Anuario Estadstico de Amrica Latina y el Caribe

Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean

2013
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Anuario Estadstico de Amrica Latina y el Caribe
Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean
2013
Alicia Brcena
Secretaria Ejecutiva
Executive Secretary
Antonio Prado
Secretario Ejecutivo Adjunto
Deputy Executive Secretary
Pascual Gerstenfeld
Director de la Divisin de Estadsticas
Chief, Statistics Division
Ricardo Prez
Director de la Divisin de Publicaciones y Servicios Web
Chief, Publications and Web Services Division
La elaboracin de la presente edicin del Anuario Estadstico fue coordinada por Pascual Gerstenfeld, Director de la Divisin de Estadsticas
de la Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), y Daniel Taccari, de la misma divisin. La informacin es fruto de la
oportuna colaboracin de los directores de los organismos de estadsticas y los presidentes de los bancos centrales de los pases de la regin.
El estudio fue coordinado en el rea de las estadsticas sociales y demogrficas por Xavier Mancero, con la colaboracin de Marco Galvn,
Carlos Howes y Claudio Moris. La coordinacin del procesamiento de las estadsticas relativas a cuentas nacionales, balanza de pagos,
comercio exterior y precios estuvo a cargo de Giovanni Savio, con la colaboracin de Claudia de Camino, Carolina Cavada, Hernn Epstein,
Patricia Marchant, Salvador Marconi, Mara Alejandra Ovalle y Ernestina Prez. La coordinacin del rea de estadsticas ambientales y de
recursos naturales estuvo a cargo de Kristina Taboulchanas con la colaboracin de Marina Gil. Los aspectos de programacin estuvieron
a cargo de Iaki Gonzlez, Vernica Lazo y Ricardo Vsquez; la portada de la versin electrnica fue realizada por Pauline Stockins.
Publicacin de las Naciones Unidas / United Nations Publication
ISBN: 978-92-1-221113-8
E-ISBN: 978-92-1-056244-7
ISSN: 1014-0697
LC/G.2582-P
Nmero de venta / Sales No. E/S.14.II.G.1
Copyright Naciones Unidas, diciembre de 2013 / Copyright United Nations, December 2013
Todos los derechos estn reservados / All rights reserved
Impreso en Santiago de Chile - Naciones Unidas / Printed in Santiago, Chile - United Nations
La autorizacin para reproducir total o parcialmente esta obra debe solicitarse al Secretario de la Junta de Publicaciones, Sede
de las Naciones Unidas, Nueva York, N.Y. 10017, Estados Unidos. Los Estados miembros y sus instituciones gubernamentales
puedenreproducir esta obra sin autorizacin previa. Solo se les solicita que mencionen la fuente e informen a las Naciones Unidas
de talreproduccin.
Applications for the right to reproduce this work are welcomed and should be sent to the Secretary of the Publications Board, United
Nations Headquarters, New York, N.Y. 10017, U.S.A. Member States and their governmental institutions may reproduce this work
without prior authorization, but are requested to mention the source and inform the United Nations of such reproduction.
2013-688
This years edition of the Statistical Yearbook was coordinated by Pascual Gerstenfeld, Chief of the Statistics Division of the Economic
Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), and Daniel Taccari, also of the Statistics Division. The information it contains
was made available through the timely collaboration of the directors of statistical offices and the presidents of central banks in the countries
of the region. The area of social and demographic statistics was coordinated by Xavier Mancero with the assistance of Marco Galvn,
Carlos Howes and Claudio Moris. The processing of statistics relating to national accounts, balance of payments, foreign trade and prices
was coordinated by Giovanni Savio, with assistance of Claudia de Camino, Carolina Cavada, Hernn Epstein, Patricia Marchant, Salvador
Marconi, Mara Alejandra Ovalle and Ernestina Perez. The compilation of environmental and natural resources statistics was coordinated
by Kristina Taboulchanas with the assistance of Marina Gil. The programming work was performed by Iaki Gonzlez, Vernica Lazo and
Ricardo Vsquez; the graphic design of the electronic version was prepared by Pauline Stockins.
Notas explicativas
En los cuadros del presente Anuario se han empleado los siguientes signos:
El smbolo indica que el cuadro solo figura en la versin
electrnica.
Tres puntos (...) indican que los datos no estn disponibles o no
se pueden desglosar.
La raya () indica que la cantidad es nula o despreciable.
El punto (.) se usa para separar los decimales.
El guion (-) puesto entre cifras que expresen aos por ejemplo,
2000-2005 indica que se trata de todo el perodo considerado,
ambos aos inclusive.
Los totales que aparecen en los cuadros corresponden a la
suma o al promedio de los datos expuestos en cada uno de
ellos, salvo indicacin contraria.
Las cantidades que se refieren a agrupaciones de pases corresponden
al conjunto de pases que aportaron informacin sobre ese perodo
o ao, salvo indicacin contraria. Por esta razn, los aos o
perodos de una serie pueden no ser estrictamente comparables.
La sigla n.e.p. significa no especificado (o no incluido) en
otra parte.
La palabra toneladas indica toneladas mtricas y la palabra
dlares se refiere a dlares de los Estados Unidos, salvo
indicacin contraria.
Debido a que a veces se redondean las cifras, los datos parciales
y los porcentajes presentados en los cuadros no siempre suman
el total correspondiente.
En esta publicacin, el trmino pas se refiere a entidades
territoriales, ya sean Estados conforme al derecho y a la prctica
internacional o territorios para los cuales se mantienen datos
estadsticos en forma separada e independiente. La denominacin
Caribe neerlands se refiere a Bonaire, Saba y San Eustaquio.
Sin embargo, en algunas series puede estar mencionada
la antigua entidad autnoma del Reino de los Pases Bajos
Antillas Neerlandesas, que se disolvi el 10 de octubre de
2010 e inclua los territorios de Curaao, San Martn, Bonaire,
San Eustaquio y Saba.
Este documento debe citarse como:
Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL),
Anuario Estadstico de Amrica Latina y el Caribe, 2013 (LC/G.2582-P),
Santiago de Chile, 2013. Publicacin de las Naciones Unidas, Nde
venta: E/S.14.II.G.1
Explanatory notes
The following symbols have been used in the tables in the Yearbook:
The symbol indicates that the table is available only in
electronic form.
Three dots (...) indicate that data are not available or cannot
be disaggregated.
A dash () indicates that the amount is zero or negligible.
A point (.) is used to indicate decimals.
Use of a hyphen (-) between years, e.g. 2000-2005, indicates
reference to the complete number of calendar years involved,
including the beginning and end years.
The totals given in the tables correspond to the sum or to the
average of the individual values shown in each table, unless
otherwise stated.
The figures given for different groups of countries correspond
to the set of reporting countries for that period or year, unless
otherwise stated. For this reason, the years or periods in a series
may not be strictly comparable.
The abbreviation n.e.s. indicates that the item in question is not
elsewhere specified (or not included).
Reference to tons means metric tons, and to dollars means
United States dollars, unless otherwise stated.
Individual figures and percentages in tables may not add up to
the corresponding total, because of rounding.
In this publication, the term country is used to refer to territorial
entities, whether these are States as understood by international
law and practice or simply territories for which statistical data
are maintained on a separate and independent basis. The
denomination Caribbean Netherlands refers to Bonaire,
Saba and Sint Eustatius. Nevertheless, some series include the
former autonomous part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Netherlands Antilles, which was dissolved on 10 October 2010
and comprised the entities Curaao and Sint Maarten and the
Netherlands municipalities of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba.
This document should be cited as:
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC),
Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2013
(LC/G.2582-P), Santiago, Chile, 2013. United Nations publication,
Sales No. E/S.14.II.G.1
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Presentacin / Preface ........................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Perfiles regionales / Regional profiles ................................................................................................................................................. 21
Amrica Latina y el Caribe: perl regional socio-demogrco / Latin America and the Caribbean:
regional socio-demographic prole ........................................................................................................................................................ 23
Amrica Latina y el Caribe: perl regional econmico / Latin America and the Caribbean:
regional economic prole ....................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Amrica Latina y el Caribe: perl regional ambiental / Latin America and the Caribbean:
regional environmental prole ............................................................................................................................................................... 28
1. Estadsticas sociales / Social statistics............................................................................................................................................ 31
1.1 Poblacin / Population ........................................................................................................................................................................... 33
1.1.1 Poblacin total / Total population ......................................................................................................................................................... 33
1.1.2 Tasa de crecimiento de la poblacin total, por quinquenios / Total population growth rate, by five-year periods ............................... 34
1.1.3 Proyecciones de la poblacin total, por quinquenios / Projected total population, by five-year periods .............................................. 35
1.1.4 Estructura de la poblacin total, por grupos de edad / Structure of the total population, by age group ................................................ 36
1.1.5 Relacin de dependencia demogrca / Demographic dependency ratio............................................................................................ 37
1.1.6 Tasa de crecimiento anual de la poblacin total, por grupos de edad
Annual growth rate of the total population, by age group ..................................................................................................................... 38
1.1.7 Tasa de natalidad, por quinquenios / Birth rate, by five-year periods ..................................................................................................... 39
1.1.8 Tasa de mortalidad, por quinquenios / Mortality rate, by five-year periods ........................................................................................... 40
1.1.9 Tasa global de fecundidad, por quinquenios / Total fertility rate, by five-year periods .......................................................................... 41
1.1.10 Esperanza de vida al nacer segn sexo, por quinquenios / Life expectancy at birth, by sex and five-year periods ............................... 42
1.1.11 Porcentaje de poblacin urbana / Percentage of urban population ....................................................................................................... 43
1.1.12 Poblacin en el rea metropolitana principal / Population in the main metropolitan area .................................................................... 44
1.1.13 Tamao medio de los hogares, segn quintiles de ingreso / Average size of households, by income quintile ....................................... 45
1.1.14 Tipos de hogares, segn sexo del jefe de hogar / Types of households, by sex of head of household ................................................... 46
1.1.15 Tipos de hogares, segn nivel de ingreso per cpita del hogar, 2012
Types of households, by household per capita income level, 2012 ........................................................................................................ 47
1.1.16 Poblacin total, por grupos de edad / Total population, by age group ..................................................................................................
1.1.17 Poblacin masculina, por grupos de edad / Male population, by age group .........................................................................................
1.1.18 Poblacin femenina, por grupos de edad / Female population, by age group .......................................................................................
1.1.19 Poblacin en localidades de 20.000 y ms habitantes y de 100.000 y ms habitantes
Population in localities with 20,000 or more and 100,000 or more inhabitants ..................................................................................
1.1.20 Poblacin en las dos reas metropolitanas principales / Population in the two main metropolitan areas .............................................
1.1.21 Poblacin en hogares particulares, por tamao del hogar / Population in private households, by size of household ..........................
1.2 Trabajo / Labour ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 48
1.2.1 Poblacin econmicamente activa, por sexo / Economically active population, by sex ........................................................................ 48
1.2.2 Tasa de participacin en la actividad econmica, por sexo / Economic participation rate, by sex ....................................................... 49
1.2.3 Tasa de participacin de la poblacin urbana en la actividad econmica, por sexo
Economic participation rate of the urban population, by sex ................................................................................................................. 50
1.2.4 Tasa de participacin de la poblacin en la actividad econmica, por sexo y grupos de edad, 2012
Economic participation rate of the population, by sex and age group, 2012 ......................................................................................... 51
1.2.5 Estructura de la poblacin ocupada total, por sector de actividad econmica
Structure of the total employed population, by sector of economic activity ......................................................................................... 52
1.2.6 Estructura de la poblacin ocupada masculina, por sector de actividad econmica
Structure of the male employed population, by sector of economic activity .........................................................................................
1.2.7 Estructura de la poblacin ocupada femenina, por sector de actividad econmica
Structure of the female employed population, by sector of economic activity ......................................................................................
1.2.8 Estructura de la poblacin ocupada total, por sector de actividad econmica, 2012
Structure of the total employed population, by sector of economic activity, 2012 ................................................................................ 53
1.2.9 Estructura de la poblacin ocupada masculina, por sector de actividad econmica, 2012
Structure of the male employed population, by sector of economic activity, 2012 ...............................................................................
1.2.10 Estructura de la poblacin ocupada femenina, por sector de actividad econmica, 2012
Structure of the female employed population, by sector of economic activity, 2012.............................................................................
1.2.11 Estructura de la poblacin ocupada urbana total, por grupos ocupacionales, 2012
Structure of the total urban employed population, by occupational group, 2012 ................................................................................. 54
1.2.12 Estructura de la poblacin ocupada urbana masculina, por grupos ocupacionales, 2012
Structure of the urban male employed population, by occupational group, 2012 .................................................................................
1.2.13 Estructura de la poblacin ocupada urbana femenina, por grupos ocupacionales, 2012
Structure of the urban female employed population, by occupational group, 2012 ..............................................................................
1.2.14 Estructura de la poblacin ocupada urbana total, por categora ocupacional, 2012
Structure of the total urban employed population, by category of employment, 2012 ......................................................................... 55
1.2.15 Estructura de la poblacin ocupada urbana masculina, por categora ocupacional, 2012
Structure of the male urban employed population, by category of employment, 2012 .........................................................................
1.2.16 Estructura de la poblacin ocupada urbana femenina, por categora ocupacional, 2012
Structure of the female urban employed population, by category of employment, 2012 ......................................................................
1.2.17 Tasa de desempleo / Unemployment rate .............................................................................................................................................. 56
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1.2.18 Tasa de desempleo abierto urbano, segn sexo y grupos de edad, 2012
Urban open unemployment rate, by sex and age group, 2012 .............................................................................................................. 57
1.2.19 Tasa de desempleo abierto urbano, segn sexo y aos de estudios, 2012
Urban open unemployment rate, by sex and years of schooling, 2012 .................................................................................................. 58
1.3 Educacin / Education ............................................................................................................................................................................ 59
1.3.1 Tasa de alfabetizacin de las personas de 15 aos y ms de edad, por sexo
Literacy rate in the population aged 15 years and over, by sex .............................................................................................................. 59
1.3.2 Poblacin analfabeta, por sexo y grupos de edad, 2012 / Illiterate population, by sex and age group, 2012 ........................................ 60
1.3.3 Tasa neta de matrcula en el primer nivel de enseanza / Net enrolment rate in first-level education ................................................... 61
1.3.4 Tasa neta de matrcula en el segundo nivel de enseanza / Net enrolment rate in second-level education .......................................... 62
1.3.5 Tasa bruta de matrcula en el tercer nivel de enseanza / Gross enrolment rate in third-level education .............................................. 63
1.3.6 Asistencia escolar por quintiles de ingreso per cpita del hogar, segn sexo y grupos de edad, 2012
School attendance by per capita household income quintile, sex and age group, 2012 ........................................................................ 64
1.3.7 Promedio de alumnos por maestro en el primer nivel de enseanza
Average number of pupils per teacher, in first-level education ............................................................................................................... 65
1.3.8 Promedio de alumnos por maestro en el segundo nivel de enseanza
Average number of pupils per teacher, in second-level education ......................................................................................................... 66
1.3.9 Gasto pblico en educacin / Public expenditure on education ........................................................................................................... 67
1.3.10 Matrcula en el primer nivel de enseanza / Enrolment in first-level education .....................................................................................
1.3.11 Matrcula en el segundo nivel de enseanza / Enrolment in second-level education ............................................................................
1.3.12 Matrcula en el tercer nivel de enseanza / Enrolment in third-level education .....................................................................................
1.3.13 Maestros en el primer nivel de enseanza / Teachers in first-level education ........................................................................................
1.3.14 Maestros en el segundo nivel de enseanza / Teachers in second-level education ...............................................................................
1.4 Salud / Health ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 68
1.4.1 Indicadores seleccionados de salud / Selected health indicators ........................................................................................................... 68
1.4.2 Tasa de mortalidad infantil, segn sexo, por quinquenios / Infant mortality rate, by sex, by five-year periods ...................................... 69
1.4.3 Promedio de habitantes por mdico / Average number of inhabitants per physician ............................................................................ 70
1.4.4 Camas de hospital por cada 1.000 habitantes / Hospital beds per 1,000 inhabitants ........................................................................... 71
1.4.5 Gasto total en salud / Total expenditure on health ................................................................................................................................. 72
1.4.6 Mdicos / Physicians ...............................................................................................................................................................................
1.4.7 Camas de hospital / Hospital beds .........................................................................................................................................................
1.5 Vivienda y servicios bsicos / Housing and basic services ................................................................................................................... 73
1.5.1 Disponibilidad de servicios en las viviendas, en reas urbanas y rurales
Services available in dwellings, urban and rural areas ............................................................................................................................ 73
1.5.2 Hogares por condicin de tenencia de la vivienda, en reas urbanas y rurales
Occupied dwelling units, by type of tenancy, urban and rural areas .....................................................................................................
1.5.3 Poblacin que utiliza fuentes mejoradas de abastecimiento de agua potable e instalaciones de saneamiento
mejoradas, en reas urbanas y rurales / Population using an improved drinking water source
and an improved sanitation facility, urban and rural areas ..................................................................................................................... 74
1.6 Pobreza y distribucin del ingreso / Poverty and income distribution .................................................................................................. 75
1.6.1 Personas en situacin de pobreza e indigencia, en reas urbanas y rurales
Poor and indigent population, urban and rural areas ............................................................................................................................. 75
1.6.2 Coeciente de la brecha de pobreza e indigencia / Poverty and indigence gap coefficient .................................................................. 76
1.6.3 Distribucin del ingreso de las personas, en reas urbanas y rurales
Distribution of national income, urban and rural areas .......................................................................................................................... 77
1.6.4 ndice de Gini, en reas urbanas y rurales / Gini coefficient, urban and rural areas .............................................................................. 80
1.7 Gnero / Gender ................................................................................................................................................................................... 81
1.7.1 Relacin de salarios urbanos entre los gneros, segn aos de estudios aprobados
Urban gender wage ratio, by years of education completed ................................................................................................................. 81
1.7.2 Proporcin de mujeres entre los empleados remunerados en el sector no agrcola
Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector .................................................................................................... 82
1.7.3 Proporcin de puestos ocupados por mujeres en el Parlamento Nacional
Proportion of seats held by women in National Parliament .................................................................................................................. 83
1.7.4 ndice de feminidad de la indigencia y de la pobreza, segn zonas geogrcas
Femininity rate of indigence and poverty, by geographical area ............................................................................................................ 84
2. Estadsticas econmicas / Economic statistics ............................................................................................................................. 85
2.1 Cuentas nacionales / National accounts ................................................................................................................................................ 87
2.1.1 Cuentas nacionales de Amrica Latina y el Caribe, en dlares
National accounts of Latin America and the Caribbean, in dollars ....................................................................................................... 87
2.1.1.1 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: tasas de variacin anual del producto interno bruto
Latin America and the Caribbean: annual growth rates of gross domestic product ............................................................................... 87
2.1.1.2 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: tasas de variacin anual del producto interno bruto por habitante
Latin America and the Caribbean: annual growth rates of per capita gross domestic product.............................................................. 88
2.1.1.3 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: producto interno bruto total, a precios constantes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: total gross domestic product, at constant market prices ................................................................. 89
2.1.1.4 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: producto interno bruto por habitante, a precios constantes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: per capita gross domestic product, at constant market prices ........................................................ 90
2.1.1.5 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: producto interno bruto total, a precios corrientes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: total gross domestic product, at current market prices .................................................................... 91
2.1.1.6 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: producto interno bruto por habitante, a precios corrientes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: per capita gross domestic product, at current market prices ........................................................... 92
2.1.1.7 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant market prices .......................... 93
2.1.1.8 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: tasas de variacin anual del producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica
Latin America and the Caribbean: annual growth rates of gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity ............................... 93
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2.1.1.9 Amrica Latina: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes de mercado
Latin America: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant market prices ......................................................... 94
2.1.1.10 Amrica Latina: tasas de variacin anual del producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica
Latin America: annual growth rates of gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity .............................................................. 94
2.1.1.11 El Caribe: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes de mercado
The Caribbean: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant market prices ........................................................ 95
2.1.1.12 El Caribe: tasas de variacin del producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica
The Caribbean: growth rates of gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity ........................................................................ 95
2.1.1.13 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: valor agregado de la agricultura, caza, silvicultura y pesca, a precios constantes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: aggregate value of agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing, at constant market prices ..................
2.1.1.14 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: valor agregado de la explotacin de minas y canteras, a precios constantes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: aggregate value of mining and quarrying, at constant market prices ...............................................
2.1.1.15 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: valor agregado de las industrias manufactureras, a precios constantes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: aggregate value of manufacturing, at constant market prices ..........................................................
2.1.1.16 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: valor agregado de los sectores de electricidad, gas y agua, a precios constantes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: aggregate value of the electricity, gas and water sectors, at constant market prices .......................
2.1.1.17 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: valor agregado de la construccin, a precios constantes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: aggregate value of construction, at constant market prices .............................................................
2.1.1.18 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: valor agregado del comercio al por mayor y al por menor, hoteles, bares y restaurantes,
a precios constantes de mercado / Latin America and the Caribbean: aggregate value of wholesale and retail trade,
hotels, bars and restaurants, at constant market prices...........................................................................................................................
2.1.1.19 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: valor agregado del transporte, almacenamiento y comunicaciones, a precios constantes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: aggregate value of transport, storage and communications, at constant market prices ...................
2.1.1.20 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: valor agregado de los establecimientos nancieros, seguros, bienes inmuebles y servicios
prestados a las empresas, a precios constantes de mercado / Latin America and the Caribbean: aggregate value of finance,
insurance, real estate and business services, at constant market prices ..................................................................................................
2.1.1.21 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: valor agregado de los servicios comunales, sociales y personales, a precios
constantes de mercado / Latin America and the Caribbean: aggregate value of community, social and
personal services, at constant market prices ...........................................................................................................................................
2.1.1.22 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: valor agregado total de la actividad econmica, a precios constantes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: total aggregate value of economic activity, at constant market prices .............................................
2.1.1.23 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current market prices ............................. 96
2.1.1.24 Amrica Latina: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes de mercado
Latin America: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current market prices ........................................................... 96
2.1.1.25 El Caribe: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes de mercado
The Caribbean: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current market prices .......................................................... 97
2.1.1.26 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: valor agregado de la agricultura, caza, silvicultura y pesca, a precios corrientes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: aggregate value of agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing, at current market prices ....................
2.1.1.27 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: valor agregado de la explotacin de minas y canteras, a precios corrientes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: aggregate value of mining and quarrying, at current market prices .................................................
2.1.1.28 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: valor agregado de las industrias manufactureras, a precios corrientes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: aggregate value of manufacturing, at current market prices ............................................................
2.1.1.29 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: valor agregado de los sectores de electricidad, gas y agua, a precios corrientes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: aggregate value of the electricity, gas and water sectors, at current market prices ..........................
2.1.1.30 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: valor agregado de la construccin, a precios corrientes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: aggregate value of construction, at current market prices ...............................................................
2.1.1.31 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: valor agregado del comercio al por mayor y al por menor, hoteles, bares y restaurantes,
a precios corrientes de mercado / Latin America and the Caribbean: aggregate value of wholesale and retail trade,
hotels, bars and restaurants, at current market prices .............................................................................................................................
2.1.1.32 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: valor agregado del transporte, almacenamiento y comunicaciones, a precios
corrientes de mercado / Latin America and the Caribbean: aggregate value of transport, storage and
communications, at current market prices ..............................................................................................................................................
2.1.1.33 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: valor agregado de los establecimientos nancieros, seguros, bienes inmuebles y servicios
prestados a las empresas, a precios corrientes de mercado / Latin America and the Caribbean: aggregate
value of finance, insurance, real estate and business services, at current market prices .........................................................................
2.1.1.34 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: valor agregado de los servicios comunales, sociales y personales, a precios
corrientes de mercado / Latin America and the Caribbean: aggregate value of community, social and personal services,
at current market prices ..........................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.1.35 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: valor agregado total de la actividad econmica, a precios corrientes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: aggregate value of economic activity, at current market prices .......................................................
2.1.1.36 Amrica Latina: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes de mercado
Latin America: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant market prices .................................................................. 97
2.1.1.37 Amrica Latina: tasas de variacin anual del producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes de mercado
Latin America: annual growth rates of gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant market prices.............................. 98
2.1.1.38 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: gasto de consumo nal del gobierno general, a precios constantes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: final consumption expenditure by general government, at constant market prices ........................
2.1.1.39 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: gasto privado de consumo nal, a precios constantes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: private final consumption expenditure, at constant market prices ..................................................
2.1.1.40 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: variacin de existencias, a precios constantes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: inventory changes, at constant market prices ..................................................................................
2.1.1.41 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: formacin bruta de capital, a precios constantes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: gross capital formation, at constant market prices ...........................................................................
2.1.1.42 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: formacin bruta de capital jo, a precios constantes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: fixed gross capital formation, at constant market prices ..................................................................
2.1.1.43 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: formacin bruta de capital jo en construccin, a precios constantes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: fixed gross capital formation in construction, at constant market prices .........................................
2.1.1.44 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: formacin bruta de capital jo en maquinaria, equipos y otros, a precios constantes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: fixed gross capital formation in machinery, equipment and other goods,
at constant market prices ........................................................................................................................................................................
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2.1.1.45 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: exportaciones de bienes y servicios, a precios constantes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: exports of goods and services, at constant market prices ................................................................
2.1.1.46 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: importaciones de bienes y servicios, a precios constantes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: imports of goods and services, at constant market prices ...............................................................
2.1.1.47 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current market prices ......................................
2.1.1.48 Amrica Latina: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes de mercado
Latin America: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current market prices..................................................................... 98
2.1.1.49 EL Caribe: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes de mercado
The Caribbean: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current market prices ...................................................................
2.1.1.50 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: gasto de consumo nal del gobierno general, a precios corrientes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: final consumption expenditure by general government, at current market prices ...........................
2.1.1.51 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: gasto privado de consumo nal, a precios corrientes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: private final consumption expenditure, at current market prices .....................................................
2.1.1.52 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: variacin de existencias, a precios corrientes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: inventory changes, at current market prices ....................................................................................
2.1.1.53 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: formacin bruta de capital, a precios corrientes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: gross capital formation, at current market prices .............................................................................
2.1.1.54 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: formacin bruta de capital jo, a precios corrientes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: fixed gross capital formation, at current market prices.....................................................................
2.1.1.55 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: formacin bruta de capital jo en construccin, a precios corrientes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: fixed gross capital formation in construction, at current market prices ............................................
2.1.1.56 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: formacin bruta de capital jo en maquinaria, equipos y otros, a precios corrientes
de mercado / Latin America and the Caribbean: fixed gross capital formation in machinery, equipment,
and other goods, at current market prices...............................................................................................................................................
2.1.1.57 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: exportaciones de bienes y servicios, a precios corrientes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: exports of goods and services, at current market prices ..................................................................
2.1.1.58 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: importaciones de bienes y servicios, a precios corrientes de mercado
Latin America and the Caribbean: imports of goods and services, at current market prices ..................................................................
2.1.1.59 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: ingreso nacional bruto disponible, a precios constantes
Latin America and the Caribbean: disposable gross national income, at constant prices ...................................................................... 99
2.1.1.60 Amrica Latina: ingreso nacional bruto disponible, a precios corrientes
Latin America: disposable gross national income, at current prices ....................................................................................................... 100
2.1.1.61 Amrica Latina: pagos por factores al resto del mundo, a precios corrientes
Latin America: factor payments to the rest of the world, at current prices .............................................................................................
2.1.1.62 Amrica Latina: transferencias corrientes netas procedentes del resto del mundo, a precios corrientes
Latin America: net current transfers from the rest of the world, at current prices ...................................................................................
2.1.1.63 Amrica Latina: ahorro nacional, a precios corrientes
Latin America: national savings, at current prices ................................................................................................................................... 101
2.1.1.64 Amrica Latina: nanciamiento de la formacin interna bruta de capital, a precios corrientes
Latin America: financing of gross domestic capital formation, at current prices ..................................................................................... 102
2.1.1.65 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: grado de apertura de la economa, a precios corrientes
Latin America and the Caribbean: degree of openness of the economy, at current prices .................................................................... 103
2.1.1.66 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: brecha externa, a precios corrientes
Latin America and the Caribbean: external debt, at current prices ........................................................................................................ 104
2.1.1.67 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: deactor implcito del producto interno bruto
Latin America and the Caribbean: implicit GDP deflator ....................................................................................................................... 105
2.1.1.68 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: discrepancia generada en el clculo del producto interno bruto por clase
de actividad econmica, a precios constantes de mercado / Latin America and the Caribbean: difference in
the calculation of gross domestic product by kind of economic activity, at constant market prices ......................................................
2.1.1.69 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: discrepancia generada en el clculo del producto interno bruto por clase
de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes de mercado / Latin America and the Caribbean: difference
in the calculation of gross domestic product by kind of economic activity, at current market prices ....................................................
2.1.1.70 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: discrepancia generada en el clculo del producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto,
a precios constantes de mercado / Latin America and the Caribbean: difference in the calculation of gross
domestic product by type of expenditure, at constant market prices ......................................................................................................
2.1.1.71 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: discrepancia generada en el clculo del producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto,
a precios corrientes de mercado / Latin America and the Caribbean: difference in the calculation of gross
domestic product by type of expenditure, at current market prices .......................................................................................................
2.1.1.72 Amrica Latina: producto interno bruto a precios constantes de 2005, tasas de variacin media anual
Latin America: gross domestic product at constant 2005 prices, average annual rates of variation .......................................................
2.1.1.73 Amrica Latina: producto interno bruto por habitante a precios constantes de 2005, tasas de variacin media anual
Latin America: per capita gross domestic product at constant 2005 prices, average annual rates of variation ......................................
2.1.1.74 Amrica Latina: consumo total a precios constantes de 2005, tasas de variacin media anual
Latin America: total consumption at constant 2005 prices, average annual rates of variation ...............................................................
2.1.1.75 Amrica Latina: formacin bruta de capital jo a precios constantes de 2005, tasas de variacin media anual
Latin America: gross fixed capital formation at constant 2005 prices, average annual rates of variation ...............................................
2.1.2 Cuentas nacionales de Amrica Latina y el Caribe por pas, en moneda nacional
National accounts of Latin America and the Caribbean by country, in local currency .........................................................................
2.1.2.1 Antigua y Barbuda / Antigua and Barbuda .............................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.1.1 Antigua y Barbuda: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios de mercado
Antigua and Barbuda: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at market prices .....................................................................
2.1.2.1.3 Antigua y Barbuda: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Antigua and Barbuda: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices ...........................................................
2.1.2.1.4 Antigua y Barbuda: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Antigua and Barbuda: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices .........................................................
2.1.2.2 Argentina ................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.2.1 Argentina: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Argentina: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices .......................................................................................
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2.1.2.2.2 Argentina: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
Argentina: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices .....................................................................................
2.1.2.2.3 Argentina: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Argentina: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices ..............................................................................
2.1.2.2.4 Argentina: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Argentina: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ............................................................................
2.1.2.2.5 Argentina: relaciones entre los principales agregados de cuentas nacionales
Argentina: relationships among main national accounts aggregates ......................................................................................................
2.1.2.3 Bahamas .................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.3.1 Bahamas: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Bahamas: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices ........................................................................................
2.1.2.3.2 Bahamas: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
Bahamas: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices ......................................................................................
2.1.2.3.3 Bahamas: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Bahamas: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices ...............................................................................
2.1.2.3.4 Bahamas: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Bahamas: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices .............................................................................
2.1.2.4 Barbados .................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.4.1 Barbados: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Barbados: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices ........................................................................................
2.1.2.4.3 Barbados: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Barbados: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices ..............................................................................
2.1.2.4.4 Barbados: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Barbados: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ............................................................................
2.1.2.5 Belice / Belize .........................................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.5.1 Belice: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Belize: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices .............................................................................................
2.1.2.5.2 Belice: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
Belize: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices ...........................................................................................
2.1.2.5.3 Belice: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Belize: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices ....................................................................................
2.1.2.5.4 Belice: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Belize: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ..................................................................................
2.1.2.6 Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de) / Bolivia (Plurinational State of) ..........................................................................................................
2.1.2.6.1 Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de): producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Bolivia (Plurinational State of): gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices........................................................
2.1.2.6.2 Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de): producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
Bolivia (Plurinational State of): gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices .....................................................
2.1.2.6.3 Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de): producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Bolivia (Plurinational State of): gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices ..............................................
2.1.2.6.4 Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de): producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Bolivia (Plurinational State of): gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ............................................
2.1.2.6.5 Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de): relaciones entre los principales agregados de cuentas nacionales
Bolivia (Plurinational State of): relationships among main national accounts aggregates .......................................................................
2.1.2.6.6 Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de): ingresos y gastos de los hogares
Bolivia (Plurinational State of): income and expenditure of households ................................................................................................
2.1.2.6.7 Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de): ingresos y gastos del gobierno general
Bolivia (Plurinational State of): income and expenditure of general government ...................................................................................
2.1.2.7 Brasil / Brazil ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.7.1 Brasil: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Brazil: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices ..............................................................................................
2.1.2.7.2 Brasil: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
Brazil: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices ...........................................................................................
2.1.2.7.3 Brasil: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Brazil: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices .....................................................................................
2.1.2.7.4 Brasil: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Brazil: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ..................................................................................
2.1.2.7.5 Brasil: relaciones entre los principales agregados de cuentas nacionales
Brazil: relationships among main national accounts aggregates .............................................................................................................
2.1.2.7.6 Brasil: ingresos y gastos de los hogares
Brazil: income and expenditure of households ......................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.7.7 Brasil: ingresos y gastos del gobierno general
Brazil: income and expenditure of general government .........................................................................................................................
2.1.2.8 Chile .......................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.8.1 Chile: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Chile: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices ..............................................................................................
2.1.2.8.2 Chile: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
Chile: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices ............................................................................................
2.1.2.8.3 Chile: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Chile: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices .....................................................................................
2.1.2.8.4 Chile: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Chile: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ...................................................................................
2.1.2.8.5 Chile: relaciones entre los principales agregados de cuentas nacionales
Chile: relationships among main national accounts aggregates ..............................................................................................................
2.1.2.8.6 Chile: ingresos y gastos de los hogares
Chile: income and expenditure of households .......................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.8.7 Chile: ingresos y gastos del gobierno general
Chile: income and expenditure of general government ..........................................................................................................................
2.1.2.9 Colombia ................................................................................................................................................................................................
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2.1.2.9.1 Colombia: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Colombia: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices .......................................................................................
2.1.2.9.2 Colombia: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
Colombia: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices .....................................................................................
2.1.2.9.3 Colombia: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Colombia: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices ..............................................................................
2.1.2.9.4 Colombia: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Colombia: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ............................................................................
2.1.2.9.5 Colombia: relaciones entre los principales agregados de cuentas nacionales
Colombia: relationships among main national accounts aggregates ......................................................................................................
2.1.2.9.6 Colombia: ingresos y gastos de los hogares
Colombia: income and expenditure of households ................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.9.7 Colombia: ingresos y gastos del gobierno general
Colombia: income and expenditure of general government ..................................................................................................................
2.1.2.10 Costa Rica ...............................................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.10.1 Costa Rica: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Costa Rica: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices......................................................................................
2.1.2.10.2 Costa Rica: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
Costa Rica: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices ...................................................................................
2.1.2.10.3 Costa Rica: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Costa Rica: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices ............................................................................
2.1.2.10.4 Costa Rica: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Costa Rica: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ..........................................................................
2.1.2.10.5 Costa Rica: relaciones entre los principales agregados de cuentas nacionales
Costa Rica: relationships among main national accounts aggregates .....................................................................................................
2.1.2.10.7 Costa Rica: ingresos y gastos del gobierno general
Costa Rica: income and expenditure of general government .................................................................................................................
2.1.2.11 Cuba .......................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.11.1 Cuba: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Cuba: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices ..............................................................................................
2.1.2.11.2 Cuba: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
Cuba: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices ............................................................................................
2.1.2.11.3 Cuba: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Cuba: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices .....................................................................................
2.1.2.11.4 Cuba: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Cuba: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ...................................................................................
2.1.2.12 Dominica ................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.12.1 Dominica: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Dominica: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices .......................................................................................
2.1.2.12.3 Dominica: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Dominica: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices ..............................................................................
2.1.2.12.4 Dominica: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Dominica: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ...........................................................................
2.1.2.12.5 Dominica: relaciones entre los principales agregados de cuentas nacionales
Dominica: relationships among main national accounts aggregates ......................................................................................................
2.1.2.13 Ecuador ...................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.13.1 Ecuador: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Ecuador: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices..........................................................................................
2.1.2.13.2 Ecuador: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
Ecuador: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices .......................................................................................
2.1.2.13.3 Ecuador: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Ecuador: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices ................................................................................
2.1.2.13.4 Ecuador: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Ecuador: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ..............................................................................
2.1.2.13.5 Ecuador: relaciones entre los principales agregados de cuentas nacionales
Ecuador: relationships among main national accounts aggregates .........................................................................................................
2.1.2.13.6 Ecuador: ingresos y gastos de los hogares
Ecuador: income and expenditure of households ..................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.13.7 Ecuador: ingresos y gastos del gobierno general
Ecuador: income and expenditure of general government .....................................................................................................................
2.1.2.14 El Salvador ..............................................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.14.1 El Salvador: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
El Salvador: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices .....................................................................................
2.1.2.14.2 El Salvador: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
El Salvador: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices ...................................................................................
2.1.2.14.3 El Salvador: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
El Salvador: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices ............................................................................
2.1.2.14.4 El Salvador: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
El Salvador: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ..........................................................................
2.1.2.14.5 El Salvador: relaciones entre los principales agregados de cuentas nacionales
El Salvador: relationships among main national accounts aggregates ....................................................................................................
2.1.2.15 Granada / Grenada .................................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.15.1 Granada: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Grenada: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices .........................................................................................
2.1.2.15.3 Granada: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Grenada: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices................................................................................
2.1.2.15.4 Granada: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Grenada: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices .............................................................................
2.1.2.16 Guatemala ..............................................................................................................................................................................................
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2.1.2.16.1 Guatemala: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Guatemala: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices .....................................................................................
2.1.2.16.2 Guatemala: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
Guatemala: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices ...................................................................................
2.1.2.16.3 Guatemala: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Guatemala: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices ............................................................................
2.1.2.16.4 Guatemala: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Guatemala: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ..........................................................................
2.1.2.17 Guyana ...................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.17.1 Guyana: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Guyana: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices ..........................................................................................
2.1.2.17.2 Guyana: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
Guyana: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices ........................................................................................
2.1.2.17.3 Guyana: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Guyana: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices .................................................................................
2.1.2.17.4 Guyana: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Guyana: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ...............................................................................
2.1.2.17.5 Guyana: relaciones entre los principales agregados de cuentas nacionales
Guyana: relationships among main national accounts aggregates .........................................................................................................
2.1.2.18 Hait / Haiti .............................................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.18.1 Hait: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Haiti: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices ...............................................................................................
2.1.2.18.2 Hait: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
Haiti: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices .............................................................................................
2.1.2.18.3 Hait: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Haiti: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices ......................................................................................
2.1.2.18.4 Hait: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Haiti: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ....................................................................................
2.1.2.19 Honduras ................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.19.1 Honduras: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Honduras: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices .......................................................................................
2.1.2.19.2 Honduras: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
Honduras: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices ....................................................................................
2.1.2.19.3 Honduras: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Honduras: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices..............................................................................
2.1.2.19.4 Honduras: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Honduras: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ...........................................................................
2.1.2.19.5 Honduras: relaciones entre los principales agregados de cuentas nacionales
Honduras: relationships among main national accounts aggregates ......................................................................................................
2.1.2.19.6 Honduras: ingresos y gastos de los hogares
Honduras: income and expenditure of households ...............................................................................................................................
2.1.2.19.7 Honduras: ingresos y gastos del gobierno general
Honduras: income and expenditure of general government ..................................................................................................................
2.1.2.20 Jamaica ...................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.20.1 Jamaica: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Jamaica: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices ..........................................................................................
2.1.2.20.2 Jamaica: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
Jamaica: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices ........................................................................................
2.1.2.20.3 Jamaica: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Jamaica: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices .................................................................................
2.1.2.20.4 Jamaica: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Jamaica: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ...............................................................................
2.1.2.20.5 Jamaica: relaciones entre los principales agregados de cuentas nacionales
Jamaica: relationships among main national accounts aggregates .........................................................................................................
2.1.2.21 Mxico / Mexico .....................................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.21.1 Mxico: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Mexico: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices ...........................................................................................
2.1.2.21.2 Mxico: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
Mexico: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices .........................................................................................
2.1.2.21.3 Mxico: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Mexico: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices ..................................................................................
2.1.2.21.4 Mxico: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Mexico: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ................................................................................
2.1.2.21.5 Mxico: relaciones entre los principales agregados de cuentas nacionales
Mexico: relationships among main national accounts aggregates ..........................................................................................................
2.1.2.21.6 Mxico: ingresos y gastos de los hogares
Mexico: income and expenditure of households ....................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.21.7 Mxico: ingresos y gastos del gobierno general
Mexico: income and expenditure of general government ......................................................................................................................
2.1.2.22 Nicaragua ...............................................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.22.1 Nicaragua: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Nicaragua: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices ......................................................................................
2.1.2.22.2 Nicaragua: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
Nicaragua: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices ....................................................................................
2.1.2.22.3 Nicaragua: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Nicaragua: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices .............................................................................
2.1.2.22.4 Nicaragua: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Nicaragua: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ...........................................................................
2.1.2.22.5 Nicaragua: relaciones entre los principales agregados de cuentas nacionales
Nicaragua: relationships among main national accounts aggregates .....................................................................................................
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2.1.2.23 Panam / Panama ...................................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.23.1 Panam: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Panama: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices ..........................................................................................
2.1.2.23.2 Panam: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
Panama: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices .......................................................................................
2.1.2.23.3 Panam: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Panama: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices .................................................................................
2.1.2.23.4 Panam: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Panama: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ..............................................................................
2.1.2.23.5 Panam: relaciones entre los principales agregados de cuentas nacionales
Panama: relationships among main national accounts aggregates .........................................................................................................
2.1.2.23.7 Panam: ingresos y gastos del gobierno general
Panama: income and expenditure of general government .....................................................................................................................
2.1.2.24 Paraguay ..................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.24.1 Paraguay: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Paraguay: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices ........................................................................................
2.1.2.24.2 Paraguay: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
Paraguay: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices ......................................................................................
2.1.2.24.3 Paraguay: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Paraguay: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices ...............................................................................
2.1.2.24.4 Paraguay: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Paraguay: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices .............................................................................
2.1.2.24.5 Paraguay: relaciones entre los principales agregados de cuentas nacionales
Paraguay: relationships among main national accounts aggregates .......................................................................................................
2.1.2.24.6 Paraguay: ingresos y gastos de los hogares
Paraguay: income and expenditure of households .................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.24.7 Paraguay: ingresos y gastos del gobierno general
Paraguay: income and expenditure of general government ...................................................................................................................
2.1.2.25 Per / Peru ..............................................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.25.1 Per: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Peru: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices ...............................................................................................
2.1.2.25.2 Per: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
Peru: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices .............................................................................................
2.1.2.25.3 Per: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Peru: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices ......................................................................................
2.1.2.25.4 Per: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Peru: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ....................................................................................
2.1.2.25.5 Per: relaciones entre los principales agregados de cuentas nacionales
Peru: relationships among main national accounts aggregates ...............................................................................................................
2.1.2.25.6 Per: ingresos y gastos de los hogares
Peru: income and expenditure of households ........................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.25.7 Per: ingresos y gastos del gobierno general
Peru: income and expenditure of general government ...........................................................................................................................
2.1.2.26 Repblica Dominicana / Dominican Republic ......................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.26.1 Repblica Dominicana: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Dominican Republic: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices......................................................................
2.1.2.26.2 Repblica Dominicana: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
Dominican Republic: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices ...................................................................
2.1.2.26.3 Repblica Dominicana: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Dominican Republic: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices ............................................................
2.1.2.26.4 Repblica Dominicana: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Dominican Republic: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ..........................................................
2.1.2.27 Saint Kitts y Nevis / Saint Kitts and Nevis ...............................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.27.1 Saint Kitts y Nevis: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Saint Kitts and Nevis: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices ......................................................................
2.1.2.27.3 Saint Kitts y Nevis: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Saint Kitts and Nevis: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices .............................................................
2.1.2.27.4 Saint Kitts y Nevis: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Saint Kitts and Nevis: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ...........................................................
2.1.2.27.5 Saint Kitts y Nevis: relaciones entre los principales agregados de cuentas nacionales
Saint Kitts and Nevis: relationships among main national accounts aggregates .....................................................................................
2.1.2.28 San Vicente y las Granadinas / Saint Vincent and the Grenadines .........................................................................................................
2.1.2.28.1 San Vicente y las Granadinas: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices .................................................
2.1.2.28.3 San Vicente y las Granadinas: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices ........................................
2.1.2.28.4 San Vicente y las Granadinas: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ......................................
2.1.2.29 Santa Luca / Saint Lucia .........................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.29.1 Santa Luca: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Saint Lucia: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices......................................................................................
2.1.2.29.3 Santa Luca: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Saint Lucia: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices ............................................................................
2.1.2.29.4 Santa Luca: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Saint Lucia: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ..........................................................................
2.1.2.29.5 Santa Luca: relaciones entre los principales agregados de cuentas nacionales
Saint Lucia: relationships among main national accounts aggregates .....................................................................................................
2.1.2.30 Suriname .................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.30.1 Suriname: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Suriname: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices ........................................................................................
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2.1.2.30.2 Suriname: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
Suriname: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices .....................................................................................
2.1.2.30.3 Suriname: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Suriname: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices ...............................................................................
2.1.2.30.4 Suriname: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Suriname: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ............................................................................
2.1.2.30.5 Suriname: relaciones entre los principales agregados de cuentas nacionales
Suriname: relationships among main national accounts aggregates .......................................................................................................
2.1.2.31 Trinidad y Tabago / Trinidad and Tobago ...............................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.31.1 Trinidad y Tabago: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Trinidad and Tobago: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices .....................................................................
2.1.2.31.2 Trinidad y Tabago: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
Trinidad and Tobago: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices ...................................................................
2.1.2.31.3 Trinidad y Tabago: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Trinidad and Tobago: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices.............................................................
2.1.2.31.4 Trinidad y Tabago: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Trinidad and Tobago: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ..........................................................
2.1.2.31.5 Trinidad y Tabago: relaciones entre los principales agregados de cuentas nacionales
Trinidad and Tobago: relationships among main national accounts aggregates .....................................................................................
2.1.2.32 Uruguay ..................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.1.2.32.1 Uruguay: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Uruguay: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices .........................................................................................
2.1.2.32.2 Uruguay: producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
Uruguay: gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices .......................................................................................
2.1.2.32.3 Uruguay: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Uruguay: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices ................................................................................
2.1.2.32.4 Uruguay: producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Uruguay: gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices..............................................................................
2.1.2.32.5 Uruguay: relaciones entre los principales agregados de cuentas nacionales
Uruguay: relationships among main national accounts aggregates ........................................................................................................
2.1.2.32.7 Uruguay: ingresos y gastos del gobierno general
Uruguay: income and expenditure of general government ....................................................................................................................
2.1.2.33 Venezuela (Repblica Bolivariana de) / Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) .........................................................................................
2.1.2.33.1 Venezuela (Repblica Bolivariana de): producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios corrientes
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of): gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at current prices ...............................................
2.1.2.33.2 Venezuela (Repblica Bolivariana de): producto interno bruto por tipo de gasto, a precios constantes
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of): gross domestic product, by type of expenditure, at constant prices .............................................
2.1.2.33.3 Venezuela (Repblica Bolivariana de): producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios corrientes
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of): gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at current prices ......................................
2.1.2.33.4 Venezuela (Repblica Bolivariana de): producto interno bruto por clase de actividad econmica, a precios constantes
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of): gross domestic product, by kind of economic activity, at constant prices ....................................
2.1.2.33.5 Venezuela (Repblica Bolivariana de): relaciones entre los principales agregados de cuentas nacionales
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of): relationships among main national accounts aggregates...............................................................
2.1.2.33.6 Venezuela (Repblica Bolivariana de): ingresos y gastos de los hogares
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of): income and expenditure of households ........................................................................................
2.1.2.33.7 Venezuela (Repblica Bolivariana de): ingresos y gastos del gobierno general
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of): income and expenditure of general government ...........................................................................
2.2 Sector externo / External sector ............................................................................................................................................................. 106
2.2.1 Balanza de pagos / Balance of payments ............................................................................................................................................... 106
2.2.1.1 Amrica Latina y el Caribe / Latin America and the Caribbean ............................................................................................................. 106
2.2.1.2 Amrica Latina / Latin America .............................................................................................................................................................. 107
2.2.1.3 El Caribe / The Caribbean ...................................................................................................................................................................... 108
2.2.1.4 Asociacin Latinoamericana de Integracin (ALADI) / Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) ................................................
2.2.1.5 Comunidad Andina / Andean Community ...........................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.6 Mercado Comn del Sur (MERCOSUR) / Common Market of the Southern Cone (MERCOSUR)........................................................
2.2.1.7 Mercado Comn Centroamericano (MCCA) / Central American Common Market (CACM) ................................................................
2.2.1.8 Antigua y Barbuda / Antigua and Barbuda .............................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.9 Argentina ................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.10 Bahamas .................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.11 Barbados .................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.12 Belice / Belize .........................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.13 Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de) / Bolivia (Plurinational State of) ..........................................................................................................
2.2.1.14 Brasil / Brazil ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.15 Chile .......................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.16 Colombia ................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.17 Costa Rica ...............................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.18 Cuba .......................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.19 Dominica ................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.20 Ecuador ...................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.21 El Salvador ..............................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.22 Granada / Grenada .................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.23 Guatemala ..............................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.24 Guyana ...................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.25 Hait / Haiti .............................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.26 Honduras ................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.27 Jamaica ...................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.28 Mxico / Mexico .....................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.29 Nicaragua ...............................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.30 Panam / Panama ...................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.31 Paraguay ..................................................................................................................................................................................................
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2.2.1.32 Per / Peru ..............................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.33 Repblica Dominicana / Dominican Republic ......................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.34 Saint Kitts y Nevis / Saint Kitts and Nevis ..............................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.35 San Vicente y las Granadinas / Saint Vincent and the Grenadines .........................................................................................................
2.2.1.36 Santa Luca / Saint Lucia .........................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.37 Suriname .................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.38 Trinidad y Tabago / Trinidad and Tobago ...............................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.39 Uruguay ..................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.1.40 Venezuela (Repblica Bolivariana de) / Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) .........................................................................................
2.2.1.41 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: principales componentes de la balanza de pagos
Latin America and the Caribbean: main balance of payments components .......................................................................................... 109
2.2.2 Comercio exterior de bienes y servicios / External trade in goods and services ................................................................................... 111
2.2.2.1 Exportaciones de productos primarios segn su participacin en el total
Exports of primary products as a proportion of total exports ................................................................................................................. 111
2.2.2.2 Exportaciones de productos manufacturados segn su participacin en el total
Exports of manufactured products as a proportion of total exports ....................................................................................................... 112
2.2.2.3 Exportaciones totales FOB por grupos de productos: productos primarios
Total exports f.o.b., by product group: primary products ...................................................................................................................... 113
2.2.2.4 Exportaciones totales FOB por grupos de productos: productos manufacturados
Total exports f.o.b., by product group: manufactured products ............................................................................................................ 114
2.2.2.5 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: participacin en las exportaciones anuales de los 10 productos
principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1 / Latin America and the Caribbean: exports of the
10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their share each year ................................................................................................................... 115
2.2.2.6 Asociacin Latinoamericana de Integracin (ALADI): participacin en las exportaciones anuales de los 10 productos
principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1 / Latin American Integration Association: exports of the
10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their share each year ................................................................................................................... 116
2.2.2.7 Comunidad Andina: participacin en las exportaciones anuales de los 10 productos principales
conforme a la CUCI Rev.1 / Andean Community: exports of the 10 leading products
(SITC, Rev.1), by their share each year .................................................................................................................................................... 117
2.2.2.8 Mercado Comn Centroamericano (MCCA): participacin en las exportaciones anuales de los 10 productos
principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1 / Central American Common Market: exports of the
10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their share each year ................................................................................................................... 118
2.2.2.9 Mercado Comn del Sur (MERCOSUR): participacin en las exportaciones anuales de los 10 productos principales
conforme a la CUCI Rev.1 / Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR): exports of the 10 leading
products (SITC, Rev.1), by their share each year .................................................................................................................................... 119
2.2.2.10 Mercado Comn del Sur (MERCOSUR), Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de) y Chile: participacin en las exportaciones
anuales de los 10 productos principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1 / Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR),
Chile and Plurinational State of Bolivia: exports of the 10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their share each year ............................. 120
2.2.2.11 Argentina: exportacin de los 10 productos principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1, segn participacin porcentual en cada ao
Argentina: exports of the 10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their percentage share each year .......................................................
2.2.2.12 Barbados: exportacin de los 10 productos principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1, segn participacin porcentual en cada ao
Barbados: exports of the 10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their percentage share each year ........................................................
2.2.2.13 Belice: exportacin de los 10 productos principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1, segn participacin porcentual en cada ao
Belize: exports of the 10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their percentage share each year .............................................................
2.2.2.14 Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de): exportacin de los 10 productos principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1,
segn participacin porcentual en cada ao / Bolivia (Plurinational State of): exports of the 10 leading
products (SITC, Rev.1), by their percentage share each year ..................................................................................................................
2.2.2.15 Brasil: exportacin de los 10 productos principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1, segn participacin porcentual en cada ao
Brazil: exports of the 10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their percentage share each year ..............................................................
2.2.2.16 Chile: exportacin de los 10 productos principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1, segn participacin porcentual en cada ao
Chile: exports of the 10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their percentage share each year ...............................................................
2.2.2.17 Colombia: exportacin de los 10 productos principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1, segn participacin porcentual en cada ao
Colombia: exports of the 10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their percentage share each year .......................................................
2.2.2.18 Costa Rica: exportacin de los 10 productos principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1, segn participacin porcentual en cada ao
Costa Rica: exports of the 10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their percentage share each year ......................................................
2.2.2.19 Cuba: exportacin de los 10 productos principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1, segn participacin porcentual en cada ao
Cuba: exports of the 10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their percentage share each year ..............................................................
2.2.2.20 Dominica: exportacin de los 10 productos principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1, segn participacin porcentual en cada ao
Dominica: exports of the 10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their percentage share each year .......................................................
2.2.2.21 Ecuador: exportacin de los 10 productos principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1, segn participacin porcentual en cada ao
Ecuador: exports of the 10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their percentage share each year ..........................................................
2.2.2.22 El Salvador: exportacin de los 10 productos principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1, segn participacin porcentual en cada ao
El Salvador: exports of the 10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their percentage share each year .....................................................
2.2.2.23 Guatemala: exportacin de los 10 productos principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1, segn participacin porcentual en cada ao
Guatemala: exports of the 10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their percentage share each year .....................................................
2.2.2.24 Honduras: exportacin de los 10 productos principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1, segn participacin porcentual en cada ao
Honduras: exports of the 10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their percentage share each year .......................................................
2.2.2.25 Jamaica: exportacin de los 10 productos principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1, segn participacin porcentual en cada ao
Jamaica: exports of the 10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their percentage share each year ..........................................................
2.2.2.26 Mxico: exportacin de los 10 productos principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1, segn participacin porcentual en cada ao
Mexico: exports of the 10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their percentage share each year ...........................................................
2.2.2.27 Nicaragua: exportacin de los 10 productos principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1, segn participacin porcentual en cada ao
Nicaragua: exports of the 10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their percentage share each year.......................................................
2.2.2.28 Panam: exportacin de los 10 productos principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1, segn participacin porcentual en cada ao
Panama: exports of the 10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their percentage share each year ..........................................................
2.2.2.29 Paraguay: exportacin de los 10 productos principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1, segn participacin porcentual en cada ao
Paraguay: exports of the 10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their percentage share each year ........................................................
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2.2.2.30 Per: exportacin de los 10 productos principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1, segn participacin porcentual en cada ao
Peru: exports of the 10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their percentage share each year ................................................................
2.2.2.31 Trinidad y Tabago: exportacin de los 10 productos principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1, segn participacin porcentual
en cada ao / Trinidad and Tobago: exports of the 10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their percentage share each year ...............
2.2.2.32 Uruguay: exportacin de los 10 productos principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1, segn participacin porcentual en cada ao
Uruguay: exports of the 10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their percentage share each year .........................................................
2.2.2.33 Venezuela (Repblica Bolivariana de): exportacin de los 10 productos principales conforme a la CUCI Rev.1,
segn participacin porcentual en cada ao / Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of): exports of the
10 leading products (SITC, Rev.1), by their percentage share each year ................................................................................................
2.2.2.34 Exportaciones de bienes segn sectores de actividad econmica: agricultura, caza, silvicultura y pesca
Exports of goods by sector of economic activity: agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing ...................................................................
2.2.2.35 Exportaciones de bienes segn sectores de actividad econmica: explotacin de minas y canteras
Exports of goods by sector of economic activity: mining and quarrying ................................................................................................
2.2.2.36 Exportaciones de bienes segn sectores de actividad econmica: industrias de alimentos, bebidas y tabaco
Exports of goods by sector of economic activity: food, beverage and tobacco industries .....................................................................
2.2.2.37 Exportaciones de bienes segn sectores de actividad econmica: otras industrias, principalmente de bienes de consumo
no duraderos / Exports of goods by sector of economic activity: other manufacturing industries, mainly of
non-durable consumer goods .................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.2.38 Exportaciones de bienes segn sectores de actividad econmica: industrias, principalmente de bienes intermedios
Exports of goods by sector of economic activity: manufacturing industries, mainly of intermediate goods ..........................................
2.2.2.39 Exportaciones de bienes segn sectores de actividad econmica: industrias metalmecnicas
Exports of goods by sector of economic activity: metal manufactures and machinery industries .........................................................
2.2.2.40 Importaciones de bienes por grandes categoras econmicas: bienes de consumo
Imports of goods by broad economic categories: consumer goods .......................................................................................................
2.2.2.41 Importaciones de bienes por grandes categoras econmicas: bienes intermedios
Imports of goods by broad economic categories: intermediate goods ..................................................................................................
2.2.2.42 Importaciones de bienes por grandes categoras econmicas: bienes de capital
Imports of goods by broad economic categories: capital goods ............................................................................................................
2.2.2.43 Importaciones de bienes por grandes categoras econmicas: carburantes
Imports of goods by broad economic categories: fuels and lubricants ..................................................................................................
2.2.2.44 Importaciones de bienes por grandes categoras econmicas: vehculos automotores de pasajeros
Imports of goods by broad economic categories: passenger motor vehicles .........................................................................................
2.2.2.45 Exportaciones intrarregionales / Intraregional exports ............................................................................................................................ 121
2.2.2.46 Importaciones intrarregionales / Intraregional imports .......................................................................................................................... 122
2.2.2.47 Comercio intrarregional total de bienes, 1995 / Total intraregional trade in goods, 1995 .....................................................................
2.2.2.48 Comercio intrarregional total de bienes, 2000 / Total intraregional trade in goods, 2000 .....................................................................
2.2.2.49 Comercio intrarregional total de bienes, 2005 / Total intraregional trade in goods, 2005 .....................................................................
2.2.2.50 Comercio intrarregional total de bienes, 2006 / Total intraregional trade in goods, 2006 .....................................................................
2.2.2.51 Comercio intrarregional total de bienes, 2007 / Total intraregional trade in goods, 2007 .....................................................................
2.2.2.52 Comercio intrarregional total de bienes, 2008 / Total intraregional trade in goods, 2008 .....................................................................
2.2.2.53 Comercio intrarregional total de bienes, 2009 / Total intraregional trade in goods, 2009 .....................................................................
2.2.2.54 Comercio intrarregional total de bienes, 2010 / Total intraregional trade in goods, 2010 .....................................................................
2.2.2.55 Comercio intrarregional total de bienes, 2011 / Total intraregional trade in goods, 2011 ......................................................................
2.2.2.56 Comercio intrarregional total de bienes, 2012 / Total intraregional trade in goods, 2012...................................................................... 123
2.2.2.57 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: exportaciones totales de bienes FOB / Latin America and the Caribbean: exports of goods, f.o.b. ..........
2.2.2.58 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: importaciones totales de bienes, FOB / Latin America and the Caribbean: imports of goods, f.o.b. ........
2.2.2.59 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: exportaciones totales de servicios / Latin America and the Caribbean: exports of services. ......................
2.2.2.60 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: importaciones totales de servicios / Latin America and the Caribbean: imports of services ......................
2.2.2.61 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: exportaciones de servicios de transporte / Latin America and the Caribbean:
exports of transportation services ...........................................................................................................................................................
2.2.2.62 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: importaciones de servicios de transporte / Latin America and the Caribbean:
imports of transportation services...........................................................................................................................................................
2.2.2.63 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: exportaciones de servicios de viajes / Latin America and the Caribbean: exports of travel services .........
2.2.2.64 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: importaciones de servicios de viajes / Latin America and the Caribbean: imports of travel services ........
2.2.2.65 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: exportaciones de otros servicios / Latin America and the Caribbean: exports of other services................
2.2.2.66 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: importaciones de otros servicios / Latin America and the Caribbean: imports of other services ...............
2.2.2.67 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: valor de las exportaciones totales de bienes y servicios / Latin America and the Caribbean:
exports of goods and services ................................................................................................................................................................. 126
2.2.2.68 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: valor de las importaciones totales de bienes y servicios / Latin America and the Caribbean:
imports of goods and services ................................................................................................................................................................ 127
2.2.3 Indicadores del sector externo / External sector indicators................................................................................................................... 128
2.2.3.1 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: saldo en cuenta corriente / Latin America and the Caribbean: balance on current account .....................
2.2.3.2 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: saldo en cuenta corriente como porcentaje del producto interno bruto
Latin America and the Caribbean: balance on current account as percentage of GDP ......................................................................... 128
2.2.3.3 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: saldo de bienes / Latin America and the Caribbean: balance on goods ....................................................
2.2.3.4 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: saldo de servicios / Latin America and the Caribbean: balance on services ..............................................
2.2.3.5 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: saldo en renta / Latin America and the Caribbean: balance on income ....................................................
2.2.3.6 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: saldo de transferencias corrientes / Latin America and the Caribbean: balance on current transfers ........
2.2.3.7 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: ndices del quntum de las exportaciones de bienes FOB
Latin America and the Caribbean: volume indices for exports of goods, f.o.b. ......................................................................................
2.2.3.8 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: ndices del quntum de las importaciones de bienes FOB
Latin America and the Caribbean: volume indices for imports of goods, f.o.b. .....................................................................................
2.2.3.9 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: ndices del valor unitario de las exportaciones de bienes FOB
Latin America and the Caribbean: unit value indices for exports of goods, f.o.b. ..................................................................................
2.2.3.10 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: ndices del valor unitario de las exportaciones de bienes y servicios
Latin America and the Caribbean: unit value indices for exports of goods and services ........................................................................
2.2.3.11 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: ndices del valor unitario de las importaciones de bienes FOB
Latin America and the Caribbean: unit value indices for imports of goods, f.o.b. ..................................................................................
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2.2.3.12 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: ndices del valor unitario de las importaciones de bienes y servicios
Latin America and the Caribbean: unit value indices for imports of goods and services .......................................................................
2.2.3.13 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: ndices de la relacin de precios del intercambio de bienes FOB
Latin America and the Caribbean: terms of trade indices for goods, f.o.b. ............................................................................................. 129
2.2.3.14 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: ndices de la relacin de precios del intercambio de bienes y servicios
Latin America and the Caribbean: terms of trade indices for goods and services ..................................................................................
2.2.3.15 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: ndices del poder de compra de las exportaciones de bienes
Latin America and the Caribbean: purchasing power indices of exports of goods ................................................................................
2.2.3.16 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: ndices del poder de compra de las exportaciones de bienes y servicios
Latin America and the Caribbean: purchasing power indices of exports of goods and services ............................................................
2.2.3.17 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: precios de los principales productos bsicos de exportacin
Latin America and the Caribbean: prices of leading export commodities ..............................................................................................
2.2.3.18 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: ndices de precios de los principales productos bsicos de exportacin
Latin America and the Caribbean: price indices of leading export commodities ................................................................................... 130
2.2.4 Financiamiento y deuda externa / Financing and external debt ........................................................................................................... 131
2.2.4.1 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: relacin entre la renta neta y las exportaciones de bienes y servicios
Latin America and the Caribbean: ratio of net income to exports of goods and services ...................................................................... 131
2.2.4.2 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: ingreso neto de capitales y transferencia de recursos, 1980-2012
Latin America and the Caribbean: net capital inflow and resource transfers, 1980-2012 ...................................................................... 132
2.2.4.3 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: transferencia neta de recursos / Latin America and the Caribbean: net resource transfers ........................
2.2.4.4 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: inversin extranjera directa neta / Latin America and the Caribbean: net foreign direct investment ......... 133
2.2.4.5 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: deuda externa total / Latin America and the Caribbean: total external debt.............................................. 134
2.2.4.6 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: deuda externa total como porcentaje del producto interno bruto
Latin America and the Caribbean: total external debt as a percentage of GDP ..................................................................................... 135
2.2.4.7 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: reservas internacionales / Latin America and the Caribbean: international reserves .................................
2.2.4.8 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: reservas internacionales, 2010 / Latin America and the Caribbean: international reserves, 2010 .............
2.2.4.9 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: reservas internacionales, 2011 / Latin America and the Caribbean: international reserves, 2011 .............
2.2.4.10 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: reservas internacionales, 2012 / Latin America and the Caribbean: international reserves, 2012 .............
2.3 Precios / Prices ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 136
2.3.1 Precios al consumidor / Consumer prices .............................................................................................................................................. 136
2.3.1.1 ndices anuales de precios al consumidor: nivel general / Annual consumer price indices: general level ............................................ 136
2.3.1.2 ndices anuales de precios al consumidor: alimentos / Annual consumer price indices: foods ............................................................
2.3.1.3 ndices anuales de precios al consumidor: otras agrupaciones / Annual consumer price indices: other groupings ..............................
2.3.1.4 ndices anuales de precios al consumidor: subyacente / Annual consumer price indices: core inflation ..............................................
2.3.1.5 ndices anuales de precios al consumidor: bienes y servicios transables
Annual consumer price indices: tradable goods and services ................................................................................................................
2.3.1.6 ndices anuales de precios al consumidor: bienes y servicios no transables
Annual consumer price indices: non-tradable goods and services .........................................................................................................
2.3.1.7 Variaciones del ndice de precios al consumidor: nivel general / Variations in the consumer price index: general level ...................... 137
2.3.1.8 Variaciones del ndice de precios al consumidor: alimentos / Variations in the consumer price index: foods ......................................
2.3.1.9 Variaciones del ndice de precios al consumidor: otras agrupaciones / Variations in the consumer price index: other groupings ........
2.3.1.10 Variaciones del ndice de precios al consumidor: subyacente / Variations in the consumer price index: core inflation ........................
2.3.1.11 Variaciones del ndice de precios al consumidor: bienes y servicios transables
Variations in the consumer price index: tradable goods and services ....................................................................................................
2.3.1.12 Variaciones del ndice de precios al consumidor: bienes y servicios no transables
Variations in the consumer price index: non-tradable goods and services .............................................................................................
2.3.1.13 Variaciones del ndice de precios al consumidor: diciembre a diciembre
Variations in the consumer price index: December to December ......................................................................................................... 138
2.3.2 Precios mayoristas / Wholesale prices ...................................................................................................................................................
2.3.2.1 ndices anuales de precios mayoristas / Annual wholesale price indices ................................................................................................
2.3.2.2 Variaciones de los ndices anuales de precios mayoristas / Variations in wholesale price annual indices..............................................
2.4 Estadsticas sectoriales / Sectoral statistics.............................................................................................................................................
2.4.1 Agricultura / Agriculture ........................................................................................................................................................................
2.4.1.1 ndices de produccin agrcola / Agricultural production indices ..........................................................................................................
2.4.1.2 ndices de produccin agrcola por habitante / Agricultural production indices per capita ..................................................................
2.4.1.3 ndices de produccin de alimentos / Food production indices ............................................................................................................
2.4.1.4 ndices de produccin de alimentos por habitante / Food production indices per capita .....................................................................
2.4.1.5 Produccin de algodn con semillas / Seed cotton production ............................................................................................................
2.4.1.6 Produccin de arroz / Rice production ..................................................................................................................................................
2.4.1.7 Produccin de banano y pltano / Banana and plantain production ....................................................................................................
2.4.1.8 Produccin de caf / Coffee production ................................................................................................................................................
2.4.1.9 Produccin de caa de azcar / Sugar cane production .......................................................................................................................
2.4.1.10 Produccin de frijoles secos / Dried bean production ...........................................................................................................................
2.4.1.11 Produccin de semillas de girasol / Sunflower seed production ............................................................................................................
2.4.1.12 Produccin de maz / Maize production ................................................................................................................................................
2.4.1.13 Produccin de yuca (mandioca) / Cassava production .........................................................................................................................
2.4.1.14 Produccin de soja / Soybean production .............................................................................................................................................
2.4.1.15 Produccin de sorgo / Sorghum production ..........................................................................................................................................
2.4.1.16 Produccin de trigo / Wheat production................................................................................................................................................
2.4.2 Minera y manufactura / Mining and manufacturing ............................................................................................................................
2.4.2.1 Produccin de cemento / Cement production .......................................................................................................................................
2.4.2.2 Produccin de fertilizantes / Fertilizer production .................................................................................................................................
2.4.2.3 Produccin de acero / Steel production .................................................................................................................................................
2.4.2.4 Produccin de laminados planos / Flat-rolled product production ........................................................................................................
2.4.2.5 Produccin de laminados no planos / Non-flat-rolled product production ...........................................................................................
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2.4.2.6 Produccin de automotores para pasajeros / Passenger motor vehicle production ...............................................................................
2.4.2.7 Produccin de automotores comerciales / Commercial vehicle production..........................................................................................
2.4.2.8 Produccin de bauxita / Bauxite production ..........................................................................................................................................
2.4.2.9 Produccin de cobre / Copper production ............................................................................................................................................
2.4.2.10 Produccin de zinc / Zinc production ...................................................................................................................................................
2.4.2.11 Produccin de estao / Tin production ..................................................................................................................................................
2.4.2.12 Produccin de carbn / Coal production ...............................................................................................................................................
2.4.2.13 Produccin de petrleo / Petroleum production ....................................................................................................................................
2.4.2.14 Produccin de gasolina / Gasoline production ......................................................................................................................................
2.4.2.15 Produccin de gas / Gas production ......................................................................................................................................................
2.4.2.16 Produccin de hierro / Iron production .................................................................................................................................................
2.4.2.17 Produccin de alambrn / Wire rod production ....................................................................................................................................
2.4.2.18 Produccin de arrabio / Pig iron production ..........................................................................................................................................
3. Estadsticas ambientales / Environmental statistics ..................................................................................................................
3.1 Biota / Biota............................................................................................................................................................................................
3.1.1 reas protegidas / Protected areas....................................................................................................................................................
3.1.1.1 Supercie de reas terrestres protegidas / Terrestrial protected areas .....................................................................................................
3.1.1.2 Supercie de reas marinas protegidas / Protected marine areas...........................................................................................................
3.1.1.3 Proporcin de las reas terrestres y marinas protegidas / Proportion of terrestrial and marine protected areas ....................................
3.1.1.4 Proporcin de las reas terrestres protegidas / Proportion of terrestrial protected areas ........................................................................
3.1.1.5 Proporcin de las reas marinas protegidas / Proportion of marine protected areas .............................................................................
3.2 Agua / Water ..........................................................................................................................................................................................
3.2.1 Reservas/Extraccin / Stocks/Extraction ................................................................................................................................................
3.2.1.1 Proporcin del total de recursos hdricos utilizados / Proportion of total water resources used ............................................................
3.3 Mares y borde costero / Seas and coastal areas .....................................................................................................................................
3.3.1 rea territorial marina / Marine territorial area ....................................................................................................................................
3.3.1.1 rea territorial marina total / Total marine territorial area .......................................................................................................................
3.3.2 Pesca / Fisheries ......................................................................................................................................................................................
3.3.2.1 Extraccin pesquera / Fish extraction .....................................................................................................................................................
3.3.2.2 Extraccin de las principales pesqueras / Extraction by main fisheries ..................................................................................................
3.3.3 Acuicultura / Aquaculture ......................................................................................................................................................................
3.3.3.1 Produccin acucola / Aquiculture production ....................................................................................................................................
3.3.3.2 Volumen de la produccin acucola / Volume of aquaculture production ............................................................................................
3.4 Tierras y suelos / Lands and soils ............................................................................................................................................................
3.4.1 Supercie / Area ....................................................................................................................................................................................
3.4.1.1 Supercie del pas / Area of country .......................................................................................................................................................
3.4.2 Bosque / Forest .......................................................................................................................................................................................
3.4.2.1 Supercie de bosque y proporcin de la supercie cubierta por bosques
Forest area and proportion of land area covered by forest .....................................................................................................................
3.4.2.2 Supercie de bosque natural, proporcin de la supercie terrestre y de la supercie de bosque
Natural forest area, proportion of land area and proportion of forested area ........................................................................................
3.4.2.3 Supercie de plantaciones forestales y proporcin de la supercie de bosque
Forest plantations area and proportion of the forested area ...................................................................................................................
3.4.3 Uso de la tierra / Land use .....................................................................................................................................................................
3.4.3.1 Supercie agrcola / Agricultural area .....................................................................................................................................................
3.4.3.2 Supercie de tierras arables / Area of arable land ..................................................................................................................................
3.4.3.3 Supercie de tierras destinadas a cultivos permanentes / Area of permanent cropland .........................................................................
3.4.3.4 Supercie de praderas y pastos permanentes / Area of permanent pastureland.....................................................................................
3.4.3.5 Supercie regada / Irrigated area ............................................................................................................................................................
3.4.3.6 Supercie cosechada de algodn con semillas / Seed cotton, area harvested ......................................................................................
3.4.3.7 Supercie cosechada de arroz / Rice, area harvested ............................................................................................................................
3.4.3.8 Supercie cosechada de caf / Coffee, area harvested ..........................................................................................................................
3.4.3.9 Supercie cosechada de caa de azcar / Sugar cane, area harvested..................................................................................................
3.4.3.10 Supercie cosechada de frijoles secos / Dried beans, area harvested ....................................................................................................
3.4.3.11 Supercie cosechada de semilla de girasol / Sunflower seed, area harvested .......................................................................................
3.4.3.12 Supercie cosechada de maz / Maize, area harvested ..........................................................................................................................
3.4.3.13 Supercie cosechada de yuca (mandioca) / Cassava, area harvested ....................................................................................................
3.4.3.14 Supercie cosechada de soja / Soybeans, area harvested ......................................................................................................................
3.4.3.15 Supercie cosechada de sorgo / Sorghum, area harvested ....................................................................................................................
3.4.3.16 Supercie cosechada de trigo / Wheat, area harvested ..........................................................................................................................
3.4.4 Uso de agroqumicos / Agrochemical use .............................................................................................................................................
3.4.4.1 Intensidad de uso de fertilizantes / Fertilizer use intensity ......................................................................................................................
3.4.4.2 Consumo de fertilizantes / Fertilizer consumption .................................................................................................................................
3.4.4.3 Consumo de plaguicidas: fungicidas y bactericidas / Pesticide consumption: fungicides and bactericides ..........................................
3.4.4.4 Consumo de plaguicidas: herbicidas / Pesticide consumption: herbicides ............................................................................................
3.4.4.5 Consumo de plaguicidas: insecticidas / Pesticide consumption: insecticides ........................................................................................
3.5 Energa / Energy .....................................................................................................................................................................................
3.5.1 Produccin y consumo / Production and consumption ........................................................................................................................
3.5.1.1 Intensidad energtica del producto interno bruto / Energy intensity of gross domestic product ...........................................................
3.5.1.2 Produccin de energa primaria y secundaria / Production of primary and secondary energy .............................................................
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3.5.1.3 Consumo de energa primaria y secundaria / Consumption of primary and secondary energy ............................................................
3.5.1.4 Oferta de energa renovable / Supply of renewable energy ...................................................................................................................
3.5.1.5 Oferta de energa no renovable / Supply of non-renewable energy ......................................................................................................
3.5.2 Energa elctrica / Electric energy .........................................................................................................................................................
3.5.2.1 Consumo de energa elctrica / Consumption of electric power ...........................................................................................................
3.5.2.2 Capacidad instalada para producir energa elctrica / Installed capacity for producing electricity .......................................................
3.6 Aire y atmsfera / Air and atmosphere ..................................................................................................................................................
3.6.1 Sustancias agotadoras de la capa de ozono / Ozono depleting substances ..........................................................................................
3.6.1.1 Consumo de todas las sustancias que agotan la capa de ozono (SAO) / Consumption of all ozone-depleting substances (ODS) .......
3.6.2 Gases con efecto invernadero (GEI) / Greenhouse gases (GHG) ..........................................................................................................
3.6.2.1 Emisiones y absorciones de dixido de carbono (CO
2
) / Carbon dioxide (CO
2
) emissions and absorptions ........................................
3.6.2.2 Emisiones de dixido de carbono (CO
2
) / Carbon dioxide (CO
2
) emissions ..........................................................................................
3.6.2.3 Emisiones de dixido de carbono (CO
2
) por habitante / Carbon dioxide (CO
2
) emissions per capita ..................................................
3.6.2.4 Emisiones de dixido de carbono (CO
2
) por cada 1.000 dlares de producto interno bruto
Carbon dioxide (CO
2
) emissions per US$ 1,000 of gross domestic product ..........................................................................................
3.6.2.5 Emisiones de metano (CH
4
) / Methane (CH
4
) emissions ........................................................................................................................
3.6.2.6 Emisiones de xido nitroso (N
2
O) / Nitrous oxide (N
2
O) emissions ......................................................................................................
3.7 Desastres naturales / Natural disasters ..................................................................................................................................................
3.7.1 Desastres naturales / Natural disasters ..................................................................................................................................................
3.7.1.1 Ocurrencia e impactos de desastres naturales / Occurence and impacts of natural disasters ...............................................................
3.8 Transporte / Transport ............................................................................................................................................................................
3.8.1 Transporte / Transport ............................................................................................................................................................................
3.8.1.1 Parque automotor por habitante / Motor-vehicle fleet per capita ...........................................................................................................
3.8.1.2 Parque automotor / Motor-vehicle fleet .................................................................................................................................................
3.8.1.3 Longitud de la red de carreteras / Length of the road network ...............................................................................................................
3.8.1.4 Longitud de la red ferroviaria / Length of the railway network ...............................................................................................................
3.8.1.5 Trco areo: pasajeros-kilmetros / Air traffic: passengers-kilometres .................................................................................................
3.8.1.6 Trco areo: kilmetros volados / Air traffic: kilometres flown ............................................................................................................
3.8.1.7 Trco areo: toneladas-kilmetros de carga / Air traffic: ton-kilometres of freight ...............................................................................
3.9 Gestin ambiental / Environmental management .................................................................................................................................
3.9.1 Gestin ambiental / Environmental management .................................................................................................................................
3.9.1.1 Empresas certicadas ISO 14001 / ISO 14001-certified enterprises .......................................................................................................
3.9.1.2 Empresas certicadas ISO 14001, por cada 1.000 millones de dlares del PIB
ISO 14001-certified enterprises per billion dollars of GDP .....................................................................................................................
3.9.1.3 Acuerdos multilaterales ambientales / Multilateral environmental agreements .....................................................................................
Notas tcnicas / Technical notes ................................................................................................................................................................................. 139
1 Estadsticas sociales / Social statistics ..................................................................................................................................................... 141
2 Estadsticas econmicas / Economic statistics ........................................................................................................................................ 155
3 Estadsticas ambientales / Environmental statistics ................................................................................................................................. 187
Fuentes / Sources ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 205
Publicaciones de la CEPAL / ECLAC publications ........................................................................................................................................................ 223
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The Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean
of ECLAC presents a set of basic statistics on the economic,
sociodemographic and environmental situation of the region
during a specific time period. This information is part of the
statistics available in CEPALSTAT, the statistical databases
and publications portal of ECLAC [online] (http://estadisticas.
cepal.org/cepalstat/ WEB_CEPALSTAT/Portada.asp?idioma=i).
This edition of the Yearbook includes information
available up to mid-December 2013. A new feature this
year is the inclusion of regional profiles giving an overview
of each area. These offer the reader a thematic regional
snapshot with a selected set of indicators.
The Yearbook comprises four chapters. The first covers
demographic and social indicators and continues to reflect
special efforts to mainstream the gender perspective in
statistical information and to encompass poverty-related
topics. The second chapter presents economic statistics
relating to trade, balance of payments and domestic prices, as
well as national accounts. The statistical series are expressed
in domestic currency and constant dollars.
The third chapter provides quantitative information
available on the environment. The electronic version
includes the data available and compiled by ECLAC for
this chapter. Given the abundance of data often diverse
and sometimes conflicting now accessible to researchers,
special attention must be paid to technical aspects specifying
the source of the data, their definition and coverage. This
information is presented in the fourth chapter, which deals
with methodology and metadata, supplementing the more
specific information contained in the footnotes to each of
the tables in this Yearbook.
As has been the case since 2005, there are some
differences between the printed and electronic versions
of the Yearbook. The printed version contains a selection
of tables providing statistical information from the regional
perspective, with emphasis on the international comparability
of data, such as the national accounts statistics in dollars
prepared by ECLAC.
The electronic version, available on CD-ROM and
on the ECLAC website, includes a greater number of
tables and over a much longer period with more
detailed information on countries economic, social and
environmental situation.
Wherever it was possible to ensure homogeneity of
the time series, the data presented in the electronic version
cover a greater number of years. For ease of reference, the
En el Anuario Estadstico de Amrica Latina y el Caribe de la
CEPAL se presenta un conjunto de estadsticas bsicas que
caracterizan la situacin econmica, sociodemogrfica y
ambiental de la regin referidas a un perodo en particular. Esta
informacin es parte del conjunto de estadsticas disponibles
en CEPALSTAT, el portal de bases de datos y publicaciones
estadsticas de la CEPAL [en lnea] http://estadisticas.cepal.
org/ cepalstat/WEB_CEPALSTAT/Portada.asp.
La presente edicin del Anuario contiene datos que se
encontraban disponibles hasta mediados de diciembre de
2013. Como novedad se han incluido perfiles regionales
a modo de resumen para cada una de las reas, a fin de
presentar al lector un panorama regional temtico a travs
de un conjunto seleccionado de indicadores.
El Anuario consta de cuatro captulos. El primero, en
que se presentan los indicadores demogrficos y sociales,
refleja el esfuerzo que se ha realizado para incluir en la
informacin estadstica la dimensin de gnero y los temas
relacionados con la pobreza. En el segundo captulo se renen
estadsticas econmicas de comercio internacional, balanza
de pagos y precios internos, as como d e cuentas nacionales
(expresadas en moneda nacional y en dlares).
En el tercer captulo se presenta la informacin
cuantitativa disponible sobre medio ambiente. Los datos
recopilados por la CEPAL correspondientes a este captulo
se publican exclusivamente en versin electrnica. La
abundante informacin a menudo diversa y en ocasiones
contradictoria a la que los usuarios pueden acceder obliga
a prestar particular atencin a los aspectos tcnicos, como
la documentacin del origen de los datos, su definicin y
cobertura. Esta referencia se presenta en el cuarto captulo,
dedicado a metodologa y a los metadatos, lo que
complementa la informacin ms especfica que figura en
las notas al pie de los cuadros.
Como ocurre desde 2005, las versiones impresa y
electrnica del Anuario no son exactamente iguales. En
la primera se rene una seleccin de cuadros orientados a
brindar informacin estadstica desde la perspectiva regional,
privilegiando la comparabilidad internacional de los datos,
como es el caso de la informacin sobre pobreza y sobre
cuentas nacionales en dlares elaboradas por la CEPAL.
La versin electrnica de este Anuario se presenta tambin
en CD-ROM y en lnea, en el sitio web de la CEPAL; en
ella se incluye un mayor nmero de cuadros, que brindan
informacin ms detallada y sobre un perodo histrico
mucho ms amplio acerca de la situacin econmica, social
y ambiental de los pases segn la informacin disponible.
Los datos contenidos en la versin electrnica cubren una
mayor cantidad de aos cuando ha sido posible garantizar
la homogeneidad de las series cronolgicas. Para facilitar
Presentacin Preface
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ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean 2013
tables are listed in a single index available in both versions
of the Yearbook.
Researchers are advised to consult CEPALSTAT for
more detailed statistical information on the region. This
database was thoroughly modernized in 2012 and contains
a series of thematic databases covering a variety of fields
(social, national accounts, the environment, gender affairs,
production activities and external trade, among others),
which are updated regularly. These data may be used to
generate statistical tables and charts in different formats,
with rapid processing via online web services.
Users are invited to submit any comments on the design
and content of the Statistical Yearbook for Latin America
and the Caribbean to the following e-mail address: deype@
cepal.org.
la consulta, los cuadros se presentan en un ndice nico,
disponible en ambas versiones del Anuario.
Para obtener informacin estadstica ms detallada
se sugiere consultar el sitio de CEPALSTAT. Este portal de
informacin, que fue objeto de un importante proceso de
modernizacin durante 2012, incluye un conjunto de bases
de datos temticas que cubren diferentes tipos de estadsticas
(sociales, sobre cuentas nacionales, ambientales, de gnero,
de actividades productivas y de comercio exterior, entre
otras), las cuales se actualizan peridicamente. Dentro de
un esquema de servicios web en lnea, los usuarios pueden
obtener cuadros estadsticos y grficos en diferentes formatos
con rapidez, gracias a la elevada velocidad de procesamiento
del sistema.
Puede hacer llegar sus observaciones acerca d el diseo
y el contenido del Anuario Estadstico de Amrica Latina
y el Caribe escribiendo a la direccin electrnica deype@
cepal.org.
Perfiles regionales
Regional profiles
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Poblacin total (en miles de habitantes)
Total population (thousands)
616 645 (000) hab. (2013)
Tasa anual de crecimiento de la poblacin
Population annual growth rate
1.1 % (2010-2015 )
Urbana / Urban
Rural / Rural
1.4 % (2010-2015 )
-0.6 % (2010-2015)
Tasa bruta de natalidad
Crude birth rate
17.8 % (2010-2015)
Tasa bruta de mortalidad
Crude death rate
5.9 % (2010-2015)
Tasa de migracin
Migration rate
-1.2 % (2010-2015)
Esperanza de vida
Life expectancy
75 aos / years (2010-2015)
Mujeres / Women
Hombres / Men
78 aos / years (2010-2015)
72 aos / years (2010-2015)
AMRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE: PERFIL REGIONAL SOCIODEMOGRFICO / LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: REGIONAL SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
ESTRUCTURA DEMOGRFICA / DEMOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE
Distribucin de la poblacin por sexo y edad, 2010 (en porcentajes)
Distribution of population by sex and age group, 2010 (percentages)
-10 -5 0 5 10 15
Mujeres / Women Hombres / Men
-15
0-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
80-84
85-89
90-94
95-99
100 y ms
EDUCACIN / EDUCATION
SALUD / HEALTH
Gasto pblico en educacin como porcentaje del PIB, alrededor de 2012
Public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP, around 2012
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
C
U
B
B
R
B
B
O
L
V
E
N
B
L
Z
J
A
M
C
R
I
A
B
W
B
R
A
A
R
G
M
E
X
V
C
T
M
S
R
D
M
A
N
I
C
U
R
Y
C
O
L
V
G
B
E
C
U
L
C
A
K
N
A
C
H
L
G
R
D
P
R
Y
H
N
D
P
A
N
S
L
V
G
U
Y
T
T
O
G
T
M
B
H
S
A
I
A
P
E
R
A
T
G
D
O
M
Gasto pblico en salud como porcentaje del PIB, alrededor de 2011
Public expenditure on health as a percentage of GDP, around 2011
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
C
R
I
N
I
C
C
U
B
P
R
Y
B
R
A
H
N
D
P
A
N
A
R
G
U
R
Y
H
T
I
B
H
S
B
R
B
C
H
L
E
C
U
L
C
A
S
L
V
G
T
M
M
E
X
G
R
D
C
O
L
A
T
G
D
M
A
G
U
Y
T
T
O
B
L
Z
D
O
M
S
U
R
V
E
N
J
A
M
V
C
T
B
O
L
K
N
A
Tasa de alfabetismo de la poblacin de 15 a 24 aos
Literacy rate in the population aged 15 - 24 years
97.1 % (2011)
Mujeres / Women
Hombres / Men
97.3 % (2011)
96.8 % (2011)
Tasa neta de matrcula de educacin primaria
Net enrolment rate in primary education
93.9 % (2011)
Mujeres / Females
Hombres / Males
94 % (2011)
93.6 % (2011)
Tasa neta de matrcula de educacin secundaria
Net enrolment rate in secondary education
76.1 % (2011)
Mujeres / Females
Hombres / Males
78.2 % (2011)
74.1 % (2011)
Alumnos por maestro (educacin primaria)
Pupils per teacher (primary education)
21 al / st (2011)
Alumnos por maestro (educacin secundaria)
Pupils per teacher (secondary education)
16 al / st (2011)
Tasa de mortalidad infantil
Infant mortality rate
16.0
0
/
00
(2010)
Tasa de mortalidad materna
Maternal mortality rate
81.0
0
/
0000
(2010)
Proporcin de la poblacin por debajo del nivel mnimo de
consumo de energa alimentaria
Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary
energy consumption
7.9 % (2011-2013)
Proporcin de nios de 1 ao vacunados contra el sarampin
Proportion of 1-year-old children inmunized against measles
93.0 % (2011)
Tasa de mortalidad asociada al paludismo
Malaria death rate
2.0
0
/
0000
(2010)
Tasa de mortalidad asociada a la tuberculosis
Tuberculosis death rate
3.4
0
/
0000
(2011)
Proporcin de la poblacin portadora del VIH con infeccin
avanzada que tiene acceso a medicamentos antirretrovirales
Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection
with access to antiretoviral drugs
68.0 % (2011)
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Tasa de desempleo
Unemployment rate
Poblacin urbana ocupada en el sector informal
del mercado de trabajo, alrededor de 2012
Urban population employed in low productivity
sectors of the labour market, around 2012
Salario medio real anual (ndice anual medio
2000=100), alrededor de 2012
Annual real average wage (average annual
index 2000=100), around 2012
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1
9
9
1
1
9
9
2
1
9
9
3
1
9
9
4
1
9
9
5
1
9
9
6
1
9
9
7
1
9
9
8
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
4
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
B
O
L
P
E
R
C
O
L
S
L
V
G
T
M
E
C
U
P
R
Y
D
O
M
H
N
D
V
E
N
M
E
X
N
I
C
A
R
G
B
R
A
C
R
I
U
R
Y
P
A
N
C
H
L
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
V
E
N
S
L
V
B
O
L
G
T
M
B
R
A
P
A
N
N
I
C
P
R
Y
U
R
Y
P
E
R
C
O
L
M
E
X
C
R
I
E
C
U
C
H
L
C
U
B
A
R
G
EMPLEO Y REMUNERACIONES / EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES
POBREZA Y DISTRIBUCIN DEL INGRESO / POVERTY AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION
VIVIENDA Y SERVICIOS BSICOS / HOUSING AND BASIC SERVICES
Proporcin de la poblacin que utiliza fuentes mejoradas de
abastecimiento de agua potable
94% (2011)
Proportion of population using an improved drinking
water source
Urbana / Urban
Rural / Rural
97% (2011)
82% (2011)
Proporcin de la poblacin que utiliza instalaciones de
saneamiento mejoradas
82% (2011)
Proportion of population using an improved
sanitation facility
Urbano / Urban
Rural / Rural
87% (2011)
63% (2011)
Vanse los captulos sobre fuentes estadsticas y notas tcnicas para ms informacin.
For information on statistical sources and technical notes, please refer to the specific chapter.
Amrica Latina: tasa de pobreza
Latin America: poverty rate
28.2% (2012)
Urbana / Urban
Rural / Rural
23.2% (2012)
48.6% (2012)
Amrica Latina: tasa de indigencia
Latin America: extreme poverty rate
11.3% (2012)
Urbana / Urban
Rural / Rural
7.1% (2012)
28.2% (2012)
Amrica Latina: coeficiente de Gini
Latin America: Gini coefficient
0.5- (2012)
Amrica Latina: porcentaje de personas sin ingresos propios
Latin America: population without own individual income
Mujeres / Women
Hombres / Men
33.7% (2012)
14.3% (2012)
Gasto pblico social como porcentaje del PIB, alrededor de 2010
Social public expenditure as a percentage of GDP, around 2010
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
C
U
B
A
R
G
B
R
A
U
R
Y
C
R
I
B
O
L
C
H
L
C
O
L
V
E
N
S
L
V
N
I
C
T
T
O
H
N
D
M
E
X
P
R
Y
J
A
M
P
A
N
P
E
R
E
C
U
G
T
M
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O
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AMRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE: PERFIL REGIONAL ECONMICO / LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: REGIONAL ECONOMIC PROFILE
SECTOR REAL / REAL SECTOR
PIB anual / Annual GDP
PIB total a precios corrientes (en millones de dlares)
Total GDP at current prices (millions of dollars)
5 707 819 (000 000) US$ (2012)
PIB per cpita a precios corrientes
Per capita GDP at current prices
9 499 US$ (2012)
Tasa de crecimiento a precios constantes
Growth rate at constant prices
2.6 % (2013)
Tasa de variacin anual del PIB a precios constantes de 2005 (en porcentajes)
Total GDP annual growth rate at constant 2005 prices (percentages)
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
9
9
0
1
9
9
1
1
9
9
2
1
9
9
3
1
9
9
4
1
9
9
5
1
9
9
6
1
9
9
7
1
9
9
8
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
4
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
PIB por actividad econmica a precios corrientes, 2012 (en porcentajes)
GDP by economic activity at current prices, 2012 (percentages)
Servicios personales
y comunales/
Personal and
community services
(23)
Intermediacin financiera/
Financial intermediation
(18)
Industria manufacturera/
Manufacturing
(15)
Comercio/
Commerce
(15)
Transporte y
comunicaciones/
Transport and
communications
(8)
Construccin/
Construction
(7)
Minera/
Mining
(7)
Sector agropecuario/
Agriculture
(5)
Electricidad, gas y agua/
Electricity, gas and water
(2)
CUENTAS NACIONALES / NATIONAL ACCOUNTS
GASTOS / EXPENDITURE
PRECIOS / PRICES DESEMPLEO / UNEMPLOYMENT
Porcentaje del PIB a
precios corrientes/
Percentage of GDP
at current prices
Variacin anual a
precios constantes/
Annual growth at
constant prices
Consumo total/
Final consumption
80.0 % 4.2 % (2012)
Formacin bruta de capital/
Gross capital formation
21.4 % 3.5 % (2012)
Exportaciones de bienes y servicios/
Exports of goods and services
22.3 % 3.1 % (2012)
Importaciones de bienes y servicios/
Imports of good and services
-23.3 % 4.4 % (2012)
Discrepancia estadstica/
Statistical discrepancy
1.4 % (2012)
Tasa de desempleo (en porcentajes)
Unemployment rate (percentages)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1
9
9
1
1
9
9
2
1
9
9
3
1
9
9
4
1
9
9
5
1
9
9
6
1
9
9
7
1
9
9
8
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
4
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
Promedio anual del ndice regional de precios al consumidor:
tasa de variacin (en porcentajes)
Regional consumer price index annual average:
growth rate (percentages)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1
9
9
5
1
9
9
6
1
9
9
7
1
9
9
8
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
4
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
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SECTOR EXTERNO / EXTERNAL SECTOR
Saldo en cuenta corriente como porcentaje del PIB
Current account balance as a percentage of GDP
-5
-4
-3
-2
1
0
1
2
1
9
9
0
1
9
9
1
1
9
9
2
1
9
9
3
1
9
9
4
1
9
9
5
1
9
9
6
1
9
9
7
1
9
9
8
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
4
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
ndice de relacin de intercambio de bienes (2005=100)
Terms of trade index for goods (2005=100)
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
1
9
8
0
1
9
8
1
1
9
8
2
1
9
8
3
1
9
8
4
1
9
8
5
1
9
8
6
1
9
8
7
1
9
8
8
1
9
8
9
1
9
9
0
1
9
9
1
1
9
9
2
1
9
9
3
1
9
9
4
1
9
9
5
1
9
9
6
1
9
9
7
1
9
9
8
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
4
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
ndices de volumen del comercio de bienes (2005=100)
External trade volume indexes (2005=100)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1
9
8
0
1
9
8
1
1
9
8
2
1
9
8
3
1
9
8
4
1
9
8
5
1
9
8
6
1
9
8
7
1
9
8
8
1
9
8
9
1
9
9
0
1
9
9
1
1
9
9
2
1
9
9
3
1
9
9
4
1
9
9
5
1
9
9
6
1
9
9
7
1
9
9
8
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
4
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
Exportaciones de bienes, FOB/
Exports of goods, f.o.b.
Importaciones de bienes, FOB/
Imports of goods, f.o.b.
Saldo en cuenta corriente/ Balance on current account -105 959 (000 000) US$ (2012)
Balanza de bienes / Balance on goods 45 783 (000 000) US$ (2012)
Balanza de servicios/Balance on services -74 415 (000 000) US$ (2012)
Balanza de renta / Balance on income -140 371 (000 000) US$ (2012)
Balanza de transferencias corrientes/
Balance on current transfers
61 380 (000 000) US$ (2012)
Balanza de cuentas de capital y financiera/
Balance on capital and financial account
184 780 (000 000) US$ (2012)
Errores y omisiones /Errors and omissions -21 657 (000 000) US$ (2012)
Variacin de reservas / Reserve assets -57 891 (000 000) US$ (2012)
Uso de crdito del FMI y financiamiento excepcional/
Use of IMF credit and exceptional financing
727 (000 000) US$ (2012)
Balanza de pagos: principales componentes (en millones de dlares)
Balance of payments: main components (millons of dollars)
Principales productos de exportacin segn participacin en el total
Exports of leading products as percentage of total
Petrleo crudo/
Crude petroleum
11.5 % (2012)
Vehculos automotores, montados o sin
montar, para pasajeros (excepto autobuses
y vehculos para usos especiales)/
Passenger motor cars (other than buses or
special vehicles), whether or not assembled
3.9 % (2012)
Mineral de hierro y sus concentrados
(excepto piritas de hierro tostadas)/
Iron ore and concentrates (except
roasted iron pyrites)
3.5 % (2012)
Mineral y concentrados de cobre/
Ores and concentrates of copper
3.0 % (2012)
Oro (incluso oro platinado) no monetario,
en bruto semilabrado o en polvo/
Gold (incl. platinum-plated gold) non-monetary,
unwrought, semi-manufactured or dust
3.0 % (2012)
Importaciones de bienes / Imports of goods
Bienes de consumo / Consumption goods 14 % (2012)
Bienes intermedios / Intermediate goods 61.9 % (2012)
Carburantes / Fuel 0 % (2012)
Bienes de capital / Capital goods 19.8 % (2012)
Vehculos / Vehicles 4.2 % (2012)
Servicios / Services
Crditos / Credits
Transportes / Transport 26 492 (000 000) US$ 19.7 % (2012)
Viajes / Travel 50 854 (000 000) US$ 37.8 % (2012)
Otros / Other 57 279 (000 000) US$ 42.5 % (2012)
Dbitos / Debits
Transportes / Transport 56 865 (000 000) US$ 29.7 % (2012)
Viajes / Travel 47 261 (000 000) US$ 24.7 % (2012)
Otros / Other 87 358 (000 000) US$ 45.6 % (2012)
Inversin extranjera neta (en millones de dlares)
Net foreign direct investment (millons of dollars)
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
100 000
120 000
140 000
1
9
8
0
1
9
8
1
1
9
8
2
1
9
8
3
1
9
8
4
1
9
8
5
1
9
8
6
1
9
8
7
1
9
8
8
1
9
8
9
1
9
9
0
1
9
9
1
1
9
9
2
1
9
9
3
1
9
9
4
1
9
9
5
1
9
9
6
1
9
9
7
1
9
9
8
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
4
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
Deuda externa como porcentaje del PIB
Total external debt as a percentage of GDP
0
10
20
30
40
50
1
9
9
0
1
9
9
1
1
9
9
2
1
9
9
3
1
9
9
4
1
9
9
5
1
9
9
6
1
9
9
7
1
9
9
8
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
4
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
27
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SECTOR PBLICO / PUBLIC SECTOR
Deuda del gobierno central como porcentaje del PIB, 2012
Central government debt as a percentage of GDP, 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
B
R
A
S
L
V
A
R
G
U
R
Y
P
A
N
C
R
I
H
N
D
D
O
M
C
O
L
N
I
C
B
O
L
M
E
X
H
T
I
V
E
N
G
T
M
E
C
U
P
E
R
C
H
L
P
R
Y
Ingresos y gastos del gobierno central como porcentaje del PIB, 2012
Central government income and expenditures as a percentage of GDP, 2012
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
A
R
G
B
R
A
C
H
L
C
O
L
C
R
I
C
U
B
E
C
U
S
L
V
G
T
M
H
T
I
H
N
D
M
E
X
N
I
C
P
A
N
P
R
Y
P
E
R
D
O
M
U
R
Y
V
E
N
Ingreso total y donaciones/
Total income and grants
Gasto total y prstamo neto/
Total expenditure and net lending
Tasa de poltica monetaria (en porcentajes), 2012
Monetary policy rate (percentages), 2012
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
A
R
G
B
L
Z
U
R
Y
B
R
A
B
R
B
H
N
D
A
T
G
D
M
A
G
R
D
K
N
A
V
C
T
L
C
A
V
E
N
J
A
M
P
R
Y
D
O
M
G
U
Y
G
T
M
C
H
L
C
R
I
C
O
L
B
H
S
M
E
X
P
E
R
B
O
L
H
T
I
T
T
O
S
L
V
N
I
C
SECTOR MONETARIO / MONETARY SECTOR
Vanse los captulos sobre fuentes estadsticas y notas tcnicas para ms informacin.
For information on statistical sources and technical notes, please refer to the specific chapter.
28
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ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean 2013
AMRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE: PERFIL REGIONAL AMBIENTAL / LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE
TIERRA Y SUELOS / LAND AND SOIL
BIOTA, AGUA, MARES / BIOTA, WATER, SEAS
ENERGA / ENERGY
Superficie total / Total surface area 2 041 (000 000) ha (2011)
Terrestre / Land area 2 013 (000 000) ha (2011)
Aguas continentales / Inland waters 28 (000 000) ha (2011)
Proporcin de superficie terrestre cubierta por bosques /
Proportion of land area covered by forest
47.2 % (2010)
Superficie agrcola / Agricultural area 740 (000 000) ha (2011)
Tierras arables / Arable land 168 (000 000) ha (2011)
Cultivos permanentes / Permanent crops 20 (000 000) ha (2011)
Praderas y pastos permanentes /
Permanent meadows and pastures
552 (000 000) ha (2011)
Intensidad de uso de fertilizantes (en toneladas
por 1.000 hectreas agrcolas) /
Fertilizer use intensity (tons per 1,000 ha
of agricultural area)
28 Tn (2011)
Superficie cosechada por tipo de cultivo (ha)
Harvest area by type of crop (ha)
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
100 000
120 000
140 000
1
9
6
1
1
9
6
3
1
9
6
5
1
9
6
7
1
9
6
9
1
9
7
1
1
9
7
3
1
9
7
5
1
9
7
7
1
9
7
9
1
9
8
1
1
9
8
3
1
9
8
5
1
9
8
7
1
9
8
9
1
9
9
1
1
9
9
3
1
9
9
5
1
9
9
7
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
1
Algodn con semillas / Seed cotton
Semilla de girasol / Sunflower seeds
Yuca (mandioca) / Cassava
Sorgo / Sorghum
Caf / Coffee
Arroz / Rice
Frijoles secos / Dried beans
Trigo / Wheat
Caa de azcar / Sugarcane
Maz / Maize
Soja / Soybean
Produccin pesquera de captura, 2011
Fish capture production, 2011
Peces marinos /
Marine fish
Peces de agua dulce /
Freshwater fish
Moluscos /
Molluscs
Crustceos /
Crustaceans
Plantas acuticas /
Aquatic plants
Otros /
Other
Proporcin de las reas terrestres y marinas protegidas /
Proportion of land and marine protected areas
20.4 % (2012)
Superficie de humedales bajo la Convencin de Ramsar /
Surface area of Ramsar designated wetlands
46 021 (000) ha (2013)
Produccin pesquera de captura / Fish capture production 19 066 (000) Tn (2011)
Produccin acucola total / Aquaculture production 2 397 (000) Tn (2011)
reas marinas / Sea water 1 388 (000) Tn (2011)
Aguas continentales / Inland waters 1 009 (000) Tn (2011)
Produccin energtica por tipo de fuente, 2011 (en porcentajes)
Energy production by type of energy, 2011 (percentages)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Primaria / Primary
Otras primarias /
Other primary
Nuclear
Geotermia /
Geothermal
Productos de caa /
Sugarcane products
Lea /
Fuelwood
Carbn mineral /
Mineral coal
Hidroenerga /
Hydrop ower
Gas natural /
Natural gas
0
20
40
60
80
100
Secundaria / Secondary
Otras secundarias /
Other secondary
Gas
Carbn vegetal /
Charcoal
Coques /
Coke
No energticas /
Non energy
Keroseno y turbo /
Kerosene and turbo
Gas licuado /
Liquified gas
Fuel oil
Electricidad/
Electricity
Gasolina/alcohol/
Gasolines/alcohol
Intensidad energtica del PIB (en barriles equivalentes de petrleo
por milln de dlares del PIB a precios constantes de 2005) /
Energy intensity of GDP (barrels of oil equivalent for
each millon dollars of GDP at constant 2005 prices)
1.3 (000) (2011)
Produccin de energa (en barriles equivalentes de petrleo) /
Energy production (barrels of oil equivalent)
Primaria / Primary 7 702 (000 000) (2011)
Secundaria / Secondary 3 545 (000 000) (2011)
Relacin consumo/produccin de energa /
Energy consumption/production ratio
Primaria / Primary 0.2 - (2011)
Secundaria / Secondary 0.9 - (2011)
Proporcin renovable de la oferta energtica /
Renewable proportion of energy supply
22.7 % (2011)
Consumo de energa elctrica (en gigavatios-hora) /
Consumption of electric power (gigawatts-hour)
1 147 (000) GW (2011)
Capacidad instalada de produccin elctrica (en megavatios) /
Installed capacity for producing electricity (megawatts)
317 (000) MW (2011)
29
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AIRE Y ATMSFERA / AIR AND ATMOSPHERE
DESASTRES NATURALES / NATURAL DESASTERS
GESTIN AMBIENTAL / ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Consumo de sustancias que agotan la capa de ozono (en toneladas PAO)
Consumption of all ozone-depleting substances (tons ODP)
-10 000
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
80 000
1
9
8
9
1
9
9
0
1
9
9
1
1
9
9
2
1
9
9
3
1
9
9
4
1
9
9
5
1
9
9
6
1
9
9
7
1
9
9
8
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
4
2
0
0
5
2
0
0
6
2
0
0
7
2
0
0
8
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
Bromuro de metilo (metilbromuro) /
Bromomethane (methyl bromide)
Hidroclorofluorocarbonos (HCFC) /
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
Tricloroetano (metilcloroformo) /
Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)
Halones /
Halons
Clorofluorocarbonos (CFC) /
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Tetracloruro de carbono /
Carbon tetrachloride
Consumo de sustancias que agotan la capa de ozono /
Consumption of ozone-depleting substances
5 166 Tn PAO (2012)
Hidroclorofluorocarbonos /
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC)
4 103 Tn PAO (2012)
Bromuro de metilo / Methyl bromide 1 063 Tn PAO (2012)
Clorofluorocarbonos / Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) 0 Tn PAO (2012)
Metilcloroformo / Methyl chloroform 0 Tn PAO (2012)
Gases de efecto invernadero /
Greenhouse gases (GHG)
Emisiones de CO
2
por habitante /
Tons of CO
2
per capita
2.9 Tn (2010)
Emisiones de CO
2
por 1.000 dlares del
PIB a precios constantes de 2005 /
Tons of CO
2
per US$ 1,000 of GDP
at constant 2005 prices
0.5 Tn (2010)
Variacin anual de las emisiones de CO
2 /
Annual rate of variation of CO
2
emissions
6.2 % (2010)
Personas afectadas en el decenio /
Number of persons affected during the past decade
60 235 (000) hab. (2004-2013)
Empresas con certificacin ISO 14001 /
Number of ISO 14001-certified enterprises
9 271 empresas /
enterprises
(2012)
Acuerdos multilaterales ambientales: pases de Amrica Latina y el Caribe miembros de
la CEPAL que han firmado, han aprobado, mantienen vigente o se han adherido
a un acuerdo (de un total de 33 pases) /
Multilateral environmental agreements: number of ECLAC member countries that have
become parties to the agreement through ratification, aceptance,
approval or adhesion (out of a total of 33 countries)
Ramsar 28 pases / countries
Patrimonio / Heritage 32 pases / countries
CITES
a
32 pases / countries
Especies migratorias / Migratory species (CMS) 12 pases / countries
Derecho del mar / The law of sea 31 pases / countries
Viena / Vienna 33 pases / countries
Montreal 33 pases / countries
Basilea / Basel 32 pases / countries
Diversidad biolgica / Biological diversity 33 pases / countries
Cambio climtico / Climate change 33 pases / countries
Desertificacin / Desertification (UNCCD) 33 pases / countries
Kyoto 33 pases / countries
Rotterdam 30 pases / countries
Cartagena 33 pases / countries
Estocolmo / Stockholm 32 pases / countries
a
Convencin sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres.
a
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
Vanse los captulos sobre fuentes estadsticas y notas tcnicas para ms informacin.
For information on statistical sources and technical notes, please refer to the specific chapter.
31
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1. Estadsticas sociales
Social statistics
33
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1
.
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34
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ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean 2013
1
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35
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CEPAL, Anuario Estadstico de Amrica Latina y el Caribe 2013
1
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36
S
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s
ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean 2013
1
.
1


