VOX JURIS
TEMAS DE DERECHO CORPORATIVO
EDICIN N 27
2014
Lima - Per
Vox Juris es una revista de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de San Martn de Porres, que publica artculos cientficos
y trabajos de investigacin referidos al mbito acadmico y profesional de la Ciencia y Filosofa del Derecho, disciplinas afines
y temas ticos y de inters socio jurdico, para la comunidad cientfica, acadmica, universitaria e institucional, nacional e internacional, con una periodicidad semestral.
Indizada en: Latindex, Sistema Regional de Informacin en Lnea para Revistas Cientficas de Amrica Latina, el Caribe, Espaa
y Portugal.
La revista tiene una periodicidad semestral.
VOX JURIS 27
CONSEJO EDITORIAL
Dr. Gino Ros Patio - Per (Presidente)
Director del Instituto de Investigacin Jurdica USMP. Profesor universitario.
Abogado. Maestro en Ciencias Penales, Doctor en Derecho y Doctor en Educacin por la Universidad de San Martn
de Porres, Lima-Per.
Posgrado en Derechos Econmicos, Sociales y Culturales por la Universidad de Ginebra, Suiza.
Diplomado en Filosofa Poltica, Universidad de Harvard.
Especialista en gestin, administracin, enseanza, metodologa, investigacin y didctica universitaria.
Dr. Hans-Jrgen Brandt - Alemania
Estudios de Derecho y Ciencias Polticas en las Universidades de Berlin y Mnster / Alemania, Doctorado en
Sociologa de Derecho.
Vocal de la Corte de Berln (jubilado).
Investigador en el Peace Institute Frankfurt / Alemania.
Consultor para la GIZ y la Unin Europea.
Dra. Beatriz Kalinsky - Argentina
Antroploga. Master en Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO). Doctora en Derecho Social por la Universidad de Buenos Aires,
Argentina.
Profesora de Epistemologa y Mtodos de investigacin social de la Universidad de Buenos Aires.
Profesora e investigadora universitaria.
Dra. Gloria Charca Puente de la Vega - Per
Past Vicerrectora Administrativa, Past Rectora y primera y actual Decana de la Facultad de Derecho y Ciencia Poltica
de la Universidad Andina del Cusco.
Dr. Jorge Godenzi Alegre - Per
Abogado. Posgrado en Derecho Pblico UBA Buenos Aires-Argentina y Derecho Procesal Constitucional en Castilla
La Mancha Toledo Espaa
Presidente del Instituto Vida y Salud (IVS)
Profesor universitario en la Universidad de Lima, Universidad Ricardo Palma y Universidad de San Martn de Porres.
Coordinador de Edicin: Lic. Csar Vizcardo Vernaza
ISSN: 1812-6804
Depsito Legal 95-0895
Derechos Reservados Conforme a Ley
Est permitida la reproduccin total o parcial de los artculos citando la fuente.
LAS OPINIONES VERTIDAS EN LOS ARTCULOS SON
DE EXCLUSIVA RESPONSABILIDAD DE SUS AUTORES
Solicitamos canje.
Wir Bitten um Austaunsch.
Von Publikationen.
We requist Exchange.
Nous demanons Iexchange.
Pede se permute.
Escribir:
Facultad de Derecho
Telfono
Fax
E-mail
Web site
Fecha de Impresin
:
:
:
:
:
:
VOX JURIS
ISSN 1812-6804
Volumen 27, Nmero 1: 2014
CONTENIDO
PRESENTACIN
PRESENTACIN
12
PRESENTACIN
ISSN: 1812-6864
13
PRESENTACIN
14
PRESENTACIN
ISSN: 1812-6864
ARTCULOS
SUMARIO
Introduccin
La empresa como una persona sujeta a responsabilidad
La responsabilidad
- Tipos de responsabilidades
Conclusiones
RESUMEN
PALABRAS CLAVE
mcasanovac@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 17-33,2014
18
ABSTRACT
Conflicts that arise in society for the actions of the companies in the
development of its activities are of the most varied and we find that
the law has its own limitations to rule or punish them being difficult
to attribute responsibility to entities that lack of consciousness as
it happens with legal persons as opposed to natural persons.
The purpose of this article is to review the concept of the company as
a legal entity and the scope of its responsibility as a legal structure.
To do this, we will review the concept of responsibility; their types
as well as the way to ask them responsibility for conduct that should
be sanctioned.
KEY WORDS
maricascla@hotmail.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 17-33,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
19
mcasanovac@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 17-33,2014
20
maricascla@hotmail.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 17-33,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
21
mcasanovac@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 17-33,2014
22
maricascla@hotmail.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 17-33,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
23
mcasanovac@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 17-33,2014
24
maricascla@hotmail.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 17-33,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
25
mcasanovac@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 17-33,2014
26
maricascla@hotmail.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 17-33,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
27
Responsabilidad extracontractual13
mcasanovac@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 17-33,2014
28
maricascla@hotmail.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 17-33,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
29
mcasanovac@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 17-33,2014
30
maricascla@hotmail.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 17-33,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
31
mcasanovac@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 17-33,2014
32
ISSN: 1812-6864
33
mcasanovac@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 17-33,2014
SUMARIO
Introduccin
Definicin de Project Finance
Partes involucradas
Esquema contractual y creacin de valor
Conclusiones
RESUMEN
jaime.li@lawyer.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 35-45,2014
36
jaime.li@lawyer.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 35-45,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
37
Promotores
Sociedad vehculo
especial (Special
purpose vehicle,
SPV)
Gobierno
jaime.li@lawyer.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 35-45,2014
38
Contratistas
Proovedores
materias
primas de
Prestamistas
jaime.li@lawyer.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 35-45,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
39
jaime.li@lawyer.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 35-45,2014
40
ISSN: 1812-6864
41
jaime.li@lawyer.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 35-45,2014
42
jaime.li@lawyer.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 35-45,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
43
jaime.li@lawyer.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 35-45,2014
44
CONCLUSIONES
jaime.li@lawyer.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 35-45,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
45
jaime.li@lawyer.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 35-45,2014
SUMARIO
Antecedentes
Etimologa
Definicin de joint venture
Naturaleza jurdica
Caractersticas del joint venture
Elementos
Ventajas y desventajas
De qu manera se financian los joint ventures?
Conclusiones
RESUMEN
jorgelcondeg@hotmail.com / jconde@cempor.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 47-78,2014
48
PALABRAS CLAVE
Joint venture Ventures Contrato Definicin Carcter Duracin, Responsabilidades - Ventajas - Desventajas Elementos
- Crditos - Derechos, Obligaciones - Caractersticas - Partnership.
ABSTRACT
ISSN: 1812-6864
49
jorgelcondeg@hotmail.com / jconde@cempor.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 47-78,2014
50
ISSN: 1812-6864
51
jorgelcondeg@hotmail.com / jconde@cempor.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 47-78,2014
52
ISSN: 1812-6864
53
jorgelcondeg@hotmail.com / jconde@cempor.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 47-78,2014
54
jorgelcondeg@hotmail.com / jconde@cempor.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 47-78,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
55
jorgelcondeg@hotmail.com / jconde@cempor.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 47-78,2014
56
ISSN: 1812-6864
57
Esta caracterstica tiene que ver mucho con un tema que no admite
ningn tipo de discusin, y que es la calidad de las prestaciones de
las partes en un Contrato de Joint Venture, esto es considerarlas
como autnomas y no reciprocas (Arias Schereiber:155).
MANUEL DE LA PUENTE Y LAVALLE, con respecto a sta
caracterstica dice: () lo peculiar del contrato es que el vnculo
jurdico obligacional que surge en virtud de dicho consentimiento
contiene prestaciones que no son reciprocas entre las partes, sino
que van dirigidas a un fin comn corriendo suertes autnomas unas
de otras, de tal manera que la ejecucin de una prestacin no est
sujeta a la ejecucin de las dems. Falta ese paralelismo o simetra
entre las prestaciones que caracteriza al moderno contrato con
prestaciones reciprocas (De la Puente y Lavalle, :465).
En conclusin, existe una pluralidad de prestaciones autnomas que
estn a cargo de dos o ms partes denominadas Ventures, compuestos
por personas naturales y/o empresas nacionales o extranjeras y cuyas
obligaciones slo estn encaminadas a la ejecucin de aquel fin
comn, corren por tanto suertes distintas. Por esto, dicha pluralidad
se manifiesta con la existencia de varias declaraciones de voluntad
(como dicen varios autores se forman Contratos Satlites)1, vale
decir se constituyen varias manifestaciones de voluntad dirigidas
hacia un solo objetivo, el cual es explotar un objeto comn.
