BRASIL: UM PAS CHEIO DE CONTRASTES CULTURAIS THE TARAHUMARA La diferencia cultural entre Corea y Mxico

MULTICULTURALISM

Venerables ancianos?

La migration et la transculturation au xxime siecle

Did you know that?

New Zealand

Le sort des langues autochtones dans le troisime millnaire

The country at the worlds edge Spatiality and Languages Do we all talk about space the same way?

Noviembre 2012 Semestral Universidad Intercontinental

Directorio
Mtro. Juan Jos Corona Lpez Rector Mtro. Ramn Martnez Gasca Direccin General Acadmica Mtro. Jos Arturo De la Torre Guerrero Direccin General de Formacin Integral C.P. Sergio Mrquez Rodrguez Direccin General Administrativa y Financiera Mtra. Alejandra Bonilla Cassani Departamento de Lenguas Extranjeras COMIT EDITORIAL Mtra. Alejandra Bonilla Cassani Mtra. Mara Mnica Cullar Ayala DISEO Irma Alonso Moncada

n su segunda entrega, la revista LinguaUIC aborda temticas que giran en torno a la socioculturalidad. Lo sociocultural supone una ntima unin y relacin entre lo social y lo cultural, entrelazados e interdependientes de tal manera que pasamos a hablar de una nueva realidad que integra historia, sociedad, cultura, poltica y economa, entre otros. Lo sociocultural conlleva, a su vez, el respeto por la originalidad de cada cultura. Lo social es el conjunto de relaciones que se establecen entre las personas de un grupo o territorio determinado. La sociedad o la vida en sociedad es el resultado de dichas interacciones y relaciones entre esas personas. La cultura, por su parte, la podemos definir como el conjunto de valores, criterios, aspiraciones, sueos, modelos, hbitos y costumbres, formas de expresarse, comunicarse, y relacionarse que tienen las personas de una comunidad o un territorio. Tambin entra aqu la manera en que, un pueblo entiende su realidad y se relaciona con su medio. La cultura se nos presenta, pues, no como algo accesorio, decorativo o superfluo, sino como algo radicalmente importante y necesario para la vida y como un factor esencial de la identidad personal y grupal, ligada indisolublemente a la evolucin y desarrollo de las personas y de los pueblos. De esta forma, apreciamos su atencin y los invitamos a permearse de lo que alumnos y profesores investigamos, instalamos y ofrecimos en el 2 Simposio de Lenguas Extranjeras que tuvo lugar el 3 de mayo del ao en curso y cuyo tema principal fue la realidad sociocultural relacionada con los idiomas. As pues, pasemos por un momento a leer, conocer y ser parte de esta realidad. Bienvenidos. Departamento de Lenguas Extranjeras

Estimado Lector

ndice
3. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1 0. 1 1. 1 2. 1 3. 1 4. 1 5. Br as i l: u n p ai s c h ei o de c o n t r as t es c u lt u r ai s L a di f er en c i a c u lt u r al en t r e C o r ea y M x i co D i d Yo u k n o w t h at ? L e s o r t des lan g u es au t o c h t o n es dan s le tr oi si me mi lln ai r e M u lt i c u lt u r ali s m The country at the worlds edge N ew Z ealan d Spatiality and Languages. Do we all talk about space the same way? The Tarahumara La migration et la transculturation au xxime siecle Venerables ancianos? Ensayos de alumnos de Italiano de Bachillerato
2

Edificio Amrica planta baja Tel. 54 87 13 00 Ext. 1416 y 2780 abonilla@uic.edu.mx mcuellar@uic.edu.mx www.uic.edu.mx

