NOS VAMOS A SACAR CERO JAJAJAJAJAJAJAJAJAJA

JONATHAN STIVEN SUAREZ

solucionariosdelibros.blogspot.com
Abstract
En este trabajo se describe el anlisis y sntesis de antenas microstrip(microcinta O microtira) rejilla de matriz en las frecuencias de ondas
milimtricas. El principio bsico de funcionamiento se vuelve a visitar a travs de un examen cuidadoso de las distribuciones de corriente,
impedancia, y las caractersticas de radiacin de una antena tpica de rejilla de matriz de microcinta. Se lleva a cabo un extenso anlisis de
microcinta rejilla-matriz de discos NAS antena de diferentes mallas sobre una variedad de sustratos, que muestra que la eleccin del sustrato
tiene una fuerte influencia en el rendimiento de la antena de rejilla de matriz de microcinta. Se obtiene un conjunto de frmulas de forma
cerrada para una sntesis inicial de una antena de rejilla-array microstrip. Se da un ejemplo de diseo particular. Una comparacin de los
resultados simulados y medidos mostr buen acuerdo, que confirm la validez del anlisis y la sntesis.
Keywords: Millimeter wave; high-gain antenna; planar array antenna; microstrip patch array antenna; microstrip grid
array antenna; antenna arrays; microstrip
1 . I ntroducti on
La antena grid array fue propuesto por Kraus en 1964 como una onda
que viaja como una antena de polarizacin lineal (no resonante), con
el lbulo principal de radiacin en una direccin de fuego-atrasado
[1]. La antena GRID-ARRAY fue puesta en prctica en la tecnologa
de microtira por Conti. En 1981 como una onda permanente la
antena (resonante ) directamente polarizada, con la viga maestra de
radiacin en la direccin de costado [2]. Mientras algn xito fue
obtenido en el diseo de antenas de serie- rejilla de microtira, el
trabajo publicado era de una naturaleza experimental [1], o basado
en modelos de red aproximados [2]. Hildebrand y McNamara por lo
tanto examinaron el funcionamiento de una antena de serie de rejilla
de microtira con una tcnica de momento de equacin integral en
1993, y validaron el razonamiento ms temprano intuitivo usado en la
ideacin de este tipo de antena [3]. Palmer y Cloete sugirieron con el
diseo de la antena de microcinta rejilla-matriz como elementos de
dipolo de microcinta alimentadas por lneas de microcinta en 1997
[4].
La antena grid array ha recibido considerable atencin por
Nakano y sus asociados. Desde mediados de la dcada de 1990, se
han reportado el diseo y anlisis de varias antenas de rejilla-array
[5-16]. Por ejemplo, en 1994 [5], Nakano et al. llev a cabo un
anlisis de onda completa de una antena de rejilla de matriz de
microcinta con el mtodo de momentos, y revelaron que la
radiacin del haz principal disminuye la frecuencia respecto a el
avin de la antena. Propusieron una antena de rejilla-matriz de un
solo Iayer y una antena de rejilla de matriz de doble Iayer en 1995.
Amba s a nt e na s de r e j i l l a de ma t r i z f ue r on e x pul s a da s de
s us t e r mi na l e s c e nt r a l e s . La a nt e na de r e j i l l a de ma t r i z de
dobl e I a y e r pue de i r r a di a r s i mul t ne a me nt e v i g a s
pol a r i z a c i n hor i z ont a l y v e r t i c a l [ 6 ] . En 1 9 9 7 , Na k a no y
Ka wa no mi ni a t ur i z a r on una a nt e na de r e j i l l a de ma t r i z de
me a ndr os por l os l a dos l a r g os de l a s ma l l a s . Un 6 2 % s e
r e duj o l a a nt e na g r i d a r r a y l a c ua l mos t r e l mi s mo
a nc ho de ba nda de f r e c ue nc i a pa r a l a g a na nc i a c omo l a
a nt e na de r e j i l l a de ma t r i z un- mi ni a t ur i z a da de
r e f e r e nc i a [ 7 ] . En 1 9 9 8 , Ka wa no y Na k a no pr opone n l a
a di c i n de una c a pa de e l e me nt os de C- c a l c ul a da s e n una
a nt e na de r e j i l l a - ma t r i z , pa r a c a mbi a r una onda
pol a r i z a da l i ne a l me nt e e n una onda pol a r i z a da
c i r c ul a r me nt e [ 8 ] . En 1 9 9 9 , s e c ombi na r on dos a nt e na s de
r e j i l l a de ma t r i z e n una a nt e na c r uz a da me s ha r r a y , y e n
2 0 0 0 , s e r e f i na r on l a a nt e na de ma l l a c r uz a da ma t r i z pa r a
i r r a di a r onda s de dobl e pol a r i z a c i n l i ne a l [ 1 0 ] . Ta mbi n
de mos t r a r on que l a a nt e na de ma l l a c r uz a da ma t r i z y una
c a pa de e l e me nt os de C- c a l c ul a da s pue de n i r r a di a r onda s
pol a r i z a da s c i r c ul a r me nt e dua l e s . En 2 0 0 1 , Na k a no e t a l .
e s t udi a m s a f ondo l a a nt e na c r uz a da de ma l l a - ma t r i z
c on c ua t r o t e r mi na l e s de a l i me nt a c i n [ l I ] . El l os
de mos t r a r on que l a a nt e na de ma l l a c r uz a da ma t r i z pue de
i r r a di a r onda s l i ne a l o c i r c ul a r me nt e pol a r i z a da s c on
pl a ne s de a l i me nt a c i n a de c ua dos . M s r e c i e nt e me nt e ,
Na k a no e t a l . ha n c a mbi a do s u i nt e r s e n l a modi f i c a c i n
de l a f or ma de l os l a dos c or t os de l a s ma l l a s pa r a l a
pol a r i z a c i n c i r c ul a r o ba r r i do de ha z [ 1 5 , 1 6 ] .
Zhang y Sun revivieron microcinta antenas de rejilla de
matriz en el desarrollo de la tecnologa de antenas-en-paquete
[17]. Ellos demostraron que una antena de rejilla de matriz de
microcinta es la antena de eleccin para la radio de 60 GHz,
debido a sus ventajas de alta ganancia, amplio ancho de
banda, de alimentacin simple,
y fcil de la construccin [1 08 al 20]. Chen y col. desarrollado un
algoritmo gentico paralelo para optimizar el diseo de antenas de
microcinta gridarray [2 1, 22].
AIthough la antena grid array microstrip tiene las
ventajas que se seal anteriormente (con ms dada en [23])
amplias aplicaciones, no ha encontrado o recibido suficiente
atencin. Un estudio de la literatura muestra que slo se han
producido alrededor de 20 artculos publicados en los
ltimos 45 aos. La mayora de ellos se han ocupado de
microcinta antenas de rejilla de matriz en sustratos de baja
permitividad en frecuencias ms bajas [1-16, 21, 22]. Sin
embargo, ninguno de ellos proporciona detalles sobre los
efectos de la permitividad o el espesor del sustrato sobre el
rendimiento de la antena de rejilla de matriz de microcinta,
ni frmulas de diseo para diseos apriori.
En e s t e a r t c ul o s e pr e s e nt a un e s t udi o e x ha us t i v o de
mi c r oc i nt a a nt e na s de r e j i l l a de ma t r i z e n una v a r i e da d de
s us t r a t os e n onda s mi l i m t r i c a s ( onda s mi l i m t r i c a s )
f r e c ue nc i a s e n t or no a 60 GHz . En a l t a s f r e c ue nc i a s , una
pe que a v a r i a c i n e n una di me ns i n de ma l l a s e c onv i e r t e
e n un f a c t or de s t r uc t i v o pa r a l a s i nc r oni z a c i n de f a s e . El
r e ndi mi e nt o s a t i s f a c t or i o de a nt e na s mi c r oc i nt a de r e j i l l a
de ma t r i z de pe nde e n g r a n me di da de c or r i e nt e s upe r f i c i a l
s i nc r oni z a do: e l di s e o de a nt e na s mi c r os t r i p g r i d- a r r a y
e s muc ho m s i nv ol uc r a dos e n l a s f r e c ue nc i a s
mi l l i me t e r wa v e . El r e s t o de l doc ume nt o e s t or g a ni z a do
e n l os s i g ui e nt e s punt os . El pr i nc i pi o b s i c o de
f unc i ona mi e nt o de l a a nt e na de r e j i l l a de ma t r i z
mi c r os t r i p s e r e v i s a e n l a S e c c i n 2. Un e x t e ns o a n l i s i s
de mi c r oc i nt a a nt e na s de r e j i l l a de ma t r i z de di f e r e nt e s
ma l l a s s obr e una v a r i e da d de s us t r a t os s e l l e v a a c a bo e n
l a S e c c i n 3. Una s nt e s i s de una a nt e na de r e j i l l a de
ma t r i z de mi c r oc i nt a , y una c ompa r a c i n de l os r e s ul t a dos
s i mul a dos y me di dos , s e pr e s e nt a n e n l a s e c c i n 4. Por
l t i mo, s e c onc l uy e e l doc ume nt o e n l a S e c c i n 5.
2. Revi si ti ng the Pri nci pl e of Operati on
Una novela de microcinta rejilla de matriz de antena NA se
muestra en la Figura I. El radiador de rejilla - matriz est en la
superficie superior de un sustrato con relativa tangente permitividad
c/ perdida o , longitud L, ancho b, y espesor h. Se alimenta a
un nico punto por un pasador de diametro p
h
.
)

