Sismos y Diseno Sismo Resistente

SISMOS Y DISENO SISMO RESISTENTE
Proyecto Estructural - Prof. Michele Casarin
Tema 4
1.
RIESGO SISMICO
2.
SISMOLOGIA
3.
EFECTOS SISMICOS
4.
DINAMICA DE ESTRUCTURAS
5.
ESPECTRO DE RESPUESTA Y DISENO
6.
SISTEMAS DE VARIOS GRADOS DE LIBERTAD
7.
CONCEPTOS DE DISEO
8.
COVENIN 1756
INDICE
RIESGO SISMICO
RIESGO SISMICO
RIESGO SISMICO
RIESGO SISMICO
La historia sismica de nuestro pais revela

que a lo largo del periodo 1530-2002 han
ocurrido mas de 137 eventos sismicos
que han causado algun tipo de dano en
poblaciones venezolanas
SISMOLOGIA
INTRODUCCION
-EN LOS ULTIMOS 3 SIGLOS MAS DE 3 MILLONES HAN MUERTO A CAUSA DE SISMOS O
DESASTRES CAUSADOS POR SISMOS
-70% DE LA TIERRA SE CONSIDERA SISMICAMENTE ACTIVA. 1,000,000,000 PERSONAS
VIVEN EN ZONAS CON RIESGO SISMICO
-LOS SISMOS PUEDEN CAUSAR PERDIDAS HUMANAS Y PERDIDAS MATERIALES
IMPORTANTES.
-LOS SISMOS NO PUEDEN PREVENIRSE NI PREDECIR CON PRECISION.
-NO SON LOS MOVIMIENTOS SISMICOS DIRECTAMENTE LOS QUE CAUSAN PERDIDAS,
SINO EL COLAPSO O DANO DE ESTRUCTURAS NO RESISTENTES.
SISMOLOGIA
INGENIERIA SISMICA
-COOPERACION DE DIFERENTES DISCIPLINAS
DE LAS CIENCIAS E INGENIERIAS PARA
CONTROLAR LOS RIESGOS SOCIOECONOMICOS DE LOS SISMOS
-TRATA DE RESPONDER:
CUAL ES LA RAZON MECANICA POR LA CUAL

FALLAN LAS ESTRUCTURAS CON MOVIMIENTOS
DEL SUELO?
CUALES SON LAS CARACTERISTICAS
ESENCIALES QUE LAS ONDAS SISMICAS
APLICAN SOBRE ESTRUCTURAS? Y COMO SE
PUEDEN EXPRESAR EN FORMA DE ACCIONES
DE DISENO?
CUAL ES LA SISMICIDAD DE CADA REGION?
SISMOLOGIA
LA TIERRA
TECTONIC PLATES
Seismology
SISMOLOGIA
GLO
14/03/2
How fast do the plates move?
LA TIERRA
TECTONIC PLATES
TECTONIC PLATES
GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF EARTHQUAKES

Plate motions can be measured using Very Long Baseline Interferometry
(VLBI) or using the Global Positioning System (GPS)
How fast do the plates move?
Maria Gabriella Mulas
Earthquake e
Depth of foc
15
Earthquake epicenters 1963-2000

Depth of focus: 70-350 = intermediate (yellow), 0-70 km = shallow (blue) >350Km = deep (red)
14
Plate motions can be measured using Very Long Baseline Interferometry

(VLBI) or using the Global Positioning System (GPS)
15
16
10
Earthquake epicenters 1963-2000

Depth of focus: 70-350 = intermediate (yellow), 0-70 km = shallow (blue) >350Km = deep (red)
TECTONIC PLATES
SISMOLOGIA
Faults may range in length from a few millimeters to thousands

of kilometers.
Stresses build
up in the crust,
usually due to
lithospheric plate
motions
ONDAS SISMICAS
The fault surface can be horizontal or vertical or some arbitrary

angle in between.
Faults which move along the direction of the dip plane are dipslip faults and described as either normal or reverse, depending
on their motion.
TECTONIC PLATES
Most earthquakes occu

where stresses are prod
Rock deform
(strain) as the
result of stress.
The strain is
energy stored in
the rocks.
Faults which move horizontally are known as strike-slip faults

and are classified as either right-lateral or left-lateral.
Faults which show both dip-slip and strike-slip motion are known
AND asEARTHQUAKE
oblique-slip faults.
FAULTS AND EARTHQU
Usually Tsunamis are created by faults which show dip-slip

and oblique motion.
21
22
19 Proyecto Estructural - Prof. Michele Casarin
11
11
Maria
one starts
14/03/2012
foot wall
ntsSISMOLOGIA
we live on
of the action
ONDAS SISMICAShanging wall
Plates may
FAULT AND EARTHQUAKE
each other.
Normal fault
NORMAL
We classify faults by how the two rocky blocks on FALLA
either side
of a fault
d by moving
move relative to each other. The one you see here is a normal fault. A
cky crust until it EARTHQUAKES
normal fault drops rock on one side of the fault down relative to the other
side. Take a look at the side that shows the fault and arrows indicating
at once,
Earthquake focus: center of rupture or slip, seismic waves radiate out
from the focus movement. the block farthest to the right that looks kind of like a foot is
e two rocky
Earthquake epicenter
the point
on theThe
Earthsblock
surface on
overthe
the focus
the foot
wall.
other side of the fault
is resting
FAULT
ANDorEARTHQUAKE
ns along a more
hanging on top of the foot wall block and is named hanging wall.
If we hold
want
to pull the
Reverse
faultthe foot wall stationary, gravity will normally
lled a fault.
FALLA
REVERSA
fault
hanging
wall see
down.
movefault.
the way
you awould
expect
The
fault you
here
is a that
reverse
Along
reverse
faultgravity
one to
hypocenter
is
Faults
s
an
earthquake
ault. A
move
themisnormally
called normal
rocky
block
pushed are
up relative
to rockfaults!
on the other side.
another
name
Where
the fault
has
ruptured fault
the Earth
that
movement
alongatthe
nergy
he otherfrom the
Heres
a way
to tell
a reverse
fromsurface,
a normal
fault.
Take a look
for
the
focus
fault
has
produced
an
elongate
fault
generated
cliff
called
fault
scarp.
cating
mic waves in all
the side that shows the fault and arrows indicating movement. The
foot is
Maria
Gabriella
Mulasfoot wall. The block on the other
block farthest to the right
that
is the
27
arthquake is the
r
side of the fault is the hanging wall.
FALLA STRIKE-SLIP
ach
the
surface
l.
Strike-slip fault
32
If we hold the foot wall stationary, where
would the hanging wall go if
Strike-slip
faults
have a different type
we reversed gravity? The hanging wall will slide
upwards.
When
12
ull the
31
1. ONDAS P: 8 KM/S
SISMOLOGIA
2. ONDAS S: 5 KM/S, NO SE
MUEVEN EN LIQUIDOS
SEISMIC
WAVES
3. ONDAS
SUPERFICIALES:
LAS MAS LENTAS,
SOLO
SE
WAVES
SEISMIC
TRANSMITEN EN LA SUPERFICIE. LAS MAS DESTRUCTIVAS
ONDAS SISMICAS
P- w aves most
rapid (8 km/sec)
ON OF SEISMIC
AVES
S- w aves slower
(5 km/sec),
cannot move
through liquids
Surface w aves
even slower, move
only on surface,
most destructive
Mulas
39
41
r
Surface Waves seismic w
surface, most destructive sei
Surface waves travel along t
ground and anything resting
Body P w aves push-pull
and pull (expand) rocks in th
Body S w aves shake the
direction of travel
Gases and liquids do not tran
P waves
A seismogram shows all thre
arrive first, then the S waves
last
The waves arrive at different
different speeds
40
13
SEISMIC WAVES
Maria Gabriella Mu
SISMOLOGIA
03 - Fundamentals of Engineering
VelocitySeismology
equations
BODY WAVES
k 4 / 3 BODY WAVES
V
VP
ONDAS SISMICAS
density
Velocity equation
shear modulus (rigidity)

k
bulk modulus (rigidity)
k 4/ 3
because shear modulus (rigidity) for fluid is zero, S waves