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38
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ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean 2013
1
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41
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.
42
S
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s
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s
ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean 2013
1
.
1


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43
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CEPAL, Anuario Estadstico de Amrica Latina y el Caribe 2013
1
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.
44
S
o
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a
l

s
t
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t
i
s
t
i
c
s
ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean 2013
1
.
1


P
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46
S
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c
s
ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean 2013
1
.
1

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/

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CEPAL, Anuario Estadstico de Amrica Latina y el Caribe 2013
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.
48
S
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s
ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean 2013
1
.
2


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51
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CEPAL, Anuario Estadstico de Amrica Latina y el Caribe 2013
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54
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ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean 2013
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60
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ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean 2013
1
.
3


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CEPAL, Anuario Estadstico de Amrica Latina y el Caribe 2013
1
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3


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66
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ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean 2013
1
.
3


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ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean 2013
1
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1
.
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CEPAL, Anuario Estadstico de Amrica Latina y el Caribe 2013
1
.
6


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A
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I
B
U
T
I
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N
1
.
6
.
3


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5
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6
3
2
.
8
78
S
o
c
i
a
l

s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean 2013
1
.
6


P
O
B
R
E
Z
A

Y

D
I
S
T
R
I
B
U
C
I

N

D
E
L

I
N
G
R
E
S
O

/

P
O
V
E
R
T
Y

A
N
D

I
N
C
O
M
E

D
I
S
T
R
I
B
U
T
I
O
N
1
.
6
.
3


D
I
S
T
R
I
B
U
C
I

N

D
E
L

I
N
G
R
E
S
O

D
E

L
A
S

P
E
R
S
O
N
A
S
,

E
N

R
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A
S

U
R
B
A
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Y

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A
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(
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c
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n
)

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,

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B
A
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A
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A
R
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(
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)
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9

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1
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1
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CEPAL, Anuario Estadstico de Amrica Latina y el Caribe 2013
1
.
6


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ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean 2013
1
.
6


