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M ngeles Ruiz, Marta Isabel Daz y Arabella Villalobos

1. Introduccin

2. Fundamentos tericos
3. Tcnicas operantes para el incremento y mantenimiento de
conductas
3.1. Reforzamiento positivo
3.2. Reforzamiento negativo
3.3. Programas de reforzamiento
4. Tcnicas operantes para la adquisicin de nuevas conductas
4.1. Moldeamiento
4.2. Encadenamiento
4.3. Instigacin/Atenuacin
5. Tcnicas operantes para la reduccin o eliminacin de conductas
5.1. Reforzamiento diferencial de otras conductas (RDO)
5.2. Extincin
5.3. Castigo
5.3.1. Castigo Positivo
5.3.2. Castigo Negativo
5.4. Sobrecorreccin
6. Programas de economa de fichas
7. Contratos de contingencias
8. Mapa conceptual de tcnicas operantes
9. Aplicaciones y estudios de resultados
10. Resumen
11. Bibliografa recomendada
12. Referencias bibliogrficas

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Palabras clave
Condicionamiento Operante
Reforzamiento
Castigo
Extincin
Moldeamiento

Encadenamiento

Instigacin
Desvanecimiento
Economa de fichas
Contrato de contingencias

Objetivos
Este captulo ha sido escrito con el objetivo de que el lector o lectora






Recuerde los principios del condicionamiento operante

Conozca las principales tcnicas de incremento de conductas
Conozca las principales tcnicas de adquisicin de conductas
Conozca las principales tcnicas de reduccin de conductas
Conozca en qu consisten los programas de economa de fichas y los
contratos de contingencias.

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)'c4(4*Gi-%%'0*bCNXWf3*'(*2-%'0>*\*'(*'(>&->3*(4*4@0>74;-R%*\*'(*4P';5>*)>%*
'_'O@(>)*2'*0'P>0.42>0')*;>%2-;->%42>)*@>0Z,'*)'*d4%*42Z,-0-2>*O'2-4%5'*
'(*4@0'%2-.4_'3*\*)>%*&'%'04(-.42>)*@>0Z,'*')51%*4)>;-42>)*4*O,;d>)*>50>)*
0'P>0.42>0')*b'H&H*;>O-243*)>%0-)43*'%50'&4*2'*2-)5-%5>)*>7_'5>)*>*4;5-]-242')*
0'P>0.4%5')3*'5;HfH*
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159

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M ngeles Ruiz, Marta Isabel Daz y Arabella Villalobos

 Reforzadores sociales.*G>%*(4)*O,')504)*2'*45'%;-R%3*]4(>04;-R%3*4@0>74;-R%3*
0';>%>;-O-'%5>3*'5;H*Z,'*0';-7'*,%4*@'0)>%4*@>0*@405'*2'*>504)*;>O>*;>%)'K
;,'%;-4*2'*(4*0'4(-.4;-R%*2'*,%4*;>%2,;54H*Y>)*0'P>0.42>0')*)>;-4(')*)>%*2'*
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160

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3.2. Reforzamiento negativo

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161

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M ngeles Ruiz, Marta Isabel Daz y Arabella Villalobos

4H Programas de raznH*<*]';')*;>%]-'%'*0'P>0.40*%>*'%*;424*>;,00'%;-4*2'*(4*
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M ngeles Ruiz, Marta Isabel Daz y Arabella Villalobos

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%>*)'*@0>2,;-013*)-%>*Z,'*(4*;>%2,;54*)'*]'01*%,']4O'%5'*0'P>0.424H*
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;-R%*')*Z,'*2')@,D)*2'*d47'0)'*0'2,;-2>*,%4*;>%2,;54*@>0*P4(54*2'*0'P>0.4K
O-'%5>3* @,'2'* 4@40';'0* %,']4O'%5'* >* -%;0'O'%540)'H* T>* >7)54%5'3* )-* )'*
O4%5-'%'*(4*4,)'%;-4*2'*0'P>0.4O-'%5>3*(4*;>%2,;54*]>(]'01*4*2';0';'0H*
3HLJHJPHKLSHL_[PUJP}UJVTV`HZLOHZL|HSHKVZLPUJYLTLU[HJ\HUKVZL
;>O7-%4*;>%*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*@>)-5-]>*;>%*(4*;>%2,;54*-%;>O@45-7('*>*;>%*;>%2,;54)*
4(5'0%45-]4)*O1)*42';,424)H*<(&,%4)*2'*(4)*04.>%')*@>0*(4)*Z,'*)'*;>%)-2'04*O1)*
LJHaLS\ZVJVUQ\U[VKLSHL_[PUJP}UJVULSYLMVYaHTPLU[VWVZP[P]VZVU!
171

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M ngeles Ruiz, Marta Isabel Daz y Arabella Villalobos

