poli78p.

qxd

23/09/99 5:32 PM

Pgina 1

POLITEXT 78

De King Kong a Einstein

La fsica en la ciencia ficcin

poli78p.qxd

23/09/99 5:32 PM

Pgina 3

POLITEXT

Manuel Moreno Lupiez

Jordi Jos Pont

De King Kong a Einstein

La fsica en la ciencia ficcin

EDICIONS UPC

poli78p.qxd

23/09/99 5:32 PM

Pgina 4

Primera edicin: octubre de 1999

Diseo de la cubierta: Manuel Andreu y Jorge Calvet

Dibujos: Vicent Ribas

los autores, 1999

Edicions UPC, 1999

Edicions de la Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya, SL
Jordi Girona Salgado 31, 08034 Barcelona
Tel. 934 016 883 Fax. 934 015 885
Edicions Virtuals: www.edicionsupc.es
e-mail: edupc@sg.upc.es

Produccin:

Romany-Valls
Pl. Verdaguer 1, 08786 Capellades (Barcelona)

Depsito legal: B-31.490-99

ISBN: 84-8301-333-9
Quedan rigurosamente prohibidas, sin la autorizacin escrita de los titulares del copyright, bajo las sanciones establecidas en las leyes, la reproduccin total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, comprendidos la reprografa y el tratamiento informtico y la distribucin de ejemplares de
ella mediante alquiler o prstamo pblicos, as como la exportacin e importacin de ejemplares para su
distribucin y venta fuera del mbito de la Unin Europea.

V <A tZ%s8t {Bt js R}st9s I JZ

RZ 8$jt$B j }?B-$8B Rs 8`B JZ j tZRB
O s $ p88s }BJZ Y8BR 8stt$IB
R$8} Rs R}st9s k
t RBR $8}BR I $IsjR }I$IBR
Y8BR `{$IB j I{YB s js ZB}?s

V jBR {BR Ij }sRsIB s }sR$BtR IRssIsR

{B8B Y$jB RBA PZB
V _$js }B YsA BRsIB
BAsj Zt $8}B }{$BRB JZ j }t{
O sj\js JZ R?s }B jjs Zts tZ%s 8ZRs
Ij 8$jsB I js %$Is

V 8BIB I }Rts{$?
Bt
}B Bs }s Ij BIB $tt{Rs$s

V }$t{$}$BR I jBR sKtBR Rts Z%B {$B {B }B}Zjs Zt j$AB JZ tBR sjsAs RBA
 7 ssAs I
 Ij tBs8${stB Vj%$t
qB/ JZ$t t I${Ys BAs 4-$BtsAs RBA js %jB{$IsI I {s8A$B t Zts {ZjZs {B8B
js tZRs IB8$tsIs }B jBR P{BR I js {$t{$s k js {tBjB?s k RZ -{}{$Btsj {s}s{$IsI
stRPB8sIBs Ns $Is {tsj Ij j$AB I qB/ }ZI -}BtR I PB8s {sR$ $tZ$$%s
k
{Bt Zt Rt{$jjB `8}jBU tZRBR st}sRsIBR ts{$Bt k s}tI$Bt s %$%$ t
Zt 8ZtIB JZ t stIR j?tsR RZ$?s R$tIB j 8$R8B tBtB IBtI s{sAs?st RZR I?sR
et sJZj tBt{R tB s t{Rs$B sIs}sR s Zt 8ZtIB {s8A$st ks JZ jBR {s8A$BR
$t%$sAjR k R$8} }RtR R }BIZ{?st s Zt $8B jB RZh{$t8t jtB {B8B }ss
tB sjs R$t$h{s$%s8t jBR 8BIBR PZtIs8tsjR I {B8}Bs8$tB }RBtsj IZst js
%$Is I Zt R YZ8stB _B s tBRBBR }B RZ B }B IRs{$s sj
tBR R?s ks
Iht$$%s8t %IsIs
js