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CEPAL, Anuario Estadstico de Amrica Latina y el Caribe 2013
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88
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CEPAL, Anuario Estadstico de Amrica Latina y el Caribe 2013
91
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CEPAL, Anuario Estadstico de Amrica Latina y el Caribe 2013
97
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103
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107
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CEPAL, Anuario Estadstico de Amrica Latina y el Caribe 2013
109
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CEPAL, Anuario Estadstico de Amrica Latina y el Caribe 2013
115
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119
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Notas tcnicas
Technical notes
139
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1. Estadsticas sociales
En este captulo se presentan estadsticas sociales, elaboradas
tanto por la CEPAL como por los organismos internacionales
especializados, extradas principalmente de encuestas de
hogares y, en menor medida, de los censos de poblacin y
vivienda y de los registros administrativos. Las estadsticas
se organizan en siete reas temticas: poblacin, trabajo,
educacin, salud, vivienda y servicios bsicos, pobreza y
distribucin del ingreso, y gnero. Estas reas temticas
corresponden a algunas de las principales divisiones de
las funciones de poltica asignadas comnmente a distintos
ministerios en los pases (trabajo, educacin, salud, vivienda)
o a esferas de la poltica intersectorial (poblacin, pobreza
y distribucin del ingreso, y gnero). En la medida de lo
posible, los indicadores se han desagregado segn distintas
dimensiones (sexo, grupos de edad, reas geogrficas y
niveles de ingreso, entre otras) para destacar las desigualdades
socioeconmicas que caracterizan a la regin.
Asimismo, se presentan algunos cuadros con indicadores
que permiten hacer el seguimiento de los objetivos
de desarrollo convenidos internacionalmente, incluidos
los que figuran en la Declaracin del Milenio, aprobada
en septiembre de 2000 por la Asamblea General de las
Naciones Unidas.
En esta publicacin, el trmino pas se refiere
a entidades territoriales, ya sean Estados conforme al
derecho y la prctica internacionales o territorios sobre
los cuales se mantienen datos estadsticos en forma
separada e independiente.
Es posible consultar informacin estadstica adicional
en la base de datos CEPALSTAT [en lnea] http://estadisticas.
cepal.org/cepalstat/WEB_CEPALSTAT/Portada.asp.
1.1 Poblacin
Las series sobre los indicadores de poblacin corresponden
en su mayora a las estimaciones y proyecciones que realizan
el Centro Latinoamericano y Caribeo de Demografa
(CELADE)-Divisin de Poblacin de la CEPAL y la Divisin
de Poblacin de las Naciones Unidas. La preparacin de
estas estimaciones de poblacin para el perodo 1950-2010,
Revisin 2012, incorpora la nueva informacin sobre el
dinamismo demogrfico del pasado de cada pas o rea y
las proyecciones de poblacin para el perodo 2010-2100, e
incluye una formulacin detallada de los futuros patrones o
tendencias de las variables biodemogrficas de fecundidad,
mortalidad y migracin internacional. Las proyecciones
de poblacin de cada pas o rea se realizan a partir de la
poblacin estimada a 1 de julio de 2010. Debido a que los
1. Social statistics
This chapter offers social statistics prepared by ECLAC
and by specialized international agencies, deriving mainly
from household censuses and, to a lesser extent, from
population and housing censuses and administrative
records. The statistics are grouped into seven subject areas:
population, labour, education, health, housing and basic
services, poverty, income distribution and gender. These
subject areas correspond to some of the main divisions of
policy functions commonly assigned to different national
ministries (labour, education, health, housing) as well as
to spheres of intersectoral policy (population, poverty,
income distribution and gender). To the extent possible, the
indicators have been disaggregated according to different
dimensions such as sex, age group, geographical area and
income level, to highlight the socio economic inequalities
that characterize the region.
The chapter also contains tables with indicators that
can be used to monitor implementation of internationally
agreed development goals, including those set forth in the
Millennium Declaration, adopted in September 2000 by
the United Nations General Assembly.
As used in this publication, the term country refers
to a territorial entity that is either a State as understood by
international law and practice or a territorial entity that is
not a State but for which statistical data are maintained on
a separate and independent basis.
Further statistical information may be obtained from the
Commissions CEPALSTAT database [online] http://estadisticas.
cepal.org/cepalstat/WEB_CEPALSTAT/Portada.asp?idioma=i.
1.1 Population
Most of the population indicator series are estimates and
projections prepared by the Latin American and Caribbean
Demographic Centre (CELADE)-Population Division of
ECLAC and by the United Nations Population Division.
The population estimates for the period 1950-2010,
Revision 2012, include the new data on past population
growth for each country or area and the population
projections for the period 2010-2100. They also offer a
detailed breakdown of future patterns or tendencies of
the following biodemographic variables: fertility, mortality
and international migration. The future population of each
country or area is projected on the basis of the estimated
population at 1 July 2010. Because population data are not
always available as at that date, estimates are derived from
141
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ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean 2013
datos de poblacin no siempre estn disponibles en esa
fecha, la estimacin se deriva de los datos ms recientes de
poblacin disponibles en cada pas, normalmente obtenidos de
censos de poblacin y vivienda, estadsticas vitales, encuestas
demogrficas y registros de poblacin, y se proyectan a 2010
empleando las tendencias de las variables biodemogrficas
sealadas anteriormente entre la fecha de referencia con datos
de poblacin disponibles y el 1 de julio de 2010. Todas las
series que se muestran se basan en la hiptesis de fecundidad
media, recomendada para comparaciones internacionales y
entre ambos perodos, 1950-2010 y 2010-2100.
En el plano geogrfico, la informacin proporcionada
por el CELADE-Divisin de Poblacin de la CEPAL cubre
20 pases de Amrica Latina: Argentina, Bolivia (Estado
Plurinacional de), Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba,
Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Hait, Honduras, Mxico,
Nicaragua, Panam, Paraguay, Per, Repblica Dominicana,
Uruguay y Venezuela (Repblica Bolivariana de).
La informacin proporcionada por la Divisin de
Poblacin de las Naciones Unidas cubre 48 pases y
territorios de Amrica Latina y el Caribe que conforman
las subregiones de Centroamrica, Amrica del Sur y el
Caribe. No se considera Amrica del Norte.
Centroamrica (8): Belice, Costa Rica, El Salvador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Mxico, Nicaragua y Panam.
Amrica del Sur (14): Argentina, Bolivia (Estado
Plurinacional de), Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guyana, Guayana Francesa, Islas Malvinas (Falkland
Islands), Paraguay, Per, Suriname, Uruguay y Venezuela
(Repblica Bolivariana de).
El Caribe (26): Anguila, Antigua y Barbuda, , Aruba,
Bahamas, Barbados, Caribe neerlands
1
, Cuba, Curaao,
Dominica, Granada, Guadalupe
2
, Hait, Islas Caimn, Islas
Turcas y Caicos, Islas Vrgenes Britnicas, Islas Vrgenes de
los Estados Unidos, Jamaica, Martinica, Montserrat, Puerto
Rico, Repblica Dominicana, Saint Kitts y Nevis, San Martn
(Parte holandesa), San Vicente y las Granadinas, Santa Luca
y Trinidad y Tabago.
Es importante destacar que los totales de la regin de
Amrica Latina y el Caribe y de la subregin del Caribe
proporcionados por la Divisin de Poblacin de las Naciones
Unidas no corresponden a la suma de los pases y territorios
desplegados separadamente en el Anuario Estadstico, por
tres razones:
i) Se enumeran separadamente solo aquellos pases o
reas con 90.000 o ms habitantes en 2012; el resto
se incluye en los agregados regionales, pero no se
enumeran aparte, por lo que los agregados regionales
no corresponden a la suma de los pases enumerados.
ii) Aquellos pases cubiertos por el CELADE-Divisin
de Poblacin de la CEPAL no se vuelven a presentar
separadamente.
iii) Solo se muestran separadamente los Estados miembros
y asociados de la CEPAL.
1
Se refiere a Bonaire, Saba y San Eustaquio.
2
Incluye San Bartolom y San Martn (parte francesa).
the most recent population data available in each country,
which are normally obtained from population and housing
censuses, vital statistics records, demographic surveys and
population records. The estimates are projected to 2010 on
the basis of the aforementioned biodemographic variables
between the reference date, with available population data,
and 1 July 2010. All the series shown correspond to the
medium-fertility scenario, recommended for comparisons
among countries and between the two periods, 1950-2010
and 2010-2100.
In terms of geography, the information from CELADE
covers 20 countries of Latin America. Argentina, Bolivarian
Republic of Venezuela, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica,
Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay,
Peru, Plurinational State of Bolivia and Uruguay.
The information provided by the United Nations
Population Division covers 48 countries and territories
of Latin America and the Caribbean, which make up the
subregions of Central America, South America and the
Caribbean. North America is not included.
Central America (8): Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua and Panama.
South America (14): Argentina, Bolivarian Republic
of Venezuela, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Falkland
Islands (Malvinas), French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru,
Plurinational State of Bolivia, Suriname and Uruguay.
The Caribbean (26): Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda,
Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Caribbean
Netherlands,
1
Cayman Islands, Cuba, Curaao, Dominica,
Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe,
2
Haiti, Jamaica,
Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis,
Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Turks and
Caicos Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, the United States Virgin
Islands and Sint Maarten (Netherlands part).
It should be noted that the totals for the region of
Latin America and the Caribbean and the subregion of
the Caribbean provided by the United Nations Population
Division do not correspond to the sum of those for the
countries and territories listed separately in the Statistical
Yearbook, for three reasons:
(i) Only those countries or regions with 90,000 or more
inhabitants in 2012 are listed separately; the remainder
are included in the regional aggregates but are not listed
separately; therefore, the regional aggregates do not
correspond to the sum of the countries listed.
(ii) Those countries covered by CELADE are not relisted
separately.
(iii) Only ECLAC member States and associated members
are listed separately.
1
Refers to Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius.
2
Including Saint Barthlemy and Saint Martin (French part)
143
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CEPAL, Anuario Estadstico de Amrica Latina y el Caribe 2013
Tasa de crecimiento de la poblacin total. Es el cociente
entre el incremento medio anual total durante un perodo
determinado y la poblacin del mismo perodo, expresado
por cada 100 habitantes.
Relacin de dependencia demogrfica. Representa la
dependencia demogrfica de algunos grupos especficos
de edad sobre la poblacin de entre 15 y 64 aos. La
dependencia total es la relacin entre la suma de los
grupos de poblacin de entre 0 y 14 aos y de 65 aos y
ms con respecto a la poblacin de entre 15 y 64 aos de
edad. Nios: relacin entre la poblacin de entre 0 y 14
aos sobre la poblacin de entre 15 y 64 aos de edad.
Adultos: relacin de la poblacin de 65 aos y ms sobre
la poblacin de entre 15 y 64 aos de edad.
Tasa bruta de natalidad. Representa el nmero de
personas nacidas vivas por cada 1.000 habitantes. Es el
cociente entre el nmero medio anual de nacimientos
ocurridos durante un perodo determinado y la poblacin
media del mismo perodo, expresado por 1.000.
Tasa bruta de mortalidad. Representa el nmero de
defunciones por cada 1.000 habitantes. Es el cociente entre
el nmero medio anual de defunciones ocurridas durante
un perodo determinado y la poblacin media del mismo
perodo, expresado por 1.000.
Tasa global de fecundidad. Representa el nmero de
hijos que en promedio tendra una mujer de una hipottica
cohorte de mujeres que durante su vida frtil tuvieran sus
hijos de acuerdo con las tasas de fecundidad por edades
del perodo en estudio y no estuvieran expuestas a riesgos
de mortalidad desde el nacimiento hasta la finalizacin del
perodo frtil.
Esperanza de vida al nacer. Representa la duracin media
de la vida de los individuos que integran una hipottica
cohorte de nacimientos y que estn sometidos en todas las
edades a los riesgos de mortalidad del perodo en estudio.
Poblacin en el rea metropolitana principal. La informacin
de este rubro proviene de los censos de poblacin y vivienda
de la ronda de 2010. Se incluye un conjunto de indicadores
que muestran la importancia relativa de la poblacin en
localidades de distinto tamao y el crecimiento que estas han
experimentado en los ltimos decenios. Dada la dificultad
de comparar la informacin entre pases debido a la falta
de uniformidad en las definiciones y a las diferencias en la
forma de identificar las aglomeraciones urbanas, se presentan
adems los datos sobre la distribucin espacial, desagregando
la poblacin segn el tamao de las localidades de residencia,
de acuerdo con los ltimos censos de poblacin. Se consider
como rea metropolitana la superficie de la ciudad principal
ms las zonas de alta densidad de su entorno.
Tamao medio de los hogares urbanos segn quintil de
ingreso. La informacin para el clculo de este indicador
proviene de las encuestas de hogares proporcionadas por
los pases, y es procesada por la Divisin de Estadsticas de
la CEPAL. Ello impone ciertas restricciones debido a que
no todos los pases realizan encuestas peridicamente y,
en algunos casos, la cobertura geogrfica se limita a las
reas urbanas.
Total population growth rate. The ratio of the total
mean annual growth of a population in a given period
of time to the population in this same period, expressed for
each 100 inhabitants.
Demographic dependency ratio. The demographic
dependency of specific age groups on the population aged
between 15 and 64. The total dependency is the ratio of
the population groups aged between 0 and 14 plus those
aged 65 or more to the population aged between 15 and
64. Children: ratio of the population aged between 0 and
14 to the population aged between 15 and 64. Adults: ratio
of the population aged 65 and older to the population aged
between 15 and 64.
Crude birth rate. The number of live births per 1,000
inhabitants. The ratio of the mean annual number of births
over a given period of time to the mean population during
the same period, expressed per 1,000.
Crude mortality rate. The number of deaths per 1,000
inhabitants. The ratio of the mean annual number of deaths
over a given period of time to the mean population during
the same period, expressed per 1,000.
Total fertility rate. The total fertility rate measures
the average number of children who would be born to a
woman belonging to a hypothetical cohort of females whose
reproductive performance over their entire reproductive
period was in accordance with the age fertility rates for the
years in question; it is further supposed that the women have
not been exposed to mortality risks from the time of birth up
until the end of their reproductive period.
Life expectancy at birth. Life expectancy at birth is the
mean length of life of individuals from a hypothetical cohort
of births whose members have been subject since birth to
the mortality risks of the period in question.
Population in the main metropolitan area. The information
in this section is derived from the population and housing
censuses of the 2010 round. It includes a series of indicators
that show the relative weight of the population in localities of
different sizes and the growth they have experienced in recent
decades. Given the difficulty of comparing the information
for different countries due to the lack of uniformity in the
definitions and to differences in the way urban agglomerations
are identified, data on spatial distribution are also presented
on the basis of a breakdown of the population according
to the size of localities of residence, based on the latest
population censuses. Metropolitan area was considered
to refer to the area comprised by the central city plus the
nearby high-density areas.
Average size of urban households, by income quintile.
The date used to calculate this indicator come from the
household surveys provided by the countries and is processed
by the Statistics Division of ECLAC. This imposes certain
constraints owing to the fact that not all countries conduct
regular censuses and, in some cases, geographic coverage
is limited to urban areas.
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El indicador corresponde al nmero medio de personas
por hogar en las zonas urbanas. El quintil de ingreso
corresponde al ingreso de los hogares ordenados por quintil
de ingreso per cpita. El quintil 1 corresponde a los hogares
ms pobres y el quintil 5 a los hogares ms ricos.
La definicin de hogar comnmente utilizada en
las encuestas de hogares corresponde a una persona o
conjunto de personas, emparentadas o no entre s, que
residen habitualmente en la vivienda y se asocian para
atender sus necesidades de alimentos y de otros bienes y
servicios esenciales.
Clasificacin de hogares. Utilizando la variable de
relacin de parentesco entre los miembros que integran un
hogar con la persona identificada como jefe del hogar, se
definieron diversos tipos de hogares de los que se estudiaron
caractersticas especiales, como el sexo del jefe del hogar
y el estrato de ingresos correspondiente.
Los tipos de hogares definidos de acuerdo con la presencia
o ausencia de determinados miembros del hogar son:
i) hogar unipersonal, integrado por una sola persona;
ii) hogar biparental con hijo(s), integrado por el padre y
la madre (pareja unida o casada legalmente) y uno o
ms hijos;
iii) hogar biparental sin hijo(s), integrado por la pareja
unida o casada legalmente sin hijos;
iv) hogar monoparental, integrado por uno de los padres
y uno o ms hijos;
v) hogar extenso, que corresponde a hogares biparentales
o monoparentales que incluyen uno o ms parientes
del jefe de hogar;
vi) hogar compuesto, que corresponde a hogares biparentales
o monoparentales que incluyen uno o ms no parientes
del jefe de hogar , y
vii) hogar sin ncleo.
Los cuadros 1.1.16 a 1.1.21 no se incluyen en la versin
impresa, pero pueden encontrarse en el CD-ROM, as como
en la versin publicada en Internet.
1.2 Trabajo
En esta seccin se presentan datos de diferentes fuentes que
determinan las caractersticas especficas de la informacin
que se muestra. Las proyecciones de poblacin corresponden
a las series revisadas por el CELADE-Divisin de Poblacin
de la CEPAL a partir de 1990, mediante la aplicacin de
una metodologa que permite aprovechar la informacin
recopilada en los censos y encuestas de hogares
3
.
Por otra parte, se utiliza la informacin de las encuestas
de hogares de los pases, procesadas por la Divisin de
Estadsticas de la CEPAL, para describir y caracterizar la fuerza
de trabajo. Esta fuente impone ciertas restricciones, debido
a que no todos los pases realizan encuestas peridicamente
3
Vanse detalles metodolgicos en Centro Latinoamericano y Caribeo
de Demografa (CELADE)-Divisin de Poblacin de la CEPAL, Poblacin
econmicamente activa, Observatorio Demogrfico, N 2 (LC/G.2337-P),
Santiago de Chile, octubre de 2006. Publicacin de las Naciones Unidas,
N de venta: E/S.07.II.G.28.
The indicator corresponds to the average number of
persons per household in urban areas. The income quintile
corresponds to household income according to per capital
income quintile. Quintile 1 corresponds to the poorest
households and quintile 5 to the wealthiest households.
For the purpose of household surveys, household
is commonly defined as a person or group of persons,
whether related or not, who normally reside together in a
housing unit and combine to provide themselves with food
and other essential goods and services.
Categorization of households. A number of categories of
households were defined based on the kinship relationship
between the members of a household and the designated
head of household. Various characteristics of these different
types of households, such as the sex of the head of household
and the relevant income stratum, were then examined.
The following types of households were identified on
the basis of their composition:
(i) single-person household: a household composed of
one person;
(ii) two-parent household with children: a household
composed of a father and mother (a free union or a
legally married couple) and one or more children;
(iii) two-person household without children: a couple in
free union or legally married with no children;
(iv) single-parent household with children, with one parent
and one or more children;
(v) extended household: a single-parent or two-parent
household which also includes one or more relatives
of the head of household;
(vi) composite household: a single-parent or two-parent
household which also includes one or more non-
relatives of the head of household.
(vii) Non-nuclear family.
Tables 1.1.16 to 1.1.21 are not included in the printed
version, but they are available on CD-ROM as well as in
the version published online.
1.2 Labour
This section provides data from various sources, each of which
imparts certain specific characteristics to the information
shown. The population projections correspond to the series
revised by the Latin American and Caribbean Demographic
Centre (CELADE)-Population Division of ECLAC from 1990
on, based on a methodology that permits the utilization of
information compiled in censuses and household surveys.
3
In addition, the information from the household
surveys conducted by the respective countries, processed
by the Statistics Division of ECLAC, is used to describe and
characterize the labour force. This source imposes certain
constraints owing to the fact that not all countries conduct
3
For methodological details, see: Latin American and Caribbean
Demographic Centre (CELADE)-Population Division of ECLAC,
Demographic Observatory No. 2, Economically Active Population
(LC/G.2337-P), Santiago, Chile, October 2006. United Nations publication,
sales No. E/S.07.II.G.28.
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y, en algunos casos, la cobertura geogrfica se limita a
las reas urbanas. Sobre la base de esas encuestas, se
presenta un conjunto de indicadores de empleo referidos
exclusivamente a las reas urbanas y calculados a partir
de una poblacin econmicamente activa (PEA) de 15
aos y ms. El objetivo es homogeneizar la informacin,
dado que las encuestas nacionales difieren en cuanto a la
cobertura geogrfica y los lmites mnimos de edad para
la determinacin de la PEA.
Tambin se emplea informacin proveniente de las
fuentes oficiales de los pases, recopilada por la Divisin
de Desarrollo Econmico de la CEPAL para elaborar sus
principales publicaciones de carcter econmico.
Proyecciones de la PEA. Esta informacin proviene
de las proyecciones realizadas por el CELADE-Divisin de
Poblacin de la CEPAL y permite mostrar las tendencias de
la PEA de 15 aos y ms, as como las tasas de participacin
en la actividad econmica.
Se considera poblacin econmicamente activa al
conjunto de personas que estn dispuestas a aportar su
trabajo para la produccin de bienes y servicios econmicos.
Se han homogeneizado tanto los lmites de edad como la
definicin de la PEA.
Tasa de participacin en la actividad econmica. Esta
informacin proviene de las encuestas de hogares. Se
presentan clasificadas por sexo las tasas que corresponden
al cociente entre la PEA de 15 aos y ms y la poblacin
total de esa misma edad de cada sexo, multiplicada por 100.
Ocupacin por rama de actividad econmica. Se
tabula de acuerdo con las nueve grandes divisiones de la
Clasificacin Industrial Internacional Uniforme de Todas las
Actividades Econmicas, Rev. 2. Se presenta la estructura
porcentual de los ocupados por rama o sector de actividad,
en trminos generales y por sexo.
Ocupacin por grupos ocupacionales. Esta informacin
proviene de las encuestas de hogares. Se clasifica de
acuerdo con los principales grupos de ocupacin de la
Clasificacin Internacional Uniforme de Ocupaciones
(CIUO) de la Organizacin Internacional del Trabajo (OIT)
(1988): grupo 1: miembros del poder ejecutivo y de los
cuerpos legislativos y personal directivo de la administracin
pblica y de empresas; grupo 2: profesionales cientficos
e intelectuales; grupo 3: tcnicos y profesionales de nivel
medio; grupo 4: empleados de oficina; grupo 5: trabajadores
de los servicios y vendedores de comercios y mercados;
grupo 6: agricultores y trabajadores calificados agropecuarios
y pesqueros; grupo 7: oficiales, operarios y artesanos de
artes mecnicas y de otros oficios; grupo 8: operadores de
instalaciones y mquinas y montadores; grupo 9: trabajadores
no calificados, y grupo 0: fuerzas armadas.
En la informacin del cuadro correspondiente se incluye
solo los pases cuyas encuestas de hogares son compatibles
con la CIUO-88.
Ocupacin por categora ocupacional. Esta informacin
proviene de las encuestas de hogares. Se realiz la clasificacin
en cuatro grupos homogneos: empleadores, asalariados,
trabajadores por cuenta propia y personal de servicio
domstico. Asimismo, se presenta la estructura porcentual
periodic censuses and, in some cases, geographic coverage
is limited to urban areas. Based on these surveys, a number
of employment indicators are presented. These indicators
refer exclusively to urban areas and have been calculated
for an economically active population (EAP) aged 15 and
over. This procedure has been used in the interests of
comparability, since the countries surveys differ in terms
of their geographic coverage and the lower age limits used
for defining the EAP.
In addition, ECLAC uses information from the
countries official sources, gathered by its Economic
Development Division, in the preparation of its main
economic publications.
EAP projections. This information comes from the
projections conducted by CELADE and provides an indication
of trends in the EAP aged 15 and above, as well as economic
participation rates.
The EAP is considered to be the total number of persons
willing to supply their labour for the production of economic
goods and services. Age limits and the definition of the EAP
have been standardized.
Participation in economic activity. This information is
derived from household surveys. Participation rates, given
by sex, represent the ratio between the EAP aged 15 or
over and the male and female populations in that same age
group, multiplied by 100.
Employment by kind of economic activity. This information
is derived from household surveys and has been tabulated
on the basis of the nine major divisions of the International
Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities,
Rev. 2. The occupational structure is given in percentages by
kind of activity, for the total working population and by sex.
Employment by occupational group. This information
is derived from household surveys. Employment is broken
down into the major occupational groups of the ILO
International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO),
1988 edition: group 1 Legislators, senior officials and
managers; group 2 Professionals; group 3 Technicians and
associate professionals; group 4 Clerks; group 5 Service
workers and shop and market sales workers; group 6
Skilled agricultural and fishery workers; group 7 Craft
and related trade workers; group 8 Plant and machine
operators and assemblers; group9 Elementary occupations;
group 0 Armed forces.
The information in the corresponding table includes only
those countries whose household surveys are compatible
with ISCO-1988.
Employment by category of employment. This
information is derived from household surveys. Employment
is disaggregated by occupational category on the basis of four
standardized groups: employers, wage earners, own-account
workers and domestic staff. The distribution of the employed
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de la poblacin ocupada, clasificada por esas categoras,
en trminos generales y por sexo.
Tasa de desempleo. Estas cifras provienen de las
fuentes oficiales de los pases. Se considera la poblacin
desocupada en un determinado perodo, es decir, las
personas cesantes que han intentado emplearse y quienes
ya forman parte de la poblacin econmicamente activa y
buscan trabajo por primera vez. Debe tenerse presente que
las cifras corresponden a distintos perodos, debido a que
los aos de referencia utilizados con respecto al empleo o
desempleo en las encuestas nacionales varan de un pas a
otro. Los datos corresponden a las tasas de desempleo abierto
a nivel nacional, a menos que se indique la inclusin del
desempleo oculto o que corresponda a cobertura urbana.
Tasa de desempleo abierto urbano segn sexo y grupos
de edad. Esta informacin proviene de las encuestas de
hogares. El indicador es el cociente entre la poblacin
desocupada urbana de 15 aos y ms, por grupos de edad
y sexo, y la PEA urbana de 15 aos y ms, por los grupos de
edad y sexo respectivos. Es representativo del indicador de
los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio tasa de desempleo
juvenil entre 15 y 24 aos de edad. Aunque el indicador se
visualiza en la estructura, no forma parte de la lista oficial
de los indicadores de los ODM, vigente a partir de enero
de 2008. Sin embargo, la CEPAL ha considerado relevante
mantener un indicador complementario para monitorear
la meta 1B, debido a la persistente necesidad de elaborar
y aplicar estrategias que proporcionen a los jvenes un
trabajo digno y productivo.
Tasa de desempleo abierto urbano, segn sexo y
aos de estudios. Estas cifras provienen de las encuestas
de hogares. El indicador es el cociente entre la poblacin
desocupada urbana de 15 aos y ms, por cada grupo de
aos de escolaridad y sexo determinado, y la PEA urbana
de 15 aos y ms, por cada grupo de aos de escolaridad
y sexo, respectivamente.
Los cuadros 1.2.6, 1.2.7, 1.2.9, 1.2.10, 1.2.12, 1.2.13,
1.2.15 y 1.2.16 no se incluyen en la versin impresa; sin
embargo, pueden encontrarse en el CD-ROM, as como
en la versin publicada en Internet.
1.3 Educacin
En esta seccin se suministran datos sobre el nivel educativo
de la poblacin potencialmente disponible para el mercado
de trabajo, la capacidad del sistema educativo para incorporar
a los segmentos de la poblacin en edad escolar, y los
recursos humanos y materiales invertidos en la educacin.
Las fuentes principales de informacin son el Instituto de
Estadstica de la Organizacin de las Naciones Unidas para
la Educacin, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO) y la Divisin
de Estadsticas de la CEPAL.
Tasa de alfabetizacin de adultos. Es el porcentaje de
mayores de 15 aos que son capaces de leer y escribir, con
entendimiento, un relato simple y breve de su vida cotidiana.
Matrcula en cada nivel de enseanza. Los datos sobre
matrcula se compilaron de acuerdo con la nueva Clasificacin
population among these categories is given in percentages,
for the total working population and by sex.
Unemployment rate. These figures come from
official sources in the countries. This rate comprises the
unemployed population in a given period that is, those
who are jobless but have attempted to find employment
and those among the EAP who are seeking work for the
first time. It should be recalled that the figures correspond
to different periods, because the reference years used for
employment and unemployment in national surveys vary
from one country to the next. The data correspond to the
open unemployment rate and the urban employment rate,
unless it is indicated that hidden unemployment is included
or that coverage is nationwide.
Urban open unemployment rate, by sex and age group.
This information is derived from the household surveys. The
indicator is the ratio of the urban unemployed population
aged 15 or over, disaggregated by age group and sex, and
the EAP aged 15 or over, also disaggregated by age group
and sex. This is a proxy indicator for the discontinued
Millennium Development Goals indicator on the proportion
of unemployed youth between the ages of 15 and 24.
Although this indicator is apparent in the structure, it does
not figure on the official list of Millennium Development
Goal indicators in use since January 2008. Nevertheless,
ECLAC deems it worthwhile to maintain a complementary
indicator to monitor target 1B, owing to the persistent
need to develop and implement strategies for decent and
productive work for youth.
Urban open unemployment rate, by sex and years
of schooling. This information comes from the household
surveys. The indicator is derived from the ratio of the urban
unemployed population aged 15 or over, disaggregated by
years of schooling and sex, to the EAP aged 15 or over, also
disaggregated by years of school and sex.
Tables 1.2.6, 1.2.7, 1.2.9, 1.2.10, 1.2.12, 1.2.13, 1.2.15
and 1.2.16 are not included in the printed version, but
they are available on CD-ROM as well as in the version
published online.
1.3 Education
This section provides data on the educational level of the
population potentially available for the labour market, the
educational systems capacity to incorporate school-age
population segments and the human and material resources
invested in education. The main sources of information are
the Institute for Statistics of the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the
Statistics Division of ECLAC.
Adult literacy rate. Percentage of persons aged 15 or
over able to read, understand and write a brief, simple recital
of facts related to daily life.
Enrolment at each level of education. Enrolment data
has been compiled in accordance with the new International
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Internacional Normalizada de la Educacin de 1997 (CINE, 1997).
Para su medicin se ha adoptado la tasa neta de matrcula,
que representa la relacin entre el total de matriculados en
edad escolar oficial en cada uno de los niveles de enseanza
y la poblacin total en edad escolar oficial para cada nivel
(excepto en el caso de la educacin terciaria, para la cual
se consider la tasa bruta de matrcula). En la comparacin
internacional de estos datos debe tenerse en cuenta que los
pases no guardan uniformidad con respecto a los programas
ni la extensin de cada nivel.
Segn la definicin de la UNESCO, la enseanza
de segundo nivel es la que se imparte en las escuelas de
enseanza general, normal y vocacional. Mientras que el
ttulo obtenido en las primeras permite el ingreso al tercer
nivel, no ocurre necesariamente lo mismo en el caso de
las otras dos. La enseanza de tercer nivel es aquella para
cuya admisin se exige como condicin mnima haber
cursado con xito el segundo nivel o estar en condiciones
de demostrar la posesin de conocimientos equivalentes.
En la comparacin de los datos de matrcula del tercer nivel
deber considerarse el posible efecto de las diferencias en
la proporcin de estudiantes de tiempo parcial, as como las
variaciones entre los pases en cuanto al tipo de instituciones
educativas que se consideran de tercer nivel.
Gasto pblico en educacin. Se ha tomado como
indicador el porcentaje del producto interno bruto, en
moneda nacional y a precios corrientes de mercado,
destinado a educacin.
La UNESCO considera el agregado regional Amrica
Latina y el Caribe, que comprende 41 pases y territorios:
Anguila, Antigua y Barbuda, ex Antillas Neerlandesas,
Argentina, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belice, Bermuda,
Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de), Brasil, Chile, Colombia,
Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Granada,
Guatemala, Guyana, Hait, Honduras, Islas Caimn,
Islas Turcas y Caicos, Islas Vrgenes Britnicas, Jamaica,
Mxico, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panam, Paraguay, Per,
Repblica Dominicana, Saint Kitts y Nevis, San Vicente y
las Granadinas, Santa Luca, Suriname, Trinidad y Tabago,
Uruguay y Venezuela (Repblica Bolivariana de).
Tanto la poblacin urbana analfabeta, por sexo y grupos
de edad, como la asistencia escolar en reas urbanas, por
quintiles de ingreso per cpita del hogar, segn sexo y
grupos de edad, provienen de tabulaciones especiales de las
encuestas de hogares. Como se sabe, esto impone ciertas
restricciones debido a que no todos los pases realizan
encuestas peridicamente y en algunos casos la cobertura
geogrfica se limita a las reas urbanas. El quintil de ingreso
corresponde al de los hogares ordenados por quintil de
ingreso per cpita. En el quintil 1 se sitan los hogares ms
pobres y en el quintil 5 los ms ricos.
Los cuadros 1.3.10 a 1.3.14 no se incluyen en la versin
impresa, si bien pueden encontrarse en el CD-ROM y en
la versin publicada en Internet.
Standard Classification of Education 1997 (ISCED, 1997).
The measurement used for this variable is the net school
enrolment rate, which is the ratio of the total number
of pupils of official school age enrolled in each level of
education to the total population of official school age
(except in the case of tertiary education, for which the
gross school enrolment rate is used). Any comparison of
these data across countries should take into account that
countries vary with respect to the content and the length
of each level.
As defined by UNESCO, second-level education is the
instruction provided in general education schools, teacher
training schools and vocational schools. A diploma awarded
by a general education or teaching training school makes it
possible to enter the third level, but this is not necessarily true
of vocational schools. Third-level education is education for
admission to which it is necessary, as a minimum condition,
to have successfully completed the second level or to be
able to demonstrate the possession of equivalent knowledge.
Comparisons of data on enrolment in third-level education
should take into account the possible effect of differences in
the proportion of part-time students and of variations among
countries as to what types of institutions are considered to
provide third-level education.
Public expenditure on education. The indicator
used is the percentage of the gross domestic product,
expressed in local currency at current market prices,
allocated to education.
UNESCO takes into account the regional aggregate
for Latin America and the Caribbean, which comprises
41 countries and territories: Anguilla, Antigua and
Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize,
Bermuda, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Brazil, British
Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia, Costa
Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El
Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras,
Jamaica, Mexico, Montserrat, former Netherlands Antilles,
Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Plurinational State of
Bolivia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and
Caicos Islands and Uruguay.
Illiteracy in the urban population, by sex and age
group, as well as school attendance in urban areas, by
per capita household income quintile and by sex and
age group, are based on special tabulations of data from
household surveys. As is known, this imposes certain
constraints owing to the fact that not all countries conduct
periodic censuses and, in some cases, geographic coverage
is limited to urban areas. The income quintile corresponds
to household income according to per capital income
quintile. Quintile1corresponds to the poorest households
and quintile 5 to the wealthiest households.
Tables 1.3.10 to 1.3.14 are not included in the printed
version, but they are available on CD-ROM as well as in
the version published online.
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1.4 Salud
Los indicadores de salud presentados en el primer cuadro
de este captulo provienen de cuatro fuentes internacionales:
el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF),
la Organizacin Mundial de la Salud (OMS), el Fondo de
Poblacin de las Naciones Unidas (UNFPA) y la Organizacin
de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentacin y la Agricultura
(FAO). Los indicadores seleccionados son los siguientes:
Mortalidad materna. Indicador calculado por el UNICEF.
Se define como el nmero de mujeres fallecidas anualmente
por causas relacionadas con el embarazo, el parto y el
puerperio, por cada 100.000 nacidos vivos.
Partos atendidos por personal calificado. Es la relacin
porcentual entre los partos atendidos por mdicos, enfermeras,
matronas y agentes calificados de atencin primaria de
salud o matronas tradicionales capacitadas, y el total de
nacimientos estimados por mtodos indirectos.
Mortalidad de nios menores de 5 aos. Este indicador
lo calcula el Grupo Interinstitucional para la Estimacin de
la Mortalidad Infantil (IGME), conformado por el UNICEF,
la OMS, el Banco Mundial y la Divisin de Poblacin
de las Naciones Unidas. Corresponde a estimaciones de
la probabilidad de muerte antes de los 5 aos basadas
en datos provenientes de estadsticas vitales, censos de
poblacin y encuestas por muestreo. En este caso, se toman
en cuenta las deficiencias de los mtodos empleados en
cada fuente y los valores adoptados a nivel nacional e
internacional. Las estimaciones comparables entre pases
presentaron dificultades, debido a las caractersticas de
las fuentes y a las diferencias de metodologa y criterios
de medicin.
Malnutricin infantil medida por el peso. Este indicador,
calculado por el UNICEF y la OMS, corresponde al porcentaje
de desnutricin global (nios menores de 5 aos cuyo peso
para la edad es inferior a dos desviaciones estndar de la
mediana del patrn de crecimiento infantil de la OMS.
Malnutricin infantil medida por la estatura. Este
indicador, calculado por el UNICEF y la OMS, corresponde
al porcentaje de desnutricin crnica (nios menores de 5
aos cuya estatura para la edad es inferior a dos desviaciones
estndar de la mediana del patrn de crecimiento infantil
de la OMS).
Porcentaje de nios de 1 ao vacunados contra el
sarampin. Indicador calculado por el UNICEF y la OMS que
se utiliza para el monitoreo de la meta 4A de los Objetivos
de Desarrollo del Milenio, relativa a la reduccin de la
mortalidad en la niez.
Porcentaje de poblacin por debajo del nivel mnimo de
consumo de energa alimentaria. Los datos sobre personas
subalimentadas, cuyo consumo de energa alimentaria es
permanentemente inferior a las necesidades mnimas de
energa alimentaria para llevar una vida sana y realizar una
actividad fsica liviana, provienen de la FAO.
1.4 Health
The health indicators presented in table 1 of this chapter
come from four international sources. the United Nations
Childrens Fund (UNICEF), the World Health Organization
(WHO), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and
the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(FAO). The selected indicators are as follows:
Maternal mortality. An indicator calculated by UNICEF,
maternal mortality is defined as the number of women who
die per year from pregnancy- or childbirth-related causes,
per 100,000 live births.
Births attended by specialized personnel. The number
of births attended by doctors, nurses, midwives, personnel
trained to administer primary healthcare or trained traditional
midwives as a percentage of the total number of births, as
estimated by indirect means.
Child mortality (under 5 years of age). This indicator
is calculated by the Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality
Estimation (IGME), comprising the United Nations Childrens
Fund (UNICEF), the World Health Organization (WHO),
the World Bank and the Population Division of the United
Nations. It estimates the probability of death occurring
before five years of age on the basis of data drawn from
vital statistics, population censuses and sampling surveys.
The shortcomings of the estimation methods used by each
such source are taken into account, as are the values in use
at the national and international levels. The preparation of
estimates that will be comparable across countries posed
difficulties in this case, owing to the varying characteristics
of the sources used and differences in the methodologies
and measurement criteria applied.
Child malnutrition by weight. This indicator, calculated
by UNICEF and WHO, corresponds to the percentage of
underweight (measured by weight-for-age: less than -2
standard deviations of the WHO child growth standards
median) among children aged 0-5 years.
Child malnutrition by height. This indicator, calculated
by UNICEF and WHO, corresponds to the percentage of
stunting (measured by height-for-age: less than -2 standard
deviations of WHO child growth standards median) among
children aged 0-5 years.
Proportion of one-year-old children immunized
against measles. This indicator, calculated by UNICEF and
WHO, is used in monitoring target 4A of the Millennium
Development Goals, which relates to reducing the under-
five mortality rate.
Proportion of the population below the minimum level
of dietary energy consumption. Data on undernourished
persons, that is, those whose food consumption remains
permanently below the minimum dietary energy requirement
for living a healthy life and engaging in light physical activity,
come from FAO.
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Disponibilidad de energa alimentaria. Corresponde
a las estimaciones de la FAO que indican el suministro de
energa alimentaria en kilocaloras por da por persona.
En este captulo se presentan, adems, cuadros sobre
los siguientes indicadores:
Mortalidad infantil. Corresponde a las estimaciones y
proyecciones que realizan el CELADE-Divisin de Poblacin de
la CEPAL y la Divisin de Poblacin de las Naciones Unidas.
Se adoptan las tasas de mortalidad infantil de las tablas de
mortalidad implcitas en las estimaciones y proyecciones
de poblacin elaboradas por las mismas organizaciones
internacionales. Se define como la probabilidad que tiene
un nacido vivo de morir antes de cumplir 1 ao de vida. En
la prctica, se define como el cociente entre las defunciones
de menores de 1 ao ocurridas en un lapso de tiempo y los
nacimientos ocurridos en el mismo lapso, expresado por
1.000 nacidos vivos. Generalmente, las cifras se extraen de
las estadsticas de registros vitales, aunque debe tenerse en
cuenta el subregistro de los nacimientos y las defunciones,
as como su falta de precisin.
La cobertura geogrfica para este indicador es la
misma que en el captulo de poblacin para los agregados
de Amrica Latina (20 pases); Amrica Latina y el Caribe
(48 pases y territorios), y el Caribe (26 pases y territorios).
Un aporte importante es la informacin proporcionada
por las oficinas nacionales de estadstica de los pases, en
relacin con los siguientes indicadores:
Mdicos. Con respecto a la informacin sobre el
nmero de mdicos, es necesario tener presente que no
existen mtodos de recopilacin uniformes entre los pases
ni dentro de un mismo pas a lo largo del tiempo. En algunos
pases, la informacin solo se refiere a los mdicos que
trabajan para los ministerios de salud o en instituciones
hospitalarias. En otros, en cambio, las cifras se obtienen de
informes de los establecimientos hospitalarios. Debido a que
estos profesionales trabajan jornadas parciales en diferentes
centros asistenciales, es posible que se los incluya ms de
una vez en la estadstica final. Por ello, la comparacin de
los valores de este indicador entre pases y entre distintos
momentos en un mismo pas debe hacerse con cautela y
tiene que complementarse y controlarse sobre la base del
comportamiento de otros indicadores del acceso potencial
de la poblacin a los servicios de salud.
Nmero de habitantes por mdico. Este indicador es
calculado por la Divisin de Estadsticas de la CEPAL a
partir de la informacin sobre mdicos recopilada por las
oficinas nacionales de estadstica de los pases y la poblacin
estimada por el CELADE-Divisin de Poblacin de la CEPAL
y la Divisin de Poblacin de las Naciones Unidas.
Camas de hospital. Se entiende por cama de hospital
aquella instalada en una institucin hospitalaria dotada
con personal y equipos necesarios para que el paciente
hospitalizado pueda utilizarla durante las 24 horas del da.
La calidad de esta informacin depende de la estructura
del sistema de prestacin de servicios de salud. Cuando un
Dietary energy supply. Estimates by FAO indicating the
dietary energy supply in kilocalories per person per day.
This chapter also contains tables on the following
indicators:
Infant mortality. Corresponds to the estimates and
projections prepared by the Latin American and Caribbean
Demographic Centre (CELADE)-Population Division of ECLAC
and the United Nations Population Division. The infant
mortality rates used are based on the infant mortality rates
from the life tables implicit in the population estimates and
projections prepared by the same international organizations.
Infant mortality is defined as the probability of a live-born
dying before reaching the age of one. In practice, it is
defined as the ratio of deaths of infants under one year of
age, occurring within a given period, to the number of births
occurring in the same period, expressed per 1,000 live births.
In general, the figures are taken from vital statistics records,
which frequently under-record both births and deaths or
fail to record them with the same accuracy.
The geographic coverage of this indicator is the same
as the coverage used in the chapter on population for the
aggregates for Latin America (20 countries), Latin America
and the Caribbean (48 countries and territories) and the
Caribbean (26 countries and territories).
The information provided by the national statistical
offices of the countries relative to the following indicators
is a significant contribution:
Doctors. With regard to the information on the number
of doctors, it should be noted that compilation methods are
not uniform either from one country to another or within a
single country over time. In some countries, the information
covers only those doctors who work for the ministry of
health or in hospitals. In others, the figures are obtained
from reports issued by hospitals, and since doctors often
work part-time in various medical centres, they may be
counted more than once in the final statistics. For these
reasons, caution must be exercised in comparing the values
shown for this indicator, both between countries and at
different times within the same country. Such comparisons
should be supplemented by and checked against trends
in other indicators of the populations potential access to
health services.
Number of inhabitants per doctor. This indicator is
calculated by the Statistics Division of ECLAC on the basis
of information on doctors compiled by the national statistical
offices of the countries and the population estimated by
the Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre
(CELADE)-Population Division of ECLAC and the United
Nations Population Division.
Hospital beds. The term hospital bed is understood
to mean a bed in an institution providing hospital care
and having the staff and equipment needed to care for
hospitalized patients 24 hours a day. The quality of this
information depends on the structure of the health service
system. When a particular body or ministry has authority over
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organismo o ministerio tiene el control sobre la mayora de
los hospitales, suele ser ms fcil obtener datos completos y
comparables; no es as cuando varias instituciones, pblicas
o privadas, comparten esta responsabilidad.
Camas de hospital por cada 1.000 habitantes. Indicador
calculado por la Divisin de Estadsticas de la CEPAL a partir
de la informacin sobre camas recopilada por las oficinas
nacionales de estadstica de los pases y la poblacin estimada
por el CELADE-Divisin de Poblacin de la CEPAL y la
Divisin de Poblacin de las Naciones Unidas.
Gasto total en salud. En general, las cifras representan
el gasto total en salud expresado como porcentaje del
producto interno bruto. Corresponde a cifras nacionales
recopiladas por la OMS.
Los cuadros 1.4.6 y 1.4.7 no figuran en la versin
impresa; sin embargo, pueden encontrarse en el CD-ROM,
as como en la versin publicada en Internet.
1.5 Vivienda y
servicios bsicos
En esta seccin se incluyen estadsticas e indicadores sobre las
caractersticas de las viviendas de la poblacin que reside en los
pases de Amrica Latina y el Caribe, as como de los servicios
bsicos a su disposicin. Los datos sobre agua y saneamiento
calculados por la Divisin de Estadsticas de la CEPAL (sobre la
base de informacin proveniente de encuestas de hogares), por
el CELADE-Divisin de Poblacin de la CEPAL (sobre la base
de informacin proveniente de los censos nacionales) y por el
Programa Conjunto de Monitoreo del Abastecimiento de Agua
y del Saneamiento del UNICEF y la OMS (sobre la base de
encuestas de demografa y salud, encuestas mundiales de salud,
encuestas basadas en indicadores mltiples y cuestionarios de
evaluacin, entre otras fuentes) no son comparables entre s.
Mientras que en general para los datos de agua y saneamiento se
intentan unificar las definiciones entre los pases disminuyendo
las diferencias, en el caso de los datos del UNICEF y la OMS
se realiza un proceso de estimacin internacional con el fin
de monitorear la meta 7C de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del
Milenio, relativa a la reduccin del porcentaje de personas
que carecen de acceso al agua potable y a servicios bsicos
de saneamiento.
Disponibilidad de servicios en las viviendas, en reas
urbanas y rurales. Estos datos son calculados por la Divisin
de Estadsticas de la CEPAL sobre la base de informacin
proveniente de encuestas de hogares de los pases. Corresponde
al porcentaje de hogares con acceso a tres servicios bsicos:
i) Agua potable o agua por caera: Agua suministrada
por la red general de distribucin con conexin por
caera por dentro o por fuera de la vivienda, pero
dentro de la propiedad. Los problemas de definicin
operativa son mucho ms complejos en el sector rural,
lo que afecta la confiabilidad de los datos de ese sector.
ii) Sistema de eliminacin de excretas: Comprende el
sistema de alcantarillado; tambin se incluye una
estimacin de la poblacin que reside en las reas
most of the hospitals, it is usually easier to obtain complete
and comparable data than when this responsibility is shared
by many institutions, whether public or private.
Hospital beds per 1,000 inhabitants. This indicator is
calculated by the Statistics Division of ECLAC on the basis
of information on doctors compiled at the national statistical
offices of the countries and the population estimated by
the Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre
(CELADE)-Population Division of ECLAC and the United
Nations Population Division.
Total expenditure on health. Generally speaking, the
figures represent total expenditure on health as a percentage
of gross domestic product. The data are national figures
compiled by WHO.
Tables 1.4.6 and 1.4.7 are not included in the printed
version, but they are available on CD-ROM as well as in
the version published online.
1.5 Housing and
basic services
This section includes statistics and indicators on the
characteristics of the housing of the Latin American and
Caribbean population and on the basic services available
to them. The data on water and sanitation calculated by
the Statistics Division of ECLAC (on the basis of information
from the household surveys) are not comparable with
those provided by CELADE (on the basis of information
from the national censuses) and by the WHO/UNICEF
Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and
Sanitation (on the basis of demographic and health surveys,
world health surveys, multiple indicator cluster surveys
and assessment questionnaires and other sources). With
the data on water and sanitation, an attempt has been
made to unify definitions and reduce the differences
among the measurement methods used by the countries;
by contrast, WHO/UNICEF data are used for worldwide
monitoring of target 7C of the Millennium Development
Goals, which relates to reducing the proportion of people
without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic
sanitation services.
Services available in dwellings, urban and rural areas.
These data are calculated by the Statistics Division of ECLAC
on the basis of information from household surveys conducted
in the countries. This corresponds to the percentage of
homes with access to three basis services:
(i) Drinking water or piped water: water supplied through
the general distribution network with a hook-up either
inside or outside of the dwelling, but within the property.
The problems of establishing an operative definition
are much more complex in the rural sector, and this
affects the reliability of the data for that sector.
(ii) Sewage disposal systems: includes sewerage systems:
An estimate is also included of the population
residing in urban areas where there are networks
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urbanas, donde existen redes pblicas de instalaciones
de excretas y aguas servidas.
iii) Alumbrado elctrico: Viviendas que cuentan con instalacin
de luz elctrica y tienen acceso a alumbrado pblico.
Unidades de viviendas segn tipo de tenencia, en reas
urbanas y rurales. Informacin procesada de censos nacionales
recopilados por el CELADE-Divisin de Poblacin de la CEPAL.
Unidad de vivienda. El trmino designa el local de
habitacin o vivienda destinado a alojar un hogar particular,
aunque en el momento de recoger los datos pueda haber
estado ocupado por ms de un hogar particular. Tambin
se incluyen locales que, aun cuando no hayan sido
originalmente concebidos para alojar hogares particulares,
de hecho lo hacen.
Tipo de tenencia. Se refiere al tipo de convenio segn
el cual un hogar ocupa una vivienda, ya sea en propiedad,
arriendo o de acuerdo con algn otro sistema.
Poblacin que utiliza fuentes mejoradas de abastecimiento
de agua potable y servicios de saneamiento mejorados,
en reas urbanas y rurales. Estimaciones calculadas por el
Programa Conjunto de Monitoreo del Abastecimiento de Agua
y del Saneamiento. Incorpora una definicin internacional
estandarizada del acceso a ambos servicios en la poblacin.
El agregado regional Amrica Latina y el Caribe
comprende en este caso 46 pases y territorios: Anguila,
Antigua y Barbuda, ex Antillas Neerlandesas, Argentina, Aruba,
Bahamas, Barbados, Belice, Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional
de), Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica,
Ecuador, El Salvador, Granada, Guadalupe, Guatemala,
Guyana, Guayana Francesa, Hait, Honduras, Islas Vrgenes
Britnicas, Islas Caimn, Islas Malvinas (Falkland Islands),
Islas Turcas y Caicos, Islas Vrgenes de los Estados Unidos,
Jamaica, Martinica, Mxico, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panam,
Paraguay, Per, Puerto Rico, Repblica Dominicana, Saint
Kitts y Nevis, Santa Luca, San Vicente y las Granadinas,
Suriname, Trinidad y Tabago, Uruguay y Venezuela (Repblica
Bolivariana de).
El cuadro 1.5.2, elaborado sobre la base de datos
provenientes de censos nacionales recopilados por el
CELADE-Divisin de Poblacin de la CEPAL, no figura en
la versin impresa; sin embargo, puede encontrarse en el
CD-ROM, as como en la versin publicada en Internet.
1.6 Pobreza y distribucin
del ingreso
Los ndices de pobreza, indigencia y distribucin del ingreso
que figuran en esta publicacin fueron elaborados por
la Divisin de Estadsticas de la CEPAL sobre la base de
informacin proporcionada por las encuestas de hogares. Esta
fuente impone ciertas restricciones debido a que no todos
los pases realizan encuestas peridicamente y, en algunos
casos, la cobertura geogrfica se limita a las reas urbanas.
Las estimaciones sobre pobreza absoluta fueron realizadas
por la CEPAL mediante el mtodo del ingreso, que se basa
en el clculo de las lneas de pobreza e indigencia. Estas
of public facilities for the disposal of human waste
and othersewage.
(iii) Public lighting: dwellings that have electric lighting
and access to public lighting.
Housing units, by type of tenancy, urban and rural
areas. Information processed in national censuses and
collected by CELADE.
Dwelling unit. This term refers to dwellings or living
quarters intended to house one private household, even
though at the time when the data were collected it may
have been occupied by more than one private household.
Also included are premises which, although not originally
intended as private dwelling units, are in fact occupied
as such.
Type of housing tenure. Refers to the type of agreement
under which a household occupies a dwelling, be it ownership,
tenancy or some other system.
Population using improved drinking-water sources
and improved sanitation facilities in urban and rural areas.
These estimates are calculated by the Joint Monitoring
Programme on Water Supply and Sanitation. It incorporates
a standardized international definition of the populations
access to both services.
In this case, the regional aggregate for Latin America
and the Caribbean includes 46 countries and territories:
Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Bahamas,
Barbados, Belize, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Brazil,
British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia,
Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,
El Salvador, Falkland Islands (Malvinas), French Guiana,
Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras,
Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, former Netherlands
Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Plurinational
State of Bolivia, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint
Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad
and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, United States Virgin
Islands and Uruguay.
Table 1.5.2, prepared using the database with information
from national censuses compiled by CELADE, is not included
in the printed version but are available on CD-ROM as well
as in the version published online.
1.6 Poverty and
income distribution
The poverty, indigence and income distribution indices
contained in this publication were calculated by the Statistics
Division of ECLAC on the basis of information obtained from
household surveys. This source imposes certain constraints
owing to the fact that not all countries conduct periodic
censuses and, in some cases, geographic coverage is limited
to urban areas.
The estimates of extreme poverty were prepared by
ECLAC using the income method, which is based on the
calculation of poverty and indigence lines. These lines
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representan el nivel de ingreso que permite a cada hogar
satisfacer las necesidades bsicas de todos sus miembros. La
canasta bsica para la medicin de la pobreza se construye
sobre la base de una seleccin bsica de alimentos, que abarca
los bienes que se precisaran para cubrir las necesidades
nutricionales de la poblacin, tomando en consideracin los
hbitos de consumo, la disponibilidad efectiva de alimentos
y sus precios en cada pas y zona geogrfica. En la mayora
de los casos, la informacin sobre la estructura del consumo
de los hogares, tanto de alimentos como de otros bienes y
servicios, proviene de las encuestas de presupuestos familiares
llevadas a cabo en los pases durante la dcada de 1980.
Al valor de esta canasta, la lnea de indigencia, se
agrega el monto requerido por los hogares para satisfacer las
necesidades bsicas no alimentarias, a fin de calcular el valor
total de la lnea de pobreza. Para ello, se multiplica la lnea de
indigencia por un factor, que toma valores distintos en reas
urbanas y rurales. En las estimaciones de pobreza hasta 2006,
se utiliza un factor de 2 para las zonas urbanas y de 1,75 para
las rurales. En las estimaciones efectuadas a partir de 2007, ese
factor es variable y depende de la diferencia entre la evolucin
de los precios de los alimentos y del resto de bienes y servicios.
El valor de las lneas de indigencia y pobreza se actualiza
cada ao de acuerdo con la variacin acumulada del ndice
de precios al consumidor (IPC). En las estimaciones hasta
diciembre de 2006 se aplica la misma variacin a ambas
lneas. A partir de 2007, la lnea de indigencia se actualiza
mediante la variacin del IPC de los alimentos, mientras que
la parte de la lnea de pobreza que corresponde al gasto en
bienes no alimentarios se actualiza mediante la variacin
del IPC correspondiente.
Los porcentajes de hogares y de poblacin pobre e
indigente se obtuvieron contrastando el valor de ambos
presupuestos con el ingreso total per cpita de cada hogar.
Los ndices nacionales de pobreza e indigencia se calcularon
como promedios ponderados de los respectivos ndices de
cada rea geogrfica, razn por la cual en ellos influyen tanto
la incidencia de la pobreza en cada rea como su importancia
relativa en la poblacin total de cada pas.
Personas en situacin de pobreza e indigencia en reas
urbanas y rurales. Pobreza: Corresponde al porcentaje de
personas cuyo ingreso es inferior al doble de una canasta
bsica de alimentos. Incluye a las personas en situacin
de indigencia. Indigencia: Corresponde al porcentaje de
personas cuyo ingreso es inferior al costo de una canasta
bsica de alimentos.
Coeficiente de la brecha de pobreza e indigencia.
Este indicador mide el dficit relativo de los ingresos de
los pobres (o indigentes) con respecto al valor de la lnea
de pobreza (o indigencia). El coeficiente de la brecha de
pobreza se considera ms completo que el ndice de recuento
porque no solo toma en cuenta la proporcin de personas
pobres sino tambin la diferencia entre sus ingresos y la
lnea de pobreza; es decir, aade informacin acerca de la
profundidad de la pobreza.
Distribucin del ingreso de las personas, en reas
urbanas y rurales. Es la estimacin de la proporcin del
ingreso nacional total recibido por cada 20% (quintil) de la
represent the level of income required by a household
in order to meet the basic needs of all its members. The
basket for measuring poverty is constructed on the basis
of a basket of staple foods taking into account eating
habits and the actual availability and prices of food in
each country and geographical area which meets the
nutritional requirements of the population. In most cases,
data concerning the structure of household consumption, of
both food and other goods and services, are from national
household-budget surveys conducted by the countries in
the 1980s.
To the value of this basket was then added the sum
required by households to meet their basic non-food needs,
to calculate the total value of the poverty line. This was done
by multiplying the value of the indigence line by a factor that
varies between rural to urban areas. The poverty estimates
up to 2006 use a factor of 2.0 for urban areas and 1.75 for
rural areas. For estimates from 2007 onwards, the factor is
variable and depends on the respective trends in prices for
foods and for other goods and services.
The values of the indigence and poverty lines are updated
each year using cumulative variations in the consumer price
index (CPI). Until December 2006, the same variation was
applied to both lines. Since 2007, however, the indigence
line has been adjusted to reflect changes in the foodstuffs
component of the CPI, whereas the part of the poverty line
that corresponds to non-food spending is adjusted to reflect
changes in that component of the CPI.
The percentages of households and persons classified
as poor and as indigent were obtained by comparing the
value of the two budgets against the total per capita income
of each household. These indices are therefore influenced
not only by the extent of poverty in each area, but also by
its incidence in terms of the total national population.
Poor and indigent population, urban and rural areas.
Poverty: the percentage of the population whose income is
below the cost of two basic food baskets. Includes people
living in situations of indigence. Indigence: the percentage
of the population whose income is the cost of a basket of
staple foods.
Poverty and indigence gap. This indicator measures
the relative income deficit of poor (or indigent) groups in
relation to the poverty (or indigence) line. The poverty gap
is considered more complete than the headcount index
because it takes into account not only the proportion of
poor people but also how far they are below the poverty
line; in other words, it adds information on the degree
of poverty.
Distribution of national income, urban and rural areas.
This is an estimate of the share of total national income
received by each 20% (quintile) of the population, from the
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poblacin, ordenada desde las personas ms pobres hasta
las ms ricas, sobre la base de los ingresos per cpita medios
de los hogares de pertenencia. El quintil 1 corresponde a la
parte de la poblacin ms pobre y el quintil 5 a la ms rica.
ndice de Gini. Se utiliza para medir la distribucin del
ingreso. Es un ndice que toma valores en el rango [0,1],
donde el valor 0 corresponde a la equidad absoluta y el
valor 1 a la inequidad absoluta.
1.7 Gnero
En esta seccin del Anuario se presentan dos indicadores
oficiales para el monitoreo del tercer Objetivo de
Desarrollo del Milenio, promover la igualdad de gnero
y el empoderamiento de la mujer, as como un indicador
sobre la desigualdad salarial entre hombres y mujeres. Las
fuentes principales de informacin son las encuestas de
hogares de la Divisin de Estadsticas de la CEPAL y otros
organismos internacionales.
Relacin de salarios entre los sexos, segn aos de
estudios aprobados. Proporcin del salario medio de las
mujeres asalariadas urbanas, de 20 a 49 aos de edad, que
trabajan 35 horas y ms por semana, respecto del salario
de los hombres de iguales caractersticas. El indicador es
calculado por la Divisin de Estadsticas de la CEPAL.
Proporcin de mujeres entre los empleados asalariados
en el sector no agrcola. Estos datos son recopilados por la
Organizacin Internacional del Trabajo (OIT), sobre la base
de datos aportados por los pases. La Divisin de Estadstica
de las Naciones Unidas compila las series internacionales
y los agregados regionales y mundiales en el sitio web de
los indicadores de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio.
Proporcin de puestos ocupados por mujeres en el
parlamento nacional. Los parlamentos nacionales proporcionan
sus datos a la Unin Interparlamentaria (UIP). La Divisin
de Estadstica de las Naciones Unidas rene en el sitio
web de los indicadores de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del
Milenio las series internacionales y los agregados regionales
y mundiales. Para realizar comparaciones internacionales
la UIP utiliza generalmente solo la cmara baja o nica.
ndice de feminidad de la pobreza y la indigencia. El
ndice corresponde al cociente (multiplicado por 100) entre
las tasas de pobreza de las mujeres y las de los hombres,
por grupos etarios.
Este ndice refleja las disparidades en la incidencia
de la pobreza y la indigencia entre mujeres y hombres.
Un valor superior a 1 indica que la pobreza o indigencia
afecta en mayor grado a las mujeres que a los hombres; un
valor inferior a 1 indica la situacin contraria. El indicador
es calculado por la Divisin de Estadsticas de la CEPAL.
poorest to the wealthiest, on the basis of the average per capita
income of the households to which they belong. Quintile 1
corresponds to the poorest segment of the population and
quintile 5 to the wealthiest segment.
Gini coefficient. The Gini coefficient is used to measure
income distribution. Its values range from 0 to 1, where 0 is
equal to absolute equity and 1 to absolute inequity.
1.7 Gender
This section of the Yearbook presents two official indicators
used for monitoring the third Millennium Development
Goal, promote gender equality and empower women,
and an indicator on wage inequality between men and
women The main sources of information are the household
surveys of the Statistics Division of ECLAC and other
international agencies.
Inter-gender wage ratio, by years of education completed.
Refers to the ratio of the average pay rate of urban women
wage earners between 20 and 49 years of age who work
35 hours or more per week to the pay rate of men with
the same characteristics. This indicator is calculated by the
Statistics Division of ECLAC.
Share of women in wage employment in the non-
agricultural sector. This information is collected by the
International Labour Organization (ILO) on the basis of data
reported by the countries. The Millennium Development Goals
website of the United Nations Statistics Division compiles
international series and regional and global aggregates.
Proportion of seats held by women in national
Parliament. National parliaments pass on this information
to the Inter- Parliamentary Union (IPU) at least once a year,
and particularly when there has been a significant change.
In its turn, the Millennium Development Goals website of
the United Nations Statistics Division regularly compiles
international series and regional and global aggregates. IPU
usually employs data relating to the lower or single chamber
for the purposes of international comparison.
Femininity index of poverty and indigence. This index
is the ratio between the poverty rates for women and men,
multiplied by 100, by age group.
It reflects the disparities in poverty and indigence
rates between men and women. A value higher than one
indicates that poverty and indigence are more prevalent
among women than among men, while the opposite is true
of a value below one. This indicator is calculated by the
Statistics Division of ECLAC.
2. Estadsticas econmicas
En el captulo sobre estadsticas econmicas se presentan
fundamentalmente los instrumentos estadsticos de sntesis
que describen la evolucin del sector real y del sector
externo, es decir, las cuentas nacionales y la balanza de
pagos, as como algunas estadsticas bsicas sectoriales y
otras relativas a los precios internos.
La seccin de cuentas nacionales se subdivide en
dos partes: en la primera figuran las series de agregados
macroeconmicos regionales para los que se toma como
referencia el ao 2005; en la segunda, se presentan
nicamente en medios electrnicos las series de
cuentas nacionales de Amrica Latina y el Caribe, por pas,
expresadas en moneda nacional.
La seccin de estadsticas sobre el sector externo
contiene informacin de la balanza de pagos y del comercio
exterior de bienes y servicios, as como de los principales
indicadores derivados. Asimismo, se incluye informacin
sobre el financiamiento y el endeudamiento externo de los
pases de la regin.
En la tercera seccin se presentan los indicadores
de evolucin de los precios internos y en la cuarta, las
estadsticas sectoriales relacionadas principalmente con la
agricultura, la minera y la industria manufacturera, que en
esta ocasin no se registra ninguna actualizacin respecto
del Anuario estadstico 2010.
En esta edicin la informacin contenida en la seccin
Precios (2.3) corresponde a una cobertura ms amplia de
pases; de esa manera, en trminos de la cobertura regional
que se presenta en el Anuario, tanto las estadsticas de
cuentas nacionales como las de precios y las del sector
externo se presentan para los siguientes grupos de pases:
Amrica Latina:
Argentina
Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de)
Brasil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Hait
Honduras
Mxico
Nicaragua
Panam
Paraguay
2. Economic statistics
Basically, the chapter on economic statistics deals with
synthetic statistical instruments which describe developments
in the real sector and the external sector, that is, national
accounts and the balance of payments, as well as basic
sectoral statistics and domestic price data.
The section on national accounts is divided into two
parts: the first sets out the series of regional macroeconomic
aggregates, which use 2005 as the base year; the second in
electronic format only presents the series of national
accounts of Latin America and the Caribbean, by country,
expressed in local currency.
The section on external sector statistics contains
information on the balance of payments and the external
trade in goods and services as well as the main derived
indicators. It also contains information on the financing
and external indebtedness of the countries of the region.
The third section presents indicators on domestic price
movements and the fourth reports on sectoral statistics
relating mainly to agriculture, mining and manufacturing,
which have not been updated with respect to the Statistical
Yearbook 2010.
In this edition of the Yearbook the information
contained in the Prices (2.3) section incorporates a broader
range of countries; accordingly, in terms of the regional
coverage, the statistics for both the national accounts
and prices and the external sector are given for groups
of countries as follows:
Latin America:
Argentina
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
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Peru
Dominican Republic
Uruguay
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
The Caribbean:
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Dominica
Grenada
Guyana
Jamaica
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Lucia
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
Latin America and the Caribbean:
The sum of the above two groupings.
Where geographical coverage does not coincide
with these groupings, it is specified in the footnotes of the
respective table.
2.1 National accounts
In 1993, the United Nations Economic and Social Council
recommended the use of the System of National Accounts
1993 (1993 SNA) when preparing official national accounts
estimates.
1
Although significant progress has been made
towards fulfilment of this objective, not all countries in
the region have yet incorporated these methodological
recommendations into their calculations of national account
variables and aggregates (see table 1).
The adoption by the countries of 1993 SNA implies that
the headings and specifications used in the tables on national
accounts correspond, in general, to those recommendations.
2