Ejecucin continuada y peridica (tracto sucesivo) o de
temporalidad
Las obligaciones que estn a cargo de los Ventures (los mismos que
se encuentran pactadas en el contrato), se concretizan a travs de una
ejecucin continuada y peridica por el tiempo que dure el negocio
especifico concordado, el mismo que debe de estar estipulado en su
respectiva clusula. No obstante, este tipo de contrato tambin es
denominado como temporal ya que su duracin es flexible; puede
depender de cuanto dure el proyecto u obra (Benavides,1996:35),
es decir, es un contrato con tendencia a ser verstil, y en donde las
partes decidirn por la continuidad o no de dicho contrato, siempre y
1 Como seala MARZORATI: Los contratos satlites que en la prctica son anexos del contrato de Joint
Venture son, en realidad, acuerdos que integran el contrato de Joint Venture y que son escindibles de ste,
por ejemplo, un contrato de tecnologa, un contrato de operacin, un contrato de venta, el estatuto (si hubiera
una sociedad ejecutora del proyecto). Estos documentos normalmente se celebran de manera simultnea, o al
menos se inician para ser firmados en un momento posterior, si las circunstancias as lo aconsejan. Ver en
MARZORATI, Oswaldo Alianzas Estratgicas y Joint Ventures. Editorial ASTREA. Buenos Aires, Argentina.
1996. Pg. 112.
jorgelcondeg@hotmail.com / jconde@cempor.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 47-78,2014
58
jorgelcondeg@hotmail.com / jconde@cempor.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 47-78,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
59
jorgelcondeg@hotmail.com / jconde@cempor.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 47-78,2014
60
Carcter consensual
jorgelcondeg@hotmail.com / jconde@cempor.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 47-78,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
61
a.- Principios generales del derecho (Art. VIII del Ttulo Preliminar
del C.C.);
b.- Las normas generales de contratacin (Art. 1353 del C.C.);
c.- La voluntad de los contratantes.
El Joint Venture, es un contrato autnomo y principal, puesto que no
depende de la existencia de otros contratos. Es decir tiene existencia
propia sin encontrarse subordinado o ser accesorio a otra modalidad
contractual.
Naturaleza fiduciario o lealtad entre las partes
jorgelcondeg@hotmail.com / jconde@cempor.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 47-78,2014
62
jorgelcondeg@hotmail.com / jconde@cempor.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 47-78,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
63
Fin lucrativo
jorgelcondeg@hotmail.com / jconde@cempor.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 47-78,2014
64
ISSN: 1812-6864
65
jorgelcondeg@hotmail.com / jconde@cempor.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 47-78,2014
66
6 Algunos contratos de Joint Venture colocan dentro de sus clusulas de duracin lo siguiente: Articulo
N...- La duracin del presente joint venture bien ser de... aos, a partir de su reconocimiento por parte de
las autoridades competentes del Pas. O, tambin Artculo N...- El plazo por el que se conviene la presente
asociacin de riesgo compartido es por tiempo indeterminado. Y, finalmente Artculo N...- El joint venture
inicia formalmente sus actividades en la fecha de la firma del presente documento y continuar vigente hasta
la ejecucin total y completa de las obras, su recepcin definitiva y la liquidacin final de las cuentas, ms un
periodo de cinco aos contados a partir de la aceptacin de las obras en aplicacin de lo dispuesto en el Art.
1784 del Cdigo Civil Peruano
jorgelcondeg@hotmail.com / jconde@cempor.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 47-78,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
67
Solucin de conflictos
7 CHAPTER ....- SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES.- Any disputes arising from the execution of, or in connection
with, the present Agreement shall be settled through friendly consultations between the Investors. If no
settlement can be reached through consultations within 60 days after either Investor has given written notice
to the other Investor of the existence of a dispute under this Article, the dispute shall be finally settled under
the Rules of Conciliation and Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce by one or more arbitrators
apointed in accordance with the said Rules. The arbitral awards shall be final and binding upon all Investors,
and the Arbitration will take place in. Traducido al espaol ser CAPITULO...- DE LA SOLUCION DE LAS
CONTROVERSIAS.- Todas las controversias que se deriven de la ejecucin del presente Contrato o tengan
alguna vinculacin, se resolvern en primer lugar, mediante amigables consultas entre los Inversionistas.
Si de este modo no se lograra encontrar una solucin en el plazo de 60 das, contados a partir de la fecha
en que uno de los inversionistas comunique por escrito a los otros, la existencia de una controversia, de
conformidad con el presente Artculo, sta la resolvern definitivamente uno o ms rbitros nombrados segn
el Reglamento de Conciliacin y Arbitraje de la Cmara de Comercio Internacional. El arbitraje se realizar
en.................. y la decisin tomada por los rbitros ser definitiva, inapelable y obligatoria para las partes.
Hay que hacer un hincapi en el sentido de que la eleccin del arbitraje de la Cmara de Comercio Internacional,
con sede en Pars, no es obligatoria, pudindose optar por otras formas de arbitraje, como el de la Cmara de
Comercio de Lima o de una tercera Cmara o entidad internacional.
8 Nosotros concordamos con lo sealado por la legislacin argentina en la Seccin II de las Uniones Transitorias
de Empresas de la Ley N 19.550 Ley de Sociedades Comerciales que con relacin a la Representacin seala:
ARTICULO 379.-De la Representacin.- El representante tendr los poderes suficientes de todos y de cada uno
de los miembros para ejercer los derechos y contraer las obligaciones que hicieren al desarrollo o ejecucin
de la obra, servicio o suministro. Dicha designacin no es revocable sin causa, salvo decisin unnime de
las empresas participantes; mediando justa causa la revocacin podr ser decidida por el voto de la mayora
absoluta.
9 CLAUSULA N...- Los otorgantes de comn acuerdo convienen en designar como empresa lder de acuerdo a
lo que dispone el artculo... de las bases de la licitacin pblica referida en la clusula primera, al otorgante...
quien en el desempeo del cargo gozar de las siguientes facultades: (...)
10
En efecto el Contrato de Joint Venture no se inscribe en los Registros Pblicos de Lima en virtud
del Artculo 4 del Reglamento del Registro de Sociedades. Sin embargo las sociedades que conforman el Joint
Venture otorgan poderes que s se inscriben en cada una de las partidas y se suele aprovechar para detallar el
contrato de Joint Venture y relacionarlo con el Poder. Como dice el DR. HERNANDO MONTOYA es una forma
de relacionarlo en forma indirecta como aparece en la partida registral de cada sociedad la referencia a un
contrato de Joint Venture.
jorgelcondeg@hotmail.com / jconde@cempor.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 47-78,2014
68
Responsabilidades
11 La responsabilidad de los co-ventures frente a terceros tiene un carcter muy importante al momento de
la realizacin del contrato de joint venture. Esta responsabilidad, se materializa en una obligacin indivisible,
por el propsito que se persigue con el contrato, pues desde su nacimiento tiene dos o ms deudores, que sin
la divisibilidad podran liberarse cumpliendo simplemente con su parte, pero la funcin de la indivisibilidad
es resguardar la unidad del objeto o de la prestacin, lo cual es acorde con la naturaleza del joint venture.
La indivisibilidad recae sobre cada co-venture y resulta del objeto de la prestacin que no se puede dividir,
es decir no se puede cumplir dicha obligacin de forma parcial, porque as lo decide ya sea su naturaleza
o el pacto. Asimismo, Qu sucede en una indemnizacin de daos y perjuicios con la indivisibilidad?, sta
se resuelve en concordancia con el Artculo 1180 del C.C... Esta por ser de naturaleza pecuniaria, tiene
el carcter de divisible y solo exige a los codeudores de una obligacin indivisible no ejecutada, pero que
hubiesen estado dispuestos a cumplir, que contribuyan a la indemnizacin con la porcin del valor de la
prestacin que les corresponda. Ver en: OSTERLING PARODI, Felipe y CASTILLO FREYRE, Mario. Tratado
de las Obligaciones. PUCP Fondo Editorial. Tomo II. Lima, Per. 1994. Pg. 456-457. Adicionalmente, al
carcter de la indivisibilidad tambin tendremos que analizar el carcter solidario o mancomunado de la
responsabilidad de los co-ventures frente a los terceros. Si los co-ventures se encuentran en la necesidad de
convenir la mancomunidad es decir dividir en partes iguales o en proporcin a su participacin en el joint
venture o cualquier modalidad que convenga a sus intereses. Sin embargo, si en caso no se haya pactado
esto, se presumir que la obligacin de resarcir se har en partes iguales, en virtud de los artculos 1173
y 1182 del C.C. Pero, en base a que el joint venture tiene un carcter indivisible por ser sta una operacin
empresarial nica, es decir con un solo objeto. Por tanto se concluye que la solidaridad ser una prestacin
no susceptible de cumplimiento parcial, ya que debe cumplirse en forma completa por cualquiera de los
deudores o exigida por cualquiera de los acreedores en su totalidad. Ver en: FERRERO COSTA, Ral. Curso
de Derecho de las Obligaciones. Editorial Cultural Cuzco. 2da. Edicin. Lima, Per. 1988. Pg. 101. El joint
venture como contrato, no tiene una personalidad jurdica propia, ya que no se forma una sociedad conjunta
con personalidad jurdica separada y distinta a la de los co-ventures; por lo cual la responsabilidad civil frente
a los terceros recae sobre la totalidad de stos, los que deben responder en forma mancomunada, pues la
solidaridad no se presume, segn el Artculo 1183 del C.C., sin embargo por ser una norma de orden privado
cabe el pacto expreso de solidaridad dentro de las clusulas contractuales del joint venture. Siguiendo con
la solidaridad tenemos una que es beneficioso al acreedor, sta es la solidaridad pasiva que tiene por objeto
otorgar al acreedor la mayor seguridad (en el sentido de que de que la obligacin puede ser ntegramente
exigida a cualquiera de ellos). Adems, en un caso de insolvencia la solidaridad pasiva, frente a terceros,
es que aumenta las probabilidades del cumplimiento de la obligacin, puesto que en caso de insolvencia de
alguno de los co-ventures, el acreedor podr exigir la obligacin a los otros y slo la insolvencia de todos los coventures har imposible el cumplimiento de la prestacin. Y, por ltimo tratndose de la responsabilidad civil
extracontractual a que se refiere el artculo 1983 del C.C., en la que por ejemplo, para la produccin de un
bien determinado y su consiguiente comercializacin o la edificacin de obras pblicas o privadas, en los que
varios co-ventures son autores de un evento daoso respecto de terceros particulares que no tienen vnculo
contractual con el joint venture, los responsables del dao respondern solidariamente con derecho a repetir
sobre los dems y la mancomunidad no podr operar si la prestacin resulta indivisible por su naturaleza o
por el pacto. Este es un tipo de solidaridad legal. Ver en: LLAP UNCHON, Lilly. Responsabilidad civil de los
co-ventures frente a terceros. El subrayado es nuestro. Ver en: Revista Jurdica del Per. Lima, Per. N 16.