jjsIs }8sZs Ij PZZB

ej RYB{, Ij PZZB

Ps8$j$s

{B8BI$IsI

et jsR Z?j$8sR I?{sIsR j $8B I {s8A$B R Ys Y{YB st s{jsIB JZ YBk RsA8BR ks JZ
j 8ZtIB t JZ s}tI8BR s %$%$ k js{$BtstBR tB R?s j 8$R8B IBtI %$%$8BR js 8skB
}s I tZRsR %$IsR ej {s8A$B }R$I tZRs {$%$j$9s{$?Bt I Zts PB8s BARR$%s {B8B
tB YsA?s sP{sIB stR s tZRBR st}sRsIBR eRs8BR BAj$sIBR s {Bt%$%$ {Bt j PZZB k
jBR {s8A$BR JZ s}Bs O Rs %jB{$IsI s{jsIs I {s8A$B }B{I R$t IZIs sjZts I jBR
P{BR JZ js {$t{$s 8BIts k js {tBjB?s s%st9sIs `{t {B$I$sts8t RBA tZRs
8sts I %$%$ eRstIB ks }?B-$8B s jBR {$t{Zts sKtBR JZ$t R{$A k jsR }RBtsR I js
8$R8s ts{$?Bt wk s8A$?t s RZ %9 jsR JZ {BtPB8st jsR R$Z$tR ts{$BtRD Y8BR
%$%$IB tZRs $tPst{$s k sIBjR{t{$s R$t st }s I js {tBjB?s JZ YBk R?s }Rt t
tZRsR %$IsR I PB8s $t{ZR$BtsAjU js j%$R$?Bt jBR BItsIBR ytt jsR {BsP?sR
js RBtst{$s 8st?${s js 8${B{$Z?s jBR tZ%BR 8s$sjR js $tt$?s t?${s k Zt
jsZ?R$8B {?s tBR Yst BAj$sIB s sIs}stBR s 8s{YsR PB9sIsR s Zt }Rt JZ js
{tB{$t{$s sjs I?s s I?s _B ttI j {s8A$st }Rt I tZRs s{Zsj$IsI tB R
ss P?s{$j _B s9BtR BA%$sR I jtZs` {B8}j`$IsI I$h{ZjsI k js $t%$sAj k R$8}
{{$t R}{$sj$9s{$?Bt js {B8}tR$?Bt I js {tB{$t{$s k RZ %IsIB sj{st{ Yst JZIsIB
I8sR$sIB sj`sIBR I jsR }BR$A$j$IsIR sjR I js 8skB?s I js RB{$IsI 7sA8BR ks JZ
t js $tPst{$s k js sIBjR{t{$s tBR R $8}R{$tI$Aj tB R?BjB s}tI R$tB k RB R jB 8?sR
$8}Bst
 WZRB PZZB {B8B RR YZ8stBR R {BthZs ks IRI
js t{R$IsI $8}$BRs I sIJZ$$ R$8} tZ%BR {Bt{}BR k s}tI s 8st`s tZ%BR
sPs{BR {tBj?B${BR
s}tI s s}tI

_B RB Zt j$AB JZ t j PBtIB s$tI s js $t%$sAj ss I js I$%Zjs{$?Bt {$t?h{s {B8B

j JZ Yst R{$B jBR IB{BR FBI$ FBR? k stj BtB wB stj BtB k FBI$ FBR?
JZ stB 8Bts 8Bts stBD R Ij BIB $8}R{$tI$Aj 7Z s8tB $tRst sAs`B
tBR s{{s s jBR {Bt{}BR I js P?R${s I PB8s -8sIs8t Rt{$jjs {B8}tR$Aj k jB
8?sR $8}Bst 8Zk P?s{$j8t {BIsAj *RI Ys{ sKtBR %tB }B{js8stIB js t{R$IsI
I Zts I$%Zjs{$?Bt {$t?h{s sj k RBA BIB s8ts k I$%$Is O R j$AB R s8tB
k I$%$IB O RsR {ss{?R${sR tB RBt Zt %sjB 8tB t jBR sssIBR I?sR I tZRB
}Rt O RB R sR? }BJZ FBI$ k stj tBR -}j${st jBR {Bt{}BR 8?sR $8}BstR I js
P?R${s Z$j$9stIB Zt %Y?{ZjB 8ss%$jjBRBU js {$t{$s h{{$?Bt ]B8B BIBR RsAt js {$t{$s h{{$?Bt
R Rt{$sj8t Zt ?tB tss$%B }B}$B k {ss{?R${B I tZRB R$jB JZ t js %$`s
PB8Zjs{$?Bt Ij IB{B yRss{ VR$8B% $tts stsj$9s

js R}ZRs YZ8sts s jBR {s8A$BR t j

t$%j I js {$t{$s k js {tBjB?

