracin i = 2
i -0.10021091 zy
z
k1 = jj
k 0.30888086 {
i -0.095227914 yz
z
k2 = jj
k 0.31761021
{
i -0.095314666 yz
z
k3 = jj
k 0.31786191
{
-0.090604488
i
zzy
k4 = jj
k 0.32576730
{
1
i 0.79914863 zy
z
P2 = P1 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj
6
k 0.61672144 {
Iteracin i = 3
i -0.090607837 yz
z
k1 = jj
k 0.32575365
{
i -0.086162938 yz
z
k2 = jj
k 0.33274159
{
i -0.086224208 yz
z
k3 = jj
k 0.33298636
{
i -0.082000914 zy
z
k4 = jj
k 0.33904890
{
1
i 0.71291813 yz
z
P3 = P2 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj
6
k 0.94943118 {
234
Iteracin i = 4
i -0.082004333 yz
z
k1 = jj
k 0.33903601
{
-0.078006147
i
yz
z
k2 = jj
k 0.34410677
{
i -0.078052511 yz
z
k3 = jj
k 0.34434574
{
i -0.074252618 zy
z
k4 = jj
k 0.34844406
{
1
i 0.63485575 yz
z
P4 = P3 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj
6
k 1.2934954 {
Iteracin i = 5
i -0.074256025 zy
z
k1 = jj
k 0.34843225
{
i -0.070663231 yz
z
k2 = jj
k 0.35152371
{
i -0.070700697 yz
z
k3 = jj
k 0.35176085
{
-0.067296876
i
zzy
k4 = jj
k 0.35389356
{
1
i 0.56414229 zy
z
P5 = P4 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj
6
k 1.6449778 {
Iteracin i = 6
i -0.067300177 yz
z
k1 = jj
k 0.35388294
{
i -0.064095682 yz
z
k2 = jj
k 0.35505169
{
i -0.064127458 zy
z
k3 = jj
k 0.35529045
{
i -0.061107990 zy
z
k4 = jj
k 0.35556504
{
1
i 0.49999988 yz
z
P6 = P5 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj
6
k 1.9999999 {
Tabla de datos.
i
0
1
Pi
Pi - Pi-1
1.0000000 y
jji
zz
k0
{
ij 0.89446539 yz
j
z
0.299123
k 0.29912271 {
235
2
3
4
5
6
0.79914863 y
jij
zz
k 0.61672144 {
ij 0.71291813 yz
j
z
k 0.94943118 {
ij 0.63485575 yz
j
z
k 1.2934954 {
0.56414229 y
jji
zz
k 1.6449778 {
ij 0.49999988 yz
j
z
k 1.9999999 {
0.317599
0.33271
0.344064
0.351482
0.355022
x
2
x
+
1
2
k
{ k0 {
4p
ij x1H0L yz i 0. y
P0 = jjj H0L zzz = jj zz
k x2 { k 0. {
8 x2
k -2 +
2p
236
yz
zz
z
{
Iteracin i = 1
i -0.10996031 yz
z
k1 = jj
k 0.054980154 {
i -0.10053454 yz
z
k2 = jj
k 0.024458033 {
i -0.10250307 yz
z
k3 = jj
k 0.032964556 {
i -0.097271662 zy
z
k4 = jj
k 0.017345574 {
1
i -0.10221787 yz
z
P1 = P0 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj
6
k 0.031195151 {
Iteracin i = 2
i -0.097343701 zy
z
k1 = jj
k 0.018034131 {
i -0.094437044 yz
z
k2 = jj
k 0.012042947 {
i -0.094527591 yz
z
k3 = jj
k 0.013019181 {
i -0.092140623 zy
z
k4 = jj
k 0.0092541796 {
1
i -0.19678680 zy
z
P2 = P1 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj
6
k 0.044097246 {
Iteracin i = 3
i -0.092137501 yz
z
k1 = jj
k 0.0092825391 {
i -0.090121763 yz
z
k2 = jj
k 0.0070812789 {
i -0.090147096 zy
z
k3 = jj
k 0.0073385003 {
i -0.088391533 zy
z
k4 = jj
k 0.0058151466 {
1
i -0.28696459 yz
z
P3 = P2 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj
6
k 0.051420120 {
Iteracin i = 4
i -0.088390071 zy
z
k1 = jj
k 0.0058176348 {
i -0.086848148 zy
z
k2 = jj
k 0.0047996081 {
237
1
i -0.37385066 yz
z
P4 = P3 + Hk1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 L = jj
6
k 0.056310880 {
Tabla de datos.