A
``
` |
~ 0
Figure 1 . The confguration of a novel microstrip grid-array
antenna proposed by Nakano, who added two more short
sides to make an equal number of short sides (radiating
elements) in both the xand ] directions.
a travs de una abertura de di metro d en el pl ano de ti erra sobre
l a superf i ci e i nf eri or del sustrato. El radi ador de rej i l l a-matri z se
compone de mal l as rectangul ares l os l ados l argos de l as cual es
con una l ongi tud I y una anchura w / ' con l os l ados cortos de l a
l ongi tud y anchura s ws' Como seal a Kraus, en el
f unci onami ento de l a antena, l a adecuada el ecci n de l a
f recuenci a, l ongi tudes de ti erra s, y el punto de al i mentaci n
permi te que l a estructura de rej i l l a-array para operar ya sea
como un no resonante o una antena resonante. Este documento
se concentra en este l ti mo ti po, que requi ere que
aproxi madamente I = Ag and s = Ag /2 , donde Ag es l a l ongi tud
de onda gui ada en l a f recuenci a central de l a operaci n [8]. La
radi aci n es esenci al mente de corto l ados, con l os l ados l argos
actuando pri nci pal mente como gu a o de l neas de transmi si n.
Esto es debi do a l a corri ente en cada l ado corto es, bsi camente,
en f ase, mi entras que cada l ado l argo soporta una corri ente de
l ongi tud de onda compl eta. Con tal di stri buci n de corri ente, l a
radi aci n mxi ma ser a de costado a l a matri z. Assurne que l a
antena de rej i l l a de matri z de l a novel a de mi croci nta se hace
sobre un sustrato con un IC ' = 4, 5, bronceado 8 = 0. 002, a = 25
mm, b = 25 mm, y h = 0. 254 mm, con di mensi ones de mal l a de 1
mm = 2, 84, W / = 0. 1 mm, s = 1, 42 mm, y Ws = 0. 1 mm. Dej e
que el di metro de l a al i mentaci n-pi n sea p = 0. 125 mm y el
di metro de l a abertura ser d = 0, 25 mm. Hemos si mul ado el
rendi mi ento con l a tri di mensi onal de el ementos f i ni tos de onda
compl eta sol uci onador HFSS de Ansof t. La Fi gura 2a muestra l a
i mpedanci a de entrada si mul ada de l a antena como una f unci n
de l a f recuenci a. Se observ que l a antena exhi bi una resonanci a
en seri e a 57 GHz, y una resonanci a en paral el o a 60 GHz. La
Fi gura 2b muestra l a ISIII si mul ada de l a antena como una
f unci n de l a f recuenci a. Era evi dente que l a antena estaba mal
i gual a l os 57 GHz, pero que Wei l emparej ados a 60 GHz con
una f uente de 50 n. A 52 GHz, l a magni tud de ISl l l era -8 dB, l o
que i ndi ca una coi nci denci a aceptabl e. Fue el egi do para
exami nar el comportami ento de l a antena en l a condi ci n no
resonante. La f i gura 2c muestra l a gananci a de cresta real i zado
Of the antena na como una f unci n de l a f recuenci a. Se podr a
observar que l a gananci a mxi ma de 14 dBi apareci en l a
resonanci a en paral el o de 60 GHz, con un ancho de banda de
gananci a de 3 dB de 5 GHz.
Ag is the guided wavelength at the center fre quency of
La Figura 3a muestra la distribucin actual de la antena
na en la resonancia en paralelo a los 60 GHz. Fue interesante
observar que la corriente en cada lado corto era de hecho en
fase, mientras que la corriente en cada lado largo cambiado la
fase en su centro para formar una corriente de longitud de
onda completa. En consecuencia, era la corriente en el lado
corto que contribuy a la radiacin en campo lejano ms
dominante que en el lado largo. Los patrones de radiacin en
campo lejano en tanto el planos E y H, de la antena NA en la
resonancia en paralelo a 60 GHz se muestran en las Figuras 3b
y 3c, respectivamente. Como era de esperar, el haz de
radiacin principal fue sin duda en la direccin andanada. El
nivel de lbulo lateral era bastante bajo. La radiacin fue
linealmente polarizada. El componente ms fuerte co-
polarizado se debe a la existencia de la misma fase de las
corrientes en todo el corto SI des, mientras que el componente
de polarizacin cruzada ms dbil era debido a la presencia de
antifase pareados actuales sobre todos los lados largos. La
transicin de fase de las corrientes en los lados largos
representaron los valores nulos en los patrones de
polarizacin cruzada. La figura 4a muestra la distribucin
actual de la antena en la resonancia en serie a 57 GHz. Tenga
en cuenta que la fase de la corriente en corto no fue de la
misma logitud en cada lado.
IEEE Antennas and Prpagation Magazine. Vol . 53, No. 6, December 201 1 43
a
'
80

