Guia de Examen para El Ingles

TECNOLGICO NACIONAL DE MXICO
Instituto Tecnolgico de Acapulco
GUA DE EXAMEN DE INGLS
INSTITUTO TECNOLGICO DE ACAPULCO
EXAMEN GLOBAL
DE INGLS
Examen tipo ejemplo
Para presentar el Examen de Ingls en su modalidad de eval

uacin de las
siguientes competencias:
a) Habilidades de comprensin auditiva y de lectura
b) Expresin escrita y oral de temas tcnicos-cientficos
relacionados con
el perfil profesional.
Acapulco, Gro., Marzo 2016


INFORMACIN E INSTRUCCIONES SOBRE EL EXAMEN.
1.- En el da y hora asignados para el examen, debers presentarte con bolgrafo (tint
a
negra) y una identificacin oficial, de preferencia tu credencial de elector (IF
E).
Identificarse plenamente es indispensable. No identificarse, ser motivo para no permitir
realizar el examen.
2.- El examen se hace en dos partes:
Primera parte:
Se te har entrega del artculo escrito en ingls.
a)
Consiste en una serie de preguntas de opcin mltiple relacionadas con el tema o

temas del artculo. La puntacin total para esta parte es del 25 %.
b) Consiste en elaborar un resumen en espaol con una extensin mnima de un
a
cuartilla sobre la informacin ms importante del tema contenido en el artculo
.
Esta tiene un valor del 25%.
Segunda parte:
c)
Consiste en escuchar un tema en ingls, posteriormente responder una serie de

preguntas de opcin mltiple. La puntacin total para esta parte es del 25 %.
a) Se te realizarn unas preguntas en ingls y responders las preguntas en ingls.
La puntacin total de esta seccin ser del 25%. .
3.-
La duracin del examen de la primera parte es de 1:30 horas, contadas a partir d
el
momento marcado para dar inicio al examen y la segunda parte es de 1:30 horas.
4.- No se permite el uso de telfonos celulares, tablet, PC, etc.
5- El examen es individual.
6.- Debes guardar silencio, para concentrarse en el examen es necesario un ambient
e
tranquilo.
ESTRATEGIAS RECOMENDADAS PARA RESOLVER EL EXAMEN.

1.- Lee cuidadosamente el texto completo del artculo, antes de proceder a contestar las
preguntas que se te hacen y antes de hacer la traduccin.
2.- Lo mismo aplica para las preguntas de opcin mltiple. Lee
cada pregu
nta
atentamente, hasta que tengas en claro la respuesta.
3.-Para la traduccin, Identifica cada frase u oracin (donde inicia, donde termina) de
l
texto a traducir, teniendo siempre presente la idea principal del tema completo.
Si
encuentras palabras cuyo significado te sea desconocido, traduce de acuerdo al contexto,
sin cambiar completamente el significado de la frase u oracin respectiva.
Los siguientes son EXMENES- MUESTRA (EJEMPLOS) que te ser til resolver,
respondiendo las preguntas y haciendo la traduccin por escrito al espaol. Ca
da
Ejemplo-muestra, incluye primero el artculo, luego las preguntas. La traduccin intenta
hacerla por tu cuenta y compara con la que se te ofrece como correcta o aceptable.
ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT

Since the beginning of the century that have been presented numerous analysis wit
h
respect to sustainability, the decline of the planet and the devastating consequences that
would bring our actions.

First we will analyze the end to complete the relevant valuation. In the first chapter th
e
concept of Sustainable Development was raised along with his principles and t
he
corresponding background. This chapter will try to arrive at a value-based connotation of
the concept, analyzing the different situations and changes we have been experiencing
both in relation to the environment and in relation to ourselves as people.
Development " means "to move toward the best." Your own meaning is optimis
tic
philosophy of the nineteenth century and is closely linked with the concept of Progress .
This ultimately means two things:
A series any facts that develop in desirable direction
The belief that the events in the story unfold in the most desirable direction, making a
n
increasing perfection.
In the first sense is spoken, for example, the "Progress of the chemical or Technic
al
progress" In the second sense, the word refers not only a balance of past history, but also
a prophecy for the future.
As made clear above, sustainable development is a proposal in 1987 by the Wo
rld
Commission on Environment and posed an ethical principle strategy: "Is one that fosters
the development of the present generation without compromising the ability of futur
e
generations to satisfy them needs". Or in other words, is the way in which men and women
can use these resources that are the heritage of humanity, without wasting them, so that
our descendants will find a world at least similar to what we have. The key question is: Are
we doing? The answer is NO, or individual, regional, national or global level.
Sustainable development, as we have said and repeated, is closely associated wit
h
protecting the "Environment" in the ordinary meaning of the term, is the set of relationships
between the natural world and living things, which influences the life and behavior of the
living being itself.
History shows a tendency to the progress of human society taken as a whole. The pace of
progress has varied over different periods, starting from the fifteenth century when th
e
intensity of the economic and social life begins to accelerate with the great scientif
ic
discoveries such as gunpowder, printing and the compass needle especially since th
e
eighteenth century to the present day. Technological advances have brought devastating
consequences in some respects, as were military related issues, such as nucl
ear
weapons, which cause great environmental damage. But we must emphasize that not only
are negative consequences for the environment, but also has its positive side, they ar
e
these technological advances which provide much of the economic development.
Analyzing the history of mankind, we see the change we have experienced over time. The
people who lived after World War II, had the opportunity to meet durable products, good
quality, not crumbled in his hands. The world had experienced a major crisis and the need
to protect what was obvious to those who had suffered the lack of everything. Youn
g

