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12 Iguaria nordestina elaborada com as vsceras do caprino, envolvidas em

bolsas forma- das pelo estmago do mesmo.
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E o Capito-mor mandou em terra no batel a Nicolau
Coelho para ver aquele rio. E tanto que ele comeou
de ir para l, acu- diram pela praia homens, quando
aos dois, quando aos trs,
de maneira que, ao
chegar o batel boca do rio, j ali havia dezoito ou
vinte homens. Eram pardos, todos nus, sem coisa
alguma que lhes cobrisse suas vergonhas. Nas mos
traziam arcos com suas setas. Vinham todos rijos
sobre o batel; e Ni- colau Coelho lhes fez sinal que
pousassem os arcos. E eles os pousaram. Ali, no
pde deles haver fala, nem entendimento

de
proveito, por o mar quebrar na costa. [...] Muitos
deles ou quase a maior parte dos que andavam ali
traziam aqueles bi- cos de osso nos beios. E alguns,
que andavam sem eles tinham
10
01
Cultura
Tema
|
os beios furados e nos buracos uns espelhos de

pau, que pa- reciam espelhos de borracha; outros
traziam trs daqueles bi- cos, a saber, um no meio e
os dois nos cabos. [...] Ali por ento no houve mais
fala ou entendimento com eles, por a barbaria deles
ser tamanha, que se no entendia nem ouvia
ningum. (Carta de Pero Vaz de Caminha)
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Etnocentrismo uma viso do mundo onde o nosso
prprio gru- po tomado como centro de tudo e
todos os outros so pensa- dos e sentidos atravs
dos nossos valores, nossos modelos, nossas
definies do que a existncia. No plano

intelectual, pode ser visto como a dificuldade de
pensarmos a diferena; no plano afetivo, como
sentimentos de estranheza, medo, hostilidade etc.
Perguntar sobre o que etnocentrismo , pois,
indagar sobre um
12
01
Cultura
Tema
|
fenmeno onde se misturam tanto elementos

intelectuais
eracionais
quanto
elementos
emocionais e afetivos. No etnocentrismo, estes dois
planos do esprito humano - sentimento e
pensamen- to - vo juntos compondo um fenmeno
no apenas fortemente arraigado na histria das
sociedades como tambm facilmente encontrvel no
dia-a-dia das nossas vidas. (ROCHA, 1988, p. 05)
! #$$%&'()# #*(+# #,-.'# ,#&# #$ $%.$#/0%$ %1,%&(+%.'#2#$

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+ #'('42%$ %':
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13
L+8-: &# .<- $%C# .%.D4+ ,%*#2- -4 2%9('- (+,%&2-B)%97 -9D#& ,#&# #
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Quando vemos que as verdades da vida so menos

uma ques- to de essncia das coisas e mais uma
questo de posio estamos relativizando. Quando
o significado de um ato visto no na sua dimenso
absoluta mas no contexto em que acontece:
estamos relativizando. Quando compreendemos o
outro nos seus prprios valores e no nos nossos:
estamos relativizando. Enfim, relativizar ver as
coisas do mundo como uma relao capaz de ter tido
um nascimento, capaz de ter
um fim ou uma
transformao. Ver as coisas do mundo como
a
relao entre elas. Ver que a verdade est mais no
olhar que naquilo que olhado. Relativizar no
transformar a diferena em hierarquia, em
superiores e inferiores ou em bem e mal, mas v-la
na sua dimenso de riqueza por ser diferena.
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13Utilizamos tal expresso para nos referir a um perodo de congruncia de
ideias que es- tiveram vigentes, respondendo satisfatoriamente s
questes postas por aqueles autores que se dedicavam antropologia.
14
01
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15
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14Em uma dessas viagens, obstinado por conhecer os costumes iroqueses,

