Ruffini

Tiene que ser de grado uno y si es de grado mayor tiene que ser factorable.
DIVISOR
x 2 2x + 1
(x-1)(x-1)
Sea el polinomio
P (x) 4 4 + 7 2 3 3 12
D (x) 2 + x 2
P (x) 4 4 3 3 + 7 2 + 20 12
D (x) 2 + x 2
(x+2)(x-1)
X=-2 ; x=1
4 -3
-2

-8

7
22

20 -12
-58 76

4 -11 29 -38 64
4
4
Q (x) 4 4 7 + 22
R (x) = (1mer factor) R2+R1

-7
-7 22

residuo 1

22
-16

residuo2
Si tuviera dos factores
R1

R (x) = (x+a) R2+R1

R2

R (x) = (x+2) (-16) + 64

R3

R (x) = -16x-22+64
R (x) = -16x+32

Residuos
(x+a)R3 +(x+b) R2 +R3

(x+a)R3+(x+b)R2+R1

Dividir

P (x) 4 4 3 3 + 7 2 + 20 12
D (x) 2 + 2x 3
(x+3) (x+1)
X=-3 ; X=1

4 -3
-3

-12 45

20

-156 408

4 -15 52 -136
1

4
4

-11
-11

-12

396

41
41 -95

Q (x) 4 4 11 + 41
R (x) = (x+a) R2+R1
R (x) = (x+3) (-95) (+396)
R (x) = -95x-285+396
R (x) = -95x+111
Si tuviera 4 residuos
(x+a)R4+(x+b)R3+(x+c)R2+R1

Teorema del resto y del factor

Aplicamos solo si el divisor es de grado 1
D (x)= + 1
P (x) 2 3 2 2 + x 1
1

D (x) 3 1 = x= 3 (reemplaso en el polinomio)

Resto=?

(Residuo)

P (x) 2 3 2 2 + x 1

1
1
1
2 ( ) x 3 + 2 ( ) x 2 + ( ) 1
3
3
3
=

26+927
27

26
27
26

El residuo o resto = R(x)= - 27

Determine si X+2; es divisor del polinomio 5 + 5x = 6
P (x) 2 5x + 6
X=-2
(2)2 + 5(2) + 6
4-10+6
R(x)=0
(X+2) si es factor del polinomio

Cocientes notables
Cociente

Es el resultado de una divicin

a2 b 2
=a+b

a2 +b2

=?

No son cocientes notables

x 3 + y 3 ( + )(x 2 + y 2 )
=
= x 2 + y 2
( + )
+
= x 3 x 2 y + xy 2 + x 2 y xy 2 + y 3
x 3 + y 3 ( + )(x 2 + y 2 )
=
= x 2 + y 2
( + )
+
= x 3 + x 2 y + xy 2 x 2 y xy 2 y 3

Descomposicin factores
2 2 = (a+b)(a-b)

x 3 y 3 = ( )(x 2 + y 2 )
m4 n4 = ( )(m3 m2 n + mn2 + m2 n + n3 )
(m2 + n2 )(m2 n2 )
(m2 + n2 )(m + n)(m n)

a2 + b2 = a2 + b2 (No es posible factorar)

a3 b3 = ( + )(a2 ab + b2 )
x 4 + y 4 = x 4 + y 4 (No es posible factorar)
m5 + n5 = ( + )(m4 m3 n + m2 n2 + mn3 + n4 )
m8 + n8 = m8 + n8 (No es posible factorar)

Trinomios
Trinomio cuadrado perfecto=
2 + 2xy + 2 = ( + )2
2 2xy + 2 = ( )2
1
1 2
2
2 + 4 = ( + 2 )

Trinomio de la forma + +
a 2 + bx + c
2 + bx + c

+ +
(a+2)(a+1)

(m-3)(m+2)
x 2 + 7x + 12
(x+4)(x+3)

Trinomio de la forma + + forma normal

+
=

4m2 + 1(2) 6
2

(2 + 3)(2 2)
2

(2 + 3)2( 1)
2

= (2 + 3)( 1)
22 + m 3
= (2 + 3)( 1)

Aspa
+
-2m
2m

-1

3m
m

= (2 + 3)( 1)