BRASIL: UM PAS CHEIO DE CONTRASTES CULTURAIS

Profra. Yetzi Garca Alonso de la Campa y Profra. Karina Mndez Prez

star no Brasil experimentar vrios continentes ao mesmo tempo. H brasileiros de todas as cores, acho que isso o que faz um pas grande, rico, interessante e espetacular como o Brasil; o pas que est no sexto lugar em populao e quinto lugar em extenso, segundo a ONU con 198.361.000 brasileiros de diferentes cores e raas, mas todos com uma mesma bandeira. Essa mistura de raas e cores revela a histria do pas, que em 1500 foi descoberto por Portugal. Agora, com a colnia Portugusa estabelecida em meados do sculo XVI e ao mesmo tempo por outras colnias europias, contriburam para a mistura que atualmente est no Brasil, levando- a independncia do pas em 7 de setembro de 1822. Os principais grupos de imigrantes no Brasil so portugueses, italianos, espanhis, alemes e japoneses, que representam mais de oitenta por cento do total. At o fim do sculo XX, os portugueses aparecem como grupo dominante, com mais de 35%, o que natural, dada sua afinidade com a populao brasileira. So os italianos, em seguida, o grupo que tem maior participao no processo migratrio, com quase 30% do total, concentrados, sobretudo no estado de So Paulo, onde se encontra a maior colnia italiana do pas. Seguem-se os espanhis, com mais de 10%, os alemes, com mais de 6%, e os japoneses, com quase 5% do total de imigrantes. Os alemes se estabeleceram principalmente no Sul, os italianos em So Paulo, e os espanhis em todo o pas. Isso tambm contribuiu para que a mistura de povos no Brasil tivesse composio diferente de acordo com a regio. De maneira geral, pode-se dizer que predomina no litoral o mulato e, no interior, o branco e vrios mestios. A populao mais ndia no Norte, menos branca no Nordeste, mais ndia e mais branca no Centro-Oeste e menos negra no Sul. No Sudeste, historicamente a rea de maior desenvolvimento, h um pouco de todas as raas.

A contribuio dos portugueses merece destaque especial, pois sua presena constante assegurou a continuidade de valores que foram bsicos na formao da cultura brasileira. Os franceses influram nas artes, literatura, educao e nos hbitos sociais. Especialmente em So Paulo, grande a influncia dos italianos na arquitetura. A eles tambm se deve uma pronunciada influncia na culinria, costumes, e tambm uma herana na rea religiosa, musical e recreativa. Os alemes contriburam na indstria com vrias atividades e, na agricultura, trouxeram o cultivo do centeio e da alfafa. Os japoneses trouxeram a soja, bem como a cultura e o uso de legumes e verduras. Os libaneses e outros rabes divulgaram no Brasil sua rica culinria. O Brasil constitudo de misturas, no s de raas, mas tambm de culturas. Na histria do Brasil, a ocorrncia da mestiagem bastante pronunciada. Esse fato gerou uma identidade nacional singular e um povo marcadamente mestio na aparncia e na cultura.

star en Brasil es experimentar varios continentes a la vez. Hay brasileos de todos los colores, creo que esto es lo que hace un gran pas, rico, interesante y espectacular como Brasil; es el pas que ocupa el sexto lugar en la poblacin y quinto de longitud, de acuerdo con las Naciones Unidas 198,361,000 brasileos de diferentes colores y razas, pero todos con la misma bandera. Esta mezcla de razas y colores revela la historia del pas, que fue descubierto en 1500 por Portugal. Ya con la colonia portuguesa establecida en la segunda mitad del siglo XVI y, al mismo tiempo por otras colonias europeas, contribuy a la mezcla que se encuentra actualmente en Brasil, lo que lleva a la independencia el 7 de septiembre de 1822. 3

Los principales grupos de inmigrantes en Brasil son portugueses, italianos, espaoles, alemanes y japoneses, que representan ms del ochenta por ciento del total. A finales del siglo XX, los portugueses aparecen como el grupo dominante, con ms de un 30%, lo cual es natural, dada su afinidad por la poblacin brasilea. Los italianos, siendo el grupo siguiente que ha incrementado su participacin en el proceso de migracin, con casi el 30% del total, concentrados principalmente en So Paulo, donde est la mayor colonia italiana en el pas. Los siguientes son los espaoles, con ms de un 10%, Alemania con ms de 6%, y los japoneses con un 5% del total de inmigrantes Los alemanes se establecieron principalmente en el sur, los italianos en So Paulo, y los espaoles en todo el pas. Esto tambin contribuy a la mezcla de los pueblos en Brasil donde existe una composicin diferente segn la regin. En general, podemos decir que hay tres tipos de mezclas que prevalecen; en la costa: el mulato, en el interior: blancos y varios mestizos. La poblacin india se encuentra en el Norte, menos blancos en el noreste, ms india y ms blanca en el medio oeste y menos negros en el Sur.