In keeping with that methodology, most of the countries
have incorporated the third revision of the International
Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities
(ISIC, Rev. 3).
3
Notably, some countries have even adopted
newer versions, such as ISIC, Rev. 3.1 and ISIC, Rev. 4.
The new System of National Accounts (SNA 2008),
adopted by the United Nations Statistical Commission at
its forty-ninth session in February 2009, has been slow to
gain currency in the region. Most countries including
Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico and Panama
have implemented only a few of the newer systems
1
Resolution 1993/5, 12 July 1993.
2
United Nations, System of National Accounts, 1993 (ST/ESA/STAT/
SER.F/2/ Rev.4), New York, 1993. United Nations publication, Sales No.
E.94. XVII.4.
3
United Nations, International Standard Industrial Classification of All
Economic Activities Rev. 3 [online] http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/
regcst.asp?Cl=2&Top=2&Lg=1.
Per
Repblica Dominicana
Uruguay
Venezuela (Repblica Bolivariana de)
El Caribe:
Antigua y Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belice
Dominica
Granada
Guyana
Jamaica
Saint Kitts y Nevis
San Vicente y las Granadinas
Santa Luca
Suriname
Trinidad y Tabago
Amrica Latina y el Caribe:
Es la suma de las dos agrupaciones anteriores.
Cuando la cobertura geogrfica no coincide con la
indicada, se especifica en una nota al pie de cuadro.
2.1 Cuentas nacionales
En 1993, el Consejo Econmico y Social de las Naciones Unidas
recomend utilizar el Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de 1993
(SCN 1993) en la elaboracin de las estimaciones oficiales de
cuentas nacionales
1
. Los progresos con respecto a ese objetivo
son significativos. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha no todos los
pases de la regin han incorporado estas recomendaciones
metodolgicas en el proceso de clculo de las variables y
agregados de cuentas nacionales (vase el cuadro 1).
La adopcin por parte de los pases del SCN 1993 implica
que los conceptos y clasificaciones que figuran en los cuadros
sobre cuentas nacionales corresponden, por lo general, a dichas
recomendaciones
2
. En lnea con esa metodologa, se puede
advertir que gran parte de los pases ha incorporado la tercera
revisin de la Clasificacin Industrial Internacional Uniforme de
todas las actividades econmicas (CIIU, Rev. 3)
3
. Cabe sealar
adems que algunos pases, incluso han adoptado versiones
ms actualizadas como la CIIU, Rev. 3.1 y la CIIU, Rev. 4.
El proceso de adopcin del nuevo Sistema de Cuentas
Nacionales (SCN 2008) aprobado por la Comisin de
Estadstica de las Naciones Unidas en su cuadragsimo
perodo de sesiones en febrero de 2009 ha sido lento. En
la mayora de los pases se han implementado solo algunas
recomendaciones. Tal es el caso del Brasil, Chile, Colombia,
1
Resolucin 1993/5 de 12 de julio de 1993.
2
Naciones Unidas, Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales, 1993 (ST/ESA/STAT/
SER.F/2Rev.4), Nueva York, 1993. Publicacin de las Naciones Unidas,
N de venta: S.94.XVII.4.
3
Naciones Unidas, Clasificacin Industrial Internacional Uniforme de
todas las actividades econmicas, revisin 3 [en lnea] http://unstats.
un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.asp?Cl=2&Lg=3.
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el Ecuador, Mxico y Panam. Para mantener el principio
de comparabilidad internacional y considerando que las
cuentas nacionales presentan distintos grados de desarrollo y
uniformidad en los pases de la regin, se han seleccionado
las estimaciones de los agregados de uso ms generalizado
en los clculos nacionales y que son importantes para el
anlisis econmico. Asimismo, el detalle de las respectivas
clasificaciones se ha simplificado para presentar los datos
por pases en la forma ms homognea posible, a fin de
obtener las estimaciones correspondientes a Amrica Latina
y el Caribe y facilitar el uso e interpretacin de los datos
por parte de los usuarios.
Las bases de valoracin de las distintas estimaciones
se indican en los respectivos cuadros, sealndose si estn
expresadas a precios de mercado, a precios corrientes o
a precios constantes. Cuando en un cuadro no consta la
base de valoracin, se entiende que las series de datos se
han medido a precios de mercado.
Los valores a precios de mercado se diferencian de los
valores a costo de factores por incluir los impuestos indirectos
netos de subsidios. Los valores a precios corrientes indican
que los flujos de bienes y servicios estn valorados a los
precios del ao en que se realizaron las transacciones; los
valores a precios constantes representan flujos de bienes
y servicios valuados a los precios que tenan en el ao
considerado como base de referencia.
Corresponde aclarar que los componentes del gasto final
estn valorados a precios de comprador, en tanto que en las
series los valores agregados sectoriales estn medidos a precios
de productor. Los valores de comprador se refieren al valor
de los bienes y servicios en el punto de entrega al comprador,
es decir, se agregan al valor de productor los mrgenes
de distribucin y de transporte. Los valores de productor
corresponden al valor de los bienes en el establecimiento
de los productores y el valor agregado de cada actividad a
precio de productor es igual al valor de la correspondiente
produccin bruta a precio de productor menos el valor a
precio de comprador del respectivo consumo intermedio.
Cuando se considera la economa en su conjunto,
la parte de los impuestos sobre los productos menos las
subvenciones se incluye en las utilizaciones de bienes y
servicios, pero no en el valor agregado de cada sector.
Para mantener los equilibrios contables, a la suma del valor
agregado de los sectores de la economa deben aadirse
los impuestos sobre los productos menos las subvenciones
con el fin de obtener un monto similar al de la agregacin
de sus componentes por el lado del gasto
4
. Cuando se trata
del producto total de la economa y agregados similares,
las expresiones a precios de mercado y a valores de
comprador son equivalentes y se usan indistintamente.
4
En el caso de los pases que aplican el SCN, Rev. 3, se aaden a la suma
de los valores agregados sectoriales los derechos de importacin, incluido
el impuesto al valor agregado neto en los pases que lo presentan por
separado, y se resta el valor de los servicios de intermediacin financiera
medidos indirectamente (SIFMI) para calcular el producto interno bruto
total. En el caso de los pases que mantienen la anterior revisin del SCN,
ambos conceptos estn comprendidos en los valores agregados sectoriales.
recommendations. In order to uphold the principle of
international comparability, and bearing in mind that
national accounts show varying degrees of development
and uniformity in the countries of the region, the estimates
selected for inclusion concern those aggregates most
commonly used in the countries national calculations
which are of importance as economic indicators. The
respective classifications have also been simplified to
permit data by country to be presented as homogeneously
as possible in order to obtain estimates for Latin America
and the Caribbean as a whole and facilitate the use and
interpretation of the data by users.
The valuation basis of the different estimates is given in
the respective tables, indicating whether they are expressed
in market prices, in current prices or constant prices. When
the valuation basis for a table is not shown, it is understood
that the data series are measured at market prices.
The values at market prices differ from the values at
factor cost in that they include net indirect taxes on subsidies.
Values at current prices indicate that the flows of goods
and services are valued at the prices for the year when the
transactions were made; values in constant prices represent
flows of goods and services which are valued at their prices
in the year taken as the base year.
It should be noted that the components of final
expenditure are valued at purchasers prices, while the series
of the sectoral added values are measured at producers
prices. Purchasers values refer to the value of the goods
and services at the point of delivery to the purchaser, i.e.,
after the addition to the producers value of distribution
and transport margins. Producers values correspond to the
value of the goods at the production site, and the added
value of each activity at producers prices is equal to the
value of the corresponding gross output at producers
prices less the value at purchasers prices of the respective
intermediate consumption.
For the economy as a whole, the portion of taxes
on goods minus subsidies is included under the use
of goods and services, but not included in the value
added registered for each sector. In order to balance the
books, the total taxes on goods minus subsidies should
be added to the value added figures for all the sectors
of the economy, thus giving a result similar to the sum
obtained by adding together the components by type
of expenditure.
4
In reference to the total output of the
economy and similar aggregates, the expressions at
market prices and at purchasers prices are equivalent
and are used interchangeably.
4
For the countries that apply SNA, Rev. 3, import duties, including the net
value added tax for those countries that present it separately, are added
to the sum of the sectoral values added and the financial intermediation
services indirectly measured (FISIM) are deducted to obtain the total gross
domestic product. For countries using the previous revision of SNA, both
items are included in the sectoral values added.
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Cuadro 1
Amrica Latina y el Caribe: sistema de cuentas
nacionales, base ms reciente
Pas
Sistema de cuentas nacionales
(SCN) utilizado
Antigua y Barbuda SCN-1968
Argentina SCN-1993
Bahamas SCN-1993
Barbados SCN-1968
Belice SCN-1993
Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de) SCN-1968
Brasil SCN-2008
Chile SCN-2008
Colombia SCN-2008
Costa Rica SCN-1993
Cuba SCN-1993
Dominica SCN-1993
Ecuador SCN-2008
El Salvador SCN-1968
Granada SCN-1993
Guatemala SCN-1993
Guyana SCN-1968
Hait SCN-1968
Honduras SCN-1993
Jamaica SCN-1993
Mxico SCN-2008
Nicaragua SCN-1993
Panam SCN-2008
Paraguay SCN-1993
Per SCN-1993
Repblica Dominicana SCN-1993
Saint Kitts y Nevis SCN-1993
San Vicente y las Granadinas SCN-1968
Santa Luca SCN-1993
Suriname SCN-1993
Trinidad y Tabago SCN-1993
Uruguay SCN-1993
Venezuela (Repblica Bolivariana de) SCN-1993
Fuente: Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), sobre la
base de informacin oficial de los pases.
2.1.1 Cuentas nacionales de
Amrica Latina y el Caribe,
en dlares
Las series de agregados macroeconmicos regionales que se
presentan en esta seccin tienen como referencia el ao 2005.
La seleccin del ao de referencia de las cuentas regionales,
de carcter estadstico y metodolgico a la vez, responde a
la necesidad de adaptar las cuentas nacionales para describir
de la mejor manera posible las modificaciones estructurales
ms recientes de la economa regional. Se presentan algunos
cuadros con informacin histrica a partir de 1950
5
.
Metodologa
En el caso de Amrica Latina y el Caribe cabe sealar
que, en estricto rigor, la CEPAL no efecta un cambio de
base de las cuentas nacionales, sino una traslacin de la
referencia de las series regionales al ao 2005.
La metodologa adoptada para elaborar las cuentas
nacionales de la regin a precios constantes de 2005
consiste en retropolar y proyectar los valores de 2005 con
5
Las series completas expresadas en dlares de 2000 desde 1950 estn
disponibles en el Cuaderno Estadstico, N 37 (LC/G.2415-P/E), Santiago
de Chile. Publicacin de las Naciones Unidas, N de venta: S.09.II.G.72.
Table 1
Latin America and the Caribbean: system of national
accounts, most recent base year
Country
System of national accounts
(SNA) employed
Antigua and Barbuda SNA-1968
Argentina SNA-1993
Bahamas SNA-1993
Barbados SNA-1968
Belize SNA-1993
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) SNA-1968
Brazil SNA-2008
Chile SNA-2008
Colombia SNA-2008
Cuba SNA-1993
Costa Rica SNA-1993
Dominica SNA-1993
Ecuador SNA-2008
El Salvador SNA-1968
Grenada SNA-1968
Guatemala SNA-1993
Guyana SNA-1993
Haiti SNA-1968
Honduras SNA-1993
Jamaica SNA-1993
Mexico SNA-2008
Nicaragua SNA-1993
Panama SNA-2008
Paraguay SNA-1993
Peru SNA-1993
Dominican Republic SNA-1993
Saint Kitts and Nevis SNA-1993
Saint Lucia SNA-1993
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines SNA-1968
Suriname SNA-1993
Trinidad and Tobago SNA-1993
Uruguay SNA-1993
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) SNA-1993
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC),
on the basis of official information from the countries.
2.1.1 National accounts of Latin America
and the Caribbean, in dollars
The series of regional macroeconomic aggregates covered
in this section take 2005 as the base year. The reference
year for the regional accounts, which is both statistical and
methodological, arises from the need to adapt national
accounts in order to describe the most recent structural
adjustments in the regional economy as accurately as
possible. Some tables are shown with historical data
starting from 1950.
5
Methodology
In the case of Latin America and the Caribbean, it should
be noted that, strictly speaking, ECLAC has not changed the
base for national accounts, but rather has transferred the
reference of the regional series to the year 2005.
The methodology adopted for preparing the regions
national accounts at constant 2005 prices consists of
back- extrapolating and projecting 2005 values with the
5
The full series starting 1950 expressed in dollars at constant 2000 prices
are available in Cuaderno Estadstico, No. 37 (LC/G.2415-P/E), Santiago,
Chile. United Nations publication, Sales No. S.09.II.G.72.
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los respectivos ndices del producto real obtenidos de las
series oficiales, aplicados al total y a cada una de las grandes
divisiones de la CIIU. Se produce as una discrepancia que se
hace constar explcitamente en el cuadro correspondiente.
Una de las ventajas que presenta este esquema
metodolgico (recomendado por el SCN 1993) es que
permite replicar las tasas de crecimiento histricas del
PIB global calculadas por los pases y, por ende, su
inmediata identificacin y correspondencia con los datos
en monedasnacionales.
El procedimiento utilizado para calcular el equilibrio
final de bienes y servicios a nivel regional fue similar. Una
vez expresados en dlares al tipo de cambio vigente los
valores correspondientes al ao 2005 consignados en
moneda nacional por los pases, estos se retropolaron y
proyectaron a partir de los respectivos ndices del producto
real derivados de las series oficiales, aplicados al total y a
cada uno de los componentes del gasto. Al igual que en el
caso anterior, se produce una discrepancia que se explicita
en el cuadro correspondiente.
La informacin utilizada para la elaboracin de los
agregados macroeconmicos regionales es producida por
cada uno de los pases de Amrica Latina y el Caribe y
dada a conocer por la oficina nacional de estadstica o el
banco central correspondiente. Como se seal, en Amrica
Latina y el Caribe hay pases que an no han adoptado
las recomendaciones metodolgicas del SCN 1993; otros
utilizan como ao de referencia de sus cuentas una base
estadstica alejada de la estructura actual de su economa
(ponderacin y precios). Asimismo, algunos pases que
declaran haber adoptado las recomendaciones del SCN
1993 no disponen de una estimacin completa de los
cuadros bsicos del sistema, como ocurre con el PIB por
clase de actividad econmica y el equilibrio entre la oferta
y la demanda global de bienes y servicios, por lo que fue
necesario efectuar algunas estimaciones, fundamentalmente
para homogeneizar los niveles de desagregacin y apertura
sectorial o un determinado componente del gasto, como es
el caso de la desagregacin de la formacin bruta de capital
fijo en construccin y maquinaria y la variacin de existencias.
Tipos de cambio
En la mayora de las publicaciones que contienen las
series de cuentas nacionales de varios pases expresadas
en una moneda comn se suele utilizar como factor de
conversin el tipo de cambio promedio de las transacciones
de comercio exterior. Sin embargo, esta prctica no cuenta
con una aceptacin generalizada. Las principales crticas estn
relacionadas con la conversin a una moneda comn de las
variables de cuentas nacionales con que se miden resultados
de actividades internas (produccin, consumo e inversin).
A partir de un anlisis de las distintas opciones y
considerando las ventajas y desventajas para la elaboracin
de las series regionales que se presentan en esta seccin,
se opt por utilizar como tasa de conversin el tipo de
cambio que refleja el promedio de unidades monetarias
nacionales por un dlar de los Estados Unidos en el perodo
de referencia. Dicha tasa (rf) es notificada por los pases
y difundida por el Fondo Monetario Internacional en su
publicacin Estadsticas financieras internacionales.
Entre las ventajas de utilizar esa tasa de conversin
cabe sealar su disponibilidad y oportunidad, pues las series
anuales e infraanuales de las rf se difunden oportunamente. La
respective real output indices obtained from the official
series, applied to the total and to each of the broad ISIC
divisions. This produces a discrepancy which is explicitly
included in the corresponding table.
One of the advantages of this methodology (which is
recommended by 1993 SNA) is that replicates the historical
growth rates of overall GDP calculated by the countries, so
that they are immediately identifiable and consistent with
data in national currency.
A similar procedure was used to calculate the final
balance of goods and services at the regional level. Once
expressed in dollars at the current rate of exchange, the
values corresponding to the year 2005 recorded by the
countries in local currency were back-extrapolated and
projected using the respective real output indices derived
from the official series, applied to total expenditure and to
each component of expenditure. As in the previous case,
this produced a discrepancy which was explicitly included
in the corresponding tables.
The information used for preparing regional
macroeconomic aggregates is produced by each of the
countries of Latin America and the Caribbean and published
by the national statistical office or central bank. As indicated
earlier, some Latin American and Caribbean countries have
not yet adopted the methodological recommendations of
1993 SNA; others use a statistical base year far removed
from the current structure of their economy (weighting and
prices) for their accounts. Moreover, a number of countries
which report having adopted the recommendations of 1993
SNA do not have a complete estimate of the basic tables
of the system, such as those on GDP by type of economic
activity and the balance between supply of and overall
demand for goods and services; thus, some estimates had
to be made, basically in order to homogenize levels of
disaggregation and sectoral openness or a given component
of expenditure, as in the case of the disaggregation of gross
fixed capital formation in construction and machinery and
the variation in stocks.
Exchange rates
As a rule, most of the publications that contain the
national accounts series of the different countries expressed
in a common currency use as a conversion factor the average
rate of exchange at which they conduct their foreign trade
transactions. This practice is not universally accepted,
however. The main criticisms levelled against it relate to
the conversion to a common currency of national account
variables which measure results of domestic activities
(production, consumption and investment).
Bearing in mind the advantages and disadvantages of
the different options for the preparation of the regional series
that are presented in this section, the conversion rate used
here is the exchange rate that denotes the average number
of national monetary units per United States dollar in the
reference period. This rate (rf) is reported by the countries
and disseminated by the International Monetary Fund in its
publication International Financial Statistics.
The advantages of this conversion rate include promptness
and availability, since annual and infra-annual series of rf
are disseminated on a timely basis. ECLAC has been using
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CEPAL ha utilizado estos tipos de cambio para presentar series
agregadas a nivel regional, expresadas en dlares corrientes.
Los ndices implcitos del producto interno bruto que
se presentan en el Anuario estadstico tienen 2005 como
ao de referencia.
Es importante sealar que las dos series regionales, una
expresada en dlares corrientes y la otra en dlares constantes
de 2005, no permiten calcular directamente los deflactores
implcitos como en el caso de las variables expresadas en
moneda nacional, pues esos ndices varan simultneamente
por la modificacin del tipo de cambio y del nivel de precios
internos. Para obtener una mejor aproximacin a los deflactores
implcitos que reflejen las variaciones de los precios internos de
las economas, se presentan los clculos despus de dividir los
valores de las series en dlares a precios corrientes y tipos de
cambio constante (ao 2005) para los valores de las series
en dlares expresadas a precios constantes de 2005.
these exchange rates to present aggregated series at the
regional level, expressed in current dollars.
The reference year for the implicit GDP indices presented
in the Statistical Yearbook is 2005.
The two regional series one expressed in current
dollars and the other in constant 2005 dollars cannot
be used to calculate implicit deflators directly, as variables
expressed in national currency can, since these indices
undergo simultaneous variations caused by fluctuations in the
exchange rate and in domestic prices. A closer approximation
of the implicit deflators that reflect the variations in domestic
prices is obtained by presenting the calculations obtained by
dividing the values of the series expressed in current dollars
and constant exchange rates (2005) by the values of the series
expressed in constant 2005 prices.
Cuadro 2/Table 2
Amrica Latina y el Caribe: ao base de las cuentas nacionales
Latin America and the Caribbean: base years for national accounts
Pas
Cuentas nacionales por tipo de gasto
National accounts by type of expenditure
Cuentas nacionales por sector de actividad econmica
National accounts by sector of economic activity
Country
Aos base
Base years
Aos de empalme
Splice years
Aos base
Base years
Aos de empalme
Splice years
Antigua y Barbuda _ _ 1975, 1977, 1990 1977, 1990 Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina 1960, 1970, 1986, 1993 1970, 1980, 1993 1960, 1970, 1986, 1993 1970, 1980, 1993 Argentina
Bahamas 1980, 1991, 2006 1997 1991, 2006 1997 Bahamas
Barbados 1974 _ 1974 _ Barbados
Belice 1973, 1984, 2000 1992 1973, 1984, 2000 1980, 1992 Belize
Bolivia (Estado
Plurinacional de)
1958, 1968, 1980, 1990 1962, 1970, 1988 1958, 1968, 1980, 1990 1962, 1970, 1988
Bolivia (Plurinational
State of)
Brasil 1953, 1970, 1980, 1990-2005 1965, 1970, 1990-2005
1953, 1970, 1980,
1990-2005
1965, 1970, 1990-2005 Brazil
Chile 1961, 1977, 1986, 1996, 2003, 2008 1960, 1985, 1996, 2003, 2008
1961, 1977, 1986,
1996, 2003, 2008
1960, 1985, 1996, 2003, 2008 Chile
Colombia 1958, 1975, 1994, 2000, 2005 1965, 1990, 2000 1958, 1975, 1994, 2000 1965, 1990, 2000 Colombia
Costa Rica 1966, 1991 1991 1966, 1991 1991 Costa Rica
Cuba 1981, 1997 1996 1981, 1997 1996 Cuba
Dominica 1990, 2006 2000 1990, 2006 2000 Dominica
Ecuador 1975, 2000, 2007 1965 1975, 2000, 2007 1965 Ecuador
El Salvador 1962, 1990 1970, 1990 1962, 1990 1970 El Salvador
Granada 1990, 2006 2000 1990, 2006 2000 Grenada
Guatemala 1958, 2001 2001 1958, 2001 2001 Guatemala
Guyana 1970 2006
1960, 1970, 1977,
1988, 2006
1977, 1986, 2006 Guyana
Hait
1954-1955, 1976-1977,
1986-1987
1970, 1988 1954-1955, 1976-1977, 1986-1987 1970, 1988 Haiti
Honduras 1978, 2000 2000 1978, 2000 2000 Honduras
Jamaica 1974 1985, 1994, 2000 1974, 1986, 1996, 2000 1985, 1994, 2000 Jamaica
Mxico 1960, 1970, 1980, 1993, 2003, 2008 1970, 1980, 1988, 2003, 2008
1960, 1970, 1980,
1993, 2003, 2008
1970, 1980, 1988, 2003, 2008 Mexico
Nicaragua 1958, 1980, 1994, 2006 1960, 1970, 1994 1958, 1980, 1994, 2006 1960, 1970, 1994 Nicaragua
Panam 1960, 1970, 1982, 1996 1970, 1980, 1996 1960, 1970, 1982 , 1996 1970, 1980, 1996 Panama
Paraguay 1982, 1994 1991 1982, 1994 1991 Paraguay
Per 1979, 1994 1991 1979, 1994 1991 Peru
Repblica Dominicana 1962, 1970, 1991 1970, 1991 1962, 1970, 1983 1970, 1991 Dominican Republic
Saint Kitts y Nevis 1990, 2006 2000 1990, 2006 2000 Saint Kitts and Nevis
San Vicente y las
Granadinas
1976, 1990, 2006 1977, 2000 1976, 1977, 1990 1977, 2000
Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines
Santa Luca 1990, 2006 2000 1990, 2006 2000 Saint Lucia
Suriname 1980, 1990 _ 1980, 1990 1990 Suriname
Trinidad y Tabago 1970, 1985, 2000 1981, 1995 1970, 1985, 2000 1980, 1995 Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay 1961, 1978, 1983, 2005 1970, 1983, 1988, 2006 1961, 1978, 1983, 2005 1970, 1983, 2006 Uruguay
Venezuela (Repblica
Bolivariana de)
1957, 1968, 1984, 1997 1968, 1984, 1997 1957, 1968, 1984, 1997 1968, 1984, 1997
Venezuela (Bolivarian
Republic of)
Fuente: Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL),
sobre la base de informacin oficial.
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC),
on the basis of official information.
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2.1.2 Cuentas nacionales de
Amrica Latina y el Caribe,
por pas, en moneda nacional
Igual que en las ediciones anteriores, el segundo grupo
de cuadros de cuentas nacionales de este Anuario (que se
presentan nicamente en soporte electrnico) contiene
las estimaciones que los pases miembros de la regin
pusieron a disposicin de la CEPAL a la fecha de cierre de
esta publicacin. Estas estimaciones se refieren al producto
interno bruto por tipo de gasto y por clase de actividad
econmica, a precios corrientes y a precios constantes,
y a las transacciones de ingresos y gastos corrientes del
gobierno general y de los hogares. En un cuadro resumen
de cada pas se presentan las relaciones entre los principales
agregados de las cuentas nacionales a precios corrientes.
La informacin actualizada se obtuvo gracias a la
valiosa y permanente cooperacin de las oficinas de cuentas
nacionales de los pases y de quienes entregan la informacin
a travs de medios electrnicos.
La presentacin de los datos contina efectundose
de manera uniforme y, a medida que se dispone de la
informacin necesaria, se van adaptando las series de todos
los pases de acuerdo a las clasificaciones propuestas en el
SCN 1993 y a la CIIU, Rev. 3.
Al margen de la forma de la presentacin, las series
de datos son calculadas oficialmente por cada pas. Se
han mantenido los criterios propios de valoracin de los
pases, as como los distintos perodos base elegidos para
las estimaciones a precios constantes y las diferencias
conceptuales, de alcance o cobertura, derivadas de la
aplicacin prctica de las recomendaciones internacionales
y que se sealan en los respectivos cuadros.
2.2 Sector externo
Las series que se incluyen en esta seccin contienen
informacin sobre la balanza de pagos y el comercio
exterior, as como sobre sus principales indicadores.
Adems, se presenta informacin sobre el financiamiento
y el endeudamiento externo. Los datos estn expresados
en dlares corrientes y en ndices basados en el ao 2005.
A continuacin se detallan los aspectos metodolgicos
de la informacin publicada. Cabe sealar que las cifras de
comercio exterior registradas en la balanza de pagos no
coinciden necesariamente con los datos calculados sobre
la base de las cifras del Banco de Datos del Comercio
Exterior de Amrica Latina y el Caribe (BADECEL), ya que
estas ltimas no fueron objeto de ajustes por el comercio no
registrado o por la existencia de zonas francas y de bienes
para transformacin (industria maquiladora). Adems, se
observan diferencias en la valoracin de las exportaciones
e importaciones de bienes, pues mientras que en la balanza
de pagos se expresan en valores FOB, los datos de las
importaciones almacenados en el BADECEL estn en
2.1.2 National accounts of Latin America
and the Caribbean by country,
in local currency
As in the case of former editions, the second group of
national account tables presented in this Yearbook (reported
in electronic version only) contains the estimates that
member countries of the region provided to ECLAC by the
date of closure of this publication. These estimates refer to
GDP by type of expenditure and by category of economic
activity, at current prices and constant prices, and general
government and household current income and expenditure
transactions. A summary table for each country shows
the relationship between the principal national account
aggregates at current prices.
The updated information was obtained thanks to the
constant, invaluable cooperation of the national accounts
offices in the countries, which provide information mainly
through the use of electronic media.
The data continue to be presented in a uniform manner
and, as information becomes available, the series of all the
countries are adapted in line with the classifications proposed
in 1993 SNA and in ISIC, Rev. 3.
The data series provided are calculated officially by each
country, although they are presented in a different format.
Each countrys own valuation criteria have been maintained,
together with the different base periods chosen for estimates in
constant prices and the conceptual differences or differences
in scope or coverage deriving from the practical application
of international recommendations. Such differences are
indicated in the relevant tables.
2.2 External sector
The series included in this section contain information
on the balance of payments and foreign trade as well as
the main indicators thereof. In addition, information is
provided on financing and external borrowing. The data
are expressed in current dollars and in indices with 2005
as the base year.
The methodology used to calculate the published
information is described below. It should be noted that
foreign trade figures recorded in the balance of payments
do not necessarily coincide with those based on the figures
obtained from the Foreign Trade Data Bank for Latin America
and the Caribbean (BADECEL), since the latter are not
adjusted for unregistered trade or for the existence of free
zones and goods for in- bond processing (maquila industry).
Moreover, there are differences in the valuation of exports
and imports of goods, since these are expressed in the
balance of payments on an f.o.b. basis, whereas the import
data stored in BADECEL are given on a c.i.f. basis, with the
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valores CIF, con excepcin de las cifras correspondientes
a Mxico y a Venezuela (Repblica Bolivariana de) (cuyas
importaciones se registran en valores FOB)
6
.
En el Anuario Estadstico se presentan las balanzas de
pagos de los pases de Amrica Latina y el Caribe con
informacin desagregada segn la quinta edicin del
Manual de balanza de pagos del Fondo Monetario
Internacional (FMI). La informacin abarca 33 pases de
la regin y cubre el perodo comprendido entre 1980
y el ltimo ao disponible (2012, en este caso). Las
variables estn expresadas en dlares corrientes y la
informacin proviene de fuentes nacionales y del FMI.
Por otra parte, la Divisin de Estadsticas de la CEPAL
mantiene el BADECEL, que incluye datos de las
exportaciones en valores FOB y de las importaciones
en valores CIF de 25 pases de Amrica Latina, el
Caribe y Amrica del Norte. La informacin se presenta
bajo las clasificaciones de la CUCI, Rev. 1, 2, 3 y 4,
y la CIIU, Rev. 2 con una desagregacin mxima de
cinco dgitos. La frecuencia de los datos es anual; el
valor est expresado en miles de dlares y el volumen,
en toneladas. Para cada partida se presenta adems
el pas copartcipe en el comercio. La informacin
de base proviene de las aduanas de los pases y es
recolectada por organismos como la Asociacin
Latinoamericana de Integracin (ALADI); la Secretara
Permanente del Tratado General de Integracin
Econmica Centroamericana (SIECA); la Comunidad
Andina y la Divisin de Estadstica de las Naciones
Unidas, que recopilan a su vez la informacin de
los distintos pases y luego la suministran a la CEPAL
para su incorporacin en el BADECEL.
Las cifras de comercio que figuran en la balanza de
pagos no coinciden necesariamente con los totales
que se publican segn las cifras almacenadas en el
BADECEL, pues estas ltimas no contienen los ajustes
que efectan los organismos compiladores de la balanza
de pagos y que incluyen el comercio no registrado, ya
sea por la existencia de zonas francas y de bienes para
transformacin (industria maquiladora) o por contrabando
u otro tipo de ajustes. Cabe aclarar que en la balanza de
pagos, los datos de las exportaciones y las importaciones
de bienes estn expresados en valores FOB, excepto en
el caso de las importaciones provenientes del BADECEL,
que se registran en valores CIF.
En el Anuario Estadstico se publican adems las series
del PIB por tipo de gasto, que incluyen exportaciones
e importaciones de bienes y servicios que se generan
en las series de cuentas nacionales oficiales de cada
pas. En este caso, las exportaciones de bienes se
expresan en valores FOB y el total de las importaciones
de bienes, en valores CIF. Asimismo, en el Anuario se
incluyen las exportaciones e importaciones de bienes
y servicios expresadas en moneda nacional y en
dlares, a precios corrientes y a precios constantes (los
agregados macroeconmicos regionales se expresan
en dlares constantes de 2005).
6
Esta consideracin se refiere fundamentalmente a las cifras presentadas
en los cuadros de la seccin 2.2.2.
exception of figures relating to Mexico and the Bolivarian
Republic of Venezuela (whose imports are registered f.o.b.).
6
The StatisticalYearbook reports the balances of
payments of the countries of Latin America and the
Caribbean using information disaggregated according
to the fifth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual
published by the International monetary Fund (IMF).
The information covers 33 countries of the region
and spans the period between 1980 and the latest
year available (2012, in this case). The variables are
expressed in current dollars and the information
comes from national sources and IMF.
The Statistics Division of ECLAC maintains BADECEL,
which contains export data in f.o.b. values and
import data in c.i.f. values for 25 countries of Latin
America, the Caribbean and North America. The
information is presented under the classifications
of SITC Rev. 1, 2, 3 and 4, and ISIC Rev. 2 with a
maximum disaggregation of five digits. The data are
annual; values are expressed in thousands of dollars
and volumes in tons. The partner country in the trade
transaction is also presented under each item. The
base information comes from customs organizations
in the countries and is compiled by agencies such as
the Latin American Integration Association (LAIA); the
Secretariat for Central American Economic Integration
(SIECA); the Andean Community and the United
Nations Statistics Division, which collect information
from the various countries and provide it to ECLAC
to be incorporated into BADECEL.
The trade figures shown in the balance of payments
may not coincide with the total published using
figures stored in BADECEL, since the latter do not
contain adjustments made by agencies that prepare
balances of payments and which include trade that
is unregistered, either because it is transacted in free
and in-bond processing zones (maquila) or because
it consists of contraband. In the balance of payments,
merchandise import and export data are expressed
f.o.b., except from import data from BADECEL, which
are registered c.i.f.
The Statistical Yearbook also gives GDP series by type
of expenditure, which include imports and exports
of goods and services generated from each countrys
official national accounts series. In this case, goods
exports are given f.o.b. and total goods imports, c.i.f.
The Yearbook reports imports and exports of goods
and services in national currency and in dollars, and
at constant prices and at current prices (regional
macroeconomic aggregates are expressed in constant
2005 dollars).
6
This consideration refers basically to the figures reported in the tables of
section 2.2.2.
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En el cuadro 3 se presentan los metadatos de las
exportaciones e importaciones de bienes y servicios,
segn las distintas fuentes de informacin (la balanza
de pagos, el comercio exterior y las cuentas nacionales)
y se detallan algunos atributos metodolgicos que
explican sus posibles diferencias.
Table 3 contains the metadata for imports and exports
of goods and services, by information source (balance
of payments, external trade and national accounts) and
shows some methodological attributes that account
for possible differences.
Cuadro 3 / Table 3
Caractersticas de la informacin sobre el sector externo
Characteristics of information on the external sector
Caractersticas
Characteristics
Banco de datos de comercio exterior
External Trade Data Bank
Banco de datos de la balanza de pagos
Balance of Payments Data Bank
Banco de datos de cuentas nacionales
National Accounts Database
Exportaciones
Exports
Importaciones
Imports
Exportaciones
Exports
Importaciones
Imports
Exportaciones
Exports
Importaciones
Imports
Bienes
Goods
Servicios
Services
Bienes
Goods
Servicios
Services
Bienes
Goods
Servicios
Services
Bienes
Goods
Servicios
Services
Bienes
Goods
Servicios
Services
Bienes
Goods
Servicios
Services
Disponibilidad
Availability
X X X X X X X X X X
X X
Valoracin
Valuation
FOB
f.o.b.
CIF (excepto
en los casos de
Mxico y Venezuela
(Repblica
Bolivariana de), en
que se expresan en
FOB)
c.i.f. (except data for
Bolivarian Republic
of Venezuela and
Mexico, which are
expressed f.o.b.)
FOB
f.o.b.
FOB
f.o.b.
FOB
f.o.b.
CIF (a nivel total)
c.i.f. (at aggregate
level)
Moneda
Currency
Dlares
Dollars
Dlares
Dollars
Dlares
Dollars
Dlares
Dollars
Series de pases en moneda nacional y series
regionales en dlares a precios corrientes y
constantes
a
Country series in national currency and regional
series in current and constant dollars
a
Perodo de cobertura y
frecuencia
Period and frequency
Anual entre 1970 y 2010, dependiendo
del pas
Annual between 1970 and 2010, depending
on the country
Anual entre 1980 y 2010
Annual between 1980 and 2010
Anual
En moneda nacional: 1950-2010
En dlares: 1950-2010
Annual
National currency: 1950-2010
Dollars: 1950-2010
Cobertura
Coverage
Comercio de bienes registrado por las
aduanas de los pases y recolectado por
la ALADI
b
, la SIECA
c
y la base de datos
COMTRADE
d
e incluido despus en la
BADECEL
e
. No cubre necesariamente el
universo de los intercambios de bienes
(se excluyen por lo general el comercio no
registrado de bienes y los ajustes).
Goods trade registered by customs in the
countries, compiled by LAIA
b
, SIECA
c
and
the COMTRADE
d
database, then included in
BADECEL
e
. Does not necessarily cover the
entire universe of goods transactions (usually
excludes unregistered merchandise trade and
adjustments).
Comercio de bienes registrado por la
aduana ms los ajustes, como:
Bienes para transformacin (maquila)
Reparaciones de bienes
Bienes adquiridos en puerto por medios
de transporte
Oro no monetario
Comercio no registrado (contrabando)
Reexportaciones
Otros no especifcados
Comercio de servicios (incluye transportes,
viajes y otros servicios)
Goods trade registered by customs plus
adjustments such as:
Goods for processing (maquila)
Repairs of goods
Goods acquired in port by mediums of
transport
Non-monetary gold
Unregistered trade (contraband)
Re-exports
Other unspecied
Services trade (includes transport, travel and
other services)
Universo del comercio de bienes y servicios
Universe of trade in goods and services
Desagregacin
Disaggregation
Por producto
By product
Por pas copartcipe
By partner country
Por lo general, se presentan nicamente los
totales. Algunos pases notifcan desgloses
en funcin de la importancia de determinados
productos (por ejemplo, el petrleo).
Usually only totals reported. Some countries
report a breakdown as a function of the
importance of certain products (such as oil)
in their economies.
En la base expresada en moneda nacional,
se presentan los bienes y servicios
desagregados en la medida en que los
pases as lo difundan. En la base expresada
en dlares, se presentan los bienes y
servicios agregados.
In national currency, goods and services
are presented disaggregated to the extent
that the countries break them down. In
dollars, goods and services are presented
as aggregates.
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2.2.1 Balanza de pagos
La balanza de pagos es un estado estadstico que resume
sistemticamente las transacciones econmicas entre una
economa y el resto del mundo en un perodo especfico.
Las transacciones que tienen lugar entre residentes y no
residentes incluyen las que se refieren a bienes, servicios y
renta, las que involucran activos y pasivos financieros con
relacin al resto del mundo y las transacciones unilaterales.
Los conceptos que abarca la balanza de pagos y los
mtodos para alcanzar un cierto grado de homogeneidad
y comparabilidad han ido perfeccionndose gracias a
recomendaciones formuladas en las distintas versiones
del Manual de balanza de pagos, del Fondo Monetario
Internacional (FMI). La delimitacin conceptual de la
economa, los principios bsicos de valoracin y el
momento de registro, el tipo de transacciones que pueden
considerarse para elaborar la balanza, la relacin entre la
balanza de pagos y el Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales (SCN)
Cuadro 3 (conclusin)
Table 3 (concluded)
2.2.1 Balance of payments
The balance of payments is a statistical statement which
systematically sums up the economic transactions between
a given economy and the rest of the world over a specific
period. The transactions that take place between residents
and non-residents cover goods, services and income,
including financial assets and liabilities with respect to the
rest of the world and unrequited transfers.
The concepts included in the balance of payments and
the methods for achieving a certain degree of uniformity
and comparability have been refined over time by the
recommendations formulated by the International Monetary
Fund (IMF) in different versions of its Balance of Payments
Manual. Special attention should be paid to the methodological
treatment of questions such as the conceptual delimitation
of the economy, the basic principles of valuation and time of
registration, the type of transactions that may be considered
for constructing the balance, the relationship between the
Caractersticas
Characteristics
Banco de datos de comercio exterior
External Trade Data Bank
Banco de datos de la balanza de pagos
Balance of Payments Data Bank
Banco de datos de cuentas nacionales
National Accounts Database
Clasifcadores
Classiers
CUCI Rev. 1, 2 y 3
SITC Rev 1, 2 and 3
CIIU Rev. 2
ISIC Rev. 2
Los bienes se trata como agregado. Los
servicios se clasifcan de acuerdo al Manual
de estadisticas de comercio internacional
de servicios.
Goods are handled as aggregates. Services
are classied according to the Manual on
Statistics of International Trade in Services.
CIIU, Rev. 3
ISIC, Rev.3
Referencias tericas y
metodolgicas
Theoretical and
methodological references
Estadsticas del comercio internacional
de mercancas. Concepto y defniciones.
Clasifcaciones estadsticas internacionales
incorporadas en el Banco de Datos del
Comercio Exterior de Amrica Latina y el
Caribe de la CEPAL (Rev. 2).
Statistics on international merchandise
trade. Concept and denitions. International
statistical classications incorporated into
the External Trade Data Bank for Latin
America and the Caribbean of ECLAC
(Rev. 2).
Los aspectos conceptuales y metodolgicos
referentes a las exportaciones e
importaciones de bienes y servicios en la
balanza de pagos se indican en la quinta
edicin del Manual de balanza de pagos.
Conceptual and methodological aspects
referring to exports and imports of goods
and services in the fth edition of the
Balance of Payments Manual.
Los aspectos conceptuales y metodolgicos
referentes a las exportaciones e importaciones
de bienes y servicios en las cuentas
nacionales se indican en el SCN 1993.
Conceptual and methodological aspects
referring to exports and imports of goods and
services in the national accounts reported
under 1993 SNA.
Clculos de la Divisin de
Estadsticas y Proyecciones
Econmicas de la CEPAL,
medidas de valor corriente,
volumen, precio y otros
indicadores.
Calculations by the Statistics
and Economic Projections
Division of ECLAC, measures
of current value, volume, price
and other indicators published
by ECLAC.
La base de datos contiene informacin a
precios corrientes exclusivamente.
The database contains information in
current prices only.
Se publica informacin a precios corrientes.
Se calculan los ndices de precios y de
volumen para los bienes, los servicios
y para el total de las exportaciones e
importaciones.
Information is published in current prices.
Volume and price indices are calculated
for goods, services and total exports and
imports.
Se publica informacin en dlares a precios
corrientes y a precios constantes de 2000.
Information is published in dollars at current
prices and at constant 2000 prices.
Fuente: Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).
a
En las cuentas nacionales de Amrica Latina y el Caribe que elabora la Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) se presentan las exportaciones y las
importaciones de bienes y servicios expresadas en dlares. Los valores de esas variables se transforman en moneda nacional con el tipo de cambio rf publicado por el Fondo
Monetario Internacional (FMI).
b
Asociacin Latinoamericana de Integracin.
c
Secretara Per manente del Tratado General de Integracin Econmica Centroamericana.
d
Base de datos estadsticos sobre el comercio de mercaderas.
e
Banco de Datos del Comercio Exterior de Amrica Latina y el Caribe.
Source: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC).
a
The national accounts for Latin America and the Caribbean prepared by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) use the exchange rate published
by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to change local-currency values of imports and exports of goods and services into dollars.
b
Latin American Integration Association.
c
Secretariat for Central American Economic Integration.
d
Statistical database on merchandise trade.
e
External Trade Data Bank for Latin America and the Caribbean.
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y, naturalmente, entre la balanza de pagos y la posicin de
inversin extranjera, son temas cuyo tratamiento metodolgico
merece especial atencin.
En esta edicin del Anuario se incluyen los datos de la
balanza de pagos, desglosados conforme a los componentes
analticos de la quinta edicin del Manual de balanza de
pagos, publicada en 1993.
Clasificacin utilizada en la presentacin analtica de
la quinta edicin del Manual de balanza de pagos
En la presentacin analtica, los componentes de
la balanza de pagos se clasifican en cinco categoras
principales de datos:
I. La cuenta corriente, que comprende bienes y servicios,
renta y transferencias corrientes.
II. La cuenta de capital, que se refiere a transferencias
de capital y adquisicin/enajenacin de activos no
financieros no producidos.
III. La cuenta financiera, que se refiere a activos y pasivos
financieros.
IV. La cuenta de errores y omisiones, que compensa las
sobrestimaciones o subestimaciones de los componentes
de los grupos anteriores.
V. La cuenta de reservas y partidas conexas, que se refiere a
los activos de reserva, el uso del crdito y prstamos del
FMI, los pasivos que constituyen reservas de autoridades
extranjeras y el financiamiento excepcional.
A efectos analticos, se incorpora una sexta categora
(nmero V en los cuadros) denominada balanza global,
que incluye todos los componentes de la cuenta corriente,
cuenta de capital, cuenta financiera y cuenta de errores y
omisiones. Ese balance es igual a la suma neta, con signo
contrario, de los componentes de la cuenta de reservas y
partidas conexas (nmero VI en los cuadros).
Si bien las variables econmicas de la regin o de
las subregiones se obtienen por simple agregacin de los
datos incluidos en las balanzas de pagos de cada pas (lo que
significa que estas incorporan los flujos intrarregionales), los
saldos quedan consolidados por construccin y reflejan la
posicin neta frente al resto del mundo (vase el recuadro 1).
balance of payments and the System of National Accounts
(SNA) and, of course, between the balance of payments
and the foreign investment position.
This volume of the Yearbook includes balance of
payments data broken down in accordance with the analytical
components of the fifth edition of the Balance of Payments
Manual, published in 1993.
Classification used in the analytical presentation of
the fifth edition of the IMF Balance of Payments Manual.
In the analytical presentation, the components of the
balance of payments are grouped under five main types
of accounts:
I. The current account, which includes goods and services,
income and current transfers.
II. The capital account, which refers to capital transfers
and the acquisition/disposal of non-produced, non-
financial assets.
III. The financial account, which registers financial assets/
liabilities.
IV. The errors and omissions account, which contains
offsets for over- or under estimates of components of
the above accounts, and
V. The reserves and related items account, which refers
to reserve assets, the use of IMF credit and loans,
liabilities constituting foreign authorities reserves and
exceptional financing.
For analytical purposes, a sixth category (designated as
roman numeral V in the tables) has been established. This
entry, called the global balance, includes all the components
of the current, capital, financial and errors and omissions
accounts. This balance can be measured more easily as the
net sum (with the opposite sign) of the components of the
reserves and related items account (roman numeral VI
in the tables).
Although the economic variables for the region or
the subregions are obtained by simply aggregating the
data reported in the balance of payments for each country
(which means that they incorporate intraregional trade flows),
the balances are consolidated and reflect the net position
vis-- vis the rest of the world (see box 1).
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Recuadro 1
Ejemplo de agregacin de saldos en la balanza de pagos
Considrese una regin (G) compuesta solo por dos pases (A y
B), que comercian entre ellos y con el resto del mundo (R).
Las exportaciones estn dadas por:
1) X
A
= X
AB
+ X
AR
X
B
= X
BA
+ X
BR
,
donde X
i
son las exportaciones totales de i
,
y X
ij
las exportaciones
de i dirigidas hacia j.
De manera similar, las importaciones son:
2) M
A
= M
BA
+ M
RA
M
B
= M
AB
+ M
RB
,
donde M
i
representa las importaciones totales de i, y M
ji
corresponde
a las importaciones de i provenientes de j.
Si las exportaciones de A dirigidas hacia B son iguales a las
importaciones de B provenientes de A, y las importaciones de A
provenientes de B son iguales a las exportaciones de B dirigidas
hacia A, se tiene que:
3) X
AB
= M
AB
X
BA
= M
BA
Por otra parte, la balanza comercial (BC) se dene como la diferencia
entre las exportaciones y las importaciones:
BC
A
= X
A
M
A
= (X
AB
+ X
AR
) (M
BA
+ M
RA
)
BC
B
= X
B
M
B
= (X
BA
+ X
BR
) (M
AB
+ M
RB
)
Si se agregan las balanzas comerciales por simple sumatoria, se
tiene la siguiente expresin para el grupo G de los pases A y B:
4) BC
G
= BC
A
+ BC
B

