3teoria Nivel

Process Instrumentation and Analytics
Bereichskennung oder Produktname
1 of / 14-07-03
Medicin de Nivel - Definicin

Bereichskennung Instrumentacin oder Produktname Teora
Agenda Definicin Terminologa Clasificacin Nivel Flujo Presin Temperatura
La medicin de nivel es la determinacin de la distancia vertical lineal entre un punto de referencia (normalmente la base de un recipiente) y la superficie de un liquido o la cima de un slido.
2 of / 14-07-03
Por que medir Nivel?

1. INVENTARIO: Necesidad de saber la cantidad de material disponible para el proceso. 2. TRANSFERENCIA DE CUSTODIA: Cuando la cantidad de material que es comprando o vendido se basa en mediciones de nivel que se necesita conocer con precisin para coincidir con un cierto volumen o peso. 3. EFICIENCIA: Maximizar la capacidad de almacenamientos de tanques y recipientes. 4. SEGURIDAD: Previenen accidentes y perdidas de activos. Recipientes cerrados pueden sobre presin y ruptura del tanque; recipientes abiertos pueden producir derrames e inundacin. 5. SUMINISTRO CONSISTENTE: Necesidad de medir nivel en procesos en los cuales se requiere suministro constante de entradas y salidas de flujo.
3 of / 14-07-03
Tipos de medicin de Nivel.

1. Bottom-up vs. top-down 2. Directo vs. indirecto 3. Continuo, puntual, y multi-puntual. 4. Contactante vs. no contactante. 5. Indicacin vs. control
4 of / 14-07-03
Consideraciones de Especificacin.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Condiciones dentro del recipiente. Condiciones ambientales. Caractersticas del producto o fluido. Precisin Requerida. Requerimientos del instrumento.
0
-14.7 Steam, Steam,vapors, vapors, dust dust
Density Changes
PSIG
High High vacuum vacuum
Viscous Viscousor or sticky stickyfluids fluids
Abrasive Abrasive fluids fluids
Foam Foam
Corrosive Corrosive processes processes
Temperature Temperature extremes extremes
5 of / 14-07-03
Agitation Agitation
Clasificacin de Tecnologas de Nivel

1. Manual / Mecnico. Visores. 2. Electromecnica. Desplazador. 3. Electrnica Contactante. Capacitivos, Hidrosttico (Presin basado en nivel). 4. Electrnica No Contactante. Ultrasnicos, Radar, Nuclear etc.
6 of / 14-07-03
Clasificacin de Tecnologas de Nivel

Dipstick Capacitance Tuning Fork Float Ultrasonic Radar Sight glass Nuclear Displacer
Gage Glass Differential Pressure
Ultrasonic Gap Hydrostatic Weight
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Medicin de Nivel por presin

Agenda Definicin Terminologa Clasificacin Nivel Flujo Presin Temperatura LT 102
Reactor
8 of / 14-07-03
Medicin de Nivel por presin

VENTAJAS: Confiable, Simple. Fcil Uso. Bien Entendido. Uso Flexible: nivel, densidad, interfase, masa. Puede ser usado en tanques con agitacin y espuma. Uso de sellos de diafragma: Altas temperaturas, corrosin, fluidos viscosos, slidos en suspensin, taponeo y conexiones sanitarias. DESVENTAJAS: Cambios en la densidad del fluido afectan la medicin de nivel. Posibles fugas. Solo lquidos. No aplicable con lquidos muy corrosivos ni abrasivos.
DSIII Transmisor de Presin Diferencial
9 of / 14-07-03
Laser
Pros
Accuracy Can be mounted outside vessel
Cons
Complex mechanism
(VDC, 2003)
10 of / 14-07-03
Nuclear
Pros
Penetrates tank walls No moving parts High pressures & temperatures
Cons
Difficult calibration Licensing requirements Periodic test requirements Price
(VDC, 2003)
11 of / 14-07-03
Bubblers
Pros
Low cost Easy installation
Cons
Freezing Material clogging Frequent maintenance
(VDC, 2003)
12 of / 14-07-03
Guided-wave Radar (or TDR)

Pros
Interface measurement Price
Cons
Material build-up Loading issues
13 of / 14-07-03
Magnetostrictive
Pros
Accuracy Shock and vibration Build-up Limited to clean liquids

(VDC, 2003)
Cons
14 of / 14-07-03
Displacers
Pros
Simplicity Can detect interface levels Easy set point change
Cons
Specific gravity changes Freezing Difficult calibration
(VDC, 2003)
15 of / 14-07-03
Floats
Pros
Accuracy
Cons
Turbulence Mechanical problems
(VDC, 2003)
16 of / 14-07-03
Plumb-Bob/Yo-Yo
Pros
Accuracy Momentary contact
Cons
Mechanical problems
Hang-up Friction Wear out
(VDC, 2003)
17 of / 14-07-03
Por ultrasonido: Naturaleza del Sonido