s

et {$s PB8s jBR j{BR I {$t{$s h{{$?Bt R }}sst I PB8s s8ts }ss %$%$ t j PZZB
{s8A$st JZ tBR sZsIs }ss {B8}tI jsR sjts$%sR JZ js {$t{$s k js {tBjB?s tBR
I}sst ks k 8?sR $8}Bst s?Zt JZ tBR I}ss?st t Zt PZZB sj %9 {{stB zs8BR Zt
`8}jB %$It B8sIB Rs %9 Ij {s8}B I js $tt$?s t?${s ]ZstIB t PAB I
d R {BBt?B {Bt ?-$B j BA`$%B I {jBts Zts B%`s k BIB j 8ZtIB 8}9?B s YsAjs I
*Bjjk I js }BR$Aj {jBts{$?Bt I BIB $}B I 8s8?PBR k t {Bt{B I js }BR$Aj {jBts{$?Bt
I RR YZ8stBR j IAs sj{st9?B s js 8skB?s NBR $tIZIsAjR }BAj8sR ?${BR }R${Bj?B${BR
k I BIB $}B JZ }BI?s {B8}Bs js {jBts{$?Bt I RR YZ8stBR I$Bt jZs s Zts s8}j$s
%s$IsI I I$R{ZRBR k 8st$PRs{$BtR *RI j RZ8B }Bt?h{ I js yjR$s ]s?Bj${s s
{B8$R$BtR I -}BR I js =We7]! BIB j 8ZtIB R 8st$PR?B RBA jB JZ t sJZj
8B8tB R }RtsAs {B8B Zts st tB%IsI }ss {sR$ BIBR ej
R h s jBR j{BR
I {$t{$s h{{$?Bt JZ$tR Z$sIBR }B js {s}s{$IsI R}{Zjs$%s I RZR 8`BR sZBR R
YsA?st Ps8$j$s$9sIB ks {Bt jBR }BR$AjR P{BR k {BtR{Zt{$sR I js {jBts{$?Bt sjZtsR I{sIsR
stR JZ jBR I8?sR *RI
>dn1H I V <Z-jk sj sAZtIst ss8$tB Ij
8s t js {$t{$s h{{$?Bt I jBR sKtBR RRts k Rts YsRs jjs s BAsR {sR$ Iht$$%sR {B8B
>dMxH I ] F ]YkY jBR j{BR I {$t{$s h{{$?Bt tBR YsA?s8BR s{BRZ8AsIB s
}tRs t Rs }BR$A$j$IsIU Zt I?s YsA?s {jBtR I RR YZ8stBR VI8?sR I js I$%R$?Bt I
Zts j{Zs $tj$t t?s8BR RBA jBR I8?sR sj 8tBR Rs Bs %ts`s sIs}s$%s WB R
}B{s {BRs t jBR $8}BR I {s8A$B s{jsIB JZ {Bt
{sR$

ej 8ZtIB Pj$9

]kt

eRs R js PZt{$?Bt {ss{?R${s I js AZts {$t{$s h{{$?BtU R$8Zjs js 4-$?Bt RBA jsR
{BtR{Zt{$sR RB{$sjR k I BIB $}B JZ {B8}Bs?st $tIP{$Aj8t jsR tZ%sR {tBjB?sR
O Rs PZt{$?Bt R js JZ Yst {B$IB {Bt A$jjst9 k s8t$IsI FBI$ FBR? k stj BtB
t R j$AB Zt j$AB I I$%Zjs{$?Bt {$t?h{s I js P?R${s AsRsIB t js {$t{$s h{{$?Bt *BR
sR}{BR JZ t -{}{$Btsj sh8s{$?Bt R$t?${s tBR Bst {Bt ?-$B s R {j?sR${B
R$8} st I$P?{$j k }BAj8?s${B
$tRZ$

Ij$stIB

Ns {$t{$s h{{$?Bt R 8Zk sI{ZsIs }ss jjB _BR IBR {ss{?R${sR }B}$sR JZ js Ys{t
8Zk R}{$sj _B Zts }s js {$t{$s h{{$?Bt R Zts tss$%s JZ tBR }Rts R}{Zjs{$BtR
s$RsIsR k 8Zk s 8tZIB Pst{s8t $tt{$BtsIsR JZ tBR Ys{t 8I$s RBA tZRB
8ZtIB k tZRs Bst$9s{$?Bt RB{$sj B RBA jBR P{BR k jsR {BtR{Zt{$sR I js {$t{$s k

js {tBjB?
s t jsR RB{$IsIR JZ jsR Z$j$9st

7 ss sJZ?
 I Zts %$t 4-$%s I

js {$t{$s h{{$?
Bt JZ s 8tZIB Ys R%$IB }ss {ss{$9s s js {$t{$s h{{$?
Bt R{$s {B8B
Zts %IsIs j$sZs I $IsR

=ts j$sZs JZ Ys Z$j$9sIB R}{Zjs{$BtR $tj$tR

RZ$IsR t BIBR jBR s

?8A$BR k 8Zk t }s${Zjs t js P?
R${s k RZR 8?
Zj$}jR s}j${s{$BtR

_B }B Bs }s js {$t{$s h{{$?