= (X
AB
+ X
AR
) (M
BA
+ M
RA
) + (X
BA
+ X
BR
) (M
AB
+ M
RB
).
Reemplazando las identidades de 3) en 4), se obtiene:
5) BC
G
= (X
AB
+ X
AR
) (X
BA
+ M
RA
) + (X
BA
+ X
BR
) (X
AB
+ M
RB
)
Eliminando los trminos idnticos:
6) BC
G
= X
AR
M
RA
+ X
BR
M
RB
= (X
AR
+ X
BR
) (M
RA
+ M
RB
).
Lo anterior demuestra que al agregar por simple sumatoria los saldos
en la balanza comercial de los pases (A y B) se obtiene el saldo
comercial de todo el grupo (G) con respecto al resto del mundo (R).
Extrapolando el caso de la balanza comercial al saldo de la cuenta
corriente, es posible sealar que la suma algebraica del saldo de la
cuenta corriente de los pases de una regin es igual al saldo de la
cuenta corriente de la regin con respecto al resto del mundo.
Box 1
Example of aggregation of balances in the balance of payments
Consider a region (G) composed of only two countries (A and B),
which trade between themselves and with the rest of the world (R).
Exports are represented by:
1) X
A
= X
AB
+ X
AR
X
B
= X
BA
+ X
BR
,
where X
i
are total exports of i, and X
ij
are exports of i to j.
Likewise, imports are given by:
2) M
A
= M
BA
+ M
RA
M
B
= M
AB
+ M
RB
,
where M
i
represents total imports of i, and M
ji
represents imports
of i from j.
If As exports to B are equal to Bs imports from A, and As imports
from B are equal to Bs exports to A, then:
3) X
AB
= M
AB
X
BA
= M
BA
The trade balance (TB) is dened as the difference between
exports and imports:
TB
A
= X
A
M
A
= (X
AB
+ X
AR
) (M
BA
+ M
RA
)
TB
B
= X
B
M
B
= (X
BA
+ X
BR
) (M
AB
+ M
RB
)
If the trade balances are aggregated by simple addition, the
following equation results for the group G of countries A and B:
4) TB
G
= TB
A
+ TB
B

= (X
AB
+ X
AR
) (M
BA
+ M
RA
) + (X
BA
+ X
BR
) (M
AB
+ M
RB
).
Substituting the identities from (3) into (4) gives:
5) TB
G
= (X
AB
+ X
AR
) (X
BA
+ M
RA
) + (X
BA
+ X
BR
) (X
AB
+ M
RB
)
Eliminating the identical terms then gives:
6) TB
G
= X
AR
M
RA
+ X
BR
M
RB
= (X
AR
+ X
BR
) (M
RA
+ M
RB
).
This processes shows that aggregating the trade account balances
of the countries (A and B) by simple addition gives the trade
balance for the entire group (G) vis--vis the rest of the world (R).
By extrapolating the case of the trade balance to the current
account balance, it may be shown that the algebraic sum of the
current account balance of the countries of a region is equal to the
current account balance of the region vis--vis the rest of the world.
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Principales conceptos
Cuenta corriente
En la cuenta corriente se registran todas las transacciones
en valores econmicos, salvo recursos financieros, que tienen
lugar entre entidades residentes y no residentes; asimismo,
se registran los asientos compensatorios de los valores
econmicos corrientes que se suministren o adquieran sin un
quid pro quo. Concretamente, las clasificaciones principales
son: bienes, servicios, renta y transferencias corrientes.
Bienes y servicios
Bienes
Mercancas generales: Comprenden la mayora de los
bienes muebles que los residentes exportan a no residentes,
o importan de ellos, dando lugar, salvo algunas excepciones
especificadas, a un traspaso de propiedad (efectivo o
imputado).
Bienes para transformacin: Comprenden la exportacin
(o importacin, en la economa compiladora) de bienes que
cruzan la frontera para ser transformados en el extranjero y la
reimportacin (o exportacin, en la economa compiladora)
subsiguiente de dichos bienes, valorados en cifras brutas
antes y despus de su transformacin. Esta partida constituye
una excepcin al criterio de traspaso de propiedad.
Reparaciones de bienes: Comprenden las reparaciones
de bienes efectuadas para no residentes o recibidas de
ellos en embarcaciones y aeronaves, entre otros. Si bien
el movimiento fsico de estos bienes es similar al descrito
en el prrafo 154 del Manual de balanza de pagos, las
reparaciones deben valorarse segn el precio (derechos
pagados o recibidos) de las mismas y no segn el valor
bruto de los bienes antes y despus de las reparaciones.
Bienes adquiridos en puerto por medios de transporte:
comprenden todos los bienes (como combustibles, vveres,
pertrechos y suministros) que las empresas residentes/no
residentes de transporte areo y martimo, entre otros
adquieren en el extranjero/en la economa compiladora.
Esta clasificacin no cubre los servicios auxiliares prestados
(remolque y mantenimiento, entre otros), que se clasifican
en la categora transporte.
Oro no monetario: Comprende las exportaciones e
importaciones de todo el oro que no est en poder de las
autoridades como activo de reserva (oro monetario).
Servicios
Transportes: Abarcan la mayora de los servicios
prestados por residentes a no residentes y viceversa, que
se incluan en las partidas embarques y otros transportes
de la cuarta edicin del Manual de balanza de pagos. En
la quinta edicin se excluye el seguro de fletes, que forma
parte de los servicios de seguros. Los transportes incluyen
el transporte de carga y de pasajeros por todos los medios,
as como otros servicios de distribucin y auxiliares, incluido
el arrendamiento de equipo de transporte tripulado, con
ciertas excepciones indicadas en los captulos X, XI y XIII
del Manual de balanza de pagos.
Main concepts
Current account
The current account covers all transactions (other
than those of financial items) that involve economic
values and occur between resident and non-resident
entities. It also covers offsets to current economic values
provided or acquired without a quid pro quo. Specifically,
the major classifications are goods and services, income
and current transfers.
Goods and services
Goods
General merchandise covers most movable goods that
are exported to, or imported from, non-residents by residents
and that, with a few specified exceptions, undergo actual
or imputed changes in ownership.
Goods for processing covers exports (or imports, in
the compiling economy) of goods crossing the border for
processing abroad and subsequent re-import (or export, in
the compiling economy) of the goods, which are valued on
a gross basis before and after processing. This item is an
exception to the change of ownership principle.
Repairs on goods covers repair activity on goods
provided to or received from non-residents on ships, aircraft,
etc. Although the physical movement of these goods is
similar to that described in paragraph 154 of the Manual,
the repairs are valued at the prices (fees paid or received)
of the repairs rather than at the gross values of the goods
before and after repairs are made.
Goods procured in ports by carriers covers all goods
(such as fuels, provisions, stores and supplies) that resident/
non-resident carriers air, shipping, etc. procure abroad
(in the compiling economy). This classification does not cover
the provision of auxiliary services (towing, maintenance,
etc.), which are covered under transportation.
Non-monetary gold covers exports and imports of all
gold that is not held as a reserve asset (monetary gold) by
the authorities.
Services
Transportation covers most of the services performed
by residents for non-residents and vice versa that were
included in shipment and other transportation in the fourth
edition of the Manual. In the fifth edition, however, freight
insurance is included under insurance services rather than
under transportation. Transportation includes freight and
passenger transportation by all modes of transportation
and other distributive and auxiliary services, including
rentals of transportation equipment together with a crew.
Certain exceptions are noted in chapters X, XI and XIII of
the Manual.
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Viajes: Comprenden bienes y servicios incluidos los
relacionados con la salud y la educacin adquiridos en una
economa por viajeros no residentes (tambin los excursionistas)
para fines de negocios y para uso personal durante su estancia
(inferior a un ao) en esa economa. En viajes no se incluyen
los servicios de transporte internacional de pasajeros, que
forman parte de transportes. Los estudiantes y las personas
que estn en tratamiento mdico se consideran viajeros,
independientemente de la duracin de su estancia, en tanto
que otros individuos personal militar y de embajadas y
trabajadores no residentes no se contabilizan como viajeros.
No obstante, los gastos en que incurren los trabajadores no
residentes se incluyen en viajes, mientras que los del personal
militar y de embajadas se contabilizan como servicios del
gobierno no incluidos en otra parte (n.i.o.p.).
Otros servicios
En esta categora se incluyen:
Servicios de comunicaciones, que abarcan las
transacciones de comunicaciones entre residentes y no
residentes, incluidos los servicios postales, de mensajera
y de telecomunicaciones (transmisin de sonido, imagen
y otra informacin por diferentes medios, as como el
mantenimiento pertinente proporcionado por residentes a
no residentes y viceversa).
Servicios de construccin, que incluyen las obras
de proyectos de construccin e instalacin realizadas,
con carcter temporal, en el extranjero/en la economa
compiladora o en enclaves extraterritoriales por empresas
residentes/no residentes y su personal. En este concepto no
se incluyen las obras realizadas por una filial extranjera de
una empresa residente o una oficina local no constituida en
sociedad que sea equivalente, siempre y cuando satisfaga
ciertos criterios con relacin a una filial extranjera.
Servicios de seguros, que comprenden la contratacin
de seguros de no residentes con aseguradoras residentes
y viceversa, incluidos los seguros de fletes (de bienes
exportados e importados), los servicios correspondientes
a otras clases de seguros directos (de vida y otros) y los
servicios correspondientes a reaseguros.
Servicios financieros (salvo los relacionados con las
empresas aseguradoras y las cajas de pensiones), que abarcan
los servicios de intermediacin financiera y los servicios
auxiliares entre residentes y no residentes. Se incluyen las
comisiones y los derechos relacionados con cartas de crdito,
lneas de crdito, arrendamiento financiero, transacciones en
divisas, crdito al consumidor y a las empresas, corretaje,
colocacin y suscripcin de valores, e instrumentos de
cobertura de riesgo de diferentes clases, entre otros. En los
servicios auxiliares se incluyen los servicios de operacin
y reglamentacin de los mercados financieros, y servicios
de custodia de valores, entre otros.
Servicios de informtica y de informacin, que abarcan
las transacciones entre residentes y no residentes relacionadas
con el asesoramiento en soporte tcnico (hardware), aplicacin
de soporte lgico (software), servicios de informacin
(procesamiento de datos, bases de datos y agencias de
noticias) y mantenimiento y reparacin de computadores
y equipo conexo.
Travel: covers goods and services including those related
to health and education acquired from an economy by
non-resident travellers (including excursionists) for business
purposes and personal use during their visits (of less than one
year) in that economy. Travel excludes international passenger
services, which are included in transportation. Students
and medical patients are treated as travellers, regardless
of their length of stay. Certain other individuals military
and embassy personnel and non-resident workers are not
regarded as travellers. However, expenditures by non-resident
workers are included in travel, while those of military and
embassy personnel are included in government services,
not included elsewhere (n.i.e.).
Other services
This category includes the following:
Communications services, which covers communications
transactions between residents and non-residents. Such
services comprise postal, courier and telecommunications
services (transmission of sound, images and other information
by various modes and associated maintenance provided by/
for residents by/for non-residents).
Construction services, which covers construction and
installation project work that is, on a temporary basis, performed
abroad/in the compiling economy or in offshore enclaves by
resident/non-resident enterprises and their personnel. This
does not include work undertaken by a foreign affiliate of a
resident enterprise or by an unincorporated site office which,
if it meets certain criteria, is equivalent to a foreign affiliate.
Insurance services, which covers the provision of
insurance to non-residents by resident insurance enterprises
and vice versa. This item comprises services provided for
freight insurance (on goods exported and imported), services
provided for other types of direct insurance (including life
and non-life) and services provided for reinsurance.
Financial services (other than those related to insurance
enterprises and pension funds), which covers financial
intermediation services and auxiliary services conducted
between residents and non-residents. This category includes
commissions and fees for letters of credit, lines of credit,
financial leasing services, foreign exchange transactions,
consumer and business credit services, brokerage services,
underwriting services, arrangements for various forms
of hedging instruments, etc. Auxiliary services include
financial-market operational and regulatory services, security
custody services, etc.
Computer and information services, which covers
resident/non-resident transactions related to hardware
consultancy, software implementation, information services
(data processing, databases, news agencies) and maintenance
and repair of computers and related equipment.
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Regalas y derechos de licencia, que comprenden
ingresos (exportacin) y pagos (importacin) de residentes y
no residentes por: i) el uso autorizado de activos intangibles
no financieros no producidos y derechos de propiedad como
marcas registradas, derechos de autor, patentes, procesos,
tcnicas, diseos, derechos de fabricacin y concesiones,
entre otros, y ii) el uso, mediante convenios de licencia, de
originales o prototipos producidos, como manuscritos y
pelculas, entre otros.
Otros servicios empresariales prestados por residentes
a no residentes y viceversa, que se refieren a servicios de
compraventa y otros servicios relacionados con el comercio,
servicios de arrendamiento de explotacin y servicios
empresariales, profesionales y tcnicos varios.
Servicios personales, culturales y recreativos, que abarcan:
i) servicios audiovisuales y conexos y
ii) otros servicios culturales prestados por residentes a no
residentes y viceversa.
En el inciso i) se incluyen servicios relacionados con
la produccin de pelculas cinematogrficas o videocintas,
programas de radio y televisin y grabaciones musicales. Por
ejemplo, los alquileres y honorarios percibidos por artistas y
productores, entre otros, por sus producciones y por la venta
de derechos de distribucin a los medios de comunicacin. En
el inciso ii) se incluyen otros servicios personales, culturales
y recreativos, como los relacionados con bibliotecas, museos
y otras actividades culturales y deportivas.
Servicios de gobierno, n.i.o.p., que incluyen todos los
servicios (como los gastos en que incurren embajadas y
consulados) relacionados con sectores gubernamentales u
organismos internacionales y regionales y no clasificados
en otras partidas.
Renta
Remuneracin de asalariados: Abarca los salarios, sueldos
y otras prestaciones en efectivo o en especie, incluidos los
de los trabajadores fronterizos, de temporada y otros no
residentes (como el personal local de embajadas).
Renta de la inversin: Comprende los ingresos y pagos
de la renta derivados, respectivamente, de las tenencias de
activos financieros de residentes frente al exterior y de pasivos
frente a no residentes. Se divide en renta de la inversin
directa, renta de la inversin de cartera y renta de otra
inversin. El componente de inversin directa se desglosa
en renta procedente de acciones y otras participaciones
de capital (dividendos, utilidades de sucursales y utilidades
reinvertidas) y en renta procedente de la deuda (intereses); la
renta de la inversin de cartera se desglosa tambin en renta
procedente de acciones y otras participaciones de capital
(dividendos) y renta procedente de la deuda (intereses); en
renta de otra inversin se registran los intereses devengados
por otra inversin (como prstamos) y, en principio, la
renta imputada a las unidades familiares procedente de su
participacin neta de capital en las reservas de los seguros
de vida y en las cajas de pensiones.
Royalties and licence fees, which covers receipts (exports)
and payments (imports) of residents and non- residents for:
(i)the authorized use of intangible non- produced, non-financial
assets and proprietary rights such as trademarks, copyrights,
patents, processes, techniques, designs, manufacturing
rights, franchises, etc., and (ii) the use, through licensing
agreements, of produced originals or prototypes, such as
manuscripts, films, etc.
Other business services provided by residents to non-
residents and vice versa, which covers merchanting and
other trade-related services; operational leasing services; and
miscellaneous business, professional and technical services.
Personal, cultural, and recreational services, which covers:
(i) audiovisual and related services, and
(ii) other cultural services provided by residents to non-
residents and vice versa.
Included under (i) are services associated with the
production of motion pictures on film or video tape,
radio and television programmes, and musical recordings.
Examples of these services are rentals and fees received by
actors, producers, etc., for productions and for distribution
rights sold to the media. Included under (ii) are other
personal, cultural and recreational services, such as those
associated with libraries, museums and other cultural and
sporting activities.
Government services, n.i.e., which covers all services
(such as expenditures of embassies and consulates) associated
with government sectors or international and regional
organizations which are not classified under other items.
Income
Compensation of employees covers wages, salaries
and other benefits, in cash or in kind, and includes those
of border, seasonal and other non-resident workers (e.g.,
local staff of embassies).
Investment income covers receipts and payments of
income associated, respectively, with holdings of external
financial assets by residents and with liabilities to non- residents.
Investment income consists of direct investment income,
portfolio investment income and other investment income.
The direct investment component is broken down into
income on equity (dividends, branch profits and reinvested
earnings) and income on debt (interest); portfolio investment
income is broken down into income on equity (dividends)
and income on debt (interest); other investment income
covers interest earned on other capital (loans, etc.) and, in
principle, imputed income to households from net equity
in life insurance reserves and in pension funds.
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Transferencias corrientes
Las transferencias corrientes se distinguen de las
transferencias de capital, que se incluyen en la cuenta de
capital y financiera para mantener la uniformidad con el
tratamiento de las transferencias que se da en el SCN. Las
transferencias son los asientos compensatorios de los traspasos
de propiedad de recursos reales o financieros entre residentes
y no residentes, ya sea en forma voluntaria u obligatoria, que
no entraan un quid pro quo en valor econmico.
En las transferencias corrientes se distinguen las del
gobierno general (como las de cooperacin internacional
corriente entre diferentes gobiernos, pagos de impuestos
corrientes sobre la renta y el patrimonio) y otras transferencias
(como remesas de trabajadores, primas menos cargos por
servicio e indemnizaciones de seguros, excepto los de
vida). En el captulo XV del Manual de balanza de pagos se
examina en forma detallada la distincin entre transferencias
corrientes y transferencias de capital.
Cuenta de capital
Los componentes principales de la cuenta de capital
son las transferencias de capital y la adquisicin/enajenacin
de activos no financieros no producidos. Las transferencias
de capital son aquellas en que tiene lugar un traspaso de
propiedad de un activo fijo, un traspaso de fondos vinculado
o condicionado a la adquisicin o enajenacin de un activo
fijo, o la condonacin de un pasivo por parte de un acreedor
sin que se reciba a cambio una contrapartida.
Las transferencias de capital se dividen en i) las del
gobierno general (que a su vez se subdividen en condonacin
de deudas y otras), y ii) las de otros sectores, que se
desglosan en transferencias de emigrantes, condonacin
de deudas y otras.
Cuenta financiera
La clasificacin de los componentes de la cuenta
financiera se basa en los siguientes criterios:
Todos los componentes se clasifican segn la clase
de inversin o mediante un desglose funcional (inversin
directa, inversin de cartera y otra inversin).
Para la categora de inversin directa se establece
una distincin segn la direccin (en el extranjero o en la
economa declarante); para los componentes acciones y
otras participaciones de capital y otro capital, dentro de
esta categora, se realiza el desglose de activos y pasivos.
En inversin de cartera y otra inversin se mantiene la
distincin habitual entre activos y pasivos. Cobra particular
importancia la diferenciacin por clases de instrumentos
(ttulos de participacin en el capital, ttulos de deuda,
crditos comerciales, prstamos, moneda y depsitos, y otros
activos o pasivos). Se incluyen en inversin de cartera los
instrumentos tradicionales y nuevos del mercado monetario
y otros instrumentos financieros bsicos y derivados.
Asimismo, en inversin de cartera y otra inversin se
distingue por sectores de acreedores internos, en el caso
de los activos, o por sectores de deudores internos, en el
Current transfers
Current transfers are distinguished from capital transfers,
which are included in the capital and financial account in
accordance with the SNA treatment of transfers. Transfers are
the offsets to changes, which take place between residents
and non-residents, in ownership of real resources or financial
items and, whether the changes are voluntary or compulsory,
do not involve a quid pro quo in economic value.
Current transfers include those of general government
(e.g., current international cooperation between different
Governments, payments of current taxes on income and
wealth, etc.) and other transfers (e.g., workers remittances,
premiums less service charges and claims on non- life
insurance). Chapter XV of the Manual contains a full
discussion of the distinction between current transfers and
capital transfers.
Capital account
The major components of the capital account are
capital transfers and acquisition/disposal of non-produced,
non- financial assets. Capital transfers consist of those
involving transfers of ownership of fixed assets; transfers of
funds linked to, or conditional upon, acquisition or disposal
of fixed assets; or cancellation, without any counterparts
being received in return, of liabilities by creditors.
Capital transfers include two components: (i) general
government, subdivided into debt forgiveness and other,
and (ii) other, subdivided into migrants transfers, debt
forgiveness, and other transfers.
Financial account
The classification of the components of the financial
account is based on the following criteria:
All components are classified according to type of
investment or by functional breakdown (direct investment,
portfolio investment, other investment).
For the category of direct investment, there are directional
distinctions (abroad or in the reporting economy) and, for
the equity capital and other capital components within this
category, asset/liability distinctions.
For the categories of portfolio investment and other
investment, the customary asset/liability distinctions are
made. Particularly significant for portfolio investment and
other investment is the distinction by type of instrument
(equity or debt securities, trade credits, loans, currency
and deposits, other assets or liabilities). Traditional and
new money market and other financial instruments and
derivatives are included in portfolio investment.
For portfolio investment and other investment, there
are distinctions by sector of the domestic creditor for assets
and by sector of the domestic debtor for liabilities. These
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caso de los pasivos, a efectos de facilitar la vinculacin con
las cuentas de renta, la posicin de inversin internacional,
el SCN y otros sistemas estadsticos.
La distincin tradicional entre activos y pasivos a largo
y a corto plazo, basada en un plazo contractual original de
ms de un ao o de un ao o menos, se efecta solamente
en otra inversin. En los ltimos aos, este desglose ha
perdido importancia para muchas transacciones nacionales
e internacionales; en consecuencia, tanto en el SCN como
en el Manual de balanza de pagos se da menos importancia
a la diferencia entre largo y corto plazo que en ediciones
anteriores. Sin embargo, debido a que el vencimiento sigue
siendo relevante para fines especficos como el anlisis
de la deuda externa, esta distincin se mantiene en el
Manual de balanza de pagos para otra inversin.
Inversin directa es una categora que refleja el inters
duradero de una entidad residente de una economa
(inversionista directo) en una entidad residente de otra
economa (empresa de inversin directa), y que abarca
todas las transacciones entre inversionistas directos y
empresas de inversin directa. Es decir, la inversin directa
abarca la transaccin inicial entre las dos partes y todas las
transacciones subsiguientes que tienen lugar entre ellas y
entre empresas filiales, constituidas o no en sociedad. Las
transacciones de inversin directa (en el extranjero y en la
economa declarante) se subclasifican en acciones y otras
participaciones de capital, utilidades reinvertidas y otro
capital (transacciones entre empresas afiliadas). En el caso
de las acciones y otras participaciones de capital y de otro
capital, se establece la distincin entre activos y pasivos
frente a empresas filiales y frente a inversionistas directos. Las
transacciones entre bancos filiales y entre otros intermediarios
financieros filiales se limitan al capital en acciones y al que
est relacionado con la deuda permanente.
Inversin de cartera comprende las transacciones en ttulos
de participacin en el capital y ttulos de deuda. Los ttulos
de deuda se subdividen en bonos y pagars, instrumentos
del mercado monetario e instrumentos financieros derivados
(como las opciones), siempre que estos ltimos generen
activos y pasivos financieros. Se incluyen, asimismo, varios
instrumentos financieros nuevos en las clasificaciones de
instrumentos (se excluyen las transacciones clasificadas
como inversin directa y activos de reserva).
Otra inversin incluye crditos comerciales a corto y
largo plazo; prstamos, moneda y depsitos (transferibles
y otros, como depsitos de ahorro y a plazo, acciones de
asociaciones de ahorro y prstamo, acciones de cooperativas
de crdito); otras cuentas por cobrar y por pagar (se excluyen
las transacciones clasificadas como inversin directa y los
pasivos que constituyen reservas de actividades extranjeras).
Errores y omisiones netos
Al aplicar los criterios recomendados en el Manual
de balanza de pagos, se obtiene un conjunto coherente
de asientos con signo positivo y negativo cuyo total neto
es tericamente igual a cero. En la prctica, sin embargo,
una vez sumados todos los asientos, la balanza de pagos
distinctions serve to facilitate links with the income accounts,
the international investment position, the SNA and other
statistical systems.
The traditional distinction between long- and short- term
assets and liabilities, which is based on original contractual
maturity of more than one year or one year or less, applies
only to other investment. In recent years, the significance
of this distinction has clearly diminished for many domestic
and international transactions. Consequently, the long- and
short-term distinction is accorded less importance in the
SNA and in the Manual than in previous editions. However,
because the maturity factor remains relevant for specific
purposes analysis of external debt, for example it is
retained in the Manual for other investment.
Direct investment, which reflects the lasting interest of a
resident entity in one economy (direct investor) in an entity
resident in another economy (direct investment enterprise),
covers all transactions between direct investors and direct
investment enterprises. Thus, direct investment covers the
initial transaction between the two and all subsequent
transactions between them and among affiliated enterprises,
both incorporated and unincorporated. Direct investment
transactions (abroad and in the reporting economy) are
subclassified into equity capital, reinvested earnings and
other capital (inter-company transactions). For equity capital
and other capital, a distinction is made between claims on
and liabilities to affiliated enterprises and to direct investors.
Transactions between affiliated banks and between other
affiliated financial intermediaries are limited to equity and
permanent debt capital.
Portfolio investment covers transactions in equity securities
and debt securities; the latter are subdivided into bonds and
notes, money market instruments and financial derivatives
(such as options) when the derivatives generate financial
claims and liabilities. Various new financial instruments
are covered under appropriate instrument classifications
(transactions covered under direct investment and reserve
assets are excluded).
Other investment covers short- and long-term trade
credits, loans; currency and deposits (transferable and
other such as savings and term deposits, savings and loan
shares, shares in credit unions, etc.); and other accounts
receivable and payable. Transactions covered under direct
investment and liabilities constituting foreign authorities
reserves are excluded.
Net errors and omissions
Application of the principles recommended in the
Manual should result in a consistent body of positive and
negative entries with a net (conceptual) total of zero. In
practice, however, when all actual entries are totalled, the
resulting balance will almost inevitably show a net credit or
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casi siempre arroja un crdito neto o un dbito neto. Este
saldo se debe a errores y omisiones en la compilacin de
las estadsticas, algunos de los cuales pueden tener relacin
con recomendaciones para una aproximacin prctica a los
criterios establecidos.
Por regla general, en el estado de balanza de pagos se
presenta una partida separada de errores y omisiones netos,
que algunos compiladores denominan partida equilibradora o
discrepancia estadstica, para compensar toda sobrestimacin
o subestimacin de los componentes registrados. As, si el
saldo de estos componentes refleja un crdito, la partida
de errores y omisiones netos aparece como un dbito de
igual valor, y viceversa.
Como algunos de los errores y omisiones que se
producen al compilar los datos suelen compensarse entre
s, la magnitud de la partida residual no es necesariamente
un indicio de la exactitud global del estado. Aun as,
cuando el residuo neto es grande, es difcil interpretar
un estado.
Reservas y partidas conexas
Las reservas y partidas conexas incluyen los activos
de reserva, el uso del crdito y los prstamos del Fondo
Monetario Internacional (FMI) y el financiamiento excepcional.
Los activos de reserva comprenden las transacciones
de los activos que las autoridades monetarias de una
economa consideran disponibles para atender necesidades
de financiamiento de la balanza de pagos y, en algunos
casos, otras necesidades. Tal disponibilidad, en principio,
no guarda una estrecha relacin con criterios formales tales
como los de propiedad o moneda de denominacin. Esta
categora se divide en oro monetario, derechos especiales
de giro (DEG), posicin de reserva en el FMI, activos en
divisas (moneda, depsitos y valores) y otros activos.
Oro monetario: Comprende las variaciones netas en las
reservas de oro de la autoridad monetaria central.
Derechos especiales de giro (DEG): Comprenden las
variaciones netas en las tenencias de derechos especiales
de giro.
Posicin de reserva en el FMI: Es la variacin positiva
del total de las compras que el pas puede efectuar en el
tramo de reserva ms toda deuda del FMI contrada en
virtud de un convenio de prstamo cuyo reembolso puede
obtener fcilmente el pas miembro.
Activos en divisas: Comprenden los activos clasificados
en el rubro divisas de la serie de datos sobre liquidez
internacional publicada por el FMI en Estadsticas financieras
internacionales.
Otros activos: Incluye todos los dems activos que
forman la categora de activos de reserva.
La cobertura e identificacin de los componentes de
los activos de reserva estn relacionadas con un concepto
analtico; son en parte resultado de una decisin razonada
y no siempre se prestan a la aplicacin de criterios objetivos
y formales ni a clasificaciones bien delimitadas respecto de
la condicionalidad y otras consideraciones. A diferencia de
la cuarta edicin del Manual de balanza de pagos, en la
a net debit. That balance is the result of errors and omissions
in the compilation of statements. Some of the errors and
omissions may be related to recommendations for practical
approximation to principles.
In balance-of-payments statements, the standard
practice is to show a separate item for net errors and
omissions. Labelled by some compilers as a balancing item
or statistical discrepancy, this item is intended as an offset
to the overstatement or understatement of the recorded
components. Thus, if the balance of those components is a
credit, the item for net errors and omissions will be shown
as a debit of equal value, and vice versa.
Usually, some of the errors and omissions that occur
in the course of compilation offset one another. Therefore,
the size of the residual item does not necessarily provide
any indication of the overall accuracy of the statement.
Nonetheless, interpretation of the statement is hampered
by a large net residual.
Reserves and related items
Reserves and related items include reserve assets, use
of International Monetary Fund (IMF) credit, loans from the
Fund, and exceptional financing.
Reserve assets cover transactions in those assets which
the monetary authorities of an economy consider to be
available for use in meeting balance of payments and, in
some instances, other needs. Such availability is not linked,
in principle, to formal criteria such as ownership or currency
of denomination. The items covered are monetary gold,
SDRs, reserve position in the Fund, foreign exchange assets
(currency, deposits and securities) and other claims.

Monetary gold covers net variations in the gold reserves
of the central monetary authority.
Special drawing rights (SDRs) covers net variations in
holdings of special drawing rights.
Reserve position in the Fund is the positive variation in
total reserve tranche purchases that a member may draw upon
plus any indebtedness of the Fund under loan agreements
that are readily repayable to the member.
Foreign exchange assets covers claims that are shown
as the foreign exchange component of the series for
international liquidity published by the Fund in International
Financial Statistics.
Other claims includes all claims not included in the
above headings which constitute reserve assets.
The coverage and identification of reserve asset
components are linked to an analytical concept, are in
part judgmental, and are not always amenable to the
application of objective, formal criteria or clear rankings
as to conditionality or other considerations. In contrast to
the treatment in the fourth edition of the Manual, valuation
changes in reserve assets are excluded, along with counterparts
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quinta edicin se excluyen las variaciones de valoracin
de los activos de reserva y sus contrapartidas. Tambin
se excluyen la asignacin y cancelacin de derechos
especiales de giro, la monetizacin y desmonetizacin del
oro y los asientos de contrapartida. Estas variaciones, que
no constituyen transacciones, figuran en la posicin de
inversin internacional.
Uso del crdito y prstamos del FMI: incluye las
compras y recompras en los tramos de crdito de la cuenta
de recursos generales del FMI, y los emprstitos netos en
el marco del servicio de ajuste estructural (SAE), el servicio
reforzado de ajuste estructural (SRAE) y el fondo fiduciario.
El uso de los recursos del FMI est sujeto al principio
relativo a la necesidad, el cual conforme al Convenio
Constitutivo del FMI est vinculado a la posicin de la
balanza de pagos de un pas miembro, a su posicin de
reserva o a la evolucin de sus reservas. Para determinar la
necesidad, se debe hacer una clara distincin entre:
i) las transacciones que figuran por encima de la lnea y
que se consideran autnomas o que tienen su propia
razn de ser y que de esa manera provocan o dan como
resultado un dficit o supervit de pagos global, y
ii) las que aparecen por debajo de la lnea, consideradas
acomodaticias o que financian dicho dficit o supervit.
Aunque esa distincin entre grupos de transacciones
entraa juicios subjetivos, presenta una medida del
dficit o del supervit e indica las necesidades de
financiamiento y/o los ajustes de poltica requeridos
para corregir el desequilibrio.
Financiamiento excepcional: Se refiere a las transacciones
efectuadas por las autoridades para financiar necesidades
de balanza de pagos e incluye la obtencin de recursos en
prstamos del exterior, los atrasos de pagos y la condonacin
de deudas.
El concepto de financiamiento excepcional y su trato
contable en la balanza de pagos ha evolucionado desde
la publicacin de la cuarta edicin del Manual de balanza
de pagos, cobrando en los ltimos aos cada vez ms
importancia para las operaciones y las estadsticas en general,
adems de como referencia para los pases miembros del
FMI. Como alternativa o en combinacin con la utilizacin
de los activos de reserva y el uso del crdito y prstamos
del FMI, el financiamiento excepcional denota cualquier
otro mecanismo empleado por las autoridades (u otros
sectores inducidos por las autoridades) de una economa
para financiar las necesidades de balanza de pagos.
2.2.2 Comercio exterior de bienes
y servicios
En esta seccin, dedicada a las estadsticas del sector
externo, se presentan las cifras del comercio exterior de
bienes y servicios. En relacin con el comercio de bienes,
los datos se compilaron sobre la base de las estadsticas
oficiales del comercio exterior de los respectivos pases
registrados en el Banco de Datos del Comercio Exterior
de Amrica Latina y el Caribe (BADECEL). Los datos de las
to such changes, in the fifth edition. Also excluded are the
allocation/cancellation of special drawing rights (SDRs),
the monetization/ demonetization of gold, and counterpart
entries. These changes, which do not constitute transactions,
are reflected in the international investment position.
Use of Fund credit and loans from the Fund includes
purchases and re-purchases of credit tranches in the Funds
General Resources Account and net credits within the framework
of the Structural Adjustment Facility (SAF), the Enhanced
Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) and the Trust Fund.
The use of IMF resources is subject to a conceptual
requirement of need, which in accordance with the Articles
of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund is linked
to a member countrys balance-of- payments position, its
reserve position or changes in its reserves. The determination
of need requires that a clear distinction be drawn between:
(i) Above-the-line transactions that are considered to be
autonomous or to have been undertaken for their own
sake and thus give rise to an overall payments deficit
or surplus, and
(ii) Below-the-line items considered to be accommodating or
financing the deficit or surplus. While such a distinction
between groups of transactions involves a degree of
judgment, it nonetheless presents a measure of the
deficit or surplus and indicates financing needs and/or
policy adjustments required to correct the imbalance.
Exceptional financing refers to transactions undertaken by
the authorities for balance-of-payments reasons and includes
the procurement of resources in the form of external loans,
payments arrears and debt forgiveness.
The concept of exceptional financing and the related
balance-of-payments accounting treatment have evolved
since the fourth edition of the Manual was published and
have assumed increased importance for IMF operations
and statistics in general, and as a reference for the Funds
member countries in recent years. As an alternative to, or
in conjunction with, the use of reserve assets, and of Fund
credit and loans, exceptional financing denotes any other
arrangements made by authorities (or by other sectors
fostered by authorities) of an economy to cover balance-of
payments requirements.
2.2.2 External trade of goods and services
This section on external sector statistics presents the figures
relating to external trade of goods and services. In relation
to trade in goods, the data were compiled on the basis of
official foreign trade statistics of the relevant countries listed
in the Foreign Trade Data Bank for Latin America and the
Caribbean (BADECEL). The data on the export of goods
are given on an f.o.b. basis while imports of goods are
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exportaciones de bienes estn en valores FOB, mientras
que los de las importaciones de bienes estn en valores CIF,
con excepcin de las cifras correspondientes a Mxico y
Venezuela (Repblica Bolivariana de) (cuyas importaciones
se registran en valores FOB).
El total correspondiente al conjunto de la regin se
calcul agrupando los datos por pases.
Los valores de las importaciones y exportaciones totales
al mundo estn expresados en valor FOB e incluyen algunas
correcciones, como se menciona al inicio del punto 2.2, por
lo que los totales no siempre coinciden con los extrados
del BADECEL.
Las cifras del comercio de servicios se desagregan segn
las principales categoras del quinto Manual de balanza de
pagos del Fondo Monetario Internacional, esto es, transporte,
viajes y otros servicios.
Clasificacin de las exportaciones e
importaciones de bienes
Exportaciones de productos primarios
y manufacturados
Los datos que se presentan en esta seccin del Anuario
se compilaron sobre la base de las estadsticas oficiales del
comercio exterior de los respectivos pases registrados en
el BADECEL.
El criterio adoptado para clasificar tanto los productos
primarios como los manufacturados corresponde al que
utiliza la Divisin de Estadstica de las Naciones Unidas
para presentar los datos del comercio exterior mundial por
regiones econmicas. Para ello se agrupan las secciones de
la CUCI modificada de la manera siguiente:
A. Productos primarios
Comprende el total de las secciones:
0. Productos alimenticios y animales vivos
1. Bebidas y tabaco
2. Materiales crudos no comestibles, excepto los
combustibles
3. Combustibles y lubricantes, minerales y productos
conexos
4. Aceites, grasas y ceras de origen animal y vegetal
9. Mercancas y operaciones no clasificadas en otro rubro
de la CUCI.
Se incluye adems el captulo 68 denominado metales
no ferrosos
B. Productos manufacturados
Comprende el total de las secciones:
5. Productos qumicos y conexos, n.e.p.
6. Artculos manufacturados, clasificados principalmente
segn el material (excluido el captulo 68, metales
no ferrosos)
7. Maquinaria y equipo de transporte
8. Artculos manufacturados diversos
quoted on a c.i.f. basis, with the exception of the figures for
the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Mexico (whose
imports are recorded f.o.b.).
The total for the region as a whole was obtained by
grouping data by country.
Total values for worldwide imports and exports are
expressed on an f.o.b. basis and include some adjustments
as noted at the beginning of section 2.2, which accounts
for the fact that the totals do not always match those taken
from BADECEL.
The figures of trade in services are broken down in
accordance with the main categories contained in the
fifth edition of the International Monetary Fund Balance of
Payments Manual; i.e., transport, travel and other services.
Classification of exports and imports of goods
Exports of primary products and manufactures
The data given in this section of the Yearbook were
compiled on the basis of official foreign trade statistics of
the respective countries registered in BADECEL.
The criterion adopted for classifying both primary
products and manufactured goods is that used by the United
Nations Statistics Division in presenting world foreign trade
data by economic regions. For this purpose, the sections of
the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) have
been used, modified as follows:
A. Primary products
This group includes all the products in the following
sections:
0. Food and live animals chiefly for food
1. Beverages and tobacco
2. Crude materials, non-edible, except fuels
3. Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials
4. Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes
9. Commodities and transactions not classified
elsewhere in the SITC.
Division 68 non-ferrous metals is also included.
B. Manufactured goods
This group includes all the products in the following
sections:
5. Chemicals and related products, n.e.c.
6. Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material
(excluding division 68: non-ferrous metals)
7. Machinery and transport equipment
8. Miscellaneous manufactured articles
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Las importaciones de bienes se presentan segn las
tres clases bsicas del Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales
(SCN). El criterio para definir esta clasificacin se basa en la
reestructuracin parcial de las 19 categoras de las Grandes
Categoras Econmicas (GCE) de las Naciones Unidas
7
.
As, se obtienen totales aproximados de los bienes de
capital, los bienes intermedios y los bienes de consumo. Por
otra parte, dada la importancia que tienen en el comercio
internacional se presentan separadamente los carburantes
para motores (categora 321*
8
) y los vehculos automotores de
pasajeros (categora 51*). Se excluye la gran categora 7, Bienes
no especificados en otra partida, por no ser considerada en
ninguna de las tres clases bsicas que se definen a continuacin:
1. Bienes de capital
Suma de categoras:
41* Bienes de capital (excepto el equipo de transporte)
521*Material de transporte, industrial
2. Bienes intermedios
Suma de categoras:
121* Alimentos y bebidas, elaborados, destinados
principalmente a la industria
111* Alimentos y bebidas, bsicos, destinados principalmente
a la industria
2* Suministros industriales no especificados en otra partida
31* Combustibles y lubricantes, bsicos
322* Combustibles y lubricantes, elaborados (excluidos los
carburantes)
42* Piezas y accesorios para maquinaria y otro equipo de
capital (excepto el equipo de transporte)
53* Piezas y accesorios para equipo de transporte
3. Bienes de consumo
Suma de categoras:
112*Alimentos y bebidas, bsicos, destinados principalmente
al consumo en los hogares
122*Alimentos y bebidas, elaborados, destinados
principalmente al consumo en los hogares
522*Material de transporte no industrial
6* Artculos de consumo no especificados en otra partida
En cuanto a las exportaciones, adems de la presentacin
tradicional en que se consideran dos grandes grupos definidos
segn la CUCI como productos primarios y productos
manufacturados, se ha incluido informacin segn la
Clasificacin Industrial Internacional Uniforme de todas
las actividades econmicas (CIIU, Rev. 2). Estas estadsticas
tienen por objeto ilustrar las transacciones comerciales de
acuerdo con las tres grandes divisiones (1 dgito) de la CIIU,
Rev. 2, vinculadas con los bienes transportables, que son:
Gran divisin 1. Agricultura, caza, silvicultura y pesca; Gran
divisin 2. Explotacin de minas y canteras, y Gran divisin
3. Industrias manufactureras.
7
Naciones Unidas, Clasificacin por Grandes Categoras Econmicas,
serie M, N 53, Nueva York, 1971.
8
Las referencias a la clasificacin en GCE se sealan con un asterisco (*)
para evitar el riesgo de confusin con las secciones, captulos y grupos
numerados de la CUCI modificada.
Imports of goods are presented according to the three
basic classes used in the System of National Accounts (SNA).
The approach used in defining this classification was based
on a partial reorganization of the 19 categories of the United
Nations Classification by Broad Economic Categories.
7
On this basis, approximate totals have been obtained
for capital goods, intermediate goods and consumer goods.
In view of the important role in international trade played
by motor spirit (category 321*
8
) and passenger motor cars
(category 51*), these categories are presented separately.
Broad category 7, Goods not elsewhere specified, is not
included since it is not covered by any of the three basic
SNA categories, which are defined as follows:
1. Capital goods
Sum of categories:
41* Machinery and other capital equipment (except transport)
521* Transport equipment, industrial
2. Intermediate goods
Sum of categories:
121* Food and beverages, processed, mainly for industry
111* Food and beverages, primary, mainly for industry
2* Industrial supplies not elsewhere specified
31* Fuels and lubricants, primary
322*Fuels and lubricants, processed (other than motor spirit)
42* Parts and accessories for machinery and other capital
equipment (except transport equipment)
53* Parts and accessories for transport equipment
3. Consumer goods
Sum of categories:
112*Food and beverages, primary, mainly for home
consumption
122*Food and beverages, processed, mainly for home
consumption
522*Non-industrial transport equipment
6* Consumer goods not elsewhere specified
In the case of exports, in addition to their presentation in
the traditional format, which distinguishes between two broad
groups defined, on the basis of SITC, as primary products
and manufactured products, data organized on the basis
of the International Standard Industrial Classification of All
Economic Activities (ISIC, Rev. 2) have also been included.
These statistics are intended to provide information about
commercial transactions in terms of the three ISIC, Rev. 2,
major divisions (1 digit), relating to transportable goods,
which are: Major Division 1: Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry
and Fishing; Major Division 2: Mining and Quarrying, and
Major Division 3: Manufacturing.
7
United Nations, Classification by Broad Economic Categories, series M,
No. 53, New York, 1971.
8
References to the Classification by Broad Economic Categories are marked
with an asterisk (*) to eliminate the risk of confusion with the numbered
sections, divisions and groups of SITC, revised.
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Las grandes divisiones 1 y 2 figuran individualmente
como un todo. En cambio, en el caso de la gran divisin 3,
se ha preferido presentar estadsticas que reflejen en forma
ms especfica la clase de actividad econmica que genera
los bienes; en consecuencia, se han creado cuatro categoras
al agregarse las siguientes agrupaciones (3 dgitos):
Industria de alimentos, bebidas y tabaco
311-312 Fabricacin de productos alimenticios,
excepto bebidas
313 Industria de bebidas
314 Industria del tabaco
Otras industrias, principalmente de bienes de consumo
no duraderos
321 Fabricacin de textiles
322 Fabricacin de prendas de vestir, excepto calzado
323 Industria del cuero y productos de cuero, y
sucedneos de cuero y pieles, excepto el calzado
y otras prendas de vestir
324 Fabricacin de calzado, excepto el de caucho
vulcanizado o moldeado o de plstico
332 Fabricacin de muebles y accesorios, excepto los
que son principalmente metlicos
342 Imprentas, editoriales e industrias conexas
390 Otras industrias manufactureras
Industrias, principalmente de bienes intermedios
331 Industria de la madera y productos de madera y
de corcho, excepto muebles
341 Fabricacin de papel y productos de papel
351 Fabricacin de sustancias qumicas industriales
352 Fabricacin de otros productos qumicos
353 Refineras de petrleo
354 Fabricacin de productos diversos derivados del
petrleo y del carbn
355 Fabricacin de productos de caucho
356 Fabricacin de productos de plstico, n.e.p.
361 Fabricacin de objetos de barro, loza y porcelana
362 Fabricacin de vidrio y productos de vidrio
369 Fabricacin de otros productos minerales
no metlicos
371 Industrias bsicas de hierro y acero
372 Industrias bsicas de metales no ferrosos
Industrias metalmecnicas
381 Fabricacin de productos metlicos, exceptuando
maquinaria y equipo
382 Construccin de maquinaria, exceptuando la elctrica
383 Construccin de maquinaria, aparatos, accesorios
y suministros elctricos
384 Construccin de material de transporte
385 Fabricacin de equipo profesional y cientfico,
instrumentos de medida y de control n.e.p., y
aparatos fotogrficos e instrumentos de ptica
Major Divisions 1 and 2 each appear as one unit. In
the case of Major Division 3, however, it has been deemed
appropriate to prevent statistics which provide a more
specific indication of the class of economic activity that
generates the goods; thus, four categories have been created
by aggregating the following groups (three digits):
Manufacture of food, beverages and tobacco
311-312 Food manufacturing, except beverages
313 Beverage industries
314 Tobacco manufactures
Other manufacturing, mainly of non-durable consumer goods
321 Manufacture of textiles
322 Manufacturing of wearing apparel, except footwear
323 Manufacture of leather and products of leather,
leather substitutes and fur, except footwear and
wearing apparel
324 Manufacture of footwear, except vulcanized or
moulded rubber or plastic footwear
332 Manufacture of furniture and fixtures, except
primarily of metal
342 Printing, publishing and allied industries
390 Other manufacturing industries
Manufacturing, mainly of intermediate goods
331 Manufacture of wood and wood and cork products,
except furniture
341 Manufacture of paper and paper products
351 Manufacture of industrial chemicals
352 Manufacture of other chemical products
353 Petroleum refineries
354 Manufacture of miscellaneous products of petroleum
and coal
355 Manufacture of rubber products
356 Manufacture of plastic products, n.e.c.
361 Manufacture of pottery, china and earthenware
362 Manufacture of glass and glass products
369 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products
371 Iron and steel basic industries
372 Non-ferrous metal basic industries
Manufacture of fabricated metal products, machinery
and equipment
381 Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except
machinery and equipment
382 Manufacture of machinery except electrical
383 Manufacture of electrical machinery, apparatus,
appliances and supplies
384 Manufacture of transport equipment
385 Manufacture of professional and scientific,
and measuring and controlling equipment, n.e.c.
and of photographic and optical goods
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Cabe sealar que la cobertura de la informacin que se
presenta segn la CIIU, Rev. 2 acerca de Barbados, Belice,
Dominica, Jamaica, Panam y Trinidad y Tabago no es completa,
debido a que estos pases no disponen en algunos casos de
datos lo suficientemente desagregados segn la CUCI, lo que
impide establecer una adecuada correlacin con la CIIU, Rev. 2.
De este modo, por una parte se ha procurado introducir
una clasificacin universal, apta para el anlisis econmico
desde el punto de vista del uso que se da a los bienes
importados y, por otra, brindar informacin bsica para
examinar la evolucin de la estructura de las exportaciones
de bienes segn el origen de la actividad que los genera,
fenmeno que en buena medida refleja el progreso
tecnolgico de un pas.
Adems, para dar una concepcin ms amplia de los
principales productos de exportacin de cada pas, se han
seleccionado los diez ms importantes segn la magnitud
de su valor. Estos pueden ser variables de un ao a otro, en
la medida en que se produzcan cambios importantes en los
volmenes y en los precios relativos de las exportaciones o
que aparezcan nuevos productos exportables que desplacen
a los seleccionados anteriormente.
2.2.3 Indicadores del sector externo
Los ndices del comercio exterior basados en el ao 2005
cubren los bienes y los servicios y son el resultado del
trabajo efectuado en la Divisin de Estadstica y Proyecciones
Econmicas de la CEPAL en 2005 con motivo del cambio de
ao base de las series estadsticas que publica la Comisin.
ndices del comercio de bienes
En el caso de las exportaciones e importaciones de
bienes se calcularon los ndices de valor (IVX, IVM), de
volumen (IQX, IQM) y de valor unitario (IVUX, IVUM).
La informacin utilizada proviene del Banco de Datos del
Comercio Exterior de Amrica Latina y el Caribe (BADECEL),
de fuentes nacionales (bancos centrales o institutos de
estadstica) y de fuentes internacionales, como organizaciones
especializadas y organismos internacionales (Divisin de
Estadstica de las Naciones Unidas, Conferencia de las
Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo (UNCTAD),
Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI), Banco Mundial y
Organizacin de Pases Exportadores de Petrleo (OPEP)).
ndices de valor
Los ndices de valor se calcularon a partir de las series
expresadas en dlares corrientes de las exportaciones e
importaciones de bienes registradas en la balanza de pagos.
Xt Mt
IVX = 100 * IVM = 100 *
Xo Mo
donde X y M son respectivamente las exportaciones
y las importaciones de bienes, t el ao corriente y o el
ao base (en este caso, 2005).
For Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Jamaica, Panama
and Trinidad and Tobago, the coverage of the information
presented according to ISIC, Rev. 2 is incomplete
because not all of the data for these countries are sufficiently
disaggregated according to SITC, and therefore cannot be
properly correlated with ISIC, Rev. 2.
By this means, an attempt has been made, on the one
hand, to introduce a universal system of classification geared
to the purposes of economic analysis from the standpoint of
the use to which merchandise imports are put and, on the
other hand, to provide basic information for use in examining
trends in the structure of merchandise exports in terms of the
activity that produces them, which to a large extent reflects
the technological progress made in a country.
In addition, in order to provide a broader picture of
the main exports of each country, the 10 exports which
were most important in terms of value have been selected.
These may vary from year to year as major changes occur
in export volumes and relative prices or as new exportable
products overshadow those selected previously.
2.2.3 External sector indicators
External trade indices with 2005 as the base year cover goods
and services and are the result of calculations produced in
2005 by the Statistics and Economic Projections Division
of ECLAC to reflect the change in the base year used in the
statistical series published by the Commission.
Indices of trade in goods
In the case of exports and imports of goods, the value
indices (VIX, VIM), volume indices (QIX, QIM) and unit
value indices (XUVI, MUVI) were calculated.
The information used was taken from the External
Trade Data Bank for Latin America and the Caribbean
(BADECEL), national sources (central banks or statistical
institutes) and international sources, such as specialized
agencies and international bodies (United Nations Statistical
Division, UNCTAD, IMF, World Bank and the Organization
of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)).
Value indices
Value indices were based on the series expressed in
current dollars of exports and imports of goods recorded
in the balance of payments.

Xt Mt
VIX = 100 * VIM = 100 *
Xo Mo
where X and M represent exports and imports of
goods, respectively, t represents the current year and o,
the base year (in this instance, 2005).
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ndices de valor unitario
Los ndices de valor unitario se calcularon a partir de la
informacin registrada en el BADECEL y, en casos particulares,
de fuentes nacionales; son ndices de tipo Paasche, esto es:
Pxt*Qxt Pmt*Qmt
IVUX = 100 * IVUM = 100 *
Pxo*Qxt Pmo*Qmt
donde Pxt y Pmt son los precios en el perodo t de las
canastas de exportacin e importacin, respectivamente,
mientras que Qxt y Qmt son los volmenes exportados e
importados en el perodo t.
Se construyeron muestras de bienes exportados e
importados para los perodos 1970-1989 y 1990-2004 con
ao base 1980 y 2000, respectivamente, con el propsito
de reflejar los cambios en la estructura de comercio a
travs del tiempo.
En el proceso se presentaron casos en los que la informacin
del BADECEL tuvo que complementarse con datos adicionales,
pues en algunos pases una parte considerable del comercio
no se registra ni contabiliza en los registros administrativos,
ya sea por la existencia de zonas francas, por el comercio de
maquila o por el contrabando. Por otra parte, existen partidas
significativas en el comercio de algunos pases para los que
no se cuenta con informacin sobre volumen, por lo que se
utilizaron precios internacionales representativos.
ndices de volumen
Los ndices de volumen (IQ) se obtienen deflactando las
series en valores corrientes por los ndices de valor unitario.

Xt/IVUXt Mt/IVUMt
IQX = 100* IQM = 100*
Xo/IVUXo Mo/IVUMo
ndices deflactores de servicios
La desagregacin de los servicios en precio y
cantidad es una tarea compleja, pues generalmente no se
dispone de datos que permitan calcular estos ndices. Sin
embargo, dado el inters que reviste este tipo de anlisis,
en la CEPAL se calculan deflactores para el comercio
internacional de servicios.
Los ndices de valor unitario de servicios calculados
por la CEPAL tienen como ao base 2005 y se desagregan
segn el esquema analtico de la quinta edicin del
Manual de balanza de pagos del Fondo Monetario
Internacional en transporte, viajes y otros servicios. Esto
plantea la aplicacin de una metodologa particular segn
la naturaleza del servicio.
Transporte
Se utilizan varias fuentes de informacin para el
transporte, que se desagrega en martimo, areo y otros.
En el caso del transporte martimo se utiliza la informacin
de fletes publicada en Review of Maritime Transport, de la
Unit value indices
The unit value indices were based on information
recorded in BADECEL and, in particular cases, on national
sources; they are Paasche-type indices, that is:

Pxt*Qxt Pmt*Qmt
XUVI = 100 * MUVI = 100 *
Pxo*Qxt Pmo*Qmt
where Pxt and Pmt are the prices in period t of the
export and import baskets, respectively, and Qxt and Qmt
are the volumes exported and imported during period t.
Samples of goods exported and imported were
constructed for the periods 1970-1989 and 1990-2004 with
base year1980 and 2000, respectively, in order to reflect
the changes in trade structure over time.
In the process, cases arose in which the data from
BADECEL had to be supplemented with additional information,
as in some countries a substantial proportion of trade is not
recorded and accounted for in the administrative registers,
either because of the existence of free zones or maquila trade,
or as a result of smuggling. Moreover, some countries lack
data on the volume of trade in significant items, for which
proxy international prices are used.
Volume indices
Volume indices (QI) are obtained by deflating the series
in current values with the unit value indices.