i
0
1
2
3
4
Pi
Pi - Pi-1
ij 0 yz
j z
k0 {
-0.10221787
ij
yz
j
z
0.102218
k 0.031195151 {
ij -0.19678680 yz
j
z 0.0945689
k 0.044097246 {
ij -0.28696459 yz
j
z 0.0901778
k 0.051420120 {
ij -0.37385066 yz
j
z 0.0868861
k 0.056310880 {
238
9. Interfaz de Usuario
9.1 Ventana inicial
La ventana inicial del programa realiza la creacin del marco inicial donde se van a
alojar los botones, el grfico, logo y los mens de ventana con los respectivos textos
relativos al nombre de aplicacin y botn.
Funcin Principal
Funcin Men
Botn
<<SuperWidgetFrame()>>
Mtodos
Botn
Grfico Inicial
g1 = Grfico [ ]
Texto PFC
Acerca de
Botn
Logo ICAI
Salir
239
Mtodos
Pulsacin
Botn
Acerca de
Botn
Salir
Pulsacin
Pulsacin
menuMtodoPuntoFijo []
Botn
Mtodo de Seidel
menuMtodoSeidel []
Creacin Marco
Creacin Marco
SuperWidgetFrame
[Panel, Texto]
SuperWidgetFrame
[Texto Salir]
Pulsacin
Botn
Mtodo de Newton
menuMtodoNewton []
Botn
Botn
SI
Cancelar
Botn
Mtodo de Cuasi Newton
menuMtodoCausiNewton[]
Respuesta = 1
Botn
Mtodo de Mxima Pendiente
menuMtodoMaximaPendiente []
CloseFrame[marcopr]
Botn
Mtodo de Continuacin u
Homotopia
menuMtodoContinuacion[]
240
Pulsacin
Return
<Marco Pr>
En cuanto al botn "Acerca de" crea un marco en el que se crea un panel con el texto
relativo al proyecto, aparecen la Universidad, Especialidad, tipo de trabajo, autor y director
del mismo.
El botn Salir da a elegir mostrando dos botones. Con el botn "S" se cierra el
marco principal y se para la ejecucin del programa. Con el boton "Cancelar" regresamos al
marco principal.
Figura 6
Ventanas Acerca de.
241
- Mtodo de Seidel.
- Mtodo de Newton.
242
Dentro del marco se tienen varios elementos que lo constituyen. Primero el texto que
indica el formato de los datos que debe introducir el usuario. En segundo lugar, una serie de
cajas de captura de datos, segn el tipo. En este caso, "Ecuaciones" tipo texto, en esta caja
se deben introducir las ecuaciones que forman el sistema a resolver, "Ecuaciones
transformadas" de tipo texto, y en ella se deben introducir las ecuaciones tranformadas para
que puedan ser utilizadas por el mtodo, "Punto Inicial" de tipo texto, es el punto inicial a
partir del cual se va a comenzar a iterar, "Error" de tipo real, en esta caja se debe introducir
el error mnimo que se quiere alcanzar para obtner la solucin aproximada. En tercer lugar,
se crean dos botones, uno es el botn "Cancelar" que si es pulsado devuelve a la ventana
inicial del programa y el otro que es el botn "Realizar". Al ser pulsado por el usuario el
programa recoge los datos introducidos en las cajas de parmetros (el usuario previamente
los ha debido introducir) y se envan a la funcin del mtodo del Punto Fijo, para que los
datos introducidos por el usario puedan ser utlizados por esta funcin es necesario realizar
una tranformacin de los datos de entrada al tipo de datos que son admitidos por la funcin.