Bt BP{ ZtsR }BR$A$j$IsIR I 8ss%$jjs k I sI8$s{$?
Bt
{sR$ $tsBsAjR NBR tZ%BR 8ZtIBR k RR jsR tZ%sR {ZjZsR k {$%$j$9s{$BtR jsR tZ%sR }BR$T
A$j$IsIR I js {$t{$s k I js {tBjB?
s tBR sAt jBR B`BR I js 8t s Zt tZ%B Zt$%RB JZ
{Bt8}js8BR 8ss%$jjsIBR k RB}tI$IBR sIt?
stIBtBR t tZ%BR 8ZtIBR I }BR$A$j$IsIR
eRB R jB JZ }8$ JZ jBR R}{$sj$RsR YsAjt I Zt $8}Bst Rt$IB I jB 8ss%$j jBRB
{B8B I ZtB I jBR j8tBR 8?
sR {ss{?
R${BR I js {$t{$s h{{$?
Bt 7Bt }{$Rs8t RsR
R}{Zjs{$BtR k RsR 8ss%$jjsR I js {$t{$s h{{$?
Bt jsR JZ sst {B8B tB }BI?
s R 8tBR s
jBR `?
B%tR JZ R $tRst P?
s{$j8t }B RZ 8?
s${s k {Btt$IB JZ Ysjjst t RZR {Bts{BR
{Bt js {$t{$s h{{$?
Bt 8B$%B I I$%R$?
Bt }B s8A$?
t I 4-$?
Bt B$$tsj k }B8IBs

]Bt RsR R$8}jR Pt{$sR R P?

s{$j {B8}tI JZ {BtR$Is js {$t{$s h{{$?
Bt {B8B Zt
8s$sj B %Y?
{ZjB R}{$sj8t sI{ZsIB t j s
?8A$B I jB IB{t s $t%$sAj

VR?
 jB

}{$A$Bt Ys{ ks ZtBR sK

tBR sjZtBR }BPRBR }s${Zjs8t s{$%BR }t{$tR sj
8ZtIB stjBRs`?
Bt O sR YsA R$IB Zt ?
tB $tBsIB $t{jZRB IR}{$sIB }B j 8ZtIB
s{sI?
8${B js {$t{$s h{{$?
Bt Ys jBsIB ks }B RZR }B}$BR 8?
$BR jjs s PB8s }s I jBR
{Z?
{ZjBR I jsR Y$YTR{YBBjR k Zt$%R$IsIR stjBRs`BtsR VZtJZ t Zt }$8 8B8tB js
{$t{$s h{{$?
Bt R {Bt%$$?
B t j8tB IRs{sIB t js tRK
tst9s I js j$sZs k js jtZs
$tjRs s8A$?
t Ys R$IB Z$j$9sIs js{$Bt?
stIBjs {Bt j $8}s{B RB{$sj I jsR I$%RsR {tBjB?
sR
k {B8B s}B-$8s{$?
Bt IZ{s$%s s sJZjjB JZ Vj%$t qB/ %$tB t ItB8$ts j RYB{, Ij PZZB

WB R ?
R j jZs }ss Isjjs js Y$RB$s Ij ZRB IB{t I js {$t{$s h{{$?
Bt }B R?
 {B8ts?

Bt I eRZI$BR RBA
js {s{$?
Bt t d( I js 7{$t{ 3${$Bt iRs{Y VRRB{$s$Bt wVRB{$s{$?
js ]$t{$s 3${{$?
Bt 73iVD 3B8sIs YBk t I?
s }B {sR$ 8I$B 8$jjs I }BPRBR t BIB
j 8ZtIB jBR BA`$%BR I js 73iV $t{jZktU

"j RZI$B I js {$t{$s h{{$?

Bt k js PstsR?
s

8`Bs js tRK
tst9s t j sZjs %sjZs jBR tZ%BR j$ABR k jBR tZ%BR 8?
BIBR k 8s$sjR I
tRK
tst9s" 7 ss %$It8t I Z$j$9s js $tI$R{Z$Aj ss{{$?
Bt JZ jBR `?
B%tR }ZIt
Rt$ }B js 8?
s${s I js {$t{$s h{{$?
Bt }ss }B8B% RZ ZRB t jsR sZjsR ej RZjsIB I
js s{$%$IsI I js 73iV k BsR RB{$IsIR }s{$IsR Ys R$IB Zt {{$t {Bt`ZtB I s?
{ZjBR
k j$ABR I {s?
s{ s{sI?
8${B  $t{jZRB js s}s${$?
Bt I %$RsR Zt$%R$s$sR R}{$sj$9sIsR
qsR js }$Bts e-s}Bjs$Bt {sIs t dx }B qYB8sR ]jsRBt k I$sIs R %{R sj sK
tB
}B js =t$%R$IsI Ij eRsIB I t t !Y$B {sA {$s 3BZtIs$Bt $t${$sIs }B sj{Bj8
eIbsIR t d1 t j _Bj$?
{t${B Ij WBR I NBtIR k 7{$t{ 3${$Bt 7ZI$R PZtIsIs
t dn }B *s,B 7Z%$t k i * Zjjt t j *}ss8tB I ytj?
R I js =t$%R$IsI
]Bt{BI$s t Bt?
sj s8AsR s8A$?
t I }$BI${$IsI {Zs$8Rsj Ns $Is {tsj I RsR
s}s${$BtR {B?
s t Zt }$8 8B8tB js {Bt%t$t{$s I Z$j$9s }ss js tRK
tst9s I js
jtZs k j$sZs $tjRsR BAsR {Zks 8?
s${s }ZIs R I 8skB $t?
R }ss jBR sjZ8tBR
JZ jBR -BR Z$j$9sIBR sI${$Btsj8t t RBR 8tRR iRZjsAs 8Z{YB 8?
sR P?
s{$j JZ
jBR `?
B%tR I YBk R $tRsst stR }B BAsR {B8B Ns 8stB $9JZ$Is I js BR{Z$IsI
>dEH I =RZjs  N pZ$t JZ }B }Bt Zt `8}jB }B ej }ss?
RB }I$IB >dEEH I