Xt/XUVIt Mt/MUVIt
QIX = 100* QIM = 100*
Xo/XUVIo Mo/MUVIo
Deflator indices for services
It is difficult to disaggregate services into price and
quantity, since data for calculating such indices are not
usually available. Nevertheless, in view of the interest in
this type of analysis within ECLAC, deflators have been
calculated for the international trade in services.
Unit value indices for services calculated by ECLAC
use 2005 as the base year and are broken down, in line
with the analytical method set out in the fifth edition of the
International Monetary Fund Balance of Payments Manual,
into transport, travel and other services. This calls for the
application of a particular methodology, depending on the
nature of the service.
Transport
In the case of transport, various sources of information
are used and the data broken down into maritime, air and
other transport. In the case of maritime transport, the freight
information used is taken from the UNCTAD Review of
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UNCTAD, donde adems se distinguen las tarifas por tipo
de flete (liner, charter o tanker). Se aplican los ndices de
precios segn el tipo de bienes comercializados por cada
pas y se distingue entre productos bsicos, manufacturados
y petrleo. En el caso del transporte areo, se utilizan ndices
de precios publicados por la Organizacin de Aviacin Civil
Internacional (OACI) e ndices de pasajes areos publicados
por el Departamento de Comercio de los Estados Unidos.
Viajes
El valor que se registra en los crditos de viajes se
deflact por un ndice que incorpora la inflacin interna
y la variacin del tipo de cambio nominal de los pases.
El valor registrado en dbitos de viajes se deflact por un
ndice que comprende la inflacin y la variacin del tipo de
cambio nominal de los pases industrializados y los pases
receptores de turismo.
Las fuentes de informacin para estas estimaciones
son los ndices de precios al consumidor que calculan
los pases, con el tipo de cambio nominal medio de la
moneda local respecto del dlar que publica el FMI en
el tipo de cambio rf.
Otros servicios
En lo que se refiere al rubro de otros servicios, los
crditos se deflactaron por el mismo ndice que los crditos de
viajes, mientras que el valor de los dbitos se deflact por el
ndice de precios al por mayor de los pases industrializados.
De esta manera se obtuvieron series en valores constantes
e ndices de volumen (ao base 2005=100,0) para el total
de servicios.
ndices deflactores de servicios de factores y
transferencias
Para completar el clculo de la cuenta corriente a precios
constantes se utiliz el ndice implcito de las importaciones
de bienes y servicios como deflactor del saldo de la renta
de factores y de las transferencias corrientes.
Relacin de precios del intercambio
La relacin de precios del intercambio se define como:
IVUX
TT = 100*
IVUM
Se pueden calcular los ndices de trminos del
intercambio tanto para bienes como para el agregado de
bienes y servicios.
La deflacin de las variables de la cuenta corriente
mediante distintos ndices exige introducir una variable
de ajuste para conciliar dicha cuenta a precios constantes.
Convencionalmente, esta variable se denomina efecto de la
relacin de precios del intercambio y su exacta definicin
depende del tipo de deflactores que se apliquen a las
Maritime Transport, which also distinguishes between rates
per type of freight arrangement (liner, charter or tanker). The
price indices used depend on the type of goods marketed
by each country, with distinctions between commodities,
manufactured goods and oil. In the case of air transport,
price indices published by the International Civil Aviation
Organization and air passage indices published by the United
States Department of Commerce are used.
Travel
The value for travel credits was deflated by an index that
incorporates countries domestic inflation and the variation
in their nominal exchange rate. The value for travel debits
was deflated by an index based on inflation and the variation
in the nominal exchange rate in the industrialized countries
and the tourism-receiving countries.
The sources of information for these estimates are the
consumer price indices calculated by the countries and
the average nominal exchange rate of the local currency
against the United States dollar, as published by IMF under
the exchange-rate rf series.
Other services
With respect to the category other services, the credits
are deflated by the same index as the travel credits, while
the value of debits was deflated using the wholesale price
index of the industrialized countries.
In this way, series in constant values and volume indices
(base year 2005=100.0) were obtained for total services.
Deflator indices of factor services and transfers
In order to complete the current account calculation at
constant prices, the implicit index of imports of goods and
services was used as a deflator for the factor income and
current transfers balances.
Terms of trade
The terms of trade are defined as:
XUVI
TT = 100*
MUVI
Terms of trade indices may be calculated either for
goods or for the aggregate of goods and services.
In order to deflate current account variables using
different indices, an adjustment variable must be introduced
to reconcile that account at constant prices. Traditionally,
this variable is labelled the terms of trade effect; obviously,
its exact definition depends on the type of deflators that
are applied to the current account transactions. In the
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transacciones de la cuenta corriente. En el ejercicio que se
presenta se adopt el ndice implcito de las importaciones
de bienes y servicios para deflactar las variables financieras
y las transferencias corrientes. Por consiguiente, el efecto de
la relacin de intercambio se expresa en la siguiente frmula:
IVUXbys
ERI = XBS vcte * [ -1]
IVUMbys
Donde:
ERI: efecto de la relacin de precios del intercambio XBSvcte:
exportaciones de bienes y servicios a precios constantes
IVUXbys: ndice de valor unitario de exportaciones de
bienes y servicios
IVUMbys: ndice de valor unitario de importaciones de
bienes y servicios
En esta ecuacin, el efecto de la relacin de precios del
intercambio tericamente mide el volumen de importaciones
que podran financiarse con el valor de una unidad de
exportaciones a precios del ao base. Por otra parte, el volumen
total de importaciones que pueden financiarse con el volumen
total de las exportaciones (XBSvcte* [IVUXbys / IVUMbys])
se define como el poder de compra de las exportaciones.
Puede deducirse, por lo tanto, que el efecto de la relacin del
intercambio es igual a la diferencia entre el poder de compra
de las exportaciones y el volumen efectivamente exportado.
As pues, ambas variables son equivalentes solo en el caso en
que la relacin de precios del intercambio sea igual a uno.
Clculo del ndice de precios de los
productos bsicos de exportacin
de Amrica Latina y el Caribe
Para el cambio de ao base de los ndices de precios
de los productos bsicos se estableci una canasta de
productos bsicos representativa de las exportaciones de
los pases de Amrica Latina y el Caribe. Se consideraron
las exportaciones de la regin para 2005 tomando en
cuenta los siguientes pases: Anguila, Antigua y Barbuda,
Argentina, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belice, Bolivia (Estado
Plurinacional de), Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba,
Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Granada, Guatemala, Guyana,
Hait, Honduras, Jamaica, Mxico, Nicaragua, Panam,
Paraguay, Per, Repblica Dominicana, Suriname, Trinidad
y Tabago, Uruguay y Venezuela (Repblica Bolivariana de).
Asimismo, se tuvo presente la disponibilidad de cotizaciones
internacionales de los productos seleccionados.
Para definir la canasta de referencia se recurri al
COMTRADE, una base de datos de comercio exterior que
contiene informacin sobre exportaciones de bienes (FOB) e
importaciones de bienes (CIF) segn distintas clasificaciones.
Se sumaron todas las partidas correspondientes a
una misma definicin, ordenadas de mayor a menor
segn el valor de las exportaciones. Para determinar los
principales productos de exportacin hubo que recurrir
a aproximaciones, debido a la diversidad de tipos de un
exercise presented, the implicit index of imports of goods
and services was used to deflate the financial variables and
current transfers. Accordingly, the terms of trade effect is
expressed in the following formula:
XUVIg&s
ETT = XGS vct * [ -1]
MUVIg&s
Where:
ETT is the effect of the terms of trade XGSvct are exports
of goods and services at constant prices
XUVIg&s is the export unit value index of goods and services
MUVIg&s is the import unit value index of goods and services
In this equation, the terms of trade effect theoretically
measures the volume of imports that could be financed
with the value of one unit of exports in base year prices.
In turn, the total volume of imports that could be financed
with the total volume of exports (XGSvct* [XUVIg&s /
MUVIg&s]) is defined as the purchasing power of exports.
It may therefore be inferred that the terms of trade effect
is equal to the difference between the purchasing power
of exports and the volume actually exported. Thus, the
two variables are equivalent only when the terms of trade
ratio is equal to one.
Calculation of the price index for the
export commodities of Latin America
and the Caribbean
For the change in the base year for commodity price
indices, a representative basket of commodity exports
was constructed for the countries of Latin America and
the Caribbean. The regions exports for 2005 were used
as the basis, for the following countries and territories:
Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Bahamas,
Barbados, Belize, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Brazil,
Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican
Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala,
Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua,
Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Plurinational State of Bolivia,
Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago and Uruguay, in addition
to the availability of international market prices for the
selected goods.
In assembling the basket of goods, reference was made
to the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics database
(COMTRADE), an external trade database containing
information on goods exports (f.o.b.) and goods imports
(c.i.f.) classified in a number of ways.
All items corresponding to a given definition were added
together, in decreasing order of export value. Approximations
had to be used in determining the principal export products,
owing to the diversity of types within a given product, as
in the case of coffee. To obtain the prices of the various
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mismo producto, como en el caso del caf. Los precios de
los distintos productos bsicos se obtuvieron considerando
la cotizacin internacional publicada por organismos como
la UNCTAD, el FMI, el Banco Mundial y la OPEP.
Se logr definir un nmero de 44 productos que,
en conjunto, cubran el 47% de las exportaciones totales
de Amrica Latina y el Caribe en 2005. Adems de estos
productos, se identificaron otros para los que no se contaba
con cotizaciones internacionales y que representaban un
10% de las exportaciones totales. Finalmente, se estableci
una canasta distinta de productos manufacturados que tena
una ponderacin del 43% sobre el total de exportaciones
de bienes de la regin.
ndice de precios de los productos bsicos
Los ndices se calculan a partir de las series de precios
de productos bsicos segn la informacin proporcionada
por diferentes organismos internacionales y agencias
especializadas.
IPPB= Precio PBi/Precio PBo
(o: ao base 2005)
El ndice de precios del conjunto seleccionado de
bienes de exportacin de Amrica Latina y el Caribe refleja
la tendencia de las cotizaciones en el mercado mundial de
los productos bsicos de la regin.
Para el ndice se utiliza la frmula de Laspeyres segn
los ponderadores de la canasta base que corresponden al
valor exportado por la regin de cada uno de los productos
considerados, expresados como porcentaje del total de los
44 productos. Es decir, el valor total de los 44 productos se
iguala a 100 y se calcula la participacin de cada producto
considerado en el valor total de la muestra.
2.2.4 Financiamiento y deuda externa
Las cifras que se presentan en esta seccin corresponden
a las siguientes definiciones:
Deuda externa total: Comprende el total de la deuda
pblica externa, la deuda privada garantizada por el sector
pblico y la deuda privada de mediano, largo y corto plazo,
ms la deuda con el FMI.
Transferencia neta de recursos: Equivale al ingreso neto
de capitales (autnomos y no autnomos) ms (+) errores y
omisiones, menos (-) las utilidades e intereses netos, estos
ltimos en trminos devengados.
Renta neta: Se refiere al saldo entre crditos y dbitos
de renta.
Inversin extranjera directa neta: Incluye la inversin
directa en el extranjero y la inversin directa en la economa
declarante.
Tenencia de reservas internacionales: Constituye una
categora especial de capital que trata de reflejar en forma
aproximada la liquidez internacional de un pas en un
determinado momento teniendo en cuenta los criterios
bsicos de control efectivo y disponibilidad de uso de
los activos. Al respecto, el FMI recomienda adoptar como
commodities, international prices published by bodies such
as UNCTAD, IMF, the World Bank and OPEC were taken
into account.
Definitions were produced of a group of 44 products
which, as a whole, make up 47% of the total exports of
Latin America and the Caribbean for 2005. In addition,
other products were identified for which international
prices are not available and which represent 10% of total
exports. Lastly, a separate basket of manufactured products
was established, accounting for 43% of total goods exports
for the region.
Commodity price index
The indices are calculated on the basis of commodity
price series according to information from various international
bodies and specialized agencies.
CMP= CMi price/CMo price
(o: base year 2005)
The price index for the selected set of Latin American
and Caribbean export goods shows the price trend on world
markets for commodities from the region.
The index uses the Laspeyres formula according to the
weighting factors of the basic basket which, for each of the
products considered, correspond to the value exported by
the region, expressed as a percentage of the total for the
44 products. That is, the total value of the 44 products is
made equal to 100 and the proportion of each product in
the total value of the sample is calculated.
2.2.4 Financing and external debt
The figures reported in this section correspond to the
following definitions:
Total external debt comprises the total external public
debt, publicly guaranteed private-sector debt, and medium-
long- and short-term private debt, plus debt owed to the
International Monetary Fund (IMF).
Net transfer of resources is equivalent to net capital
inflows (autonomous and non-autonomous) plus (+) errors
and omissions, less (-) net earnings and interest (calculated
on an accrual basis).
Net income refers to the balance between credits and
debits on the income account.
Net foreign direct investment includes direct investment
abroad and direct investment in the reporting economy.
International reserve holdings constitute a special category
of capital intended to provide an approximate indication of
a particular countrys international liquidity at a given time,
bearing in mind the basic criteria of effective control and
availability for use. In this regard, IMF recommends that
the question of effective control be based on the criterion
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criterio de control que los nicos activos que se clasifican
como parte de las reservas son los activos sobre el exterior
que efectivamente pertenezcan a las autoridades centrales;
sin embargo, no se descartan situaciones en que ese control
pudiera ampliarse mediante polticas monetarias para estimular
una colaboracin del sector privado en esta materia.
Segn el criterio de disponibilidad de uso (posibilidad de
que las autoridades que posean los activos puedan disponer
de ellos de inmediato), el oro, los derechos especiales
de giro (DEG) y las posiciones de reservas en el Fondo
Monetario Internacional (FMI) constituyen la mxima forma
de liquidez. Sin embargo, este se considera un enfoque
excesivamente riguroso en la definicin de las reservas.
Un criterio ms flexible consiste en examinar si existe un
razonable grado de seguridad de que, en caso necesario,
se pueda contar con las condiciones para utilizar el activo
en la institucionalidad vigente.
En resumen, no hay una definicin rgida del concepto
de reservas; en todo caso, cabe sealar que en los cuadros
sobre tenencias incluye el oro monetario, los DEG, la
posicin de reserva en el FMI y las divisas.
Debido a los problemas de definicin de las reservas
internacionales mencionados y a la valorizacin del oro,
los niveles de tenencias de reservas publicados en otras
fuentes no se consideran estrictamente comparables con
las cifras publicadas en este Anuario.
La porcin de oro de las reservas publicadas en este
Anuario se valora uniformemente a los precios en Londres
al final de cada ao. Asimismo, las tenencias de reservas
a finales de cada ao se expresan tambin en funcin del
nmero de meses de importaciones de bienes y servicios
que podran financiarse con ellas, considerando el valor
medio de las importaciones de cada ao.
2.3 Precios
ndices de precios al consumidor. Representan en general el
nivel, relativo al perodo base (igual a 100), de una canasta
representativa de bienes y servicios adquiridos por un hogar
medio. Con respecto a los pases que calcularon sus ndices
de precios al consumidor con una base distinta a la de 2005,
se procedi a uniformar la base utilizando un procedimiento
aritmtico. As pues, las series de un considerable nmero de
pases se elaboraron efectuando empalmes con ndices de
distinta base y, en algunos casos, fue necesario vincular ndices
de diferente cobertura desde el punto de vista geogrfico o
segn los estratos socioeconmicos investigados. En todo caso,
la tendencia general de estos ndices constituye una buena
pauta para analizar la evolucin de los precios al consumidor.
ndice de precios al consumidor subyacente. En varios
pases los bancos centrales se preocupan por el efecto de la
volatilidad de algunos precios de bienes y servicios finales sobre
el ndice de precios al consumidor (IPC), ya que esta puede
dar lugar a interpretaciones sesgadas del proceso inflacionario,
lo que afectara las expectativas de los agentes econmicos
y la conduccin de la poltica monetaria. En esa perspectiva,
that only foreign claims actually owned by the central
authorities would be found to form part of the reserves,
although it is recognized that there may be situations where
such control could be broadened by means of monetary
policies designed to elicit the collaboration of the private
sector in this respect.
Using the criterion of availability for use (i.e., the
possibility that the authorities possessing the assets can
make use of them immediately), gold, special drawing rights
(SDR) and IMF reserve positions are the most unconditional
form of liquidity. However, this is considered to be an
excessively rigorous criterion for the definition of reserves.
A more flexible approach is to consider whether there is a
reasonable degree of certainty that, should the need arise, the
necessary conditions for using the asset within the existing
institutional structure could be satisfied.
In sum, there is no strict definition of the concept
of reserves. In the case at hand, it should be noted that
the concept of reserves used in the tables on holdings
includes monetary gold, SDRs, IMF reserve position and
foreign exchange.
Owing to these problems in defining international reserves
and to the valuation of gold, the levels of reserve holdings
published in other sources are not considered to be strictly
comparable with the figures published in the Yearbook.
The gold portion of the reserves published in this
Yearbook is uniformly valued at the London price at the
end of each year. In addition, the reserve holdings at
the end of each year are also expressed in terms of the
number of months of imports of goods and services that
they would finance, based on the mean value of imports
in each year.
2.3 Prices
Consumer price indices. Generally speaking, these represent
the level, relative to the base period (equal to 100), of a
representative basket of goods and services acquired by an
average household. For those countries which calculated
their consumer price indices using a base year other than
2005, the base was standardized arithmetically. The series
for a considerable number of countries were thus prepared
by splicing indices with different base years and, in some
cases, it was necessary to link indices having different
geographic or socioeconomic coverages. Nonetheless, the
general trend of these indices constitutes a good frame of
reference for analysing movements in consumer prices.
Index of core consumer prices. The central banks
of several countries take into account the effect on the
consumer price index (CPI) of some final goods and services
whose prices tend to be volatile, since this can lead to
biased interpretations of inflation and can misinform the
expectations of economic agents and the management of
monetary policy. From this standpoint, the most significant
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price variations are those that last over time, i.e., the growth
trend of prices known as core inflation.
Generally speaking, calculations of core inflation
attempt to estimate a general level of prices by smoothing
out short- term fluctuations or eliminating certain individual
series, such as goods and services whose prices are
considered to be volatile. Various forms of estimation have
been proposed, ranging from the elimination of certain
products from the basket to the use of statistical techniques
in determining the series.
No specific methodology or theoretical or statistical
technique is normally used to select the goods and services
to be excluded. The selection largely depends on each
countrys perception of the most variable prices or type
of relative price shocks to which it is vulnerable. Core
inflation was thus defined as a price index that excludes
the prices of goods and services considered to be volatile.
For the calculation reported in the Yearbook, price
indices of foods and beverages were excluded, as were
housing expenses and transport, since these incorporate
oil-based fuels.
Tradable and non-tradable consumer price index. The
calculation of the tradable and non-tradable consumer
price index is based on the distinction between goods and
services that can be traded internationally and those that
can be consumed only in the economy in which they are
produced, but not imported or exported. Accordingly, the
consumer price index is disaggregated into tradables and
non-tradables. The criteria for classifying goods and services
as either tradable or non-tradable depend on comparative
differences between countries and on natural or man-made
barriers to their international movement. Since the CPI is
not disaggregated at a higher level in all the countries,
a convention was adopted by which goods (food and
drink, clothing and footwear and domestic equipment) are
considered to be tradable and services, such as housing
expenditures, health care, transport, communications,
education and recreation, restaurants and hotels and other
goods and services including, in turn, insurance, financial
services and personal care, among others, are considered
to be non-tradable.
Indices of the general level of wholesale prices in each
country. This is one of the monthly indicators calculated
by the national statistical offices, in order to compare the
prices of goods in a fixed basket in a given period with the
same basket in a base period. The goods included in the
basket and the point at which the prices are measured differ
considerably from country to country.
lo relevante son las variaciones de precios que perduran en
el largo plazo, es decir, la tendencia del crecimiento de los
precios conocida como inflacin subyacente.
En trminos generales, mediante los clculos de inflacin
subyacente se intenta estimar un nivel general de precios que
incorpore una suavizacin de las fluctuaciones de corto plazo
o una eliminacin de ciertas series individuales como, por
ejemplo, la de los precios de bienes y servicios considerados
voltiles. En algunos trabajos se han planteado diversas
formas de estimacin, que abarcan desde la eliminacin
de algunos productos de la canasta hasta la utilizacin de
tcnicas estadsticas en la determinacin de la serie.
Con respecto a los criterios de eliminacin, en general,
no se registra ningn criterio terico ni estadstico para
seleccionar los bienes y servicios que se excluyen ni una
metodologa especfica para tal fin. En gran medida, la seleccin
ha dependido de la percepcin particular sobre los precios
ms variables o del tipo de shocks de precios relativos que
cada pas ha podido identificar. De este modo, se defini
la inflacin subyacente como un ndice de precios que no
incluye los precios de los bienes y servicios considerados
voltiles. Para implementar el clculo que se presenta en el
Anuario, se excluyeron los ndices de alimentos y bebidas,
gastos de la vivienda y gastos de transporte, pues estos dos
ltimos incorporan combustibles derivados del petrleo.
ndice de precios al consumidor transable y no transable. El
clculo del ndice de precios al consumidor para bienes transables
y para bienes no transables se fundamenta principalmente en la
distincin entre los bienes susceptibles de ser comercializados
internacionalmente y los que solo se pueden consumir dentro
de la economa en que son producidos, no pudindose importar
ni exportar. Por ello, se propone calcular una desagregacin
para el ndice de precios al consumidor en transables y no
transables. Los criterios de clasificacin entre unos y otros
estn supeditados a las diferencias comparativas que existen
de un pas a otro y a las barreras naturales o artificiales que
afectan la movilidad internacional de los bienes y servicios.
Al no disponerse de una desagregacin mayor del IPC para
todos los pases, se opt por una convencin segn la cual
se consideran como transables aquellas agregaciones que
corresponden a los bienes (alimentos y bebidas, vestuario y
calzado, y equipamiento de la vivienda), y como no transables,
las que corresponden a los servicios (gastos de la vivienda,
la salud, el transporte, las comunicaciones, la educacin y la
recreacin, los restaurantes y hoteles, y otros bienes y servicios,
lo que a su vez incluye seguros, servicios financieros y cuidados
personales, entre otros).
ndices del nivel general de precios mayoristas por pas.
Es uno de los indicadores econmicos mensuales calculados
por las oficinas de estadstica de los pases, mediante el cual
se pueden comparar los precios de los bienes de una canasta
fija en un perodo con la misma canasta en un perodo base.
Los bienes que integran la canasta y la etapa de registro de
los precios difieren considerablemente de un pas a otro.
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2.4 Estadsticas sectoriales
Las estadsticas sectoriales brindan informacin sobre el
comportamiento del sector real de la economa en trminos
de volmenes fsicos. Permiten describir la evolucin anual
de los sectores analizados, eliminando el efecto que tiene
la variacin de los precios.
Se presenta informacin para 34 variables que describen la
dinmica de la produccin mediante indicadores de volumen
o de la evolucin de sus niveles. Estas variables han sido
seleccionadas de acuerdo con criterios que responden a la
necesidad de analizar los principales patrones productivos y
comerciales de los pases de la regin. A modo de ejemplo,
cabe mencionar los productos energticos y sus derivados
(petrleo, gas, carbn y gasolina); productos agrcolas y
agroindustriales (arroz, trigo, maz, soja y azcar, entre
otros) y algunos productos relacionados con los insumos o la
produccin de ciertas actividades, como la textil (algodn),
la metalmecnica (laminados), la construccin (cemento), la
qumica y la siderurgia (hierro, carbn, zinc, bauxita, cobre
y acero). Asimismo, se presentan indicadores sintticos de
desempeo, entre otros, de la produccin agrcola y de la
produccin de alimentos.
Cabe sealar que los cuadros de esta seccin cuya
informacin no ha sido actualizada en esta versin del
Anuario figuran solo en la versin electrnica.
Agricultura
En esta seccin se presenta informacin sobre ndices
agregados de volumen fsico de produccin. Se incluye
informacin sobre la produccin de cereales, algunas
legumbres y frutas, que pueden considerarse una muestra
representativa de los principales cultivos de la regin.
La fuente de informacin para los cuadros de esta seccin
corresponde a la base de datos estadsticos FAOSTAT, de la
Organizacin de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentacin y
la Agricultura (FAO). Los datos sobre cultivos se refieren a la
produccin realmente cosechada en los campos o huertos,
sin contar las prdidas durante la recoleccin y la trilla, ni la
parte que no fue recolectada por alguna razn. La produccin
comprende, por ende, la cantidad del producto vendido en
el mercado (produccin comercializada) ms la consumida o
utilizada por los productores (autoconsumo). Cuando se trata
de cultivos de cereales como arroz, trigo o maz, los datos de
produccin se refieren exclusivamente a la produccin de
grano seco, salvo la produccin destinada a forraje
9
.
Adems de presentar cifras sobre volmenes de
produccin, se incluyen cuatro ndices que dan cuenta
de la variacin de la produccin con respecto al perodo
base correspondiente al trienio 1999-2001. Estos clculos
se realizan con el ndice de cantidad de Laspeyres. Las
cantidades producidas de cada cultivo se ponderan con
la media de los precios internacionales de los productos
9
Vase ms informacin sobre las definiciones de cada uno de los
productos agrcolas considerados en esta seccin en [en lnea] http://
www.fao.org/economic/ess/methodology/methodology-systems/crops-
statistics-concepts-definitions- and-classifications/en/.
2.4 Sectoral statistics
Sectoral statistics provide information on the behaviour
of the real sector of the economy in terms of physical
volumes. They can be used to describe the annual
development of the sectors analysed, thus eliminating
the effect of price variation.
The information is presented for 34 variables, selected
to describe the dynamics of production using volume
indicators or changes in levels. The variables have been
selected according to criteria that help to analyse the main
productive and trade patterns of the countries of the region.
For example, there are statistics on energy products and
their derivatives (oil, gas, coal and gasoline); agricultural and
agroindustrial products that are important for food security
(rice, wheat, corn, sorghum, soybean and sugar, among others);
and products related to the inputs or production of certain
activities such as textiles (cotton), metalworking (laminated
products), construction (cement), chemicals and the iron and
steel industry (iron, coal, zinc, bauxite, copper and steel).
There are also synthetic indicators for the performance of
agricultural output and foodstuffs production.
The tables in this section for which information has not
been updated in this edition of the Yearbook are presented
in electronic format only.
Agriculture
This section also includes aggregate indices of the
physical volume of production. Information is included on
the production of cereals and some vegetables and fruits,
which may be considered a representative sample of the
regions main crops.
The main source of this information is the online
database FAOSTAT, of the Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations (FAO). The crop data refer to
production actually harvested in the fields or orchards,
without counting losses during collection and threshing,
or any part not collected for whatever reason. Production
thus includes the quantity of product sold on the market
(marketed production) plus whatever was consumed or
used by the producers (own consumption). When the crops
are cereals such as rice, wheat or corn, the production
data refer exclusively to dry grain production, except for
production for animal feed.
9
In addition to providing figures on production volume,
section 2.4 includes four indices of production, which show
changes in relation to the three-year base period 1999-2001.
These indices were prepared using the Laspeyres quantity
index. The production quantities for each crop were weighted
by the average international commodity prices for the period
1999-2001 (the base period), the figures for each year were
9
For additional information on the definition of each of the agricultural
products considered in this section, see [online] www.fao.org/economic/ess/
methodology/methodology-systems/crops-statistics-concepts-definitions-
and-classifications/en/.
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bsicos en el perodo 1999-2001 (perodo base), se suman
las correspondientes a cada ao y se calcula el cociente
entre esta cifra y la suma global media para el perodo base.
Minera y manufactura
En esta seccin se presenta informacin sobre la
produccin de los principales minerales metlicos y algunos
recursos naturales importantes para el desarrollo del sector
energtico, como el petrleo y el gas natural. Tambin
se presentan los volmenes de algunas manufacturas
seleccionadas que tienen una gran incidencia productiva
y comercial en los pases de la regin, entre otros los de
la produccin de acero y de cemento y la fabricacin de
vehculos automotores.
Para la elaboracin de los cuadros sobre la produccin
de bauxita, cobre, estao y zinc se ha recopilado informacin
del Anuario Estadstico Mundial de Metales, publicacin anual
de la Oficina Mundial de Estadsticas del Metal. Los datos
sobre hierro y materiales relacionados fueron suministrados
por el Instituto Latinoamericano del Fierro y el Acero (ILAFA),
organismo que agrupa a las empresas mineras y siderrgicas
ms importantes de los principales pases productores de
estos metales en la regin. La informacin sobre produccin
de acero proviene del Instituto Internacional del Hierro
y del Acero (IISI). Las series estadsticas sobre productos
energticos, como carbn, petrleo, gas y gasolina, provienen
del Sistema de Informacin Econmica Energtica (SIEE) de
la Organizacin Latinoamericana de Energa (OLADE). El
cuadro sobre produccin de fertilizantes tiene como fuente a
la Organizacin de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentacin
y la Agricultura (FAO). Las estadsticas sobre produccin de
cemento provienen de la Divisin de Estadstica de las Naciones
Unidas. Los datos sobre produccin automotriz provienen
de la asociacin internacional de fabricantes de vehculos
a motor, Organizacin Internacional de Constructores de
Automviles (OICA).
added together and the ratio was calculated between these
figures and the average global sum for the base period.
Mining and manufacturing
This section contains information on the production
of the main metallic minerals and other natural resources
important for the development of the energy sector, such
as oil and natural gas. It also includes the volumes of some
selected manufactures which have a large productive and
trade impact on the countries of the region, including steel
and cement production, refining of oil derivatives and the
manufacture of motor vehicles.
The tables on production of bauxite, copper, tin and
zinc were prepared using information from the World Metal
Statistics Yearbook, an annual publication of the World
Bureau of Metal Statistics. The data on iron and related
metals were supplied by the Latin American Iron and Steel
Institute (ILAFA), an organization of the largest mining and
steel companies in the main countries producing these
metals in the region. The data on steel production come
from the International Iron and Steel Institute (IISI). The
statistical series on energy products such as coal, oil, gas
and petrol are from the Economic and Energy Information
System (SIEE) of the Latin American Energy Organization
(OLADE). The source of the table on production of fertilizers
is the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (FAO). The statistics on cement production are
from the United Nations Statistics Division. The data on
motor vehicle production were provided by associations of
motor vehicle producers and the International Organization
of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA).
3. Estadsticas ambientales
La dimensin ambiental del desarrollo requiere informacin
estadstica de calidad, oportuna y sistemtica, que permita
orientar las decisiones de poltica hacia las reas o sectores de
mayor necesidad, establecer prioridades y evaluar sus efectos.
Sin embargo, las estadsticas y los indicadores
ambientales constituyen un rea incipiente en pleno
desarrollo, que intenta responder a la creciente demanda de
informacin ambiental (estadsticas, indicadores y cuentas
ambientales). En Amrica Latina y el Caribe es notoria la
escasez de series estadsticas ambientales y la situacin
en los pases es heterognea, tanto en lo que respecta
a la capacidad de producir las estadsticas como a la
calidad de la informacin resultante. Con el fin de superar
progresivamente esta situacin y avanzar como regin
hacia la produccin y armonizacin de las estadsticas
ambientales es preciso consolidar las instituciones y
desarrollar capacidades tcnicas nacionales.
Esta tarea es ardua, sobre todo debido a la transversalidad,
complejidad y naturaleza dinmica de los fenmenos
ambientales, que cubren mltiples disciplinas y especialidades
(aire, agua, mares, tierra, uso del suelo, energa y residuos,
entre otras).
Cabe sealar que las variables que tienen mayor relacin
con aspectos econmicos (agricultura, energa) presentan
series con mayor cobertura temporal que las puramente
ambientales (calidad de aire, biodiversidad).
Adems de recopilar y publicar estadsticas ambientales
a escala regional, la Divisin de Estadsticas de la CEPAL
trabaja para sistematizar y difundir conocimientos y
metodologas, crear sinergias e impulsar la actividad
de redes regionales, contribuyendo a que los pases se
involucren en la produccin y publicacin sistemtica de
series estadsticas e indicadores ambientales
1
.
Se trata de un esfuerzo orientado a seleccionar
estadsticas sobre las reas temticas ambientales relevantes
para la regin sobre las que se dispone de informacin de
calidad. Se espera que el alcance de esta labor se ample
progresivamente con informacin de otras reas (calidad
del agua, tratamiento de residuos y ordenamiento territorial,
entre otras).
En este captulo se incluye informacin proveniente de
fuentes internacionales y nacionales
2
; cabe sealar que en
esta versin del Anuario, las estadsticas de fuentes nacionales
no presentan actualizacin.
1
Vase [en lnea] http://www.cepal.org/deype/statambiental para obtener
ms informacin.
2
Las estadsticas provenientes de fuentes internacionales seleccionadas
para este captulo se publican adems en CEPALSTAT [en lnea] http://
www.cepal.org/estadisticas/.
3. Environmental statistics
The environmental dimension of development calls for
timely, systematic, high-quality statistical information to
guide policy decisions for the areas or sectors in most need,
establish priorities and evaluate their effects.
Environmental statistics and indicators, however,
constitute a rapidly emerging area, which seeks to respond
to the growing demand for environmental information
(statistics, indicators and environmental accounts). In Latin
America and the Caribbean, environmental statistical series
are notoriously scarce and the different countries present
a mixed picture both in terms of their capacity to produce
environmental statistics and in terms of the quality of the
information produced. To gradually remedy this situation
and move forward as a region towards the production and
harmonization of environmental statistics, it will be necessary
to build solid institutions and develop technical skills at the
national level.
This is no easy task, mainly due to the cross-cutting,
complex and dynamic nature of environmental phenomena,
which encompass multiple disciplines and specialities (such
as air, water, seas, land, land use, energy and waste).
Variables that are more closely related with economic
activities, such as agriculture and energy, offer statistical
series that cover larger periods than those covered by purely
environmental ones such as air quality and biodiversity.
As well as compiling and publishing environmental
statistics at the regional level, the Statistics Division of
ECLAC strives to systematize and disseminate knowledge and
methodologies, generate synergies and promote the work
of regional networks, helping countries to systematically
produce and publish series of environmental indicators
and statistics.
1
This represents an effort to select environmental and
natural-resource statistics that are important to the region
and for which reliable information is available. Ultimately,
it is hoped that this will be progressively broadened with
information from other areas (such as water quality, waste
treatment and land-use planning).
This chapter presents information from national and
international sources.
2
Statistics from national sources are
not updated in this years edition of the Yearbook.
1
For more information, see [online] http://www.cepal.org/deype/default.
asp?idioma=IN.
2
The statistics from international sources selected for this chapter are also
published at CEPALSTAT [online] http://www.cepal.org/estadisticas/.
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En este captulo se presenta informacin correspondiente
a los 33 pases de Amrica Latina y el Caribe miembros de
la CEPAL; en los agregados de Amrica Latina y el Caribe
estn todos incluidos, a menos que se indique lo contrario
3
.
Los datos se estructuran de acuerdo con la clasificacin de
las estadsticas y los indicadores ambientales contenidos
en CEPALSTAT.
A continuacin figuran los principales conceptos y
variables utilizados, as como informacin metodolgica
que permite una correcta interpretacin de los cuadros. El
alto grado de complejidad de los temas cubiertos impide
una descripcin exhaustiva de cada uno, por lo que se
presentan solo los elementos esenciales. Para conocer ms
detalles, se pueden consultar los metadatos disponibles en
CEPALSTAT [en lnea] http://estadisticas.cepal.org/cepalstat/
WEB_CEPALSTAT/Portada.asp.
3.1 Biota
Las estadsticas sobre proporcin de las reas terrestres
y marinas protegidas provienen de la Base Mundial de
Datos sobre reas Protegidas de la Unin Internacional
para la Conservacin de la Naturaleza (UICN) y del Centro
Mundial de Vigilancia de la Conservacin del Programa de
las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA).
Proporcin de reas terrestres y marinas protegidas.
Corresponde al indicador 7.6 del sptimo Objetivo de Desarrollo
del Milenio. Este indicador se calcula como el cociente entre
la superficie de reas protegidas (terrestres y marinas) y la
superficie territorial total del pas (terrestre y marina).
rea protegida. Se refiere al rea terrestre o marina
especialmente dedicada a la proteccin y mantenimiento de
la diversidad biolgica, as como de los recursos naturales y
culturales asociados, administradas de acuerdo con criterios
legales u otro medio eficaz. Todas las reas protegidas
consideradas corresponden a algunas de las siguientes seis
categoras definidas por la Unin Mundial para la Naturaleza
(UICN), segn sus objetivos de manejo:
I. Reservas naturales estrictas/reas naturales silvestres:
proteccin con fines cientficos o para la conservacin
de la naturaleza.
II. Parques nacionales: proteccin de ecosistemas y fines
de recreacin.
III. Monumentos naturales: conservacin de caractersticas
naturales especficas.
IV. reas de manejo de hbitat y especies: conservacin
con intervencin en la gestin.
V. Paisajes terrestres y marinos protegidos: conservacin
de paisajes terrestres y marinos y fines recreativos.
VI. reas protegidas con manejo de recursos: uso sostenible
de los ecosistemas naturales.
3
Amrica Latina: Argentina, Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de), Brasil,
Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Hait, Honduras, Mxico, Nicaragua, Panam, Paraguay, Per, Repblica
Dominicana, Uruguay y Venezuela (Repblica Bolivariana de). El Caribe:
Antigua y Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belice, Dominica, Granada,
Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Kitts y Nevis, San Vicente y las Granadinas, Santa
Luca, Suriname y Trinidad y Tabago. Amrica Latina y el Caribe es la
suma de las dos agrupaciones.
This chapter presents information for the 33 countries
of Latin America and the Caribbean that are members of
ECLAC; aggregates for Latin America and the Caribbean
include them all, unless otherwise indicated.
3
The data are
structured so as to maintain consistency with the environmental
statistics and indicators classification used in CEPALSTAT.
Definitions of the main concepts and variables are
provided below, together with methodological information
which will enable the reader to interpret the tables correctly.
The complexity of the issues makes it impossible to provide
an exhaustive description for each variable; thus only the
essential elements are presented. For further information, the
metadata available may be consulted in CEPALSTAT [online
http://estadisticas.cepal.org/cepalstat/WEB_CEPALSTAT/
Portada.asp?idioma=i].
3.1 Biota
Statistics on the proportion of terrestrial and marine protected
areas come from the World Database on Protected Areas of
the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
and the United Nations Environment Programme-World
Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC).
Proportion of terrestrial and marine protected areas. This
corresponds to indicator 7.6 of Millennium Development
Goal 7. This indicator was calculated as the ratio of protected
areas (terrestrial and marine) to the total area of the country
(terrestrial and marine).
Protected area. An area of land or sea especially
dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological
diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources,
and managed through legal or other effective means. All
protected areas considered correspond to some of the
following six categories defined by the International Union
for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN),
based on its management objectives:
I. Strict nature reserve/wilderness area: protected area
for science or wilderness conservation.
II. National parks: ecosystem protection and recreation.
III. Natural monuments: conservation of specific natural
features.
IV. Habitat/species management area: conservation through
management intervention.
V. Protected landscape/seascape: landscape/seascape
conservation and recreation.
VI. Protected area with resource management: sustainable
use of natural ecosystems.
3
Latin America: Argentina, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Brazil,
Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador,
Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay,
Peru, Plurinational State of Bolivia and Uruguay. The Caribbean: Antigua
and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana,
Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint
Lucia, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. Latin America and the Caribbean
represents the sum of the two groups.
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reas marinas protegidas. Corresponde a cualquier rea
intermareal o submareal, junto con las aguas que la baan,
la flora y fauna asociadas y sus caractersticas histricas y
culturales, que haya sido designada por ley u otro instrumento
eficaz para proteger parcial o totalmente el medio que
alberga. Todas las reas consideradas corresponden a alguna
de las seis categoras definidas por la UICN.
La informacin de reas terrestres y marinas protegidas
se obtiene por lo general de registros administrativos,
sumando las superficies que se encuentran declaradas
como tal oficialmente, segn las diversas tipologas de
cada pas. Cabe sealar que en algunos casos las cifras se
corrigen mediante procedimientos tecnolgicos de mayor
eficiencia y complejidad, como los sistemas de informacin
geogrfica (SIG).
3.2 Agua
La informacin de esta seccin proviene del sistema de
informacin global sobre el uso del agua en la agricultura
y el medio rural (AQUASTAT) de la Organizacin de las
Naciones Unidas para la Alimentacin y la Agricultura (FAO).
Proporcin del total de recursos hdricos utilizados.
Corresponde al indicador 7.5 del sptimo Objetivo de
Desarrollo del Milenio. El indicador muestra el volumen
total de aguas subterrneas y superficiales utilizadas para
uso humano en los sectores principales (agrcola, domstico
e industrial) respecto del volumen total de agua disponible,
a lo largo del ciclo hidrolgico a escala nacional o regional.
Se calcula como el cociente entre el volumen total del agua
renovable utilizada en un perodo de tiempo determinado
(numerador), dividido por el volumen total de agua renovable
disponible en el mismo perodo de tiempo (denominador).
Extraccin de agua. Corresponde a la utilizacin del
recurso hdrico y se calcula de acuerdo al uso de los tres
sectores principales: agrcola, domstico e industrial.
Disponibilidad de los recursos hdricos renovables.
Corresponde a la suma de los recursos hdricos renovables
internos y las corrientes procedentes del exterior del pas o regin.
Recursos hdricos renovables internos. Se define como
el promedio anual del flujo de los ros y la recarga de agua
subterrnea, generados por las precipitaciones endgenas
para un determinado pas o regin.
La informacin sobre la extraccin de agua se obtiene
por lo general de encuestas de uso de agua y registros
administrativos. Las estadsticas sobre disponibilidad de
agua renovable se basan en los balances hdricos nacionales,
datos de las estaciones hidrolgicas y meteorolgicas y
estimaciones realizadas por las autoridades nacionales y
regionales competentes en materia de agua.
3.3 Mares y borde costero
Las estadsticas sobre el rea marina territorial provienen
de la Base Mundial de Datos sobre reas Protegidas de la
Unin Internacional para la Conservacin de la Naturaleza
Marine protected areas. Refers to any area of intertidal
or subtidal terrain, together with its overlapping water and
associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features,
which has been designated by law or other effective means
to protect part or all of the enclosed environment. All areas
considered correspond to one of the six categories defined
by IUCN.
The information on terrestrial and marine protected
areas is generally obtained from administrative records by
adding up the areas the individual countries have designated
as protected, according to the various typologies they use. It
should be borne in mind that in some cases the figures are
adjusted using more complex and efficient technological
procedures, such as Geographical Information Systems (GIS).
3.2 Water
The information in this section comes from the Information
System on Water and Agriculture (AQUASTAT) of the Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
Proportion of total water resources used. This
corresponds to indicator 7.5 of Millennium Development
Goal 7. The indicator shows the total volume of groundwater
and surface water withdrawn for human use in the main
sectors (agricultural, domestic and industrial), with
respect to the total volume of water available through the
hydrological cycle at the national or regional level. It is
calculated as the ratio between total volume of renewable
water resources used in a given period (numerator) and
the total volume of renewable water available in the same
period (denominator).
Water extraction. This corresponds to the use of water
resources and is calculated as use by the three main sectors:
agricultural, domestic and industrial.
Available renewable water resources. This is the sum
of internal renewable water resources and flows of water
entering the country and/or region.
Internal renewable water resources. These are defined
as the average annual flow of rivers and recharge of
groundwater for a given country or region generated from
endogenous precipitation.
The information on water extraction is usually
obtained from water-use surveys and administrative
records. Statistics on available renewable water resources
are based on national water balances, data from water
and weather stations, and estimates made by national
and regional water authorities.
3.3 Seas and coastal areas
Statistics on marine areas come from the World Database on
Protected Areas of the International Union for Conservation
of Nature (IUCN) and the United Nations Environment
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(UICN) y del Centro Mundial de Vigilancia de la Conservacin
del PNUMA. Las estadsticas sobre extraccin pesquera
y produccin acucola provienen de la base de datos de
produccin pesquera y acucola mundial del Departamento
de Pesca y Acuicultura de la FAO. Las estadsticas sobre
extraccin de las principales pesqueras y volumen de
produccin acucola publicadas en la versin electrnica
del Anuario fueron proporcionadas directamente por los
pases de la regin.
rea marina territorial. Esta variable corresponde a las
franjas de aguas costeras que se extienden hasta 12 millas
nuticas desde la lnea de base (por lo general el lmite
medio del nivel de la marea baja) de un pas costero.
Extraccin pesquera. Se presenta el total de extraccin
por pas e incluye la extraccin en aguas continentales y
marinas. Se consideran, entre otras, las siguientes especies:
crustceos, moluscos, peces de agua dulce y marinos y
plantas acuticas.
En general, las cifras de esta variable se obtienen de
censos de pescadores, encuestas especializadas y registros
administrativos de las declaraciones de captura de las
embarcaciones en las estaciones pesqueras.
Produccin acucola. La acuicultura es la cra y cultivo de
organismos acuticos, ya sean peces, moluscos, crustceos o
plantas acuticas. El cultivo supone algn tipo de intervencin
en el proceso para incrementar la produccin entre otros,
la alimentacin y la proteccin contra los depredadores y
la propiedad individual o colectiva del stock explotado. El
volumen de la produccin acucola total cubre la acuicultura
de agua dulce y la acuicultura marina.
Se considera la produccin en peso vivo, es decir, el
peso nominal de los organismos acuticos en el momento
de la captura. Esta informacin se obtiene, por lo general,
de registros de produccin, inventarios y estimaciones.
3.4 Tierras y suelos
Las series estadsticas y los indicadores presentados en
esta seccin provienen de la Organizacin de las Naciones
Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentacin (FAO), tanto de
la base de datos estadsticos en lnea FAOSTAT, como de las
estadsticas e indicadores publicados por el Departamento
Forestal, a travs del Programa Mundial de Evaluacin de
los Recursos Forestales
4
.
En esta seccin se presentan estadsticas relacionadas
con el uso de la tierra y los bosques y con el empleo de
agroqumicos.
Entre los aspectos ms relevantes relacionados con las
estadsticas de tierras y suelos figuran la interaccin de las
actividades humanas que se llevan a cabo en esta rea y el
cambio en el uso de la tierra a lo largo de los aos, tanto a
raz de fenmenos antrpicos como naturales.
4
La evaluacin de los recursos forestales se basa en informacin suministrada
por los pases y abarca informacin obtenida a partir de los datos de
inventarios existentes, as como de investigaciones sobre los procesos de
cambio que se han verificado en la cubierta de la tierra y de una serie
de estudios sobre la interaccin entre la poblacin y los bosques. Esta
evaluacin se publica aproximadamente cada 5 o 10 aos. La ltima
actualizacin disponible corresponde a 2010.
Programme- World Conservation Monitoring Centre
(UNEP-WCMC). Statistics on fish extraction and aquaculture
production come from the databases on global capture
and aquaculture of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture
Department. The statistics on extraction by main fisheries
and volume of aquaculture production published in the
electronic version of the Yearbook were provided directly
by the countries of the region.
Marine areas. This variable corresponds to those
stretches of coastal water extending for 12 nautical miles
seaward of the baseline (usually the average low-water line)
of a coastal country.
Extraction by fisheries. This is the total extracted by
country and includes extraction from continental and
marine waters. It includes crustaceans, mollusks, saltwater
and freshwater fish and aquatic plants, among other species.
In general, the figures for this variable are obtained through
fishery censuses, specialized surveys and administrative
records coming from the catches declared by fishing vessels
at fishing stations.
Aquaculture production. Aquaculture is the breeding
and farming of aquatic organisms, including fish, molluscs,
crustaceans and aquatic plants. Farming implies some type of
intervention in the process in order to increase production,
such as feeding and protection against predators. Farming also
implies individual or collective ownership of the exploited
stock. The volume of total aquacultural production covers
both fresh water aquaculture and marine aquaculture.
Production is reported as live weight, which is the
nominal weight of aquatic organisms at the time of capture.
In general, this information is obtained from production
records, inventories and estimates.
3.4 Land and soils
The statistics and indicators presented in this section are
from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (FAO), from both the FAOSTAT online statistical
database as well as the statistics and indicators published by
the Forestry Department through its Global Forest Resources
Assessment Programme.
4
This section contains statistics on land and forest use
and on the application of agrochemical products.
Two of the most important issues reflected in land and
soil statistics are the interaction between human activity and
land use and how land use changes over time as a result of
both anthropic and natural phenomena.
4
The global forest resources assessment is based on information supplied
by the countries and includes information obtained from data relating to
existing inventories, as well as from research on the processes of change
that have occurred in land coverage and through a series of studies on the
interaction between human populations and forests. This assessment is
published approximately every 5 or 10 years. The last available assessment
corresponds to 2010.
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Superficie total del pas. Incluye las superficies ocupadas
por las masas de aguas continentales (principales ros y
lagos) y la superficie terrestre total de un pas.
Superficie terrestre. Es la superficie total de las tierras
del pas, con exclusin de las superficies ocupadas por
las masas de aguas continentales (principales ros y lagos).
Superficie de aguas continentales. Es la superficie de
cuerpos de aguas que se encuentran sobre la superficie
de la tierra o por debajo de esta, alejados de las zonas
costeras (excepto las desembocaduras de los ros y otras
corrientes de agua). Las aguas continentales incluyen ros,
lagos, reservorios, humedales y sistemas salinos de interior.
Superficie agrcola. Corresponde a la suma de la superficie
de tierras arables, tierras destinadas a cultivos permanentes
y praderas y superficie de tierras con pastos permanentes.
Superficie de tierras arables. Comprende las tierras
destinadas a cultivos temporales (las que producen dos
cosechas se toman en cuenta solo una vez), las praderas
temporales para corte o pastoreo, las tierras dedicadas a
huertas comerciales o huertos y las tierras temporalmente
en barbecho por menos de cinco aos. No se incluye la
tierra abandonada como resultado del cultivo migratorio.
Superficie de tierras destinadas a cultivos permanentes.
Se refiere a las tierras dedicadas a cultivos que ocupan
el terreno durante largos perodos y no necesitan ser
replantados despus de cada cosecha, como el cacao, el
caf y el caucho. Esta categora incluye las tierras ocupadas
por arbustos destinados a la produccin de flores, rboles
frutales, nogales y vides, pero no las tierras plantadas con
rboles destinados a la produccin de lea o madera.
Superficie de praderas y pastos permanentes. Terrenos
utilizados permanentemente (durante cinco o ms aos) para
forrajes herbceos, ya sean cultivados o silvestres (praderas
o tierras de pastoreo silvestres).
Superficie regada. Se refiere a las superficies equipadas
con infraestructura para abastecer de agua los cultivos.
Estas comprenden las reas con control parcial o total de la
distribucin de agua, las superficies regadas por derivacin
de crecidas y las zonas bajas o inundables donde se controla
el agua disponible. Cabe sealar que las definiciones de
riego varan de un pas a otro.
Las estadsticas de superficie agrcola se obtienen, por
lo general, de levantamientos censales agrcolas, encuestas
y estudios, as como de la interpretacin digital de imgenes
satelitales.
En esta seccin se presenta nicamente en soporte
electrnico un conjunto de cuadros que describen la
superficie cosechada de algunos de los principales cultivos
de la regin, como algodn, arroz, caf, caa de azcar,
maz, soja y trigo
5
.
Las estadsticas sobre bosques tienen un inters
fundamental para evaluar la situacin de los recursos
naturales y del medio ambiente debido a la importancia
de las funciones ecolgicas y los servicios ambientales
5
Vase [en lnea] http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/mes/
classifications/*/S para obtener ms informacin sobre las definiciones
de cada uno de estos productos agrcolas.
Total area of the country. Includes area submerged
by inland water bodies (major rivers and lakes) as well as
total land area.
Land area. Total land area of a country, excluding the
area covered by inland water bodies (major rivers and lakes).
Inland water area. The area of surface or underground
bodies of water, inland from the coast (except for the mouths
of rivers and other waterways). Inland waters include rivers,
lakes, reservoirs, wetlands and inland saline systems.
Agricultural area. Corresponds to the sum of the area of
arable land, land used for permanent crops and land under
permanent pasture.
Area of arable land. Comprises the land used for
seasonal crops (double-harvested areas are counted only
once), seasonal meadows for mowing or pasture, land used
for market or kitchen gardens and land temporarily lying
fallow (less than five years). Land that is abandoned due to
migrant farming is not included in this category.
Area of permanent cropland. This refers to the land used
for crops that occupy the land for long periods and need
not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee
and rubber. This category includes land under flowering
shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees and vines, but excludes land
under trees grown for fuel wood or timber.
Area of permanent meadows and pastures. Land used
permanently (for five years or more) for herbaceous forage
crops, either cultivated or growing wild (wild prairies or
grazing land).
Area irrigated. Refers to areas equipped with infrastructure
to provide water to crops. These include areas equipped
for full or partial control of irrigation, spate irrigation areas,
and low or flood-prone areas where available water is
controlled. Note that definitions of irrigation vary from one
country to another.
The statistics on agricultural area are usually obtained
from agricultural censuses, surveys and studies, and from
the digital interpretation of satellite images.
In the CD-ROM and online versions, this section includes
a series of tables that describe the harvested areas of some
of the principal crops in the region, such as cotton, rice,
coffee, sugar cane, maize, soy and wheat.
5
Forest statistics are crucial for assessing the state of natural
resources and the environment, in view of the important
ecological and environmental services that forest ecosystems
provide. Moreover, forests provide a wide range of essential
5
For further information on the definition of each of these agricultural
products, see [online]: http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/mes/
classifications/*/E.
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que brindan estos ecosistemas. Asimismo, los bosques
proporcionan una amplia gama de bienes esenciales, como
madera, alimentos, medicinas y recreacin. Por ende,
conocer su estado y evolucin reciente es esencial para
una gestin sostenible.
En esta seccin se incluye la proporcin de la superficie
cubierta por bosques, que corresponde al indicador 7.1 del
sptimo Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio.
Bosque. Tierra que se extiende por ms de 0,5 hectreas,
con rboles de una altura superior a 5 metros y una cubierta
de copas superior al 10% o de rboles capaces de alcanzar
esta altura in situ. Comprende los bosques naturales y las
plantaciones forestales, as como los bosques utilizados
fundamentalmente con fines de produccin, conservacin
o usos mltiples. No incluye la tierra sometida a un uso
predominantemente agrcola o urbano.
Bosque natural. Los bosques naturales son bosques
compuestos por especies indgenas (nativas) no plantadas
por el ser humano. En otras palabras, se excluyen las
plantaciones forestales. La informacin correspondiente a
los aos 1990, 2000, 2005 y 2010 sobre la superficie de
bosque natural se calcul a partir de la diferencia entre la
superficie total de bosque y la de plantaciones forestales.
Plantaciones. Bosques de especies introducidas, y
en algunos casos de especies indgenas, establecidos
mediante plantacin, siembra o ambos, en un proceso
de forestacin o reforestacin orientado principalmente
a la produccin de madera y bienes no madereros o al
suministro de servicios ambientales.
En el caso de estos conceptos se ha calculado la
variacin acumulada, es decir, la proporcin en que se ha
modificado su superficie en un perodo determinado, y su
variacin media anual, que corresponde a la variacin del
perodo dividida por el nmero de aos comprendidos. Es
importante tener en cuenta que no se trata de la variacin
efectiva ao tras ao, sino de una tasa media anual.
Asimismo, se han calculado la proporcin de bosque
natural y de plantaciones forestales sobre la superficie total
de bosque y la proporcin de bosque total y bosque natural
sobre la superficie territorial del pas.
Aunque el uso de plaguicidas y fertilizantes en las
tcnicas agrcolas modernas es fundamental para aumentar
la produccin, es necesario tener en cuenta que su aplicacin
conduce a una mayor contaminacin qumica del suelo, el agua
y la biota, lo que afecta la estabilidad de los ecosistemas y los
mecanismos de control natural de las enfermedades y de las
infecciones por insectos. Con respecto a la salud humana, el
uso de plaguicidas puede acarrear enfermedades oncolgicas,
pulmonares y hematolgicas, as como malformaciones de
nacimiento y deficiencias del sistema inmunolgico. Estos
efectos son causados principalmente por el contacto con la
piel, la inhalacin y la ingestin y el consumo de alimentos
y agua contaminados con esas sustancias.
Las cifras sobre consumo de fertilizantes y plaguicidas
se refieren al consumo nacional, que se obtiene de registros
administrativos o estimaciones. En la mayora de los casos
se utiliza el consumo aparente, es decir, la produccin
nacional ms las importaciones menos las exportaciones.
goods, such as wood, food, medicines and recreation. Thus,
knowing their current condition and recent evolution is
essential for their sustainable management.
This section includes information on forest-covered
land area, which corresponds to indicator 7.1 of Millennium
Development Goal 7.
Forest. Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees
taller than 5 metres and a canopy cover of more than 10%,
or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. This includes
natural and planted forests as well as forests used principally
for production, conservation or multiple purposes. It does
not include land that is predominantly under agricultural
or urban use.
Natural forest. Natural forests are forests consisting of
native species that were not planted by human beings. In
other words, they exclude forest plantations. Information
presented for 1990, 2000, 2005 and 2009 on natural forest
land area was obtained by subtracting the area of planted
forests from total forest area.
Plantations. Forests consisting of introduced species and,
in some cases, indigenous species that have been planted
or sown or both during afforestation or reforestation, mainly
geared towards the production of wood, non-wood products
or the provision of environmental services.
The calculations for these categories have been made on
the basis of cumulative change, that is, the extent to which
the respective area has been altered over a given period,
and of annual average variation, calculated as the variation
over the period divided by the number of years it covers. It
should be borne in mind that the figures do not represent
actual year-on-year change but an average annual rate.
The calculations also show natural forest and plantations
as proportions of total forest area and total forest and natural
forest as proportions of the countrys total surface area.
While the use of pesticides and fertilizers in modern
agricultural techniques is fundamental for increasing agricultural
production, it must be borne in mind that their application
leads to greater contamination of the soil, water and biota,
with secondary effects on the stability of ecosystems and
the mechanisms for natural control of disease and infection
by insects. As for human health, the use of pesticides may
cause oncological, pulmonary and haematological diseases,
as well as birth defects and immune system deficiencies.
These effects are mainly the result of skin contact, inhalation
and ingestion and the consumption of food and water
contaminated with these substances.
Figures relating to the consumption of fertilizers and
pesticides refer to national consumption, which is obtained
from administrative records or estimates. In most cases,
apparent consumption is used, that is, national production
plus imports minus exports.
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En 2002 se revis la metodologa para calcular el consumo
de fertilizantes. Desde entonces se considera que el consumo
aparente es igual a la produccin ms las importaciones
menos las exportaciones y los usos no agrcolas
6
.
Fertilizantes. Sustancias orgnicas e inorgnicas cuyos
elementos qumicos permiten estimular el desarrollo de las
plantas y mejorar la fertilidad del suelo. Los nutrientes de los
fertilizantes inorgnicos o minerales son sales inorgnicas,
obtenidas por extraccin, procesos fsicos y qumicos o
ambos. Los tres nutrientes principales de las plantas son el
nitrgeno, el fsforo y el potasio. El consumo de fertilizantes se
calcula sumando los volmenes de fertilizantes nitrogenados,
fosfatados y potsicos, expresados en trminos de nutrientes
vegetales (N, P
2
O
5
y K
2
O), en toneladas mtricas de nutrientes
de plantas consumidas por los pases.
Intensidad de uso de fertilizantes. Este indicador muestra
el consumo total de fertilizantes respecto de la superficie
de tierras de uso agrcola en el pas. Un valor mayor del
indicador significa ms cantidad de fertilizantes utilizada
por cada hectrea de tierra agrcola. Se calcula como el
cociente entre el consumo total de fertilizantes en un perodo
determinado (numerador), dividido por la superficie total
agrcola, en el mismo perodo de tiempo (denominador).
Plaguicidas. Cualquier sustancia o mezcla de sustancias
destinada a prevenir, destruir o controlar cualquier plaga
incluidos los vectores de enfermedades humanas o de
los animales y las especies vegetales o animales indeseables
que causan perjuicio o que interfieren de cualquier forma en
la produccin, elaboracin, almacenamiento, transporte o
comercializacin de alimentos, productos agrcolas, madera
y productos de madera o alimentos para animales o que
pueden administrarse a los animales para combatir insectos,
arcnidos u otras plagas en o sobre sus cuerpos. Incluyen
sustancias destinadas a utilizarse como reguladoras del
crecimiento de plantas, defoliantes, desecantes, agentes para
reducir la densidad de la fruta o para evitar su cada prematura
y sustancias aplicadas a los cultivos antes o despus de la
cosecha para proteger el producto contra el deterioro durante
el almacenamiento y transporte.
3.5 Energa
En esta seccin se incluye principalmente informacin
proveniente de la Organizacin Latinoamericana de Energa
(OLADE). Para el clculo de algunos indicadores se utiliz
adems informacin de las divisiones de Estadsticas y de
Recursos Naturales e Infraestructura de la CEPAL.
Por lo general, las estadsticas de energa se presentan
en el marco del balance energtico que contabiliza los flujos
fsicos por los cuales la energa (primaria y secundaria, por
tipo de fuente) se produce, se intercambia con el exterior,
se transforma y es consumida por sectores econmicos.
Es decir, el balance muestra el conjunto de relaciones de
equilibrio entre la oferta y la demanda, sobre la base de un
6
Vase [en lnea] http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/mes/
methodology_list/*/S para obtener ms informacin sobre la metodologa
revisada.
Since 2002, a revised methodology has been used to
calculate fertilizer consumption. Under the new method,
consumption equals production plus imports, minus exports,
minus non-agricultural use.
6
Fertilizers. These are organic and inorganic substances
whose chemicals stimulate plant development and improve
soil fertility. Nutrients from inorganic or mineral fertilizers
are inorganic salts obtained by extraction and/or through
physical and chemical processes. The three main plant
nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The
consumption of fertilizers is obtained by adding the volumes
of nitrate, phosphate and potassium fertilizers, expressed in
terms of vegetable nutrients (N, P
2
O
5
and K
2
O), in metric
tons of plant nutrients consumed by countries.
Fertilizer use intensity. This indicator shows total
consumption of fertilizers with respect to the surface area
of agricultural land in the country. The higher the value of
the indicator, the more fertilizer being used per hectare of
agricultural land. It is calculated as the ratio of total fertilizer
consumption in a given period (numerator) to the total
agricultural area in the same period (denominator).
Pesticides. Any substance or mixture of substances
designed to prevent, destroy or control any pest, including
vectors of human or animal diseases, undesirable plant
or animal species that harms or interferes in any way
with the production, processing, storage, transport or
marketing of food products, agricultural products, wood
and wood products. Includes substances administered to
animals to combat insects, arachnids or other pests in
or on their bodies; substances intended for use as plant
growth regulators, namely, defoliants, desiccants, agents
designed to reduce fruit density or agents designed to
avert premature fruit fall; and substances applied to crops
pre- or post-harvest to protect against deterioration during
storage and transport.
3.5 Energy
The information included in this section comes mainly
from the Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE).
In calculating some indicators, data was drawn from the
Statistics Division and the Natural Resources and Infrastructure
Division of ECLAC.
Usually, energy statistics are presented in a framework
of the energy balance that accounts for physical flows by
which energy (by source type primary or secondary) is
produced, interacts externally, is transformed and consumed
by economic sectors. In other words, it is a sampling of the
set of balancing relationships between supply and demand,
calculated as a single unit (physical or energy unit), within
6
For further information on the revised methodology, see [online]: http://
faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/mes/methodology_list/*/E
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clculo en una unidad comn (fsica o energtica), dentro
de un territorio (generalmente un pas o regin) y para un
perodo determinado (en general un ao). En este contexto,
se seleccionaron algunos indicadores clave que se describen
a continuacin.
Energa primaria. Corresponde a las distintas fuentes
de energa, tal como se obtienen en la naturaleza, ya sea
en forma directa (como en el caso de la energa hidrulica,
elica y solar, la lea y otros combustibles vegetales) o
despus de un proceso de extraccin (como en el caso del
petrleo, el carbn mineral y la geoenerga, entre otros).
Energa secundaria. Corresponde a los diferentes
productos energticos que provienen de la transformacin de
productos energticos primarios; su destino son los diversos
sectores del consumo u otros centros de transformacin
(por ejemplo las gasolinas, la electricidad y el gas licuado).
Produccin de energa primaria. Se refiere a la obtencin
de productos o fuentes energticas que se encuentran en
su estado natural, por ejemplo, lea, gas natural, bagazo
e hidroelectricidad. Asimismo, remite a la cantidad de
combustible extrado o producido, que se calcula despus
de cualquier operacin de eliminacin de material inerte.
Generalmente, se incluye la energa consumida en el proceso
de produccin, as como la oferta a otros productores de
energa para transformacin u otros usos.
Produccin de energa secundaria. Corresponde a
aquellos productos o fuentes energticas que son el resultado
de la transformacin de productos energticos primarios,
como los derivados del refinamiento y procesamiento del
petrleo (queroseno y diesel, entre otros).
Consumo de energa primaria. Corresponde a la
produccin ms las importaciones menos las exportaciones
ms los cambios en las reservas y menos las prdidas por
distribucin de todos los productos energticos primarios.
Consumo de energa secundaria. Corresponde a la
produccin ms las importaciones menos las exportaciones
ms los cambios en las reservas y menos las prdidas por
distribucin de todos los productos energticos secundarios
(que son el resultado de la transformacin de productos
energticos primarios).
Consumo total de energa. Tambin conocido como
consumo final, corresponde a toda la energa consumida para
fines distintos a la transformacin o produccin de energa.
Este consumo incluye productos primarios y secundarios,
pero solo aquellos destinados al consumo final. Comprende
tambin la energa destinada a las actividades de extraccin
y produccin de energa que no forman parte del proceso
de transformacin.
Oferta total de energa. Corresponde a la sumatoria
de las ofertas de energa primaria y secundaria, menos la
produccin de energa secundaria. Este segundo trmino se
incorpora para evitar la doble contabilizacin de la energa
utilizada en el proceso de produccin de energa secundaria.
De igual modo, corresponde a la sumatoria de la oferta de
fuentes de energas renovables y no renovables.
Oferta de energa renovable. Corresponde a la oferta
de las siguientes fuentes energticas: hidroenerga (a gran
y pequea escala), geotermia, dendroenerga (porcin
a territory (usually a country or region) and over a specific
period of time (usually one year). In this context, several
key indicators have been selected and are described below.
Primary energy. Refers to different energy sources found
in their natural state, whether directly (such as hydraulic, wind
and solar energy, wood and other plant fuels), or obtained
by a process of extraction (oil, coal and geothermal energy,
among others).
Secondary energy. Refers to different energy products
that come from the transformation of primary energy
products; these are channelled to various consumer sectors
and/or other conversion centres, as is the case of gasolines,
electricity and liquid gas, among others.
Primary energy production. This refers to the production
of energy products or sources found in their natural states,
for example, wood, natural gas, bagasse and hydroelectricity.
In addition, it refers to the amount of fuel extracted or
produced, calculated after any operation to eliminate inert
material. Generally, it includes the energy consumed in the
production process as well as the supply to other energy
producers for conversion or other uses.
Secondary energy production. This refers to energy
products or sources which are the result of the conversion
of primary energy products, such as all those derived from
petroleum refining and processing, including kerosene
and diesel.
Primary energy consumption. This refers to production
plus imports minus exports plus changes in stocks less
distribution losses of all primary energy products.
Secondary energy consumption. This refers to production
plus imports less exports plus changes in stocks less distribution
losses of all secondary energy products (which are the result
of the conversion of primary energy products).
Total energy consumption. Also known as final
consumption, this refers to all energy consumed for
purposes other than the conversion or production of
energy. This consumption includes primary and secondary
products, but only those intended for final consumption. It
also includes that portion of energy that supports energy
extraction and production activities, but that are not part
of the conversion process.
Total energy supply. This corresponds to the sum of the
supplies of primary and secondary energy less the production
of secondary energy. This second term is incorporated to
avoid double counting of energy used in the secondary
energy production process. This is also the sum of supply
from renewable and non-renewable energy sources.
Renewable energy supply. This refers to the supply of
the following energy sources: hydroenergy (large and small
scale), geothermal energy, wood energy (portion of wood
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biomass destined for sustainable use), non-wood-related
sustainable bioenergy and other sources, such as wind
and solar energy.
Supply of non-renewable energy. Refers primarily
to the supply of hydrocarbons (oil, coal and natural gas),
nuclear energy and firewood whose use is not sustainable.
Energy intensity of GDP. This indicator measures the
relationship between the amount of energy consumed and
GDP. The higher the value of this indicator, the greater the
amount of energy required to produce one monetary unit
of economic output. This indicator is important insofar
as any increase in energy consumption to achieve higher
GDP implies pressure on natural resources and a stronger
environmental impact. This indicator is calculated as the ratio
of total energy consumption to GDP in dollars expressed at
constant 2005 prices.
Hydrocarbons. These are a group of organic compounds
that contain principally carbon and hydrogen. They are the
simplest organic compounds and may be considered the
main substances from which all other organic compounds
are derived. The term hydrocarbon is used to refer to
the group composed of natural gas, coal, petroleum and
their derivatives.
Electrical energy. Refers to energy transmitted by
electrons in motion. It includes electric energy generated
at any energy source, whether primary or secondary, at
hydroelectric, thermoelectric, thermonuclear, geothermal,
wind or photovoltaic centres.
Installed capacity for producing electricity. This is the
maximum installed capacity of all available generators. It
is important to note that installed capacity will probably
be greater than the quantity of electric power produced,
since plants do not always operate at full capacity owing
to supply or demand factors.
Most of the data presented in this section come from
administrative records. However, estimates are sometimes
used to work out the share for each sector.
3.6 Air and atmosphere
Information on the consumption of ozone-depleting substances
was obtained from the Ozone Secretariat of the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The statistics on
total carbon dioxide (CO
2
) emissions come from the official
website of the indicators of the Millennium Development
Goals of the United Nations. The statistics on emissions and
absorption of CO
2
, and on emissions of methane CH
4
and
nitrous oxide N
2
O, were provided directly by the countries
of the region. Lastly, the statistics on population and GDP
come from ECLAC.
Consumption of all ozone-depleting substances.
This corresponds to consumption of the substances
defined under the Montreal Protocol as containing
de biomasa leosa de consumo sostenible), bioenerga
sostenible no relacionada con la madera y otras fuentes.
como energa elica y solar.
Oferta de energa no renovable. Corresponde
principalmente a la oferta de hidrocarburos (petrleo,
carbn y gas natural), energa nuclear y lea, cuyo uso no
es sostenible.
Intensidad energtica del PIB. Este indicador mide la
relacin que existe entre la cantidad de energa consumida
y el PIB. Un aumento indica que se requiere una mayor
cantidad de energa para obtener una unidad monetaria
de produccin econmica. La relevancia de este indicador
radica en que un incremento del consumo energtico para
alcanzar un PIB mayor se traduce en una presin sobre
los recursos naturales y efectos ambientales mayores. Este
indicador se calcul como el cociente entre el consumo total
de energa y el PIB en dlares a precios constantes de 2005.
Hidrocarburos. Constituyen el grupo de compuestos
orgnicos ms simples, que contienen principalmente carbono
e hidrgeno. Pueden ser considerados como las sustancias
principales de las que derivan todos los dems compuestos
orgnicos. Se llama hidrocarburos al grupo integrado por el
gas natural, el carbn, el petrleo y sus derivados.
Energa elctrica. Corresponde a la transmitida por
electrones en movimiento. Se incluye la energa elctrica
generada con cualquier fuente energtica, sea primaria o
secundaria, en centrales hidroelctricas, termoelctricas,
termonucleares, geotrmicas, elicas o fotovoltaicas.
Capacidad instalada para producir energa elctrica.
Corresponde a la capacidad mxima establecida de todos
los generadores disponibles. Es importante considerar que
la capacidad instalada probablemente ser mayor que la
cantidad de energa elctrica producida, pues las plantas no
siempre operan a su mxima capacidad debido a razones
de demanda u oferta.
La gran mayora de los datos presentados en esta seccin
corresponden a registros administrativos. Sin embargo, en
algunas ocasiones se utilizan estimaciones para determinar
la participacin por sector.
3.6 Aire y atmsfera
La informacin sobre el consumo de todas las sustancias
que agotan la capa de ozono proviene de la Secretara del
Ozono del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio
Ambiente (PNUMA). Las estadsticas sobre emisiones de
dixido de carbono (CO
2
) totales provienen del sitio oficial
para los indicadores de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio
de las Naciones Unidas. Las estadsticas sobre emisiones y
absorciones de CO
2
y sobre emisiones de metano (CH
4
) y
xido nitroso (N
2
O) fueron proporcionadas directamente
por los pases de la regin, mientras que las estadsticas
sobre poblacin y PIB provienen de la CEPAL.
Consumo de todas las sustancias que agotan la capa
de ozono. Corresponde al consumo de las sustancias
definidas por el Protocolo de Montreal como sustancias
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que contienen cloro o bromo que destruyen la capa de
ozono estratosfrico. Las sustancias controladas por el
Protocolo de Montreal incluyen clorofluorocarbonos
(CFC), halones, otros CFC completamente halogenados,
tetracloruro de carbono, tricloroetano (metilcloroformo),
hidroclorofluorocarbonos (HCFC), hidrobromofluorocarbonos
(HBFC), bromoclorometano y bromuro de metilo
(metilbromuro). La medicin se realiza en funcin de su
consumo total en toneladas de potencial de agotamiento
del ozono (PAO)
7
. Estas se calculan multiplicando para cada
sustancia las toneladas por un factor especfico.
La produccin y el consumo de estas sustancias
constituyen la causa principal de la reduccin del ozono
estratosfrico, lo que impide filtrar los nocivos rayos
ultravioleta que afectan a las personas y a otros seres vivos.
Se ha realizado un seguimiento de estas sustancias desde
la entrada en vigor del Protocolo de Montreal en 1987. A
continuacin se definen los tres principales compuestos
qumicos que destruyen la capa de ozono.
Clorofluorocarbonos (CFC). Productos qumicos inertes,
no txicos, que se licuan fcilmente. Se emplean en los
sistemas de refrigeracin, aire acondicionado, envasado y
aislamiento o como solventes y propulsores de aerosoles. Los
CFC no se destruyen en las capas inferiores de la atmsfera,
sino que se desplazan hacia las capas superiores, donde sus
componentes clorados destruyen el ozono. En el Protocolo
de Montreal, los CFC corresponden al grupo I del anexo A,
en que se identifican las siguientes sustancias controladas:
CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114 y CFC-115.
Hidroclorofluorocarbonos (HCFC). Compuestos
generalmente utilizados como sustitutos de los
clorofluorocarbonos (CFC) en los sistemas de refrigeracin,
debido a que su efecto en el agotamiento de la capa de
ozono es menor. En el Protocolo de Montreal, los HCFC
corresponden al grupo I del anexo C.
Bromuro de metilo (metilbromuro). Sustancia qumica
compuesta por carbono, hidrgeno y bromo, que se utiliza
principalmente como plaguicida agrcola y sustancia fumigadora
y que posee un elevado potencial de agotamiento del
ozono. En el Protocolo de Montreal el bromuro de metilo
corresponde al grupo I del anexo E.
Las cifras correspondientes a estas tres variables se
obtienen de registros administrativos. Por lo general, se utiliza
el concepto de consumo aparente, es decir, se estima el
consumo real sobre la base de la produccin, importacin
y exportacin de las distintas sustancias.
Emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Corresponde
a estadsticas de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero
desglosadas por fuentes emisoras de los siguientes compuestos:
dixido de carbono (CO
2
), metano (CH
4
) y xido nitroso (N
2
O).
Para el caso del CO
2
se presenta adems informacin sobre
absorciones por sumideros de gases de efecto invernadero.
7
El potencial de agotamiento del ozono es un nmero que se refiere a
la cantidad de destruccin de ozono estratosfrico causada por una
sustancia. Es la razn entre el impacto sobre el ozono causado por una
sustancia determinada y el impacto causado por una masa similar de
CFC-11 (el potencial de agotamiento del CFC-11 est definido como 1).
stratospheric-ozone-depleting chlorine or bromine.
The substances controlled under the Montreal Protocol
include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, other fully
halogenated CFCs, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethane
(methyl chloroform) hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs),
hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs), bromochloromethane
and methyl bromides (bromomethane), measured in terms
of total consumption in tons of ozone-depleting potential
(ODP).
7
These are calculated by multiplying tons of the
respective substance by a specific factor for each.
The production and consumption of these substances
are the main causes of stratospheric ozone reduction,
which prevents the filtering of ultraviolet rays harmful to
humans and other living organisms. These substances have
been monitored since the Montreal Protocol entered into
force in 1987. There follows a definition of the three major
ozone- destroying chemical compounds.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Inert, non-toxic chemical
products, which are easily liquefied. They are used in
refrigeration and air conditioning systems, in packaging
and insulation or as solvents and aerosol propellants. CFCs
are not destroyed in the lower layers of the atmosphere,
but rise towards the upper layers where their chlorate
components destroy the ozone. In the Montreal Protocol,
CFCs fall under group I of annex A, which identifies the
following controlled substances: CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113,
CFC-114 and CFC-115.
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). Compounds
usually used as substitutes for CFCs in refrigeration systems,
since they have a lower impact on the depletion of the
ozone layer. In the Montreal Protocol, HCFCs are listed in
group I of annex C.
Methyl bromide. A chemical substance made up of
carbon, hydrogen and bromine, which is used mainly as
a pesticide in agriculture and a fumigant and which has a
high ozone-depleting potential. In the Montreal Protocol,
methyl bromide is covered in group I of annex E.
The figures for these three variables are obtained
from administrative records. The concept generally used is
apparent consumption, which is calculated on the basis of
production, imports + exports of the different substances.
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This section provides
statistics on emissions of greenhouse gases, broken down
by source of emission of the following compounds: carbon
dioxide (CO
2
), methane (CH
4
), and nitrous oxide (N
2
O). In the
case of CO
2
, information is also provided on sequestration
by greenhouse gas sinks.
7
Ozone-depleting potential is a number that refers to the level of
stratospheric ozone destruction caused by a substance. It is expressed as
the ratio between the impact on ozone caused by a given substance and
the impact caused by a similar mass of CFC-11 (the depletion potential
of CFC-11 is defined as 1).
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Emisiones de CO
2
totales, por habitante y por cada
1.000 dlares del PIB. Corresponde al indicador 7.2 del
sptimo Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio. El indicador
muestra solamente las emisiones de CO
2
generadas por la
quema de combustibles fsiles y la produccin de cemento.
El indicador de emisiones de CO
2
por habitante se obtiene
dividiendo las emisiones de CO
2
por la poblacin del pas.
El indicador de PIB se obtiene dividiendo las emisiones de
CO
2
por el PIB en dlares a precios constantes de 2005.
Las estadsticas de emisiones de CO
2
producto de la
quema de combustibles fsiles y la produccin de cemento se
obtienen a partir de estimaciones derivadas de las estadsticas
de energa publicadas por la Divisin de Estadstica de las
Naciones Unidas.
Producto interno bruto (PIB). El PIB corresponde al
valor del flujo neto de bienes y servicios producidos en un
pas durante un perodo de referencia determinado. Los
valores a precios constantes representan flujos de bienes y
servicios valorados a los precios vigentes en los pases en
el ao tomado como base.
Efecto invernadero. La acumulacin de los gases de
efecto invernadero (CO
2
, CH
4
y N
2
O, entre los principales)
provoca el calentamiento de la atmsfera de la Tierra,
que acta como el techo de vidrio de un invernadero.
Este fenmeno, que permite el paso de los rayos solares
y el calentamiento de la superficie terrestre pero impide
la prdida de radiacin trmica, se considera el principal
causante del cambio climtico.
Emisiones. Liberacin de gases de efecto invernadero
o de sus precursores en la atmsfera, en una zona y por un
perodo determinado.
Absorciones. Absorcin de los gases de efecto
invernadero o de sus precursores de la atmsfera, por medio
de un sumidero
8
.
Dixido de carbono (CO
2
). Gas incoloro, inodoro y no
venenoso que se desprende de la quema de combustibles
fsiles y que normalmente forma parte del aire ambiente.
Tambin se produce en la respiracin de los organismos vivos
(plantas y animales). Se lo considera el principal gas de efecto
invernadero. Tambin se denomina anhdrido carbnico.
Metano (CH
4
). Hidrocarburo gaseoso, incoloro,
inflamable y no venenoso, que se forma por la descomposicin
anaerbica de los compuestos orgnicos. El metano es un
gas de efecto invernadero.
xido nitroso (N
2
O). Gas relativamente inerte que
se produce como resultado de la actividad microbiana en
el suelo, la utilizacin de fertilizantes nitrogenados y la
quema de lea, entre otros procesos. Este compuesto puede
contribuir al efecto invernadero y al agotamiento del ozono.
Segn la metodologa del Grupo Intergubernamental
de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climtico (IPCC) de 2006, las
estimaciones de emisiones y absorciones de gases de efecto
invernadero se dividen en cinco sectores principales: energa;
procesos industriales y uso de productos; agricultura, silvicultura
8
Todo proceso, actividad o mecanismo que elimine de la atmsfera
un gas de efecto invernadero, un aerosol o un precursor de un gas de
efecto invernadero.
CO
2
emissions, total, per capita and per US$ 1,000
of GDP. This corresponds to indicator 7.2 of Millennium
Development Goal 7, and shows only emissions of CO
2
from
fossil fuel burning and cement production. The indicator CO
2