En el Sureste, histricamente el rea de mayor desarrollo, hay un poco de todas las razas. La contribucin de los portugueses merece una mencin especial porque su presencia garantiza la continuidad de los valores que eran fundamentales en la formacin de la cultura brasilea. La influencia francesa en las artes, la literatura, la educacin y los hbitos sociales. Especialmente en So Paulo, est la gran influencia de la arquitectura italiana, existiendo tambin una marcada influencia en la gastronoma, costumbres, y una herencia en la religin, msica y recreacin. Los alemanes contribuyeron a diversas actividades en la industria y la agricultura, trayendo el cultivo del centeno y la alfalfa. El japons con la soja, su cultura y el uso de verduras y frutas. Los libaneses y otros rabes marcaron en Brasil su rica gastronoma. Brasil no solo est compuesto por una mezcla de razas, sino tambin de culturas. En la historia de Brasil, la presencia de contrastes mestizos es bastante pronunciada. Este hecho ha generado una singular identidad nacional, y un pueblo con una mezcla marcada en apariencia y cultura.

La diferencia cultural entre Corea y Mxico

L
a cultura refleja la sociedad y tambin la diferencia cultural nos ensea nuestra sociedad. Entre Corea y Mxico, hay muchas diferencias ya que sus culturas son muy distintas; por ejemplo, los coreanos respetan a los mayores cuando hablan con ellos. Ellos hablan de un modo corts. Adems, los coreanos comen muchas ms verduras que los mexicanos; en particular, comen muchas verduras sazonadas. Los mexicanos son muy alegres y tienen buen carcter; en cambio, los coreanos son muy serios y parecen tristes, pero, no nos equivoquemos! Aunque los coreanos se sientan bien, no quieren expresar mucho. En el saludo se ve el carcter de los coreanos: normalmente, no saludan de beso. Entre amigos, piensan que es muy raro que alguien se abrace tan fuerte como en Mxico cuando se saludan. As que hay muchas diferencias entre ambas culturas; por eso, debemos respetar otras culturas y adaptarnos a ellas. sa es una manera de coexistir juntos en el mundo.

Munk Young Choi (Che) Alumno de espaol

, . . . , . . , . , . , . . , . , . , . . , . . 5

Did you know that?

Alumnas de Ingls

Valentines day:

Valentines Day originates from the ancient Roman fertility festival of Lupercalia, which was celebrated on 15 February in honor of the gods Lupercus and Faunus, as well as the legendary founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus. During the festival, young men would draw the names of women from a box, and each couple would be paired until next years celebration. Often they would fall in love and marry. At around 270aD Rome was facing battles and civil uprising. The men were not keen to join the army. Emperor Claudius II believed that the men did not want to leave their loved ones and summarily canceled all marriages and engagements. Two priests, Valentine and Marius, disobeyed the decree and secretly performed marriage ceremonies. Valentine was caught on 14 February and dragged to jail. Later on the day he was clubbed to death and beheaded. It is said that, before his execution, Valentine himself had fallen in love with the jailers daughter. He signed his final note to her, From your Valentine.

Where does Uncle Sam, American symbol, recognized by the U.S. congress in 1961 come from? In 1812, during the 2nd war between the U.S. and Britain. Samuel Wilson, an inspector that supplied meat to the army, printed on the barrels of salt the initials U.S. (Unites States) in jest; the soldiers interpreted that as Uncle Sam.

Uncle Sam:

The first film animation was Humorous Phases of Funny Faces made in 1906 by American J. Stuart Blacton. But it was in 1919, when 18-year-old Walt Disney teamed up with Ub Iwerks, that the art of film animation took roots. They produced a series of cartoons entitled Alice in Cartoonland. The Walt Disney Company was founded in 1923, and in 1927 Walt came up with the idea for an animated mouse called Mortimer Mouse. His wife Lillian convinced him to change the name to Mickey Mouse. Mickey debuted the same year in Plane Crazy, which was followed with Galloping Goucho. In 1928, Disney launched the first animation with synchronized sound, Steamboat Willy, with Walt as the voice of Mickey Mouse. In 1937, Disney won a special Oscar for the first full-length animation: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Walter Elias Disney (12/5/1901 12/15/1966): I only hope that we dont lose sight of one thing that it was all started by a mouse.