FBYt $jBt Ij {Zsj jBR `?B%tR Ij R$jB R?st }B jB 8tBR Zt stB I$RstR _B
s8A$?t {sA j ZRB I js {$t{$s h{{$?Bt }ss 8Z{YBR BBR {B8$IBR IB{tR {B8B 8ZRs
js R$8}j tZ8s{$?Bt I sjZtBR {ZRBR stjBRs`BtR {$tRU ]$t{$s h{{$?Bt k js tRK
tst9s
I jsR {$t{$sR ]$t{$s h{{$?Bt t Zt {ZRB I "ytPB8?s${s k 7B{$IsI" ]$t{$s h{{$?Bt RB{$sj
Ns tRK
tst9s I js {$t{$s h{{$?Bt {Bt {Btt$IB }Bj?${B { VZtJZ s sjZtBR j{BR R
ZRB IB{t I js {$t{$s h{{$?Bt t j 8ZtIB stjBRs`?Bt }ZIs }s{jR I8sR$sIB j`stB ks
Ys{ sK
tBR JZ Ys jjsIB s tZRB }s?R k R }BR$Aj RK
ts s8A$?t sjZtsR $t${$s$%sR {ZRBR
k }ZAj${s{$BtR JZ Z$j$9st js {$t{$s h{{$?Bt {B8B 8s$sj IZ{s$%B }ss js tRK
tst9s I jsR
{$t{$sR
]Bt%$t sI%$ JZ tB R t{Rs$B JZ js {$t{$s h{{$?Bt s k tss$%s t Iht$$%s Rs
-s{s k {B{s t RZ ZRB I js {$t{$s k I js ?{t${s V %{R AsRs Z$j$9s j %$It
ss{$%B JZ jBR `?B%tR R$tt }B js 8?s${s I js {$t{$s h{{$?Bt }ss }BI 4-$Bts
RBA Y{YBR {$t?h{BR k -s tRK
tst9sR I jBR 8$R8BR FBI$ FBR? k stj BtB {B8B
AZtBR }BPRBR RBt {BtRZ8sIBR -}BR t R s I Rs{s tRK
tst9sR $t{jZRB I jBR
8Z{YBR k stsR %{R I$R}sssIBR BR JZ RZt t 8Z{YsR }j?{ZjsR I {$t{$s h{{$?Bt
_BPRBR Ij *}ss8tB I 3?R${s ytt$?s WZ{js I js =t$%R$s _Bj$r{t${s I
tBR I -}$t{$s {Bt RZ {ZRB
]ssjZtks w=_]D FBI$ FBR? k stj BtB $tt ks %s$BR sK
RBA 3?R${s $ {$rt{$sTh{{$?B $8}s$IB IRI j {ZRB dnTd; =t {ZRB Pst{s8t }B}Zjs
JZ Ys tsIB ks Zt $tRst?R$8B j$AB I -B wZtB I RBR j$ABR {Bt P?B8ZjsRD JZ
jj%s j 8$R8B ?ZjB Ij {ZRB weI${$BtR =_] d;D
< t$IB js RZ I R R$B }$%$j$sIB I {?B8B j st $t?R I FBI$ k stj }B js
P?R${s js I$%Zjs{$?Bt {$t?h{s k js {$t{$s h{{$?Bt R 8s$sj$9sBt }$8B t sjZtsR {BtPT
Z k IR}Z?R IA$IB s 8$ }RsIs $tR$Rt{$s t s{jBtsD
t{$sR wt z$jstB%s $ js pj?
?sR sI jjsBt jBR {ZRBR Zt$%R$s$BR I 3?R${s $ {$rt{$sTh{{$?B wYsRs YBk ZtB I jBR I
8skB ?-$B I 8s?{Zjs t j ]s8}ZR WB I s{jBts I js =_]D k }BR$B8t BsR
s{$%$IsIR I I$%Zjs{$?Bt JZ jBR 8$R8BR sZBR {B8tst t RZ }Rts{$?Bt I Rs tZ%s
-}BR${$?Bt I Zt 8s JZ IB8$tst k JZ -}Btt {Bt Zts 8sR?s $t$ZsjsAj qsR j j$AB
I -B Ij {ZRB ks {$sIB }s{?s {Bt%t$t JZ$s jsR P?B8ZjsR k Ys{ s{{R$Aj j j$AB k
?
RZ $JZ9s I$I?s{${s s BB $}B I j{BR eR
R j BA`$%B Ij }Rt j$AB JZ BIts
s{Zsj$9s {B8}js k 8`Bs {jss8t js %R$?Bt st$B O t 8$ B}$t$?Bt j BA`$%B R
Ys sj{st9sIB {Bt {{R
7 sh8s JZ js t%$I$s R j 8?sR R}sK
tBj I jBR }{sIBR {s}$sjR k sj %9 tB Rs B{$BRB
{BtB{ JZ }RBtsj8t R$tB js 8?sR IBsIs I jsR t%$I$sR R}{B s R sAs`B I
FBI$ FBR? k stj BtB  ZRs?s YsA R$IB kB JZ$t jB YZA$R jj%sIB s {sAB eRBk
RZB I JZ tB YsA?s }BI$IB Ys{jB 8`B +Z ZRIR jB I$RPZt