P
cannot propagate through a fluid
13
P
and S wave propagation
velocity
consequence
of equations
is that P waves are 1.7x faster
density
than S
Representative values of propagaton velocity of P waves for crustal materials
(rigidity)
shear modulus
(km/ s)
43
Material
Alluvial material (clay, sand, silt)

Soft rock, dense gravel
Hard rock, dolomites
Crystalline rock
44
0.5 - 2.0 (*)

bulk modulus
(rigidity)
2.0 - 3.0
3.0 - 5.0
4.0 - 6.5
because shear modulus (rigidity)

propagate
a fluid
Representative values ofcannot
propagaton velocity
of S waves for crustalthrough
materials
Materialconsequence (m/
ofs) equations is that
Very soft clays (Mexico city)
40 - 80
Normally consolidated clay
and silt S
150 - 300
than
(*) lower values are for dry alluvial sediments (above water table)
43
200 400
400 800
500 - 1000
700 1500
2500 - 3500
Fundamentals of Engineering Seismology
14
Medium to dense sand

gravel
Soft rock
Weathered rock
Hard rock (crystalline)
SISMOLOGIA
SURFACE WAVES
ONDAS SISMICAS
SURFACE WAVES
Rayleigh waves
Rayleigh waves
Love waves
waves
Love waves travel faster than Rayleigh waves and thereforeLove
arrive earlier
45
46
Love waves travel faster than Rayleigh waves and therefore arrive earlier
45
46
15
a Mulas
SURFACE WAVES
SISMOLOGIA
02 - Seismology DE ONDAS SISMICAS
MEDICION
14/03/201
INSTRUMENTS THAT RECORD

EARTHQUAKE WAVES
SISMOGRAM
SISMOGRAM
SISMOGRAM
Tells you:
SISMOGRAMAS
Distance
- Time Relations
based on the time difference
occurred,
1) How far away the earthquake
We can determine the distance to an epicenter by finding
ves with the ground
between p and s wave arrivals
the difference between the arrival of P waves and S waves.
and weight
tationary, because of the spring,
Looking athinge
a travel-time
graph we can determine how
Magnitude of ground motion, based on the amplitude of the S waves
2) far
away the epicenter is
49
Travel-time graphs from three or more seismographs can be
used to find the exact location of an earthquake epicenter
49
50
Tells you:
1) How far away the earthquake occurred, based on the time difference
between p and s wave arrivals
2) Magnitude of ground motion, based on the amplitude of the S waves
Seismometers:
The paper roll moves with the ground
SISMOGRAFOS
The pen remains stationary, because of the spring, hinge and weight
53
50
54
16
- Seismology
14/03
SISMOLOGIA
MEDICION DE SISMOS
RITCHER SCALE
MOMENTO DE MAGNITUD
MEASUREMENTS OF EARTHQUAKES
ENERGIA
SISMICA
MEASUREMENTS
OF EARTHQUAKES
69
69
70
70
17
SISMOLOGIA
Some Notable Earthquakes
MEDICION DE SISMOS
termed
ve recorded
ed accelerograms)
omplete information
ocation
otion at the site)
quency content,
Indonesia (12/04)
Pakistan
(10/05)
75
18
acceleration is
, PGA
76
SISMOLOGIA
PROPAGACION
DE ONDAS
SEISMIC RISK: determination
of ground motions
having the required probability of exceedance
-FUENTE (TAMANO Y TIPO)

-CAMINO (DISTANCIA Y TIPO DE
SUELO)
83
19
-EFECTOS DEL SITIO: TIPO DE

SUELO
The case of the Mexico city during the Sept

19th 1985 Michoacn earthquake
SISMOLOGIA
(magnitude=8.2; R ~ 400 km)

EL CASO DE CIUDAD
DE MEXICO
Heavy damage and collapse of 10-14 storey buildings
20
Fundamentals of Engineering Seismology
Common types of damage

21
strong in shear and continue to support their load

EFECTOS SISMICOS
and after the earthquakes
EFECTOS SISMICOS
Damage due to soil liquefaction 1
Mechanism of soil liquefaction
LICUEFACCION
Adapazari, Turkey 1999

Adapazari, Turkey 1999
Izmit, Turkey 1999

Izmit, Turkey 1999

13
Kobe, Japan 1995

Kobe, Japan 1995
13
14
14
Izmit, Turkey 1999
The weight
of the building squeezes the adjacent soil
1964 Nilgata, Japan
13
(Courtesy of Prof. Hugo Bachmann)
1964 Nilgata, Japan
http://nisee.berkeley.edu/bertero/html/damage_due_to_liquefaction.html
ji-ji_chap8.pdf pag. 7-10 (figs. 8.6-8.18)
12
1964 Nilgata, Japan
Sand boils and ground

fissures
provide
Sand
boils and
ground
evidence
of liquefaction
fissures provide
evidence of liquefaction

15
15
Proyecto
Estructural
- Prof. Michele Casarin
Maria Gabriella
Mulas
16
22
16
EFECTOS SISMICOS
hquake Damage
- Part I - 1
Landslides
Landslides - 2
DESLIZAMIENTOS
Landslides
- 1 inclined mass of soil is suddenly shaken, a
When
a steeply
slip lane can form and the material slides downhill.
Landslides - 2
When a steeply inclined mass of soil is suddenly shaken, a

slip lane can form and the material slides downhill.
Structures sitting on the

slide move downward
Structures below the
slide are hitten by falling
debris
Before
Before
After
Landslides - 3
17
After
18
Maria Gabriella Mula
17
Landslide of Turnagain Heights
Anchorage, Alaska 1964
23
17
EFECTOS SISMICOS
DESLIZAMIENTOS
Landslide of Turnagain Heights

slides - 3
Landslide of Turnagain
ji-ji_chap8.pdf photo 8.1-8.5

20
24
19
EFECTOS SISMICOS
Ground rupture - 1
Ground rupture - 3
Ground motio
RUPTURA DEL SUELO

1906 Olema, CA
Japan earthquake, March 3,11
Kanto Highway, repaired in

one week
Guatem
Rails be
23
25
mage - Part I
EFECTOS SISMICOS
ARCILLAS DEBILES
The soil pushed against

ainst
their the piles, breaking their
connection with the
Piles were
superstructure,
and
dragged by
d
pushing them away
the soil
y
from the cap beam
Weak clay - Struve Slough Bridge - 2