When the acoustic pressure waves hit our ears or a transducer, it is detected and converted to usable information.
18 of / 14-07-03
Nature of Sound
Typical Sound Levels

(measured in dB)
19 of / 14-07-03
Medicin de Nivel por Ultrasonido

Consta de un emisor de ondas sonoras de alta frecuencia (entre 20 y 40KHz) que se propaga por la fase gaseosa (eluyaje) hasta que choca con el liquido o slido, reflejndose y luego alcanza el receptor situado en el mismo punto que el emisor. El tiempo entre la emisin de la onda y la recepcin del eco es inversamente proporcional al nivel.
Sound Waves
T ~ 1/L
20 of / 14-07-03
Echo Ranging Theory

TRANSDUCER
SHOTS
TS-2
RETURN ECHOES
d = DISTANCE
Formula: 2Xd = vXt d = vXt 2
LIQUID SURFACE
21 of / 14-07-03
Echo Ranging Theory

RINGING ECHO
NORMAL TRANSMIT PULSE ECHO
Transducer Ringing
BLANKING
FACTORY
CUSTOM
22 of / 14-07-03
Echo Ranging Theory
Diffraction of Sound
23 of / 14-07-03
Installation Solids
24 of / 14-07-03
Transducer Location (Solids)

25 of / 14-07-03
Transducer Installation (Solids)

Rat hole
Bridge
26 of / 14-07-03
Installation (Solids)
This in normally accomplished by cutting a hole in the vessel top large enough to install the transducer.
27 of / 14-07-03
The aiming kit can be installed to a inch stainless steel plate
28 of / 14-07-03
Install a rubber gasket between the plate and aiming kit. A rubber gasket should also be fitted between the plate and vessel top. Components should be installed using captive bolts and nuts.
29 of / 14-07-03
Appropriate sealants can be used in addition to the gasket between the plate and vessel.
30 of / 14-07-03
Attach the transducer to the aiming kit using the coupling provided with the kit. The transducer to coupling connection should be hand tightened only.
31 of / 14-07-03
Liquids in Closed vessels
32 of / 14-07-03
Standpipes / Nozzles
Used to mount flanged transducers to closed top vessels Height should be less than 3 X diameter (H < 3D) Minimum diameter is 3 in.
33 of / 14-07-03
Standpipes & Nozzles

Standpipe Mounting
34 of / 14-07-03
Stilling Well Vessel with Foam

Stilling well should be a seamless pipe with a minimum 6 in. diameter. Pipe should be vented at the top. Stilling well must be kept clean of build-up.
35 of / 14-07-03
Stilling well on vessel with obstructions

Can be installed inside or outside vessel Eliminates false echoes from obstructions and fill stream. Often used in sumps and wells
36 of / 14-07-03
Medicin de Nivel por Ultrasonido

VENTAJAS:
Non Contact Tolerates Many Process Conditions: Varying Density Corrosive Processes Viscous Product Varying Dielectric Sludge Buildup No element contamination Can be used for liquids and solids Changes in vapor space interfere with measurement Cannot tolerate high temperatures (>200 F). Cannot be used in vacuum applications Foam interferes with signal Agitation may distort signal Internal obstacles can create false echoes Nearby equipment could generate frequencies that will cause errors
Sound Waves
DESVENTAJAS:
37 of / 14-07-03
Medicin de Nivel por Radar Tcnicas.

Dos tcnicas estn disponibles FMCW (Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave): Frecuencia Modulada de Onda Continua. Pulsos: Tiempo de vuelo.
Frecuencias usadas: Pulsos: 6 GHz and 26 GHz. FMCW: 10 GHz y 24 GHz.
38 of / 14-07-03
Medicin de Nivel por Radar Tcnicas.

Pulsos
Transmite el pulso y mide el tiempo despus que el eco es recibido. Precisin depende de la capacidad de medir el tiempo. Seal de radar viaja a la velocidad de la luz (pico segundos, x10-12 )
FMCW
Mide el cambio de frecuencia de la seal de retorno contra la seal transmitida, lo cual es proporcional a la distancia. Mediciones precisas NO necesita medir tiempo.
39 of / 14-07-03
Radar Level Measurement How?

How does it work?

Wave is transmitted to target, reflected, and total transit time is determined Microwaves do not need a carrier medium and travel at light speed (186,000 miles/second)
40 of / 14-07-03
Electromagnetic Basics - Waves

Commercial microwaves occupy a very small segment of the electromagnetic spectrum. Most industrial radar devices fall within the 4 to 30 GHz range.
41 of / 14-07-03
Where Radar is Used - Industries

Hydrocarbon Processing
Nivel
Chemical
Cement
42 of / 14-07-03
Where it is used Liquid Applications

Custody Transfer
Nivel
Storage
Process
43 of / 14-07-03
Radar Level Measurement - Why?