$JZj s{j?B

s{jBts B{ZA I dM

?ytI${

dn

?ytI${

_?BjBB

dx

d $t Bt YB8AR 8tZstR k Zt$%RBR t Zts Bs I sZs

dd
d1
dn
d;

Vt{$?
BtU {Z$IsIB {Bt jsR YB8$sR    
Ns P?R${s I pZjj$%U $stR k tstBR   
z$t 8$j jZsR I %$s` RZA8${BR{?
B}${B 
?
sJZ$tsR k s$jZ$BR I ?R k BBR 8ZtIBR






















































































1d
1
;d
xd






d
n
ME
1
d(n
d(x

1 =ts BI$Rs t j R}s{$BU Ij et}$R sj <sj{?Bt $jts$B

1d
11
1n
1;
1x
1E

]$t{B {ZsB R IBR ZtB gyt${$?

Bt       
* js q$s s g sRBB8             
"FP BB s `P B`BU t }BR${$?
Bt"          
sR {$j?tI${BR RPsR I *kRBt k Rs{$BtR BA$sjR
7 AZR{s ABBtR }ss sR{tRB R}s{$sj        
5iskBR2 giskBR 7$tPBt?s }ss Bs Zs I jsR sjs-$sR














































































n * 7Z}8st sj YB8A $t%$R$AjU ?IBjBR {Bt }$R I AsB

nd
n1
nn
n;
nx

3jsRY j j?
s8}sB YZ8stB      
*j YB8A 8Z{$?jsB sj YB8A ssK
ts
7Z}8st Zt RZ}Y?B 8BI?j${B   
WZ%BR YB8AR }ss j 8sK
tsts    
et AZR{s Ij YB8A $t%$R$Aj     













































































































dd
dn(
d;n
dx
dEE

3stsR?sR j?{${sR k 8st?${sR         

ej 8BtRZB I 3st,tR$t k js j{BA$BjB?s  
e8ZjstIB s jBR I$BRRU {sR }ss js $t8Bsj$IsI
NBR w}RZIBD}BIR I js 8t         


































































dM(
dM1
dn
1(

; 57ZKts 3st,tR$t {Bt B%`sR j?{${sR2

;d
;1
;n
;;

* $t Bt s e$tR$t

d;

x NktIsR I Zt }jsts jjs8sIB q$s

xd
x1
xn
x;

_${Tt${ t j {tB I js q$s       

<BjB{sZRBRU Ij 8ZtIB I sI s- sj $t%$tB
qBtsIBR %Bj{stR k BsR {s?
sRBPR    
*j 8s$jjB I NZ{$P sj 8s$jjB I *$BR   

   
tZ{js
   
   
























































11;
1nd
1;n
1x;

_?
B-$8s Rs{$?
BtU R$jB  ]BR}BtIt{$s {Bt BsR j?tsR Ij $8}B
5*tB I {$t sK
tBR BIBR {sj%BR2 qst{R Y$}t?
B${BR k {$Bt$s   
W$BR }R${?
B}ssR {sZRsj$IsI k }ssIB`sR              
Ns P?R${s I jBR %$s`R t j $8}B                 
Ws%R ts{$BtsjR $8}$BR sj?
s{${BR             
VZ`BR I ZRstB k BBR jsIBR I js js$%$IsI tsj      





























1EM
1
1Md
11
n(
nd;