Piles punctured
the bridge
Shear damage was
found at the top of
the piles
Piles were
dragged by
the soil
29
29
Piles punctured
the bridge
Shear damage was
found at the top of
the piles
30
26

ve Slough Bridge - 1
35
27
The soft silts and clays were extremely sensitive to the long period (about
2s) ground motion
coming from the distant but high-magnitude source. Many
EFECTOS
SISMICOS
medium height
buildings (10-14 stories) were damaged or collapsed during
ARCILLAS
DEBILES
the earthquake.
Tsunami
Tsun
EFECTOS SISMICOS
Earthquake
Damage - Part I
TSUNAMI
very long wavelength, deep wavebase

speeds up to 800 km/hour, 20 meters high
Tsunami wave propagation times
Tsunami
very long wavelength, deep wavebase

speeds up to 800 km/hour, 20 meters high
Tsunami - 1964 Alaska Earthquake

37
Japan earthquake of March 11, 2011
37
28
EFECTOS SISMICOS
29
TSUNAMI
Ground motion
Foundatio
Foundation failure - 1
EFECTOS
SISMICOS
Foundation failure - 2
FALLAS EN CONEXIONES CON LAS FUNDACIONES
Earthquake Damage - Part II
The connection to the foundation or

to an adjacent member is more
likely to be damaged during the
eq.than the foundation itself.
Materials that cannot resist lateral
forces should be avoided
Ove
foun
Foundation connection
When the foundation is too small, it can

become unstable and rock over
11
Timber structure
Other
will fa
30
Hous
We have seen pile damage due to weak
ancho
Slough bridge (1989 Loma Prieta). found
down
As long as the foundation is embedded
in
stud w
usually has ample strength
and ductility
boltst
When
the foun
sill pla
earthquakes.
become unsta
Foundation connection
Foundation c
EFECTOS SISMICOS
FALLAS
EN of
CONEXIONES
CON
LAS FUNDACIONES
The
major cause
damage to electrical
transformers,
storage bins,
ction
Foundation
connection (special structures)
and a variety of other structures is the lack of secure connection to
the foundation
age to electrical transformers, storage bins,

uctures is the lack of secure connection to
17
17
18
31
Pull-out of column
reinforcement from the
foundation
The longitudinal rebars
did not have sufficient
development length to
transfer the force to the
footings
Insufficient confinement
reinforcements in the
footings and columns
Pull-out of column
reinforcement from the
foundation
The longitudinal rebars
did not have sufficient
development length to
transfer the force to the
footings
Insufficient confinement
reinforcements in the
footings and columns
EFECTOS SISMICOS
Soft story
e in San Francisco. The soft

ma
Prieta earthquake
damage in San Francisco. The soft
of garages
in the first story
story is due to construction of garages in the first story
strength
resultant reduction in shear strength
32
t story
Soft story
FALLAS POR ENTREPISO DEBIL SOFT
STORY
EFECTOS SISMICOS
Soft Story, LAquila 2009
FALLAS POR ENTREPISO DEBIL SOFT STORY

Soft-story
collapse
No damage on
vertical walls
The bottom
column is totally
detached from
the upper beam
Transverse
reinforcement is
absent,
longitudinal
reinforcement is
insufficient
21
33
Story, LAquila 2009

EFECTOSSoft
SISMICOS
So
25
34
Durin
at th
redu
Most
and
disco
Soft story at mid

level
EFECTOS
SISMICOS
35
10-story SRC
building with 3rd
floor collapse
Soft story at mid leve
Mid story collapse,

Kobe earthquake
Mid story collapse,

Kobe earthquake
M
Ko
Maria
28
36
EFECTOS
SISMICOS
Soft story at mid level
Soft story at mid level
Torsional moments
EFECTOS
SISMICOS
FALLAS MOMENTOS TORSIONALES
Torsional mom
Torsional moments
Curved, skewed and eccentrically supported stru

torsion during earthquakes
Mid story collapse,

Kobe earthquake
37
Nine-story building in Kobe, Japan

Shear walls on 3 sides, a moment resisting
The 1995 earthquake caused a torsional m
Proyecto Estructural
- Prof. Michele
building. The 31first-story
column
onCasarin
the east
Torsional moments
EFECTOS
SISMICOS
Torsional failure of the

top of the column
32
38
39
Earthquake-induced pounding between inadequately separated

structures
may cause considerable damage or even lead to a
EFECTOS
SISMICOS
FALLAS
MOMENTOS
TORSIONALES
structures
total
collapse.
unding
-2
EFECTOS
Pounding
- 2 SISMICOS
Shear
Most b
frames
MostDamag
building
frames
to res
comple
Damage
to t
Shear
complete
col
reinforc
Shear damag
reinforcemen
40
Maria Gabriella M
lure
MtMcKinley
McKinleyApartments
Apartments
re Mt
Shear failure Mt McKinley Apartments
ska
Earthquake,
1964
kaEFECTOS
Earthquake,
1964
SISMICOS
Great Alaska Earthquake, 1964
41
FALLAS POR CORTE
horizontal beam.
EFECTOS SISMICOS
aria Gabriella Mulas
Shear failure
CORTE
A wide shear crack

split the wall in two,
directly below a
horizontal beam.
The spandrel beam between

the wall had large X cracks
associated with shear
damage as the building
moved back and forth
The spandrel beam between

the wall had large X cracks
associated with shear
damage as the building
moved back and forth
37
42
McKinley Apartments
FALLAS POR
quake, 1964
SISMICOS
earEFECTOS
failure (short column)
Shear failure (short column)
FALLAS POR CORTE (COLUMNA CORTA)
39
43
LA
EFECTOS SISMICOS
FALLAS POR CORTE
Shear damage (LAquila 2009)
Shear damage (LAquila 2009)
42
44
Flexural failureSISMICOS
of columns
EFECTOS
Flexural fa
FALLAS POR FLEXION
ure of columns
Flexural failure
Insufficient transverse reinforcement results in lack of confinem

Insufficient
tran
for columns. This allows longitudinal reinforcement
to buckle
an
the concrete to fall off from the column.
for columns. Th
44
the concrete to
45
EFECTOS SISMICOS
astic hinge at the base of a column
umn
FALLAS POR FLEXION
Column failure
Column failure
Insufficient transversal reinforce

confinement for columns
Maria Gabriella
47
Insufficient
transversal reinforcement results
in Mulas
lack of
confinement for columns

46
EFECTOS SISMICOS
Test on a beam-column node
Test on a beam-column node
49
49
47
Failure
of beam-column
node
FALLAS
EN NODOS
nt of Mechanics of Particles
MECANICA
13 - 45
-LAS LEYES 1 Y 3 SON SUFICIENTE PARA ESTUDIAR CUERPOS ESTATICOS O EN MOVIMIENTOS

brium
DAlemberts
SIN ACELERACION
-2nda LEY
DE NEWTON:
F= Mex A of Nwt
Alternate
expression
ma
on s second law,
ma inertial vector
Magnitude
of the force
a spring
With
the inclusion
of theexerted
inertialby
vector,
the is
system
-LEYES DE TRABAJO. RESORTES.
deflection,
ofproportional
forces actingtoon
the particle is equivalent to
zero. FThekx
particle is in dynamic equilibrium.
k developed
spring constant
N/m or in
lb/in.
Methods
for particles
static
equilibrium may be applied, e.g., coplanar forces
48
-CUANDO UN CUERPO SE ACELERA SE REQUIERE LA 2nda LEY DE NEWTON, PARA RELACIONAR EL