people however, we live in an age where everything is disposable, running the risk
of
saying that even human relationships fall into this "disposable rating. Today, the man is
immersed in the ambition to be getting bigger and powerful, equipping themselves wit
h
science and the mechanical arts as an expression of harmony with nature, leading to
a
culture of waste. Thus, the development of science has further increased the gap between
the haves and have-nots, as the fifth of humanity lives in poverty.
The relationship of man with nature today leads to a clearly suicidal race as we destroy in
the name of "Development, exerting pressure on a wild planet's resources. Many claim
that this is due to excessive exploitation overpopulation. This position is called N
eo
Malthusian and clearest reflection is in poor countries, where the population suffers from
policies that seek to reduce the birth rate, when one of the older man's wealth has always
been its workforce. The problem is that men take a wage to support themselves and their
families, and computerized machines can replace them with much economic benefit.
Many environmental groups that lean primarily for the protection of nature, which has been
destroyed due to over , deforestation and even natural causes that man cannot
be
controlled , even reaching some thoughts as macabre as self-destructive " massive human
die-offs would be good our task is to cause them is the task of our species, in relation
to
the whole, eliminating 90 percent of our figures . . ." Even some have welcomed AIDS as a
way to achieve this, while the information of the radical organization Earth First! has called
for an investigation into a specific virus" that could destroy humanity.
The environmental and social damage caused by a wide range of economic factors, and
partly aggravated by the activities of own subsistence poverty, prevent our countries from
achieving adequate standards of living. We seek a consistent, ethical and moral response
to that development and voracious predator that destroys our planet. Poverty a
nd
environmental degradation continue while not change the irrational way of producing and
distributing wealth, this will be possible with profound changes in the centers of politica
l
and economic power.
Now men living in subhuman conditions. Consider the concentration of our great cities, the
slums, lack of space, air and weather, gloomy streets and yellow lights that confuse day
with night. Consider our dehumanized factories, our unsatisfied senses, our wome
n
workers, and our estrangement from nature.
The life in that environment has
no
meaning... However we call it progress.
I)
PART ONE:
VALUE
A) CIRCLE THE POINT THAT ANSWER CORRECTLY
60 %
1. The analysis of the term in Sustainable Development, which are two of the issues that
are valued
a) The Global Economy and the Environment deteriorated.
b) Environmental Pollution and poorly paid employment.

c) The different situations and changes we have been experiencing.
d) The progress of the chemical and technical progress.
2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Term development refers to:

The relationship ourselves as people.
The movement for the better.
Growth of the internal parts of a company.
Unfolding from childhood.
3. Sustainable development is a proposal in 1987 by the World Commission

on
Environment and posed as an ethical principle strategy:
a) " Is that impedes the development of the present generation without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs"
b) " Is that fosters the development of the present generation without concern for the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs"
c) " Is that fosters the development of the next generation without compromising the ability
of present generations to meet their own needs"
d) " Is that fosters the development of the present generation without compromising th
e
ability of future generations to meet their own needs"
4. The set of relationships between the natural world and living things, which influences
the life and behavior of the living being itself.
a) The Global Economy.
b) Naturism.
c) The Environment.
d) The Family.
5. Technological advances have brought devastating consequences, such as issue
s
related to war, causing major environmental damage, such as:
a) Improving the Global Economy.
b) Conservation of Nature.
c) Increased Environmental Protection.
d) Development and indiscriminate use of nuclear weapons