. 60
L
_ 40
L
20
T
0
c
. - - 20
.

L
L
50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70
|equecy GHz)
`' U

-4

- 8
T

; - 1 2
U
- 1 6

I

50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70
|equecy GHz)
' 1 6

1 2
H 8
T

L
4
U
50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70
eq uecy GHz)
A

Figure 3a. The eurrent distribution at the parallel reso

nanee, 60 GHz.
270
240
21 0
U
-40
-OU
-
co
c|oss
1 80
30
1 50
Figure 3b. The E-plane patterns at the parallel resonanee,
60 GHz.
270
21 0
U
co
c|oss
30
1 20
1 50
Figure 2. (a) The input impedanee, (b) the magnitude of 1 80
Sl l q and (e) the peak realized gain as funetions of fre-
Figure 3e. The H-plane patterns at the parallel resonanee,
queney. 60 GHz.
44 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol . 53, No. 6, December 201 1
lo que indica que no todos los lados cortos podran trabajar
simultneamente elementos radiantes como eficaces, lo que
resulta en una menor ganancia en la Figura 2c. Adems, una
corriente de oposicin de fase slida se poda detectar cerca
del punto de alimentacin, que era otra razn para la menor
ganancia en la resonancia en serie. La corriente tambin
tendi a apuntar hacia afuera de la antena, que conduce a los
patrones de radiacin de campo lejano que se muestran en las
figuras 4b y 4c. El haz principal de radiacin en el plano H se
desplaz ligeramente de la direccin de costado, y la
radiacin polarizada cruzada no deseada se ha mejorado en
gran medida por la corriente en fase en el lado largo. La
figura 5a muestra la distribucin actual de la antena na en la
frecuencia no resonante de 52 GHz. Se observ que una gran
parte de las rejillas no proporcionan radiacin efectiva para t
\ 1e escasez de corrientes superficiales en ellos. Los patrones
de la radiacin IR. tanto el planos E y H de la antena, como se
muestra en las figuras 5b y 5c, se escudri 52 GHz. La
pureza de polarizacin se degrad.
Esta nueva visita confirm el principio bsico de
funcionamiento de la antena de rejilla de matriz microstrip.
La radiacin se controla por la geometra de rejilla. La
frecuencia de resonancia depende de las dimensiones de
malla. Las caractersticas de resonancia de la estructura de
toda la matriz de determinar la respuesta de frecuencia
general. Ms importante an, la revisita ha revelado que la
microcinta rejilla-matriz se comporta mejor en la
resonancia en paralelo que en la resonancia en serie, que es
un hallazgo til para el modelado de circuito de la antena
en la antena de circuito de co-diseo de una radio.
3.
Analysi s
La teora de arreglos simples [1], la lnea de transmisin y
el mtodo de parmetros S [2], el mtodo de los momentos [3,
5, 13], como Weil como diferencias finitas dominio del tiempo
Mtodo [10, 11] tiene sido empleado para analizar microcinta
antenas de rejilla de matriz en sustratos de baja permitividad en
frecuencias ms bajas. En esta seccin, se presenta un amplio
anlisis de antenas microstrip gridarray sobre una variedad de
sustratos en las frecuencias de ondas milimtricas, en torno a 60
GHz, utilizando HFSS. Se analizaron Microcinta antenas de
rejilla de matriz con cuatro, nueve y 16 mallas. La antena de
rejilla de matriz de microcinta con nueve mallas, que se muestra
en la Figura I, tiene 16 lados cortos (o 16 elementos radiantes).
Las antenas microstrip rejilla de matriz con cuatro y 16 mallas
tienen nueve y 25 elementos radiantes, respectivamente. Los
sustratos fueron 0,254 mm (0,0508: io), 0,381 mm (0,0762: Io),
y 0,508 mm (0.10 16: io) de espesor, respectivamente, y tena las
mismas dimensiones planas: a = b = 25 mm (5: io x 5: io). Las
mallas y los planos de tierra eran 0,0 1 de 7 mm de cobre de
espesor. Debido permitividades relativos, er 'y tangentes de
prdida, o, para la mayora de los sustratos comercializados
eran desconocidos a 60 GHz, que asumieron er = 2.2 y fuego
= 0,0009 para Rogers 5880, er = 3,66 y fuego = 0,004 para
4350 y Rogers slice fundida, er = 4.5 y fuego = 0,002 para
Rogers TMM4, er = 6 y fuego = 0,0023 para Rogers TMM6 y
Ferro LTCC A6, er = 9.2 y fuego = 0,0022 para Rogers TMM
IO y Kyocera LTCC GL950, y er = 10,2 y fuego = 0,003 para
Rogers 32 10, en nuestro anlisis. Tambin hemos arreglado la
colocacin de alimentacin como Weil
/