E pZ?s }ss %$s`BR Ij $8}B

Ed
E1
En
E;
Ex
EE

?ytI${ sjPsA?${B

n1n

VsI{$8$tBR

nn

_?
BjBB
Ns {$t{$s -}j${s j Zt$%RB js }R${BjB?s -}j${s jBR RR }B
Ysk JZ RsA IPtIR tB {I tB I`sR sst{s jsR Z?j$8sR
8$s`sR I $jZR$?Bt

iB8s$t psk NBR }?s`sBR %st s 8B$ sj _?Z

V %{R YsRs js P?R${s I`s }sRB s js j?B${s

 7}B{, t 7s q,U sJZj }s?R IR{BtB{$IB

Ns {$t{$s h{{$?Bt R Ys $$IB t Zts }BIBRs Ys8$ts I s}tI$9s` k s}B-$8s{$?Bt
sj 8ZtIB I js {$t{$s ]B8B RBR$t j P?R${B V8sIZ BtBB "js h{{$?Bt JZ tBR R$% I
tt$8$tB k tBR skZIs s RBKts R$8Zjs js {Z$BR$IsI k js $8s$ts{$?Bt WBR 8Z% s
js $tIss{$?Bt I jB IR{BtB{$IB k s js A?ZRJZIs I -}j${s{$BtR jsR 8$R8sR s{$ZIR JZ R
t{Ztst t j B$t I js {$t{$s" WB RZjs RB}tIt }B jB stB JZ {$t?h{BR
{B8B 7}Yt G <sb,$t ]sj 7sst 7%t G$tA 7YjIBt NpjsRYBb B Zsk pjjT
stt wjBR R Z?j$8BR jsZsIBR {Bt j }8$B WBAj I P?R${sD Yskst {BtB{$IB sA$s8t
RZ IZIs {Bt js {$t{$s h{{$?Bt {B8B stRsjs s RZR A$jjstR sk{B$sR t j 8ZtIB I js
P?R${s Vh8s 7}Yt G <sb,$tU "Ns {$t{$s h{{$?Bt {B8B js JZ 8ZRs 7s q, tB
{BtR$Zk Zt R$8}j }sRs$8}B R$% sR$8$R8B s Zt R$B }B}?BR$BU -}stI$ js $8s$ts{$?Bt
YZ8sts >H NB JZ YBk R h{{$?Bt R {Bt%$ s 8tZIB t h8 sj$IsI {$t?h{s 8sKtsts
]Bthts tZRs st{$?Bt s 8s$sR RR R?s j$8$s j R}?$Z YZ8stB" ej 8$R8B
$t?R k ss{$%B JZ tB R{s}s s st }s I js RB{$IsI
Os IRI jBR sKtBR RRts sjZtsR Zt$%R$IsIR tBs8${stsR Yst %t$IB ZRstIB j -T
sBI$ts$B }Bt{$sj I js {$t{$s h{{$?Bt t js tRKtst9s I I$%RsR I$R{$}j$tsR IRI js
RB{$BjB?s s js A$BjB?s Ys{$tIB R{sjs t j 8ZtIB I js P?R${s i{B$tIB j R$B I
RsR }$8sR -}$t{$sR Y8BR %t$IB sj$9stIB I$%RsR s{$%$IsIR I s{{s8$tB sj
8ZtIB I js P?R${s I js 8stB I js h{{$?Bt 78$ts$BR {ZRBR }ss }BPRBR k RZI$stR
I tRKtst9s R{ZtIs$s {ZRBR Zt$%R$s$BR w{B8B 3?R${s k {$t{$s h{{$?Bt Zts sR$tsZs
I j$A j{{$?Bt $8}s$Is t js =t$%R$s _Bj$r{t${s I ]ssjZtks w=_]D IRI j {ZRB
s{sI?8${B dnTd;D {BtPt{$sR }ss R}{$sj$RsR t P?R${s $t{jZRB R8$ts$BR t jsR VZjsR