FRMULA GENERAL

2 4
2

1 (1)2 4(2)(3)
2.2

1 1 + 24
4

1 25
4

1 + 5
=1
4

2 =

1 + 5
3
=
4
2

192 + 19a 15
=

2 4
2

19 361 + 660
20

19 31
20

1 =

12 3
=
20 5

2 =

19 31
20

2 =
1 =

5
2

3
5

2 =

5
2

3
=0
5

(5a 3)

a+

5
=0
2

(2a + 5)

TRINOMIOS INCOMPLETOS
+
4 2 2

4 2 2

(x 4 + 4x 2 y 2 + y 4 ) 4 2 2
= (x 2 + y 2 )2 4 2 2
= [(x 2 + y 2 )2 + 2][(x 2 + y 2 )2 + 2][
= (x 2 + 2xy + y 2 )(x 2 2xy + y 2 )
= (x + y)2 (x y)2

+ +
2 2 x 2

-2 2 x 2

(4 4 + 22 2 x 2 + x 4 )
= (2 2 + x 2 )2

2 2 x 2

2 2 x 2

= [(2 2 + abx)][(2 2 abx)]

= (2 2 + abx + 2 )(2 2 abx + 2 )

Descomposicin de polinomios en la formula general

P (x) = 4 + 4 3 7 2 22 + 24 = (x + 1)(x 2)(x + 3)(x + 4)

1
1
1

-7

-22

-2

-2

14
7

-3

-24

-24

2
1

24

1 factor

24
12

-3
1

-12
4

FACTORES (X-1)(X-2)(X+3)(X+4)

P (x) =105 4 299 3 108 2 + 164x + 48

105

105

-299

105

164

48

-70

246

-92

-48

-396

138

72

-228

-72

-90

84
105

-108

-285
-30

90

-315

P (x) =105 4 299 3 108 2 + 164x + 48

=(

2x+3

5x4

7x+2

)(

)(

) (105x 315)
3

= 2 , x + 2
4

= 5 , x5=
x=

(2 +3 2 )2 9( + 3 2 )2
= [5(2 +3 2 ) + 3( +2 2 )][5(2 +3 2 ) 3( +2 2 )]
= (10 x + 15 2x + 3 x + 6 2x )(10 x + 15 2x 3 x 6 2x )
= (13 x + 21 2x )(7 x + 9 2x )
= 100 2x + 300 3x + 225 4x 9 2x 36 3x 36 4x )
= 91 2x + 264 3x + 189 4x

Casos especiales
4x 2 y 2

+ 4y 4

x8

x4

1
2x 4

4x 2 y 2

+ 4y 4

x3

+ x4

2x 4
1

2x 4

= (x 4 + 4x 2 y 2 + 4y 4 ) ( 8 +2x 4 1)
= (x 2 + 2y 2 )2 (x 4 + 1)2 se factora la diferencia de cuadrados
= [(x 2 + 2y 2 )2 + (x 4 + 1)][(x 2 + 2y 2 )2 (x 4 + 1)]
= (x 2 + 2y 2 + x 4 + 1)(x 2 + 2y 2 x 4 1)
= (x 4 + x 2 + 2y 2 + 1)(x 4 + x 2 + 2y 2 1)

2
7

5x4
5

, x+

2
7

*25x 2 + 20xy + 4y 2 12yz + 9z 2 30xz

25x 2 + 20xy + 4y 2 12yz 30xz + 9z 2

5x

2y

-3z

5x

2y

-3z

10xy

-6yz

-15xz

10xy

-6yz

-15xz

20xy

-12yz

-30xz

(5x+2y-3z)(5x+2y-3z)
(5x+2y-3z)

+
+
2 ( )
2 ( )

=
=
( 3 3 ) ( )( 2 + 2 ) ( 2 + + 2 )

+
+ +
5
6
2

+
2 + 3 (2 + 3)
5 2 6 + 2(2 + 3) 5 2 6 + 4 + 6 5 2 + 4
(5 + 4) (5 + 4)
=
=
=
=
(2 + 3)
(2 + 3)
(2 + 3) (2 + 3) (2 + 3)