B) ANSWER FALSE ( F) TRUE OR ( T ) THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS :
(
) The meaning of development is closely linked with the concept of progress.
( ) The document ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT

says the rating and Sustainable Development concept is discussed

(
) Sustainable development is a proposal at the end of World War II, the Wo
rld
Commission strategy for the Middle Atmosphere
(
) Sustainable development applies only to individuals and where they live.
(
) Technological advances have brought devastating consequences, such as war related issues such as nuclear weapons, which cause significant environmental damage.
II)
PART TWO
VALUE
40 %
A) WRITE IN YOUR OWN WORDS ABOUT WHAT YOU JUST READ.
TRANSLATE THE TEXT IN ORDER IS WRITTEN
Mechanical energy and Work

1.- Energy gives us one more tool to use to analyze physical situations. When forces and
accelerations are used, you usually freeze the action at a particular instant in time, draw a
free-body diagram, set up force equations, figure out accelerations, etc. With energy the
approach is usually a little different. Often you can look at the starting conditions (initi
al
speed and height, for instance) and the final conditions (final speed and height), and no
t
have to worry about what happens in between. The initial and final information can often
tell you all you need to know. Whenever a force is applied to an object, causing the object

to move, work is done by the force. If a force is applied but the object doesn't move,
no
work is done; if a force is applied and the object moves a distance d in a direction oth
er
than the direction of the force, less work is done than if the object moves a distance d i
n
the direction of the applied force.
Work can be either positive or negative: if the force has a component in the same direction
as the displacement of the object, the force is doing positive work. If the force has
a
component in the direction opposite to the displacement, the force does negative work.
If you pick a book off the floor and put it on a table, for example, you're doing positive work
on the book, because you supplied an upward force and the book went up. If you pick the
book up and place it gently back on the floor again, you're doing negative work, because
the book is going down but you're exerting an upward force, acting against gravity. If you
move the book at constant speed horizontally, you don't do any work on it, despite the fact
that you have to exert an upward force to counter-act gravity.
An object has kinetic energy if it has mass and if it is moving. It is energy associated with a
moving object, in other words.
There is a strong connection between work and energy, in a sense that when there is a net
force doing work on an object, the object's kinetic energy will change by an amount equal
to the work done:
Let's say you're dropping a ball from a certain height, and you'd like to know how fast it's
traveling the instant it hits the ground. You could apply the projectile motion equations, or
you could think of the situation in terms of energy (actually, one of the projectile motion
equations is really an energy equation in disguise).
If you drop an object it falls down, picking up speed along the way. This means there must
be a net force on the object, doing work. This force is the force of gravity. The work done
by the force of gravity is the force multiplied by the distance, so if the object drops
a
distance h, gravity does work on the object equal to the force multiplied by the height lost.
An alternate way of looking at this is to call this the gravitational potential energy. An object
with potential energy has the potential to do work. In the case of gravitational potenti
al
energy, the object has the potential to do work because of where it is, at a certain height
above the ground, or at least above something.
5.- Spring potential energy
Energy can also be stored in a stretched or compressed spring. An ideal spring is one in
which the amount of the spring stretches or compresses is proportional to the applie
d
force. This linear relationship between the force stretching force and the displacement are
directly proportional ( Hook's law). This is a restoring force, because when the spring i
s
stretched, the force exerted by the spring is opposite to the direction it is stretched. Thi
s
accounts for the oscillating motion of a mass on a spring. If a mass hanging down from a

spring is pulled down and let go, the spring exerts an upward force on the mass, moving it
back to the equilibrium position, and then beyond. This compresses the spring, so th
e
spring exerts a downward force on the mass, stopping it, and then moving it back to th
e
equilibrium and beyond, at which point the cycle repeats. This kind of motion is known as
simple harmonic motion. In a perfect spring, no energy is lost; the energy is sim
ply
transferred back and forth between the kinetic energy of the mass on the spring and th
e
potential energy of the spring (gravitational potential energy might be involved, too).
6.- Conservation of energy
We'll take all of the different kinds of energy we know about, and even all the other ones
we don't, and relate them through one of the fundamental laws of the universe.
The law of conservation of energy states that energy can not be created nor destroyed, it
can merely be changed from one form of energy to another. Energy often ends up as heat,
which is thermal energy (kinetic energy, really) of atoms and molecules. Kinetic friction, for
example, generally turns energy into heat, and although we associate kinetic friction with
energy loss, it really is just a way of transforming kinetic energy into thermal energy.
The law of conservation of energy applies always, everywhere, in any situation. There is
another conservation idea associated with energy which does not apply as generally, and
is therefore called a principle rather than a law. This is the principle of the conservation of
mechanical energy: The total amount of mechanical energy, in a closed system in th
e
absence of dissipative forces (e.g. friction, air resistance), remains constant. This means
that potential energy can become kinetic energy, or vice versa, but energy can
not
disappear. For example, in the absence of air resistance, the mechanical energy of a
n
object moving through the air in the Earth's gravitational field, remains constant (it
is
conserved).
PRIMERA PARTE:
EVALUACIN:
Al final de cada pregunta ( en el espacio subrayado), escribe la letra (A, B o C), que
corresponda a la respuesta correcta.
1.- The Energy methods to analyze physical situations, such as the motion of an object ,
give us a different way for________
A) Freeze the action at a particular instant in time.
B) set up force equations.