Todo esto se realiza a la vez que se llama a la funcin PuntoFijo(). Por ltimo, aparece el
texto que indica que se va a mostrar la solucin del sistema de ecuaciones no lineales y una
caja de texto en la que una vez que se ha calculado la solucin se muestran los resultados.
243
ecuaciones no lineales introducido por el usuario. Del mismo modo esta funcin devuelve al
marco los elementos resultantes de dicha llamada, r que contiene el valor de la
aproximacin a la solucin.
Botn
Texto Formato Integral
Image_Expression
menuMetodoPuntoFijo[ ]
Inicializar[variables globles]
Box
Resp = 1
f1
String
Creacin Marco
<<superWidgetFrame[ ]>>
Box
f2
Return <r>
String
Botn
Botn
Realizar
Cancelar
Pulsacin
Resp = 1
Box
String
Pulsacin
Box
Real
r = metodoPuntoFijo[ param]
244
Ventanas para calcular la solucin del sistema con el Mtodo del Punto Fijo.
Figura 10
Dentro del marco se tienen varios elementos que lo constituyen. Primero el texto que
indica el formato de los datos que debe introducir el usuario. En segundo lugar, una serie de
cajas de captura de datos, segn el tipo. En este caso, "Ecuaciones" tipo texto, en esta caja
se deben introducir las ecuaciones que forman el sistema a resolver, "Ecuaciones
transformadas" de tipo texto, y en ella se deben introducir las ecuaciones tranformadas para
que puedan ser utilizadas por el mtodo, "Punto Inicial" de tipo texto, es el punto inicial a
partir del cual se va a comenzar a iterar, "Error" de tipo real, en esta caja se debe introducir
el error mnimo que se quiere alcanzar para obtner la solucin aproximada. En tercer lugar,
se crean dos botones, uno es el botn "Cancelar" que si es pulsado devuelve a la ventana
inicial del programa y el otro que es el botn "Realizar". Al ser pulsado por el usuario el
245
programa recoge los datos introducidos en las cajas de parmetros (el usuario previamente
los ha debido introducir) y se envan a la funcin del mtodo de Seidel, para que los datos
introducidos por el usario puedan ser utlizados por esta funcin es necesario realizar una
tranformacin de los datos de entrada al tipo de datos que son admitidos por la funcin.
Todo esto se realiza a la vez que se llama a la funcin Seidel(). Por ltimo, aparece el texto
que indica que se va a mostrar la solucin del sistema de ecuaciones no lineales y una caja
de texto en la que una vez que se ha calculado la solucin se muestran los resultados.
Mtodo de Seidel
Image_Expression
menuMetodo Seidel[ ]
Inicializar[variables globles]
Box
Resp = 1
f1
String
Creacin Marco
<<superWidgetFrame[ ]>>
Box
f2
Return <r>
String
Botn
Botn
Realizar
Cancelar
Pulsacin
Resp = 1
Box
String
Pulsacin
Box
Real
r = metodoSeidel[ param]
246
Dentro del marco se tienen varios elementos que lo constituyen. Primero, el texto
que indica el formato de los datos que debe introducir el usuario. En segundo lugar, una
serie de cajas de captura de datos, segn el tipo. En este caso, "Ecuaciones" tipo texto, en
247
esta caja se deben introducir las ecuaciones que forman el sistema a resolver, "Punto
Inicial" de tipo texto, es el punto inicial a partir del cual se va a comenzar a iterar, "Nmero
Maximo Interaciones" de tipo texto y en la que se debe introducir el nmero mximo de
iteraciones que se quieren realizar, "Error" de tipo real, en esta caja se debe introducir el
error mnimo que se quiere alcanzar para obtner la solucin aproximada. En tercer lugar, se
crean dos botones, uno es el botn "Cancelar" que si es pulsado devuelve a la ventana
inicial del programa y el otro que es el botn "Realizar". Al ser pulsado por el usuario el
programa recoge los datos introducidos en las cajas de parmetros (el usuario previamente
los ha debido introducir) y se envan a la funcin del mtodo de Newton, para que los datos
introducidos por el usario puedan ser utlizados por esta funcin es necesario realizar una
tranformacin de los datos de entrada al tipo de datos que son admitidos por la funcin.
