Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
2 (27. Remschmidt HE, Schulz E, Martin M, Warnke A & Trott GE: Childhood-onset schizophrenia: history of
the concept and recent studies. Schizophr Bull 1994; 20:727-745.)
5 Conrad K. La esquizofrenia incipiente. 1.a ed Madrid: Fundacin archivos de Neurobiologa; 1958/ 1997.
6 Fusar-Poli P, Borgwardt S, McGuire P. Vulnerability to Psychosis: From Neurosciences to Psychopathology.
London, United Kingdom: Psychology Press; 2011.
7 Fusar-Poli P, Yung AR. Should attenuated psychosis syndrome be included in DSM5? Lancet.
2012;379(9816):591-592.
8 Yung AR, Phillips LJ, Yuen HP, Francey SM, McFarlane CA, HallgrenM, McGorry PD. Psychosis prediction: 12month follow up of a high-risk (prodromal) group. Schizophr Res. 2003;60(1):21-32.
9 Morrison AP, French P, Walford L, Lewis SW, Kilcommons A, Green J, Parker S, Bentall RP. Cognitive therapy
for the prevention of psychosis in people at ultrahigh risk: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry.
2004;185:291-297.
Dentro del sndrome se han descrito distintas entidades que formaran dos
etapas de evolucin previa al desencadenamiento de la psicosis 10.
Transicin en estados de
riesgo de psicosis hasta
primer brote.11
10 Keshavan MS, DeLisi LE, Seidman LJ. Early and broadly defined psychosis risk mental states. Schizophr
Res. 2011;126(1-3):1-10.
11 The Psychosis High-Risk State A Comprehensive State-of-the-Art Review Paolo Fusar-Poli, MD, PhD; JAMA
Psychiatry. 2013;70(1):107-120. Published online November 19, 2012. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.269
12 Schultze-Lutter F. Subjective symptoms of schizophrenia in research and the clinic: the basic symptom
concept. Schizophr Bull. 2009;35(1):5-8.
13 Sandra M. Goulding, MPH, MA*, Carrie W. Holtzman, MA, Hanan D. Trotman, PhD. The Prodrome and
Clinical Risk for Psychotic Disorders. Mental Health and Development Program, Department of Psychology,
Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Room 270, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. COMO HACER ESTA REFERENCIA?: por
ahora asi como the lo he dejado, para no desordenarnos y seguir el hilo conductor.
15 Nelson B, Fusar-Poli P, Yung AR. Can we detect psychotic-like experiences in the general population? Curr
Pharm Des. 2012;18(4):376-385.
16 (ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT OF THE RISK OF PSYCHOSIS Nicolas Zdanowicz, Laurence Mees, Denis
Jacques, David Tordeurs & Christine Reynaert Universit Catholique de Louvain, CHU Mont-Godinne,
Psychosomatic Unit, Yvoir, Belgium IN ADOLESCENTS A REVIEW)
17 (27. Remschmidt HE, Schulz E, Martin M, Warnke A & Trott GE: Childhood-onset schizophrenia: history of
the concept and recent studies. Schizophr Bull 1994; 20:727-745.)
18 Yung AR, McGorry PD. The prodromal phase of first-episode psychosis: past and current
conceptualizations. Schizophr Bull. 1996;22(2):353-70.
Negative
Symptoms
Disorganization
Symptoms
General
Symptoms
Unusual Thought
Content/Delusional
Ideas
Suspictousness/Pers
ecutory Ideas
Grandiosity
Social Anhedonia
Sleep Disturbance
Avolition
Bizarre Thinking
Dysphoric Mood
Expression of
Emotion
Experience of
Emotions and Self
Motor Disturbances
Perceptual
Abnormalities/Hallu
cinations
Disorganized
Communication
Impaired Tolerance
to Normal Stress
Ideational Richness
Occupational
Functioning
20 Miller TJ1, McGlashan TH, Rosen JL, Cadenhead K, Cannon T, Ventura J, McFarlane W, Perkins DO, Pearlson
GD, Woods SW. Prodromal assessment with the structured interview for prodromal syndromes and the scale
of prodromal symptoms: predictive validity, interrater reliability, and training to reliability. Schizophr Bull.
