Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
LIMA
The Historic Center. Analysis and RestoraMon
Centro histrico. Conocimiento y restauracin
Centro storico. Conoscenza e restauro
This publicason was made possible through the coordinated eorts of these insstusons
Esta publicacin fue posible gracias a los esfuerzos coordinados de estas insstuciones
Questa pubblicazione stata resa possibile grazie al lavoro di coordinamento tra queste isstuzioni
This publicason was nanced by / Esta publicacin fue nanciada por / Questa pubblicazione stata nanziata da
World Monuments Fund, Sapienza Universit di Roma Relazioni internazionali
LI MA
The Historic Center
Analysis and Restoration
Centro histrico
Conocimiento y restauracin
Centro storico
Conoscenza e restauro
Giancarlo Palmerio
Angela Lombardi
Patrizia Montuori
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INDICE
INDICE
1
FOREWORD
PREFACIO
PREFAZIONE
24
30
36
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCCIN
INTRODUZIONE
10
12
14
3
THE ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE
OF THE HISTORIC CENTER OF LIMA
EL PATRIMONIO ARQUITECTNICO
DEL CENTRO HISTRICO DE LIMA
IL PATRIMONIO ARCHITETTONICO
DEL CENTRO STORICO DI LIMA
TOWARDS RESTORATION
HACIA LA RESTAURACIN
VERSO IL RESTAURO
42
98
48
54
60
124 Bibliography
Bibliografa
Bibliograa
RODRIGO CRDOVA ALEMN
72
Enclosed DVD
DVD anexo
DVD allegato
contents contenido contenuto:
Traces. Features of the preHispanic Seilement of
Taullichusco
Visions. Urban Landscape of the Historic City of
Lima
Voces de la ciudad
Casa de las Columnas. Desarrollo de un proyecto
Interacsve Plan of the Historic Center and Case
Studies
t the time the Spanish arrived in this area in 1533, the indi
genous population referred to the valley and river as Rmac
or Lmac, meaning he who speaks. This was due to the pro
ximity of the Huaca Grande1, a place of worship made up of a round
stone2, most likely located in the street of the Pea Horadada (per
forated rock) near presentday Plaza Italia in the Barrios Altos, then
known as the oracle of Rmac (speaker).
During the Inca period, the site was part of the Pachacmac pro
vince, which extended as far as the valleys irrigated by the rivers Chil
ln, Rmac and Lurn, by means of open canals, vestiges of which
could still be seen until the middle of the 20th century. These corre
spond today to the streets known as Jauja, Hunuco, Wari, and San
cho de Rivera. This province included the hunu3 or estates, of
Carabayllo, Rmac and Pachacmac.
The preHispanic settlement of Lima was located on the left side
of the river Rmac, and it controlled the gates to the irrigation canals
in the territories of the same hunu (or estate): Huatica, Isla, Ace
quin, HuariToledo, Maranga, Magdalena and La Legua. The buil
ding complex was located close to that of the oracle of Rmac, and
was so closely associated with it that they were practically one set
tlement with two administrative centers. It was also linked to the
routes and other settlements of its estate, including: MarangaCha
yavilca, also with two administrative centers, Mateo Salado and Pera
les to the east, Tambo de Beln, Limatambo and Armatambo to the
south. The cacique, or chief, of Lmac in 1535 was Taulichusco, who,
given his advanced age, ruled together with his son Guachinamo.
Taulichusco did not belong to the ancient lineage of the rulers of
Lima, but was a yanacona, a serf or manservant of Mama Vilo, the
wife of Guayna Capac.4 He was, therefore, a servant of the wife of
the Inca, and chief of the lordship of Lima located on the left bank of
the Rmac River. The other side of the Rmac was part of the region
of Amancaes, under the rule of Caxapaxa, a relative of Taulichusco.5
The Taulichusco complex consisted of a series of platforms, enclo
sures and paths connecting to the seat of the oracle. Architect Emi
lio HarthTerr (1960, 1977) reconstructed the location of
Taulichuscos buildings (called the pueblo or asiento of Lima by the
Spaniards) based on personal observations, as well as documents
and texts from the 16th century (ed. 1935) found in the municipal
archives. Scholars J. Gnther and G. Lohmann (1992) extended the
reconstruction area, adding roads, irrigation canals, and the area of
the oracle of Rmac.
The Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro, under pressure from
Diego de Almagro and due to the difficulties experienced in foun
ding Jauja, which he had designated as the temporary capital of Peru
in 1534, thought to move the seat of the government near San Gal
ln, close to Pisco, Mala or Pachacmac.6 Thus, on 6 January 1535,
the new capital was established in the territory of Taulichusco, near
the oracle of Rmac.