C) solving the motion of the body without knowing what happens in between the
starting and final conditions of the motion.
2.- When a force has a component in the same direction as the displacement of the
object______
A) The work done by the force is negative
B) No work is done by the force at all.
C) The work done by the force is positive.
3.- If you move an object at a constant speed horizontally_______

A) You do negative work on the object.
B) You dont do any work on it.
C) You do positive work on it.
4.- If you drop a ball from a certain height, to figure out the ball velocity for instance, you
could apply the projectile motion equations, or_________
A) you could apply the Archimedes principle.
B) you could think of the situation in terms of energy.
C) you could apply the Hooks Law of strain-stress.
5.- When an object falls down, it picks up speed along his way, the net force acting on
the object, doing work is ___________
A) An electrical force.
B) A magnetic force.
C) The force of gravity.
6.- Gravitational potential energy of an object is named potential , because __________
A) The object is moving with a velocity.
B) it has the potential to do work, due to where it is, at a certain height above
the ground , or at least above something.
C) it has electrical potential.
7.- The Hooks Law states that__________
A) The net work done by a force on an object equals the internal energy change of
the object.
B) Force and displacement are directly proportional.

C) Energy cant be destroyed nor destroyed.
8.- The spring potential energy is energy stored in_______
A) Boiling water.
B) the burning of the sun.
C) a stretched or compressed spring.
9.- Kinetic friction generally turns energy into heat, although we associate kinetic friction
with energy loss, it is just__________
A) a mass transformation process.
B) a transformation of kinetic energy into heat.
C) the most efficient energy transformation process.

10.- Energy can not be created nor destroyed, is an statement for______
A) The principle of conservation of mechanical energy.
B) The Second law of Newton.
C) The law of energy conservation.
SEGUNDA PARTE. escribir la traduccin al espaol de

(unicamente) del artculo anterior.
las secciones 1, 2, 3 y 4
NOTA: Escribir claramente, sin tachaduras, para as poder calificar la traduccin con
dificultades mnimas para el examinador.
How Does an Air Conditioner Work?

Air conditioners and refrigerators work the same way. Instead of cooling just the small
,
insulated space inside of a refrigerator, an air conditioner cools a room, a whole house, or
an entire business. Air conditioners use chemicals that easily convert from a gas to a liquid
and back again. This chemical is used to transfer heat from the air inside of a home to the
outside air. The machine has three main parts. They are a compressor, a condenser and
an evaporator. The compressor and condenser are usually located on the outside ai
r
portion of the air conditioner. The evaporator is located on the inside the hou
se,
sometimes as part of a furnace. That's the part that heats your house.

The working fluid arrives at the compressor as a cool, low-pressure gas. The compressor
squeezes the fluid. This packs the molecule of the fluid closer together. The closer th
e
molecules are together, the higher its energy and its temperature. The working fluid leaves
the compressor as a hot, high pressure gas and flows into the condenser. If you looked at
the air conditioner part outside a house, look for the part that has metal fins all around. The
fins act just like a radiator in a car and helps the heat go away, or dissipate, more quickly.
When the working fluid leaves the condenser, its temperature is much cooler and it ha
s
changed from a gas to a liquid under high pressure. The liquid goes into the evaporato
r
through a very tiny, narrow hole. On the other side, the liquid's pressure drops. When i
t
does it begins to evaporate into a gas.
As the liquid changes to gas and evaporates, it extracts heat from the air around it. Th
e
heat in the air is needed to separate the molecules of the fluid from a liquid to a gas. The
evaporator also has metal fins to help in exchange the thermal energy with
the
surrounding air. By the time the working fluid leaves the evaporator, it is a cool, l
ow
pressure gas. It then returns to the compressor to begin its trip all over again. Connected
to the evaporator is a fan that circulates the air inside the house to blow across
the
evaporator fins. Hot air is lighter than cold air, so the hot air in the room rises to the top of
a room. There is a vent there where air is sucked into the air conditioner and goes down
ducts. The hot air is used to cool the gas in the evaporator. As the heat is removed from
the air, the air is cooled. It is then blown into the house through other ducts usually at the
floor level.
This continues over and over and over until the room reaches the temperature you wan
t
the room cooled to. The thermostat senses that the temperature has reached the rig
ht
setting and turns off the air conditioner. As the room warms up, the thermostat turns the air
conditioner back on until the room reaches the temperature.
Heat Pump.
Imagine that you took an air conditioner and flipped it around so that the hot coils were on
the inside and the cold coils were on the outside. Then you would have a heater. It turns
out that this heater works extremely well. Rather than burning a fuel, what it is doing
is
"moving heat." A heat pump is an air conditioner that contains a valve that lets it switc
h
between "air conditioner" and "heater." When the valve is switched one way, the he
at
pump acts like an air conditioner, and when it is switched the other way it reverses the flow
of the liquid inside the heat pump and acts like a heater.
END
EVALUACIN:
PRIMERA PARTE:

Al final de cada pregunta ( en el espacio subrayado), escribe la letra (A, B o C), que
corresponda a la respuesta correcta.
1.- Refrigerators and Air conditioners work the same way, which means_____
A) They function under the same physical principles.
B) They are very complicated machines.
C) They have nothing in common at all.
2.- Air conditioners use chemicals as working fluids to_______
A) move huge amounts of air.
B) transfer heat from the air inside of a room to the outside air.
C) heat spaces that need to be heated.
3.- An Air conditioner system has three main parts, which are_______
A) A brake, a water pump and a radiator.
B) A compressor, a condenser and an evaporator.
C) Wings, an automatic pilot and a landing gear.
4.- The compressor squeezes the working fluid, which means______
A) The working fluid pressure is raised by the compressor.
B) The working fluid temperature is lowered.
C) The working fluid has less energy.
5.- The working fluid leaves the compressor as a_______
A) compressed liquid.
B) as a hot, high pressure gas and flows into the condenser.
C) as a saturated vapor.
6.- The metal fins all around some condensers help the heat______
A) Keep the working fluid at a constant temperature .
B) Go away, or dissipate, more quickly.
C) Remain stored in the working fluid.
7.- When the working fluid leaves the condenser it has changed to______
A) be a saturated liquid.
B) be a saturated vapor.

C) a liquid under high pressure.
8.- By the time the working fluid leaves the evaporator, it is ________
A) a cool, compressed liquid.
B) at a very high temperature.
C) a cool, low pressure gas.
9.- The thermostat is a device that turns off_______
A) When the temperature has reached the right setting.
B) When the humidity of an space is too high.
C) When the dry bulb temperature has lowered enough.
10.- A heat pump is an air conditioner that contains a________
A) many shafts and gears inside.
B) microchip to send electronic signals
C) valve that lets it switch between " air conditioner " and a " heater".
SEGUNDA PARTE. escribir la traduccin al espaol del artculo anterior.
NOTA: Escribir claramente, sin tachaduras, para as poder calificar la traduccin con
dificultades mnimas para el examinador.
REFERENCIAS:
http://www.ced.cele.unam.mx/clauto/general/formulario.php
http://www.linguee.es/ingles-espanol/traduccion/lowered.html
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/lowered
http://create.demandstudios.com/spanish-translator/
Laws of thermodynamics
Main article: Laws of thermodynamics
Thermodynamics states a set of four laws that are valid for all systems that fall within the
constraints implied by each. In the various theoretical descriptions of thermodynamic

s

these laws may be expressed in seemingly differing forms, but the most promine
nt
formulations are the following:
Zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with
a
third, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
This statement implies that thermal equilibrium is an equivalence relation on the s
et
of thermodynamic systems under consideration. Systems are said to be in therm
al
equilibrium with each other if spontaneous molecular thermal energy exchanges between
them do not lead to a net exchange of energy. This law is tacitly assumed in ev
ery
measurement of temperature. For two bodies known to be at the same temperatur
e,
deciding if they are in thermal equilibrium when put into thermal contact does not require
actually bringing them into contact and measuring any changes of their observab
le
properties in time.[65] In traditional statements, the law provides an empirical definition of
temperature and justification for the construction of practical thermometers. In contrast to
absolute thermodynamic temperatures, empirical temperatures are measured just by the
mechanical properties of bodies, such as their volumes, without reliance on the concepts
of energy, entropy or the first, second, or third laws of thermodynamics.[49][66]
Empirical
temperatures lead to calorimetry for heat transfer in terms of the mechanical properties of
bodies, without reliance on mechanical concepts of energy.
The physical content of the zeroth law has long been recognized. For example, Rankine in
1853 defined temperature as follows: "Two portions of matter are said to have equ
al
temperatures when neither tends to communicate heat to the other."[67] Maxwell in 1872
stated a "Law of Equal Temperatures".[68] He also stated: "All Heat is of the sa
me
kind."[69] Planck explicitly assumed and stated it in its customary present-day wording in his
formulation of the first two laws.[70] By the time the desire arose to number it as a law, the
other three had already been assigned numbers, and so it was designated the zeroth law.
First law of thermodynamics: The increase in internal energy of a closed system i
s
equal to the difference of the heat supplied to the system and the work done by it: U
= Q - W [71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81]
The first law of thermodynamics asserts the existence of a state variable for a system, the
internal energy, and tells how it changes in thermodynamic processes. The law allows a
given internal energy of a system to be reached by any combination of heat and work. It is
important that internal energy is a variable of state of the system (see Thermodynami
c