Mickey Mouse:

In 1912 (three months after the sinking of the Titanic), the letters S.O.S were instituted as the internatinal call fot help. The International Meritime Organization said that the letters are not an abbreviation of the phrase Save Or Souls nor have any other special significance. The three-points-three-stripes and the three points( ) are easy to remember and to transmit in morse code in wich = S and =O.

S.O.S.
First to fly:

At 10h35 on Friday 17 December 1903, Orville Wright took the Flyer that he and his brother Wilbur built into the air for what has come to be known as the first powered flight. Earlier, unbeknownst to them, Gustave Whitehead and Richard Pearse were also experimenting with flying machines. Who actually took first to the sky remains a controversy.

Le sort des langues autochtones dans le troisime millnaire

Alumnos de francs
Ce qui importe vraiment en ce qui concerne le sort des langues autochtones dans le troisime millnaire, cest de trouver les moyens propices non seulement leur durabilit mais encore l enrichissement de leur culture littraire. Partant de lide que lorsquune langue meurt, lhumanit sappauvrit, la premire tape est la sensibilisation de sa valeur ses propres usagers et tous ceux qui nont pas eu dapprciation pour elles, en les considrant souvent comme de simples dialectes des Indiens. En analysant attentivement limpact de la mondialisation sur les langues, nous pouvons constater que cest un processus invitable, mais il nen est pas moins vrai que nous pourrions contribuer de diffrentes faons pour empcher lextinction de ces langues qui nous distinguent en tant que peuples. La dclration de ce processus dpend de nous.

e processus de mondialisation est de plus en plus intense. La communication va galement de pair avec la modernisation ; ce qui nous permet de prvoir qu lavenir, les langues autochtones, avec de moins en moins denceintes, tendent disparatre, en raison de ce processus de mondialisation. Un exemple clair est ltat de Sonora avec la langue Seri qui est de moins en moins parle. En effet, les groupes usant cette langue samoindrissent de faon vidente. Dautre part, nous avons la situation des langues msoamricaines telles que le nahuatl, le maya yucatque, lotomi, le zapotque et le mixtque qui, malgr toute la douleur et tous les efforts pour les maintenir comme une force importante dans de vastes zones, affrontent une situation pareille. 7

MU LT I C ULTU RA L IS M
e believe that multiculturalism is a concept that describes many thoughts, many points of view and different ways of understanding life. It is a relevant concept because nowadays we are part of multiculturalism. Although in Latin America people speak Spanish and Portuguese, we tend to communicate in the universal language: English. We use it practically every day on the internet, social networks, radio and on TV. Multiculturalism is a system of beliefs and behaviors that recognizes and respects the presence of all diverse groups in an organization or society, acknowledges and values their socio-cultural differences, and encourages and enables their continued contribution within an inclusive cultural context which empowers all within the organization or society.1

Prof. Hugo Gutirrez Prez

D4

Spread of English among non-native speakers: English as a multicultural/multinational language

D2

NATIVE SPEAKERS

NON-NATIVE SPEAKERS

ENL
UK, USA, CANADA AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND

ESL
GHANA, INDIA, KENYA, PAKISTAN SINGAPORE AND MORE

ESL
CHINA EGYPT, FRANCE, GERMANY, INDONESIA, JAPN, KOREA, SPAIN, TURKEY, VIETNAM, ZIMBABWE AND MORE

Japanese English Chinese English Korean English Indian English Thai English

ENL= English as a native language ESL= English as a second language EIL=English as an international language D3 D4
1. English as a British/ American language 2. English as a multicultural language 3. Standardization American/ British English Regional/Local sociocultural contexts Regional/Local varieties of English 4. Intercultural Literacy and language awareness GLOBAL SPREAD OF ENGLISH Native speakers varieties as the standard Intervariety Miscommunication

+Home and abroad, indeed, many Japanese are finding themselves using English more frequently with other Asians than with people from the UK or the USA.