Todo esto se realiza a la vez que se llama a la funcin Newton(). Por ltimo, aparece el texto
que indica que se va a mostrar la solucin del sistema de ecuaciones no lineales y una caja
de texto en la que una vez que se ha calculado la solucin se muestran los resultados.
248
Botn
Texto Formato Integral
Mtodo de Newton
Image_Expression
menuMetodoNewton[ ]
Inicializar[variables globles]
Box
Resp = 1
f1
String
Creacin Marco
<<superWidgetFrame[ ]>>
Box
Return <r>
String
Botn
Botn
Realizar
Cancelar
Pulsacin
Resp = 1
Box
String
Pulsacin
Box
Real
r = metodoNewton[ param]
249
Dentro del marco se tienen varios elementos que lo constituyen. Primero, el texto
que indica el formato de los datos que debe introducir el usuario. En segundo lugar, una
serie de cajas de captura de datos, segn el tipo. En este caso, "Ecuaciones" tipo texto, en
esta caja se deben introducir las ecuaciones que forman el sistema a resolver, "Punto
Inicial" de tipo texto, es el punto inicial a partir del cual se va a comenzar a iterar, "Nmero
Mximo de Iteraciones" de tipo texto, y en ella se debe introducir el nmero mximo de
iteraciones que se desea que realice el mtodo, "Error" de tipo real, en esta caja se debe
introducir el error mnimo que se quiere alcanzar para obtner la solucin aproximada.
En tercer lugar, se crean dos botones, uno es el botn "Cancelar" que si es pulsado devuelve
250
a la ventana inicial del programa y el otro que es el botn "Realizar". Al ser pulsado por el
usuario el programa recoge los datos introducidos en las cajas de parmetros (el usuario
previamente los ha debido introducir) y se envan a la funcin del mtodo de Cuasi Newton, para que los datos introducidos por el usario puedan ser utlizados por esta funcin
es necesario realizar una tranformacin de los datos de entrada al tipo de datos que son
admitidos por la funcin. Todo esto se realiza a la vez que se llama a la funcin Cuasi Newton(). Por ltimo, aparece el texto que indica que se va a mostrar la solucin del sistema
de ecuaciones no lineales y una caja de texto en la que una vez que se ha calculado la
solucin se muestran los resultados.
Image_Expression
menuMetodoCuasiNewton[ ]
Inicializar[variables globles]
Box
Resp = 1
f1
String
Creacin Marco
<<superWidgetFrame[ ]>>
Box
Return <r>
String
Botn
Botn
Realizar
Cancelar
Pulsacin
Resp = 1
Box
String
Pulsacin
Box
Real
r = metodoCuasiNewton[ param]
251
Las ventanas se muestra a continuacin. Se puede ver que el evento que se produce
al pulsar el botn "Realizar" lanza la llamada a la funcin imprimiendo los resultados.
Ventanas para calcular la solucin del sistema con el Mtodo de Cuasi - Newton.
Figura 16
252
Dentro del marco se tienen varios elementos que lo constituyen. Primero, el texto
que indica el formato de los datos que debe introducir el usuario. En segundo lugar, una
serie de cajas de captura de datos, segn el tipo. En este caso, "Ecuaciones" tipo texto, en
esta caja se deben introducir las ecuaciones que forman el sistema a resolver, "Punto
Inicial" de tipo texto, es el punto inicial a partir del cual se va a comenzar a iterar, "Nmero
Mximo de Iteraciones" de tipo texto, y en ella se debe introducir el nmero mximo de
iteraciones que se desea que realice el mtodo, "Error" de tipo real, en esta caja se debe
introducir el error mnimo que se quiere alcanzar para obtner la solucin aproximada.