 3H PKLU[PJHJP}U LZ[YPJ[H KL SVZ YLMVYaHKVYLZ X\L THU[PLULU SH JVUK\J[H H
'^5-%&,-0*@,'2'*((']40)'*4*;47>*2'*P>0O4*O'%>)*')50-;54*\4*Z,'*'(*-%;0'O'%5>*
2'*(4*;>%2,;54*4(5'0%45-]4*@>0*'P';5>*2'*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*P4;-(-54*(4*'O-)-R%*2'*(4*
;>%2,;54*@0>7('O4H*
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 Y4* '^5-%;-R%* 0'2,;'* (4* 'O-)-R%* 2'* (4* ;>%2,;54* @0>7('O43* @'0>* %>* @'0O-5'
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2,;54)*4(5'0%45-]4)H*`^5-%&,-0*(4*;>%2,;54*2'*Z,'_4*;>O>*P>0O4*2'*0'(4;->%40)'*
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@>0*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*%'&45-]>H*`%*')5'*;4)>3*(4)*;>%2,;54)*4*'(-O-%40*>*0'2,;-0*),'('%*
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O4%5'%-D%2>)'*@>0*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*%'&45-]>*)-*4(*'O-5-0(4*(>&04*2'_40*2'*-0*4(*;>('&->3*
');4@4%2>*;>%*'((>*2'*,%4*)-5,4;-R%*Z,'*('*0'),(54*4]'0)-]4*>*2')4&04247('H*`%*')5'*
;4)>3*(4*'^5-%;-R%*4*(4*;>%2,;54*2'*((4%5>3*d4;-'%2>*Z,'*%>*)-0]4*@404*']-540*-0*4(*
;>('&->*@'0O-5-01*'^5-%&,-0*(4*;>%2,;54*2'*');4@'*4%5'*')54*)-5,4;-R%*4]'0)-]4H*`%*'(*
;4)>*2'*(>)*504)5>0%>)*2'*4%)-'2423*(4*'^@>)-;-R%*4*(4*)-5,4;-R%*5'O-243*@>0*'_'O@(>*
),7-0*4*,%*4]-R%*)-%*@'0O-5-0*0'P>0.40*(4*0')@,')54*2'*');4@'3*b'H&H*74_40)'*2'(*4]-R%*
@>0Z,'*('*@0>2,;'*4%)-'242f*-O@(-;4*((']40*4*;47>*,%*@0>;'2-O-'%5>*2'*'^5-%;-R%*
2'(*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*%'&45-]>*Z,'*O4%5-'%'*(4*;>%2,;54*2'*5'O>0H*

5.3. Castigo
?>O>*\4*)'*d4*)'c4(42>3*'(*;4)5-&>3*2')2'*'(*@,%5>*2'*]-)54*2'(*;>%2-;->%4O-'%K
5>*>@'04%5'3*d4;'*0'P'0'%;-4*4*(4*0'2,;;-R%*2'*(4*P0';,'%;-4*P,5,04*2'*,%4*;>%2,;54*
;,4%2>*504)*),*'O-)-R%*)'*@0')'%54*,%*')59O,(>*4]'0)-]>*>*)'*0'5-04*,%*')59O,(>*@>)-K
5-]>*2'*O4%'04*;>%5-%&'%5'*4*(4*;>%2,;54H*
Y4*O'04*-%50>2,;;-R%*2'*,%*')59O,(>*4]'0)-]>*>*(4*)-O@('*0'5-0424*2'(*')59O,(>*
@>)-5-]>*%>*)'*;>%)-2'04*;4)5-&>*4*%>*)'0*Z,'*((']'*4@40'_42>*(4*0'2,;;-R%*'P';5-]4*
KLSHJVUK\J[H+LUPYSVX\LZLJVUZPKLYHJHZ[PNVLUS\NHYKLZPTWSLWLUHSPaHJP}U
')3*4(*-&,4(*Z,'*>;,0094*;>%*'(*@0'O->*\*'(*0'P>0.4O-'%5>3*,%4*;,')5-R%*'O@90-;4H*`)*
;4)5-&>*)R(>*)-*)'*0'2,;'*(4*P0';,'%;-4*2'*(4*;>%2,;54H
`(*;4)5-&>3*4*@')40*2'*(4*@0']'%;-R%*Z,'*),);-543*')51*@0')'%5'*d47-5,4(O'%5'*
'%*(4*]-24*;>5-2-4%4H*8'*d';d>3*'%*(4*0'&,(4;-R%*2'*%>0O45-]4)*)>;-4(')*\*_,092-;4)*
172

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M ngeles Ruiz, Marta Isabel Daz y Arabella Villalobos