MOVIMIENTO CON LAS FUERZAS ACTUANTES.
VIBRACIONES DE PARTICULAS
-SON MOVIMIENTOS DE UNA PARTICULA O CUERPO EN EL CUAL OSCILA CON RESPECTO A UN
PUNTO DE EQUILIBRIO.
-EL PERIODO DE VIBRACION (T=s) EL TIEMPO REQUERIDO PARA QUE UN SISTEMA COMPLETE UN
CICLO COMPLETO DE MOVIMIENTO
-LA FRECUENCIA (f=hertz=1/s) ES EL NUMERO DE CICLOS POR UNIDAD DE TIEMPO
-LA AMPLITUD ES EL DESPLAZAMIENTO MAXIMO DEL CUERPO DESDE EL PUNTO DE EQUILIBRIO
-SE CONSIDERA UNA VIBRACION LIBRE CUANDO EL MOVIMIENTO ES MANTENIDO POR LAS
FUERZAS INERCIALES. CUANDO UNA FUERZA HARMONICA ES APLICADA SE LE LLAMA VIBRACION
FORZADA.
49
-CUANDO NO SE CONSIDERA EL AMORTIGUAMIENTO DEL SISTEMA, SE LE LLAMA SISTEMA NO

AMORTIGUADO. TODAS LAS VIBRACIONES SON AMORTIGUADAS HASTA CIERTO PUNTO.
monic Motion
VIBRACIONES
DE PARTICULAS
Free Vibrations
of Particles. Simple
If aDEparticle
is displaced through a dista
Motion
-SI UNA Harmonic
PARTICULA ES DESPLAZADA
SU PUNTO DE EQUILIBRIO Y SOLTADA SIN VELOCIDAD, LA
equilibrium position and released with

If a particle is displaced through a distance
particle
will undergo simple harmonic
equilibrium position and released with no
ma particle
F W
k st simple
x harmonic
kx mot
will undergo
PARTICULA ENTRARA EN UN MOVIMIENTO HARMONICO SIMPLE.
ma
mx kx 0
mx kx
k st
kx
50
General
solution
is the
oftwo
twoparticu
par
General
solution
is thesum
sum of
k
kk
x C1 sink
t C2 cos
t
x C1 sin
tm C2 cos m t
SIMPLE STRUCTURES - 3
SIMPLE STRUCTURES e- 1
STRUCTURES - 2
ESTRUCTURAS SIMPLE
SIMPLES
Simple because can b idealized

as a lumped
masssystem
m supported
by a
If the
idealized
is displaced
and then released,P
-SI LA structure
ESTRUCTURA
SIMPLE
ES
DESPLAZADA
Y SOLTADA, EMPEZARA A OSCILAR O VIBRAR CON
e
massless
withPergola
stiffness
k
in
the
lateral
direction
at
the
Macuto
Sheraton
Hotel
damaged by
the and forth about its init
start
to
oscillate
(or vibrate)
back
RESPECTO A SU POSICION INICIAL (VIBRACION LIBRE)
earthquake
of Julydeform
29, 1967
(Venezuela,
Caracas)
Lateral motion is small:
the structure
within
the elastic
range
equilibrium
position:
FREE
VIBRATION
Maria Gabriella Mulas, Paolo Martinelli
51
16
In an ideal case, the structure15
will oscillate
indefinitely,
without any energy dissipation: the kinetic energy will convert

Maria Gabriella Mulas,
9
in potential energy and viceversa.
Paolo Martinelli
Maria Gabriella M
17
ESTRUCTURAS SIMPLES
-LA AMPLITUD DE LOS DESPLAZAMIENTOS DISMINUYE CON EL TIEMPO GRACIAS AL

SDOF
system
SIMPLE STRUCTURES
5 UN MECANISMO
AMORTIGUAMIENTO,
QUE -ES
DE linear
DISIPACION
DE ENERGIA QUE DEBE Single-degree-of-fr
SER
INCLUIDO EN LOS CALCULOS.
v(t)
m
k
f(t)
c
Real case: the amplitude

of oscillations will decay
with time
The energy dissipating
mechanism, called
damping, must be
included in the structural
modeling.
Idealization of a 1
Hp. Bending
deformat
the roof level,
a ma
viscous damper th
24 EJ
of dynam
kTwo types
3
h force in t
external
ground motion im
mv cv kv
f (t )
52
Equation of motion
displacement
mass
stiffness
dynamic external
viscous damping c
18
ESTRUCTURAS 1 GRADO DE LIBERTAD
-IDEALIZACION DE UNA ESTRUCTURA DE UN PISO: LA MASA M ES CONCENTRADA EN EL TECHO,
SOBRE UN PORTICO SIN MASA PERO QUE TIENE RIGIDEZ, JUNTO UN AMORTIGUADOR VISCOSO
QUE DISIPA ENERGIA.
Single-degree-of-freedom system 1
1)
FUERZA LATERAL EXTERNA
2)
DESPLAZAMIENTO DEL SUELO EN LA BASE (SISMO)
53
-EXISTEN DOS TIPOS DE CARGAS DINAMICAS:
Force-displacement relation: linearly elastic

systems - 3
Force-displacement relation: inelastic systems

The internal restoring
For a linear system the relation betwe
force depends on the
Force-displacement relation
he stiffness matrix is computed with the standard method relative displacement
For inelastic
the restoring force is no longer a
u. systems,
force
f
and
the resulting
displacement
displacement method, by imposing an unit value to one
single
valued
function
of the relation:
displacement/deformation:
s
Force-displacement
linearly elastic
ESTRUCTURAS
1toGRADO
DE
LIBERTAD
oordinate
(dof) while the remaining are equal
zero.
The fs-u relation systems
can be - 3
he stiffness coefficients are the forces that are necessary
fs
f s u ,u
fs = ku
maintain the system in equilibrium. They can be thought either linear or non
s the reactions of additional constraints, inserted to
linear
We are interested in studying the dynamic response of
mpose the desired values to the dofs.
The
resisting
force
is
a single-valued fu
inelastic
systems
because is
almost
all the structures
are the standard method
The
stiffness
matrix
computed
with
s is the number of
T
designed with the expectation
that they will evolve
in the
Aelastic
static
external
of displacement
method,
imposing
system
is
nonlinear
range (cracking,
yielding,by
damage
etc) during an unit value to one
22
e the displaced
the intense ground
caused
an earthquake.are equal to zero.
f
coordinate
(dof)shaking
while
the by
remaining
force
is
applied
original position.
is the
stiffness
of forces
the system:
it repre
r
The k
stiffness
coefficients
are the
that are necessary
on
roof,
to maintain
system
equilibrium.to
They
can bean
thought
ine the stiffness
that the
must
beinapplied
obtain
unit Td
as the reactions ofbalanced
additional constraints,
by aninserted to
DOFs
necessary
e
orce-displacement
relation: linearly elastic
impose the desired values to the dofs.
25
ystems
-2
nelastic force-deformation relation: panel zone of
a steel welded beam-to-column connection
21
e lateral stiffness of this frame depends on both the

lumns and beam stiffness. It will vary between the two
stic
treme values of infinite and null beam stiffness
Damping force - 1
26
internal
restoring force
In damping, the energy of the vibrating system is