1998. Pg. 158.
12 Con relacin a la solidaridad, aqu podemos advertir que la regla de la responsabilidad de los miembros es
la no solidaridad, salvo pacto en contrario previsto en el contrato de constitucin. Esto de la responsabilidad
surge a raz de la temporalidad de referido contrato, y sera bueno en todo caso indicar cules sern las
responsabilidades a las que se encontrarn sujetos, as como de las causales en las que estaran incurriendo.
Por ello, tomamos lo regulado por la Ley N 19.550 Ley de Sociedades Comerciales Argentina, que en su
Artculo 381 seala lo sgte: Artculo 381.- De la Responsabilidad.- Salvo disposicin en contrario del
contrato, no se presume la solidaridad de las empresas por los actos y operaciones que deban desarrollar o
ejecutar, ni por las obligaciones contradas frente a terceros.
jorgelcondeg@hotmail.com / jconde@cempor.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 47-78,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
69
jorgelcondeg@hotmail.com / jconde@cempor.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 47-78,2014
70
jorgelcondeg@hotmail.com / jconde@cempor.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 47-78,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
71
jorgelcondeg@hotmail.com / jconde@cempor.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 47-78,2014
72
Desventajas:
ISSN: 1812-6864
73
jorgelcondeg@hotmail.com / jconde@cempor.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 47-78,2014
74
jorgelcondeg@hotmail.com / jconde@cempor.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 47-78,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
75
CONCLUSIONES
jorgelcondeg@hotmail.com / jconde@cempor.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 47-78,2014
76
ISSN: 1812-6864
77
jorgelcondeg@hotmail.com / jconde@cempor.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 47-78,2014
78
jorgelcondeg@hotmail.com / jconde@cempor.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 47-78,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
-No hay ninguna duda que detrs de las manifestaciones de este tribunal,
en mi caso, pues, detrs de la detencin y del interrogatorio de hoy, se
encuentra una organizacin. Una organizacin, que no slo da empleo a
vigilantes corruptos, a necios supervisores y jueces de instruccin, quienes,
en el mejor de los casos, slo muestran una modesta capacidad, sino una
judicatura a rango supremo con su numeroso squito de ordenanzas, escribientes, gendarmes y otros ayudantes, si, es posible que incluso emplee
verdugos, no tengo miedo de pronunciar la palabra, y cul es el sentido
de esta organizacin seores? Se dedica a detener personas inocentes y a
incoar procedimientos absurdos sin alcanzar en la mayora de los casos,
como el mo, tengan resultados. Cmo se puede evitar, dado lo absurdo de
todo el procedimiento, la corrupcin general de todo el cuerpo de funcionarios? Es imposible, ni siquiera el juez del ms elevado escalafn lo podra
evitar con su propia persona- (KAFFKA, 1925, pg. 32).
SUMARIO
Introduccin
La ineficiencia del proceso civil como escenario para nuevas formas de solucin de controversias
Arbitraje y contexto cultural del siglo XXI: incertidumbre jurdica, utilitarismo, flexibilidad,
rapidez, escepticismo
Conclusin
RESUMEN
osumaria@pucp.edu.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 79-97,2014
80
ISSN: 1812-6864
81
negocio familiar. Kafka estudi Derecho en la Universidad de Praga y consigui trabajo como pasante.
Max Brod, amigo, editor y albacea literario de Kafka tras su muerte, conoci la existencia de la obra
en 1914, pues Kafka, segn su costumbre, le ley algunos pasajes. Desde un primer momento qued
fascinado por la fuerza de la historia, por lo que insisti, como en otras ocasiones, en que se publicara,
contra la habitual reticencia de su autor. Tras la prematura muerte por tuberculosis de Kafka en 1924,
y a pesar de que el autor haba manifestado en una nota su deseo de que todos sus escritos fuesen
destruidos sin ser ledos, Max Brod decidi publicar El proceso aos despus
2 Entre estos proyectos se encuentra el PNRIAJ, Plan Nacional de Reforma Integral de la Administracin
de Justicia elaborado por el CERIAJUS en abril de 2004, que estableca una inversin para el perodo
2005 al 2007 de 1,346 millones de soles. Por otro lado el PMSJ, Proyecto de Mejoramiento de los Servicios de Justicia financiado por el Banco Mundial con una inversin de s/. 48952.007. Finalmente,
el JUS-PER Proyecto de apoyo a la reforma del sistema de justicia del Per con el financiamiento de la
Unin Europea (UE) con un presupuesto de s/. 56048.107. Todos ellos en ejecucin con mayor o menor
resultado pero que en lneas generales no resultan perceptible para la poblacin
3 Los otros factores establecidos para la evaluacin del servicio de administracin de justicia son: Con-
strains on government powers, Absence of corruption, Open Government, Order and security, Fundamental Rigths, Open government, Regulatory enforcement, Criminal Justice
4 RULE OF LAW INDEX, 2014, WPJ. The civil justice system is perceived as slow, expensive, and inaccessible, particularly for
osumaria@pucp.edu.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 79-97,2014
82
osumaria@pucp.edu.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 79-97,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
83
osumaria@pucp.edu.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 79-97,2014
84
osumaria@pucp.edu.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 79-97,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
85
osumaria@pucp.edu.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 79-97,2014
86
osumaria@pucp.edu.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 79-97,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
87
osumaria@pucp.edu.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 79-97,2014
88
ISSN: 1812-6864
89
osumaria@pucp.edu.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 79-97,2014
90
ISSN: 1812-6864
91
osumaria@pucp.edu.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 79-97,2014
92
osumaria@pucp.edu.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 79-97,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
93
osumaria@pucp.edu.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 79-97,2014
94
osumaria@pucp.edu.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 79-97,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
95
CONCLUSIN
osumaria@pucp.edu.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 79-97,2014
96
osumaria@pucp.edu.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 79-97,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
97
osumaria@pucp.edu.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 79-97,2014
SUMARIO
Introduccin
Breve repaso a la experiencia comparada
Antecedentes nacionales
Caractersticas principales del sistema arbitral peruano
-Gratuidad
-Voluntariedad
-Prevalencia del arbitraje de derecho
-Unidireccionalida
-Arbitraje gestionado por el estado
-rganos arbitrales unipersonales y tripartitos
-Antiformalismo en la representacin.
La naturaleza voluntaria del arbitraje de consumo
-Oferta pblica de sometimiento al arbitraje de consumo (ops)
-Convenio arbitral
-En el mismo procedimiento arbitral.
Intereses colectivos y arbitraje
-Arbitraje de consumo vs. defensa colectiva de los consumidores en la va administrativa,
-Arbitraje de consumo colectivo?
El arbitraje de consumo vs. los procedimientos administrativos
Cmo poner en marcha el sistema arbitral?
Conclusiones
Bibliografa
RESUMEN
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
100
Arbitraje Arbitraje De Consumo Convenios Arbitrales Proteccin Al Consumidor Clusulas Generales De Contratacin
- Acciones Por Intereses Colectivos Cdigo De Proteccin Y
Defensa Del Consumidor Indecopi.
ABSTRACT
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
101
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
102
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
103
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
104
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
105
ANTECEDENTES NACIONALES
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
106
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
107
Voluntariedad
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
108
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
109
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
110
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
111
2. La resolucin en la que se acuerde la admisin de una oferta pblica de adhesin limitada, contendr un pronunciamiento expreso sobre la procedencia de otorgar el distintivo previsto en el anexo II,
en el que conste explcitamente y de forma clara, que se trata de una oferta limitada.
En todo caso, atendiendo al contenido de la limitacin el presidente de la Junta Arbitral podr aceptar
la oferta pblica de adhesin limitada, negando el derecho a utilizar el distintivo oficial.
()
4. Las empresas o profesionales adheridos al Sistema Arbitral podrn utilizar en sus comunicaciones
comerciales el distintivo oficial concedido. En el caso de ofertas pblicas de adhesin limitada, las comunicaciones comerciales en las que se utilice el distintivo oficial concedido debern poner a disposicin
del consumidor el modo de acceder a la informacin sobre el mbito de la oferta de adhesin realizada.