Non-Contacting
Easy installation from top Low maintenance No re-calibration Low cost of ownership
Nivel
Generally unaffected by atmospheres with:

Vapor volatiles Extreme Temperatures
Pressure Extremes or Vacuum
Dust
44 of / 14-07-03
Mounting Locations Vessel obstructions

45 of / 14-07-03
Options - Aiming Kit

Nivel
46 of / 14-07-03
Medicin de Nivel por Radar (No Contactante)

VENTAJAS: Lquidos, slidos o slurrys. Inmune a cambios de las caractersticas del fluido (densidad, dielctrico, conductividad) Inmune al vapor. Inmune a cambios de presin y temperatura. Medicin Directa. DESVENTAJAS: Fluidos con bajo dielctrico y turbulentos requieren especial cuidado. Ciertos tipos de espumas son difciles de prevenir y predecir.
47 of / 14-07-03
Every measurement technology has certain limitations. Nothing is good for everything. NOT EVEN
In order to apply capacitance successfully, it is necessary to understand what variables affect capacitance measurement It may, at first, appear that capacitance is very difficult to understand but as this presentation proceeds, you will see how simple it really is
48 of / 14-07-03
49 of / 14-07-03
Nivel por capacitancia Application Suitability!

How well do other technologies work for

Nivel
INTERFACE
HI PRESSURE
HI TEMPERATURE
Interface
Hi Pressure
Hi Temperature
50 of / 14-07-03
Nivel por capacitancia More Application Suitability!

Capacitance also works well for...

Nivel
HEAVY FOAM
CRYOGENIC
VAPOURS
Hydrocarbons, Steam & Carbon Dioxide Vapours
51 of / 14-07-03
Nivel por capacitancia Even More Application Suitability!

LONG NARROW NOZZLES

Nivel
SIDE MOUNT REQUIREMENTS
BOTTOM MOUNT REQUIREMENTS
1 x 6 nozzle
52 of / 14-07-03
Nivel por capacitancia And Still More Application Suitability!

DEEP WELL
Nivel
VERY LOW
% WATER IN HYDROCARBONS
< 2 r
53 of / 14-07-03
Technology Comparison
Features
Operation Principle
Nivel
Capacitance
Stores potential charges Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant
Radar
Electromagnetic Minimal Insignificant Limited
Ultrasonic
Acoustic Significant Significant Limited Requires compensation
Pressure Vapor effect Foam Temperature effects
Insignificant *
Insignificant
*0.1% per degree C change in dielectric average, calibratable via Hart
54 of / 14-07-03
Medicin de Nivel por Capacitancia

VENTAJAS:
Tolerates a Variety of Process Conditions (Variable Density, High Temperatures (1000 F), High Pressures (5000 psi), Viscous/Sticky Products, Slurries, Foams, Pastes) Point or Continuous Solids or Liquids Good for Interface Measurements Inexpensive, Rugged
Nonconductive Coating

DESVENTAJAS:
Change in Dielectric creates error Coating on probe by product creates errors With non metallic tanks or tanks without vertical walls, addition of reference probe is required Calibration can be difficult especially since one cannot bench calibrate Changing vapor space can affect Nonconductive Conductive output
55 of / 14-07-03
Medicin de Nivel - Resumen

56 of / 14-07-03
Level Measurement Technologies

TDR
Ultrasonic
2 wire radar
4 wire radar
FMCW
Capacitance
57 of / 14-07-03
Simulation of process conditions / applications

Pulse Radar
Pressure
FMCW Radar
Capacitance
Ultrasonic
Back to overview
58 of / 14-07-03
Medicin de Nivel - Resumen

59 of / 14-07-03

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Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Bereichskennung oder Produktname

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Medicin de Nivel - Definicin

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Por que medir Nivel?

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Tipos de medicin de Nivel.

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

High High vacuum vacuum

Viscous Viscousor or sticky stickyfluids fluids

Abrasive Abrasive fluids fluids

Corrosive Corrosive processes processes

Temperature Temperature extremes extremes

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Clasificacin de Tecnologas de Nivel

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Clasificacin de Tecnologas de Nivel

Gage Glass Differential Pressure

Ultrasonic Gap Hydrostatic Weight

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Medicin de Nivel por presin

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Medicin de Nivel por presin

DSIII Transmisor de Presin Diferencial

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Guided-wave Radar (or TDR)

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Accuracy Shock and vibration Build-up Limited to clean liquids

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Por ultrasonido: Naturaleza del Sonido

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Bereichskennung oder Produktname

Typical Sound Levels

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Medicin de Nivel por Ultrasonido

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Echo Ranging Theory

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Echo Ranging Theory

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Bereichskennung oder Produktname

Echo Ranging Theory

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Bereichskennung oder Produktname

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Transducer Location (Solids)

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Transducer Installation (Solids)

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Bereichskennung oder Produktname

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Bereichskennung oder Produktname

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Process Instrumentation and Analytics

Bereichskennung oder Produktname

Process Instrumentation and Analytics