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Privadas por Pas, y cada uno lo hace de manera que esta definicin se adecue a sus
instituciones y las particularidades de su legislacin. Para muestra de leyes, visite Leyes y
Regulacin de las Asociaciones Pblico-Privadas.
En algunas jurisdicciones, y especficamente aquellas que se rigen bajo el cdigo
napolenico, se diferencia un contrato pblico de una APP. En un contrato pblico, como
una concesin, el sector privado provee directamente un servicio al pblico, por lo tanto
asume el riesgo del consumidor final.
En una APP, el sector privado suministra un servicio al sector pblico directamente, como
en un contrato de Construccin, Operacin y Transferencia de una planta de tratamiento
de aguas residuales, o un servicio por uso como en la operacin de un hospital.
En otros pases, hay sectores especficos que no se consideran dentro de la definicin de las
APP, tales como el sector de telecomunicaciones, ya que estn regulados de una manera
eficiente o existe un sustancial aporte de parte del sector privado. En otros pases, se
excluye de la definicin de asociaciones pblico privadas a acuerdos en los que hay ms
limitaciones para transferir riesgo por razones institucionales, como los contratos de
administracin, ya que las autoridades prefieren otorgar servicios a travs de un proceso
ms tradicional de contratacin.
Potential Benefits
Potential Risks
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Development, bidding and ongoing costs in PPP projects are likely to be greater
than for traditional government procurement processes - the government should
therefore determine whether the greater costs involved are justified. A number of the
PPP and implementation units around the world have developed methods for
analysing these costs and looking at Value for Money.
There is a cost attached to debt While private sector can make it easier
to get finance, finance will only be available where the operating
cashflows of the project company are expected to provide a return on
investment (i.e., the cost has to be borne either by the customers or the
government through subsidies, etc.)
Some projects may be easier to finance than others (if there is proven
technology involved and/ or the extent of the private sectors obligations
and liability is clearly identifiable), some projects will generate revenue
in local currency only (eg water projects) while others (eg ports and
airports) will provide currency in dollar or other international currency
and so constraints of local finance markets may have less impact
There is no unlimited risk bearing private firms (and their lenders) will
be cautious about accepting major risks beyond their control, such as
exchange rate risks/risk of existing assets. If they bear these risks then
their price for the service will reflect this. Private firms will also want to
know that the rules of the game are to be respected by government as
regards undertakings to increase tariffs/fair regulation, etc. Private
sector will also expect a significant level of control over operations if it is
to accept significant risks
Private sector will do what it is paid to do and no more than that therefore
incentives and performance requirements need to be clearly set out in the contract.
Focus should be on performance requirements that are out-put based and relatively
easy to monitor
The private sector is likely to have more expertise and after a short time
have an advantage in the data relating to the project. It is important to
ensure that there are clear and detailed reporting requirements imposed
on the private operator to reduce this potential imbalance
possible that some of the projects may fail or may be terminated prior to
the projected term of the project, for a number of reasons including
changes in government policy, failure by the private operator or the
government to perform their obligations or indeed due to external
circumstances such as force majeure. While some of these issues will be
able to be addressed in the PPP agreement, it is likely that some of them
will need to be managed during the course of the project
Lectura relacionada
El gobierno tambin tendr que considerar si la inversin requerida puede y debe hacerse
en su totalidad con fondos pblicos o si sera conveniente que la haga el sector privado.
regresar al comienzo
Razones posibles para la participacin del sector privado
Esto implica enumerar y analizar las ventajas y desventajas de cada posible forma de
contratacin pblica tradicional y de los mecanismos de las APP, tal como estn
descritos Acuerdos. Una evaluacin de alto nivel a high level assessment se hace si hay la
posibilidad de que una APP ofrezca un mayor valor por el dinero invertido en el proyecto
durante la vida del mismo, en comparacin con lo que costara la contratacin de manera
tradicional (a menudo conocido como el "comparador del sector pblico"). Hay una serie
de mecanismos de evaluacin del Value-for-Money que han sido desarrollados por las
unidades de APP y unidades de ejecucin en todo el mundo. Este anlisis y la evaluacin
del comparador del sector pblico es ms un arte que una ciencia, por lo tanto, los
principios y directrices de estas evaluaciones varan de pas a pas. Ms ejemplos de estos
mecanismos se pueden encontrar en Mecanismos de Value-for-Money.
Despus de haber evaluado las opciones disponibles y preliminarmente haber decidido que
lo ms factible es una estructura de APP, la agencia gubernamental responsable tendr que
desarrollar un modelo de negocio ms detallado del proyecto, para evaluar si la APP
proporcionar un value-for-money a comparacin de la manera tradicional de contratacin.
Puede ser apropiado que este modelo de negocio sea referido a una instancia superior de
gobierno para su aprobacin. Para ms informacin sobre esto, vaya a Instituciones de
Gobierno para la aplicacin de productos fitosanitarios y lecturas adicionales ms adelante.
regreso al comienzo
Lecturas relacionadas
Elija su mejor opcin:
Autopistas
o
Finding the Right Solution section of the World Bank Toolkit for
Private Partnership in Highways (2nd Ed. 2009).
Agua
o
and
General
o
Poor governance and corruption undermine the economies of developing countries as well
as the World Bank's core mission of poverty reduction and disproportionately affect the
poor. The World Bank has a fiduciary obligation to assure its own shareholders and
stakeholders that funds are used for their intended purposes and so seeks to strengthen
governance and anti-corruption measures in its borrower countries.
PPPs can be susceptible to corrupt activity if not carefully planned and designed, as with
general public procurement. Prevention of corruption requires the integration of
anticorruption approaches during project design. This page provides examples of some of
the tools that the World Bank and other institutions employ to address the risk of corruption
in infrastructure projects. also, go to Anti-Corruption and Freedom of Information
Lawsfor examples of laws in developed and developing countries on this topic.
Another crucial area of reducing corruption in PPPs is by encouraging transparency in the
bidding process, contract award and implementation.
The World Bank Group, in collaboration with the Construction Sector Transparency
Initiative (COST) and PPIAF has circulated for consultation a draft Framework for
Disclosure in PPP (2015), expanding on a study and report of WBG in 2013 on Disclosure
of Project and Contract Information in Public Private Partnerships, part of a larger
G20 initiative, working with CoST. Feedback on the draft Framework would be very
welcome!
Useful Links
Further Reading
Transparency International
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the procurement process and recognize the initiative of the proponent, is typically difficult.
A number of approaches have been developed, and examples are set out below:
UNCITRAL
Chile has adopted an approach whereby the project proponent is required to take part in a
fully competitive tender process, but is given bonus points in relation to the evaluation. The
process to manage unsolicited proposals is found in detail (in Spanish) in a regulation
(secondary legislation) to the law (reglamento) Reglamento no. 956 Chilean Concession
Regulations no. 956. Click on Chile Summary for a summary of the regulations.
South Korea
South Africa
The South African National Roads Agency policy - this grants the original proponent an
advantage by giving it the opportunity to take part in the call for "best and final bids".
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Useful Links
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Further Reading
https://www.dnp.gov.co/programas/participaci%C3%B3n-privada-%20y-enproyectos-de-infraestructura/asociaciones-publicoprivadas/Paginas/asociaciones-publico-privadas.aspx
http://www.cepal.org/prensa/noticias/noticias/8/9648/1FinanciamientoApoyoDoc
Monterrey.pdf