25 Artculo 18 del Reglamento.
26 Comisin de las Naciones Unidas para el Derecho Mercantil Internacional.
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
112
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
113
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
114
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
115
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
116
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
117
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
118
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
119
Esta participacin conjunta del sector empresarial y de los
consumidores en un rgano arbitral no dificulta que se adopten
soluciones unnimes sobre un caso. Por ejemplo, en el caso espaol,
de los 18 653 laudos arbitrales emitidos en el 2007, solo un pequeo
porcentaje (5,6%) se resolvi por mayora y, otro, todava menor
(0,02%), requiri del voto dirimente del Presidente35.
CMO PONER EN MARCHA EL SISTEMA ARBITRAL?
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
120
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
121
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
122
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
123
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
124
jesuseloyespinoza@yahoo.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 99-124,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
SUMARIO
Introduccin.
El arbitraje en las contrataciones con el estado
Controversias que derivan en arbitraje
El inicio del arbitraje en la contratacin estatal
La experiencia de las entidades en el arbitraje sobre contratacin estatal
Algunas conclusiones
Bibliografa
RESUMEN
mrodriguez@corabogados.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 125-136,2014
126
KEYWORDS
mrodriguez@corabogados.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 125-136,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
127
mrodriguez@corabogados.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 125-136,2014
128
mrodriguez@corabogados.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 125-136,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
129
mrodriguez@corabogados.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 125-136,2014
130
mrodriguez@corabogados.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 125-136,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
131
mrodriguez@corabogados.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 125-136,2014
132
mrodriguez@corabogados.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 125-136,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
133
mrodriguez@corabogados.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 125-136,2014
134
mrodriguez@corabogados.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 125-136,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
135
mrodriguez@corabogados.com
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 125-136,2014
136
ISSN: 1812-6864
SUMMARY
Introduction
Causes of the financial crisis
Regulatory accountability and reform
Institutional structure
Regulatory style and objectives
- Moral hazard and too big to fail
- Crisis management and the resolution regime
- Light-touch regulation
- Principles-based regulation
- Macro-prudential regulation
Scope of regulation
- Hedge Funds
- Credit rating agencies
- The role of home and host states
- Adjustments to the FSMA 2000 regime
Capital adequacy
Market transparency and integrity
- Market transparency
- Market infrastructure
- Market integrity
Conduct of business regulation
Corporate governance
- The causal role of weak governance
- Remuneration practices.
Conclusion
ABSTRACT
There has been much talk about regulatory reform around the world
in the wake of the financial crisis but relatively little action. As a
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
138
IAIN MACNEIL
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The trajectory of regulatory reform in the UK in the wake of the financial crisis
139
INTRODUCTION
Almost two years after the collapse of Lehman Brothers, the debate
about how to respond to the global financial crisis continues.
While there is no shortage of proposals, relatively little has been
agreed and implemented either at the international, regional or
national level. The UK is no exception and the recent change of
government has created further uncertainty as to the trajectory of
reform at the national level. Several local considerations make the
UK an interesting case study of the dynamics of financial regulatory
reform at this time. One is the tradition of light touch regulation
that was adopted with political approval during the past decade but
now faces an evolutionary crisis in the face of criticism at home and
abroad. While the rhetoric of government and regulators has already
shifted, it is open to question whether regulatory practices can move
quite so quickly. Another consideration is the disproportionately
large scale of the financial sector (both domestic and international)
in the UK by comparison with many other countries. The reliance
on financial services inevitably imposes political constraints on the
extent to which tighter regulation leading to contraction and job
losses can be countenanced. Also relevant is the UK governments
position as a shareholder or guarantor of companies controlling
a large part of the UKs banking assets. That brings into focus a
different perspective from the governments traditional focus on
legislation and regulation. As an owner, the government has profit
objectives that may run counter to its regulatory objectives and also
faces the challenge of acting as an effective owner at a time when
institutional investors stand accused of ignoring their monitoring
and broader fiduciary obligations during the financial bubble that
preceded the crisis.
The paper begins by considering the causes of the crisis and the
mechanisms of regulatory accountability. Both are important for
an understanding of the framing of the reform agenda in the UK
and further afield, since reform proposals do not respond to some
objective analysis of what went wrong, rather they are the outcome
of a contested process of identification of causal factors, itself
linked with concepts of responsibility and accountability for what
went wrong. The paper then goes on to consider proposed reforms
to the institutional structure of regulation and to style of regulation,
both of which have attracted criticism over their role in the crisis.
The paper then shifts its focus to regulatory rules, beginning with
the delimitation of the regulatory perimeter, which has been widely
viewed as too narrowly drawn at a time of significant innovation
and expansion in financial techniques. Proposals for strengthening
capital requirements are then considered in the light of developments
at the international and EU level. Attention is then focused on market
transparency and integrity, which have been linked with the fall in
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
140
IAIN MACNEIL
investor confidence that became apparent during the crisis. The role
of conduct of business regulation and the regulatory response in
the crisis is then examined. The substantive part concludes with an
analysis of how weak corporate governance was implicated in the
crisis and reforms that are currently underway. The objective is to
provide a high-level account of regulatory reform across the board
in the UK, analysing how the system as a whole is changing and not
just its individual components.
CAUSES OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS
The causes of the financial crisis are now well known even if their
relative significance and ranking vary as between different regulators
and commentators.1 The lack of consensus over causes reflects two
factors. First, it is widely recognised that the interplay of different
causes of the crisis makes it difficult to attribute causality in any
precise way to different factors. For national systems of regulation
the problem is even more severe since it is very difficult to isolate
national from international influences in a globalised marketplace.
Second, since diagnosis of causes will inevitably carry implications
for the nature and intensity of the regulatory response, it is inevitable
that any attempt at diagnosis will be contested by political, regulatory
and market-based groups who see their interests as threatened by
emerging reform proposals. In that sense, the dynamics of regulatory
reform cast a shadow over the diagnosis of causes.
The inherent difficulty in attributing causal influence is well
illustrated by the initial question of the respective causal roles
of broad macro-economic factors by comparison with regulatory
deficiencies. That issue is significant since it carries direct
implications for the degree to which regulatory reform is necessary,
the form it should take and what it can achieve. While regulatory
deficiencies have attracted most attention, loose monetary policy
has been identified as a causal factor in the creation of an asset
bubble in the United States before the onset of the financial crisis.2
Moreover, while deficiencies in regulation are a common theme
in the many national and international diagnoses of the causes of
the financial crisis, that concept is in itself not simple. In many
instances, references to regulatory deficiencies or weaknesses
1 For diagnosis of the causes of the crisis see e.g. The Presidents Working Group on Financial Markets
Policy Statement on Financial Markets Developments (March 2008) at http://www.ustreas.gov/press/
releases/reports/pwgpolicystatemktturmoil_03122008.pdf ; the FSA, Financial Risk Outlook 2009
(February 2009) at http://www.fsa.gov.uk/Pages/Library/corporate/Outlook/fro_2009. shtml; and The
Report of the High-Level Group on Financial Supervision in the EU (the de Larosire Report, February
2009) at http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/finances/docs/de_larosiere_report_en.pdf . All these official reports attribute a secondary role to regulatory failure, pointing instead to macro-economic factors
and financial market practices as the primary causes.
2 M. Miller, P Weller and Lei Zhang Moral Hazard and the Greenspan Put The Economic Journal Vol.
112, No 478, Conference Paper (Mar., 2002) pp C171-C186. For evidence that this policy continued to
bolster asset prices right up to the onset of the financial crisis in 2007 see OECD Working Paper No 597
Monetary Policy, Market Excesses and Financial Turmoil (March, 2008).
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The trajectory of regulatory reform in the UK in the wake of the financial crisis
141
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
142
IAIN MACNEIL
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The trajectory of regulatory reform in the UK in the wake of the financial crisis
143
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
144
IAIN MACNEIL
political mechanisms the most critical has without doubt been the
Treasury Select Committee, whose reports have often been withering
in their criticism of the regulatory authorities and the boards of financial
institutions.21 However, the powers of appointment probably carry
more significant implications in the long-term, especially in a model
of regulation such as that in the UK where the regulatory authorities
enjoy broad powers and therefore the style of regulation may be as
important as formal legal powers.
The manner in which the regulatory authorities have accounted for
their role in the crisis also carries implications for regulatory reform.