A document was signed in Pachacmac in which it is stated that
the site was selected because it was good and healthy and near a
seaport suitable for loading and unloading the ships which would
come to these realms to provide what is necessary to the already
established settlements and to those which would be established in
future in the inland regions.7 HarthTerr 8 also states that, in the
presence of the cacique Taulichusco, Pizarro at the foot of the huaca
of PumaInti performed the foundation ceremonies.
Pizarro thus founded the City of the Kings, locating its admini
strative center in the former palace of Taulichusco in order to hold
the same control that the former cacique had over the irrigated areas
of the valley. This desire to control the irrigation from his orchard
24
25
4
1. Palacio Municipal - Huaca
Cabildo (A)
2. Casa Aliaga - Huaca de Aliaga
3. Palacio de Gobierno - Huaca de
Taulichusco (B)
4. Catedral - Huaca Puma Inti (C)
5. Calle Jauja - canal Huatica (D)
6. Quinta Rincn - Huaca el Prado
7. Pea Horadada - Orculo Rmac (E)
8 Tambo de Beln - Tambo inca
9 Calle Rufino Torrico - Camino
inca (F)
A (CEG, 2004)
B (CEG, 2011)
C (RC, 2011)
D on line
E (WMF)
2 3
1
F (RC, 2010)
5
4
9
6
7
8
26
27
Notes
1
ROSTWOROWSKI M., 1978, p. 7172. The term huaca designates any geo
graphical or natural (rocks, lake, hills, caves) as well as artificial element
(buildings, carved stones) to which the indigenous preHispanic population
attached a religious significance.
2
The Rmac, huaca of the Lima Indios called Ychma, where the City of the
Kings is located, was a round stone. It is found on the flat land where Geron
imo da Silva has his orchard (DE MOLINA C., ALBORNOZ C. [1583] 1989, p.
191). The vegetable garden is located at the back of the hospital of Santa
Ana (HARTHTERR E., 1977, p. 27 and 1963; ROSTWOROWSKI 1978, p. 71
72). The native hospitals construction started in 1554. See also Lima 1685
by Pedro Nolasco Mere (GNTHER D., 1983).
3
ROSTWOROWSKI M., 1978, CORNEJO GUERRERO M.A., 2000. The hunu can
be compared to the present notion of a district. It was composed of 1000
families and was part of the Inca political and territorial administration
based on the decimal system; it usually included more than a cacique
domain, i.e. a community ruled by a chief or cacique. The hunu was
autonomous and served by a complete system of irrigation channels.
4
Archive of the Indias of Seville (AGI), Lima 204, fol. 6r. see ROSTWOROWSu
KI M., 1978, p. 78. Guayna Capac was the penultimate king of the Inca
Empire prior to the Spanish conquest, which took place while his son Huas
car was prisoner of his own rebellious brother, Atahualpa.
5
ROSTWOROWSKI M., 1978, p. 79.
6
The selection of this site was of interest to him, says the chronicler Calan
cha, because he could occupy a village that could be inhabited immediate
ly, thus saving on the construction of a temporary settlement while the new
capital was being built (ROSTWOROWSKI M., 1991, p. 15).
7
El Comercio 18/01/85.
8
HARTHTERR E., 1977, p. 1819.
9
The peonas (from the term peones) was the terrain assigned to the
Spaniards, with an extension of between 40 and 80 hectares depending on
the quality of the land, sufficient to maintain a family. The caballerias (from
the term caballero), instead, were domains five times larger than the peonias.
10
GNTHER D., LOHMANN V., 1992, p. 43.
11
ROSTWOROWSKI M., 1991, p. 15.
12
El Comercio 21/03/90.
13
GNTHER D., LOHMANN V., 1992, p. 42.
Photos: Carlos Enrique Guzmn (CEG); Rodrigo Cordva Alemn (RC); World
Monuments Fund (WMF)
28
Notas
1
ROSTWOROWSKI M., 1978, p. 7172. Huaca indica cualquier elemento natural
o geogrfico (rocas, lagos, cerros, cuevas) o artificial (edificaciones, rocas talla
das), al cual la poblacin prehispnica le atribua un carcter sagrado.
2
Rimac, huaca de los indios de Lima que se decan Ychma, donde surge la Ciu
dad de los Reyes, era una piedra redonda. Est en un llano donde fue la huerta
de Gernimo de Silva (DE MOLINA C., ALBORNOZ C. [1583] 1989, p. 191). La
huerta estaba a la espalda del hospital de Santa Ana (HARTHTERR E., 1977, p.