+
+
+
+
+
+ + +
( 2

+
+
+
+ 2
+
)( + ) ( )( + ) ( )( 2 + )

+
+
+
+
+
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+
+
+
+
+
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
+
+
+
+
+
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( + )( ) ( + )( ) ( + )( )
( )( )( )
2 2 ( 2 2 ) ( + 2 )
( )( )( )
2 2 2 + 2 + 2 +
2
=
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
2

=
( )( )( )

( )

=
( )( )( )
( )( )

Fracciones Algebraicas

Si x-y=2n y + + = 2
Calcular el valor de =

33+
2 2 3 2 +3 2

+
( + ) ( )
( ) + ( + )
=2
( + )( )
( ) + ( + ) = 2(2 2 )
+ + = 2(2 2 )
( + ) ( ) = 2(2 2 )

( + ) . 2 = 2(2 2 )
+ =

22 22 + 22

+ = 2

+
+

3( ) ( )
( 2 2 ) + 3( 2 2 )

3. 2 . 2
( + )( ) + 3( + )( )

6 22
=
(2)(2) + 3(2)(2)
=

2(3 )
42 + 122

2(3 )
1
=
4( + 3) 2

+ +
:
+

( + 3)( 1)
( + 2) 3
2 + 2 3
( + 2)( 2)
( + 2)( 2)
( + 2)( 2)
=
=
( 2)( 1) ( 6)( + 3)
( 1)( + 3)
( 1)
.
( + 3)( 2) ( 6)( 2)
( + 3)( 2)
( 2)
( + 3)( 1)( 2)
=
( + 2)( 2)( 1)

( + 3)
( + 2)

1
2

1
2a 1
3
a+1
=1

1
1
2 +4
+1

= 1
2

1
3( + 1) (2 1)
+1

1
1
2 3 + 3 2 + 1
+1

=1

1
1
1
=1
= 1
2
+
8
1
( + 1)
2( + 4) ( + 1)
2
( + 4)
( + 4)
( + 4)

( + 4) + 7 4
1
3
=1
=
=
+7
( + 7)
+7
+7
( + 4)

RACIONALIZACIN
a
.

FACTOR RACIONALIZANTE

2
3

. =

23
3

23

FR =

3
23

2.33
2.3

2.3
6

=1

consiste en racionalizar el numerador o el denominador

1
.
=

a
3

1 2
3

.3

a 2

2
3

2. 34

3. 34

47

442 . 43

35x 2 y
3

27xy 2
3

an1

2 43
4.4

43
8

2 5 2

2. 43
5

23

2 34

(352 )3 . (2 )2

5
5

3
6

4287510 3

3
6

22 . 23 + 22 . 53
2 + 10 10 25

6
25 +
4.125

.
=

x
4

2 + 2 + 2
4

(2 + 2 + 2)

. ( )

(2 + 2) 2 (2 + 2) + 2
4

(2 + 2) + 2

(2 + 2 + 2) 6 32
=
=
.
4
((2 + 2) 2 4 + 42 + 2 2
6 + 32
6 32
4

(2 + 2 + 2)(6 32) (2 + 2 + 4)(6 32)

=
36 3.2
30

Ecuaciones lineales
=
1
7
1
[3 6 5 ( 5)] + 13( 5) + = 0
9
2
4

32 + 500
3

1
7 10
1
[3 6 5 (
)] + 13 65 +
9
2
4
1
35 + 50
1
[3 6 5 (
)] + 13 65 +
9
2
4
1 6 12 35 + 50
1
[
] + 13 65 +
9
2
4
6 12 35 + 50
1
+ 13 65 +
18
4
29 + 38
1
+ 13 65 +
18
4
58 + 76 + 468 2340 + 9
= 410 2255 = 0
36
=

2255 451
=
= 5.5
410
2

+ + ( )
+
=

2 + 2 + 2 3 + (2 2 + 2 )
=

2
= 2 + + 2 3 2 + 2 2
=

2 2 2 2( )
=
= 2
2
( )