Z\LSLU LZWLJPJHYZL SHZ ZHUJPVULZ X\L HJVTWH|HYmU H Z\ PUJ\TWSPTPLU[V LN

O,(54*@>0*'^;'2'0*(4*]'(>;-242*')547(';-243*;10;'(*@>0*0>740*>*O45403*),)@'%)>*@>0*
%>*4(;4%.40*0'),(542>)*4;42DO-;>)3*%>*]'0*(4*h=*@>0*%>*0';>&'0*'(*;,405>3*'5;HfH
5.3.1. Castigo Positivo
G'*'%5-'%2'*@>0*;4)5-&>*@>)-5-]>*(4*0'2,;;-R%*2'*(4*P0';,'%;-4*P,5,04*2'*,%4*;>%K
2,;54*;,4%2>*504)*),*'O-)-R%*se presenta ,%*')59O,(>*4]'0)-]>H*G'*@,'2'*d47(40*2'*
2>)*5-@>)*2'*')59O,(>)*%'&45-]>)U*@0-O40->)*>*-%;>%2-;->%42>)*\*)';,%240->)*>*;>%K
2-;->%42>)H
 Y>) estmulos aversivos primarios* >* -%;>%2-;->%42>)* )>%* 4Z,'((>)* ;,\>*
;401;5'0*4]'0)-]>*),'('*)'0*,%-]'0)4(3*;>O>*'(*2>(>0*P9)-;>3*(>)*0,-2>)*P,'05')3*
),O-%-)5040*@0>2,;5>)*%45,04(')*>*Z,9O-;>)*Z,'*@0>]>;4%*0'4;;->%')*P9)-;4)*
2')4&04247(')3*'5;H*
 Y>) estmulos aversivos secundarios*>*;>%2-;->%42>)*)>%*(>)*')59O,(>)*Z,'*
d4%* 42Z,-0-2>* 54(* ;401;5'0* @>0* (4* 4)>;-4;-R%* ;>%* >50>)* ')59O,(>)* 4]'0)-]>)H*
3VZNLZ[VZ`SHZKLZJHSPJHJPVULZLPUZ\S[VZ]LYIHSLZSSL]HYHJHIVHJJPVULZ
Z,'*@0>]>;4%*]'0&u'%.4*>*O4(')5403*)>%*4(&,%>)*'_'O@(>)*2'*')59O,(>)*4]'0K
)-]>)*)';,%240->)*>*;>%2-;->%42>)H
Y4*;>%)-2'04;-R%*2'*,%*')59O,(>*;>O>*4]'0)-]>*\*'(*&042>*2'*O4(')540*Z,'*@,'2'*
@0>]>;403*P,%24O'%54(O'%5'*'%*'(*;4)>*2'*(>)*')59O,(>)*;>%2-;->%42>)3*2'@'%2'*'%*
&04%*O'2-24*2'*;424*-%2-]-2,>H*6&,4(O'%5'3*4,%Z,'*,%*')59O,(>*@,'24*)'0*;>%)-2'04K
2>*4]'0)-]>3*),*;4@4;-242*@404*4;5,40*;>O>*;4)5-&>*2'@'%2'01*2'*(4*)-5,4;-R%*'%*(4*
Z,'*)'*4@(-Z,'3*Z,-D%*)'4*'(*4&'%5'*Z,'*(>*),O-%-)504*\*)-*(4*;>%2,;54*Z,'*)'*@0'5'%2'*
0'2,;-0*4(*-%50>2,;-0*'(*')59O,(>*4]'0)-]>*')51*)-'%2>*O4%5'%-24*@>0*,%*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*
@>)-5-]>*O1)*@>5'%5'H*k>0*'_'O@(>3*(>)*;4;d'5')*>*(4*4&0')-R%*P9)-;4*%>*5-'%'%*'(*O-)O>*
'P';5>*'%*5>2>)*(>)*%-c>)3*%-*0'),(54%*-&,4(*2'*4]'0)-]>)H*`%*O,;d>)*;4)>)3*2'@'%2'*2'*
Z,-D%*)'4*Z,-'%*(>*2-)@'%)4*b'H&H*@420'3*@0>P')>03*'5;Hf3*'%*@0')'%;-4*2'*Z,-D%*b'H&H*
4O-&>)3*d'0O4%>)3*%42-'f3*@>0*Z,D*;>%2,;54*b'H&H*@>;>*>*O,\*]4(>0424)*>*-O@>054%K
5')f*\*Z,D*@-'02'*@>0*(4*0'2,;;-R%*2'*(4*;>%2,;54*;4)5-&424*b'H&H*@0')5-&->*4%5'*(>)*4O-K
&>)3* '5;HfH* `)* @>0* '((>* @>0* (>* Z,'* '(* 'P';5>* '%* (4* 0'2,;;-R%* 2'* (4* ;>%2,;54* ')* O1)*
-O@>054%5'*Z,'*'(*&042>*2'*4]'0)-R%*Z,'*@,'24*450-7,-0)'H
5.3.2. Castigo Negativo
`^-)5'%*2>)*5-@>)*P,%24O'%54(')*2'*;4)5-&>*74)42>*'%*(4*0'5-0424*2'*')59O,(>)*
@>)-5-]>)U*Tiempo-fuera de reforzamiento*\ Coste de Respuestas.
173

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M ngeles Ruiz, Marta Isabel Daz y Arabella Villalobos

Tiempo fuera de reforzamiento positivo

?>%)-)5'*'%*%'&40*'(*4;;')>*5'O@>04(*4*(>)*0'P>0.42>0')*-%O'2-454O'%5'*2')K
@,D)*2'*Z,'*)'*0'4(-;'*(4*;>%2,;54*-%42';,424*Z,'*)'*2')'4*0'2,;-0*>*'(-O-%40H*`(*
d';d>*2'*Z,'*(>*Z,'*0'4(O'%5'*)'*0'5-0'*)'4*'(*4;;')>*4*(>)*0'P>0.42>0')3*d4;'*Z,'*
4(&,%>)* 4,5>0')* ;>%)-2'0'%* Z,'* (4* 5D;%-;4* '%* 0'4(-242* 2'7'094* ((4O40)'* tiempofuera de reforzadores generalizados '%* (,&40* 2'* 5-'O@>KP,'04* 2'* 0'P>0.4O-'%5>*
@>)-5-]>H*
`( tiempo fuera de reforzamiento positivo )'*,5-(-.4*P,%24O'%54(O'%5'*;>%*%-c>)H*
"4%240*4*%-c>)*@'Z,'c>)*4(*qrincn de pensarr3*>*4*%-c>)*4(&>*O1)*O4\>0')*4*),*
;,405>*)-%*Z,'*5'%&4%*4;;')>*4*%-%&,%4*4;5-]-242*0'P>0.4%5'*b'H&H*_,&403*]'0*(4*h=*>*
d47(40f*)>%*'_'O@(>)*;(1)-;>)*2'*5-'O@>KP,'04*2'*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*@>)-5-]>H*
G@-'&('0*\*:,']0'O>%5*bABCBf*)'c4(4%*Z,'*@404*Z,'*'(*5-'O@>KP,'04*2'*0'P>0.4K
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;>%2-;->%')U
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')5'*5-@>*2'*;4)5-&>*\*;>%>.;4*),*2,04;-R%H
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TPU\[VZ V TLUVZ ZLYxH Z\JPLU[L LU UP|VZ WLX\L|VZ )HYRSL`   YLJVK
O-'%24*Z,'*'%*%-c>)*O4\>0')*2'*X*4c>)3*,%4*0'&(4*@>2094*)'0*-%;0'O'%540*C*
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P,'04*2'*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*@>)-5-]>H
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')3*%>*2'7'01*')540*0'4(-.4%2>*;>%2,;54)*%'&45-]4)*>*-%4@0>@-424)*b'H&H*&0-540f*
242>*Z,'*)-*)'*5'0O-%404*O-'%504)*(4)*')51*0'4(-.4%2>3*Z,'24094%*0'P>0.424)*
%'&45-]4O'%5'H
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Z,'*('*0'),(5'*2')4&04247('*>*-%;RO>243*'%*;,\>*;4)>*)'*')54094*;>%]-05-'%2>*
'%*,%*@0>;'2-O-'%5>*2'* 0'P>0.4O-'%5>* %'&45-]>* b-%;0'O'%54094* (4* ;>%2,;54*
-%42';,424f*'%*(,&40*2'*;4)5-&>*b0'2,;-0*(4*;>%2,;54*-%42';,424fH
S%>*2'*(>)*-%;>%]'%-'%5')*2'(*5-'O@>*P,'04*2'*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*')*Z,'*4('_40*4*(4*
@'0)>%4*2'(*O'2->*>*;>%5'^5>*'%*'(*Z,'*)'*d4*((']42>*4*;47>*(4*;>%2,;54*@0>7('O43*
@404*%'&40*'(*4;;')>*4*(>)*0'P>0.42>0')3*-O@-2-'%2>*;>%*'((>*'(*0'P,'0.>*@>)-5-]>*2'*
>504)*;>%2,;54)*Z,'*),@>%2094%*,%4*4(5'0%45-]4*2'*4;;-R%*O1)*42';,424*>*424@545-]4H
174

