TIA STANDARD Structural Standard for Antenna Supporting Structures and Antennas EFFECTIVE JANUARY 1, 2006 TIA-222-G Revision of THA/BIA222-) August 2005 TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONNOTICE, TIA Engineering Standards and Publications ate designed to serve the public interest through eliminating misunderstandings between manufacturers and purchasers, facilitating interchangeability and improvement of products, and assisting the purchaser in slecting and obtaining with minimum delay the proper product for their particular need. 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THE FOREGOING NEGATION. OF DAMAGES IS A FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENT OF THE USE OF TIE CONTENTS HEREOF, AND THESE CONTENTS WOULD NOT BE PUBLISHED BY TIA WITHOUT SUCH LIMITATIONSStructural Standard for Antenna Supporting Structures and Antennas TABLE OF CONTENTS OBJECTIVE SCOPE 1.0 GENERAL 1.1 Strength Limit States 1.2 Serviceability Limit States 13° Analysis 1.4 Definitions 1.5 Symbols and Notation 2.0 LOADS 2.1 Scope 2.2 Classification of Structures 2.3 Combination of Loads 24 Temperature Effects 2.5 DeadLoads 2.6 Wind and Ice Loads 2.7 Earthquake Loads 28 Serviceability Requirements 3.0 ANALYSIS: 3.1 Scope 32 Definitions 3.3. Symbols and Notation 34 Analysis Models 3.5 Displacement Effects 36 Wind Loading Patiems 3.7 Mast Shear and Torsion Responses for Guyed Masts 4.0 DESIGN STRENGTH OF STRUCTURAL STEEL 44 Scope angen ye 1 ANSITIA-222-6 env BRoaccmaman42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 5.0 54 52 53 54 55 56 6.0 64 62 63 64 65 7.0 7A 72 73 74 75 76 WT 78 8.0 84 Definitions Symbols and Notations General Compression Members Tension Members Flexural Members Combined Bending and Axial Forces Connections MANUFACTURING Scope Definitions ‘Symbols and Notations Material, Structural Stoe! Fabrication Corrosion Control OTHER STRUCTURAL MATERIALS Scope General Loads Analysis Design Strength GUY ASSEMBLIES Scope Definitions Cables End Attachments Guy Dampers Design Manufacture Installation INSULATORS Scope engin yt, 2 ANSITIA-222-6 66 67 69 70 75 7 80 83 102 102 102 402 102 103 103 106 106 106 108 108 406 106 108 106 107 107 108 108 109 140 110 14082 383 9.0 94 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 10.0 10.4 102 10.3 104 10.5 11.0 12.0 124 122 123 124 125 126 127 13.0 13.4 13.2 133 13.4 Design Manufacture FOUNDATIONS AND ANCHORAGES Scope Definitions Site Investigation Design Strength Displacements Seismic Considerations Frost Depth Considerations Submerged Conditions PROTECTIVE GROUNDING Scope General Electrical Resistance Grounding Materials OBSTRUCTION MARKING CLIMBING FACILITIES Scope Definitions General Strength Requirements Dimensional Requirements Climber Attachment Anchorages Platforms. PLANS, ASSEMBLY TOLERANCES, AND MARKING Scope Plans Tolerances Marking ‘ren cet 3 ANSITIA-222-G 110 m1 an 111 411 111 414 12 112 112 112 113 113, 113 113 113 113 114 114 14 114 15 16 17 "7 17 419 119 119 419 120ANSITIA-222-G 44.0 MAINTENANCE AND CONDITION ASSESSMENT 14.1 Scope 14.2. Maximum Intervals 15.0 EXISTING STRUCTURES 15.1. Scope 145.2 Definitions 15.3. Classification 15.4 Changed Conditions Requiring a Structural Analysis 45.5. Structural Analysis 15.6 Exemptions 15.7 Modification of Existing Structures 146.0 INSTALLATION ANNEX A: PROCUREMENT AND USER GUIDELINES (NORMATIVE) ANNEX B: U.S. COUNTY LISTINGS OF DESIGN CRITERIA (NORMATIVE) ANNEX C: DESIGN WIND FORCE ON TYPICAL ANTENNAS (NORMATIVE) ANNEX D: TWIST AND SWAY LIMITATIONS FOR MICROWAVE ANTENNAS (NORMATIVE) ANNEX E: GUY RUPTURE (NORMATIVE) ANNEX F: PRESUMPTIVE SOIL PARAMETERS (NORMATIVE) ANNEX G: GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS (NORMATIVE) ANNEX H: ADDITIONAL CORROSION CONTROL (NORMATIVE) ANNEX I: CLIMBER ATTACHMENT ANCHORAGES (NORMATIVE) ANNEX J: MAINTAINANCE AND CONDITION ASSESSMENT (NORMATIVE) ANNEX K: MEASURING GUY TENSIONS (NORMATIVE) ANNEX L: WIND SPEED CONVERSIONS (NORMATIVE) 120 120 120 120 120 120 421 121 121 122 123 123 124 128 146 146 146 148 146 146 1468 146 146 146ANSITIA-222-G ANNEX M: SI CONVERSION FACTORS (NORMATIVE) 146 ANNEX N: REFERENCES (NORMATIVE) 146 146 APPENDIX 1: DESIGN CRITERIA MAPS (NORMATIVE) xy eer gy an 5ANSIITIA-222-6 Structural Standard for Antenna Supporting Structures and Antennas OBJECTIVE The objective of this Standard is io provide recognized fiterature for antenna supporting structures and antennas pertaining to: (a) minimum load requirements as derived from ASCE 7- 02, “Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures", and (b) design criteria as derived from AISC-LRFD-99, “Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Structural Steel Buildings” and ACI 318-05, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete”. The information contained in this Standard was obtained ftom available sources and represents, in the judgment of the subcommittee, the accepted industry minimum structural standards for the design of anienna supporting structures and antennas. While itis believed fo be accurate, this information should not be relied upon for a specific application without competent professional ‘examination and verification of its accuracy, suitablity, and applicability by a licensed professional engineer. This Standard utilizes loading oriteria based on an annual probability and is not intended to cover all environmental conditions which could exist at @ particular location When this Standard is adapted for international use, itis necessary to determine the appropriate basic wind speeds (3-socond gust), wind on ice loads, and earthquake accelerations at the site ocation based on local data Equivalent Intemational System of Units (SI!) are given in square brackets {| throughout this Standard. S! conversion factors have been provided in Annex M Annex A provides procurement and user guidelines to assist in specifying the requirements for a