27 y 1963, p. 8; ROSTWOROWSKI M., 1978, p. 7172). Este hospital para los in
dios comenz a construirse en 1554. Ver igualmente Lima 1685 de Pedro No
lasco Mere (GNTHER D., 1983).
3
ROSTWOROWSKI M., 1978, CORNEJO GUERRERO M.A., 2000. El hunu o marca
puede compararse con el concepto actual de distrito. Formaba parte de la or
ganizacin poltica y territorial inca de tipo decimal, ya que comprenda unas
1,000 familias y generalmente cubra ms de un cacicazgo, o sea, comunida
des indgenas gobernadas por un cacique. El hunu era autnomo y estaba do
tado de canales de irrigacin propios.
4
Archivo de Indias de Sevilla (AGI), Lima 204, fol. 6r. ver ROSTWOROWSKI M.,
1978, p. 78. Guayna Capac fue el penltimo gobernante del Imperio Inka antes
de la conquista espaola, ocurrida mientras su hijo Huascar era prisionero de
su propio hermano rebelde, Atahualpa.
5
ROSTWOROWSKI M., 1978, p. 79.
6
este ltimo le interes, comenta el cronista Calancha, por existir un pueblo que
podia ser habitado inmediatamente y as se ahorraba levantar una villa provi
sional mientras se construa la ciudad (ROSTWOROWSKI M. 1991, p. 15).
7
El Comercio 18/01/85; HARTHuTERR E., 1977, p. 1819.
8
HARTHTERR E., 1977, p. 1819.
9
Las peonas (de peones) eran asignaciones de tierra para espaoles, entre unas
40 y 80 hectreas segn la calidad de la tierra, suficientes para mantener a
una sola familia. Las caballeras (de caballeros) eran asignaciones cinco veces
mayores a una peona.
10
GNTHER D., LOHMANN V., 1992, p. 43.
11
ROSTWOROWSKI M., 1991, p. 15.
12
El Comercio 21/03/90.
13
GNTHER D./LOHMANN V., 1992, p. 42.
Note
1
ROSTWOROWSKI M., 1978, p. 7172. Huaca indica qualsiasi elemento natu
rale o geografico (rocce, laghi, colline, grotte) o artificiale (edifici, rocce inta
gliate) al quale la popolazione preispanica attribuiva un carattere sacro.
2
Rmac, huaca degli indios di Lima chiamati Ychma, ove sorge la Citt dei Re, fu
una pietra tonda. Sta sul pianoro dove ha un orto Geronimo di Silva (DE MO
LINA C., ALBORNOZ C. [1583] 1989, p. 191). Lorto era alle spalle dellospedale
di Santa Ana (HARTHTERR E., 1977, p. 27 e 1963; ROSTWOROWSKI M., 1978,
p. 7172), iniziato a costruire nel 1554 per curare gli indios. Da vedere anche
Lima 1685 di Pedro Nolasco Merea (GNTHER D., 1983).
3
ROSTWOROWSKI M., 1978, CORNEJO GUERRERO M.A. 2000. Lhunu o marca
pu paragonarsi allattuale concetto di distretto. Era parte dellorganizzazione
politica e territoriale inca di tipo decimale composta da circa 1000 famiglie;
di solito copriva pi di un caciccato, ossia comunit governate da un capo o
cacicco. Lhunu era autonomo e dotato di canali dirrigazione propri.
4
Archivio delle Indie di Siviglia (AGI), Lima 204, fol. 6r. vedi ROSTWOROWSKI M.,
1978, p. 78. Guayna Capac penultimo sovrano dellimpero inca prima della
conquista spagnola, avvenuta mentre suo figlio Huascar era prigioniero del
proprio fratello ribelle, Atahualpa.
5
ROSTWOROWSKI M., 1978, p. 79.
6
Questa localizzazioneinteress questultimo, commenta il cronista Calancha,
perch poteva contare su un villaggio che poteva essere abitato immediata
mente, risparmiando la costruzione di un insediamento provvisorio mentre
sorgeva la citt (ROSTWOROWSKI M., 1991, p. 15).
7
El Comercio 18/01/60.
8
HARTHTERR E., 1977, p. 1819.
9
Le peonie (da peones) erano appezzamenti assegnati a spagnoli, di dimen
sione tra i 40 e gli 80 ettari a seconda della qualit della terra, sufficienti per
mantenere una famiglia. Le cavallerie (da caballero), invece, erano appez
zamenti cinque volte pi grandi di una peonia.