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M ngeles Ruiz, Marta Isabel Daz y Arabella Villalobos

Coste de respuesta
`( coste de respuestaZLYLLYLHSHWtYKPKHKL\UYLMVYaHKVYWVZP[P]VKLSX\LKPZK
@>%'*'(*-%2-]-2,>H*
Y4*0'5-0424*2'*@,%5>)*>*2'(*;40%'5*2'*;>%2,;-0*@>0*;>O'5'0*,%4*-%P04;;-R%*2'*
[YmJVLZ\ULQLTWSVKLJVZ[LKLYLZW\LZ[HJVTVWYVJLKPTPLU[VKLJHZ[PNV<UVKL
(>)*4)@';5>)*Z,'*d4;'*O1)*'P';5-]>*'(*;>)5'*2'*0')@,')54*')*(4*'%50'&4*2'*0'P>0.42>K
0')*@>)-5-]>)*)-*)'*-%;0'O'%54*(4*;>%2,;54*42';,424H*`%*'(*'_'O@(>*4%5'0->03*;,4%2>*
WVY]VS]LYHYLZWL[HYSHZUVYTHZKL[YmJVZLYLJ\WLYHUSVZW\U[VZWLYKPKVZLPUJS\K
ZVZLPUJYLTLU[HUWVYZ\J\TWSPTPLU[VZLLZ[m[YH[HUKVKLPUJYLTLU[HYSHLJHJPH
2'(*;>)5'*2'*0')@,')54*;>O>*@0>;'2-O-'%5>*@404*0'2,;-0*(4)*;>%2,;54)*2'*-%P04;K
;-R%H
5.3.3. Factores que influyen en la efectividad del castigo
Y4* 'P';5-]-242* 2'(* ;4)5-&>* d4* )-2>* 2'O>)50424* @>0* %,O'0>)>)* ')5,2->)3* 54%5>*
71)-;>)*;>O>*4@(-;42>)3*((']42>)*4*;47>*2')2'*(>)*4c>)*JB*b<.0-%*\*I>(.3*CNJJm*
Y'0O4%* \*=>0%204%3* ABBAfH* <,5>0')* ;>O>* I4&>@-4%3* /-)d'03* G,((-]4%3* <;Z,-)5>* \*
Y'E(4%;*bCNNMf*>*j4;i'03*G5''&'3*T>05d,@3*G4))>3*E'0&3*+'-O'0)3*'5*4(H*bCNNBf*4@>0K
54%*']-2'%;-4*'O@90-;4*2'*Z,'*'(*;4)5-&>3*;,4%2>*)'*;>O7-%4*;>%*@0>;'2-O-'%5>)*
2'*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*\*2'*'^5-%;-R%3*5-'%'*'P';5>)*-%O'2-45>)*)>70'*(4*;>%2,;54*Z,'*)'*
2')'4* '(-O-%40* \* ),)54%;-4(O'%5'* ),@'0->0')* 4* (>)* 'P';5>)* @0>2,;-2>)* @>0* '(* ,)>*
'^;(,)-]>*2'*@0>&04O4)*2'*0'P>0.4O-'%5>H*`^-)5'%*O,\*@>;>)*')5,2->)*Z,'*d4\4%*
LUJVU[YHKVLMLJ[VZULNH[P]VZZPNUPJH[P]VZWVYSHHWSPJHJP}UKLWYVJLKPTPLU[VZKL
;4)5-&>*bY'0O4%*\*6F4543*CNNJfH*S%4*2'*(4)*04.>%')*@,'2'*2'7'0)'*4*Z,'*(4*O4\>094*
2'*(>)*')5,2->)*0'4(-.42>)*d4%*,5-(-.42>*,%4*;>O7-%4;-R%*2'*;4)5-&>*\*0'P,'0.>*\*)'*
d4%*((']42>*4*;47>*O,\*@>;>)*')5,2->)*,5-(-.4%2>*;4)5-&>*;>0@>04(H*
<*@')40*2'*(4*'P';5-]-242*2'(*;4)5-&>*\*(4*P4(54*2'*')5,2->)*Z,'*2'O,')50'%*),)*
'P';5>)*%'&45-]>)3*(4*O4\>094*2'*(>)*4,5>0')*')51%*2'*4;,'02>*'%*,5-(-.40*@0>;'2-K
O-'%5>)*2'*;4)5-&>3*P,%24O'%54(O'%5'*;4)5-&>*@>)-5-]>3*)R(>*;,4%2>*>50>)*@0>;'2-K
O-'%5>)*2'*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*@>)-5-]>*P4((4%*'%*4(;4%.40*(4)*;>%2,;54)*>7_'5-]>H*j4;K
i'03*I402-%&3*E'0&3*?>>@'0KE0>F%*\*E400'55>*bABBNf*)'c4(4%*Z,'*'(*,)>*2'(*;4)5-&>*
ZLYxH\U[YH[HTPLU[VKLLSLJJP}ULUHX\LSSVZJHZVZLUSVZX\LVIPLUUVZLPKLU[PK
;4%* 42';,424O'%5'* (>)* 0'P>0.42>0')* Z,'* O4%5-'%'%* ,%4* ;>%2,;543* >* 7-'%* %>* )'*
W\LKLUJVU[YVSHYZ\JPLU[LTLU[LJVTVWHYHSSLNHYHMVTLU[HYSHZJVUK\J[HZHS[LYK
%45-]4)H*`)5>*')*')@';-4(O'%5'*-O@>054%5'*'%*'(*;4)>*2'*(>*Z,'*)'*2')''*'(-O-%40*
)'4%*;>%2,;54)*4&0')-]4)*d4;-4*)9*O-)O>*>*d4;-4*(>)*>50>)H*6&,4(O'%5'3*(>)*@0>;'2-K
O-'%5>)*2'*;4)5-&>*)>%*')@';-4(O'%5'*'P';5-]>)*;,4%2>*(4*)'(';;-R%*2'(*5-@>*2'*;4)K
5-&>*)'*0'4(-.4*'%*P,%;-R%*2'*(4*;>%2,;54*@0>7('O4*\*)'*;>O7-%4*;>%*'(*0'P,'0.>*
;>%)54%5'*2'*(4)*;>%2,;54)*4(5'0%45-]4)H
175