state) whereas heat and work are variables that describe processes or changes of th
e
state of systems.
The first law observes that the internal energy of an isolated system obeys the principl
e
of conservation of energy, which states that energy can be transformed (changed from one
form to another), but cannot be created or destroyed.[82][83][84][85][86]
Second law of thermodynamics: Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cold
er
location to a hotter location.
The second law of thermodynamics is an expression of the universal principle
of
dissipation of kinetic and potential energy observable in nature. The second law is a
n
observation of the fact that over time, differences in temperature, pressure, and chemical
potential tend to even out in a physical system that is isolated from the out
side
world. Entropy is a measure of how much this process has progressed. The entropy of an
isolated system that is not in equilibrium tends to increase over time, approaching
a
maximum value at equilibrium.
In classical thermodynamics, the second law is a basic postulate applicable to any system
involving heat energy transfer; in statistical thermodynamics, the second law is

a
consequence of the assumed randomness of molecular chaos. There are many versions
of the second law, but they all have the same effect, which is to explain the phenomenon
of irreversibility in nature.
Third law of thermodynamics: As a system approaches absolute zero the entropy of

the system approaches a minimum value.
The third law of thermodynamics is a statistical law of nature regarding entropy and th
e
impossibility of reaching absolute zero of temperature. This law provides an absolut
e
reference point for the determination of entropy. The entropy determined relative to this
point is the absolute entropy. Alternate definitions are, "the entropy of all systems and of all
states of a system is smallest at absolute zero," or equivalently "it is impossible to reac
h
the absolute zero of temperature by any finite number of processes".
Absolute zero is 273.15 C (degrees Celsius), or 459.67 F (degrees Fahrenheit) or 0 K
(kelvin).