En tercer lugar, se crean dos botones, uno es el botn "Cancelar" que si es pulsado devuelve
a la ventana inicial del programa y el otro que es el botn "Realizar". Al ser pulsado por el
usuario el programa recoge los datos introducidos en las cajas de parmetros (el usuario
previamente los ha debido introducir) y se envan a la funcin del mtodo de la Mxima
Pendiente, para que los datos introducidos por el usario puedan ser utlizados por esta
funcin es necesario realizar una tranformacin de los datos de entrada al tipo de datos que
son admitidos por la funcin. Todo esto se realiza a la vez que se llama a la funcin
MaximaPendiente(). Por ltimo, aparece el texto que indica que se va a mostrar la solucin
del sistema de ecuaciones no lineales y una caja de texto en la que una vez que se ha
calculado la solucin se muestran los resultados.
253
Botn
Mtodo de la Mxima Pendiente
menuMetodoMaximaPendiente[ ]
Inicializar[variables globles]
Box
Resp = 1
f1
String
Creacin Marco
<<superWidgetFrame[ ]>>
Box
Return <r>
String
Botn
Botn
Realizar
Cancelar
Pulsacin
Resp = 1
Box
String
Pulsacin
Box
Real
r = metodoMaximaPendiente[ param]
254
Ventanas para calcular la solucin del sistema con el Mtodo de la Mxima Pendiente.
Figura 18
Dentro del marco se tienen varios elementos que lo constituyen. Primero, el texto
que indica el formato de los datos que debe introducir el usuario. En segundo lugar, una
serie de cajas de captura de datos, segn el tipo. En este caso, "Ecuaciones" tipo texto, en
esta caja se deben introducir las ecuaciones que forman el sistema a resolver, "Punto
Inicial" de tipo texto, es el punto inicial a partir del cual se va a comenzar a iterar, "Nmero
Mximo de Iteraciones" de tipo texto, y en ella se debe introducir el nmero mximo de
iteraciones que se desea que realice el mtodo. En tercer lugar, se crean dos botones, uno es
el botn "Cancelar" que si es pulsado devuelve a la ventana inicial del programa y el otro
que es el botn "Realizar". Al ser pulsado por el usuario el programa recoge los datos
255
introducidos en las cajas de parmetros (el usuario previamente los ha debido introducir) y
se envan a la funcin del mtodo de Continuacin u Homotopa, para que los datos
introducidos por el usario puedan ser utlizados por esta funcin es necesario realizar una
tranformacin de los datos de entrada al tipo de datos que son admitidos por la funcin.
Todo esto se realiza a la vez que se llama a la funcin Continuacion(). Por ltimo, aparece el
texto que indica que se va a mostrar la solucin del sistema de ecuaciones no lineales y una
caja de texto en la que una vez que se ha calculado la solucin se muestran los resultados.
Mtodo de Continuacin
Image_Expression
menuMetodoContinuacion[ ]
Inicializar[variables globles]
Box
f1
String
Creacin Marco
<<superWidgetFrame[ ]>>
Box
Return <r>
String
Botn
Botn
Realizar
Cancelar
Pulsacin
Resp = 1
Box
String
Pulsacin
r = metodoContinuacion[ param]
256
Ventanas para calcular la solucin del sistema con el Mtodo Continuacin u Homotopa.
Figura 20
257
10. Metodologa
En este apartado se va a desarrollar un Plan de Gestin del Proyecto, documento de
control para gestionar un proyecto informtico, donde se definen todos los procesos
necesarios para desarrollar los productos objeto del proyecto. Es independiente del tipo de
proyecto, tamao, importancia, complejidad y tecnologa. Su contenido abarca aspectos de
formato y de contenido. El contenido del Plan de Gestin del Proyecto son: EDT, fichas
detalladas y planificacin.