Dubnick has identified three different modes of account-giving that
focus on the role of the account giver.22 In reporting mode the
account giver is obliged to provide information to the principal in
a pre-determined manner and primarily seeks compliance with that
requirement. This mode corresponds with routine forms of reporting
(such as annual reports) but does not focus on responding to specific
developments such as a crisis. By way of contrast, in the case of
mitigated account giving the form of accounting is influenced
significantly by the account giver, who is expected to respond to an
implicitly or explicitly awkward situation. This mode corresponds to
the scrutiny of the financial crisis by the Treasury Select Committee,
in which the Tripartite Authorities have been required to explain their
part in its origins and development. In reframed account giving
the account giver is engaged in an effort to control or transform his
relationship with the account taker. This corresponds with many
elements of the accounting offered by the Tripartite Authorities
following the financial crisis in the form of detailed reviews23, which
focus to a substantial extent on the influence of external factors (such
as the role of unregulated shadow banks and inappropriate use of
largely unregulated credit rating agencies) and the need for change in
the regulatory structure and rules rather than their own failings in terms
of competence or willingness to use existing powers. Thus, it should
be borne in mind that reframed account giving has the capacity to
push the regulatory reform agenda to over-emphasize the need for
regulatory reform, to overstate its capacity to generate real change in
regulatory practice and perhaps even to focus it on areas where it is
not most needed. Precisely how that process will influence regulatory
reform is difficult to predict since the dynamics of regulatory reform
are complex, encompassing high-level political direction (at national,
EC and international level), the style of regulation adopted by the
regulator and the variable capacity of market discipline to perform
a restraining role at different points in the economic cycle. At this
21 See e.g. The run on the Rock, above n9.
22 See M Dubnick Accountability and the Promise of Performance Public Performance & Management
Review, Vol 28 no3, March 2005, pp376-417.
23 In particular, The Turner Review (above n7); The FSA Regulatory Response (above n8); FSA, The supervision of Northern Rock: a lessons learned review (March 2008); MH Treasury Reforming Financial
Markets (CM 7667) (July 2009).
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The trajectory of regulatory reform in the UK in the wake of the financial crisis
145
As has been the case elsewhere, the financial crisis has prompted a
review of the institutional structure of regulation in the UK. While
there is no clear evidence from around the world that different
institutional structures of regulation were better able to avert,
limit or manage the crisis24, there has been concern in the UK that
collaboration between the Bank of England and the FSA has been
problematic.25 According to the informal arrangement establishing
the Tripartite Authorities in 199726 the Treasury was responsible for
general policy and the overall structure of regulation: the Bank was
responsible for financial stability27; and the FSA was responsible
for prudential supervision. At least in the early phase of the crisis
it was clear that there was considerable divergence between the
FSA and the Bank of England over the extent to which the Bank
should provide support to failing financial institutions as well as
to the broader money market. Moreover, it was argued that even
when the Bank did move (under government pressure) to a more
interventionist stance, that its capability was limited by its lack of
ready access to detailed information about individual institutions,
which was held by the FSA as the prudential supervisor.28
The creation of the Council for Financial Stability in 2009,
while couched in the rhetoric of the potential for more effective
collaboration among the Tripartite Authorities, did not alter
fundamentally their roles or interaction since their individual
functions remain the same (albeit that both the FSA and the
Bank of England now have financial stability as explicit statutory
objectives).29 The quality and effectiveness of their interaction and
24 See e.g. the FSAs Regulatory Response at p195 (graphing changes in banks market values over
2007/08 against different regulatory structures) and J Cooper The Regulatory Cycle: From Boom to
Bust chapter 28 in I MacNeil and J OBrien (eds), The Future of Financial Regulation (Hart, 2010).
25 See The run on the Rock (above n9) para. 284.
26 The arrangement was established through a memorandum of understanding, which was revised in
2006; see http://www.fsa. gov.uk/pubs/mou/fsa_hmt_boe.pdf.
27 Note that this is separate from the monetary policy function of the Bank, in respect of which it enjoys
independence from government under the Banking Act 1998. As became clear during the financial crisis,
the Bank is largely the agent of the Treasury for the purposes of crisis management.
28 See The run on the Rock, above n9 at para 276, concluding that the Tripartite system did not operate
effectively in dealing with the collapse of Northern Rock.
29 See the Terms of reference of the Council for Financial Stability at http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/
fin_council_financial_ stability.htm.
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
146
IAIN MACNEIL
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The trajectory of regulatory reform in the UK in the wake of the financial crisis
147
34 See Communication from the Commission, European Financial Supervision, COM (2009) 252 final.
35 Ibid, p10.
36 The statutory objectives are set out in section 2 of FSMA 2000. They are: market confidence; financial
stability; the protection of consumers; and the reduction of financial crime.
37 See FSMA 2000 sections 138 and 157.
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
148
IAIN MACNEIL
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The trajectory of regulatory reform in the UK in the wake of the financial crisis
149
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
150
IAIN MACNEIL
One of the clear lessons from the financial crisis was the lack of an
adequate legal framework for crisis management of failing financial
institutions in the UK.50 While the Bank of England was able to
respond to market-wide demand for extra liquidity, the possibility of
intervention in individual institutions by the regulatory authorities
was limited by a lack of formal powers enabling them to take
control of failing institutions. Meanwhile, the option of permitting
insolvency was complicated by the absence of a special insolvency
regime for banks, which meant that customer deposits and other
claims could be frozen for a long period of time pending the working
out of the insolvency procedure.51 Thus, it became clear over time
that limited crisis management options were themselves a causal
factor in determining the consequences of the crisis.
To remedy the situation, several changes have been made.52 First, a
special resolution regime (SRR) was introduced by the Banking
Act 2009. The SRR empowers the Bank of England, acting in
consultation with the FSA and the Treasury to initiate three
stabilisation options in respect of a failing bank: transfer to a private
sector purchaser; transfer to a bridge bank; or transfer to temporary
public ownership. While the first of these options is in principle
available through the normal market mechanism of a takeover, the
experience of the financial crisis was that such a transaction could
not be agreed and implemented in volatile market conditions and
with major concerns over the solvency of the relevant institution.53
Second, the insolvency regime for banks was amended and linked
to the SRR, the main policy objective being to ensure that the
authorities could override the rights of shareholders and bondholders
that would normally apply in a restructuring. Changes were also
made to the deposit protection system to ensure that where a bank
fails, depositors are paid out promptly.54 Along with amendment of the
general law on liquidation, a special administration regime for failing
50 This defect was common to many systems: see e.g. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision,
Consultative Document Report and Recommendations of the Cross-border Bank Resolution Group
(September 2009) at http://www.asbaweb.org/ Consulta-Reporte.pdf ; E Hpkes Form Follows Function A new Architecture for Regulating and Resolving Global Financial Institutions 10 European Business Organization Law Review 369-385 (2009).
51 See The run on the Rock, above n9, at para 197: The Governor [of the Bank of England] pointed
out that the UK authorities were alone in the G7 in being unable to deal with a distressed bank under a
special resolution regime, relying instead on normal corporate insolvency laws.
52 For developments in cross-border crisis management see the principles agreed by the Financial Stability Forum in March 2009 at www.financialstabilityboard.org/publications/r_0904c.pdf .
53 See The run on the Rock, above n9, at paras 113-115.
54 Under standard UK insolvency procedures the depositors would not be paid promptly even if they fell
within the Financial Services Compensation Scheme under Part XV of the FSMA 2000.
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The trajectory of regulatory reform in the UK in the wake of the financial crisis
151
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
152
IAIN MACNEIL
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The trajectory of regulatory reform in the UK in the wake of the financial crisis
153
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
154
IAIN MACNEIL
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The trajectory of regulatory reform in the UK in the wake of the financial crisis
155
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
156
IAIN MACNEIL
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The trajectory of regulatory reform in the UK in the wake of the financial crisis
157
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
158
IAIN MACNEIL
The role of credit ratings and the credit rating agencies (CRAs) in the
crisis illustrates the complexity of the causal influences that contributed
to the crisis. Outside the United States88, credit rating agencies were
not regulated prior to the crisis.89 However, they formed a material
part of the regulatory structure since, as the FSA commented The
regulatory framework places significant reliance on external ratings
as part of the calculation of capital requirements under the Capital
Requirements Directive.90 In that sense a significant aspect of capital
adequacy regulation was contracted out to private organisations whose
86 See COM (2009) 207 final.
87 See Brown delays hedge fund reform, Financial Times 16th March 2010. Following the change of
government in the UK in early May, it subsequently became clear that the delay was no more than that,
with the result that the UK is likely to have to accept stricter hedge fund regulation: see Osborne bows
to EU hedge fund rules, Financial Times 20th May 2010.
88 See T Mollers, Regulating Credit Rating Agencies: the new US and EU law important steps or much
ado about nothing? 4(4) Capital Markets Law Journal (2009) 477-501 for a comparison of the US and
EU approaches.
89 While article 81 of the EC Capital Requirements Directive (2006/48, L177/1) required that credit ratings used in connection with the risk weighting of assets (for the purposes of the calculation of regulatory
capital) be issued by a rating agency that was recognised as eligible by at least a single member State,
that process did not amount to licensing or supervision in a form comparable to that imposed on banks,
insurers and investment firms under the EC regulatory regime.
90 FSA Regulatory Response, para 1.57.
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The trajectory of regulatory reform in the UK in the wake of the financial crisis
159
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
160
IAIN MACNEIL
The identification of separate roles for the home state of a bank and a
host state in which it conducts foreign operations is long-established
99 See IOSCO Code of Conduct Fundamentals for Credit Rating Agencies at http://www.iosco.org/
library/pubdocs/pdf/ IOSCOPD173.pdf .
100 The primacy of national regulators is reflected in the fact that the registration decision (article 14(4))
and enforcement measures (article 23) are reserved to the competent national authority, albeit subject
to consultation obligations.
101 The Committee of European Securities Regulators: see http://www.cesr-eu.org/ .
102 The Regulation (Annex 1 part B para 4) cites as examples of ancillary services market forecasts,
estimates of economic trends and pricing analysis.
