Introduccin al Calculo Infinitesimal.

I.T.I. de SISTEMAS.

Ejercicios con Polinomios de Taylor.1.- Calcula las 5 primeras derivadas, y con ellas, calcula los desarrollos limitados
correspondientes, de las siguientes funciones:
1
f1=
;
f2 = tan(x) ;
f3 = ln(x+1) ;
f4 = ArcTan(x) ; f5= ArcSen(x) .
x1
> restart:
f1 := x -> 1/(x-1);
print("Coef_1=" , f1(0));
k:=5:
for i from 1 to k do print("Derivada",i, = ,
diff(f1(x),x$i)) od;
for i from 1 to k do print("Coef",i+1 ,":",
evalf(subs(x=0,diff(f1(x),x$i)))) od;
taylor(f1(x), x=0, 6):
Polinomio:=convert(%,polynom);
f1 := x

1
x1

"Coef_1=", -1
"Derivada", 1, = ,
"Derivada", 2, = , 2
"Derivada", 3, = , 6
"Derivada", 4, = , 24
Page 1

1
( x 1 )2
1
( x 1 )3
1
( x 1 )4
1
( x 1 )5

"Derivada", 5, = , 120

1
( x 1 )6

"Coef", 2, ":", -1.

"Coef", 3, ":", -2.
"Coef", 4, ":", -6.
"Coef", 5, ":", -24.
"Coef", 6, ":", -120.
Polinomio := 1 x x2 x3 x4 x5
> restart:
f2 := x -> tan(x);print("Coef_1=" , f2(0));
k:=5:
for i from 1 to k do print("Derivada",i, = ,
diff(f2(x),x$i)) od;
for i from 1 to k do print("Coef",i+1 ,":",
evalf(subs(x=0,diff(f2(x),x$i)))) od;
taylor(f2(x), x=0, 6):
Polinomio:=convert(%,polynom);
f2 := tan
"Coef_1=", 0
"Derivada", 1, = , 1 + tan( x )2
"Derivada", 2, = , 2 tan( x ) ( 1 + tan( x )2 )
2

"Derivada", 3, = , 2 ( 1 + tan( x )2 ) + 4 tan( x )2 ( 1 + tan( x )2 )

2

"Derivada", 4, = , 16 ( 1 + tan( x )2 ) tan( x ) + 8 tan( x )3 ( 1 + tan( x )2 )

2

"Derivada", 5, = , 88 ( 1 + tan( x )2 ) tan( x )2 + 16 ( 1 + tan( x )2 ) + 16 tan( x )4 ( 1 + tan( x )2 )

"Coef", 2, ":", 1.
"Coef", 3, ":", 0
"Coef", 4, ":", 2.
"Coef", 5, ":", 0
"Coef", 6, ":", 16.
Polinomio := x +

1 3 2 5
x +
x
3
15

> restart:
f3 := x -> ln(x+1);print("Coef_1=" , f3(0));
k:=5:
for i from 1 to k do print("Derivada",i, = ,
diff(f3(x),x$i)) od;
for i from 1 to k do print("Coef",i+1 ,":",
evalf(subs(x=0,diff(f3(x),x$i)))) od;
taylor(f3(x), x=0, 6):
Page 2

Polinomio:=convert(%,polynom);
f3 := x ln( x + 1 )
"Coef_1=", 0
"Derivada", 1, = ,
"Derivada", 2, = ,
"Derivada", 3, = , 2

1
x+1
1
( x + 1 )2
1
( x + 1 )3
1

"Derivada", 4, = , 6
"Derivada", 5, = , 24

( x + 1 )4
1
( x + 1 )5

"Coef", 2, ":", 1.
"Coef", 3, ":", -1.
"Coef", 4, ":", 2.
"Coef", 5, ":", -6.
"Coef", 6, ":", 24.
Polinomio := x

1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5
x + x x + x
2
3
4
5

> restart:
f4 := x -> arctan(x);print("Coef_1=" , f4(0));
k:=5:
for i from 1 to k do print("Derivada",i, = ,
diff(f4(x),x$i)) od;
for i from 1 to k do print("Coef",i+1 ,":",
evalf(subs(x=0,diff(f4(x),x$i)))) od;
taylor(f4(x), x=0, 6):
Polinomio:=convert(%,polynom);
f4 := arctan
"Coef_1=", 0
"Derivada", 1, = ,
"Derivada", 2, = , 2