1.
conjunto de tareas manejables. Da una visin detallada del alcance del proyecto, permite
hacer estimaciones de tiempo y coste ms cercanas a la realidad, permite monitorizar el
progreso del proyecto con mayor facilidad y permite hacer asignaciones ms claras de
trabajo a los miembros del equipo. Tiene una estructura jerrquica, con un nodo raz que
representa el proyecto. De l cuelgan actividades; estas actividades son tareas desarrolladas
durante un periodo de tiempo predefinido dentro del plan de trabajo del proyecto. Las
actividades pueden descomponerse en sub - actividades creando una estructura jerrquica.
Las actividades de ltimo nivel suelen denominarse Tareas. A medida que se desciende en
el rbol, aumenta el detalle de la tarea.
Tareas resumen: son simplemente un resumen que da una visin de ms alto nivel.
Estas tareas resumen pueden descomponerse en ms tareas, segn el nivel de detalle.
258
Paquetes de trabajo: especificacin del trabajo que debe ser realizado en una tarea,
debe tener un identificador y un nombre, se suelen especificar precondiciones para su
ejecucin y productos generado. Es lo que realmente se ejecuta, no se descomponen ms.
A continuacin, se muestra el EDT del proyecto.
259
2.
Fichas detalladas. En este apartado se detallan las actividades que se van a realizar
en cada tarea, las entradas necesario para realizar la tarea, las salidas que produce la tarea y
el responsable de la tarea junto con su duracin.
260
261
262
263
264
tcnica PERT que permite calcular informacin importante sobre cada tarea para el
seguimiento y control. Para cada paquete de trabajo se establece el inicio y fin ms
temprano de esa tarea, y el inicio y fin ms tardo de la tarea. Antes se debe calcular la
duracin de los paquetes de trabajo. Permite conocer el camino crtico, es decir, las tareas en
las que si se sufre retraso se retrasara la fecha de finalizacin del proyecto.
Se realiza una estimacin de las horas / hombre que va a dedicar cada participante en
el desarrollo del proyecto a cada paquete de trabajo, especificando adems las semanas
totales que va a durar cada tarea.
265
266
Una vez que se ha calculado una estimacin de las horas que se van a dedicar a cada
tarea es necesario calcular el orden en que se van a ejecutar las tareas, para ello se crea una
tabla en la que por cada tarea se establecen sus predecesoras, es decir, las tareas que deben
estar terminadas para poder ejecutar las siguientes.
267
268
Diagrama de Gantt
Figura 35
269
270
3.
Incrementos e IVA
Se parte de la suma de las partidas (1), (2), (3), y (4) formando el Coste Directo del
Proyecto. A este Coste Directo se le aplican los Gastos Generales H13 %L y el Beneficio
Industrial H6 %L. La suma de los conceptos de Coste Directo, Gastos Generales y Beneficio
Industrial constituyen el Total Importe sin IVA.
A este importe se le sumarn los impuestos correspondientes como IVA H16 %L, para
la Pennsula y Baleares, IGIC H5 %L para las islas Canarias o IPSI H0 %L para Ceuta y
Melilla.
Total Proyecto
La suma del Total Importe sin IVA ms la partida de
Incrementos e IVA
determinan el importe total del desarrollo, implantacin y puesta en servicio del Proyecto.
271
El
detalle
de cada
una de
las partidas
se expresa en
tem
Concepto
P.1.1.2
P.1
Empresa
Unidad
(Meses/
Hombre)
Desarrollo Inf.
Desarrollo Inf.
0,04
0,25
7.847,53
5.762,31
274,66
1.440,58
Desarrollo Inf.
Desarrollo Inf.
0,04
0,25
7.847,53
5.762,31
274,66
1.440,58
Desarrollo Inf.
Desarrollo Inf.
0,11
0,75
7.847,53
5.762,31
863,23
4.321,73
Coste
Unitario
Coste Total
Total por
partidas
P.1.1.1
la siguiente tabla.
b) Desarrollo software
Mtodos de resolucin de sistemas de ecuaciones
no lineales.