+ =
2

( + 16 ) = 42
+ 16 2 2 + 16 + = 16
2 2 16 = 16 16
2 2 16 = 2 (: 2)
2

( 2 16) = 2
2 + 16 = 2

=0

Ecuaciones de Segundo grado

Resolucin:
FACTORANDO
2 5 + 6 = 0
X

-3=-3x

-2=-2x

( 3)( 2) = 0

Completando trinomio cuadrado perfecto

2 5 + 6 = 0
2 5 +

25
25
= 6 +
4
4

5 2
1
( ) =
2
4

5
1
=
2
2

1 =

1 5
+ =3
2 2

1 5
2 = + = 5
2 2

Formula General
2 5 + 6 = 0
=

2 4
2

5 25 24
2.1

5 1
2

1 =

5 + 1
=3
2

2 =

51
=2
2

+ =
2 =

27
3

2 = 9
= 3 3

Resolver Ecuacin
2 = 2 5
2 2 + 1 = 5 + 1
( 1)2 = 4
1 = 2
1 = 1 + 2
2 = 1 + 2
2 2 + 15 = 10
2 +

15 10
=

2
2

2 5 +

15
=0
2

2 5 +

15
2

2 5 +

25
15 25
= +
4
2
4

5
5
=
2
4

1 =

5
5
5 5
5 + 5
+ = +
=
2
4
2
2
2

2 =

5
5
5 5
+ =
2
4
2

20 400 4(9)(116)
36

20 400 4(9)(116)
36

20 3776
36

20 3776
36

20 859
36

20 859
36

1 =

5 + 259
369

2 =

5 259
369

Ecuacin de la forma cuadrtica

= +
4 + 10 2 24 = 0
4 10 2 + 24 = 0
2 =

4 = 2

Naturaleza de los radicales

2 4
=
2

2 2 + 2 = 0

Discriminante
2 4

= 1 + 16 = = 17

Si:
D=0 = dos raicis racionales e iguales
D=0 = dos raicis imaginarias diferentes
D=0 = dos raicis reales diferentes

Calcular la naturaleza de las races

+ =

+
7 2 20
( ) =
2
4

= 49 20

7 29
=
2
2

= 29

2 7 + 5 = 0

1 =

49 20
2

7 29
2

1 =

7 + 29
2

1 =

7 29
2

= 36 36
=0

( )

( + 3)( + 3) = 0

29 7 7 + 29
+ =
2
2
2

1 =

+ + =

= +

29 7 7 29
+ =
2
2
2

1 = 3
2 = 3

x 2 + 6x + 11
2 + 6 +

= 36 44

36
36
= 11 +
4
4

= 8

6 2
8
( ) =
2
4

1 =

6
= 2
2

2 = 3 2

+ 2 4 2 4
=
+
2
2
=

+ 2 4 2 4
2

=
2

+ 2 4 2 4

2
2

Para el ejercicio anterior

= 3 + 2 + (3 2)
= 3 + 2 + 3 2
=6
= (3 + 2) (3 2)
= 3 + 2 + 32 2

6
6 + 22
+ 2 =
= 3 + 2
2
2

 +
= 1 + 2
= (3 + 2) + (3 2)
=6
= 1 + 2
= (3 + 2) + (3 2)
= 9 + 32 32 22 2 = 9 2 2 = 7

Encuentre el valor de K:
De tal modo que las dos races sean iguales
2 + 2( 2) 8 = 0
2 4 = 0

=0

discriminante

[2( 2)]2 4.1(8) = 0

22 ( 2 4 + 4)
4 2 16 + 16 + 32 = 0
4 2 16 + 16 = 0
2 4 + 4 = 0
( + 2)( + 2)
= 2

Ejercicios
La edad del padre es el triple de la de su hijo y dentro de 8 aos ser el doble Cul ser
la edad de cada uno?
= 3

= 24

+ 8 = 2( + 8)

=8

3 + 8 = 2 + 16
3 2 = 16 8
=8

Un estudiante se comparte a presentar a su padre la resolucin de 5 problemas

diariamente. El padre dar al hijo $7.50 por cada problema bien resuelto bien resuelto, y
el hijo abona a su padre $6 por cada problema que deje de presentar o este mal resuelto.
Al cabo de 15 das el hijo gan $225 Cuntos problemas resolvi bien el estudiante?
7.50 6 = 225

+ = 75
= 75

7.50 450 + 6 = 225

13.5 = 675
= 50