"4%,4(*2'*hD;%-;4)*2'*6%5'0]'%;-R%*?>&%-5-]>*?>%2,;5,4(')
M ngeles Ruiz, Marta Isabel Daz y Arabella Villalobos

8424)*(4)*@0']'%;->%')*Z,'*),);-54*(4*4@(-;4;-R%*2'(*;4)5-&>*@404*0'2,;-0*;>%2,;K
54)3*)'*),'('%*0')4(540*]40->)*4)@';5>)*Z,'*d4%*2'*)'0]-0*2'*&,94*@404*(4*4@(-;4;-R%*2'*(>)*
2-)5-%5>)*5-@>)*2'*;4)5-&>H*G@-'&('0*\*:,']0'O>%5*bABCBf*0')4(54%*(>)*;-%;>*)-&,-'%5')U
CH El castigo, sea positivo o negativo, debera ocurrir inmediatamente despus de
la ocurrencia de la conducta inadecuad4H*?,4%5>*O'%>)*5-'O@>*@4)4*'%*(4*
4@(-;4;-R%*2'(*;4)5-&>3*O4\>0*),'('*)'0*),*'P';5-]-242H
AH El castigo debera ser administrado cada vez que ocurre la conducta inadecuada.* `%* &'%'04(3* '(* ;4)5-&>* -%5'0O-5'%5'* ')* O,;d>* O'%>)* 'P';5-]>* Z,'* '(*
;4)5-&>*;>%5-%,>H
WH La persona a la que se le aplica debe ser consciente de la contingencia '%50'*(4*
;>%2,;54*-%42';,424*\*'(*;4)5-&>*Z,'*)'*>5>0&401H*
LH `l reforzamiento no debe administrarse muy a continuacin del castigo*@>0K
Z,'* @,'2'* ;>%50400')540* ),* 'P';5>* \* 42'O1)* 0'P>0.40* (4* ;>%2,;54* ;4)5-&424*
b'H&H*;>%)>(40*4*,%*%-c>*Z,'*')51*((>04%2>*@>0Z,'*4;474*2'*)'0*0'@0'%2-2>*@>0*
0'4(-.40*,%4*;>%2,;54*-%42';,424fH
XH `l castigo ha de ir precedido por un aviso de advertencia*@404*Z,'*)'*@0>2,.K
;4*,%4*4)>;-4;-R%*'%50'*(4*;>%2,;54*4*'(-O-%40*\*'(*;4)5-&>H*<*]';')*(4*)-O@('*
42]'05'%;-4*)-0]'*@404*0'2,;-0*(4*'O-)-R%*2'*(4*;>%2,;54*@0>7('O4H*
3HTH`VYxHKLSVZLZ[\KPVZZVIYLSVZMHJ[VYLZX\LPU\`LULUSHLMLJ[P]PKHKKLS
;4)5-&>* )'* d4%* ((']42>* 4* ;47>* '%* '(* (47>045>0->* \* P,%24O'%54(O'%5'* ;>%* ;4)5-&>*
@>)-5-]>H*T>*>7)54%5'3*)'*;>%)-2'04*Z,'*(>)*0'),(542>)*2'*')5>)*')5,2->)*@,'2'%*)'0*
2'* 4(&,%4* O4%'04* '^504@>(47(')* 4* (4* 4@(-;4;-R%* ;(9%-;4* 54%5>* 2'(* ;4)5-&>* @>)-5-]>*
JVTVKLSULNH[P]V(SN\UVZKLSVZMHJ[VYLZX\LJVU[YPI\`LUHZ\LJHJPH`X\L`HZL
d4%*;>O'%542>*4%5'0->0O'%5'*)>%U
 Demora del castigo.*`%*&'%'04(3*(>)*')5,2->)*2'*'P';5-]-242*-%2-;4%*Z,'*4,O'%K
54*;,4%2>*)'*4@(-;4*2'*P>0O4*O1)*-%O'2-454*\*;>%5-%&'%5'*4*(4*;>%2,;54*Z,'*)'*
KLZLHTVKPJHY4PS[LUILYNLY*\HU[VTmZZLHSLQLSHHWSPJHJP}UKLSJHZK
5-&>*2'*(4*'O-)-R%*2'*(4*;>%2,;54*-%42';,4243*O'%>0*)'01*),*'P';5-]-242H
 Programa de aplicacin.*`(*;4)5-&>*')*O1)*'P';5-]>*;,4%2>*)'*,5-(-.4*2'*P>0O4*
;>%5-%,43*;424*]'0*Z,'*)'*((']4*4*;47>*(4*;>%2,;54*@0>7('O43*Z,'*;,4%2>*)'*
4@(-;4*-%5'0O-5'%5'O'%5'H*?,4%2>*'(*;4)5-&>*)'*4@(-;4*4*,%4*;>%2,;54*2'*4(54*P0'K
;,'%;-4*b'H&H*(']4%540)'*;>%5-%,4O'%5'*'%*;(4)'3*2';-0*54;>)*)-%*@40403*'5;Hf*>*Z,'*
')*;>O@('_4*'%*;,4%5>*Z,'*')51*P>0O424*@>0*,%4*)'0-'*2'*;42'%4)*2'*0')@,')54)*
b'H&H*@'&403*&0-540*\*5-040)'*4(*),'(>*;,4%2>*%>*)'*>75-'%'*(>*Z,'*)'*2')'43*'5;Hf3*
@,'2'* )'0* ;>%]'%-'%5'* ,5-(-.40* ,%* @0>&04O4* 2'* ;4)5-&>* -%5'0O-5'%5'H* `%* ')5>)*
;4)>)3*4*O4\>0*@0>@>0;-R%*2'*0')@,')54)*;4)5-&424)3*O4\>0*')*),*0'2,;;-R%H
176