specific structure. The user is cautioned that site-specific loading requirements, if known, take precedence over the minimum requirements of this Standard Site-specific data and requirements differing from those contained in this Standard are to be included in the procurement specifications for the structure This Standard is intended to cover the requirements for most structural antennas and antenna- supporting siructures, but recognizes that structures that are unusual for their height or shape, or for the shape and size of individual members, or located at sites having unusual geological or climatic conditions may require additional considerations. in these cases, a rational design based on theory, analysis, knowledge of local conditions and sound engineering practice, shall be used. The design shall be carried out by an engineer quaified in the specific design methods and materials to be used, and shall provide a level of safety and performance equal to or better than that implicit in this Standard, SCOPE ‘This Standard provides the requirements for the structural design and fabrication of new and the modification of existing structural antennas, antenna-supporting structures, mounts, structural ‘components, guy assemblies, insulators and foundations, This Standard is based on limit states desig ts applicable mainly to steel structures but may also be applied to other materials, when required, so as to provide an equivalent level of reliability, ‘The appropriate standards should be referenced for structures that support antennas but that are primarily intended for other applications, such as water towers, electrical transmission line fee S emrerscouoininANSITIA-222-6 structures, sign support structures, buildings, bridges, etc. This Standard, however, does apply to the calculation of effective projected areas of appurtenances (antennas, mounts, lines, etc ) and to the serviceability imit states appropriate for structures that support antennas, Annexes are to be considered normative elements that are necessary to comply with this Standard 1.0 GENERAL 14 Strength Limit States A structure designed to this Standard shall have sufficient strength and stability such that the design strength, gR,, defined in Section 4.0 equals or exceeds the required strength, Za, defined in Section 2.0 as expressed by the following relationship: GR 2 TAQ, 1.2 Serviceability Limit States A structure designed to this Standard shall have sufficient rigidity such that the limit state deformations defined in 2.8 2 are not exceeded under the service loads dofined in 2.8.3 43° Analysis Load effects on individual structural members shall be determined by methods of structural analysis that take into account equilibrium, general stability, geometric compatibility and material properties in accordance with Section 3.0 14 Definitions Antenna supporting structure: a structure, inciuding guy assemblies, guy anchorages and ‘substructures that support antennas or antenna arrays Design strength, #R,: the product of nominal strength and a resistance factor. Factored load: the product of the nominal foad and a load factor Limit state: a condition beyond which @ structure or member becomes unfit for service and is Judged to be no longer useful for its intended function or unsafe ~ Load effects: force and deformation responses produced in structures and their members by applied factored loads. Load factor, ci: a factor that accounts for deviations of the actual load from the nominal load, for uncertainties in the analysis that transforms the load into load effects, and for the probability that more than one extreme load wil occur simultaneously Nominal loads: the magnitudes of the loads specified in this Standard for dead, wind, lee, wind (on ie, earthquake, and working and climbing facilities. Nominal strength, R,: the capacity of a structure or member to resist the effects of loads Required strength, 3.a.Q.: the sum of the load effects due to applied factored loads and load ‘combinations.ANSITIA-222-6 Resistance factor, ¢: a factor that accounts for the manner and consequences of failure and for unavoidable deviations from a calculated nominal strength ‘Strength design: method of proportioning structural members such that the computed forces produced in the members by the factored loads do not exceed the design strengths of the members. Structural antenna: a structure for radiating or receiving electromagnetic waves including reflectors, directors and screens 4.5 Symbols and Notation Rq__ = design strength (nominal strength multiplied by a resistance factor); ZaQ, = required strength (load effects due to factored loads and load combinations) 2.0 LOADS 24 Scope This section provides minimum load requirements for antenna supporting structures and antennas 22 Classification of Structures ‘Structures shall be classified according to Table 2-1 for the purposes of determining nominal wind, ice and earthquake loads 2.3 Combination of Loads 2.3.1 Symbols and Notation D_ = dead load of siructure and appurtenances, excluding guy assemblies; dead load of guy assemblies; ‘weight of ice due to factored ce thickness; E = earthquake load; ad effects dus to temperature; jind load without ice; ncurrent wind load with factored ice thickness 23.2 Strength Limit State Load Combinations ‘Structures and foundations shall be designed so that their design strength equals or exceeds the load effects of the factored loads in each of the following limit state combinations: 1. 1.2D+1.00,+1.6W. 2 09D+10D,+16W. 3 12D+100,+100,+10W +107; 4 12D+10D,+108 5. 09D+10D,+10E Exceptions: 1 Temperature effects need not be considered for self-supporting structures. 2 Ice and earthquake loading need not be considered for Class | structures. 3. No load factor shall be applied to the initial tension of guys. 4. Load combinations 2 and 5 apply to self-supporting structures only ee 8 seersmscoucy mame