Mtodo del Punto Fijo.
Mtodo de Seidel.
Mtodo de Newton.
Mtodo de Cuasi -Newton.
Mtodo de la Mxima Pendiente.
Mtodo de Continuacin u Homotopia.
Jefe de Proyecto
Analista/Programador
P.1.1.3
Subtotal 1
2
P.1.2.1
Desarrollo Inf.
Desarrollo Inf.
0,01
0,10
7.847,53
5.762,31
109,87
576,23
P.1.2.2
Desarrollo Inf.
Desarrollo Inf.
0,01
0,10
7.847,53
5.762,31
109,87
576,23
Subtotal 2
3
P.1.3.1
P.1.3.2
AddLink Sw.
Cientfico
DigiBuy
1
1
1.419,64
75,99
1.419,64
75,99
Subtotal 3
Desarrollo Inf.
3.907,91
3.907,91
Subtotal 4
1.495,63
P.1.4.1
1.372,19
Equipamiento y Licencias
Licencia de Mathematica V. 5.2 para Windows
Licencia de Mathematica for Active X
8.615,44
Incrementos e IVA
Gastos Generales
Beneficio Industrial
Desarrollo Inf.
Desarrollo Inf.
13%
6%
15.391,18
15.391,18
16%
18.315,50
18.315,50
2.930,48
272
15.391,18
2.000,85
923,47
3.907,91
21.245,98
12. Conclusiones
A lo largo de este proyecto, se han estudiado diferentes mtodos numricos para
aproximar una solucin a un sistema de ecuaciones no lineales mediante seis mtodos de
resolucin diferentes.
Por consiguiente, tras hacer un amplio recorrido por las bases matemticas
empleadas y por las caractersticas de las mismas, y tras haber analizado y programado los
algoritmos empleados para resolver el problema tratado, se pueden establecer las
conclusiones tericas y prcticas siguientes:
1.
inicial aproximar ese punto iterativamente al punto solucin del sistema de ecuaciones no
lineales.
2.
273
-1
F HxHk-1L L,
que converge rpidamente, generalmente de forma cuadrtica, en una solucin p si xH0L est
suficientemente cerca de p. Sin embargo, no siempre es fcil determinar valores iniciales a
partir de los que se obtenga una solucin y, adems, el mtodo de Newton requiere evaluar o
aproximar n2 derivadas parciales para calcular la matriz jacobiana, n operaciones escalares
para evaluar F y resolver un sistema lineal de n ecuaciones con n incgnitas en cada paso, lo
que conlleva del orden de O Hn3 L operaciones, por lo que es un mtodo computacionalmente
muy costoso. En este mtodo los errores de redondeo se van corriguiendo en las sucesivas
iteraciones, es un mtodo autocorrector.
3.
para cualquier punto inicial. En cambio es necesario realizar una transformacin del sistema
de ecuaciones, despejando en cada ecuacin una de las variables para resolver
algebraicamente cada una de las ecuaciones para cada una de las variables. Sin embargo,
esta tcnica rara vez tiene xito ya que es dificil encontrar la transformacin adecuada entre
todas las posibles transformaciones existentes. El mtodo de Seidel acelera, generalmente la
convergencia de la iteracin del mtodo del Punto Fijo utilizando las aproximaciones ms
recientes a la solucin en cada iteracin para calcular la nueva aproximacin.
4.
274
orden del nmero de operaciones aritmticas de O Hn3 L a O Hn2 L. Adems, las nicas
evaluaciones funcionales escalares que se requieren son al evaluar fi , lo que permite ahorrar
n2 evaluaciones de funciones escalares en cada iteracin, siendo solo necesario n
evaluaciones de funciones escalares. En el mtodo Cuasi-Newton tambin es necesario
disponer de una buena aproximacin incial para asegurar la convergencia del mtodo. Otra
desventaja de este mtodo es que, a diferencia del mtodo de Newton, no es autocorrector; y
las soluciones aproximadas que resultan en cada iteracin son menos exactas que en el
mtodo de Newton.