Morgan ignora o pedido de sua esposa para voltar para casa devido
doena de sua filha mais velha. Mais tarde, ao retornar, as duas filhas
haviam morrido devido escarlatina. Diante disso, ele nunca mais viajou
para coletar dados.
15Boas morre durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial enquanto participava de um

almoo com alunos e alguns colegas de profisso, entre eles o francs
Claude Lvi-Strauss, ento exilado nos Estados Unidos.
16
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16Retomaremos a contribuio de Boas no combate ao racismo quando formos

tematizar diversidade cultural, raa e multiculturalismo.
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[...] Arealidade concreta a ser estudada, observada,
descrita,
comparada
e
classificada
pela
Antropologia um fluxo permanente, um processo:
o processo social. Pode ser percebido como
o
encadeamento das relaes, das aes, das
interaes entre seres humanos ocupando papis
sociais. esta amplitude de contato que acontece
na vida em sociedade. [...] Dentro do processo
social a constncia de determinados tipos de
relao - a disposio de pessoas num certo nmero
de famlias, por exem- plo - aponta uma outra
dimenso, a da estrutura social [...].
19
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17No captulo referente ao trabalho de campo na antropologia nos deteremos s

contri- buies de B. Malinowski.
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[...] Sinto-me mais embaraado para falar do Rio
de Janei- ro, que me desagrada, apesar de sua
beleza
celebrada
tan- tas vezes. Como direi?
Parece-me que a paisagem do Rio no est altura
de suas prprias dimenses. 0 Po de Acar, o
Corcovado, todos esses pontos to enaltecidos
lembram ao viajante, que penetra na baa, cacos
perdidos nos quatro can- tos
de
uma
boca
desdentada (LVI-STRAUSS, 1996, p. 75).
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18Livro escrito em quatro meses e ao qual se dedicou o autor quando na

verdade gostaria de dedicar a escrever o segundo volume de As Estruturas
Elementares do Parentesco.
20
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[...] mais estudos empricos do que indagaes
tericas, pois sinto-me pouco vontade quando me
distancio das ime- diaes da vida social. Mas todos
eles preocupam-se, ba- sicamente, em levar adiante,
em cada caso imediato, uma viso particular, que
alguns chamariam peculiar, do que seja a cultura,
do papel que ela desempenha na vida social,
e
como
deve
ser
devidamente
estudada
(Prefcio, p.vii)
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Acreditando, como Max Weber, que o homem um
animal amarrado a teias de significados que ele
mesmo teceu, assumo a cultura como sendo essas
teias e a sua anlise; portanto, no como uma
cincia experimental em busca de leis, mas como
uma cincia interpretativa, procura do significado.
justa- mente uma explicao que eu procuro, ao
construir expres- ses sociais enigmticas na sua
superfcie (Geertz, 2008, p.04).
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3#3)!-5",1
23
Cultura
Tema
|
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19Tema que j foi mencionado aqui anteriormente, mas que ser explorado
novamente na seo dedicada ao trabalho de campo na antropologia.
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24
01
)!0+ 3#4 3.%#9#AB&4 #/)-+,+0C9.*#46 D-+/)+ ,#-# + /+%+ &"1#-(!&:
Cultura
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|
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Cultura ou Civilizao, tomada em seu mais amplo
sentido etnogrfico, aquele todo complexo que
inclui conhecimento, crena, arte, moral, lei,
costume e quaisquer outras ca- pacidades e hbitos
adquiridos pelo homem na condio de membro da
sociedade. Tylor !"#$ (CASTRO, 2005, p.
69).
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Acreditando, como Max Weber, que o homem um
animal amarrado a teias de significados que ele
mesmo teceu, assumo a cultura como sendo essas
teias e a sua anlise; portanto, no como uma
cincia experimental em busca de leis, mas como
uma cincia interpretativa, procura do significado.
justa- mente uma explicao que eu procuro, ao
construir expres- ses sociais enigmticas na sua
superfcie. (Geertz, 2008, p.04).
28
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Imagine o leitor, que de repente desembarca sozinho
numa praia tropical, perto de uma aldeia nativa,
rodeado pelo seu material, enquanto a lancha ou a
pequena baleeira que o trou- xe navega at
desaparecer de vista. Uma vez que se instalou
40
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20Durante o perodo em que est imerso em suas pesquisas, alm de tomar notas
dos aspectos que julga importante para compreender a sociedade do outro, o
antroplogo se utiliza de um dirio de campo no qual pode descrever sua
experincia pessoal durante o perodo de trabalho de campo. Aps a morte de
Malinowski sua esposa tornou pblicas as anotaes do antroplogo (Um Dirio
41
Cultura
Tema
|
na vizinhana de um homem branco, comerciante ou

missio- nrio, no tem nada a fazer seno
comear
imediatamente
o
seu
trabalho
etnogrfico [...]. (MALINOWSKI, 1976, p.19)
no Sentido Estrito do Termo ; Editora Record, 1997), causando grande celeuma

por expor suas angstias, o desconforto diante dos nativos e suas impresses
menos nobres, digamos assim.
"# $%& '&(&# )( *+,+-%.*)*&( */ '&($%+()*/0 12/ 3&# 0&4&.)*)(