103 See article 6 and section E of Annex 1 to the Regulation.
104 See Mollers, above n84, p499-500.
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The trajectory of regulatory reform in the UK in the wake of the financial crisis
161
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
162
IAIN MACNEIL
issue is linked with the evolution of the role of the new European
System of Financial Supervisors, it seems that both the objective of
that body and emerging policy proposals110 within the EU favour
deeper integration rather than the allocation of greater powers to
host member States. Also linked with this issue is the treatment
of systemically important banks. While the FSAs approach to
that issue has been to argue in favour of some form of regulatory
capital surcharge to reflect the heightened systemic risk posed by
such institutions111, an alternative proposal has focused on requiring
systemically significant branches to incorporate as local subsidiaries
thereby subjecting them to the same capital and liquidity regime as
domestic banks.112 The direction of change on this issue is likely
to prove very significant for the EU in particular as the common
currency area rules out the possibility of the use of monetary policy
at the national level to constrain expansion in bank lending, whereas
powers available to host states to adjust liquidity requirements or
counter-cyclical charges could provide an alternative policy tool to
achieve that objective.113
Adjustments to the FSMA 2000 regime
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The trajectory of regulatory reform in the UK in the wake of the financial crisis
163
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
164
IAIN MACNEIL
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The trajectory of regulatory reform in the UK in the wake of the financial crisis
165
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
166
IAIN MACNEIL
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The trajectory of regulatory reform in the UK in the wake of the financial crisis
167
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
168
IAIN MACNEIL
In the wake of the financial crisis, there have been calls for changes
to be made to the market infrastructure for OTC derivatives.
They range from proposals to mandate that that such instruments
142 This was a review undertaken for the purposes of providing advice to the Commission in connection
with the report on pre-and post-trade transparency required by article 65(1) of MiFID: for background
see the DG Internal Market and Services Working Document (April 2008) at http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/securities/docs/isd/nemt_report_en.pdf.
143 See CESR/09-348 (10 July 2009), recommending that the 2010 Commission revision of MiFID extend post-trade transparency to bonds for which a prospectus has been published or which have been
admitted to trading on a multilateral trading facility. This measure was seen to have the potential to
restore market confidence (by limiting asymmetry of information regarding trading prices and volumes
in the absence of a post-trade reporting regime) and improving liquidity in normal times.
144 See e.g. IOSCO Transparency of Structured Finance Products (September 2009).
145 This extension occurred in June 2009 in the UK through changes to the FSA Handbook: see DTR
5.1 (Notification of the acquisition or disposal of major shareholdings) extending ownership notification
requirements to financial instruments that are equivalent in economic terms to voting shares. At the EU
level CESR has proposed an EU-wide regime for such instruments, which currently fall outside the disclosure requirements of the Transparency Obligations Directive: see CESR /09-1215b (January 2010).
146 See also IOSCO consultation paper Transparency of Structured Finance Products (September
2009) recommending greater post-trade transparency for structured finance products.
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The trajectory of regulatory reform in the UK in the wake of the financial crisis
169
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
170
IAIN MACNEIL
until June 2009 and then indefinitely.153 The Financial Services Act
2010 gives the FSA broader powers to make rules on short-selling,
including restrictions based on financial stability grounds.154 At the
EU level, a model for a pan-European short-selling disclosure regime
has been proposed by CESR.155 It differs from the UK disclosure
model in that it has a lower (0.2%) threshold for disclosure of short
positions in shares to regulators and a higher threshold (0.5%) for
public disclosure. Also relevant in this context is the change in
regulatory style that is now evident in the UK in the wake of the
financial crisis and in particular the greater willingness on the part
of the FSA to take enforcement action over alleged infringements of
the market abuse regime.156
CONDUCT OF BUSINESS REGULATION
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The trajectory of regulatory reform in the UK in the wake of the financial crisis
171
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
172
IAIN MACNEIL
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The trajectory of regulatory reform in the UK in the wake of the financial crisis
173
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
174
IAIN MACNEIL
the monitoring of risk and in decisions on the entitys risk appetite and
tolerance. Specifically, Walker recommended the creation of a board
risk committee and a chief risk officer, independent from business units,
who should report to the committee and participate in risk management
and oversight at the highest level on an enterprise-wide basis.
Remuneration practices
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The trajectory of regulatory reform in the UK in the wake of the financial crisis
175
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
176
IAIN MACNEIL
The use of guidance and evidential provisions limits the extent to which
the Code is mandatory and aims to avoid a one-size-fits-all approach
to remuneration. While the Code clearly does extend the FSAs
supervisory process into the field of remuneration193, it remains to be
seen what, if any, its effect will be. While the post-crisis environment
provides a platform for greater regulatory and shareholder constraint
over remuneration, the failure of a series of governance reforms in
the past twenty years suggest considerable caution in the framing of
expectations. So too does the perceived inability of the government
as controlling shareholder to exercise significant influence over
remuneration (in the case of its controlling stakes in RBS and Lloyds/
HBOS) since that policy may well be interpreted as a truer reflection
of the realities of governance in financial firms, in contrast with the
aspirational rhetoric of the FSAs Code.
CONCLUSION
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The trajectory of regulatory reform in the UK in the wake of the financial crisis
177
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
178
IAIN MACNEIL
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The trajectory of regulatory reform in the UK in the wake of the financial crisis
179
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
180
IAIN MACNEIL
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The trajectory of regulatory reform in the UK in the wake of the financial crisis
181
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
182
IAIN MACNEIL
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The trajectory of regulatory reform in the UK in the wake of the financial crisis
183
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
184
IAIN MACNEIL
iain.mcneil@glasgow.ac.uk
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 137-184,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
SUMARIO
Introduction
Data Privacy Law- Whats the big deal?
What data privacy law aims to achieve
Geographical differences in attitudes to Data Privacy Law
The unique online environment
Large Data Collections
Interconnectivity between networks
The border-disregarding nature
The ease of data distribution
The difficulty of data deletion
The ease of data searches
The security difficulties
Concluding remarks - a paradigm shift in data privacy law?
Bibliography
ABSTRACT
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
186
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The concept of data privacy law and its application to the Internet
187
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
188
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The concept of data privacy law and its application to the Internet
189
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
190
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The concept of data privacy law and its application to the Internet
191
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
192
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The concept of data privacy law and its application to the Internet
193
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
194
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The concept of data privacy law and its application to the Internet
195
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
196
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The concept of data privacy law and its application to the Internet
197
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
198
will be a key asset for service providers and an incentive for investors
looking for optimal conditions when locating services.48
While frequently emulated, the European approach to data privacy
has also been subject to extensive criticism. For example, one
commentator concludes that the EU approach places too much
emphasis on privacy and thus has failed to strike an appropriate
balance between privacy and the competing interests including the
interests of free data flows and of security.49 Further, the same author
has argued that ECJ cases have shown that the rights extended to
E.U. citizens by the [Data Protection] Directive fail to recognize the
practical realities of how data is used in global commerce.50
Discussing the Directive, Kuner notes that:
The lack of widespread and consistent enforcement of data
protection violations has a negative affect on the willingness
of data controllers to comply with European data protection
rules. [...] In the globalized economy, all factors affecting cost
(including legal compliance burdens) tend to be subject to a
risk management exercise, with compliance being more likely
when the risks and costs of non-compliance are higher than
those of compliance. Thus, in many cases data controllers
may regard data protection rules as a kind of bureaucratic
nuisance rather than as law in the same category as tax and
other laws, mainly because of the relative lack of enforcement
and the relative mildness of the possible penalties.51
Importantly, he has also pointed out that:
Data protection law is a European success story that was
ahead of its time and has since spread around the world. But
the EU Data Protection Directive was enacted just before the
Internet revolution and the globalization of data processing
got underway, and thus requires rethinking and adjustment
to retain its internal cohesion, and thus its effectiveness, for
authorities, data controllers, and individuals alike.52
48 Viviane Reding, The European Data Protection Framework for the Twenty-First Century (2012) 2(3)
International Data Privacy Law 119, 129. Importantly, Redings assertion as to the competitive advantages to be gained from a well-structured data privacy framework has also been recognised by industry.
See, eg: Peter Cullen and Jean Goni, 1995 2012: from a Directive to a Regulation, the Microsoft Perspective (2012) 2(3) International Data Privacy Law 117, 117.
49 Edward C Harris, Personal Data Privacy Tradeoffs and How a Swedish Church Lady, Austrian Public
Radio Employees, and Transatlantic Air Carriers Show That Europe Does Not Have the Answers (20062007) 22 American University International Law Review 746.
50 Ibid 798.
51 Christopher, The Internal Morality of European Data Protection Law (November 24, 2008). Available
at SSRN: http://ssrn. com/abstract=1443797 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1443797, at 9.
52 Christopher, The Internal Morality of European Data Protection Law (November 24, 2008). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn. com/abstract=1443797 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1443797, at 19.
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The concept of data privacy law and its application to the Internet
199
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
200
ICT makes possible the collection, storage, use and distribution of data
on a previously unimaginable scale. And with increasing storage and
processing power in ever smaller devices, combined with increased
connection speeds, it can be anticipated that data collection, storage,
use and distribution will only continue to increase.