La ley de la termodinmica
Artculo principal: Leyes de la termodinmica
Termodinmica establece un conjunto de cuatro leyes que son vlidas para todos lo
s
sistemas que caen dentro de las limitaciones implcitas en cada uno. En las distint
as
descripciones tericas de la termodinmica estas leyes se pueden expresar en formas
aparentemente diferentes, pero las formulaciones ms prominentes son las siguientes:
Ley cero de la termodinmica : Si dos sistemas estn cada uno en equilibrio trmic
o
con un tercero, que tambin se encuentran en equilibrio trmico entre s.
Esta afirmacin implica que el equilibrio trmico es una relacin de equivalencia en
el
conjunto de los sistemas termodinmicos que se consideran. Los sistemas se dice que
estn en equilibrio trmico entre s, si los intercambios trmicos moleculares espontneos
de energa entre ellas no conducen a un cambio neto de energa. Esta ley se asu
me
tcitamente en todas las mediciones de la temperatura. Durante dos cuerpos que se sabe
que en el mismo la temperatura, decidiendo si se encuentran en equilibrio trmico cuando
se ponen en contacto trmico no requiere realmente ponerlos en contacto y medicin de
los cambios de sus propiedades observables en el tiempo. [ 65 ] En los est
ados
tradicionales, la ley establece una definicin emprica de la temperatura y la justificacin
para la construccin de termmetros prcticos. En contraste con las temperatur
as
termodinmicas absolutas, las temperaturas empricas se miden slo por las propiedades
mecnicas de los cuerpos, como su volumen, sin depender de los conceptos de energa,
la
entropa
o
los
primeros
segundos,
o
tercera
leyes
de
la
[ 49 ] [ 66 ]
termodinmica,.
temperaturas empricos
llevan
a colorimtricas para la
transferencia de calor en trminos de las propiedades mecnicas de los cuerpos, si
n
depender de los conceptos mecnicos de energa.
El contenido fsico de la ley cero ha sido reconocida. Por ejemplo, Rankine en 1853 l
a
temperatura se define de la siguiente manera: ". se dice que dos porciones de materia a
tener igualdad de temperaturas cuando ni tiende a comunicar calor a la
otra" [ 67 ] Maxwell en 1872 declar una "Ley de Igualdad de temperaturas". [ 68 ] Tambi
n
dijo: "Todo el calor es de la misma naturaleza". [ 69 ] Planck asume explcitamente y dijo en
su habitual actual redaccin en su formulacin de las dos primeras leyes. [ 70 ] En
el
momento surgi el deseo nmero como una ley, los otros tres ya haban sido asignados
los nmeros, por lo que fue designado a laley cero .
Primera ley de la termodinmica : El aumento de la energa interna de un sistem
a
cerrado es igual a la diferencia del calor suministrado al sistema y el trabajo realizado
por ella:? U = Q - W[ 71 ] [ 72 ] [ 73 ] [ 74 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 77 ] [ 78 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ]
La primera ley de la termodinmica afirma la existencia de una variable de estado de un
sistema, la energa interna, y le dice a la forma en que los cambios en los proce
sos
termodinmicos. La ley permite que la energa interna de un sistema dado que se lleg a
travs de una combinacin de calor y trabajo. Es importante que la energa interna es una
variable de estado del sistema (consulte el estado termodinmico ), mientras que el calor
y el trabajo son variables que describen procesos o cambios en el estado de los sistemas.
La primera ley seala que la energa interna de un sistema aislado obedece el principi
o
de conservacin de la energa , que establece que la energa puede ser transformad
o
(cambiado de una forma a otra), pero no puede ser creada ni destruida. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] [ 84 ] [ 85 ] [ 86 ]
Segunda ley de la termodinmica : el calor no puede fluir espontneamente de u
n
lugar fro a un lugar ms caliente.
La segunda ley de la termodinmica es una expresin del principio universal de
la
disipacin de la energa cintica y potencial observable en la naturaleza. La segunda ley
es una observacin del hecho de que con el tiempo, las diferencias de temperatur
a,
presin, y potencial qumico tienden a igualar en un sistema fsico que est aislado d
el
mundo exterior. La entropa es una medida de la cantidad de este proceso
ha
progresado. La entropa de un sistema aislado que no est en equilibrio tiende a aumentar
con el tiempo, acercndose a un valor mximo en el equilibrio.
En la termodinmica clsica, la segunda ley es un postulado bsico aplicable a cualquier
sistema que implica la transferencia de energa trmica; en la termodinmica estadstica,
la segunda ley es una consecuencia de la supuesta aleatoriedad de caos molecular. Hay
muchas versiones de la segunda ley, pero todos tienen el mismo efecto, que es explicar el
fenmeno de la irreversibilidad en la naturaleza.
Tercera ley de la termodinmica : Como sistema se aproxima al cero absoluto l
a
entropa del sistema se aproxima a un valor mnimo.
La tercera ley de la termodinmica es una ley estadstica de la naturaleza con respecto a
la entropa y la imposibilidad de alcanzar el cero absoluto de temperatura. Esta l
ey
proporciona un punto de referencia absoluto para la determinacin de la entropa. L
a
entropa determina en relacin a este punto es la entropa absoluta. Definiciones alternas

son, "la entropa de todos los sistemas y de todos los estados de un sistema es el m
s
pequeo en el cero absoluto", o de manera equivalente "es imposible alcanzar el cer
o
absoluto de temperatura por un nmero finito de procesos".
El cero absoluto es -273,15 C (grados Celsius), o -459,67 F (grados Fahrenheit) o 0 K
(kelvin).
Referencias
65. Jump up^ Moran, Michael J. and Howard N. Shapiro, 2008. Fundamentals
of
Engineering Thermodynamics. 6th ed. Wiley and Sons: 16.
66. Jump up^ Planck, M. (1897/1903), p. 1.
67. Jump up^ Rankine, W.J.M. (1953). Proc. Roy. Soc. (Edin.), 20(4).
68. Jump up^ Maxwell, J.C. (1872), page 32.
69. Jump up^ Maxwell, J.C. (1872), page 57.
70. Jump up^ Planck, M. (1897/1903), pp. 12.
71. Jump up^ Clausius, R. (1850). Ueber de bewegende Kraft der Wrme und die
Gesetze, welche sich daraus fr de Wrmelehre selbst ableiten lassen, Annalen
der Physik und Chemie, 155 (3): 368394.
72. Jump up^ Rankine, W.J.M. (1850). On the mechanical action of heat, especially
in gases and vapours. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 20: 147190.[1]
73. Jump up^ Helmholtz, H. von. (1897/1903). Vorlesungen ber Theorie der Wrme,
edited by F. Richarz, Press of Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig, Section 46, pp.
176182, in German.
74. Jump up^ Planck, M. (1897/1903), p. 43.
75. Jump up^ Guggenheim, E.A. (1949/1967), p. 10.
76. Jump up^ Sommerfeld, A. (1952/1956), Section 4 A, pp. 1316.
77. Jump
up^ Ilya
Prigogine,
I. & Defay,
R., translated by D.H. Everett
(1954).Chemical Thermodynamics. Longmans, Green & Co., London, p. 21.