&# (&% *+50+/6 / 0&(%.1)*/ */ $%& ,/+ '0/*%7+*/ ')4+#&81/% %# 8/4/
-)#+89/ ')0)
) :810/'/./;+)< :,+0#) "%8+-& =%09)# $%& >).+8/?(@+ ).1&0/%
0)*+-).#&81& ) '051+-) &18/;05,+-)
[...] passando a viver afastado do convvio de outros
homens brancos e aprendendo a lngua nativa, tarefa
para a qual, alis, era extremamente dotado. Desse
modo, embora no dispensando o uso de
informantes, substitui-o em grande parte pela
observao direta, que s possvel atravs da
convivncia diria, da capaci- dade de entender o
que est sendo dito e de participar das con- versas e
acontecimentos da vida da aldeia. (DURHAM, 1976,
XIII)
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42
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+%"0 " 9-$ 2$
,&22& *& !-#%-0& 3" "-%0" @ &#1" 0$&#)$*%$ 3$2&:+&3"0' )&2 -)& %&0$:&
[...] um pouco menos misteriosa que se colocar
embaixo da pele do outro. 0 truque no se deixar
envolver por nenhum tipo de empatia espiritual
interna com seus informantes. Como qualquer um
de ns, eles tambm preferem considerar suas almas
como suas, e, de qualquer maneira, no vo estar
muito interes- sados nesse tipo de exerccio. 0 que
importante descobrir que diabos eles acham que
esto fazendo. (GEERTZ, 2009, p. 88)
>2 !0+%+!&2 3$ S$$0%? 2/" 3+0+1+3&2 ,0+*!+,&#)$*%$ & $2%& +),"22+;+#+3&8

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43
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*$+0& 3$ %0&;&#B" $%*"10F:+!"6 D$);0& 9-$ " S$$0%? 3$:$*3$- -)& &*%0","#"1+&
Cultura
Tema
|
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-) %$I%" 3$ 2$1-*3& )/"' ,"+2 " &!$22" &" %$I%" "0+1+*&# 2E "2 *&%+4"2 ,"22-$)6
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$* 5%"8$30 9:"$;< ! 2%=$3$7>! $703$ + !0+ 2$ /%,?!3 ?+*+ !"@+ %7A+"-70B3%+
60%C-$
7$3A+,+; $ -*! /%,?!2$"! 6!0+ ?+7,/%3!043%+< /$7,!2+;D
[...] a diferena entre um tique nervoso e uma
piscadela grande, como bem sabe aquele
que teve a infelicidade de ver o primeiro tomado
pela segunda. 0 piscador est se comunicando e, de
fato, comunicando de uma forma pre- cisa e
especial: (1) deliberadamente, (2) a algum em particular, (3) transmitindo uma mensagem particular,
(4) de acordo com um cdigo socialmente
estabelecido e (5) sem o conhecimento dos demais
companheiros. (GEERTZ, 1989, p. 5)
E !-0+3 ,-/3!?%0!2+ ?#!*! ! !0$7>F+ /!3! + =!0+ 2$ C-$ 7+ ,$@-72+