1 http://www.edchange.org/multicultural/papers/caleb/ multicultural.html D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6: http://www.uri.edu/iaics/ content/2005v14n2/06%20Nobuyuki%20Honna.pdf

AT THE WORLDS EDGE

Alumnas de Ingls
New Zealand is a country located in the continent of Australia and Oceania. It is formed by different islands. Due to its unique location, very far from almost every continent and country of the world, it has unique characteristics as its traditions, customs, species and weather. Most of the actual residents are descendants from European people that discovered the island. One funny fact is that New Zealand has a crazy sheep/human rate , 9.5 sheep per every human. New Zealand has the highest car/citizen rating: almost 2 million cars per 4million citizens, including children. New Zealand was also the first place where women voted for the first time. This is a very important point that lets us see that citizenship there is equal. Also, this magic country has a number of cities that have a high Rank concerning the quality of living. Its a peaceful place

COUNTRY

THE

hat do you know about this amazing country?

to live. As mentioned before, New Zealand has unique animals due to its geographical isolation that has been under effect for more than 80 million years It is the first country to see the dawn of day due to the organization of the world hour. The people here are very polite and respectful, and the education levels are very high. On the other hand, violence and corruption levels are amazingly low. The sports practiced on the islands are also curious: the popular ones are rugby cricket and bowling; people get excited about this sports. Something else that has made this country very popular is the fact that the movie The Lord of the Ring was filmed there, using hundreds of citizens for the supporting cast roles. New Zealand is a beautiful place to visit and live. If you have the opportunity to travel, go to this magical country.

You will not regret it!

n our essay we are going to talk about the culture in New Zealand, some of its traditions, and the language. New Zealand is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses as well as numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is organized into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes. Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a Governor-General. New Zealand is a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Commonwealth of Nations, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and the United Nations. The native language in New Zealand is English; however, the country has three official languages: New Zealand English, the reo Maori (Maori language) and English. The culture of New Zealand is inherited from British and Europeans interwoven with Maori and Polynesian tradition. New Zealand is a cosmopolitan culture that reflects its changing demographics and consciousness of the natural environment. Maori culture has predominated for most of New Zealands history. Maori voyagers reached the country some time before 1300. Maori expansion and settlement culture diverged from its

Polynesian roots. The colonists had a dramatic effect on the indigenous Maori, bringing religion, technology and the English language with them. Traditions: New Zealand has several traditions but one of the most important ones is the Haka. The Haka is a war dance performed before rugby matches. Nowadays, the All Blacks (New Zealands rugbys team) plays the Haka before the beginning of each game to introduce them. Hangi is an Important traditional dish: meat and vegetables cooked by burying them in the ground, with a fire on top. Mid-winter swim: people swim in the middle of the winter, often dressed in silly costumes. Pavlova: a traditional (but not Maori) dessert. We can find some values in New Zealand; New Zealanders are hospitable and friendly, they are open to visitors and relaxed about them. They love to show you the sightseeing, outrageous adventure experiences and introduce the culture to you, so that we take part of their culture. As we can see, culture can vary a lot from one country to another. We are looking at a country where English is spoken, as in many other places, but that has unique traditions. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Zelanda Nuevo atlas geografico Universal, Ed. ocano

Alumnas de Ingls
10

Spatiality and Languages Do we all talk about space the same way?
Profra. Mara Mnica Cuellar
patial thought is a universal that is at the basis of human cognition. Based on this, we could possibly think that all human beings conceive space exactly the same way. Is that really so? Evidence from some languages that do not belong into the so called Indo-European family has proven that the answer to this question is negative. The fact is that spatial thought is determined by the frame of reference of a specific language. This means that spatial conceptualization is modeled by the concepts pertaining to each language. Does that mean that the perception we have of an object in space will differ from the one someone from another culture has? To answer this question, a look at the way some languages in the world express spatial relations could be helpful. They can either rely on prepositions, case markers, verb roots, body part terms, relational nouns, or positional words, only to name some of the linguistic resources that have been examined up to now. The use of prepositions and case markers is familiar to Indo-European languages, Spanish and English being languages that mainly rely on the former. The last four resources mentioned above can be found among some Mesoamerican, Australian and New Guinea languages, for instance. To illustrate the way spatiality can be linguistically conveyed in the before mentioned cases, we shall have a brief look at an example where some Indo-European languages are contrasted with Tseltal . The phrase cup on saucer expresses contact with a surface by means of the preposition on, which corresponds to its counterparts auf German op - Dutch and en Spanish.