hD;%-;4)*>@'04%5')
M ngeles Ruiz, Marta Isabel Daz y Arabella Villalobos

 Regulacin temporal del castigo en la secuencia de respuestaH* ?,4%2>* )'*

2')'4*0'2,;-0*,%4*;>%2,;54*Z,'*@>2094*;>%)-2'040)'*'(*[(5-O>*')(47R%*2'*,%4*
;42'%4*2'*;>%2,;54)*%';')40-4)*@404*((']40(4*4*;47>3*(4*0'2,;;-R%*2'*(4*;>%K
K\J[HUHSZLYmTmZLJHaZPZLJVTPLUaHUHJHZ[PNHYSVZWYPTLYVZLZSHIVULZ
2'*(4*;42'%4*Z,'*;>%2,;'*4*),*0'4(-.4;-R%H*k>0*'_'O@(>3*'%*(4*;>%2,;54*2'*
(('&40*5402'*4(*;>('&->*@>0*(4*O4c4%4*@,'2'%*')540*-O@(-;424)*;>%2,;54)*54(')*
;>O>*(']4%540)'*5402'3*'%50'5'%'0)'*'%*'(*4)'>3*2')4\,%40*2')@4;->*\*'%*'(*
[(5-O>*O-%,5>3*'5;H*`%*')5>)*;4)>)3*(4*0'2,;;-R%*2'*(4*;>%2,;54*2'*(('&40*5402'*
ZLYmTmZLJHaZPZLJVTPLUaHJHZ[PNHUKVSHZJVUK\J[HZULNH[P]HZWYL]PHZH
)'0*@>)-7('3*;>O'%.4%2>*;>%*(4)*@0-O'04)*2'*(4*;42'%4H*S%4*2'*(4)*04.>%')*
P,%24O'%54(')*')*@>0Z,'*'%*(4*O'2-24*'%*Z,'*)'*0'2,;'%*(4)*;>%2,;54)*Z,'*
SSL]HUHSHJVUK\J[HUHSTLUVYLZSHWYVIHIPSPKHKKLX\LSHJVUK\J[HUHS
)'4*0'P>0.424*@>)-5-]4O'%5'*b'H&H*%>*'%5040*4*;(4)'*2'*;-'%;-4)fH
 Fuente de reforzamientoH*`(*'P';5>*2'(*;4)5-&>*@,'2'*]'0)'*;>%50400')542>*@>0*
'(* @>5'%;-4(* 0'P>0.4O-'%5>* Z,'* @,'24* ')540* 0';-7-'%2>* (4* ;>%2,;54* Z,'* )'*
2')'4* '(-O-%40H* k>0* '((>3* ')* P,%24O'%54(* ;>%>;'0* (4)* @>)-7(')* P,'%5')* 2'*
0'P>0.4O-'%5>*Z,'*')51%*O4%5'%-'%2>*')4*;>%2,;54H*`)*P0';,'%5'*'%*'(*1O7-K
5>*');>(40*Z,'*'(*@0>P')>042>*-O@>%&4*,%*;4)5-&>*@>0*(4*0'4(-.4;-R%*2'*,%4*
;>%2,;54*-%42';,424*\*(4*;>%2,;54*)'*O4%5'%&4*@>0Z,'*(>)*;>O@4c'0>)*(4*
0'P,'0.4%* ;>%* )-&%>)* 2'* 4@0>74;-R%* b'H&H* 0-)4)* >* 42O-04;-R%f3* >* Z,'* '%* '(*
1O7-5>* P4O-(-403* (4* ;>%2,;54* 2'* (('&40* 5402'* 4* ;4)4* )'4* @'%4(-.424* @>0* (>)*
@420')* \* )-%* 'O740&>* )'* O4%5'%&4* @>0Z,'* (4* P,'%5'* 2'(* 0'P,'0.>* )'4%* (>)*
4O-&>)3*Z,'*)'*7,0(4%*)-*'(*%-c>*)'*]4*4%5')*Z,'*'((>)*4*;4)4*b0'P,'0.>*%'&45-K
]>f3* >* @'0O4%'.;4* O1)* 5-'O@>* ;>%* '((>)* b0'P,'0.>* @>)-5-]>f* 4* @')40* 2'* (4)*
;>%)';,'%;-4)*@>)5'0->0')*%'&45-]4)H
 Variaciones del castigoH*=40-4)* -%]')5-&4;->%')* d4%* 4@>0542>* ']-2'%;-4* 2'*
Z,'*]40-40*'(*5-@>*2'*;4)5-&>*,5-(-.42>*P4]>0';'*(4*0'2,;;-R%*2'*(4*;>%2,;54*4*
'(-O-%40* >* 0'2,;-0H* k>0* '_'O@(>3* (4* ,5-(-.4;-R%* )-)5'O15-;4* 2'* (4* 5D;%-;4* 2'*
5-'O@>KP,'04*;424*]'.*Z,'*,%*%-c>*0'4(-.4*,%4*;>%2,;54*-%42';,424*@,'2'*
((']40*4*Z,'*')5'*@0>;'2-O-'%5>*@-'024*),*;4@4;-242*@404*0'2,;-0*(4*;>%2,;K
54H* 6%;(,)>* '(* ;4)5-&>* P9)-;>* )-)5'O15-;4O'%5'* ,5-(-.42>* @,'2'* )'&,-0* )-'%2>*
4]'0)-]>3*@'0>*2'_40*2'*5'%'0*'P';5>*'%*(4*0'2,;;-R%*2'*(4*;>%2,;54*4*;4)5-&40H*
=40-40*'(*5-@>*2'*;4)5-&>*-%5'0;4O7-4%2>*2-)5-%54)*O>24(-242')*b5-'O@>KP,'043*
0'@0-O'%243*;>)5'*2'*0')@,')54f3*P4;-(-54*Z,'*)'*O4%5'%&4*),*P,%;-R%U*0'2,;-0*
SHJVUK\J[HPUHKLJ\HKH3HZ]HYPHJPVULZLULS[PWVKLJHZ[PNVH\[PSPaHYLZLK
;4.*54%5>*@404*(4*0'2,;;-R%*2'*,%4*;>%2,;54*2'5'0O-%424*b'H&H*&0-540f*;>O>*
@404*(4*0'2,;;-R%*2'*2-]'0)4)*;>%2,;54)*b'H&H*&0-5403*2';-0*54;>)3*%>*')5,2-403*
%>*0';>&'0*(4*O')43*'5;HfH
 Reforzamiento de respuestas alternativas.*Y4*O4\>094*2'*(4)*4@(-;4;->%')*2'(*
;4)5-&>*'%*h'04@-4*2'*?>%2,;54*]4%*4;>O@4c424)*2'(*0'P>0.4O-'%5>*@>)-5-]>*
2'*;>%2,;54)*4(5'0%45-]4)*42';,424)*@>0Z,'*(>)*')5,2->)*2'*0'),(542>*-%2-K
177