1
1 + x2
x
( 1 + x2 )

x2

"Derivada", 3, = , 8

( 1 + x2 )

Page 3

1
( 1 + x2 )

x3

"Derivada", 4, = , 48

( 1 + x2 )
x4

"Derivada", 5, = , 384

( 1 + x2 )

( 1 + x2 )
x2

288

+ 24

( 1 + x2 )

+ 24

( 1 + x2 )

"Coef", 2, ":", 1.
"Coef", 3, ":", 0
"Coef", 4, ":", -2.
"Coef", 5, ":", 0
"Coef", 6, ":", 24.
Polinomio := x

1 3 1 5
x + x
3
5

> restart:
f5 := x -> arcsin(x);
print("Coef_1=" , f5(0));
k:=5:
for i from 1 to k do print("Derivada",i, = ,
diff(f5(x),x$i)) od;
for i from 1 to k do print("Coef",i+1 ,":",
evalf(subs(x=0,diff(f5(x),x$i)))) od;
taylor(f5(x), x=0, 6):
Polinomio:=convert(%,polynom);
f5 := arcsin
"Coef_1=", 0
1

"Derivada", 1, = ,

1 x2
x

"Derivada", 2, = ,

( 1 x2 )
x2

"Derivada", 3, = , 3

(7 / 2)

+9

x3
( 1 x2 )

"Derivada", 5, = , 105

x4
( 1 x2 )

(9 / 2)

( 1 x2 )

( 1 x2 )

( 1 x2 )

"Coef", 2, ":", 1.
"Coef", 3, ":", 0
"Coef", 4, ":", 1.
"Coef", 5, ":", 0
"Coef", 6, ":", 9.

(3 / 2)

x2

+ 90

Page 4

(5 / 2)

( 1 x2 )
"Derivada", 4, = , 15

(3 / 2)

(7 / 2)

(5 / 2)

+9

1
( 1 x2 )

(5 / 2)

1 3 3 5
x +
x
6
40
2.- Calcula los 3 primeros terminos de los desarrollos de las funciones siguiente:
f1:= ln(1+x) + ln(1-x);
g1 = ln( 1 x2 ) ;
> restart:
F1:= taylor(log(1+x), x=0, 7):
f1 := convert(F1, polynom):
sumando1:=log(1+x):%=f1;
F2:= taylor(log(1-x), x=0, 7):
f2 := convert(F2, polynom):
sumando2:=log(1-x):%=f2;
Suma:= log(1+x)+log(1-x):
%=f1+f2;
Polinomio := x +

G1:= taylor(log(1-x^2), x=0, 7):

g1 := convert(G1, polynom):
sumando1:=log(1-x^2):%=g1;
ln( 1 + x ) = x

1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6
x + x x + x x
2
3
4
5
6

ln( 1 x ) = x

1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6
x x x x x
2
3
4
5
6

1 4 1 6
x x
2
3
1
1
ln( 1 x2 ) = x2 x4 x6
2
3
Es casualidad que los desarrollos de f1 y g1 coincidan ? Razona la respuesta.
ln( 1 + x ) + ln( 1 x ) = x2

3.- Calcula los 3 primeros terminos de los desarrollos de las funciones siguiente:
a) sen x - tan x; b) sen x tan x
> restart:
F1:= taylor(sin(x), x=0, 8):
f1 := convert(F1, polynom):
sumando1:=sin(x):%=f1;
F2:= taylor(tan(x), x=0, 8):
f2 := convert(F2, polynom):
sumando2:=tan(x):%=f2;
Suma:= sin(x)-tan(x):
%=f1-f2;
producto:=sin(x)*tan(x):
%=evalc(f1*f2);
sin( x ) = x

1 3
1 5
1 7
x +
x
x
6
120
5040
Page 5

tan( x ) = x +

1 3 2 5 17 7
x +
x +
x
3
15
315

sin( x ) tan( x ) =
sin( x ) tan( x ) = x2 +

1 3 1 5 13 7
x x
x
2
8
240

1 4 31 6 173 8
601 10
2 12
17
x +
x +
x
x +
x
x14
6
360
5040
75600
4725
1587600

4.- Calcula los 3 primeros terminos de los desarrollos de las funciones siguiente:
a) ex + e( x ) ; b) ex e( 2 x ) .
> restart:
F1:= taylor(exp(x), x=0, 7):
f1 := convert(F1, polynom):
sumando1:=exp(x):%=f1;
F2:= taylor(exp(-x), x=0, 7):
f2 := convert(F2, polynom):
sumando2:=exp(-x):%=f2;
Suma:= exp(x)+exp(-x):
%=f1+f2;
F3:= taylor(sin(x), x=0, 7):
f3 := convert(F3, polynom):
factor2:=sin(x):%=f3;
producto:=exp(x)*sin(x):
%=evalc(f1*f3);
1 2 1 3 1 4
1 5
1 6
x + x +
x +
x +
x
2
6
24
120
720
1
1
1 4
1 5
1 6
e( x ) = 1 x + x2 x3 +
x
x +
x
2
6
24
120
720
ex = 1 + x +