10
GNTHER D., LOHMANN V., 1992, p. 43.
11
ROSTWOROWSKI M., 1991, p. 15.
12
El Comercio 21/03/90.
13
GNTHER D., LOHMAN V., 1992, p. 42.
29
Foto: Carlos Enrique Guzmn (CEG); Rodrigo Cordva Alemn (RC); World
Monuments Fund (WMF)
30
The center of Lima is a heritage of great historical and artistic value, currently in an advanced state of decay,
threatened by speculative pressures and not protected by appropriate laws and regulations.
This book, published with the support of World Monuments Fund, presents the approach developed in the
joint research carried out in the year 20092011 by the Faculty of Architecture of Sapienza University of Rome,
Italy and FAUA Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Artes of National University of Engineering of Lima,
Peru: the research focused on identifying and evaluating the endangered heritage preliminary to the
rehabilitation process.
Part one introduces the historic city since its foundation by the Spaniards, also identifying tracks and remains
dating before the Spanish period, well worthy of protection for future generations, through the use of hitherto
unpublished maps.
The second part presents the conservation issues facing the historic center of Lima and, more generally, the
theoretical and methodological tenets for the restoration of historic urban areas; followed by an overview of
endangered heritage and significant rehabilitation works carried out in the city in the last ninety years.
The third part analyzes the typical local construction techniques and some of the related methods of
preservation, finally centering on the rehabilitation works of the Casa de las Columnas, supported by the World
Monuments Fund.
El casco antiguo de Lima es patrimonio histrico artstico de gran inters, y sin embargo se encuentra en
precarias condiciones de conservacin, amenazado por las presiones econmicas y, por lo tanto, necesitado de
una adecuada y firme accin de proteccin.
Este libro, publicado gracias al apoyo del World Monuments Fund, presenta el mtodo de estudio llevado a cabo
entre 2009 y 2011 gracias a un estudio conjunto entre la Facultad de Arquitectura de la Universit Sapienza
di Roma y la FAUA Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Artes de la Universidad Nacional de Ingeniera de
Lima, Per, cuyo objetivo es el reconocimiento del patrimonio arquitectnico en peligro previo a las
intervenciones de recuperacin.
La primera parte presenta la historia de la ciudad y su fundacin por parte de los espaoles, resaltando, gracias
a la ayuda de documentos inditos, huellas y vestigios ms antiguos, dignos de ser protegidos para que puedan
transmitirse a las generaciones futuras.
La segunda parte trata el tema de la conservacin del centro histrico de Lima y, de manera ms general, los
fundamentos tericos y metodolgicos para la restauracin de centros histricos, seguidos de un anlisis de las
restauraciones realizadas en Lima en los ltimos noventa aos as como del anlisis del patrimonio en peligro.
La tercera parte analiza las tcnicas de construccin locales ms difusas y los mtodos de restauracin
compatibles, y se concluye con la intervencin de recuperacin realizada en la Casa de las Columnas, promovida
por el World Monuments Fund.
Il centro antico di Lima patrimonio storicoartistico di grande interesse, ma in precarie condizioni di
conservazione e minacciato da pressioni economiche e, dunque, bisognoso di unadeguata e decisa azione di
tutela.
Questo libro, pubblicato grazie al sostegno del World Monuments Fund, presenta il metodo di studio messo a
punto tra il 2009 e il 2011 grazie ad una ricerca congiunta tra la Facolt di Architettura dellUniversit Sapienza
di Roma e la FAUA Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Artes della Universidad Nacional de Ingeniera di
Lima, Per, per il riconoscimento del patrimonio architettonico a rischio propedeutico agli interventi di
recupero.
La prima parte introduce alla storia della citt e alla sua fondazione ad opera degli Spagnoli, non tralasciando
di evidenziare, grazie al supporto di documenti inediti, percorsi e tracce pi antichi, degni di tutela per essere
trasmessi alle future generazioni.
La seconda parte affronta le tematiche della conservazione del centro storico di Lima e, pi in generale, le
fondamenta teoriche e metodologiche per il restauro dei centri storici, seguite da una panoramica sui restauri
realizzati a Lima negli ultimi novantanni e dallanalisi del patrimonio in pericolo.
La terza parte analizza le pi diffuse tecniche costruttive locali e metodi di restauro ad esse compatibili, e si conclude
con lintervento di recupero operato sulla Casa de las Columnas e promosso dal World Monuments Fund.