"4%,4(*2'*hD;%-;4)*2'*6%5'0]'%;-R%*?>&%-5-]>*?>%2,;5,4(')
M ngeles Ruiz, Marta Isabel Daz y Arabella Villalobos

JHUX\LH\TLU[HZ\LMLJ[P]PKHK/H`[YLZYHaVULZM\UKHTLU[HSLZX\LQ\Z[PK
;4%*')54*;>O7-%4;-R%U*Cf*(4*,5-(-.4;-R%*;>%_,%54*-%;0'O'%54*(>)*'P';5>)*2'(*
;4)5-&>3* Af* 4\,24* 4* 2')@(4.40* \* 4* 0'2,;-0* (4* P0';,'%;-4* 2'* 4@40-;-R%* 2'* (4)*
;>%2,;54)*Z,'*)'*2')'4*'(-O-%403*Wf*4\,24*4*0'2,;-0*>*4*'(-O-%40*(>)*'P';5>)*
;>(45'04(')*Z,'*4*]';')*)'*@0>2,;'%*504)*(4*4@(-;4;-R%*2'(*;4)5-&>H
5.3.4. Efectos colaterales del castigo
<*@')40*2'*(4*'P';5-]-242*2'O>)50424*@>0*'(*;4)5-&>*\*(>)*(-O-542>)*')5,2->)*Z,'*
-%2-;4%*'P';5>)*%'&45-]>)*2'*),*,)>3*%>*)'*),'('*,5-(-.40*2'*P>0O4*'^;(,)-]43*42'O1)*
2'*@>0*04.>%')*D5-;4)3*@>0Z,'*4[%*0'2,;-'%2>*(4*;>%2,;54*@,'2'*@0>2,;-0*'P';5>)*
;>(45'04(')H*6%;(,)>*'%*4(&,%>)*;4)>)*@,'2'%*@0>2,;-0*@0>7('O4)*\*;>%2,;54)*O1)*
WLYQ\KPJPHSLZX\LSHWYVWPHJVUK\J[HX\LZLWYL[LUKLTVKPJHY(SN\UVZKLSVZLMLJK
5>)*%'&45-]>)*)'c4(42>)*@>0*t4.2-%*bCNNLf*)>%U
 Reacciones emocionales adversasH*b'H&H*((4%5>3*047-43*O-'2>3*'5;Hf*;,\>)*'P';K
[VZW\LKLUKPJ\S[HYLSHWYLUKPaHQLVSHYLHSPaHJP}UKLJVUK\J[HZHS[LYUH[P]HZ
O1)*42';,424)*4*(4*;>%2,;54*@0>7('O4*b'H&H*'(*'%P42>*2'*,%*%-c>*4(*4@4&40('*
'(*>02'%42>0*;>O>*;4)5-&>*@>0*%>*')540*')5,2-4%2>*@,'2'*((']40*4*Z,'*(4*;>%K
2,;54*4(5'0%45-]4*42';,424*e@>%'0)'*4*')5,2-40e*%>*)'*@0>2,.;4m*0'&4c40*4*,%*
%-c>* @'Z,'c>* @>0* 5-040* (4* ;>O-243* @,'2'* 5'%'0* ;>O>* ;>%)';,'%;-4* Z,'* )'*
@>%&4*4*((>040*\*2'_'*2'*;>O'03*'5;HfH*Y4)*0'4;;->%')*'O>;->%4(')*%'&45-]4)*
@,'2'%*54O7-D%*;>%]'05-0*'%*')59O,(>*4]'0)-]>*4*(4*@'0)>%4*Z,'*d4*-O@,')5>*
'(* ;4)5-&>* b'H&H* @420'f* \* ;>O>* ;>%)';,'%;-4* 4('_40)'* 4P';5-]4O'%5'* 2'* D(3*
2'_4%2>* 4)9* 2'* )'0* ,%* ')59O,(>* @>)-5-]>H* 6&,4(O'%5'3* @,'2'%* @0>O>]'0* ,%*
-%;0'O'%5>*&'%'04(*2'*0'4;;->%')*'O>;->%4(')*@'05,0742>04)*-%;(,)>*4,%Z,'*
%>*)'*')5D*),O-%-)504%2>*%-%&[%*;4)5-&>H
 Evitacin y escapeH Las*0'4;;->%')*%'&45-]4)*4%5'*'(*;4)5-&>*54O7-D%*@,'2'%*
((']40*4*0'4(-.40*;>%2,;54)*2'*');4@'*2'*(4*)-5,4;-R%*'%*(4*Z,'*)'*d4*@0>2,;-K
2>*b'H&H*-0)'*2'*;4)43*');4@40)'*2'*(4*');,'(4f*\*2'*']-54;-R%*2'*(4*@'0)>%4*>*
@'0)>%4)*Z,'*(>*d4%*42O-%-)5042>H*
 Agresin. `(*;4)5-&>*54O7-D%*@,'2'*((']40*4(*-%2-]-2,>*Z,'*(>*0';-7'*4*0'4;;->%40*
;>%*4&0')-]-242*;>%504*(4*@'0)>%4*Z,'*(>*')51*,5-(-.4%2>H*Y4*4&0')-R%*),'('*240)'*
'%*O4\>0*O'2-24*;>O>*2'P'%)4*4%5'*'(*;4)5-&>*P9)-;>*>*4%5'*(4*4&0')-R%*]'074(H*
 Castigo modeladoH*S%*'P';5>*2'*(>)*O1)*-O@>054%5')*Z,'*@,'2'*5'%'0*(4*,5-(-K
.4;-R%*2'(*;4)5-&>3*')*Z,'*'(*-%2-]-2,>*Z,'*(>*0';-7'*aprenda3*@>0*'^@'0-'%;-4*
KPYLJ[HKLZ\ZLMLJ[VZ`WVYTVKLSHKVH\[PSPaHYSVJVTVWYVJLKPTPLU[VLJHa
WHYHTVKPJHYJVUK\J[HZ,ZtZ[L\ULMLJ[VLZWLJPHSTLU[LPTWVY[HU[LJ\HUKV
)'* 4@(-;4* '(* ;4)5-&>* P9)-;>H* G-* ,%* %-c>* 4@0'%2'* Z,'* ),* @420'* ('* @'&4* ;>O>*
0'),(542>*2'*,%4*4;;-R%*Z,'*('*0'),(54*-%4@0>@-424*>*('*2-)&,)543*;,4%2>*D(*)'*
]'4*'%*,%4*)-5,4;-R%*'%*(4*Z,'*('*2-)&,)5'*(4*;>%2,;54*2'*>50>)*@,'2'*,5-(-.40*
'(*O-)O>*@0>;'2-O-'%5>H*
178