Figure 4a. The current distribution at the se ries resonance,

57 GHz.
ZJU
ZT U
U
-ZU

-c
co
c|oss
T OU
U
T OU
Figure 4b. The E-plane patterns at the series resonance,
57 GHz.
ZJU
Z4U
ZT U
U
-ZU
- 4U
-c
... :'
-co
c|oss
T OU
oU
1 ZU
1 OU
Figure 4c. The H-plane patterns at the se ries resonance,
57 GHz.
IEEE Antennas and Prpagation Magazine, Vol . 53, No. 6, December 20 1 1
45
X
)'
Figure 5a. The current distribution at non-resonance,
52 GHz.
00
Z0
-ZJ
O0

-40
OU _ J0
4

. 0#
_ T Z0
ZT 0
CO
C| OSS
T oJ
D0
Figure 5b. The E-plane patterns at non-resonance, 52 GHz.
Z10
J
0

0
0
/
Z T 0
-40
-O0
CO
C| OSS
T o0
D0
O0
Figure 5c. The H-plane patterns at non-resonance, 52 GHz.
as the characteri stic impedances to be 1 00 for the long sides
and 1 00 for the short sides of the microstrip grid-array
antennas throughout the analysi s.
3. 1 Resonant Frequency
The resonant frequency is the frequency at wh ich the
parallel resonance occurs for the microstrip grid-array antenna.
Fi gure 6 shows the simulated resonant frequency for the
three di ferent thicknesses as a fnction of relative permit
tivity, with the number of radiating elements as a parameter.
As the substrate thickness was taken into account in calculat
ing the efective relative permittivity to design the microstrip
grid-array antenna, it could be noted that the resonant fre
quency changed slightly with the substrate thickness or with
the number of radiating elements. For instance, the resonant
frequency changed within 5% for most cases with a fxed
relative permittivity as the substrate thickness vari ed from
0. 254 mm, 0. 3 8 1 mm, and 0. 508 mm, or the number of radi
ating elements, n, varied among nine, 1 6, and 25. It was further
noted that the resonant frequency generally decreased with an
increase in relative permittivity.
3. 2 I mpedance Bandwi dth
The impedance bandwidth of a microstrip grid-array
anten na is typically from 6% to 1 2% for -1 0 dB [2] .
Fi gure 7 shows the simulated impedance bandwidth for the
three di ferent thicknesses as a function of the relative permit
tivity, with the number of radiating elements as a parameter. As
with all microstrip structures, the substrate thickness and
relative permittivity have a strong infuence on the i mpedance
bandwidth. Generally, a thicker substrate with a lower relative
permittivity ofers a microstrip grid-array antenna with a wider
impedance bandwi dth. Taking the mi crostrip grid-array antenna
with nine radiating elements on the substrate of c_ 2. 2 and
h 0. 1 0 1 6- as an example, it achieved a 36% impedance
bandwidth. Si mi larly to other resonant array antennas, the
impedance bandwidth of the microstrip grid-array antenna
depends on the number of radiating elements. Simply stated, for
a given substrate size and controlled by the gain-bandwidth
relationship, the more radiating elements there are, the narrower
is the impedance bandwidth.
3. 3 Half-Power Beamwi dth
The half-power beamwidth of a microstrip grid-array
antenna can be wider or narrower, depending mainly on the
number of radiating elements. Figure 8 shows the simulated
hal f-power beamwi dth ac ross the main radiation lobe in the
E plane for the three diferent thicknesses as a function of the
relative permittivity, with the number of radiating elements as
a parameter. The half-power beamwidth in the H plane was
very simi lar. As expected, the half-power beamwi dth decreased
46
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol . 53, No. 6, December 20 1 1
+
4

L
C
0 c

C
0

w
+
C
0

C
L
U
0

\
>
_ 4
L
C
0
z

C
c
M
H
C

K
C
C

U
0

-.- n=9

-.- n= 1 6

n=25
f-
.
s

.
-.

2 4 ! c
Rel at i ve per mi tti vi ty

. ~.
z 4
-.- n=9
-.- n= 1 6
~A n=25
-g
c
Rel ati ve permi tt i vi ty

-. - n=9

-.- n = 1 6
-.- n=25
a
,~.

z 4 c
Rel at i ve permi tt i vi ty
Figure 6. The resonant frequency as a function of the rela
tive permittivity: (a) h = 0. 254 mm, (b) h = 0. 3 8 1 mm, and
(c) h = 0. 508 mm.

J
+
4

C
1
0
J
0
L
2
C
0

0
!
L
E

>
>
J 4
H

z
c

0
L
4
C

./.
/
2 4
-.- n=9
-.- n=1 6
~A~ n=25

! 0
Rel at i ve permi tti vi ty

.
\

K
z

a
\ ~

C
z 4 c
Rel at i ve per mi tt i vi ty
4c

J
c
z

C
zc
K

0
c
L
C
K

0
c
C
C
z 4 8 c
Rel at i ve permi tt i vi ty
Figure 7. The impedance bandwidth as a function of the
relative permittivity: (a) h = 0. 254 mm, (b) h = 0. 3 8 1 mm,
and (c) h ~ 0. 508 mm.
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol . 53, No. 6, December 20 1 1 47
>
0
c y
C
0
| c