ex + e( x ) = 2 + x2 +
sin( x ) = x
ex sin( x ) = x +

1 4
1 6
x +
x
12
360

1 3
1 5
x +
x
6
120

1 3 1 5
1 6
1 7
1 9
1
1
x
x + x2
x
x +
x +
x10 +
x11
3
30
90
720
8640
14400
86400

5.- Calcular los primeros terminos de los desarrollos de: a) sen(3x);

d) sen(cos(x)); e) esen( x ).
> restart:
sen:= taylor(sin(t), t=0, 7):
SenoT := convert(sen, polynom);
Seno3X:=subs(t=3*x, SenoT);
SenoXcuadrado:=subs(t=x^2, SenoT);
SenoXpartidedos:=subs(t=x/2, SenoT);
Page 6

x
b) sen(x2) ; c) sen( );
2

SenoT := t

1 3
1 5
t +
t
6
120

Seno3X := 3 x

9 3 81 5
x +
x
2
40

1 6
1 10
x +
x
6
120
1
1 3
1 5
SenoXpartidedos := x
x +
x
2
48
3840
> cosX:= taylor(cos(x), x=0, 5):
CosenoX := convert(cosX, polynom);
SenoCosX:=subs(t=CosenoX, SenoT);
simplificado=expand(SenoCosX);
SenoXcuadrado := x2

CosenoX := 1
SenoCosX := 1
simplificado =

1 2 1 4
x +
x
2
24

1 2 1 4 1
1
1 4 3
1
1
1 4 5
1 x2 +
x +
x 1 x2 +
x +
x
2
24
6
2
24 120
2
24

101 13 2 47 4 1 6
5 8
7 10
35
1
x
x +
x
x
x +
x12
x14

120 48
576
36
6912
7680
165888
41472

13
1
1
x16
x18 +
x20
7962624
15925248
955514880
> restart:
expon:=taylor(exp(t),t=0,4):
ExponT := convert(expon, polynom);
sen:= taylor(sin(x), x=0, 7):
SenoX := convert(sen, polynom);
ExpSeno:=subs(t=SenoX, ExponT);
simplificado=expand(ExpSeno);
+

ExponT := 1 + t +

1 2 1 3
t + t
2
6

1 3
1 5
x +
x
6
120
1
1 5 1
1
1 5 2 1
1
1 5 3
ExpSeno := 1 + x x3 +
x + x x3 +
x + x x3 +
x
6
120
2
6
120 6
6
120
SenoX := x

simplificado = 1 + x

3 5 1 2 1 4 1 6
1 8
1
13 7
7 9
x + x x +
x
x +
x10 +
x
x
40
2
6
45
720
28800
720
3240

13 11
1
1
x
x13 +
x15
86400
172800
10368000
6.- Calcular la parte principal de los infinitesimos, para x ---> 0, siguientes:
+

a) cos(x)-cos(sen(x)); b) tan(x) - sen(x) ; cs) ex sen(2x) . ( Sera el termino de menor grado

del polinomio obtenido. )
Page 7

> restart:
A:=taylor(cos(x)-cos(sin(x)),x=0,10):
a := convert(A, polynom);
B:=taylor(tan(x)-sin(x),x=0,7):
b := convert(B, polynom);
C:=taylor(exp(x)*sin(2*x),x=0,5):
c := convert(C, polynom);

a :=

1 4 1 6
19 8
x +
x
x
6
20
1680
b :=

1 3 1 5
x + x
2
8

1 3
x x4
3
7.- Calcular los limites que siguen, utilizando los desarrollos de Taylor-McLaurin adecuados:
c := 2 x + 2 x2

2
(x )

x
x arctan
2

e
e
e sin( x ) x ( x + 1 )
;
b)
lim
; c) lim
;
3
2
x2
x
x0
x0
x 0 cos( x ) sin( 2 x )
sin sin( x )
2