2003;29(4):703-15.
As, esto demostr que reuniendo los criterios SIPS para un sndrome de riesgo
de psicosis colocan al paciente en riesgo significativo de desarrollar psicosis en
un futuro prximo. En 2006 fue evaluado la validez de las subescalas del
instrumento por el grupo de S. Lemos en Oviedo 21, donde en base a los
resultados que arrojaron una tasa de incidencia de psicosis del 26.67% en la
muestra estudiada durante el seguimiento de un ao se comprob que las
subescalas de la SOPS presentaron excelente valor predictivo positivo, siendo
los sntomas los sntomas negativos los que mostraron mejores ndices de
especificidad (95.5%) y de sensibilidad (100%). Se concluy, que los criterios
diagnsticos basados en la SIPS/SOPS permiten identificar a las personas de
alto riesgo de psicosis y predecir con bastante precisin la aparicin de los
episodios psicticos a mediano plazo, siendo un instrumento vlido, econmico
y de fcil utilizacin en sistemas de salud.
En este sentido existen otros instrumentos que compiten con el SIPS en cuanto
diagnostico precoz, el CAARMS basado en los perfiles anteriormente como
sndromes de riesgo, tratando de determinar si el paciente corresponde a uno
de ellos, pero se maneja preferentemente el SIPS por lo anteriormente
mencionado, detectar la conversin a psicosis y permitir una medicin
evolutiva del estado mental.
Ahora, un reciente meta-anlisis22 de aproximadamente 2500 individuos
diagnosticados de HR se vio que independientemente del instrumento usado el
riesgo de transicin fue de 18% (12%-25%) a los 6 meses, 22% (17%-28%) al
ao, 29% (23%-36%) a los dos aos, 32% (24%-35%) a los 3 aos y 36% (30%43%) despus de 3 aos.
II.2.- Evolucin del grupo de alto riego
A partir de una anlisis del grupo de casos del North American Prodrome
Longitudinal Study, se sigui a los sujetos en riesgo clnico, y cmo
evolucionan los no convertidores, donde las personas que buscan ayuda que
cumplen los criterios prodrmicos parecen representar los que estn realmente
21 Lemos S1, Vallina O, Fernndez P, Ortega JA, Garca P, Gutirrez A, Bobes J, Garca A, Miller T. Predictive
validity of the Scale of Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS). Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2006 Jul-Aug;34(4):216-23.
22 Fusar-Poli P, Bonoldi I, Yung AR, Borgwardt S, Kempton M, Barale F, Caverzasi E, McGuire P. Predicting
psychosis: meta-analysis of transition outcomes in individuals at high clinical risk. Arch Gen Psychiatry.
2012;69(3):220-229.
23 Addington, J., Cornblatt, B. A., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., McGlashan, T. H., Perkins, D. O., ... &
Heinssen, R. (2011). At clinical high risk for psychosis: outcome for nonconverters. American Journal of
Psychiatry, 168(8), 800-805.
24 Trotman, Hanan D., et al. "Stress exposure and sensitivity in the clinical high-risk syndrome: Initial
findings from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS)." Schizophrenia Research (2014).
25 Giuliano AJ, Li H, Mesholam-Gately RI, et al. Neurocognition in psychosis risk syndrome: quantitative and
qualitative review. Curr Pharm Des. 2012; 18:399415. [PubMed: 22239571]
26 Kim HS, Shin NY, Jang JH, et al. Social cognition and neurocognition as predictors to psychosis in
individuals at ultra-high risk. Schizophr Res. 2012; 38:86572.
27 Howes, Oliver, et al. "OUTCOME IN SUBJECTS AT ULTRA HIGH RISK OF PSYCHOSIS: RELATIONSHIP TO
DOPAMINERGIC FUNCTION." Schizophrenia Research 153.Supplement 1 (2014).
28 A Gaspar, P., et al. "From glutamatergic dysfunction to cognitive impairment: boundaries in the
therapeutic of the schizophrenia." Current pharmaceutical biotechnology 13.8 (2012): 1543-1548.
29 Allen, Paul, et al. "Functional Outcome in People at High Risk for Psychosis Predicted by Thalamic
Glutamate Levels and Prefronto-Striatal Activation." Schizophrenia bulletin (2014): sbu115.