Lately, Big data has become a term of art referring to novel ways
in which organizations, including government and businesses,
combine diverse digital datasets and then use statistics and other data
mining techniques to extract from them both hidden information
and surprising correlations.56
Just how large quantities of data we are dealing with is clear from
the below:
The Economist reports in its 2012 Outlook that the quantity
of global digital data expanded from 130 exabytes in 2005 to
1,227 in 2010, and is predicted to rise to 7,910 exabytes in 2015.
56 Ira S Rubinstein, Big Data: The End of Privacy or a New Beginning? (2013) 3 (2) International Data
Privacy Law 74, 74.
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The concept of data privacy law and its application to the Internet
201
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
202
It has been said that in the mid-1980s, Stewart Brand made the
interesting observation that information wants to be free.58 While
this statement may be associated with a degree of controversy, the
ease with which information can be distributed is undeniable.
This ease of distribution significantly impacts data privacy; after
all, data privacy is, in a sense, about restricting or controlling the
movement of data.
The difficulty of data deletion
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The concept of data privacy law and its application to the Internet
203
Internet content such as web pages and the images they hold are
frequently backed up (cached) eg by search engines.
In conclusion, there can be no doubt that the difficulty of deleting
data significantly impacts data privacy.
The ease of data searches
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
204
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The concept of data privacy law and its application to the Internet
205
Time and time again we see evidence of the difficulty, some say
impossibility, of keeping data secure. There have been several
spectacular ICT security failures in just the recent years. For
example, in 2011 SONY revealed that the personal information
of approximately 75 million Play Station Network users had been
compromised as a result of an illegal intrusion on its system. The
aftermath of this intrusion is still on-going at the time of writing,
with SONY dropping its appeal against a 250,000 fine issued by the
UK Information Commissioners Office as late as 13 July 2013.63
There is, unfortunately, a wealth of other examples of hacking
incidences with major impact, and the only thing that is certain is
that there is no end to such incidents in sight.
In 2014, the Australian Defence Signal Directorate brought attention
to the following four trends that in combination will enhance the
incentives for, and capability to conduct, malicious activity in
cyberspace:
62 Google Spain SL, Google Inc. v Agencia Espaola de Proteccin de Datos, Mario Costeja Gonzlez
(Case C-131/12), at para 84.
63 Mike Suszek, Sony Drops Appeal for ICO-Issued 2011 Data Loss Fine (13 July 2013) Joystick <http://
www.joystiq. com/2013/07/13/sony-drops-appeal-for-ico-issued-2011-data-loss-fine/>.
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
206
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The concept of data privacy law and its application to the Internet
207
Publication:
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
208
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The concept of data privacy law and its application to the Internet
209
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
210
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
The concept of data privacy law and its application to the Internet
211
Dan_Svantesson@bond.edu.au
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 185-211,2014
LIMITACIONES AL DERECHO DE
INFORMACIN DE LOS ACCIONISTAS EN LA
PRETENSIN SOCIAL DE RESPONSABILIDAD
Alfred Kossuth Wieland
akossuth@thelemabogados.pe
Abogado del Ilustre Colegio de Abogados de Lima. Socio del Estudio Thorne, Echeandia &
Lema Abogados. Maestra en Derecho (LL.M) por la Universidad de Duke. Abogado de la
Universidad de Lima, (Per).
Recibido:11 de junio de 2014
SUMARIO
La responsabilidad del directorio
- Introduccin
- Caractersticas de la responsabilidad
- Las causales de responsabilidad de los directores
La pretensin social de responsabilidad
- Concepto
- Sujetos legitimados para interponer la pretensin social de responsabilidad
Limitaciones al derecho de informacin de los accionistas en la pretensin social de responsabilidad
- El derecho de informacin de los accionistas
- El ejercicio del derecho de informacin cuando se promueve una pretensin social de
responsabilidad
Conclusiones
Referencias bibliogrficas
RESUMEN
akossuth@thelemabogados.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 213-225,2014
214
KEY WORDS
akossuth@thelemabogados.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 213-225,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
215
akossuth@thelemabogados.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 213-225,2014
216
ISSN: 1812-6864
217
akossuth@thelemabogados.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 213-225,2014
218
akossuth@thelemabogados.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 213-225,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
219
Los accionistas
akossuth@thelemabogados.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 213-225,2014
220
DERECHO DE INFORMACIN
EN LA PRETENSIN SOCIAL
DE
DE
ISSN: 1812-6864
221
akossuth@thelemabogados.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 213-225,2014
222
ISSN: 1812-6864
223
akossuth@thelemabogados.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 213-225,2014
224
ISSN: 1812-6864
225
CONCLUSIONES
akossuth@thelemabogados.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 213-225,2014
SUMARIO
Introduccin
Las Cargas y Gravmenes
La Medida Cautelar de Embargo en forma de inscripcin
La Hipoteca
Los efectos jurdicos registrales de las anotaciones de Embargos en forma de inscripcin y de
las Hipotecas
El Trfico Jurdico Inmobiliario y la Caducidad de los Embargos e Hipotecas
La Ley 26639
Los requisitos para la caducidad de los Embargos
Los requisitos para la caducidad de las Hipotecas
La Caducidad de Hipotecas a favor de Instituciones Bancarias
La Presentacin de Ttulos rogando la inscripcin de Caducidad de Embargos e Hipotecas
Conclusin
RESUMEN
juliansiguas@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 227-237,2014
228
Over the years, the application of the law 26639 was restricted as
embargo, for the 28473 law published in the official newspaper El
Peruano on 18 March 2005, to modify the text full of the article 625
of the Civil Procedure Code, establishing that the process initiated
with the code of civil procedure of 1912 the measure precautionary
was winding down of fully entitled to the five years since its
implementation; i.e. were excluded the possibility thereafter expire
embargoes locked in procedures to be followed with the Civil
procedure code. To same fate underwent coercive embargoes listed
under the scope of the tax code, since by order of D. Leg. 953
published in the official journal El Peruano on 5 February 2004,
established that the precautionary measures locked under the scope
of the tax code were not subject to expiration date, thus alluding to
the 26639 law.
PALABRAS CLAVES
juliansiguas@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 227-237,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
229
juliansiguas@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 227-237,2014
230
juliansiguas@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 227-237,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
231
juliansiguas@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 227-237,2014
232
juliansiguas@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 227-237,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
233
juliansiguas@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 227-237,2014
234
PARA
LA
CADUCIDAD
DE
LOS
juliansiguas@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 227-237,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
235
Dicha fecha se tendr que obtener del propio texto del asiento
registral de la hipoteca o del ttulo archivado que lo genero.12
Pese a la doctrina vigente, la dificultad segn el historial de las
resoluciones del Tribunal Registral se gener en establecer el
inicio del plazo para el cmputo de los mencionados diez aos, toda
vez que, el plazo de pago de la obligacin no es uniforme en todas
ellas.
El Tribunal Registral estableci que en el supuesto que de verificarse
que la obligacin no estaba sujeta a plazo para el pago, los diez
aos se computaban inmediatamente de asumida la obligacin; en
el supuesto que se tratara de una obligacin con pago diferido, el
plazo se computaba a partir de la fecha pactada para el pago; y en el
supuesto de pago por cuotas, se tena que tener certeza de la fecha
del pago de la primera cuota para calcular la fecha de vencimiento
de la ltima y a partir de esta contar los diez aos.
Si bien es cierto que, de una interpretacin de la Ley 26339 se
podra caducar las Hipotecas de Seguridad o Abstractas, tomando
como punto de partida en el cmputo del plazo el del asiento de
presentacin del ttulo por la cual se extendi su asiento; y pese a
que en comienzo el Tribunal Registral as lo estableci; a la fecha
el mismo Tribunal Registral ha adoptado un criterio adverso y el
Reglamento del Registro de Inscripciones del Registro de Predios
ha establecido la prohibicin de caducar hipotecas de seguridad,
si no consta en los antecedentes registrales el ttulo que acredite la
generacin y vencimiento de la obligacin garantizada.
LA CADUCIDAD DE HIPOTECAS A FAVOR DE INSTITUCIONES
BANCARIAS
juliansiguas@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 227-237,2014
236
juliansiguas@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 227-237,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
237
juliansiguas@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 227-237,2014
SUMARIO
Introduccin
Qu entendemos por Institucin?
Y qu se entiende por polticas pblicas?