In Tseltal, this can be expressed by means of a relational noun to emphasize the backgrounds surface: waxal ta s-ba sets te bojch (on its surface), or a positional adjective to make emphasis on the figures configuration: pachal ta sba sets te bojch (wide opened container whose canonical position is to be sitting on a surface). This language has more than one form to express relations of contact with a surface. Other type of spatial relations can be expressed using body part terms, as in ta sni karro (at the cars nose = in front of the car), where the focus is on a specific area of the background. Given the number of lexical resources this language has, it can be surprising that it only has one single preposition at hand, which appears to be semantically neutral and can be combined with some of the other lexical resources. The examples presented here can help us answer the question whether spatial perception differs among languages. The answer seems to be affirmative. Speakers of Tseltal appear to be more attentive to the shape, position and configuration of objects in space when talking about their location in space. In this language, spatial descriptions tend to be semantically more specific, whereas they tend to be semantically more general in languages like English and Spanish. This way, languages appear to bind information based on the categories and concepts they have at their disposal. The speakers of languages as different as the ones mentioned here have to consider different types of information when talking about spatial relations. We can conclude that language structure is a direct reflection of cognition. Spatial thought is a universal at the basis of human cognition. Nevertheless, spatial conceptualization is modeled by the concepts pertaining to each language. As Brown and Levinson put it, languages may reveal startling differences in conceptualization of the World.

Bibliography
Brown, P. and S. Levinson (1992). Left and Right in Tenejapa: Investigating a Linguistic and Conceptual gap. Zeitschrift fr Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung, 45 (6), 590-611. Cullar, M. (2008). La seleccin de la preposicin locativa en del espaol por hablantes del tseltal que hablan espaol como segunda lengua. Tesis - maestra. UNAM.

11

THE TARAHUMARA
Alumna de Ingls
os The Tarahumara or rarmuris are a native people of Mexico who settled in the territory of the state of Chihuahua. In their language, the term rarmuri, which means runners on foot or those who run fast, refers specifically to the males. It is possible that the ancestors of the Tarahumara Indians came from Asia (Mongolia) by crossing the Bering Strait about thirty thousand years ago. They were warlike and polytheists. They believed in life after death and the existence of benevolent and malevolent beings. Among the good ones were considered to be the sun, the moon, the doctor, snakes and stones, which caused the rains and controlled the animals they hunted. Among the bad ones were the lords of the underworld who caused death and natural disasters. Communal rituals were an essential part of their culture. They adored the sun and moon, celebrated victories of war, hunting animals and agricultural crops. Generally, the Tarahumara are thin (it is unusual to find tall or muscular men). Women tend to be small and more robust. They tend to have prominent cheekbones, small ears, big noses and mouths, thick lips, black hair, hairless, broad faces and little body hair. Their skin is brown, and they have regular feet, long arms and long legs. Their average height is 5 ft 7 in.

APPEARANCE

preserve their identity. Among the most significant ceremonies that are performed during the agricultural cycle are the Catholic calendar dates and any family event like the birth of a child. The tradition is that every man organizes three festivals during his life, and every woman organizes four because women are more prone to sin and should pay more. What is very important for the ceremony is the presence of the singer, who sings the songs that serve as background for dancing. Nowadays, the Tarahumara people are suffering because they have no food to eat and no work to be able to buy their own food. People from Mexico are trying to help them by sending things like water, canned food, blankets, etc. Unfortunately, this is not going to help these people so much because they need resources to produce their own food and tools. Otherwise they will always depend on somebody else to survive.
SOURCE: http://redescolar.ilce.edu. mx/redescolar/publicaciones/publi_mexico/ publitarahumaras.htm http://www.jor nada.unam. mx/2012/01/17/edito