J
c
.
4c
0
1c
L
zc
L

w
0

>
0
z 4 c
Rel at i ve permi tt i vi ty

zc
C

0
_ cc
J

c

C
c
0
0
J
4c
L
0

zc
C

w
0

~
0
0
L
C
c
0
c
~
c
c
C c
4c
J
_ 1c
z

4 c
Rel at i ve permi tt i vi ty
+

zc
C

w
0

z 4 c
Rel ati ve permi tt i vi ty
Figure 8. The half-power bearwidth as a function of the
relative perrittivity: (a) h = 0. 254 rr, (b) h = 0. 3 8 1 rr,
and (c) h = 0. 508 rr.
with the number of radiating elements. The half-power
beamwidth is sensitive to the substrate's relative perittivity,
but is not sensitive to the substrate's thickess. The higher i s
the substrate's relative permittivit, the wider i s the half-power
beamwidth, due to the excitation of a stronger surface wave.
3. 4 Gai n
A microstrip grid-array antenna is a high-gain anten na
[2, 4, 23] . Fi gure 9 shows the simulated gain in the broadside
direction for the three di ferent thicknesses as a function of
relative permittivity, with the number of radiating elements
as a parameter. Note that the gain decreased with relative per
mi ttivity or thickness, but increased with the number of radi
ating elements. The gain increment with the number of radi
ating elements will be l i mited by the attenuation of the micro
strip l i nes that form the array. The gain decrement due to a
higher permittivity or a thicker substrate can mainly be attrib
uted to the excitation of a stronger surface wave. The larger
attenuation of the microstrip l ines due to a higher permittivity
and more feeding loss for a thicker substrate also reduce the
gain. Furthermore, control over the phase synchronization
for more radiating elements on a thicker substrate of a higher
permiuivity becomes more di fcult for a higher gain .
3. 5 Gai n Bandwi dth
In addition to the impedance bandwidth, a number of
bandwidths can be defned under the radiation-patter charac
teristics (i . e. , patter shape, si delobe level, gain, cross polari
zation, etc. ). It was found that the most stringent bandwi dth
criterion i s seen to be the gain bandwidth [2] . Figure 10 shows
the simulated gain bandwidth for the three diferent thick
nesses as a function of relative permittivity, with the number
of radiating elements as a parameter. Note that the gain band
width of the microstrip grid-array anten na decreased with the
number of the radiating elements, which was simi lar to other
resonant array antennas. The gain bandwidth i s sensitive to the
substrate's thickness. The thicker the substrate is, the wider is
the gain bandwi dth.
4. Synthesi s
The synthesis of microstrip grid-array antennas has been
attempted [ I , 2, 4] ; however, no direct synthesis method or
design procedure has been developed. In this section, we
describe the synthesis and outl ine the design steps required to
implement a microstrip grid-array antenna.
In synthesizing the microstrip grid-array anten na to satisf
specifc performance requirements, the choice of the substrate
must frst be made, to know the relative permittivity 8 , the
loss tangent, o , and thickness, h. The mesh lengths, l and s,
necessary for the microstrip grid-array antenna to operate at the
required resonant frequency, ) ,can then be calculated as
48
IEEE Antennas and Prpagation Magazine, Vol . 53, No. 6, December 20 1 1
20
1 8
1 6
D
1 4
-
C
K
1 2
\
1 0
8
1 8
1
c 1 4
D

1 2
-
C
1 0
K
~ 8

1 6
1 4
1 2
D
1 0

K 8
\
6
4

2
.

a .

.
0 `.
" a

a ~"
4 6 8
Rel at i ve permi tt i vi ty

"
::

4 8
Rel at i ve permi tti vi ty
*.

4 6 8
Rel at i ve permi tt i vi ty
1 0

1 0

1 0
Figure 9. The realized peak gain as a function of the relative
permittivity: (a) h = 0. 254 mm, (b) h = 0. 3 8 1 mm, and (c)
h = 0. 508 mm.
20

>
!

-
!
J
+

! 4

! 2
C
! 0 0
J
C
-
--
-

'
0

\
0
_

A
2 4 ! 0
Rel at i ve permi tt i vi ty
bb
-.- n=
0
-.- n=1 6
>
4 n=25
s 4
_40
1
10
2
20
C
! _
_
__j
C 0

0
0
L

J 0
=

40

C
0
1c
J
C
20
0
' ! 0
2 4
Rel ati ve permi tti vi ty

'
-.
0

a
0

.,~
.-
2 4
Rel at i ve permi tt i vity
! 0

A
! 0
Figure 1 0. The gain bandwidth as a function of the relative
permittivity: (a) h = 0. 254 mm, (b) h = 0. 3 8 1 mm, and (c)
h = 0. 508 mm.
IEEE Antennas and Prpagation Magazine, Vol . 53, No. 6, December 201 1 49
.
and
:
for phase synchronization, where L is the velocit of light in
free space and c
,,
is the substrate's efective perittivity.
The choices of the mesh widths, and , are more
involved. These are govemed by the impedance, transmission,
and radiation properties. As previously stated, the long sides act
mainly as transmission lines. The currents on them generate the
undesired cross-polarized radiation. Hence, the width,
should be narrower to reduce this. A narrower width,
implies a higher characteri stic impedance, as the characteristic
impedance i s approximately inversely proportional to the
width, A narower width, , also causes higher transmis
sion loss. Because the transmission loss increases rapidly when
the characteristic impedance i s above ::a :+j , the width,
, can be chosen to sati sf
z
,

,
) ::a ,
where z
,
represents the characteristic impedance of the long
sides.
The short sides act as both radi ating elements and trans
mission lines. The currents on them produce the desired co
polarized radi ation. The curents can be uniforly di stributed,
or tapered by varying the width, To fnd the proper width,

'
the radiation resi stance of a short side was evaluated. Fig
ure . . shows the simulated radiation resi stance at the parallel
resonance, -a GHz, for the three diferent thicknesses and the
same loss tangent, tan o a aa: , as a function of the width,
with the relative permittivity as a parameter. General ly, the
radiation resistance noticeably decreased with the width for
< a mm, but varied slowly as a fnction of the width for
` a mm. The radiation resistance was higher for a lower
relative permittivity, and was lower for a thicker substrate. The
radiation resistance varied from . aa to s:a . The radiation
resi stance can be considered to be the loads to the transmission
l ines of both the long and short sides. The appl ication of
matching condition at the input terminal to the source yields the
required width,
Based on the formula for the radiation resistance of a
re sonant half-wavelength microstrip line fed at one end :j and
simulated data, we obtained a formula to calculate the radiation
resi stance of a short side by cure ftting. It i s expressed as
(4)
where z

represents the characteri stic impedance of the short

side, and
I = ( /J | - +},, ) - a
/ c,
-[ a ass:- -
a ass:-}c, - a a-:
/ c, (

J
-[ a :+s | + -
a a |}c, - a . -ss
/ ,
, |
,,
l
|
:
with the empirical factor
=
-
a | a:s - O. --+:/
- . --s:
-
-::+/ - : :+s:/` -
-
: :: - . + a++/
-
. /`
for a a: /} a a-::
=
-
a . a:s - O. --+:/
-[ . -- .
- . + a++/ - . /`
- - a-:a:
,

1
. a-:: - a aa-++c, -
a a. +-,
for a a-: /} a as , and
=
-
a | a:s - a --+:/
- [ a :-:-- - a -s |

- - a:-a:
,

_

-
- | :s+
,
_
- )