Mariathermal
Gabriella
Mulas, Paolo Martinelli
dissipated by various mechanisms:
effects,
internal friction of the material, friction at steel
connections, opening and closing of micro-cracks in
reinforced concrete and so on.
The damping in actual structures is idealized by a
linear viscous damper: the damper coefficient is
selected to reproduce the actual energy dissipation.
Maria Gabriella Maria
Mulas, Paolo
Martinelli Mulas, Paolo Martinelli
We
only consider
linearGabriella
viscous
damper:
li
The internal restoring

force depends on the
relative
displacement
u.linearly e
Proyecto Estructural -relation:
Prof. Michele Casarin
Force-displacement
54
Newtons law
ized
one-story
frame
is subjected
to an
external
idealized
one-story
frame
is subjected
to an
external
in
the
direction
of
u
DINAMICA
DE
ESTRUCTURAS
ed
one-story
frame
is
subjected
mic
force
in the
direction
force
p(t) p(t)
in the
direction
of uof uto an external
1 GRADO
one-story
frame is subjected to an external
rceESTRUCTURAS
p(t) inThe
theidealized
direction
of DE
u LIBERTAD
dynamic force p(t) in the direction of u
tons
second
law
states
that:
second
law
states
that:
econd law
states
that:
2ndaNewtons
LEY
DE NEWTON:
second law states that:
aw
states
equation
can that:
be rewritten as:
ation
can
be
rewritten
on can be The
rewritten
as:as:
equation
can be rewritten as:
e elastic
range we
obtain:
be
rewritten
as:
stic
range
we
obtain:
In the
elastic range we obtain:
ELASTICO:
ic range we
obtain:
e inelastic range
:
INELASTICO:
In: the
lastic
range
: inelastic range :
stic
werange
obtain:
55
LA ESTRUCTURA IDEALIZADA DE UN 1 PISO SUJETA A UNA FUERZA DINAMICA P(t) EN LA DIRECCION DE u:
pure components, the stiffness, damping and mass

components.
The external
force
applied to the complete
amics
of Structures:
an DE
introduction
DINAMICA
ESTRUCTURAS
system is distributed among the three components, and
ESTRUCTURAS
1 GRADO
DE
LIBERTAD
the
sum fs + fD + fI must
equal the
applied
force p(t)
Mass spring damper system
DAlemberts principle is based on the notion of a

fictitious inertia force, equal to the product of the
times its acceleration, and acting in a direction opp
to the acceleration. With inertia force included, the
Equati
system is in equilibrium at each instant
fI
mu
This is the classical SDF system analyzed in textbooks on

mechanical vibration and elementary physics. We will refer
f D and
cu forced (harmonic)
f I muvibrations
f s ku to study free
to this system
pt
fI
fD
fS
32
fI
Newtons law
DAlemberts
Principle
56
Newtons law
e classical SDF system analyzed in textbooks on

al vibration and elementary physics. We will refer
tem to study free and forced (harmonic) vibrations
Equation of motion: earthquake

excitation
ESTRUCTURAS
1 GRADO
Maria GabriellaDE
Mulas, LIBERTAD
Paolo Martinelli
ut t
ut
33
fI
ug t
ug ground displacement
u relative
displacement
Equation
of motion:
earthquake
excitation
DAlemberts
Newtons law
t
u absolute displacement
Principle
fI
fD
33
fI
mu t
mu cu ku
mu g t
fS
n of motion: earthquake excitation
mu cu
f s u ,u
fD
fI
mu t t
mu cu ku
mu g t
fS
mu cu
f s u ,u
ut
ug t
ug ground displacement
u relative displacement
ut absolute displacement
mu t
ug t
mu g t
mu t
ug t
34
mu g t
34
PROBLEM STATEMENT AND

SOLUTION METHODS
The system undergoing base motion can be analyzed

a
Proyectoas
Estructural
57
ut t
Principle
ntroduction
41
ESTRUCTURAS 1 GRADO DE LIBERTAD

METODO DE SOLUCION:
-Se conoce la masa, rigidez y coeficiente de amortigumiento. Se conoce la excitacion externa ya sea en forma de una fuerza
dinamica P(t) o en forma de desplazamiento del suelo Ug(t). Las condiciones de inicio son U=0
Duhamels integral
-Se requiere la respuesta de la estructura, ya sea en forma de desplazamientos, velocidades, aceleraciones o fuerzas
internas.
f solution of the differential equation
-Luego que se calculo el desplazamiento de respuesta U(t) de la estructura, se calculan los esfuerzos internos para cada
In this approach
the external
force is represented
a los
instante de tiempo utilizando ANALISIS ESTATICOS:
1) Se le puede
aplicar la deformacion
a la estructura as
y hallar
esfuerzos internos. 2) Se le puede aplicar
la fuerza estatica
equivalente P, lashort
cual aplicada
en dado momento debe resultar en
sequence
of infinitesimally
impulses.
la misma derformacion U calculado anteriormente. 3) En sistemas inelasticos se deben hacer calculos paso a paso
The response of the system to an applied force p(t) at
incrementales.
completely the problemImplicit

we must
assign
the
initial
in this result
are the
at rest
initial conditions.
58
ion-Para
ofresolver
motion
of a SDOF
system
subjected
toresponses
t, isgrado
obtained
addingdethe
all the la fuerza
la ecuacion diferencial de time
segundo
se utilizaby
la integral
Duhamel,
donde seto
representa
externa
como
una secuencia
de cortos differential
impulsos
infinitos.
impulses
up to that
time:
orce
is a
second
order
equation:
DINAMICA
ESTRUCTURAS
undamped frame
of a 1-story
Free vibrations DE
59
VIBRACION LIBRE DE ESTRUCTURAS SIN AMORTIGUAMIENTO
am x m
2
n
2
Damped
- 1s2
0.040 m 6.93Free
rad s Vibrations
am 1.920 m
VIBRACION LIBRE DE ESTRUCTURAS CON AMORTIGUAMIENTO

Damped
free vibrations
4 degree by
All vibrations
are damped to- some
briella Mulas
ns - 1
13due to dry friction, fluid friction, or

forces
internal friction.
With viscous damping due to fluid friction,

F
ma :
st
mx cx kx
cx
0
mx
c
cc
Damped Free Vibrations - 2
60
Substituting x = e t and dividing through by e t

All vibrations are damped to some degree by
Characteri
yields the characteristic equation,
forces due to dry friction, fluid friction, or
2
m 2 c
internal friction.
c
c
k
m 2 c
k 0
2m
2m
m
Normalmente
en
estructuras
el
amortiguamiento
es UNDERDAMPEDcc 2m n
With viscous damping due to fluid friction,
damping
is thedamping
smallest
value of
damping
that inhibits Heavy dam
the critical
coefficient
such
that
W k st x Critical
cx mx Define
F ma :
completely
x C1e 1t
2
mx cx kx oscillations
0
cc
k
k
0
cc 2m
2m n
t
t
2
m
m
m
Structures
are
usually
underdamped
Substituting x = e and dividing through by e
Critical da
yields the characteristic equation,Maria Gabriella Mulas
Critical damping is the smallest value of damping that inhibits

oscillations
completely
Damped
free vibrations - 5
Structures
are usually
underdamped on period
Effect
of
damping
2
VIBRACION
LIBRE
DE ESTRUCTURAS
CON
AMORTIGUAMIENTO
Vibration
of SDOF
systems
El periodo
con namortiguamiento
Tdn es1
1
d
cc
mayoramplitude
que Tn.
18
xm
v0
n x0
2
Damped freenxvibrations
-7
0
damped perio
Effect
d D of damping on period
Damped free vibrations - 6

Effect of damping on amplitude decay
Td
c
cc
Tn
= xm
2
n
damped frequency lower than

cc
natural frequency
natural period
For d
typica
Maria Gabriella Mu
engin
the va
such
signif
the na
vibra
damped period longer than
2
Misma
y rigidez
1 masa
natural period
Free vibration due to an initial displacement applied to four
61
Forced Vibrations:
harmonic excitation
DINAMICA
DE ESTRUCTURAS
Harmonic vibrations of undamped systems
VIBRACION FORZADA DE ESTRUCTURAS