2
1

log 1 +

x+2
ax 1
x
d) lim
; e) lim cotan( x ) 1 cos( x ) ; f) lim cos( x ) ; g) lim x
;
x+2
x
x0
x0
x0 b 1

tan 2
x +2
con b 1.
> Limit((exp(x^2)-exp(3*x))/(sin(x^2/2)-sin(x)),x=0)=limit((exp(x^
2)-exp(3*x))/(sin(x^2/2)-sin(x)),x=0);
x

(3 x)

a) lim

e( x ) e( 3 x )
lim
=3
1 2
x0
sin x sin( x )
2
> Limit((exp(x)*sin(x)-x*(x+1))/x^3,x=0)=limit((exp(x)*sin(x)-x*(x
+1))/x^3,x=0);
ex sin( x ) x ( x + 1 )

1
3
x3
x0
> Limit((x*arctan(x/2))/(cos(x)*(sin(2*x))^2),x=0)=limit((x*arctan
(x/2))/(cos(x)*(sin(2*x))^2), x=0);
lim

1
x arctan x
2

1
8
x 0 cos( x ) sin( 2 x )
> Limit(log(1+2/(x+2))/tan((x+2)/(x^2+2)),
x=infinity)=limit(log(1+2/(x+2))/tan((x+2)/(x^2+2)),
lim

Page 8

x=infinity);

ln 1 + 2

x+2
lim
=2
x+2
x

tan 2
x +2
> Limit(cot(x)*sqrt(1-cos(x)),x=0)=
limit(cot(x)*sqrt(1-cos(x)),x=0);
Limit(sqrt(1-cos(x))/tan(x),x=0)=
limit(sqrt(1-cos(x))/tan(x),x=0);
A:=taylor(sqrt(1-cos(x)),x=0,4):
PPrincipalnumerador := convert(A, polynom);
B:=taylor(tan(x),x=0,3):
PPrincipaldenominador := convert(B, polynom);
print("El limite vale ", 1/sqrt(2));

lim cot( x ) 1 cos( x ) = undefined

x0

lim
x0

1 cos( x )
= undefined
tan( x )

PPrincipalnumerador :=

1
2x
2

PPrincipaldenominador := x
1
2
2
> Limit((cos(x))^(1/x),x=0)=limit((cos(x))^(1/x),x=0);
"El limite vale ",

lim cos( x )

1

x

=1

x0

> restart:Limit((a^x-1)/(b^x-1),x=0)=limit((a^x-1)/(b^x-1),x=0);
lim
x0

ax 1
bx 1

ln( a )
ln( b )

8.- Los que siguen son mas dificiles.

> Limit((x+exp(2*x))^(1/x),x=0)=limit((x+exp(2*x))^(1/x),x=0);
Limit((tan(x)/tan(a))^cot(x-a),x=a)=limit((tan(x)/tan(a))^cot(xa),x=a);
print(" Se supone que", tan(a)<>0);
lim ( x + e( 2 x ) )
x0

Page 9

1

x

= e3

 tan( x )

lim
x a tan( a )

cot( x a )

=e

2
1 + tan( a )

tan( a )

" Se supone que", tan( a ) 0

9.- Calcula el valor de 1.03

1

3

usando los 5 primeros terminos del desarrollo de f(x) =

(1 + x) .
> restart:
k:=taylor((1+x)^(1/3),x=0,2):
K := convert(k, polynom);subs(x=0.03,K);
a

ValorDadoPorElOrdenador=evalf((1.03)^(1/3));
K := 1 +

1
1
5 3 10 4
x x2 +
x
x
3
9
81
243

1.009901634
ValorDadoPorElOrdenador = 1.009901634

10.- Utiliza el desarrollo limitado de 3 terminos de sen (x) para aproximar el valor de sen ( ).
3
> restart:
k:=taylor(sin(x),x=0,6):
K := convert(k, polynom);subs(x=Pi/3,K);
SenoPiTercios=evalf(%);
print("Tomamos" ,Pi," = ",evalf(Pi,3));
ValorDadoPorElOrdenador=evalf(sin(3.14/3));
K := x

1 3
1 5
x +
x
6
120

1
1 3
1
5

3
162
29160
SenoPiTercios = .8662952835
"Tomamos", , " = ", 3.14
ValorDadoPorElOrdenador = .8657598397
> ;
FIN

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