emissions per capita is calculated by dividing CO
2
emissions
by the population of the respective country. CO
2
emissions
by GDP is obtained by dividing CO
2
emissions by GDP in
dollars at constant 2005 prices.
The statistics on CO
2
emissions from fossil fuel burning
and cement production are estimates derived from energy
statistics published by the United Nations Statistics Division.
Gross domestic product (GDP). GDP is the net value
of the goods and services produced by a country in a given
reference period. Values at constant prices represent flows
of goods and services valued at the prices the countries
recorded in the base year.
Greenhouse effect. The accumulation of greenhouse
gases (the main ones being CO
2
, CH
4
and N
2
O) warms the
Earths atmosphere, acting like the glass roof of a greenhouse.
This phenomenon allows the suns rays to pass through and
warm the surface of the earth but prevents loss of thermal
radiation, and is thus considered to be the principal cause
of climate change.
Emissions. The release of greenhouse gases or their
precursors, or both, into the atmosphere in a particular area
and during a given period.
Absorptions. The absorption of greenhouse gases or
their precursors, or both, from the atmosphere by means
of a sink.
8
Carbon dioxide (CO
2
). A colourless, odourless, nontoxic
gas released by combustion of fossil fuels and normally
present in the air. It is also produced by the respiration
of living organisms (plants and animals). It is considered
to be the principal greenhouse gas. Also referred to as
carbonic anhydride.
Methane (CH
4
). A gaseous, colourless, flammable and
non-toxic hydrocarbon, which is formed in the anaerobic
decomposition of organic compounds. Methane is a
greenhouse gas.
Nitrous oxide (N
2
O). A relatively inert gas produced
as a result of microbial activity in the soil, the use of nitrate
fertilizers, wood-burning and so forth. This compound can
contribute to the greenhouse effect and ozone depletion.
The 2006 guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) divide estimates of greenhouse gas
emissions and absorptions into five main sectors: energy;
industrial processes and product use; agriculture, forestry
and other land uses; waste; and other sources of emissions.
8
Any process, activity or mechanism that removes a greenhouse gas,
aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere.
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y otros usos de la tierra; desechos, y otras fuentes de emisiones.
Cada sector comprende categoras individuales (por ejemplo,
transporte) y subcategoras (por ejemplo, automviles).
En general, para el clculo de estas variables se utiliza la
metodologa del IPCC de 2006 en los inventarios nacionales
de gases de efecto invernadero. En su forma ms simple,
consiste en una estimacin indirecta de las emisiones
y absorciones de los distintos sectores, de acuerdo con
factores de emisin y absorcin por unidad de consumo o
produccin, que se calcula como la sumatoria del producto
de la unidad de produccin de cada sector por el coeficiente
que cuantifique las emisiones o absorciones asociados con
cada gas, por unidad de actividad
9
.
3.7 Desastres naturales
Las series estadsticas presentadas en esta seccin provienen
de la base de datos de desastres (EM-DAT), del Centro para la
Investigacin de la Epidemiologa de los Desastres (CRED)
10
.
Se presenta informacin sobre nueve tipos de desastres
naturales, clasificados en cuatro grupos de acuerdo con
el CRED: geofsicos (terremotos, erupciones volcnicas y
desplazamientos de masa seca), meteorolgicos (tormentas),
hidrolgicos (inundaciones y desplazamientos de masa
hmeda) y climatolgicos (temperaturas extremas, sequas
e incendios). La importancia de estos eventos radica no
solo en los daos que provocan en los recursos naturales y
el medio ambiente en general, sino tambin en los efectos
directos que tienen en los seres humanos.
Desastre. Un desastre es un evento calamitoso y
repentino que trastorna seriamente el funcionamiento de
una comunidad o sociedad y causa prdidas humanas,
materiales, econmicas o ambientales que desbordan la
capacidad de la comunidad o sociedad afectada para hacer
frente a la situacin con sus propios recursos.
Terremoto. Es el resultado de una liberacin repentina
de energa almacenada en la corteza terrestre que crea
ondas ssmicas y provoca un desplazamiento del terreno.
Su origen puede ser tectnico o volcnico.
Erupcin volcnica. Comprende toda la actividad
volcnica. Se considera actividad volcnica tanto el transporte
de magma y gases a la superficie de la tierra (que puede ir
acompaado de temblores y erupciones) como la interaccin
del magma y el agua (por ejemplo, las aguas subterrneas y
los lagos de crter) por debajo de la superficie de la tierra,
lo que puede provocar erupciones freticas. Dependiendo
de la composicin del magma, las erupciones pueden ser
explosivas o efusivas, y dar lugar a cada de rocas, cada de
ceniza, flujos de lava, flujos piroclsticos y emisin de gases.
9
Vanse las Directrices del IPCC de 2006 para los inventarios nacionales
de gases de efecto invernadero [en lnea] http://www.ipcc- nggip. iges.
or.jp/public/2006gl/spanish/index.html.
10
La base de datos EM-DAT contiene datos esenciales sobre los principales
acontecimientos y los efectos de ms de 17.000 desastres masivos en
el mundo desde 1900. Est formada por datos de organismos de las
Naciones Unidas, organizaciones no gubernamentales, empresas de
seguros, institutos de investigacin, la prensa y otras fuentes.
Each area comprises individual categories (such as transport)
and subcategories, (such as automobiles).
In general, the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories were used to calculate these
variables. In its basic form, this methodology consists of an
indirect estimate of emissions and absorptions from different
sectors, on the basis of emission and absorption factors per
unit of consumption or production, calculated as the sum
of the output of each sectors production unit multiplied by
the emission or absorption.
9
3.7 Natural disasters
The statistical series presented in this section are drawn from
the Emergency Disasters Database (EM-DAT) of the Centre
for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED).
10
Information is provided for nine types of natural disaster,
which CRED classifies into four subgroups: geophysical
(earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and dry mass movement),
meteorological (storms), hydrological (flooding and wet mass
movement) and weather (extreme temperatures, drought
and fire). These kinds of incidents are important not only
in terms of the damage they cause to natural resources and
the environment as a whole, but also in terms of their direct
impact on human beings.
Disaster. A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event,
that causes serious upheaval in the functioning of a
community or society, also causing loss of life and
economic or environmental assets to such an extent that
a community or society is incapable of responding using
solely its own resources.
Earthquake. Earthquakes are the result of a sudden
release of energy stored in the Earths crust, which creates
seismic waves and causes land displacement. Earthquakes
can be either tectonic or volcanic in origin.
Volcanic eruption. Refers to all volcanic activity, both
the transport of magma and gases to the Earths surface
(which may be accompanied by tremors and eruptions),
and the interaction between magma and water underneath
the Earths surface (for example, subterranean water
and craterlakes), which can trigger phreatic eruptions.
Depending on the magmas composition, these eruptions
may be either explosive or effusive and may cause rock
slides, volcanic ash, lava flows, pyroclastic flows and
gas emissions.
9
For further information, see 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse
Gas Inventories [online]://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/
index.html.
10
EM-DAT provides essential data on the main events and the effects of
more than 17,000 large-scale disasters that have occurred in the world
since 1900. The database is based on data from United Nations bodies,
non-governmental organizations, insurance companies, research institutes,
the press and other sources.
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Desplazamiento de masa seca. Comprende todo
desplazamiento hacia abajo (vertical o inclinado en direccin
al pie de una ladera) de un volumen importante de material
litolgico o de escombros, cuyos principales agentes
detonantes son la gravedad y el agua. Pueden producirse por
actividad ssmica, lluvias, erupciones volcnicas o impactos
antropognicos (erosin, actividades mineras y extraccin
de gas). Se consideran cuatro subtipos de desplazamientos
de masa: los desprendimientos de rocas, las avalanchas, los
deslizamientos de tierra y los hundimientos.
Tormenta. Fenmeno meteorolgico producido por
variaciones en la temperatura de la atmsfera que se
manifiesta con viento, grandes nubes, violentas precipitaciones
acompaadas de rayos, truenos y relmpagos. Se consideran
tres subtipos de tormentas: las tormentas locales, los ciclones
tropicales y los ciclones extratropicales (tormentas de invierno).
Inundacin. Proceso por el cual parte de la superficie
terrestre queda cubierta temporalmente de agua ante el
aumento significativo del nivel de un curso de agua, un
lago, una reserva o una regin costera (marejadas).
Desplazamiento de masa hmeda. Comprende todo
desplazamiento hacia abajo (vertical o inclinado en direccin
al pie de una ladera) de un volumen importante de material
litolgico o de escombros, cuyos principales agentes
detonantes son la gravedad y el agua. Puede producirse por
saturacin de agua en el suelo o degradacin del permafrost.
Se consideran cuatro subtipos de desplazamientos de
masa: los desprendimientos de rocas, las avalanchas, los
deslizamientos de tierra y los hundimientos.
Temperaturas extremas. Se consideran tres subtipos:
las olas de calor, las olas de fro y las tormentas de invierno
(inviernos extremos). Una ola de calor corresponde a un
perodo prolongado de calor excesivo, a veces acompaado
por humedad, en comparacin con los patrones climatolgicos
normales de una regin dada. Una ola de fro puede ser un
perodo prolongado de fro excesivo o la incursin repentina
de aire muy fro en una zona extensa. Las tormentas de
invierno y los inviernos extremos generan impactos a causa
de la nieve y el hielo.
Sequa. Escasez en la oferta de agua durante un
perodo prolongado como resultado de un descenso
de las precipitaciones por debajo de la media de una
determinada regin.
Incendio. Se refiere al fuego incontrolado, usualmente
en reas silvestres. Incluye dos subtipos de incendios:
forestales y de tierras.
Para cada uno de los desastres naturales se presenta el
nmero de eventos ocurridos, el nmero total de personas
afectadas y las prdidas humanas.
Nmero de eventos. Corresponde a la cantidad de
desastres que se han producido en el perodo, en este
caso, un ao.
Personas afectadas. Da cuenta de la poblacin que
requiere asistencia bsica inmediata, incluidos alimento,
agua, abrigo, saneamiento y asistencia mdica en un
perodo de emergencia provocado por un desastre natural.
Corresponde a la sumatoria del total de heridos, personas
sin casa y afectados.
Dry mass movement. Refers to all downward slides (either
vertical or downhill) of significant amounts of lithological
material or debris, triggered primarily by gravity and water.
Causes include seismic activity, rain, volcanic eruptions or
anthropogenic impacts (erosion, mining and gas extraction).
There are four subtypes of mass displacement: rockfall,
avalanches, landslides and subsidence.
Storms. Meteorological events caused by variations in
atmospheric temperatures that manifest themselves through
wind, large clouds, violent thunderstorms and lightning. There
are three subtypes of storm: local storms, tropical cyclones
and extratropical cyclones (winter storms).
Flooding. This refers to the temporary flooding of land
surface as a result of a significant rise of water level in a
water course, lake, reservoir or coastal area (ocean swell).
Wet mass movement. Downward slides (either vertical
or downhill) of significant amounts of lithological material
or debris, triggered primarily by gravity and water. Causes
include soil saturated with water and degradation of the
permafrost. There are four subtypes of mass displacement:
rockfall, avalanches, landslides and subsidence.
Extreme temperatures. There are three subtypes:
heatwaves, coldwaves and winter storms (extreme winters).
A heatwave is an extended period of heat that exceeds the
normal temperatures for a region, sometimes accompanied
by humidity. A coldwave can be an extended period of
excessively cold temperatures or a sudden burst of very
cold air over an extended area. Snow and ice from winter
storms and extreme winters cause impacts.
Drought. Shortfall in a regions water supply over a lengthy
period, caused by constantly below-average precipitation.
Wildfires. Refers to uncontrolled fires, usually in wilderness
areas. Includes two subtypes: forest and land fires.
For each type of natural disaster, the number of
incidents, the total number of persons affected and human
losses are provided.
Number of incidents. Refers to the number of disasters
over a period of time; in this case, one year.
Persons affected. The number of persons affected refers
to the population in need of immediate basic assistance,
including food, water, shelter, sanitation and medical
attention, during an emergency period following a natural
disaster. Corresponds to the sum of all persons injured, left
homeless or otherwise affected.
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Prdidas humanas. Incluye a las personas confirmadas
como muertas o que se encuentran desaparecidas y
presumiblemente muertas a causa del desastre natural.
El CRED contabiliza como desastre aquel evento que
cumple al menos uno de los siguientes criterios:
Diez o ms personas consideradas muertas
Cien o ms personas consideradas afectadas
Declaracin de estado de emergencia
Solicitud de asistencia internacional
Atendiendo a un criterio geogrfico, para el clculo
subregional Cuba, Hait y la Repblica Dominicana se
consideraron parte del Caribe, y Belice se consider parte
de Amrica Latina.
En el clculo de las sumatorias subregionales y regionales,
cada vez que un+ pas no dispona de informacin para un
ao, se consider un valor igual a 0.
El CRED, mediante la asignacin de un nico cdigo a
cada evento, permite evitar la doble (o mltiple) contabilizacin
en las agregaciones regionales o subregionales. Por ejemplo,
en el caso de una tormenta que afecte a varios pases del
Caribe, en el agregado regional se presentar como un
solo evento.
3.8 Transporte
La informacin presentada en esta seccin proviene de
la Asociacin Latinoamericana de Ferrocarriles (ALAF), la
Organizacin de Aviacin Civil Internacional (OACI), la
Federacin Internacional de Carreteras y la base de datos
CEPALSTAT.
Estas series permiten mostrar la tendencia y posibles
influencias de estos factores en el medio ambiente en general
y la contaminacin atmosfrica en particular.
Parque automotor. Corresponde a todos los vehculos
inscritos (matriculados) que existen en un ao, menos las
bajas producidas (vehculos retirados de la circulacin). Se
incluyen automviles particulares, autobuses y minibuses,
camiones y camionetas, semirremolques y motocicletas.
Tambin se conoce con los nombres de parque vehicular
y parque de vehculos.
Parque automotor por habitante. Corresponde al nmero
de vehculos inscritos por cada 100 habitantes del pas.
Longitud de la red de carreteras. Corresponde a la
longitud total de los distintos caminos de un pas.
Red ferroviaria. Se refiere al total de lneas ferroviarias
en operacin en cada uno de los pases. Incluye las lneas
electrificadas y las utilizadas tanto para el transporte de
carga como de pasajeros.
Trfico areo: pasajeros-kilmetros. Corresponde a la
suma de los productos obtenidos al multiplicar el nmero
de pasajeros transportados en cada etapa de vuelo por la
longitud de la etapa; la cifra resultante es igual al nmero
de kilmetros recorridos por los pasajeros.
Trfico areo: kilmetros volados. Es la suma de los
productos obtenidos al multiplicar el nmero de vuelos
efectuados en cada etapa de vuelo por la longitud de la etapa.
Human losses. Refers to those confirmed dead or those
missing and presumed dead as a result of the natural disaster.
CRED records an incident as a disaster if it meets at
least one of the following criteria:
10 or more persons reported dead
100 persons reported affected
State of emergency declared
International assistance requested
Geographical criteria were applied that consider Cuba,
Haiti and the Dominican Republic as part of the Caribbean,
and Belize as part of Latin America.
In arriving at subregional and regional totals, the number
of disasters was considered to be zero whenever a country
did not have information available for a given year.
CRED assigns a unique code to each incident, thereby
preventing double (or multiple) entry in the regional or
subregional aggregates. For example, in the event of a
storm that affects several Caribbean countries, the regional
aggregates will report it as a single incident.
3.8 Transport
The information presented in this section comes from the
Latin American Railways Association (ALAF), the International
Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Road
Federation (IRF) and the CEPALSTAT database.
These series show trends and their possible influences
on the environment as a whole and atmospheric pollution
in particular.
Vehicle fleet. This refers to all registered vehicles existing
in a given year less the reductions that have occurred (vehicles
removed from circulation). It includes private cars, buses
and minibuses, trucks and pickup trucks, semi-trailers and
motorcycles. Also referred to as vehicle stock.
Vehicle fleet per capita. This corresponds to the
number of vehicles registered per 100 inhabitants of the
respective country.
Length of the road network. Refers to the total length
of all roadways within a country.
Rail network. Refers to the total number of railways in
operation in each country. Includes electric railways and
those used for transporting both cargo and passengers.
Air traffic: passenger-kilometres. The sum of the
products obtained by multiplying the number of passengers
transported in each stage of a flight by the length of that
stage; the resulting figure is equal to the number of kilometers
travelled by the passengers.
Air traffic: kilometres flown. The sum of the products
obtained by multiplying the number of flights made in each
stage of a flight by the length of the stage.
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Trfico areo: toneladas de carga-kilmetros. Corresponde
a la suma de los productos obtenidos al multiplicar el nmero
de toneladas de carga transportadas en cada etapa de vuelo
por la longitud de la etapa.
3.9 Gestin ambiental
En esta seccin se presentan estadsticas provenientes de
la Organizacin Internacional de Normalizacin (ISO), de
la Divisin de Estadsticas de la CEPAL, de los sitios web
oficiales sobre cada uno de los acuerdos y del sitio web
oficial de las Naciones Unidas sobre tratados.
Empresas certificadas ISO 14001. La norma internacional
ISO 14001 forma parte de la familia ISO 14000. A travs
de esta norma, que se aplica para cualquier empresa, sea
cual sea su actividad, tamao o pas de operacin, se
pone en prctica un sistema de gestin ambiental sobre
la base del cumplimiento de la legislacin nacional y el
mejoramiento continuo del desempeo. Su aplicacin
adecuada permite obtener esta certificacin ambiental
reconocida internacionalmente.
Las empresas que reciben la certificacin ISO 14001 lo
hacen respecto de su propio sistema de gestin ambiental, tras
auditoras ambientales diseadas para evaluar el desempeo
ambiental de la empresa.
Se presenta informacin sobre el nmero de empresas
con certificacin ISO 14001 y el cociente entre el nmero
de empresas certificadas y el PIB en dlares constantes
de 2005. Este indicador se utiliza para poner el nmero
absoluto de certificaciones en relacin con el tamao de la
economa del pas, a falta de estadsticas sobre el universo
relevante, o sea, el nmero de empresas significativas por
sector econmico o su facturacin anual.
Acuerdos multilaterales ambientales. Son respuestas
de poltica cuyo objetivo es proteger los bienes y servicios
ambientales de cada pas que tienen efectos globales.
Estos acuerdos permiten establecer mecanismos de
cooperacin internacional e integrar la dimensin ambiental
en el desarrollo, respondiendo a los diversos problemas
ambientales de escala global. Asimismo, constituyen una
fuente importante de derecho ambiental internacional
y contribuyen a la formulacin de las polticas de cada
Estado en este tema.
En el contexto del derecho internacional y la prctica
de los tratados, un acuerdo multilateral es sinnimo de
convencin, tratado y protocolo, al presentar las mismas
caractersticas jurdicas.
El trmino tratado multilateral es una expresin
genrica, que abarca todos los instrumentos vinculantes con
arreglo al derecho internacional, independientemente de su
designacin formal, concertados entre dos o ms personas
jurdicas internacionales. En la Convencin de Viena sobre
el derecho de los tratados de 1969 se define un tratado
como un acuerdo internacional celebrado por escrito entre
Estados y regido por el derecho internacional, ya conste en
Air traffic: cargo ton-kilometres. The sum of the
products obtained by multiplying the number of tons of
cargo transported in each stage of a flight by the length of
the stage.
3.9 Environmental
management
This section presents statistics from the International
Standards Organization, the ECLAC Statistics Division, the
official websites on each agreement and the official United
Nations website on treaties.
ISO 14001 certified companies. The ISO 14001 is
part of the ISO 14000 family. The standard applies to any
company, irrespective of its activity, size or country of
operation, that implements an environmental management
system based on compliance with national legislation and
ongoing performance improvement. This internationally
recognized environmental certification is awarded for proper
implementation of such policies and practices.
Companies obtain ISO 14001 certification on the
basis of their own environmental management systems,
which undergo environmental audits to evaluate their
environmental performance.
Data is provided on the number of ISO 14001-certified
companies and the ratio of certified companies to GDP, in
dollars at constant 2005 prices. This indicator is used to state
the absolute number of certifications relative to the size of
a countrys economy in the absence of statistics about the
relative universe; that is, the number of significant companies
per economic sector or their annual sales figures.
Multilateral environmental agreements. These
represent attempts to provide policy responses aimed
at protecting environmental goods and services that are
possessed by individual countries but have global impact.
Such agreements make it possible to set up international
cooperation mechanisms and mainstream environmental
considerations in development, thus responding to diverse
global-scale environmental problems. They represent a
significant source of international environmental law and
help States to establish policies in this area.
In the context of international law and treaty
implementation, a multilateral agreement is synonymous
with a convention, treaty or protocol, and has the same
legal characteristics.
The term multilateral agreement is a generic term
encompassing all instruments that are binding under
international law, whatever their formal designation,
signed by two or more international legal entities. The
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969 defines
a treaty as an international agreement concluded between
States in written form and governed by international
law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two
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un instrumento nico o en dos o ms instrumentos conexos
y cualquiera que sea su denominacin particular. No existe
una norma internacional respecto de cundo un acuerdo
internacional debe denominarse tratado, convencin o
acuerdo
11
.
Los Estados pueden convertirse en parte en un acuerdo
multilateral por medio de los siguientes mecanismos:
Firma. La firma de un acuerdo es la primera manifestacin
poltica con que un Estado indica su intencin de adoptar
las medidas adecuadas para expresar su consentimiento y
adquirir las obligaciones jurdicas emanadas del acuerdo en
el futuro, mediante su ratificacin, aceptacin o aprobacin.
Esto concede a los Estados el tiempo necesario para incorporar
el acuerdo en el plano nacional y promulgar la legislacin
que se requiere para su aplicacin interna. Generalmente
se establece una fecha lmite despus de la cual la firma del
acuerdo ya no ser posible. Una vez que el acuerdo se cierra
para la firma, un Estado puede hacerse parte directamente
por medio de la adhesin.
Ratificacin, aceptacin o aprobacin. La ratificacin,
aceptacin y aprobacin (conforme a las clusulas de cada
acuerdo) corresponden a los modos ms comunes en que un
Estado puede llegar a ser parte de un acuerdo multilateral.
Generalmente, hay un plazo para que un Estado ratifique,
acepte o apruebe un acuerdo que ha firmado. Una vez
ratificado, aceptado o aprobado, el Estado acepta los
derechos y obligaciones jurdicas que de ellos emanan. La
fecha de entrada en vigor de un acuerdo es el momento
en que pasa a ser jurdicamente vinculante para el Estado
que lo suscribe.
Adhesin. Es el acto por el cual un Estado que no ha
firmado una convencin expresa su consentimiento de
llegar a ser parte de ella depositando un instrumento de
adhesin. La adhesin tiene los mismos efectos jurdicos
que la ratificacin, la aceptacin o la aprobacin. La
emplean generalmente los Estados que desean expresar
su consentimiento para obligarse segn los trminos un
acuerdo cuando ha concluido el plazo para la firma. Muchas
convenciones ambientales estn abiertas a la adhesin
desde el da siguiente a la fecha de cierre del perodo de
firma, como se establece en el prrafo 1 del artculo 24 del
Protocolo de Kyoto de la Convencin Marco de las Naciones
Unidas sobre el Cambio Climtico, de 1997, entre otras.
En el cuadro se presenta informacin sobre los
principales acuerdos ambientales multilaterales. El orden
de presentacin atiende al ao de aprobacin, que puede
coincidir con el ao en que el acuerdo fue abierto para su
firma, cuando procede.
Para cada acuerdo se presenta el ao en que los pases
de la regin firmaron el acuerdo y el ao en el cual se
convirtieron en parte de este (por medio de la ratificacin,
aceptacin, aprobacin o adhesin).
11
Vase el sitio web oficial sobre tratados de las Naciones Unidas [en lnea]
http://untreaty.un.org. para obtener ms informacin sobre tratados en
general; con respecto al derecho y la prctica de los tratados en particular,
vase Naciones Unidas, Manual de Tratados, seccin de tratados de la
Oficina de Asuntos Jurdicos, 2001. Publicacin de las Naciones Unidas,
N de venta: S.02.V.2.
or more related instruments and whatever its particular
designation. There is no international rule as to when
an international accord should be designated a treaty or
a convention or agreement.
11
States may become parties to a convention or treaty
in the following ways:
Signature. The signing of an agreement is the first
step whereby a State indicates its intention to take the
necessary measures to express its consent and assume the
legal obligations arising from the convention at a later date,
through its: ratification, acceptance or approval. This gives
States the time to incorporate the convention at the national
level and to promulgate the necessary national legislation
for domestic implementation. Multilateral treaties usually
provide that they will be open for signature only until a
specified date, after which signature will no longer be
possible. Once a treaty is closed for signature, a State may
become a party to it by means of accession.
Ratification, acceptance or approval. Ratification,
acceptance or approval (pursuant to the terms of each
convention) are the most common means by which a State
can become a party to a multilateral agreement. Usually,
there is a deadline by which a State is required to ratify,
accept or approve an agreement it has signed. Once a State
has ratified, accepted or approved a convention, it assumes
the legal obligations and rights contained therein. The date
of entry into force of a convention is the moment it becomes
legally binding for the State that is party to it.
Accession. This is the act whereby a State that has not
signed a convention expresses its consent to become a party
to it by depositing an instrument of accession. Accession
has the same legal effect as ratification, acceptance or
approval. Accession is the means usually employed by
States wishing to consent to be bound under the terms of
a convention after the deadline for signature has passed.
Many environmental conventions are open for accession
from the day following the closure of the period of signature,
for example, as established in article 24, paragraph 1 of
the Kyoto Protocol to the 1997 United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change.
The table contains data on the major multilateral
environmental agreements. Data is presented in order by
the year the agreement was approved, which could be the
same as the year it was open for signing, as the case may be.
With respect to each agreement, the table shows the
year in which the countries of the region signed and the
year in which they became party to it (through ratification,
acceptance, approval or accession).
11
For more general information about the treaties, see the United Nations
official website on treaties [online] http://untreaty.un.org, and for information
specifically related to the law and practice of the treaties, see the United
Nations Manual on Treaties, treaty section of the Office of Legal Affairs,
2001. United Nations publication, sales No. S.02.V.2
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Los acuerdos multilaterales ambientales sobre los que
se presenta informacin son los siguientes:
Convencin de Ramsar relativa a los humedales
de importancia internacional, especialmente como
hbitat de aves acuticas: Est orientada a detener la
progresiva ocupacin y desaparicin de los humedales,
en la actualidad y en el futuro, reconociendo sus
fundamentales funciones ecolgicas y su valor
econmico, cultural, cientfico y recreativo. Esta
convencin fue aprobada en 1971 y entr en vigor
el 21 de diciembre de 1975.
Convenio sobre la proteccin del patrimonio mundial,
cultural y natural: Est orientado a fomentar en todo
el mundo la identificacin, proteccin y preservacin
del patrimonio cultural y natural considerado valioso
para la humanidad. Este Convenio fue impulsado
por la Organizacin de las Naciones Unidas para
la Educacin, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO),
aprobado en 1972 y entr en vigor el 15 de diciembre
de 1975.
Convencin sobre el Comercio Internacional de
Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres
(CITES): Su propsito es proteger ciertas especies
en peligro de sobreexplotacin debido al sistema de
comercio internacional (importacin y exportacin).
Esta convencin fue aprobada en 1973 y entr en
vigor el 1 de julio de 1975.
Convencin sobre la conservacin de las especies
migratorias de animales silvestres: Su fin es proteger las
especies de animales silvestres que migran a travs de
los lmites nacionales. Esta convencin fue aprobada
en 1979 y entr en vigor el 1 de noviembre de 1983.
Convencin de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho
del Mar: Est orientada a establecer un nuevo rgimen
jurdico para los mares y ocanos que facilite las
comunicaciones y fomente el uso con fines pacficos
de los mares y ocanos y la utilizacin equitativa y
eficiente de sus recursos. Esta convencin fue aprobada
en 1982 y entr en vigor el 16 de noviembre de 1994.
Convenio de Viena para la proteccin de la capa de
ozono: Su fin es proteger la salud humana y el medio
ambiente de los efectos negativos de las modificaciones
de la capa de ozono. Este convenio fue aprobado en
1985 y entr en vigor el 22 de septiembre de 1988.
Protocolo de Montreal relativo a las sustancias que
agotan la capa de ozono: Est destinado a proteger la
capa de ozono tomando medidas precautorias para
controlar las emisiones globales de las sustancias que
provocan su disminucin. Este protocolo fue aprobado
en 1987 y entr en vigor el 1 de enero de 1989.
Convenio de Basilea sobre el control de los movimientos
transfronterizos de los desechos peligrosos y su
eliminacin: Su propsito es reducir el movimiento
transfronterizo de los desechos peligrosos y su
eliminacin, en una forma que sea coherente con
un manejo eficiente y ambientalmente adecuado de
estos desechos. Este convenio fue aprobado en 1989
y entr en vigor en 1992.
Information is presented for the following multilateral
environmental conventions:
The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International
Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat, whose
main objective is to halt the progressive occupation
and disappearance of wetlands now and in the
future, recognizing their fundamental ecological
functions and their economic, cultural, scientific and
recreational value. This convention was adopted in
1971 and entered into force on 21 December 1975.
The Convention Concerning the Protection of the
World Cultural and Natural Heritage, which seeks to
promote the identification, protection and preservation
of cultural and natural heritage throughout the
world that is considered of value for humanity. This
Convention was brokered by the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO). It was adopted in 1972 and entered into
force on 15 December 1975.
The Convention on the International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES),
whose purpose is to protect certain species that are in
danger of overexploitation as a result of the system of
international trade (import-export). This convention
was adopted in 1973 and entered into force on 1
July 1975.
The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory
Species of Wild Animals, which aims to protect wild
animal species that migrate across national boundaries.
This convention was adopted in 1979 and entered
into force on 1 November 1983.
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Sea, which seeks to establish a new legal regime for
seas and oceans that facilitates communications and
promotes the use of seas and oceans for peaceful
purposes and the equitable and efficient use of their
resources. This convention was adopted in 1982 and
entered into force on 16 November 1994.
The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone
Layer, which aims to protect human health and the
environment against the negative effects of changes
in the ozone layer. This convention was adopted in
1985 and entered into force on 22 September 1988.
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete
the Ozone Layer, whose objective is to protect the
ozone layer by taking precautionary measures to
control global emissions of substances that cause its
depletion. This protocol was adopted in 1987 and
entered into force on 1 January 1989.
The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary
Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal,
which aims to reduce cross-border movements and
disposal of hazardous wastes, consistently with the
principles of efficient and environmentally sound
waste management. This Convention was adopted
in 1989 and entered into force in 1992.
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Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biolgica: Su fin es
fomentar el uso sostenible de los componentes de
la biodiversidad y una distribucin equitativa de los
beneficios de la utilizacin de los recursos genticos.
Este convenio fue aprobado en 1992 y entr en vigor
el 29 de diciembre de 1993.
Convencin Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el
Cambio Climtico (CMNUCC): Su fin es estabilizar las
concentraciones de los gases de efecto invernadero
en la atmsfera a un nivel que evite interferencias
antrpicas peligrosas en el sistema climtico. Esta
convencin fue aprobada en 1992 y entr en vigor
en 1994.
Convencin de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra
la Desertificacin en los Pases Afectados por Sequa
Grave o Desertificacin, en particular en frica: Tiene
por objeto combatir la desertificacin y mitigar los
efectos de la sequa en los pases afectados. Esta
convencin fue aprobada en 1994 y entr en vigor
el 26 de diciembre de 1996.
Protocolo de Kyoto de la Convencin Marco de las
Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climtico: Establece
compromisos que fijan objetivos cuantificados y
programados en el tiempo de reduccin de emisiones
de gases de efecto invernadero. Este protocolo fue
aprobado en 1997 y entr en vigor el 16 de febrero
de 2005.
Convenio de Rotterdam sobre el procedimiento de
consentimiento fundamentado previo aplicable a
ciertos plaguicidas y productos qumicos peligrosos
objeto de comercio internacional: Su propsito es
fomentar la responsabilidad compartida y los esfuerzos
conjuntos en la esfera del comercio internacional de
ciertos compuestos qumicos peligrosos y plaguicidas,
a fin de proteger la vida humana y el medio ambiente.
Este convenio fue aprobado en 1998 y entr en vigor
el 24 de febrero de 2004.
Protocolo de Cartagena sobre Seguridad de la
Biotecnologa del Convenio sobre la Diversidad
Biolgica: Tiene como propsito contribuir a garantizar
un nivel adecuado de proteccin en la transferencia,
manipulacin y utilizacin segura de los organismos
vivos modificados resultantes de la biotecnologa
moderna (organismos genticamente modificados) que
puedan tener efectos adversos en la conservacin y la
utilizacin sostenible de la diversidad biolgica, teniendo
tambin en cuenta los riesgos para la salud humana
y centrndose concretamente en los movimientos
transfronterizos. Este protocolo fue aprobado en 2000
y entr en vigor el 11 de septiembre de 2003.
Convenio de Estocolmo sobre contaminantes orgnicos
persistentes: Teniendo en cuenta el criterio de precaucin,
consagrado en el principio 15 de la Declaracin de Ro
sobre el Medio Ambiente y el Desarrollo, el objetivo del
Convenio de Estocolmo es proteger la salud humana y
el medio ambiente frente a los contaminantes orgnicos
persistentes. Este convenio fue aprobado en 2001 y
entr en vigor el 17 de mayo de 2004.
The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity,
which is intended to promote the sustainable use of the
components of biodiversity and to foster the equitable
distribution of the benefits generated by the use of
genetic resources. This convention was adopted in
1992 and entered into force on 29 December 1993.
The United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC), whose aim is to
stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the
atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous
anthropogenic interference with the climate system.
This convention was adopted in 1992 and entered
into force in 1994.
The United Nations Convention to Combat
Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing
Serious Drought and or Desertification, particularly
in Africa, which seeks to combat desertification and
mitigate the effects of drought in affected countries.
This convention was adopted in 1994 and entered
into force on 26 December 1996.
The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change, which establishes
commitments setting quantified and time-bound
objectives for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
The protocol was adopted in 1998 and entered into
force on 16 February 2005.
The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed
Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals
and Pesticides in International Trade, whose objective
is to promote shared responsibility and joint efforts in
the sphere of international trade in certain hazardous
chemical compounds and pesticides in order to protect
human life and the environment. This convention
was adopted in 1998 and entered into force on 24
February 2004.
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the
Convention on Biological Diversity, which seeks to
help guarantee an appropriate level of protection in
the transfer, manipulation and safe use of modified
living organisms resulting from modern biotechnology
(genetically modified organisms or GMOs), that
can have adverse effects on the conservation and
sustainable use of biological diversity, bearing in
mind also the risks for human health and focusing
specifically on transboundary movements.This
Protocol was adopted in 2000 and entered into
force on 11 September 2003.
The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic
Pollutants, whose purpose is to protect human health
and the environment against persistent organic
pollutants, bearing in mind the precautionary approach
enshrined in principle 15 of the Rio Declaration. This
Convention was adopted in 2001 and entered into
force on 17 May 2004.
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Fuentes
Sources
1. Estadsticas sociales / Social statistics
1.1 Poblacin / Population
Centro Latinoamericano y Caribeo de Demografa (CELADE)-Divisin de Poblacin de la CEPAL/Latin American and
Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE)-Population Division of ECLAC. Revisin 2012. Base de datos de poblacin/
The 2012 revision. Population database.
Divisin de Poblacin de las Naciones Unidas/United Nations Population Division: Panorama de la poblacin mundial:
revisin 2012. Base de datos de poblacin/World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision. Population Database.
(Cuadros/Tables 1.1.1 al/through 1.1.10 y/and 1.1.16 al/through 1.1.18)
Divisin de Poblacin de las Naciones Unidas/United Nations Population Division: Panorama de urbanizacin mundial.
Revisin 2011. Base de datos/World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision. Population Database. (Cuadro/
Table1.1.11)
Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), Divisin de Estadsticas, Unidad de Estadsticas Sociales,
sobre la base de tabulaciones especiales de encuestas de hogares de los respectivos pases/Economic Commission for
Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Statistics Division, Social Statistics Unit, on the basis of special tabulations
of data from household surveys conducted in the respective countries.
(Cuadros/Tables 1.1.13 al/through 1.1.15 y/and 1.1.21)
1.2 Trabajo / Labour
Centro Latinoamericano y Caribeo de Demografa (CELADE)-Divisin de Poblacin de la CEPAL/Latin American and
Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE)-Population Division of ECLAC. Revisin 2012. Base de datos de poblacin/
The 2012 revision. Population database.
(Cuadros/Tables 1.2.1 y/and 1.2.2)
Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), Divisin de Estadsticas, Unidad de Estadsticas Sociales,
sobre la base de tabulaciones especiales de encuestas de hogares de los respectivos pases/Economic Commission for
Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Statistics Division, Social Statistics Unit, on the basis of special tabulations
of data from household surveys conducted in the respective countries.
(Cuadros/Tables 1.2.3 al/through 1.2.16, 1.2.18 y/and 1.2.19)
Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), Divisin de Desarrollo Econmico/Economic Commission
for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Economic Development Division, sobre la base de datos oficiales
nacionales proporcionados por las oficinas nacionales de estadstica de los pases/on the basis of official national data
provided by the national statistical offices of the countries.
(Cuadro/Table 1.2.17)
1.3 Educacin / Education
Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), Divisin de Estadsticas, Unidad de Estadsticas Sociales,
sobre la base de tabulaciones especiales de encuestas de hogares de los respectivos pases/Economic Commission for
Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Statistics Division, Social Statistics Unit, on the basis of special tabulations
of data from household surveys conducted in the respective countries.
(Cuadros/Tables 1.3.2 y/and 1.3.6)
Instituto de Estadstica de la Organizacin de las Naciones Unidas para la Educacin, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO)/
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Institute for Statistics.
(Cuadros/Tables 1.3.1, 1.3.3 al/through 1.3.5, 1.3.7 al/through 1.3.14)
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1.4 Salud / Health
A. Fuentes generales / General sources
Centro Latinoamericano y Caribeo de Demografa (CELADE)-Divisin de Poblacin de la CEPAL/Latin American and
Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE)-Population Division of ECLAC. Revisin 2012. Base de datos de poblacin/
The 2012 Revision. Population database.
Naciones Unidas, Divisin de Poblacin/United Nations Population Division: Panorama de la poblacin mundial: revisin
2012. Base de datos de poblacin/World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision. Population Database.
(Cuadro/Table 1.4.2)
Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF)/United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF), Monitoreando la
situacin de nios y mujeres. Bases de datos del final de la dcada. Nutricin infantil/Monitoring the Situation of
Children and Women. End-decade database. Child nutrition.
Organizacin de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentacin y la Agricultura (FAO), Base de datos en lnea: Estadsticas
sobre seguridad alimentaria/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Online database: Food
Security Statistics.
Organizacin Mundial de la Salud (OMS), Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (UNICEF), Fondo de Poblacin de
las Naciones Unidas (UNFPA) y Banco Mundial, Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2010/World Health Organization
(WHO), United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and World Bank, Trends
in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2010.
(Cuadros/Tables 1.4.1 y/and 1.4.5).
B. Fuentes por pases / Sources by country
Ex Antillas Neerlandesas/Former Netherlands Antilles: Central Bureau of Statistics, informacin en Internet/information
from Internet, 2006.
Argentina: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica y Censos, informacin directa/direct information, 2011.
Aruba: Central Bureau of Statistics, informacin directa/direct information, 2011.
Bahamas: Government of the Bahamas, Department of Statistics, informacin directa/direct information, 2013.
Barbados: Barbados Statistical Service, informacin directa/direct information, 2013.
Belice/Belize: Statistical Institute of Belize, informacin directa/direct information, 2010.
Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de)/Bolivia (Plurinational State of): Instituto Nacional de Estadstica, informacin directa/
direct information, 2011.
Brasil/Brazil: Instituto Brasileo de Geografa y Estadstica, informacin directa/direct information, 2012.
Chile: Instituto Nacional de Estadsticas, informacin directa/direct information, 2013.
Colombia: Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadstica, informacin en Internet/information from Internet, 2013.
Costa Rica: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica y Censos, informacin directa/direct information, 2012.
Cuba: Oficina Nacional de Estadstica, informacin directa/direct information, 2013.
Dominica: Central Statistical Office, informacin directa/direct information, 2009.
Ecuador: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica y Censos, informacin directa/direct information, 2011.
El Salvador: Direccin General de Estadstica y Censos, informacin directa/direct information, 2011.
Granada/Grenada: Government of Grenada, Central Statistical Office and Ministry of Health, informacin directa/direct
information, 2011.
Guatemala: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica, informacin directa/direct information, 2013.
Guyana: Government of Guyana. Bureau of Statistics, informacin directa/direct information, 2010.
Honduras: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica, informacin directa/direct information, 2008.
Islas Caimn/Cayman Islands: Economic and Statistics Office, informacin directa/direct information, 2013.
Islas Turcas y Caicos/Turks and Caicos Islands: Statistical Office, Department of Economic Planning and Statistics, informacin
directa/direct information, 2007.
Jamaica: Statistical Institute of Jamaica, Department of Statistics, informacin directa/direct information, 2005.
Mxico/Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica, Geografa e Informtica; Direccin General de Informacin en Salud,
Secretara de Salud, informacin directa/direct information, 2013.
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Montserrat: Statistical Office, informacin directa/direct information, 2013.
Nicaragua: Instituto Nacional de Informacin de Desarrollo, informacin directa/direct information, 2009.
Panam/Panama: Contralora General de la Repblica, Seccin de Estadsticas Sociales, informacin directa/direct
information, 2013.
Paraguay: Direccin General de Estadsticas y Censos, informacin directa/direct information, 2013.
Per/Peru: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica e Informtica, informacin directa/direct information, 2012.
Puerto Rico: Instituto de Estadsticas de Puerto Rico, informacin directa/direct information, 2013.
Repblica Dominicana/Dominican Republic: Oficina Nacional de Estadstica, informacin directa/direct information, 2011.
Saint Kitts y Nevis/Saint Kitts and Nevis: Statistical Office, informacin directa/direct information, 2011.
Santa Luca/Saint Lucia: Statistical Department, informacin en Internet/information from Internet, 2006.
San Vicente y las Granadinas/Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Statistical Office, informacin directa/direct information, 2012.
Suriname: Foundation General Bureau of Statistics, informacin directa/direct information, 2012.
Trinidad y Tabago/Trinidad and Tobago: Government of Trinidad and Tobago, Central Statistical Office, informacin
directa/direct information, 2009.
Uruguay: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica, informacin directa/direct information, 2011.
Venezuela (Repblica Bolivariana de)/Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of): Instituto Nacional de Estadstica, informacin
directa/direct information, 2012.
(Cuadros/Tables 1.4.3 al/through 1.4.4 y/and 1.4.6 al/through 1.4.7)
1.5 Vivienda y servicios bsicos / Housing and basic services
Centro Latinoamericano y Caribeo de Demografa (CELADE)-Divisin de Poblacin de la CEPAL/Latin American and
Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE)-Population Division of ECLAC: censos nacionales disponibles para los aos
alrededor de 1980, 1990 y 2000/national censuses, around 1980, 1990 and 2000.
(Cuadro/Table 1.5.2)
Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), Divisin de Estadsticas, Unidad de Estadsticas Sociales,
sobre la base de tabulaciones especiales de encuestas de hogares de los respectivos pases/Economic Commission for
Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Statistics Division, Social Statistics Unit, on the basis of special tabulations
of data from household surveys conducted in the respective countries.
(Cuadro/Table 1.5.1)
Organizacin Mundial de la Salud (OMS)/World Health Organization (WHO)-Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la
Infancia (UNICEF)/United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF). Programa Conjunto de Monitoreo del Abastecimiento
de Agua y del Saneamiento/Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation.
(Cuadro/Table 1.5.3)
1.6 Pobreza y distribucin del ingreso / Poverty and income
distribution
Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), Divisin de Estadsticas, Unidad de Estadsticas Sociales,
sobre la base de tabulaciones especiales de encuestas de hogares de los respectivos pases/Economic Commission for
Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Statistics Division, Social Statistics Unit, on the basis of special tabulations
of data from household surveys conducted in the respective countries.
(Cuadros/ Tables 1.6.1 al/through 1.6.4)
1.7 Gnero / Gender
Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), Divisin de Estadsticas, Unidad de Estadsticas Sociales,
sobre la base de tabulaciones especiales de encuestas de hogares de los respectivos pases/Economic Commission for
Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Statistics Division, Social Statistics Unit, on the basis of special tabulations
of data from household surveys conducted in the respective countries.
(Cuadros/Tables 1.7.1 y/and 1.7.4)
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Naciones Unidas, Divisin de Estadsticas/United Nations Statistics Division: Base de datos de indicadores sobre el
Milenio/Millennium Indicators Database.
(Cuadro/Table 1.7.2)
Unin Interparlamentaria (UIP)/Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), informacin proporcionada por los parlamentos nacionales/
information supplied by national parliaments.
(Cuadro/Table 1.7.3)
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2. Estadsticas econmicas / Economic statistics
2.1 Cuentas nacionales / National accounts
A. Fuentes generales / General sources
Por lo general, los institutos nacionales de estadstica y los
bancos centrales de Amrica Latina y el Caribe que tienen
entre sus responsabilidades la elaboracin de las cuentas
nacionales difunden sus resultados anuales y trimestrales
a travs de sus sitios web, a los que la CEPAL tuvo acceso
para obtener las series de cuentas nacionales expresadas
en moneda nacional.
National statistical institutes and central banks in Latin
America and the Caribbean which are responsible for
preparing national accounts generally publish their annual
and quarterly results on their websites, which ECLAC accessed
in order to obtain the national accounts series expressed in
national currencies.
B. Fuentes por pases / Sources by country
Antigua y Barbuda/Antigua and Barbuda: Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, National Accounts Statistics.
Argentina: Ministerio de Economa y Obras y Servicios Pblicos, Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de Argentina.
Bahamas: The Central Bank of The Bahamas.
Barbados: Barbados Statistical Service.
Belice/Belize: Central Statistical Office.
Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de)/Bolivia (Plurinational State of): Instituto Nacional de Estadstica, Sistema de Cuentas
Nacionales.
Brasil/Brazil: Instituto Brasileo de Geografa y Estadstica (IBGE), Sistema de Contas Nacionais.
Chile: Banco Central de Chile, Anuario de cuentas nacionales.
Colombia: Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadstica (DANE).
Costa Rica: Banco Central de Costa Rica, Cuentas Nacionales.
Cuba: Oficina Nacional de Estadsticas (ONE), Anuario estadstico.
Dominica: Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, National Accounts Statistics.
Ecuador: Banco Central del Ecuador, Cuentas Nacionales.
El Salvador: Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador.
Granada/Grenada: Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, National Accounts Statistics.
Guatemala: Banco de Guatemala, Boletn estadstico, trimestral/quarterly.
Guyana: Bank of Guyana.
Hait/Haiti: Institut hatien de statistique et dinformatique.
Honduras: Banco Central de Honduras.
Jamaica: The Statistical Institute of Jamaica.
Mxico/Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica, Geografa e Informtica (INEGI), Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de Mxico.
Nicaragua: Banco Central de Nicaragua.
Panam/Panama: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica y Censo.
Paraguay: Banco Central del Paraguay, Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales del Paraguay.
Per/Peru: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica e Informtica.
Repblica Dominicana/Dominican Republic: Banco Central de la Repblica Dominicana.
Saint Kitts y Nevis/Saint Kitts and Nevis: Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, National Accounts Statistics.
San Vicente y las Granadinas/Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, National Accounts Statistics.
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Santa Luca/Saint Lucia: Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, National Accounts Statistics.
Suriname: Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek.
Trinidad y Tabago/Trinidad and Tobago: Central Statistical Office.
Uruguay: Banco Central del Uruguay.
Venezuela (Repblica Bolivariana de)/Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of): Banco Central de Venezuela.
2.2 Sector externo / External sector
A. Fuentes generales / General sources
Asociacin Latinoamericana de Integracin (ALADI)/Latin American Integration Association, Estadsticas de comercio
exterior/Foreign trade statistics.
Banco Mundial/World Bank, World Debt Tables, External Debt of Developing Countries.
Clasificaciones estadsticas internacionales incorporadas en el Banco de Datos del Comercio Exterior de Amrica Latina
y el Caribe (BADECEL) de la CEPAL; revisin 3, serie Cuadernos estadsticos, N 36 (LC/G.2390-P), 2008/International
statistical classifications included in the ECLAC Foreign Trade Data Bank for Latin America and the Caribbean (BADECEL),
rev. 3. Cuadernos estadsticos series, No. 36 (LC/G.2390-P), 2008.
Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), Divisin de Estadsticas, Banco de Datos del Comercio
Exterior de Amrica Latina y el Caribe (BADECEL). Contiene informacin sobre el comercio exterior de los pases a
partir de 1970, suministrada en soporte electrnico por la Asociacin Latinoamericana de Integracin (ALADI) y la
Secretara Permanente del Tratado General de Integracin Econmica Centroamericana (SIECA) y, en algunos casos,
por los propios pases. Esta base de datos se complet con informacin sobre los siguientes pases y territorios: Antigua
y Barbuda, ex Antillas Neerlandesas, Bahamas, Barbados, Belice, Dominica, Granada, Guadalupe, Guyana, Hait, Islas
Caimn, Islas Vrgenes de los Estados Unidos, Jamaica, Martinica, Montserrat, Panam, Repblica Dominicana, San
Vicente y las Granadinas, Santa Luca y Trinidad y Tabago. La informacin fue suministrada por los propios pases y
por la Divisin de Estadstica de las Naciones Unidas/Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
(ECLAC), Statistics Division, External Trade Data Bank for Latin America and the Caribbean (BADECEL). Contains foreign
trade information on each of the countries concerned from 1970 on, provided in digital form by the Latin American
Integration Association (LAIA) and by the Permanent Secretariat of the General Treaty on Central American Economic
Integration (SIECA) and, in some cases, by the countries themselves. The database has also been supplemented with
information on the following countries and territories: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cayman
Islands, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, the
former Netherlands Antilles, Panama, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United States
Virgin Islands. Information was supplied by the countries in question and by the United Nations Statistics Division.
Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo (UNCTAD)/United Nations Conference on Trade
and Development (UNCTAD), Manual de estadsticas del comercio internacional/Handbook of International Trade
and development Statistics, Boletn mensual de precios de productos bsicos/Monthly Commodity Price Bulletin, El
transporte martimo/Review of Maritime Transport.
Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI)/International Monetary Fund (IMF), Manual de balanza de pagos, quinta edicin,1993/
Balance of Payments Manual, fifth edition, 1993; Balance of Payments Textbook, 1996.
Naciones Unidas, Base datos estadsticos sobre el comercio de mercaderas (COMTRADE). Utilizado como fuente de
informacin sobre el ao 2012 para la generacin de los cuadros de comercio exterior de bienes de los pases de
Amrica Latina y El Caribe/United Nations, United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (COMTRADE).
Contains the foreign trade information for 2012, which was used to generate the tables on external trade in goods for
the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean.
Naciones Unidas/United Nations, International Trade Statistics Yearbook, Commodity Trade Statistics Database (COMTRADE)/
Boletn de estadsticas mensuales/Monthly Bulletin of Statistics.
Organizacin de Aviacin Civil Internacional (OACI), Estadsticas Mundiales de Aviacin Civil, varios nmeros/International
Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Civil Aviation Statistics of the World, several issues.
Organizacin de Cooperacin y Desarrollo Econmicos (OCDE)/Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development(OECD), Monthly Statistics of Foreign Trade, OECD Economic Outlook.
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Organizacin de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentacin y la Agricultura (FAO), Anuario FAO de comercio y Boletn
trimestral FAO de estadsticas/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), FAO Trade Yearbook
and FAO Quarterly Bulletin of Statistics.
Organizacin de Pases Exportadores de Petrleo (OPEP)/Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OPEC), OPEC
Bulletin. Petroleum Intelligence Group, Petroleum Market Intelligence, Nueva York/New York.
Secretara Permanente del Tratado General de Integracin Econmica Centroamericana (SIECA)/Permanent Secretariat
of the General Treaty on Central American Economic Integration, Anuario estadstico centroamericano de comercio
exterior. The Mining Journal Ltd., Mining Journal, Reino Unido/United Kingdom.
United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Economic Accounts, Price Indexes for
Exports and Imports of Goods and Services by Type of Product, Energy Information Administration, International
Petroleum Information Page.
United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, US import and export price news release, Economic News
Release. Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI)/International Monetary Fund (IMF), Estadsticas de balanza de pagos/
Balance of Payments Statistics, Estadsticas financieras internacionales/International Financial Statistics, Direction of
Trade Statistics CD-ROM.
B. Fuentes por pases / Sources by country
Argentina: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica y Censos (INDEC), Ministerio de Economa (MECON), informacin oficial
publicada en el sitio web/official information published on the website.
Barbados: Statistical Service, Monthly and Quarterly Digest of Statistics and Abstract of Statistics.
Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de)/Bolivia (Plurinational State of): Banco Central de Bolivia, Boletn Estadstico, informacin
oficial publicada en el sitio web/official information published on the website; Instituto Nacional de Estadstica, Anuario
de comercio exterior de la Repblica.
Brasil/Brazil: Banco Central do Brasil, informacin oficial publicada en el sitio web/official information published on the
website; Instituto Nacional de Estadstica, Anuario de comercio exterior. FUNCEX Fundacao centro de estudos do
comercio exterior. FUNCEX data.
Chile: Banco Central de Chile, informacin oficial publicada en el sitio web/official information published on the website.
Colombia: Banco de la Repblica de Colombia, informacin oficial publicada en el sitio web/official information
published on the website; Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadstica (DANE).
Costa Rica: Banco Central, informacin oficial publicada en el sitio web/official information published on the website;
Direccin General de Estadstica y Censos.
Cuba: Oficina Nacional de Estadsticas de la Repblica de Cuba.
Ecuador: Banco Central del Ecuador, informacin oficial publicada en el sitio web/official information published on the
website.
El Salvador: Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador, informacin oficial publicada en el sitio web/official information
published on the website; Direccin General de Estadstica y Censos.
Guatemala: Banco de Guatemala, informacin oficial publicada en el sitio web/official information published on the
website. Guyana: Statistical Bureau, Annual Account Relating to External Trade.
Hait/Haiti: Administration gnrale des douanes, Annuaire du commerce extrieur dHati/Banque de la Rpublique dHati.
Honduras: Banco Central de Honduras, informacin oficial publicada en el sitio web/official information published on
the website; Direccin General de Estadstica y Censos, Comercio exterior de Honduras.
Jamaica: Bank of Jamaica, informacin oficial publicada en el sitio web/official information published on the website.
Mxico/Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica, Geografa e Informtica; Secretara de Programacin y Presupuesto;
Banco de Mxico, informacin oficial publicada en el sitio web/official information published on the website.
Nicaragua: Banco Central de Nicaragua, informacin oficial publicada en el sitio web/official information published on
the website.
Panam/Panama: Contralora General de la Repblica, Instituto Nacional de Estadstica y Censos, informacin oficial
publicada en el sitio web/official information published on the website.
Paraguay: Banco Central del Paraguay, informacin oficial publicada en el sitio web/official information published on
the website.
Per/Peru: Banco Central de Reserva del Per, informacin oficial publicada en el sitio web/official information published
on the website.
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Repblica Dominicana/Dominican Republic: Banco Central de la Repblica Dominicana, informacin oficial publicada
en el sitio web/official information published on the website.
Trinidad y Tabago/Trinidad and Tobago: Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago, Central Statistics Office, informacin oficial
publicada en el sitio web/official information published on the website.
Uruguay: Banco Central del Uruguay, informacin oficial publicada en el sitio web/official information published on the website.
Venezuela (Repblica Bolivariana de)/Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of): Banco Central de Venezuela, informacin oficial
publicada en el sitio web/official information published on the website.
C. Fuentes estadsticas sobre precios de los productos bsicos /
Statistical sources on commodity prices
Bananas Centroamrica y Ecuador, Precio de importacin FOB puertos de los Estados Unidos/
Central America and Ecuador, US importers price f.o.b. US ports (c/lb), UNCTAD
Azcar/Sugar Promedio de los precios diarios del Convenio Internacional del Azcar, FOB puertos del
Caribe/average International Sugar Agreement (ISA) daily prices, f.o.b. Caribbean ports
(cents/lb), UNCTAD
Camarn/Shrimp US gulf Fondo Monetario Internacional, dlares/lb/International Monetary Fund dollars/lb
Carne/Beef Australia y Nueva Zelandia, precio de importacin de carne congelada deshuesada en
los Estados Unidos, FOB puerto de entrada/Australia and New Zealand, frozen boneless
United States import price, f.o.b. entry port cents/lb, UNCTAD
Naranjas/Oranges (Exportadores mediterrneos) Navel, precio de importacin indicativo CEE, CIF Pars,
dlares/tonelada mtrica, Banco Mundial/(Mediterranean exporters) navel, EEC indicative
import price, c.i.f. Paris,US$/mt World Bank
Trigo/Wheat Estados Unidos, hard red winter N 2 (ordinario), FOB Golfo de Mxico dlares/tonelada/
United States, No. 2, hard red winter (ord.) f.o.b. gulf US dollars/ton, UNCTAD
Maz/Maize Estados Unidos, dlar/tonelada mtrica/United States, US dollars/metric ton, IMF
Arroz/Rice Tailands, blanco, 5% quebrantados, FOB Bangkok dlares/tonelada/ Thailand, white
milled/5% broken, nominal price quotes, f.o.b. Bangkok dollars/ton, UNCTAD
Pescado/Fish Salmn noruego fresco, de criadero, precio de exportacin (NorStat) dlares/kilo, Fondo
Monetario Internacional/Fresh Norwegian Salmon, farm bred, export price (NorStat)
US$/kg, IMF
Caf 1/Coffee 1 Arbicas colombianos suaves, franco muelle Nueva York/Colombian mild arabicas, ex-
dock New York, cents/lb. UNCTAD
Caf 2/Coffee 2 Arbicas brasileos y otros arbicas naturales, franco muelle Nueva York/Brazilian and
other natural arabicas, ex-dock New York, cents/lb, UNCTAD
T/Tea Reino Unido, Fondo Monetario Internacional/United Kingdom (cents/kg), IMF
Cacao/Cocoa Promedio de las cotizaciones diarias del cacao en grano, Nueva York/Londres/Average
of daily prices, cocoa beans, New York/London, cents/lb, UNCTAD
Aceite de soja/Soybean oil Pases Bajos, FOB franco fbrica (dlares/tonelada)/The Netherlands, f.o.b. ex-mill (US
dollars/ton), UNCTAD
Aceite de cacahuate/ Todos los orgenes, CIF Rotterdam dlares/tonelada
Groundnut oil Any origin, c.i.f. Rotterdam US dollars/tonne, UNCTAD
Aceite de palma/Palm oil Principalmente de Indonesia, 5% ffa (cido graso libre), CIF puertos europeos del noroeste
dlares/tonelada/Mainly Indonesia, 5% ffa, c.i.f. N.W. European ports US dollars/tonne.
UNCTAD
Aceite de coco/Coconut oil Filipinas, CIF Rotterdam dlares/tonelada/Philippines, c.i.f. Rotterdam United States dollars/
tonne, UNCTAD
Aceite de girasol/Sunflower oil Unin Europea, FOB, puertos europeos del noroeste/European Union, f.o.b., N.W.
European ports, US dollars/tonne. UNCTAD
Aceite de grano de palma/ Malasia, CIF Rotterdam dlares/tonelada
Palm kernel oil Malaysia c.i.f. Rotterdam US dollars/tonne, UNCTAD
Soja/Soybeans Estados Unidos, N 2 amarilla, CIF Rotterdam dlares/tonelada/United States, No. 2
yellow, c.i.f. Rotterdam US dollars/ton, UNCTAD
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Harina de soja/Soybean meal 44/45% protena, Hamburgo, FOB franco fbrica dlares/tonelada/Hamburg, 44/45%
protein, f.o.b. ex-mill US dollars/ton, UNCTAD
Chapeado/Plywood Asia sudoriental, lauan, 3 capas, 182 cm x 91 cm x 4 mm, precio al por mayor en Tokio/
South-East Asia, Lauan, 3- ply, 182 cm x 91 cm x 4 mm, wholesale price spot Tokyo. US
cents/sheet, UNCTAD
Pulpa de madera/Wood pulp Suecia puertos Mar del Norte (US dlares/tonelada mtrica)/Sweden, North Sea ports
(dollars/metric ton), IMF
Tabaco/Tobacco Sin elaborar, Estados Unidos, de importacin general/Unmanufactured, United States
import unit value cents/lb, UNCTAD
Caucho/Rubber Rubber, TSR 20, Technically Specified Rubber, New York US $/ TONNE UNCTAD
Lana/Wool Australia: Coarse 23 micron (AWEX, Australian Wool Exchange) Sidney, Australia cts/kg, IMF
Algodn/Cotton ndice A (m 1-3/32), U.S. Memphis/Orleans/Texas, cotizaciones de C/F Far East (lejano
oriente)/United States Memphis/Orleans/Texas, Midd.1-3/32, CFR Far Eastern quotations
(cents/lb), UNCTAD
Pieles/Cattle hides Precio mayorista de Chicago, Estados Unidos, pieles pesadas de novillos FOB-punto de
embarque/United States, Chicago, packers heavy native steers, f.o.b. shipping point US
cents/lb, UNCTAD
Harina de pescado/Fish meal 64/65% protena, Bremen, precio franco transportista, dlares/tonelada 64/65% protein,
Bremen, free carrier price, dollars/ton, UNCTAD
Yute/Jute Bangladesh, FOB mongla bwd dlares/tonelada/Bangladesh, f.o.b. mongla bwd.
USdollars/ton, UNCTAD
Cobre/Copper Grado A, electrolticos, barras de alambre/ctodos, bolsa de metales de Londres, al
contado/London metal exchange, grade A, electrolytic wire bars/cathodes cash /lb,
UNCTAD
Mineral de hierro/Iron ore Iron ore, cfr spot (US dollar/dry mt), World Bank
Producto de acero/Steel product ndice de precios del acero Japn, Banco Mundial/Steel index Japan (2005=100), World Bank
Aluminio/Aluminium Primera calidad, Bolsa de Metales de Londres, al contado/London Metal Exchange, high
grade, cash cents/lb, UNCTAD
Plata/Silver Nueva York, refinada, 99,9%, Handy & Harman cents/onza troy, Fondo Monetario
Internacional/Handy & Harman, 99.9% grade refined, New York cents/troy ounce, IMF
Zinc Calidad superior especial, Bolsa de Metales de Londres, precio en efectivo/London Metal
Exchange, special high grade, cash settlement cents/lb, UNCTAD
Estao/Tin Bolsa de Metales de Londres, al contado/London Metal Exchange, cash, c/lb UNCTAD
Nquel/Nickel Canad, dlares/tonelada mtrica/Canada, US dollars/metric ton, IMF
Plomo/Lead Bolsa de Metales de Londres, al contado/London Metal Exchange, cash cents/lb, UNCTAD
Oro/Gold Fino, 99,5%, cotizaciones de la tarde en Londres dlares/onza troy, Fondo Monetario
Internacional/London, 99.5% fine, afternoon fixing US dollars/troy ounce, IMF
Petrleo crudo/Crude oil Petrleo crudo, promedio simple de Dubai/Brent/Texas (dlares/barril) Crude petroleum,
average of Dubai/Brent/Texas equally weighted (US dollars/barrel) UNCTAD
Gasolina sin plomo/Unleaded Gasolina para motores, regular sin plomo nominal (dlares/galn)/Motor gasoline Unleaded
regular nominal (dollars per gallon) U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
Carbn/Coal Australia, dlares/tonelada mtrica, Banco Mundial/US dollars/metric ton, World Bank
Gas natural/Natural gas Estados Unidos, precio contado en Henry Hub dlares/mmbtu, Banco Mundial/United
States spot price at Henry Hub, Louisiana $/mmbtu, World Bank
2.3 Precios / Prices
A. Fuentes generales / General sources
Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI), Estadsticas financieras internacionales/International Monetary Fund (IMF),
International Financial Statistics.
Organizacin Internacional del Trabajo (OIT), Anuarios/International Labour Organization (ILO), Yearbooks.
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B. Fuentes por pases / Sources by country
Antigua y Barbuda/Antigua and Barbuda: Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, informacin directa/direct information.
Argentina: Ministerio de Economa, Hacienda y Finanzas, Boletn semanal de economa/weekly economic bulletin; Instituto
Nacional de Estadstica y Censos, Indec informa (boletn mensual/monthly bulletin).
Barbados: Barbados Statistical Service, Monthly Digest of Statistics.
Bahamas: Central Bank of The Bahamas, ndice de precios al consumidor/Consumer price index.
Belice/Belize: Central Statistical Office, informacin directa/direct information.
Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de)/Bolivia (Plurinational State of): Instituto Nacional de Estadstica, Departamento de
Estadsticas Econmicas, Divisin de Precios, informacin directa/direct information.
Brasil/Brazil: Instituto Brasileo de Geografa y Estadstica, informacin directa/direct information: Instituto Brasileo de
Economa, Fundao Getlio Vargas, Revista conjuntura econmica.
Chile: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica, informacin directa mensual/Consumer price index and direct monthly information.
Colombia: Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadstica, ndice de precios al consumidor (boletn mensual/monthly
bulletin); Banco de la Repblica, Revista del Banco de la Repblica, boletn mensual/monthly bulletin.
Costa Rica: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica y Censos, informacin directa/direct information.
Cuba: Oficina Nacional de Estadstica e Informacin, informacin directa/direct information.
Dominica: Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, informacin directa/direct information.
Ecuador: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica y Censos, ndice de precios al consumidor/consumer price index.
El Salvador: Direccin General de Estadstica y Censos, informacin directa/direct information.
Granada/Grenada: Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, informacin directa/direct information.
Guatemala: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica, informacin directa/direct information.
Guyana: Central Statistical Office, informacin directa/direct information.
Hait/Haiti: Institut Hatien de -statistique et dInformatique (IHSI), Dpartement des tudes conomiques, Bulletin Mensuel
de lIPC informacin directa/and direct information.
Honduras: Banco Central de Honduras, Departamento de Estudios Econmicos, ndices de precios al consumidor e
informacin directa/consumer price indices and direct information.
Jamaica: Statistical Institute of Jamaica. Department of Statistics, Consumer Price Indices (monthly bulletin).
Mxico/Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica, Geografa e Informtica; Secretara de Programacin y Presupuesto;
Banco de Mxico, informacin oficial publicada en el sitio web/official information published on the website.
Nicaragua: Banco Central de Nicaragua, ndices de precios al consumidor e informacin directa/consumer price indices
and direct information.
Panam/Panama: Contralora General de la Repblica, Instituto Nacional de Estadstica y Censo, informacin directa
mensual/direct monthly information.
Paraguay: Banco Central del Paraguay, Departamento de Estudios Econmicos, Divisin de precios y mercado interno e
informacin directa/and direct information.
Per/Peru: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica e Informtica, ndices de precios al consumidor (boletn mensual) e informacin
directa/Consumer price indices (monthly bulletin) and direct information.
Repblica Dominicana/Dominican Republic: Banco Central de la Repblica Dominicana, Boletn mensual e informacin
directa/Monthly bulletin and direct information.
Saint Kitts y Nevis/Saint Kitts and Nevis: Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, informacin directa/direct information.
Santa Luca/Saint Lucia: Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, informacin directa/direct information.
San Vicente y las Granadinas/Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Eastern Caribbean Central Bank, informacin directa/
direct information.
Suriname: Central Statistical Office, informacin directa/direct information.
Trinidad y Tabago/Trinidad and Tobago: Central Statistical Office, Quarterly Economic Report; Central Bank of Trinidad
and Tobago, Monthly Statistical Digest.
Uruguay: Instituto Nacional de Estadsticas, informacin directa/direct information.
Venezuela (Repblica Bolivariana de)/Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of): Banco Central de Venezuela, informacin
directa/direct information.
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2.4 Estadsticas sectoriales / Sectoral statistics
A. Agricultura / Agriculture
Organizacin de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentacin y la Agricultura (FAO), Base de datos estadsticos en lnea
FAOSTAT/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), FAO online Statistical Database FAOSTAT.
B. Minera y manufactura / Mining and manufacture
Divisin de Estadstica de las Naciones Unidas, Base de datos estadsticos en lnea/United Nations Statistics Division
(UNSD), online Statistical Database.
Instituto Latinoamericano del Fierro y el Acero (ILAFA)/Latin American Iron and Steel Institute.
Instituto Internacional del Hierro y del Acero/International Iron and Steel Institute (IISI).
Oficina Mundial de Estadsticas del Metal, Anuario Estadstico Mundial de Metales/World Bureau of Metal Statistics,
World Metal Statistics Yearbook.
Organizacin de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentacin y la Agricultura (FAO), Base de datos estadsticos en lnea
FAOSTAT/ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), FAO online Statistical Database FAOSTAT.
Organizacin Internacional de Fabricantes de Vehculos de Motor/The International Organization of Motor Vehicle
Manufacturers (OICA).
Organizacin Latinoamericana de Energa (OLADE), Sistema de Informacin Econmica-Energtica (SIEE)/Latin
American Energy Organization (OLADE), Energy-Economic Information System.
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3. Estadsticas ambientales / Environmental statistics
El captulo de estadsticas ambientales contiene series
estadsticas e indicadores obtenidos de dos tipos de fuentes
distintos: organismos internacionales y organismos oficiales de
los pases. Las series estadsticas cuya fuente corresponde a
organismos internacionales se publican adems en la Base de
Datos CEPALSTAT de la Comisin Econmica para Amrica
Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) [en lnea] http://estadisticas.cepal.
org/cepalstat/WEB_CEPALSTAT/Portada.asp.
Las primeras abarcan las bases de datos de los organismos
internacionales y sus publicaciones. La seleccin de este
tipo de fuente responde a la gran cantidad de informacin
que ofrecen algunos organismos, como resultado de sus
procesos de compilacin, validacin y produccin de
estadsticas especializadas.
La informacin de fuente nacional es proporcionada
directamente por las instituciones oficiales responsables de
las estadsticas ambientales en los pases de la regin. Estas
series estadsticas no han sido actualizadas en esta versin
del Anuario.
A continuacin se enumeran los organismos oficiales
responsables de las series estadsticas de fuente nacional:
The chapter on environmental statistics contains statistical
series and indicators obtained from two types of sources:
international organizations and official bodies in the countries.
The statistical series from international agencies sources
are published in the CEPALSTAT database of the Economic
Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
(ECLAC) [online] http://estadisticas.cepal.org/cepalstat/
WEB_CEPALSTAT/Portada.asp?idioma=i.
The first type of source includes the databases of international
organizations and their publications. This source was chosen
because of the large volume of information provided by a
number of organizations that compile, validate and produce
specialized statistics.
Information from national sources is provided directly by the
official institutions responsible for environmental statistics
in the countries of the region. These series have not been
updated in this version of the Yearbook.
There follows a list of the official agencies responsible for
nationally-sourced statistical series:
Argentina: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica y Censos (INDEC)/Secretara de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable.
Belice/Belize: Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment (MNREI).
Bolivia (Estado Plurinacional de)/Bolivia (Plurinational State of): Instituto Nacional de Estadstica (INE).
Brasil/Brazil: Instituto Brasileo de Geografa y Estadstica (IBGE).
Chile: Instituto Nacional de Estadsticas (INE).
Colombia: Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadstica (DANE).
Costa Rica: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica y Censos (INEC)/Ministerio de Ambiente y Energa (MINAE).
Cuba: Oficina Nacional de Estadsticas (ONE).
Ecuador: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica y Censos (INEC).
El Salvador: Ministerio de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (MARN).
Guatemala: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica (INE).
Honduras: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica (INE).
Mxico/Mexico: Secretara de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT).
Nicaragua: Ministerio del Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales (MARENA).
Panam/Panama: Contralora General de la Repblica, Direccin de Estadstica y Censos.
Paraguay: Direccin General de Estadstica, Encuestas y Censos (DGEEC).
Per/Peru: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica e Informtica (INEI).
Repblica Dominicana/Dominican Republic: Secretara de Estado de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales.
Uruguay: Instituto Nacional de Estadstica (INE).
Venezuela (Repblica Bolivariana de)/Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of): Instituto Nacional de Estadstica (INE).
A continuacin se presentan las fuentes utilizadas en cada
seccin del captulo de estadsticas ambientales.
The following sections present the sources used in the
environment statistics chapter.
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3.1 Biota / Biota
Unin Internacional para la Conservacin de la Naturaleza (UICN) y Centro Mundial de Vigilancia de la Conservacin del
Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA), Base de Datos Mundial sobre reas Protegidas,
Cambridge, Reino Unido/International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and United Nations Environment
Programme- World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA),
Cambridge, United Kingdom.
3.2 Agua / Water
Naciones Unidas, Base de datos de los indicadores de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio/United Nations, official
Millennium Development Goals Indicators database.
Organizacin de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentacin y la Agricultura (FAO), Sistema estadstico sobre el agua en
la agricultura (AQUASTAT)/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Information System on
Water and Agriculture AQUASTAT.
3.3 Mares y borde costero / Seas and coastal areas
Organizacin de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentacin y la Agricultura (FAO), Departamento de Pesca y Acuicultura,
base de datos de produccin pesquera y acucola mundial/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(FAO), Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, dataset of global capture and aquaculture production.
Organismos oficiales de los pases de la regin, informacin suministrada directamente a la Divisin de Estadsticas de la
CEPAL/Data from official bodies of the countries of the region, provided directly to the Statistics Division of ECLAC.
Unin Internacional para la Conservacin de la Naturaleza y Centro Mundial de Vigilancia de la Conservacin del
Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA), Base de Datos Mundial sobre reas Protegidas,
Cambridge, Reino Unido/International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and United Nations Environment
Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA),
Cambridge, United Kingdom.
3.4 Tierras y suelos / Lands and soils
Organizacin de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentacin y la Agricultura (FAO), Base de datos estadsticos sustantivos
de la Organizacin (FAOSTAT)/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Corporate Database
for Substantive Statistical Data (FAOSTAT).
Organizacin de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentacin y la Agricultura (FAO), Programa de Evaluacin de los
Recursos Forestales Mundiales (FRA) 2010/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Global
Forest Resources Assessment 2010.
3.5 Energa / Energy
Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), Divisin de Recursos Naturales e Infraestructura, Unidad de
Recursos Naturales y Energa/Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Natural Resources
and Infrastructure Division, Natural Resources and Energy Unit.
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Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), Base de Datos CEPALSTAT/Economic Commission for
Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), CEPALSTAT database.
Organizacin Latinoamericana de Energa (OLADE), Sistema de Informacin Econmica-Energtica (SIEE)/Latin American
Energy Organization (OLADE), Energy-Economic Information System.
3.6 Aire y atmsfera / Air and atmosphere
Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), Base de Datos CEPALSTAT/Economic Commission for Latin
America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), CEPALSTAT database.
Naciones Unidas, Base de datos de los indicadores de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio/United Nations, official
Millennium Development Goals Indicators database.
Organismos oficiales de los pases de la regin, informacin suministrada directamente a la Divisin de Estadsticas de la
CEPAL/Data from official bodies of the countries of the region, provided directly to the Statistics Division of ECLAC.
Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA), Secretara del Ozono, Centro de Acceso de Datos/
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Ozone Secretariat, Data Access Centre.
3.7 Desastres naturales / Natural disasters
Universidad Catlica de Lovaina, Centro para la Investigacin de la Epidemiologa de los Desastres (CRED), base de
datos internacional de desastres (EM-DAT)/Catholic University of Louvain, Centre for Research on the Epidemiology
of Disasters (CRED), International Disaster Database (EM-DAT).
3.8 Transporte / Transport
Asociacin Latinoamericana de Ferrocarriles (ALAF)/Latin American Railways Association.
Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), Base de Datos CEPALSTAT/Economic Commission for Latin
America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), CEPALSTAT database.
Federacin Internacional de Caminos, Estadsticas mundiales sobre caminos/International Road Federation (IRF), World
Road Statistics (WRS).
Organismos oficiales de los pases de la regin, informacin suministrada directamente a la Divisin de Estadsticas de la
CEPAL/Data from official bodies of the countries of the region, provided directly to the Statistics Division of ECLAC.
Organizacin de Aviacin Civil Internacional (OACI)/International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
3.9 Gestin ambiental / Environmental management
Coleccin de Tratados de las Naciones Unidas/United Nations Treaty Collection.
Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), Base de Datos CEPALSTAT/Economic Commission for Latin
America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), CEPALSTAT database.
Convencin de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar/United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Convencin
de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificacin en los pases afectados por sequa grave o desertificacin,
en particular en frica/ United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious
Drought and/or Desertification, particularly in Africa.
Convencin relativa a los humedales de importancia internacional, especialmente como hbitat de aves acuticas/
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat.
Convencin Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climtico/United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change.
Convencin sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres (CITES)/Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).
Convencin sobre la conservacin de las especies migratorias de animales silvestres/Convention on the Conservation of
Migratory Species of Wild Animals.
Convenio de Basilea sobre el control de los movimientos transfronterizos de los desechos peligrosos y su eliminacin/
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal.
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Convenio de Estocolmo sobre contaminantes orgnicos persistentes/Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
Convenio de Rotterdam sobre el procedimiento de consentimiento fundamentado previo aplicable a ciertos plaguicidas y
productos qumicos peligrosos objeto de comercio internacional/Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent
Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade.
Convenio de Viena para la proteccin de la capa de ozono/Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer.
Convenio sobre la proteccin del patrimonio mundial, cultural y natural/Convention Concerning the Protection of
the World.
Cultural and Natural Heritage; World Heritage Convention.
Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biolgica/Convention on Biological Diversity.
Organizacin Internacional de Normalizacin (ISO), Encuesta ISO/International Organization for Standardization (ISO),
The ISO Survey.
Protocolo de Cartagena sobre Seguridad de la Biotecnologa del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biolgica/Cartagena
Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity; Biosafety Protocol.
Protocolo de Kyoto de la Convencin Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climtico/Kyoto Protocol to the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Protocolo de Montreal relativo a las sustancias que agotan la capa de ozono/Montreal Protocol on Substances
that Deplete the Ozone Layer.