SIN AMORTIGUAMIENTO
tems
Vibracion forzada de un sistema ocurre cuando es sometida a fuerzas periodicas o desplazamientos periodicos
Forced vibrations - Occur
when a system is subjected to
a periodic force or a periodic
Vibration of SDOF systems
displacement of a support.
forced frequency
f
Particular solution
solution

u p
(notations of Chopras textbook)
ust 0st 0 0
k
mu ku p 0 sin t
mentary solution
sin t
0 nt
at t
p 01
k 1
/ n 2/
sinF2 tsinmat :
u u0
up t
p0
k 1
uc t
A cos nt B sin nt
1
/ n 2
P sine
steadystat
steadystat e m
mx kx
29
ft
Pm sin
29
st
mx
ut
A cos nt
st
m
ux
t ukx
0 cos knt
ft
sin t
u0
System
response
System
response
for for
/
Complementary solution
1
sin t
/0.2n
0.2
u0
u0 0
u0
u 0n p0 / k n p0 / k
2x
/ m
n
p0
t 1 2 sin nt p0
k f1Maria /Gabriella
k 1
Mulas
n
transient
Harmon
Particular solution
p0
sin
k 1f
m
m sin
p0
k
u0
B sin nt
Harmonic force
1
/ n 2
sin t
30
steadystat e
27

29
62
ticular solution
Harmonic force
30
Vibration of SDOF systems
Damped
Forced
HarmonicDE
Vibrations
1
VIBRACION
FORZADA
ESTRUCTURAS
CON AMORTIGUAMIENTO
Damped Forced Harmonic Vibrations 2
Problem
statement
and ocurre
steady
state
response
Vibracion forzada
de un sistema
cuando
essolution
sometida
a fuerzas periodicas o desplazamientos periodicos
General
Damped Forced Harmonic Vibrations - 3
Steady state
0.2
0.05
u0
u0
cx kx
and steady
xm
Pm sin
ft
/k
Due to damping, the transient vanishes and the steady state

x
ary axsufficient
particular time
is thecomplement
response after
The response is an harmonic function having the same
1
circular frequency of the forcing
term
magnification
xm
39
n p0
40
63
nification
ctor mx
Horizontal ground acceleration (Parkfield Station)
ESPECTRO
DE RESPUESTA
Recorded Ground Motions (horizontal component)
DESCRIPCION DE LA EXCITACION SISMICA

SISMO
EL CENTRO: COMPONENTE N-S
To define earthquakes
ground
shaking: time variation of
ground acceleration
ues recorded
many different
ations
3 components: 2 horizontal, 1
vertical
Strong-motion accelerographs
Frequency range of recording
without excessive distorsion:
Ground
presum
known
indepen
structur
RIGID
NO SO
STRUC
INTER
0-15 Hz for analog instruments

up to 30 Hz for digital ones
Time in
which n
values a
0.01-0.0
First record in 1933, Long Beach

earthquake
4
64

COMPONENTES: 2 HORIZONTALES,
1 VERTICAL
ND
t
S ESPECTRO
DE
RESPUESTA
f
mu
f
cu
ku
I MOVIMIENTO Y PARAMETROS
D
s
ECUACION
DE RESPUESTA
uation
of motion forDE
earthquake
ut= total displ. u = relative displ.
citation - 1
fI
fD
mu
fs 0
mut
fI
ug = ground displ.
cu ku 0
ut = u + ug
fD
cu
fs
ku
cu mu ku
cu ku 0 mu
f
f
fmu
0
g
mu cu ku
mu t
relative
displacement
u(t) of the
system
is the
same thattha
we w
ative displacement u(t)The
of
the
system
is
the
same
obtain by applying to the stationary base system the effective load
t
mu t
by applying to the stationary basepsystem
the effectiv
t
ut= total displ. u = relative displ. ug = ground displ.

EL DESPLAZAMIENTO U(t) DEL SISTEMA SERIA EL MISMO QUE OBTUVIERAMOS SI
ut =FUERZA
u + ug EFFECTIVA:
APLICARAMOS UNA
eff
g
fI
fD
fs
fD
cu
mu t
fs
ku
cu ku 0
peff t
mu cu ku
mu g t
relative displacement u(t) of the system is the same that we would
in by applying to the stationary base system the effective load:
peff t
mug tMaria
mug t
Gabriella Mulas
65
f I 7 mut
Deformation response history of SDF systems

to El Centro ground motion
ESPECTRO DE RESPUESTA
ECUACION
DE TMOVIMIENTO
PARAMETROS
DE RESPUESTA
Same , different
Same T , Y
different
-GRAFICAS:
DE RESPUESTA DE
Time required HISTORIA
to
DEFORMACION
complete a cycle DE SDOF PARA SISMO DE EL
CENTRO.
when subjected to
this earthquake
-DOS
SISTEMAS CON EL MISMO T Y
ground motion is
AMORTIGUAMIENTO, TENDRAN LA MISMA
close to the natural
RESPUESTA
period.
-PARAMETROS
The longer the DE RESPUESTA DE INTERES:
period, the greater
DEFORMACIONES
RELATIVAS (PARA CALCULO
the
peak
DE ESFUERZOS INTERNOS), DEFORMACIONES
deformationACELERACION TOTAL.
TOTALES,
systems
-ENTRE MAYOR EL Tn, MAYOR SERA LA

Deformation response history of SDF systems
DEFORMACION
MAXIMA.
to El Centro
ground motion
2
n
ug t
u( t ) u t ,Tn ,
10
Same , different Tn
Same Tn , different
66
f motion for earthquake

-2
Time require
complete a c
force that, applied statically to the

system, would Application
produce the
same
se of SDF
of pseudo-acceleration
con
motion
ECUACION DE MOVIMIENTO Y PARAMETROS
deformation DE
u(t)RESPUESTA
by
fs
fs
At
2
n
ut
fs(t)
mA t
2
n
Static
structure
static eq
ut
2
Vb(t)
2
n
2
Tn
Mb(t)
Vb
Mb t
fs t
mA t
hf s t
hVb t
A(t) is the pseudo-acceleration
-Fs ES LA FUERZA ESTATICA

EQUIVALENTE
The base shear
and overturning moment depend o
Maria
Gabriella Mulas
acceleration.
A(t) SE LE LLAMA PSEUDO
ACELERACION
Base shear balances the static equivalent force.
Base overturning moment balances its moment w
foundation and is provided by axial loads in colum
11
67
as
ku t
of Application
pseudo-acceleration
concept
of pseudo-acceleration
concept
ECUACION DE MOVIMIENTO Y PARAMETROS DE RESPUESTA
fs(t)
fs(t)
Static analysis Static

of the analysis of the
structure subjected
to BASAL
thesubjected
to theDE VOLCAMIENTO
-ELstructure
CORTE
Y EL MOMENTO
SON
DEPENDIENTES
DE LA
PSEUDO
static
equivalent
force
fs ACELERACION.
static equivalent
force
fs
Vb
Mb t
Mb(t)
fs t
mAVbt
fs t
b t t hf s t
hf s t MhV
b
mA t
hVb t
The base shear and overturning moment depend on the pseudoacceleration.

nd overturning moment depend on the pseudo-
68
Vb(t)
Mb(t)
-EL CORTANTE BASAL EQUILIBRIA LA FUERZA