hD;%-;4)*>@'04%5')
M ngeles Ruiz, Marta Isabel Daz y Arabella Villalobos

 Perpetuacin del castigoH*a50>*'P';5>*%'&45-]>*2'(*;4)5-&>*')*Z,'*@,'2'*;>%K

]'05-0)'*'%*d'004O-'%54*d47-5,4(*2'*(4)*@'0)>%4)*Z,'*(>)*2-)@'%)4%*@404*0'2,K
JPYVTVKPJHYJVUK\J[HZPUHKLJ\HKHZVTVSLZ[HZKLZJ\PKHUKVLSYLM\LYaV
2'*>504)*;>%2,;54)3*>*P4;-(-54%2>*'(*4@0'%2-.4_'*2'*>504)*4(5'0%45-]4)*O1)*42'K
;,424)H*`(*0'P,'0.>*%'&45-]>*Z,'*),@>%'*@404*(4*@'0)>%4*Z,'*(>*2-)@'%)4*(4*
'(-O-%4;-R%*4*;>05>*@(4.>*2'*,%4*;>%2,;54*>*4;;-R%*Z,'*('*0'),(54*2')4&04K
247('*>*O>(')543*')*>504*2'*(4)*04.>%')*Z,'*@,'2'%*4\,240*4(*O4%5'%-O-'%5>*
2'*(4*,5-(-.4;-R%*2'(*;4)5-&>*;>O>*@0>;'2-O-'%5>*d47-5,4(*@404*0'2,;-0*;>%K
2,;54)*-%42';,424)*b'H&H*@'&40*,%*;4;d'5'*;,4%2>*)'*')51*&0-54%2>H*?4)5-&40*
)-%*]'0*(4*h=*@>0*%>*d47'0*@,')5>*(4*O')43*'5;HfH

5.4. Sobrecorreccin
t4.2-%*bCNNLf*)'c4(4*;>O>*@0>;'2-O-'%5>*42-;->%4(*@404*0'2,;-0*;>%2,;54)*(4*
0'4(-.4;-R%*2'*4;5-]-242')H*Y4*0'4(-.4;-R%*2'*540'4)*Z,'*'^-&'%*4(&[%*5-@>*2'*')P,'0K
.>*%>*)'*;>%)-2'04%*5D;%-;4)*2'*;4)5-&>3*@,')5>*Z,'*(4*540'4*4*0'4(-.40*@,'2'*0'),(K
540*-%;RO>24*>*O>(')543*@'0>*%>*4]'0)-]43*%>*;,O@(-'%2>*@>0*54%5>*%-%&,%4*2'*(4)*
2>)*;>%2-;->%')*2'(*;4)5-&>U*(4*-%50>2,;;-R%*2'*,%*')59O,(>*4]'0)-]>*>*(4*@D02-24*2'*
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