30 Gaspar, P. A., et al. "The aberrant connectivity hypothesis in schizophrenia." From Attention to GoalDirected Behavior. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. 301-323.
31 Gaspar, Pablo A., et al. "Parametric increases of working memory load unveil a decreased alpha
oscillatory activity in schizophrenia." Schizophrenia research 131.1 (2011): 268-269.
32 Ramyead, Avinash, et al. "Aberrant Current Source-Density and Lagged Phase Synchronization of Neural
Oscillations as Markers for Emerging Psychosis."Schizophrenia bulletin (2014): sbu134.
33 (Hagenmuller, Florence et al. Early Somatosensory Processing in Individuals at Risk for Developing
Psychoses. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 8 (2014): 308. PMC. Web. 30 Nov. 2014.)
34 Pantelis C, Velakoulis D, McGorry PD, Wood SJ, Suckling J, Phillips LJ, Yung AR, Bullmore ET, Brewer W,
Soulsby B, Desmond P, McGuire PK. Neuroanatomical abnormalities before and after onset of psychosis: a
cross-sectional and longitudinal MRI comparison. Lancet. 2003;361(9354):281-288.
35 Smieskova R, Fusar-Poli P, Allen P, Bendfeldt K, Stieglitz RD, Drewe J, Radue EW, McGuire PK, RiecherRssler A, Borgwardt SJ. Neuroimaging predictors of transition to psychosis: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2010;34(8):1207-1222.
36 Mechelli A, Riecher-Rossler A, Meisenzahl EM, Tognin S, Wood SJ, Borgwardt SJ, Koutsouleris N, Yung AR,
Stone JM, Phillips LJ, McGorry PD, Valli I, Velakoulis D, Woolley J, Pantelis C, McGuire P. Neuroanatomical
abnormalities that predate the onset of psychosis: a multicenter study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011; 68(5):489495.
37 Broome MR, Matthiasson P, Fusar-Poli P, Woolley JB, Johns LC, Tabraham P, Bramon E, Valmaggia L,
Williams SC, Brammer MJ, Chitnis X, McGuire PK. Neural correlates of executive function and workingmemory
in the at-risk mental state. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;194(1):25-33.
38 Morey RA, Inan S, Mitchell TV, Perkins DO, Lieberman JA, Belger A. Imaging frontostriatal function in ultrahigh-risk, early, and chronic schizophrenia during executive processing. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(3):254262.
39 Howes OD, Montgomery AJ, Asselin MC, Murray RM, Valli I, Tabraham P, Bramon-Bosch E, Valmaggia L,
Johns L, Broome M, McGuire PK, Grasby PM. Elevated striatal dopamine function linked to prodromal signs of
schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(1):13-20.
40 (Intermediate phenotypes in psychiatric disorders Roberta Rasetti and Daniel R. Weinberger* Clinical
Brain Disorders Branch: Genes, Cognition, and Psychosis Program, NIMH, NIH,Bethesda, MD, USA.)
41 Casarotti, H. (2013). Revisin crtica de la propuesta del DSM-5: el sndrome de sntomas psicticos
atenuados. Rev Psiquiatr Urug, 77(1), 13-19.
43 Schultze-Lutter, Frauke, Benno G. Schimmelmann, and Stephan Ruhrmann. "The near Babylonian speech
confusion in early detection of psychosis." Schizophrenia bulletin 37.4 (2011): 653-655.
44 FusarPoli, P., & Van Os, J. (2013). Lost in transition: setting the psychosis threshold in prodromal
research. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 127(3), 248-252.
45 Kendell R, Jablensky A. Distinguis-hing between the validity and utility of psychiatric diagnosis. Am J
Psychiatry2003; 160:4-12
46 Tonya White, M.D.; Afshan Anjum, M.D.; S. Charles Schulz, M.D. "The Schizophrenia Prodrome." American
Journal of Psychiatry, 163(3), pp. 376380
47 Fusar-Poli, P., et al. "Attenuated psychosis syndrome: ready for DSM-5.1?." Annual review of clinical
psychology 10 (2014): 155-192.