ESTATICA EQUIVALENTE
Deformation Response Spectrum for El Centro

ESPECTRO
DE RESPUESTA
Ground Motion
CONCEPTO DE ESPECTRO DE RESPUESTA

-UN PLOTEO DE LOS VALORES
PICO DE RESPUESTA EN FUNCION
DE LOS PERIODOS NATURALES
DE LA ESTRUCTURA ES LLAMADO
ESPECTRO DE RESPUESTA.
trum of linear systems
Response Spectrum Concept
Practical mean to characterize a ground mot
u0 Tn ,
max u t , Tn ,
Deformation R. S
u0 Tn ,
max u t , Tn ,
Relative velocity
u0 Tn ,
max u t , Tn ,
Acceleration R.S
By definition, the peak response is positive; the

because it is usually irrelevant for design.
15
Each plot is derived for a SDF having a fixed d
69
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
CONCEPT
-ESTOS VALORES SON

OBTENIDOS DE UN FINITO DE
SISTEMAS
UN value
GRADO
DE quantity a
A plot ofDE
the peak
of a response
of the natural
Tn or related DE
quantities as
LIBERTAD
CONperiod
UN FACTOR
called response spectrum
for that quantity.
AMORTIGUAMIENTO
DEFINIDO.
Pseudo-velocity:
ESPECTRO
DEresponse
RESPUESTA
Pseudo
acceleration
spectrum, linear scale
CONCEPTO2DE
ESPECTRO
DE RESPUESTA
Deformation
response
spectrum,
log scale
V
D
D V u
ku02
Es0
kD
2
Tn
kV
mV
2
Pseudo-acceleration:
A
Vb 0
2
n
f s0
2
Tn
D
mA
PASOS
Linear scale
-DEFINIR ACELERACION DEL SUELO EN FUNCION DEL
From this plot:
TIEMPO
-SELECCIONAR
Y AMORTIGUAMIENTO
Base shear Tcoefficient
-CALCULO
DESPLAZAMIENTOS Y DESPLAZAMIENTO
(lateralDE
force)
MAXIMO
W
A
g
u0t
-DERIVAR HASTA OBTENER ACELERACION

-REPETIR PARA COMBINACIONES DESEADASX
= 0, 2, 5,10 and 20 %
A
W
g
A/g base shear coefficient
From this plot:

Peak deformation
70
Spectrum on normalized scale, 5% damping

ESPECTRO
DE
Response spectra for
= 0,RESPUESTA
2, 5 and 10%
Spectru
d 10%
Plotted on normalized scales

CONCEPTO
DE ESPECTRO DE RESPUESTA
27Gabriella Mulas
Maria
The adoption
of normalized
scales shows
more directly
the relation
between the
response
spectrum and
the ground
motion
parameters
Th
is
ve
R.
tec
cu
be
re
sp
an
27
71
The adoption
of normalized
scales shows
more directly
the relation
between the
response
spectrum and
the ground
motion
parameters
Long period system (very flexible)

ESPECTRO
DE
RESPUESTA
Short period system (very stiff rigid)
T > Tf =15s
CONCEPTO
DE ESPECTRO DE RESPUESTAn
Tn < Ta = 0.035s
Da
Ai
Ma
stat
gro
The mass moves rigidly

with the ground
A approaches the ground
acceleration and D is
very small
Neglecting damping:
2
n
u
2
n
At
u
t
0
ug
At
ug
ut t
ut
A ug0
ut
30
72
29
ESPECTRO
DE RESPUESTA
Elastic design spectrum
Mean spectrum over 10 ground motions
Elasti
ESPECTRO ELASTICO DE DISENO

At the same site, response
spectrum due to different
earthquake can differ; all of them
are jagged. It is not possible to
predict a jagged response
spectrum for a future ground
motion!
he same peak
The needs arise for design

spectra smooth or composed of
straight lines: they are necessary
for design of new structures, or
the seismic safety evaluation of
existing structures
h of them
Vi and Ai
provide probability
each period Tn
42
Recommended period values in the plot!

40
Mean spectru
The design
statistical
ana
recorded
response
spec
Factors
If noneadop
ha
the motions
scales are
over 10 recor
Connecting
a
The impo
values gives
The spec
ma
response
The dis
connecting
al
one standard
The fau
gives the mea
The geo
standard dev
site
Mean spectru
The thro
loc
idealized
lines (dashed
figure)
Proyecto
Estructural
Maria Gabriella
Mulas
73
l analysis of the
er I of ground motions
me history and the
cceleration
Comparison between design spectrum and

ESPECTRO DE
RESPUESTA
response
spectrum
ESPECTRO ELASTICO DE DISENO
74
The jagged response

spectrum is a description
of a particular ground
motion
The smooth design
spectrum is a
specification of the level
of seismic design force,
or deformation, as a
function of period and
damping and is an
average representation
of many ground motions
Differences are expected!
Damage not economically repairable

rum
ESPECTRO INELASTICO DE DISENO
tures are designed for base

smaller than the elastic
: will deform beyond the
c range when subjected to
und motion represented by
4g design spectrum
Inelastic Design Spectrum
Collapse
MAGE will occur
essful design will control

ge to keep it acceptable
Im
p
e
r
ia
lC
o
u
n
ty
S
e
r
v
ic
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Prof.
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SISTEMA ELASTOPLASTICO SIN AMORTIGUAMIENTO
76
SISTEMA ELASTICO SIN AMORTIGUAMIENTO
77
pseudoacceleration design
ESPECTROInelastic
DE RESPUESTA
spectrum (84.1th percentile) linear scale
78
This format of
the inelastic
design
spectrum is
contained in
seismic codes

ESTRUCTURA 2 NIVELES IDEALIZADA SOMETIDA A
P1(t) y P2(t)
-Losas son infinitamente rigidas.
-Columnas y vigas infinitamente rigidas axialmente
-Masas concentradas en cada nivel
79
-Amortiguamiento lineal viscoso respresenta la disipacion

de energia.
80
Tenemos como product un Sistema de dos ecuaciones diferenciales que gobiernan

los desplazamientos U1(t) y U2(t) para el Sistema de dos niveles sometido a P1(t) y
P2(t).
81
Ambas ecuaciones contienen las dos incognitas, por lo tanto deben ser resueltas
simultaneamente.

VIBRACION LIBRE DE SISTEMAS MGL SIN AMORTIGUAMIENTO
Vibracin es iniciada por curva A
El movimiento no es harmnico
82
Se origina un movimiento harmnico gracias a la correcta proporcin constant de U. Estas dos

formas deformadas son modos naturales de vibracin.

El perodo natural de vibracin es el tiempo requerido para
completer un ciclo de movimiento harmnico en uno de los
modos naturales de vibracin. Su inversa es llamada
frecuencia natural.
83
Las N raices de Wn son conocidas

como los valores eigen (eigenvalues),
de los cuales obtenemos Tn. El primer
perodo T1 es llamado fundamental.
Luego de conocer Wn podemos
calcular la forma modal n

La solucin del problema EIGEN no da valores de
amplitud de sino su forma. Los N vectores de n son
los modos naturales de vibracin, cada uno asociado
con un T. Son llamados naturales porque son
propiedades del sistema, que dependen solo de la
rigidez y de la masa.
Una matriz diagonal puede ser

construida con los N valores eigen.
84
Una matriz cuadrada con todos los

valores de , donde cada columna es
el modo natural.
85
VIBRACION LIBRE DE SISTEMAS MGL CON AMORTIGUAMIENTO

VIBRACION FORZADA CON AMORTIGUAMIENTO
-Determinar propiedades de la estructura: matrices M, K y evaluar matrices de

amortiguamiento
-Determinar frecuencias naturales Wn y modos de vibracin n
-Calcular respuesta en cada modo, primero el desplazamiento del nodo U(t) y luego
la fuerza asociada en el elemento.
86
-Combinar las contribuciones en las respuestas de cada modo para obtener la

respuesta total.