Reaccin del Per antes de la Cumbre de Ro + 20
Sobre la Comisin Multisectorial para Fortalecer la Institucionalidad Ambiental
Primeros intentos de institucionalidad ambiental en el Per
Conclusiones
Bibliografa
RESUMEN
mifranciskovic@hotmail.com / jgodenzzi@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 239-260,2014
240
mifranciskovic@hotmail.com / jgodenzzi@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 239-260,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
241
INTRODUCCIN
mifranciskovic@hotmail.com / jgodenzzi@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 239-260,2014
242
mifranciskovic@hotmail.com / jgodenzzi@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 239-260,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
243
mifranciskovic@hotmail.com / jgodenzzi@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 239-260,2014
244
Objetivos
Metas
Estructura organizativa
Mecanismos
(Planes, Programas)
Evaluacin o monitoreo
mifranciskovic@hotmail.com / jgodenzzi@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 239-260,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
245
mifranciskovic@hotmail.com / jgodenzzi@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 239-260,2014
246
ISSN: 1812-6864
247
mifranciskovic@hotmail.com / jgodenzzi@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 239-260,2014
248
mifranciskovic@hotmail.com / jgodenzzi@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 239-260,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
249
mifranciskovic@hotmail.com / jgodenzzi@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 239-260,2014
250
mifranciskovic@hotmail.com / jgodenzzi@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 239-260,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
251
mifranciskovic@hotmail.com / jgodenzzi@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 239-260,2014
252
mifranciskovic@hotmail.com / jgodenzzi@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 239-260,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
253
mifranciskovic@hotmail.com / jgodenzzi@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 239-260,2014
254
mifranciskovic@hotmail.com / jgodenzzi@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 239-260,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
255
mifranciskovic@hotmail.com / jgodenzzi@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 239-260,2014
256
mifranciskovic@hotmail.com / jgodenzzi@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 239-260,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
257
mifranciskovic@hotmail.com / jgodenzzi@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 239-260,2014
258
CONCLUSIONES
ISSN: 1812-6864
259
mifranciskovic@hotmail.com / jgodenzzi@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 239-260,2014
260
mifranciskovic@hotmail.com / jgodenzzi@yahoo.es
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 239-260,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
SUMARIO
La automatizacin de la administracin pblica
Funcionalidad del sistema informtico
Las ventajas de la tecnologa de la informacin
Contenidos multimedia y su potencialidad
Conclusin
Bibliografa legislativa
RESUMEN
aelliot@gfhl.supervisores.gob.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 261-267,2014
262
KEY WORDS
aelliot@gfhl.supervisores.gob.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 261-267,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
263
INFORMTICO
EN
LA
aelliot@gfhl.supervisores.gob.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 261-267,2014
264
ISSN: 1812-6864
265
aelliot@gfhl.supervisores.gob.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 261-267,2014
266
aelliot@gfhl.supervisores.gob.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 261-267,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
267
aelliot@gfhl.supervisores.gob.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 261-267,2014
SUMARIO
Introduccin
Rompiendo paradigmas sobre la actuacin del estado peruano en funcin de las
inversiones
Determinacin de los ejes transversales sistmicos para la inversin
Prioridades en los proyectos de inversin para el desarrollo
Apuntes finales
Referencias bibliogrficas
RESUMEN
jdurandc@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 269-292,2014
270
Control- Consumer - management - public and political abuse Strategy - agencies - economy - development
INTRODUCCIN
jdurandc@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 269-292,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
271
jdurandc@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 269-292,2014
272
jdurandc@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 269-292,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
273
jdurandc@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 269-292,2014
274
jdurandc@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 269-292,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
275
jdurandc@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 269-292,2014
276
4 Jorge Chvez, Antonio Cusato (Diciembre 2005), sostiene que: El concepto de brecha de inversin
implica el reconocimiento de la falta de inversiones para llegar a una meta o cumplir con ciertos requerimientos de infraestructura, ya sea por el uso de instalaciones en condiciones subptimas y/o la
dificultad de satisfacer la demanda actual y futura.
jdurandc@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 269-292,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
277
jdurandc@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 269-292,2014
278
jdurandc@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 269-292,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
279
jdurandc@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 269-292,2014
280
jdurandc@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 269-292,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
281
jdurandc@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 269-292,2014
282
jdurandc@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 269-292,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
283
jdurandc@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 269-292,2014
284
jdurandc@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 269-292,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
285
jdurandc@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 269-292,2014
286
jdurandc@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 269-292,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
287
jdurandc@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 269-292,2014
288
jdurandc@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 269-292,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
289
jdurandc@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 269-292,2014
290
En este sector los empresarios han propuesto que todos los peruanos
tengamos acceso a servicios de salud de calidad, elevando el estndar
de atencin en salud buscando mayor eficiencia en la gestin y mayor
acceso a los medicamentos para una mejor calidad de vida.
Los compromisos del Estado y los privados para promover el
turismo, son los siguientes:
a.- Inversin privada de US$ 1 000 millones en el sector.
b.- Ampliar en 2 000 la oferta de camas con servicios de calidad.
c.- Promover el desarrollo de modelos de baja complejidad para
descongestionar el primer nivel de atencin.
d.- Implementar Historias Clnicas Compartidas a travs de una
asociacin, y ponerlas a disposicin de los pacientes a travs de
un sistema virtual.
e.- Promover el uso de medicamentos genricos de calidad, lo que
permitira un ahorro estimado de 60% en el gasto de pacientes.
En el Sector Minera:
ISSN: 1812-6864
291
jdurandc@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 269-292,2014
292
jdurandc@usmp.pe
VOX JURIS, Lima (Per) 27 (1): 269-292,2014
ISSN: 1812-6864
293
Presentacin de trabajos
Los trabajos deben ser originales. Estos pueden ser estudios
de naturaleza emprica o terica, referidos al mbito cientfico,
acadmico y profesional del Derecho y disciplinas afines.
Para ser publicables, los trabajos deben ceirse, preferentemente,
tanto en su formato como en su contenido, a las normas de la American
Psychological Association (APA) en su ltima edicin, as como a
los lineamientos que aparecen en el link: http://www.derecho.usmp.
edu.pe/ instituto/ lineas_investigacion/ LINEAMIENTOS_PARA_
ARTICULOS.pdf del Portal Web de la Facultad.
Los trabajos propuestos para su publicacin sern enviados al
correo electrnico del Instituto de Investigacin Jurdica: investiga_
derecho@usmp.pe Adicionalmente deben enviar una carta dirigida al
Consejo Editorial de la Revista con el ttulo y el autor (es) del trabajo.
Es poltica de la revista priorizar la publicacin de los artculos de
acuerdo con los temas de inters.
Sistema de arbitraje de los artculos
El sistema de arbitraje se realiza en dos etapas, en la primera de
ellas, se verifica que el artculo cumpla con los aspectos formales:
esta criba es realizada por los miembros del Consejo Editorial.
De no cumplir con las normas estipuladas por la revista estos
manuscritos sern devueltos a los autores para que se realicen los
ajustes correspondientes.
La segunda etapa evala el contenido y aporte cientfico del artculo,
para lo cual es remitido a dos miembros del Consejo Editorial, a
doble ciego (los rbitros no conocen la identidad de los articulistas
y viceversa). El dictamen ser comunicado en un plazo no mayor
a 30 das. En caso de controversia dirime el presidente del consejo
editorial.
El artculo tiene tres modalidades de evaluacin:
a.- Est listo para publicar
b.- Han de llevarse a cabo algunas modificaciones
c.- No se recomienda su publicacin
Los articulistas pueden preguntar en todo momento sobre el proceso
de arbitraje de su manuscrito. Los autores son comunicados por
el Consejo Editorial sobre la decisin tomada por los rbitros.
294
ISSN: 1812-6864
295
Presentation of Works:
Entries must be original. These studies can be empirical or theoretical
nature, relating to scientific, academic and legal professional field
and related disciplines.
In order to be publishable, works should preferably adhere, both in
format and content to the standards of the American Psychological
Association (APA) in its latest edition as well as to the guidelines
listed in the link http://www.derecho.usmp.edu.pe/instituto/lineas_
investigacion/LINEAMIENTOS_PARA_ARTICULOS.pdf from
the Web Portal of the Faculty.
The works proposed for publication will be sent to the email of
the Institute of Legal Research: investiga_derecho@usmp.pe . In
addition to this, all authors must send a letter to the Editorial Board
of the Journal with the title and author(s) of work.
It is the policy of the journal to prioritize the publication of articles
according to topics of interest.
Arbitration System Articles
The arbitration system is done in two stages, the first one, it is
verified that the item meets the formal aspects: this screening is
performed by members of the Editorial Board. Failure to comply
with the standards set by the magazine, these manuscripts will be
returned to the authors for appropriate adjustments are made.
The second stage evaluates the content and scientific contribution
of the article to which it is sent to two members of the Editorial
Board where the members do not know the identity of the authors
and vice versa). The decision will be communicated within a period
not exceeding thirty (30) days.
In case of dispute Chairman of the editorial board invalidates.
The article is evaluated under three parameters:
a.- It is ready for publication.
b.- Some modifications can be carried out.
c.- Publication is not recommended.
The authors can inquire at any time about the arbitration process of their
manuscript. The authors are informed by the Editorial Board of the
decision taken by the arbitrators. If comments are filed, they must be
296
evaluated by the authors who will report within a period not exceeding
thirty (30) days; after this period the item will be considered again in
the waiting list.
Accepted papers are published and sent to the authors for review,
they will be returned accompanied by a letter of approval for
publication in the next issue of the magazine in the span of thirty
(30) days. Each author will receive a printed copy.
References at the end of the text
References appear at the end of the text and are sorted alphabetically
by authors last name followed by the initials of their names, doublespaced with hanging indent. For electronic documents, currently not
all documents have DOI (Digital Object Identifier), but if so it has
to be included as part of the references.
Note: the opinions and information contained in this journal are
those of the authors.
If a paper is accepted for publication, printing and reproduction
rights in any form and medium are in the magazine.
ISSN: 1812-6864