1
: : . s - a : . :c, - a a:s-, s
for a as: /} a . :
It must be stressed that Equation was derived from
asymptotic expansions that not only makes it simple to calcu
late the radiation power integral, but also lends insight into the
dependence of the radiation resistance upon the line width and
substrate permittivity ::j Nevertheless, some loss in accuracy
was encountered, and this was overcome by introducing the
empirical factor.
Next, the substrate's length, a, and width, b, can be deter
mined from the number of meshes required by the gain. The
gain in dBi for the microstrip grid array can be estimated as
where
a IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magaine, Vol . No. - December :a . .
_ 700
J
L
-
0
600
L
L
K
+
500 U
U
0

L
400
C
+
K
T
K

J
_ 800
-
0
L
C
600
K
+
U
U
0
400

C
C
+
K
200
T
K

-
C
o 800
-
0
L
600
C
K
+
U
400 U
0

C
200 C
+
K
T
K

-. - " =2. 2 L =3. 7

, ,
" , =4. 5 -. , =6. 0
,
,
0 . 1 0. 2 0. 3 0 . 4 0. 5 0. 6
Wi dth W ( mm)

-
_ -
\
__-__-_"
,
_=_2_2_- _e_-_"
,
_=_3. _7

-.- " =4. 5 -. - , =6. 0
, ,
-
__
_- --
-
-

P_ 4
_
#

___ -#~P
0 . 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6
Wi dth W ( mm)
s
-
-

-. - " =2. 2 -e - " =3. 7

, ,
-.- " =4. 5 L =6. 0
, ,
-

"
-
-
-
-
--e
~
q
--
#
-
#
-

--
#
-

0 . 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0 . 5 0. 6
Wi dth W ( mm)
s
Figure 1 1 . The radiation resistance as a function of the
width of the short side: (a) h = 0. 254 mm, (b) h = 0. 3 8 1 mm,
and (c) h = 0. 508 mm.

g
1
_ n,= 2 1 6 - 0. 52n +0. ln
2
g
2
_n,= -1 43. 2 - 1 . l 3n - 0. 058n
2
g
3
_ n,= 30. 3 + 0. 74n
for 0. 0375 :hj : 0.0625 ,

g
1
_ n,= -505 + n. 62n - 2. 3 1 n
2
g
2
_ n,= 1 33. 57 - 26. 52n + 0. 83n
2
g
3
_ n,= 1 7. 43 + l . 77n - 0. 038n
2
for 0. 0625 :hj :0. 0875 , and

g
1
_ n,= -362 + 22n - 0. 59n
2
g
2
_ n,= 1 4 1 - I On + 0. 24n
2
g
3
_ n,= 9 + 1 . 46n - 0. 024n
2
for 0. 0875 :hj :0. 1 2 .
( 1 0)
( 1 1 )
( 1 2)
The gain of a microstrip grid-array antenna is increased by
3 dBi when the number of radiating elements is doubled.
However, thi s does not imply that the gain can be increased
arbitrarily with an increased number of radiating elements, in
practice. According to our experiments, the upper limit for a
probe-fed mi l l imeter-wave microstrip grid-array anten na with
only one layer of radiating elements on a substrate of size
3 ^ 3, with a relative permittivity ranging from 2. 2 to 1 0
and a thickness ranging from 0. 1 mm to 0. 6 mm, i s not higher
than 25 dBi .
Finally, the feeding point must be located, typically at the
joint of the long and short sides near the middle of the antenna.
The diameter, p, of the feeding pin and the diameter, d, of the
aperture on the ground plane should be consistent with the
feeding cable or connector.
In the fol l owing, the actual design procedure is dem on
strated for an example of a microstrip grid-array antenna
designed to operate at 60 GHz, with a maximum gain of : 1 3 . 5
dBi , and an i mpedance bandwidth on GHz [26-32] . It i s shown
that the formulae apply weil at 60 GHz. In addition, we have
also tested the formulae when designing microstrip grid-array
antennas at 24 GHz, and they have proven to be efective.
The Ferro LTCC A6-S ceramic type was chosen to be the
substrate, wh ich had a relative permittivity of 5. 9 and a loss
tangent of O. 002. The substrate was 0. 385 mm ( 0. 077 ) thick
to avoid the excitation of the TE
1
mode surface wave. For the
sake of low cost and easy fabrication, the width and thickness
of the meshes were kept uniform at 0. 1 5 mm and 0. 01 mm,
respectively. Though fne tuning of the wi dths of the short and
long sides, one can design a microstrip grid-array antenna for
better performance. This is usually undertaken with an
opti mization tool, and is quite time consuming. The meshes
were made of gold. At 60 GHz, the substrate' s efective
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine. Vol . 53, No. 6, December 201 1 5 1
penmttlVlty was s__ = 4. 3 , and the guided wavelength was
A
g
= 2.42 mm. The mesh lengths were l= 2. 5 mm A
g
and
s = 1 . 365 mm A
g
]2 . The characteristic i mpedances for the
long and short sides of the mesh were equal : Z
o
/ = Z
O
s = 1 02
Q; the widths were W = Ws = 0. 1 5 mm. The radiation resi stance
of a short side was = 250 Q.
Gi ven the specifed gain value of 1 3 . 5 dBi , the required
number of meshes was found to be at least 1 4, which led to an
estimation of the length and width of the substrate as a = 1 1 . 5
mm and b = 5 mm, respectively. Considering the requirement
for singulation in LTCC, we enlarged the length to a = 1 3. 5 mm
and the width to b = 8 mm. The di ameter of the feed pin was
p = 0. 1 5 mm, and the diameter of the aperure on the ground
plane was d = 0. 3 mm. Figure 1 2 shows a photo ofthe fabricated
microstrip grid-aray antenna.
Figure 1 3 shows the simulated results with the measured
values for the microstrip grid-array antenna. It was evident
from the fgure that the measured 1 0 dB impedance bandwidth
was 8. 7 GHz, from 56. 3 GHz to 65 GHz, wh ich covered the
whole band of 57-64 GHz. Figure 1 4 compares the simulated
with the measured radiation patters of the microstrip grid-
Figure 12. A photo of the 60-GHz microstrip grid-array
antenna in LTCC.
c
D
- c

! D

-zc
0 D
-1c
-1
c
Measured
Si mul ated
z 4
~|aq0acy [ GHz)
Figure 13. The simulated and measured I SI I I as a function
of frequency.

1
3
1cc
- 1c
zc
- 10
zc
N6B5u|6D
c| 0u| Bl6D
z c c
c
Figure 14a. The co-polar E simulated and measured radia
tion patterns.