5.
6.
275
276
mtodo tambin puede emplearse para obtener aproximaciones iniciales para los mtodos de
Newton y Cuasi-Newton.
7.
Los mtodos del Punto Fijo y de Seidel solo se recomiendan cuando el sistema de
ecuaciones no lineales a resolver el muy simple ya que va a ser necesario realizar una
transformacin en las ecuaciones y su velocidad de convergencia no compensa esta
transformacin.
8.
9.
277
a)
las cuales incluyen tcnicas ms complejas para determinar el valor de a, que producir un
mnimo con una funcin de una sola variable h. En otras tcnicas se emplea el polinomio de
Taylor multidimensional para reemplazar la funcin de varias variables original g y reducir
al mnimo el polinomio en vez de g. Aunque algunas de ellas tienen ventajas sobre el
procedimiento que se ha utilizado en este proyecto; en general, todos los mtodos de la
Mxima Pendiente son linealmente convergentes y convergen independientemente de la
aproximacin inicial. Pero en algunos casos pueden converger en algo que no es el mnimo
absoluto de la funcin g.
b)
278
a)
b)
c)
279
d)
interfaz de usuario.
diseado para crear interfaces de usuario (GUI) con Mathematica. Se necesita el paquete
denominado GUIKit, incluido en Mathematica 5.1 o versiones superiores. No obstante, el
paquete Super Widget Package requiere Mathematica 5.2.
La instalacin de Super Widget Package (Versin 2.82 libre) se realiza del modo
siguiente:
1.
2.
3.
4.
280
Manual de Usuario
Para utilizar la aplicacin es necesario tener instalado el software Mathematica 5.2,
el paquete The Super Widget y las plantillas suministradas en el CD.
Para resolver problemas con esta interfaz se siguen los siguientes pasos:
1.
2.
Introducir los datos necesarios para la resolucin del problema como se indica en la
3.
Una vez que se han obtenido los resultados si que quiere volver a resolver un
problema con el mismo mtodo volver a introducir los datos en la misma ventana y pulsar
el botn "Realizar". Si se quiere resolver un problema con otro mtodo o salir de la
aplicacin se debe cerrar la ventana del mtodo y se vuelve a la ventana principal de la
aplicacin desde la que se puede cerrar la aplicacin o ejecutar problemas con culaquier
mtodo siguiendo los pasos anteriores.
281
Bibliografa
[BURD98]
[CARN79]
[CHAP87]
[DEMI85]
[GARC97]
[GERA00]
[INFA99]
[MATH00]
282
[MOUR88]
[MUTO98]
[NAKA91]
[PORT]
Portaencasa, R.; Vega, C.; Fdez. Baizn, C.; Morant, J. L.; Ribagorda, A.
Anlisis Numrico. Facultad de Informtica. Madrid.
[RINC01]
Rincn, F.
Anlisis Matemtico y Mtodos Numricos para Informtica
Ed. Dpto. Publicaciones de la E.U.I. Madrid, 2001.
[RODR03]
[RODR98]
[SCHE72]
Scheid, Francis.
Anlisis Numricos. Teora y 775 Problemas Resueltos.
Serie Schaum, McGraw-Hill. Madrid, 1972.
[SCHE91]
[VILL96]
283
URLs
[1]
http://www.edicionsupc.es/ftppublic/forum/FEEL1102.pdf
[2]
http://www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_linealidad
No linealidad.
[3]
http://kmplexblog.com/2005/05%las-organizaciones-como-sistemas-no.html
[4]
http://sai.azc.uam.mx/apoyodidactico/
Mtodos Numricos.
[5]
http://homepage.cem.itesm.mx/lgomez/curso_basico.htm
[6]
http://ma1.eii.us.es/miembros/cobos/AN/Utilidades/Chapter1.pdf
Ecuaciones no lineales.
284