Publicaciones de la CEPAL / ECLAC publications
Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe / Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
Casilla 179-D, Santiago de Chile.

Valas en: www.cepal.org/publicaciones
Publications may be accessed at: www.eclac.org

Contacto / Contact: publications@cepal.org
Revista CEPAL / CEPAL Review
La Revista se inici en 1976 como parte del Programa de Publicaciones de la Comisin Econmica para Amrica Latina y el Caribe, con el
propsito de contribuir al examen de los problemas del desarrollo socioeconmico de la regin. Las opiniones expresadas en los artculos
firmados, incluidas las colaboraciones de los funcionarios de la Secretara, son las de los autores y, por lo tanto, no reflejan necesariamente
los puntos de vista de la Organizacin.
La Revista CEPAL se publica en espaol e ingls tres veces por ao.
CEPAL Review first appeared in 1976 as part of the Publications Programme of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the
Caribbean, its aim being to make a contribution to the study of the economic and social development problems of the region. The views
expressed in signed articles, including those by Secretariat staff members, are those of the authors and therefore do not necessarily reflect
the point of view of the Organization.
CEPAL Review is published in Spanish and English versions three times a year.

Informes peridicos institucionales / Annual reports
Todos disponibles para aos anteriores / Issues for previous years also available

Balance Actualizado de Amrica Latina y el Caribe 2012 - abril de 2013, 24 p.
Updated Economic Overview of Latin America and the Caribbean 2012 - April 2012, 24 p.
Balance Preliminar de las Economas de Amrica Latina y el Caribe 2012, 84 p.
Preliminary Overview of the Economies of Latin America and the Caribbean 2012, 82 p.
Estudio Econmico de Amrica Latina y el Caribe 2012, 162 p.
Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean 2012, 154 p.
Panorama de la Insercin Internacional de Amrica Latina y el Caribe 2011-2012, 126 p.
Latin America and the Caribbean in the World Economy 2011-2012, 116 p.
Panorama Social de Amrica Latina, 2012, 252 p.
Social Panorama of Latin America, 2012, 238 p.
La Inversin Extranjera Directa en Amrica Latina y el Caribe 2011, Documento informativo, 152 p.
Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean 2011, Briefing paper, 142 p.
Anuario Estadstico de Amrica Latina y el Caribe 2012 / Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean 2012, 224 p.

Libros de la CEPAL
118 Sistemas de innovacin en Centroamrica. Fortalecimiento a travs de la integracin regional, Ramn Padilla Prez (ed.), 2013, 222 p.
117 Envejecimiento, solidaridad y proteccin social en Amrica Latina y el Caribe. La hora de avanzar hacia la igualdad, Sandra Huenchuan,
2013. 190 p.
117 Ageing, solidarity and social protection in Latin America and the Caribbean Time for progress towards equality, Sandra
Huenchuan, 2013, 176 p.
116 Los fundamentos de la planificacin del desarrollo en Amrica Latina y el Caribe. Textos seleccionados del ILPES (1962-1972), Ricardo
Martner y Jorge Mttar (comps.), 2012, 196 p.
115 The changing nature of Asian-Latin American economic relations, German King, Jos Carlos Mattos, Nanno Mulder and
Osvaldo Rosales (eds.), 2012, 196 p.
114 China y Amrica Latina y el Caribe. Hacia una relacin econmica y comercial estratgica, Osvaldo Rosales y Mikio Kuwayama,
2012, 258 p.
114 China and Latin America and the Caribbean Building a strategic economic and trade relationship, Osvaldo Rosales y
Mikio Kuwayama, 2012, 244 p.
113 Competitividad, sostenibilidad e inclusin social en la agricultura: Nuevas direcciones en el diseo de polticas en Amrica Latina
y el Caribe, Octavio Sotomayor, Adrin Rodrguez y Mnica Rodrigues, 2012, 352 p.
112 El desarrollo inclusivo en Amrica Latina y el Caribe. Ensayos sobre polticas de convergencia productiva para la igualdad, Ricardo
Infante (ed.), 2011, 384 p.
111 Proteccin social inclusiva en Amrica Latina. Una mirada integral, un enfoque de derechos, Simone Cecchini y Rodrigo Martnez, 2011,
284 p.
110 Envejecimiento en Amrica Latina. Sistema de pensiones y proteccin social integral, Antonio Prado y Ana Sojo (eds.), 2010, 304 p.
109 Modeling Public Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean, Carlos de Miguel, Jos Durn Lima, Paolo Giordiano, Julio Guzmn,
Andrs Schuschny and Masazaku Watanuki (eds.), 2011, 322 p.
108 Alianzas pblico-privadas. Para una nueva visin estratgica del desarrollo, Robert Devlin y Graciela Moguillansky, 2010, 196 p.
107 Polticas de apoyo a las pymes en Amrica Latina. Entre avances innovadores y desafos institucionales, Carlos Ferraro y Giovanni
Stumpo, 2010, 392 p.
106 Temas controversiales en negociaciones comerciales Norte-Sur, Osvaldo Rosales V. y Sebastin Sez C. (comps.), 2011, 322 p.

Copublicaciones recientes / Recent co-publications
Decentralization and Reform In Latin America. Improving Intergovernmental Relations, Giorgio Brosio and Juan P. Jimnez (eds.),
ECLAC/Edward Elgar Publishing, United Kingdom, 2012.
Sentido de pertenencia en sociedades fragmentadas. Amrica Latina desde una perspectiva global, Martn Hopenhayn y Ana Sojo (comps.),
CEPAL/Siglo Veintiuno, Argentina, 2011.
Las clases medias en Amrica Latina. Retrospectiva y nuevas tendencias, Rolando Franco, Martn Hopenhayn y Arturo Len (eds.),
CEPAL/Siglo XXI, Mxico, 2010.
Innovation and Economic Development. The Impact of Information and Communication Technologies in Latin America, Mario Cimoli,
Andr Hofman and Nanno Mulder, ECLAC/Edward Elgar Publishing, United Kingdom, 2010.
Sesenta aos de la CEPAL. Textos seleccionados del decenio 1998-2008, Ricardo Bielschowsky (comp.), CEPAL/Siglo Veintiuno, Argentina, 2010.
El nuevo escenario laboral latinoamericano. Regulacin, proteccin y polticas activas en los mercados de trabajo, Jrgen Weller (ed.),
CEPAL/Siglo Veintiuno, Argentina, 2010.
Internacionalizacin y expansin de las empresas elctricas espaolas en Amrica Latina, Patricio Rozas, CEPAL/Lom, Chile, 2009.

Coediciones recientes / Recent co-editions
Juventud y bono demogrfico en Iberoamrica, Paulo Saad, Tim Miller, Ciro Martnez y Mauricio Holz, CEPAL/OIJ/UNFPA, Chile, 2012.
Perspectivas econmicas de Amrica Latina 2013. Polticas de Pymes para el Cambio Estructural, OCDE/CEPAL, Chile, 2012.
Latin American Economic Outlook 2013. SME Policies For Structural Change, OECD/ECLAC, Chile, 2012.
Perspectivas de la agricultura y del desarrollo rural en las Amricas: una mirada hacia Amrica Latina y el Caribe 2013, CEPAL/FAO/IICA,
Chile, 2012.
Reforma fiscal en Amrica Latina. Qu fiscalidad para qu desarrollo?, Alicia Brcena y Narcs Serra (editores), CEPAL/SEGIB/CIDOB,
Chile, 2012.
La sostenibilidad del desarrollo a 20 aos de la Cumbre para la Tierra. Avances, brechas y lineamientos estratgicos para Amrica Latina y
el Caribe, CEPAL/Naciones Unidas, 2012.
Sustainable development 20 years on from the Earth Summit. Progress, gaps and strategic guidelines for Latin America and the
Caribbean, ECLAC/United Nations, 2012.
Perspectivas econmicas de Amrica Latina 2012.Transformacin del Estado para el desarrollo, CEPAL/OCDE, 2011.
Latin America Outlook 2012. Transforming the State for Development, ECLAC/OECD, 2011.
Perspectives conomiques de lAmrique latine 2012. Transformation de ltat et Dveloppement, CEPALC/OCDE, 2012.
Breeding Latin American Tigers. Operational principles for rehabilitating industrial policies, Robert Devlin and
Graciela Moguillansky, ECLAC/World Bank, 2011.
Espacios iberoamericanos: Hacia una nueva arquitectura del Estado para el desarrollo, CEPAL/SEGIB, 2011.
Espaos ibero-americanos: A uma nova arquitetura do Estado para o desenvolvimento. CEPAL/SEGIB, 2011.
Perspectivas de la agricultura y del desarrollo rural en las Amricas: una mirada hacia Amrica Latina y el Caribe, CEPAL/FAO/IICA, 2011.
The Oulook for Agriculture and Rural Development in the Americas: A Perspective on Latin America and the Caribbean,
ECLAC/FAO/IICA, 2011.
Pobreza infantil en Amrica Latina y el Caribe, CEPAL/UNICEF, Chile, 2010.
Cuadernos de la CEPAL
100 Construyendo autonoma. Compromiso e indicadores de gnero, Karina Batthyni Dighiero, 2012, 338 p.
99 Si no se cuenta, no cuenta, Diane Almras y Coral Caldern Magaa (coords.), 2012, 394 p.
98 Macroeconomic cooperation for uncertain times: The REDIMA experience, Rodrigo Crcamo-Daz, 2012,164 p.
97 El financiamiento de la infraestructura: Propuestas para el desarrollo sostenible de una poltica sectorial, Patricio Rozas Balbontn, Jos
Luis Bonifaz y Gustavo Guerra-Garca, 2012, 414 p.
96 Una mirada a la crisis desde los mrgenes, Sonia Montao (coord.), 2011, 102 p.
95 Programas de transferencias condicionadas. Balance de la experiencia reciente en Amrica Latina y el Caribe, Simone Cecchini y Aldo
Madariaga, 2011, 226 p.
95 Conditional cash transfer programmes. The recent experience in Latin America and the Caribbean, Simone Cecchini and Aldo
Madariaga, 2011, 220 p.
94 El cuidado en accin. Entre el derecho y el trabajo, Sonia Montao Virreira y Coral Caldern Magaa (coords.), 2010, 236 p.

Cuadernos estadsticos de la CEPAL
40 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: ndices de precios al consumidor. Serie enero de 1995 a junio de 2012. Solo disponible en CD, 2012.
39 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: indicadores macroeconmicos del turismo. Solo disponible en CD, 2010.
38 Indicadores ambientales de Amrica Latina y el Caribe, 2009. Solo disponible en CD, 2010.
37 Amrica Latina y el Caribe: Series histricas de estadsticas econmicas 1950-2008. Solo disponible en CD, 2009.

Observatorio demogrfico / Demographic Observatory
Edicin bilinge (espaol e ingls) que proporciona informacin estadstica actualizada, referente a estimaciones y proyecciones de
poblacin de los pases de Amrica Latina y el Caribe. Incluye tambin indicadores demogrficos de inters, tales como tasas de natalidad,
mortalidad, esperanza de vida al nacer, distribucin de la poblacin, etc.
Desde 2013 el Observatorio aparece una vez al ao.
Bilingual publication (Spanish and English) proving up-to-date estimates and projections of the populations of the Latin American and
Caribbean countries. Also includes various demographic indicators of interest such as fertility and mortality rates, life expectancy, measures
of population distribution, etc.
Since 2013, the Observatory appears once a year.

Notas de poblacin
Revista especializada que publica artculos e informes acerca de las investigaciones ms recientes sobre la dinmica demogrfica en la regin, en
espaol, con resmenes en espaol e ingls. Tambin incluye informacin sobre actividades cientficas y profesionales en el campo de poblacin.
La revista se publica desde 1973 y aparece dos veces al ao, en junio y diciembre.
Specialized journal which publishes articles and reports on recent studies of demographic dynamics in the region, in Spanish with
abstracts in Spanish and English. Also includes information on scientific and professional activities in the field of population.
Published since 1973, the journal appears twice a year in June and December.

Series de la CEPAL
Comercio Internacional / Desarrollo Productivo / Desarrollo Territorial / Estudios Estadsticos y Prospectivos / Estudios y Perspectivas
(Bogot, Brasilia, Buenos Aires, Mxico, Montevideo) / Studies and Perspectives (The Caribbean, Washington) / Financiamiento del
Desarrollo / Gestin Pblica / Informes y Estudios Especiales / Macroeconoma del Desarrollo / Manuales / Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo /
Mujer y Desarrollo / Poblacin y Desarrollo / Polticas Fiscales / Polticas Sociales / Recursos Naturales e Infraestructura / Reformas
Econmicas / Seminarios y Conferencias.
Vase el listado completo en: www.cepal.org/publicaciones / A complete listing is available at: www.eclac.org/publications


Las publicaciones de las Naciones Unidas y de la Comisin Econmica
para Amrica Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) se pueden adquirir a travs de:
Publicaciones de las Naciones Unidas
National Book Network
15200 NBN Way
Blue Ridge Summit, PA 17214
Estados Unidos

Tel. (1 888)254-4286
Fax (1-800)338-4550
Contacto: publications@un.org
Pedidos: order@un.org



Publications of the United Nations and the Economic Commission for
Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) can be ordered through:
United Nations Publications
National Book Network
15200 NBN Way
Blue Ridge Summit, PA 17214
USA

Tel. (1 888)254-4286
Fax (1-800)338-4550
Contact: publications@un.org
Orders: order@un.org


www.un.org/publications




Publicacin de las Naciones Unidas
ISBN 978-92-1-221113-8
E-ISBN 978-92-1-056244-7
S1300688 - Diciembre de 2013
ISSN 1014-0697
Nmero de venta E/S.14.II.G.1
Copyright Naciones Unidas 2013
Impreso en Santiago de Chile
www.cepal.org
COMISIN ECONMICA PARA AMRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE (CEPAL)
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (ECLAC)
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h
e

C
a
r
i
b
b
e
a
n