78. Jump up^ Lewis, G.N., Randall, M. (1961). Thermodynamics, second edition
revised by K.S. Pitzer and L. Brewer, McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 35.

79. ^ Jump up to:a
Bailyn, M. (1994), page 79.
80. Jump up^ Kondepudi, D. (2008). Introduction to Modern Thermodynamics, Wiley,

Chichester, ISBN 978-0-470-01598-8, p. 59.
81. Jump up^ Khanna, F.C., Malbouisson, A.P.C., Malbouisson, J.M.C., Santana,
A.E. (2009). Thermal Quantum Field Theory. Algebraic Aspects and Applications,
World Scientific, Singapore, ISBN 978-981-281-887-4, p. 6.
82. Jump up^ Helmholtz, H. von, (1847). Ueber die Erhaltung der Kraft, G. Reimer,
Berlin.
83. Jump up^ Joule, J.P. (1847). On matter, living force, and heat, Mancheste
r
Courier, May 5 and May 12, 1847.
84. ^ Jump up to:a
Truesdell, C.A. (1980).
85. Jump up^ Partington, J.R. (1949), page 150.

86. Jump up^ Kondepudi & Prigogine (1998), pages 31-32.
PREGUNTAS DE INTERPRETACIN DE TEXTOS DEL EXAMEN DE INGLS
1. Qu dice la ley cero de la Termodinmica?
R = Si dos sistemas estn cada uno en equilibrio trmico con un tercero, que tambin
se encuentran en equilibrio trmico entre s.
2. Cmo se miden las temperaturas empricas, en contraste con las temperaturas
termodinmicas absolutas?. (prrafo de ley cero de la termodinmica).
R = las temperaturas empricas se miden slo por las propiedades mecnicas de
los cuerpos, como su volumen, sin depender de los conceptos de energa, la
entropa o los primeros segundos, o tercera leyes de la termodinmica
3. La Primera Ley de la Termodinmica afirma la existencia de una variable
de
estado de un sistema; cul es sta?
R = La energa
interna
4. Cul es el hecho que observa la Segunda Ley de la Termodinmica?
R = La Segunda Ley es una observacin del hecho de que con el tiempo, l
as
diferencias de temperatura, presin, y potencial qumico tienden a igualar en un
sistema fsico que est aislado del mundo exterior.
5. En cul de las Tres Leyes de la termodinmica, la Entropa no tiene la posibilidad
de alcanzar el cero absoluto?
R = En la Tercera Ley de la Termodinmica.

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TECNOLGICO NACIONAL DE MXICO

Instituto Tecnolgico de Acapulco

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INSTITUTO TECNOLGICO DE ACAPULCO

Para presentar el Examen de Ingls en su modalidad de eval

Acapulco, Gro., Marzo 2016

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Consiste en una serie de preguntas de opcin mltiple relacionadas con el tema o

Consiste en escuchar un tema en ingls, posteriormente responder una serie de

La duracin del examen de la primera parte es de 1:30 horas, contadas a partir d

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ESTRATEGIAS RECOMENDADAS PARA RESOLVER EL EXAMEN.

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ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT

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Term development refers to:

3. Sustainable development is a proposal in 1987 by the World Commission

d) Development and indiscriminate use of nuclear weapons

) The meaning of development is closely linked with the concept of progress.

( ) The document ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT

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) Sustainable development applies only to individuals and where they live.

Mechanical energy and Work

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3.- If you move an object at a constant speed horizontally_______

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C) the most efficient energy transformation process.

SEGUNDA PARTE. escribir la traduccin al espaol de

How Does an Air Conditioner Work?

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constraints implied by each. In the various theoretical descriptions of thermodynamic

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First law of thermodynamics: The increase in internal energy of a closed system i

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Second law of thermodynamics: Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cold

involving heat energy transfer; in statistical thermodynamics, the second law is

Third law of thermodynamics: As a system approaches absolute zero the entropy of

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Primera ley de la termodinmica : El aumento de la energa interna de un sistem

Segunda ley de la termodinmica : el calor no puede fluir espontneamente de u

Tercera ley de la termodinmica : Como sistema se aproxima al cero absoluto l

GUA DE EXAMEN DE INGLS

R., translated by D.H. Everett

(1954).Chemical Thermodynamics. Longmans, Green & Co., London, p. 21.

GUA DE EXAMEN DE INGLS

Bailyn, M. (1994), page 79.

80. Jump up^ Kondepudi, D. (2008). Introduction to Modern Thermodynamics, Wiley,

Truesdell, C.A. (1980).

85. Jump up^ Partington, J.R. (1949), page 150.

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