11

Z
1cc -
/
zc
z+c
/
- 1c

-

- 1c ;
N6B5u|6D

c| 0u| BI6D
z cc
c
c
c
zc
Figure 14b. The cross-polar E simulated and measured
radiation patterns.
1cc
- 1c
zc -

- 1c
z+c
N6B5u |6D
zc
c| 0u| Bl6D
z c c
c
Figure 1 4c. The co-polar H simulated and measured radia
tion patterns.
52 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol . 53, No. 6, December 201 1

Z1

- T O
-
-
-N6B5u|6D
c| 0ul Bl6D
T O
T O

Figure 14d. The cross-polar H simulated and measured

radiation patterns.
array antenna. They revealed that both the E- and H-plane
patters had the main radiation beam in the broadside direction,
with small cross-polarization radiation components. Note that
the measured and simulated co-polar patters at 60 GHz agreed
very wei l .
5. Concl usi on
This paper described a most comprehensive study of the
microstrip grid-array antenna for the frst time. It was found in
revi siting the basic principle of operation that the microstrip
grid array performs better at the parallel resonance than at the
series resonanee. This i s a useful result for circuit modeIing
of the antenna in the antenna-circuit co-design of a radio. An
extensive analysi s was presented, with an emphasis on the
efeets of the substrate and the number of radiating elements.
It was shown that the substrate has a strong infuence on the
performance of the microstrip grid-array antenna. A thin sub
strate at mi l limeter-wave fequencies provides adequate gain,
bandwidth, and cross-polarization quality. As the substrate
becomes thieker, more surface-wave modes can propagate, and
ean carry more power. They are difracted from the substrate's
edges, possibly causing undesirable efects on sidelobe levels,
polarization, or main-beam shape [ 33] . It was also shown that
the microstrip grid-array antenna follows a gain-bandwidth
relationship: the more radiating elements there are, the narrower
i s the impedanee bandwidth, and the higher is the gain. A set
of c1osed-form formulas was obtained for the initial synthesis,
and the design steps were developed. A design example was
given, and the measured results demonstrated the validity ofthe
analysis and synthesis.
6. Acknowl edgment
The authors would l i ke to acknowledge Dr. M. Sun for her
contribution.
7. References
I . J. D. Kaus, "A Backward Angle-Fire Array Antenna," IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Prpagation, AP-12, I , January
1 964, pp. 48-50.
2. R. Conti, J. Toth, T. Dowling, and J. Weiss, "The Wire-Grid
Microstrip Antenna," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Prpagation, AP-29, I , January 1 98 1 , pp. 1 57- 1 66.
3 . L. T. Hi l debrand and D. A. McNamara, "Experimental
Verifcation of Integral Equation Analysis of Etched Wire-Grid
Antenna Arrays," IEEE Interational Symposium on Antennas
and Propagation, June 28-July 2, 1 993, pp. 1 494- 1 497.
4. K. D. Palmer and J. H. Cloete, "Synthesis of the Microstrip
Wire Grid Array," 1 0th Interational Conference on Antennas
and Propagation, April 1 4- 1 7, 1 997, pp. 1 1 4- 1 1 8.
5. H. Nakano, I . Oshima, H. Mimaki, J. Yamuchi, and K.
Hirose, "Numerical Analysis of a Grid Array Antenna," Inter
national Conferenee on Communieations Systems, November
1 4- 1 8, 1 994, pp. 700-704.
6. H. Nakano, I. Oshima, H. Mi maki , K. Hirose, and J.
Yamauchi "Center-Fed Grid Array Antennas, " IEEE Intera
tional Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, June 1 8-23,
1 995, pp. 201 0-20 1 3 .
7. H. Nakano and T. Kawano, "Grid Array Antennas, " IEEE
Interational Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, July
1 3- 1 8, 1 997, pp. 236-239.
8. T. Kawano and H. Nakano, "Grid Array Antenna with
C-Fi gured Elements, " IEEE Interational Symposium on
Antennas and Propagation, June 2 1 -26, 1 998, pp. 1 1 54- 1 1 57.
9. T. Kawano and H. Nakano, "Cross-Mesh Array Antennas for
Dual LP and CP Waves," IEEE Interational Symposium on
Antennas and Propagation, July 1 1 - 1 6, 1 999, pp. 2748-275 1 .
1 0. T. Kawano and H. Nakano, "Dual-Polarized Cross-Mesh
Array Antennas," IEEE Interational Symposium on Antennas
and Propagation, July 1 6-2 1 , 2000, pp. 522-525.
1 1 . H. Nakano, T. Kawano, and J. Yamauehi, "A Cross-Mesh
Array Antenna," 1 1 th Interational Conference on Antennas
and Propagation, April 1 7-20, 200 1 , pp. 327-330.
1 2. H. Nakano, T. Kawano, H. Mimaki , and J. Yamauehi ,
"Analysi s of a Printed Grid Array Antenna by a Fast MoM
Calculation Technique," 1 1 th Interational Conference on
Antennas and Propagation, Apri l 1 7-20, 200 1 , pp. 302-305.
1 3 . H. Nakano, T. Kawano, H. Mimaki, and J. Yamauchi, "A
Fast MoM CaIculation Technique Using Si nusoidal Basis and
Testing Funetions for a Wire on a Dielectric Substrate and
Its Application to Meander Loop and Gri d Array Antennas,"
IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-53, 1 0,
Oetober 2005, pp. 3300-3307.
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol . 53, No. 6, Deeember 20 1 1 53
1 4. H. Nakano, H. Osada, and J. Yamauchi, "Strip-Type Grid
Array Antenna with a Two-Layer Rear-Space Structure, " 7th
Interational Symposium on Antennas, Propagation and EM
Theory, October 26-29, 2006, pp. 327-330.
1 5 . H. Nakano, H, Osada, H. Mimaki, Y. Iitsaka, and J.
Yamauchi, "A Modifed Grid Aray Antenna Radiating a Ci r
cularly Polarized Wave," Interational Symposium on Micro
wave, Antennas, Propagation and EMC Technologies for
Wireless Communications, August 1 4- 1 7, 2007, pp. 4527-4530.
1 6. Y. Iitsuka, J. Yamauchi , and H. Nakano, "Grid Aray
Antenna Composed of V-Shaped and Rhombic Elements for
Beam Scanning," IEEE Interational Symposium on Antennas
and Propagation, June 1 -5, 2009, pp. I -4.
1 7. Y. P. Zhang and M. Sun, "Grid Array Antennas and an
Integration Structure," PCT fled on 1 2 December 2008.
1 8. M. Sun and Y P. Zhang, "Design and Integration of60-GHz
Grid Array Antenna in Chip Package," Asia-Pacifc Microwave