VIBRACION FORZADA CON AMORTIGUAMIENTO
-Determinar propiedades de la
estructura: matrices M, K y evaluar
matrices de amortiguamiento
-Determinar frecuencias naturales Wn
y modos de vibracin n
-Combinar las contribuciones en las

respuestas de cada modo para obtener
la respuesta total.
87
-Calcular respuesta en cada modo,

primero el desplazamiento del nodo
U(t) y luego la fuerza asociada en el
elemento.

HISTORIA DE RESPUESTA
88
SE PUEDEN OBTENER LOS VALORES

PICO DIRECTAMENTE DEL ESPECTRO
DE RESPUESTA, SIN TENER QUE
REALIZAR UN CALCULO DE HISTORIA
DE RESPUESTA PRECISO. ESTOS
VALORES NO SERAN EXACTOS PERO
ES
SUFICIENTE
PARA CALCULOS
ESTRUCTURALES.

COMBINACION DE RESPUESTAS MODALES
Como combinar los valores picos de cada modo para obtener el valor de respuesta total?
No sabemos el momento en que ocurre la respuesta mxima en cada modo. Existen varios
mtodos:
-Suma de los valores absolutos picos de la respuesta. Muy conservador.

-SRSS (square root sum of squares). Excelentes resultados para estructuras con
frecuencias naturales bien separadas.
89
-CQC (complete quadratic combination). Excelentes resultados para estructuras

con frencuencias naturales cercanas.
90
91
92
EJEMPLO
93
EJEMPLO
94
EJEMPLO
95
EJEMPLO
CONCEPTOS DE DISEO SSMICO

FILOSOFA DE DISEO
-Se disea con sismos de 100 a 500 aos de perodo de retorno, muy altos para resistir en el
rango elstico.
-Estructuras son diseadas para resistencias de un 15-25% de la respuesta elstica.
-Esperamos que las estructuras resistan gracias a deformaciones grandes inelsticas y
disipacin de energa gracias al comportamiento inelstico de materiales.
96
-Probabilidad annual de falla elstica: 1 a 3% por fuerzas ssmicas, 0,01% por cargas
gravitacionales.

DEL RANGO ELSTICO AL INELSTICO
-De observaciones en campo se determin que las fallas no eran necesariamente por falta de
Resistencia
-Si la Resistencia estructural se poda mantener sin mucha degradacin, la estructura puede
resistir el sismo y muchas veces ser reparada. (ductilidad)
-Las filosofas de diseo pasaron de la Resistencia a grandes cargas laterales, a la evasin de
estas, dando paso para el diseo inelstico.
97
-No todos los mecanismos inelsticos son aceptados: unos disipan energa y otros ocasionan
fallas.

FILOSOFA DE DISEO POR CAPACIDAD
CIERTAS FORMAS ESTRUCTURAS TIENEN MAS DUCTILIDAD:
-Regularidad en planta y elevacin
-Ubicacin de puntos de plastificacin (rtulas plsticas)

-Con la seleccin adecuada de configuracin estructural, Resistencia para mecanismos
inelasticos no deseados es amplificada. Ej: Resistencia a corte de vigas concreto armado.
PRINCIPIOS BSICOS:
-Seleccin de configuracin estructural para una respuesta inelstica
-Seleccin y detallado adecuado de puntos de deformacin inelstica
98
-Diferencia de resistencias adecuadas para evitar fallas en lugares y formas indeseadas

FILOSOFA DE DISEO POR CAPACIDAD
CIERTAS FORMAS ESTRUCTURAS TIENEN MAS DUCTILIDAD:
-Regularidad en planta y elevacin
-Ubicacin de puntos de plastificacin (rtulas plsticas)

-Con la seleccin adecuada de configuracin estructural, Resistencia para mecanismos
inelasticos no deseados es amplificada. Ej: Resistencia a corte de vigas concreto armado.
PRINCIPIOS BSICOS:
-Seleccin de configuracin estructural para una respuesta inelstica
-Seleccin y detallado adecuado de puntos de deformacin inelstica
99
-Diferencia de resistencias adecuadas para evitar fallas en lugares y formas indeseadas

CAUSAS COMUNES DE FALLAS
-Entrepiso dbil
-Entrepiso blando
-Poco confinamiento en columnas de Concreto armado.
-Ignorar aporte de rigidez de elementos no estructurales.
-Fallas a flexion o corte de elementos principales resistentes a sismo

-Mal detallado de nodos y conexiones viga-columna
100
-Irregularidades en planta y elevacin.

ESTADOS LMITES DE DISEO SSMICO
-ESTADO LMITE DE SERVICIO
Diseo para sismos frecuentes (perodo de retorno 50 aos). Proteccin de edificios
importantes como hospitales, estaciones de bombero, etc. Se limita el dao para que no
afecte el funcionamiento del edificio. Se resiste en rango elstico.
-ESTADO LMITE DE CONTROL DE DAO
Representa el lmite entre daos reparables y no reparables. Probabilidad baja de ocurrencia

en vida til del edificio. Se espera fluencia del acero, grietas y desconchamiento del concreto.
-ESTADO LMITE DE SUPERVIVENCIA
101
Prdidas humanas deben prevenirse inclusive para los sismos mas Fuertes. Ocurren daos
irreparables pero nunca el colapso.
102
ESTADOS LMITES DE DISEO SSMICO

RIGIDEZ, RESISTENCIA Y DUCTILIDAD
-Importante chequear derives
-Relaciona las cargas con las deformaciones
-Dependiente de E, G y geometra.
-Resistencia Sy determinada por diseador.
-El lmite de ductilidad corresponde a determinada

degradacin de Resistencia.
-Falla frgil: agotamiento de Resistencia sin ninguna
advertencia
-Falla dctil: no implica colapso structural.
103
-Ductilidad requiere atencin en el detallado

RTULAS PLSTICAS
-Cuando se alcanza el momento plstico, la seccin
no tiene mas rigidez de reserva para incrementar el
momento flexionante
-Alcanzamos la rtula plstica, ya que se comporta y
gira como una rtula o rodillo
104
-Momentos adicionales son transmitidos al resto de la

estructura

CONFIGURACION ESTRUCTURAL
-Edificio no debera ser muy pesado
-La estructura debera ser sencilla y simtrica, en planta y elevacin
-Debera tener una distribucin uniforme de peso, rigidez, resistenca y ductilidad.

-La estructura debera tener la mayor cantidad de lineas resistentes posibles.
-Estructura redundante e hiperesttica.
-Elementos no estructurales deberan estar unidos o separados adecuadamentes. Entre mas
rgida o mas resistenta la estructura, menos influyen los elementos no estructurales.
105
-Simetra, simplicidad, redundancia y regularidad.
106
REGULARIDAD EN PLANTA
107
TORSION
108
109
110
111
REGULARIDAD EN ELEVACIN
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119

Sismos y Diseno Sismo Resistente

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SISMOS Y DISENO SISMO RESISTENTE

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