FESTIVALS

Holidays are an important part of their culture because they

12

La migration et la transculturation au xxime siecle

Alumnos de francs

La culture est un systme complexe qui fonctionne avec une certaine intgrit et dynamisme. Elle comprend un ensemble de diffrents sous-systmes, qui jouent un rle essentiel dans la cration et la diffusion des valeurs spirituelles. Martinet, A. (1976).
eaucoup de sous-cultures ont de nombreux codes linguistiques, permettant linteraction entre les utilisateurs qui se communiquent entre eux, et identifiant leur appartenance une culture particulire. Dans cette dynamique, la communaut cre ses significations culturelles et dploie ses valeurs spirituelles. La langue comme une cration culturelle fournit les constituants de lidentit individuelle et collective. Mais la culture nest pas statique. Elle change avec linteraction de diffrentes cultures. Depuis laube de lhumanit, lchange culturel a conduit la richesse des civilisations, car il y a une interaction constante, fluide et vivante, qui coule entre les diffrents groupes, mais il amne aussi des conflits. Chaque migrant cherchant un meilleur projet de vie, arrive un endroit pour y rester. De ce fait, il doit quitter ses coutumes, ses croyances, sa culture et sa langue et commencer lassimilation de la culture, de la langue et des coutumes du pays o il arrive. Cependant, le natif se sentant attaqu par des trangers qui viennent, se dfend avec toutes les armes sa disposition. Lune de ses faons consiste se renfermer et pitiner la dignit des immigrs. Dans ce cas, la discrimination ne permet pas que le multiculturalisme enrichisse le dsir de dveloppement culturel dans tous les aspects. Cest donc une question qui ncessite dtre prise en charge par les diffrents gouvernements, pour fournir leur soutien tous ceux qui participent la transculturation, ainsi que pour favoriser la sensibilisation et louverture de la socit qui doit accepter que le multiculturalisme enrichit le dveloppement culturel dans tous les aspects. 13

Venerables ancianos?
Profra. Anglica Monroy

n pases como Mxico, es cada vez ms comn dejar a un lado el respeto por la gente mayor, lo que implica que, ahora, los pjaros le tiran a las escopetas y, en general, es comn ver cmo los jvenes descalifican a sus mayores porque ya no estn in y ya son ancianos decrpitos. Prueba de ello es que la edad de jubilacin cada da se reduce ms y que la gente que pasa de 40 aos de edad difcilmente encuentra trabajo, pues por la edad, ya no rene los requisitos. En la actualidad, los nios ya no le hablan de usted a sus abuelos y, al contrario, pasan encima de ellos. En contraste, existen culturas como las orientales en donde el adulto mayor recibe un trato respetable y se le considera una persona con sabidura. Por ejemplo, en Corea del Sur, es imposible que un joven recin egresado ocupe un cargo directivo en una empresa reconocida, pues requiere experiencia. En Mxico, podemos ver como las palancas mueven al mundo y por eso, ste es uno de los factores por los que no avanzamos en todos los niveles. Hace 20 aos, nuestro PIB per cpita estaba muy por encima de Corea del Sur. Ahora, Corea del Sur se perfila como una potencia econmica; entre otros factores, por concederle gran importancia a la educacin en todos los aspectos.

Por supuesto, hay conductas muy interesantes y curiosas que jams pensara que pudieran aplicarse en Mxico, pero que, a fin de cuentas, reflejan y refuerzan una idiosincrasia de respeto y honra para los mayores. As, por ejemplo, una persona de menor edad no puede saludar de mano a alguien mayor; sino slo hacer una leve inclinacin (en Mxico, nos llevamos de a cuartos). Otro ejemplo: si estn bebiendo en alguna reunin, las personas ms jvenes no pueden tomarse el agua en una posicin de frente a las mayores, pues deben voltearse a un lado y levantar el dedo meique. Qu decir del respeto a los profesores! En Mxico, en cualquier escuela, el da del examen, los alumnos juntan un poco ms las bancas y dejan por all y por ac los apuntes. Los coreanos, parecen trazar con regla la distancia entre las bancas y, el da del examen, el silencio es absoluto; no intentan ver si el compaero de junto les puede pasar la ansiada respuesta que necesitan y eso s, tienen a la mano su goma y sus lpices. Siempre contestan con lpiz por aquello de la limpieza y su letra es, como su personalidad: ordenada. Creo que valdra la pena recapacitar qu estamos haciendo mal y tomar lo bueno de culturas como las asiticas en donde el respeto es primordial. Reflexionemos slo en la siguiente pregunta: si llegamos a viejos, queremos ser venerables o decrpitos? La respuesta comienza con lo que estamos haciendo hoy. 14