Conference, December 1 8-20, 2008, pp. 1 627- 1 630.
1 9. Y P. Zhang and M. Sun, "An Overview of Recent Antenna
Array Designs for Highly-Integrated 60-GHz Radios,"
European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, March 23-
27, 2009, pp. 3783-3786.
20. M. Sun, Y P. Zhang, Y X. Guo, K. M. Chua, and L. L. Wai ,
"Integration of Grid Array Antenna in Chi p Package for Hi ghly
Integrated 60-GHz Radios, " IEEE Antennas and Wireless
Prpagation Letters, 8, December 2009, pp. 1 364- 1 366.
2 1 . X. Chen, K. Chen, and K. Huang, "A Microstrip Grid
Array Antenna Optimized by a Parallel Genetic Algorithm,"
Micrwave and Optical Technolog Letters, 50, 1 1 , November
2008, pp. 2976-2978.
22. X. Chen, G. S. Wang, and K. Huang, "A Novel Wideband
and Compact Microstrip Grid Array Antenna," IEEE Trans
actions on Antennas and Prpagation, AP-58, 2, February
20 1 0, pp. 596-599.
23. J. D. Kraus, "Backward Angl e Traveling Wave Wire Mesh
Antenna Array," US Patent 3 209 688, 1 966.
24. R. E. Collin, "Transmission Lines and Waveguides," in
Foundationsfor Microwave Engineering, Second Edition, New
York, McGraw-Hi l l , 1 992.
25. A. E. Gera, "The Radiation Resi stance of a Microstrip
Element," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Prpagation,
AP-38, 4, Apri l 1 990, pp. 568-570.
26. Y P. Zhang, M. Sun, and L. H. Guo, "On-Chip Antennas for
60-GHz Radios in Si l icon Technology," IEEE Transactions on
Electron Devices, 52, 7, July 2005, pp. 1 664- 1 668.
27. Y. P. Zhang, "Antenna-in-Package (AiP) Technology for
Modem Radio Systems, " 2nd IEEE Interational Workshop on
Antenna Technology, March 6-8, 2006, pp. 37-40.
28. Y. P. Zhang, M. Sun, K. M. Chua, L. L. Wai , D. Liu, and B.
Gaucher, "Antenna-in-Package in LTCC for 60-GHz Radio,"
3rd IEEE interational Workshop on Antenna Technology,
March 2 1 -23, 2007, pp. 279-282.
29. Y P. Zhang, M. Sun, K. M. Chua, L. L. Wai , and D. Li u,
"Integration of Slot Antenna in LTCC Package for 60-GHz
Radios, " Electrnics Letters, 44, 5, March 2008, pp. 330-33 1 .
30. M. Sun, Y. P. Zhang, K. M. Chua, L. L. Wai, D. Liu, and B.
Gaucher, "Integration of Yagi Antenna i n LTCC Package for
Diferential 60-GHz Radio," IEEE Transactions on Antennas
Propagation, AP-56, 8, August 2008, pp. 2780-2783.
3 1 . Y. P. Zhang and D. Li u, "Antenna-on-Chip and Antenna
in-Package Solutions to Mi l l imeter-Wave Devices for Wire
less Communication," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Prpagation, AP-57, 1 0, October 2009, pp. 2830-284 1 .
32. Y. P. Zhang, M. Sun, K. M. Chua, L . L. Wai, and D. Liu,
"Antenna-in-Package Design for Wirebond Interconnection
to Highly-Integrated 60-GHz Radi os," IEEE Transactions
on Antennas and Propagation, AP-57, 1 0, October 2009, pp.
2842-2852.
33. D. M. Pozar, "Considerations for Mi l l imeter Wave Printed
Antennas," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,
AP-31, 5, September 1 983, pp. 740-747.
I ntroduci ng the Feature Arti cl e Authors
Ring Zhang was bor in 1 982 in Taiyuan, China. He
received his BE from the Ci vi l Aviation University of China,
Tianj in, China, in 2004, and his ME from Shanxi University,
Taiyuan, China in 2008, both in Electrical and Electronic
Engineering. He is currently working toward the PhD in the
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at Nanyang
Technological University, Si ngapore. His research interests
include design and optimization of RF oscillators and low
noise ampl ifers, design and optimization of microstrip array
antennas, and antenna-in-package for wireless communication.
54 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol . 53, No. 6, December 20 I l
Yue Ping Zhang received a BE and ME from Taiyuan
Polytechnic Institute and Shanxi Mining Institute of Taiyuan
University of Technology, Shanxi, China, in . -s: and . -s,
respectively. He received a PhD from the Chinese University
of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, in . --, all in Electronic Engi
neering.
From . -s: to . -s+, he worked at Shanxi Electronic
Industry Bureau. From . --a to . --:, he worked at the Uni
versity of Li verpool, Liverpool, UK, and from . --- to . --,
he worked at Ci ty University of Hong Kong. From . -s to
. --a, he taught at Shanxi Mining Institute, and from . -- to
. --s, he taught at the University of Hong Kong. He was pro
moted to a ful l Professor at Taiyuan University of Technology
in . --- He i s now an Associate Professor with the School of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore. He has broad interests in radio science
and technology. He has delivered scores of invited papers/
keynote addresses at interational scientifc conferences.
Prof Zhang received the Sino-British Technical Col l abo
ration Award in . --a for hi s contribution to the advancement
of subsurface radio science and technology. He received the
Best Paper Award from the Second IEEE Interational Sym
posium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital
Signal Processing, July . s:a, :aaa, Bouremouth, UK, and
the Best Paper Prize from the Third IEEE Interational Work
shop on Antenna Technology, March : . :, :aa, Cambridge,
UK. He was awarded a Wi l l i am Mong Vi siting Fellowship
from the University of Hong Kong in :aa He was a Guest
Editor of the International Journal / and Micrwave
Computer-Aided Engineering, and an Associate Editor of the
International Journal / Microwave Science and Technolog.
He serves as an Editor of the ETRI Joural, and an Associate
Editor of the Interational Journal / Electromagnetic Waves
and Applications. He also serves on the editorial boards of a
large number of j ourals, including IEEE Transactions on
Micrwave Theor and Techniques and IEEE Microwave and
Wireless Components Letters .
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol . , No. -, December :a . .