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44
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+,! <!*"'&- !0(-*-* ;95'&)1 &:) <*%$'")1 2! 0%1 ()") <-114D!'1 2! 1!*!" !1&,E
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=LMMNC <7OPB <-*- !03-&'@-* - !$<!*'Q0('- !&0)/*93'(- ()") ?-&'D'2-2! <!*(!<&'E
D- 5-1!-2- 0) 2!1<!*&-* 2) ).;-*C 0- 1,*<*!1- <*)D)(-2- <!.- D'1:)C 5,1(-02)
)51!*D-* -&!0&-"!0&! &,2) +,! !0()0&*-")1C -&6 "!1") )1 ()"<)*&-"!0&)1
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()01'1&!0&!7 J)5!*&) W-*2)1) 2! X.'D!'*- =OYTTB -3'*"- +,! - 2)"!1&'(-I:) 2)
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<!.- &!)*'- -0&*)<).%/'(-7 Z!/,02) W-*2)1) 2! X.'D!'*- =)<7 ('&7BC ).;-* ! ),D'*
1:) ()") ",.!&-1 ,&'.'@-2-1 <!.) <!1+,'1-2)* <-*- +,! !.! <)11- (-"'0;-* 0!1&*-2- 2) ()0;!('"!0&)7 U-*- ()"<*!!02!* ),&*)1 -1<!(&)1 0:) (-<&9D!'1 <!.)
45
).;-*C 2!D!")1 ),D'* ) +,! )1 ?0-&'D)1A &Q" <-*- 0)1 2'@!*C &!")1 +,! ),D'* )
1!0&'2) +,! !.!1 -&*'5,!" - &,2) +,! ()"<>! 1!, ,0'D!*1)C !1&-5!.!(!02) ,"
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Cultura
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|
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458/6"#& E+ ()& K $> & 5&(.& #+ !/$." #& ?("./!&@*H '4" +$6&87"H '4"
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#+ X8/BB&1# Y++1.V + Z/8#1+# E$'" +$5&$" + ."4AK4 "(.1&5>8&;"* (" /(!+$./;"F)&
$&A1+ " A1/;" #+ ;"8&$ +4 ["8/2 D"#" .1"#'V 4+87&1 ."8 +G5+1/W(6/" -'+ "$
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Em princpios de abril de 1958, minha mulher e eu
chegamos a uma aldeia balinesa, atacados de
malria e muito aba- lados, e nessa aldeia
pretendamos estudar como antroplo- gos. Um lugar
pequeno, com cerca de quinhentos habitantes
e
relativamente afastado, a aldeia constitua seu

prprio mundo.
Ns
ramos
invasores,
profissionais verdade, mas
46
01
Cultura
Tema
|
os aldees nos trataram como parece que s os

balineses tra- tam as pessoas que no fazem parte
de sua vida e que, no en- tanto, os assediam: como
se ns no estivssemos l. Para eles, e at certo
ponto para ns mesmos, ramos no-pessoas,
espectros, criaturas invisveis. (GEERTZ, 1989, p.
278)
!"#$%$&'$($&'$ *+ ,-$ $./$%"($&'0%0 $( +-'%+1 2-30%$1 *0 4&*+&51"0

$ &+ 60%%+7+18 + 0&'%+/92+3+ &:+ #+" + 7$&'%+ *01 0'$&;<$1= > "&?"1"@"2"*0*$8 0
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$1,-"10J8 70@$
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Na metade do caminho, mais ou menos, outro
fugitivo en- trou subitamente num galpo seu
prprio, soubemos de- pois e ns, nada vendo
nossa frente, a no ser campos
de arroz, um
campo aberto e um vulco muito alto, seguimo-lo. Quando ns trs chegamos ao ptio interno,
sua mulher, que provavelmente j estava a par
desses acontecimentos, apareceu com uma
mesinha, uma toalha de mesa, trs cadeiras e trs
chvenas de ch, e todos ns, sem qualquer
comunicao
explcita,
nos
sentamos,
comeamos a beber
o ch e procuramos recompor-nos. (GEERTZ, 1989, p. 281).
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47
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21No Brasil seguimos o cdigo de tica proposto pelas Associao Brasileira de
Antropo- logia (ABA). Disponvel em: <http://www.abant.org.br/?code=3.1>
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A etnografia uma operao mais complexa, muito
mais complexa, que na sua observao
participante, nas suas entrevistas ou no dilogo
entre o antroplogo e o nativo leva embutidas as
teorias, as hipteses, as interpretaes. Todo (!"#$
que h de mais essencial na Antropologia est no
momento da pesquisa etnogrfica, e no espera a se
manifestar at o momento em que o antroplogo se
esconda a analisar suas notas e seus dirios.
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51
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22Tornou-se Nimuendaj (aquele que faz a sua prpria casa) aps um ritual de
batismo realizado pelos ndios Apapokuva-Guarani. Da abrasileirou o Kurt
original e passou a as- sinar como Curt Nimuendaj-Unkel.
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