Alumnos de italiano de bachillerato

Litaliano come materia di studio

empre pi stranieri scelgono litaliano come materia di studio allestero. Cos anche se si trova al 19 posto tra le lingue pi parlate al mondo con 120 milioni di persone, il 52% di queste, chiamate italofoni, sono stranieri. Si ha notizia che da quasi due decadi il numero di persone che studiano italiano sono arrivate al 40 % tra le persone che frequentano corsi di lingue straniere, superato dallinglese al primo posto, il francese al secondo e lo spagnolo al terzo. I corsi negli Istituti italiani di Cultura arrivano a 4000, e la Societ Dante Alighieri ha pi di 500 sedi in tutto il mondo e tutto questo grazie alla grande tradizione culturale del bel paese: storia, patrimonio artistico, gastronomia, moda, musica, e disegno made in Italy che fanno della penisola una delle pi grandi attrazioni turistiche del pianeta.

I gesti italiani

Karen Aranda Tello

Nancy Andrea Gaxiola Ruiz

gesti sono utilizzati per dare pi enfasi al discorso mentre si parla e rendono la conversazione colloquiale pi vivace. Gli italiani gesticolano volentieri possono cos ironizzare o risparmiare tempo. I gesti e le espressioni cambiano a seconda della regione, assumento dei significati un po diversi, oppure sono pi utilizate in alcune regioni e meno in altre, ovviamente il loro utilizzo dipende anche dalle persone e spesso si dice che non siano n eleganti n raffinati ma possiamo dire che appartengono comunque al linguaggio espressivo italiano. I pi classici esprimono: indifferenza, minaccia, stupidit o pazzia degli altri o la negazione della propria, a volte si accompagnano anche di suoni come fischi o esclamazioni.

Mnica Maricela Romo Aguilar

LItalia e le sue feste

Alcuni dati dellItalia

Maria Valentina Garca Solorzano Il 17 marzo 1861 giorno dellUnit DItalia segna linizio dell identit italiana. Giorgio Napolitano lundicesimo Presidente della Republica Italiana dal 15 maggio 2006, il terzo proveniente dalla sinistra (PCI) e il terzo presidente napoletano.
LItalia ha venti regioni delle quali solo 5 non hanno il mare e sono: Umbria, Valle dAosta, Piemonte, Lombardia e Trentino.

La regione pi piccola e la Valle dAosta. LItalia lunico Stato del mondo che include due altri stati nel suo territorio: la Repubblica di San Marino e lo Stato del Vaticano. C un Lago (Garda) che si trova in tre regioni: Lombardia, Veneto e Trentino Il comune pi popolato, con oltre 2.500.000 di residenti
vamente grandi, con pi di 100.000 abitanti. Roma

Italia e il Messico hanno molto in comune ma hanno anche modi diversi di passare le feste per esempio: a Natale il presepe si mette sotto lalbero, si sta solo con la famiglia per il pranzo del 25 dicembre e si mangia per dolce il panettone; a Capodanno si fa il brindisi a mezza notte e si gioca a tombola ci possono essere anche degli ospiti non solo la famiglia; per lEpifania in Italia non sono i re magi che portano i regali ma la Befana una vecchia strega che porta oltre ai giocattoli, delle calze piene di dolci, il carbone (di zucchero) e qualche aglio o cipolla perch durante lanno uno fa il birichino; a Carnevale le persone fanno scherzi, si divertono e si mascherano in alcune citt famose come Venezia o Viareggio; la domenica di Pasqua si mangia in famiglia, si fanno regali tanto importanti come a Natale, si regalano le uova di cioccolato e si mangia un dolce a forma di colomba; l8 marzo c labitudine di offrire un mazzetto di mimose alle donne che spesso la sera di questo giorno vanno a cena tra amiche. Queste citate sono alcune delle feste italiane pi importanti.

Di circa 57 milioni, solo 23 italiani su 100 vivono in citt relati In Italia si trova la montagna pi alta dEuropa, il Monte Bianco (4810 metri), il vulcano pi alto dEuropa, lEtna in Sicilia (oltre 3300 metri), e il ghiacciaio pi a sud dEuropa, il Calderone, che si trova in Abruzzo. In Italia ci sono dodici lingue minoritarie riconosciute denominate Firenze Patrimonio dellumanit
storiche: albanese, catalano, greco, sloveno, croata, francese, francoprovenzale, occitano, friulano, ladino, sardo e germanico. considerata una citt opera darte e nei suoi musei conserva il pi grande patrimonio artistico Italiano.

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