I -tR$?Bt Zt$%R$s$s }ss js {s IsI ]BtR$Zkt t R? 8$R8sR j hj 4`B I Zts
$t${$s$%s JZ sR{$tI jBR R${BR j?8$R s{sI?8${BR k JZ I PB8s h{$t }ts t
jBR 8?sR I$%RBR Rs8tBR RB{$sjR =t s8}j$B sAst${B I {Bt-BR $tRR JZ 8ZRs
jBR PZBR I Zts s}ZRs 8Zk tsIBs
*${YsR -}$t{$sR Yst }8$$IB {BtRss {?B8B js B?s P?R${s RZR jkR k }$t{$}$BR }ZIt
s 8tZIB R $tBIZ{$IBR I PB8s 8?sR RZR$%s }B 8I$B I js {$t{$s h{{$?Bt ej ss{$%B
I R }B{I$8$tB R JZ R$% I R?8ZjB }ss j s}tI$9s` k j j{B R R$t 8?sR
{{s I Zts I$R{$}j$ts sI${$Btsj8t {B8}j`s {B8B js P?R${s O tB R?BjB jB s{{s sj 8ZtIB
I js P?R${s R$tB JZ sA Zts %?s I s{{RB s BsR s8sR I js {$t{$s wA$BjB?s JZ?8${s
RB{$BjB?sD ej st?sj$R$R I js P?R${s $tYt s js {$t{$s h{{$?Bt }B}B{$Bts j8tBR I
I$R{ZR$?Bt k PB8ts Zt RsjZIsAj R}?$Z {?${B k R{?}${B st t{Rs$B t tZRBR I?sR
]B8B R{$A js }IsBs FZsts  7st{YBU " j }BAj8s }$t{$}sj I js tRKtst9s tB
sI${s t j s{{RB s js $tPB8s{$?Bt R$tB t js t{R$IsI I {Bts {Bt {$$BR I Rj{{$?Bt
{B8}tR$?Bt k stRPt{$s }B }s Ij RZI$st k Ij }B}$B }BPRB 7sA R{B RsA
Is Rt$IB s js $tPB8s{$?Bt k RsA Z$j$9sjs }ss }BI RBj% }BAj8sR t{ss tZ%sR
R$Zs{$BtR k {Bt$tZs s}tI$tIB RBt jsR {ZR$BtR PZtIs8tsjR I js tRKtst9s k j
s}tI$9s` s{ZsjR" qs8A$?t skZIs s $t%$ s{$ZIR ts$%sR w$t{jZRB YBR$jRD Pt s js
{$t{$s k s I$R$tZ$ js {$t{$s sj I js }RZIB{$t{$s Zts tP8IsI PZ8t ss$sIs
t js RB{$IsI qBIBR RBR j8tBR R t{Ztst t 8skB B 8tB sIB {B$IBR t Rs
BAs@ k {BtPB8st jBR s8A${$BRBR BA`$%BR JZ }RZ$8BR
ej }Rt -B sABIs sjZtBR I jBR stIR RZKtBR I js {$t{$s h{{$?BtU js $t8Bsj$IsI
js $t%$R$A$j$IsI B j %$s` }B j $8}B FZtB s js %$R$?Bt JZ 8sts I jsR }?s$tsR B $8?stR
I js h{{$?Bt R I$R{Z js %$sA$j$IsI I jsR $IsR t ?8$tBR P?R${BR {${ZtRst{$s JZ }8$
}BPZtI$9s t j {BtB{$8$tB {$t?h{B VjZtsR R$8s{$BtR Rt{$jjsR skZIst s {Zst$h{s
js %s{$IsI I sjR sZ8tBR ]sIs {s}?ZjB $t{jZk Pt{$sR -}j?{$sR s }j?{ZjsR k
tB%jsR Ij ?tB Ns js{$?Bt I ?ZjBR JZ R {$st tB R t$ }tI R -YsZR$%s
ej ?ZjB Ij j$AB tB R?BjB 4`s jBR sR}{BR I RZ {Btt$IB {$t{$s h{{$?Bt k P?R${s R$tB
js }B}$s RZ{Zs Ij -BU }B Zt jsIB R?s $t Bt 8$B k sJZ$}B I RBR RR
Pst?sR${BR {Bt jBR JZ js {$t{$s h{{$?Bt tBR s{BRZ8As s RB}tI * RZ 8stB R $t${$s
R %$s` _B BB R?s VjA e$tR$t 8BIjB k Pt Ij RsA$B $8st }B stB
I js {$t{$s 7ZR B?sR sZsIst sj htsj Ij {B$IB wB sj %9 R s I Zt tZ%B
}ZtB I }s$Is Ys{$s j PZZBD V8ABR }RBts`R $8s$ts$B k IR8RZsIB ZtB sj
k I }BAsIs stI9s $tj{Zsj j BB }Rtst j }BRB YsA$IB t js {B8}tR$?Bt
I jBR Pt?B8tBR P?R${BRU Zt s%st{ JZ %s IRI jsR Rt{$jjsR jkR I R{sjs YsRs js 8?sR
8BIts B?s I js js$%$IsI O }ZRBR s AZR{s 8?sR stsjB?sR j B$js wj 8BtBD k
j YB8A {BtR$Zkt s8A$?t Y$BR t js %BjZ{$?Bt I js s9s YZ8sts {B8B R}{$ et j

NBR st{ItR I R -B R t{Ztst t tZRB j$AB 3?R${s $ {$rt{$sTh{{$?B weI${$BtR

=_] s{jBts d;D ej j$AB RB}B I$I?s{${B I js sR$tsZs Ij 8$R8B ?ZjB $t Zt tPBJZ
8s{sIs8t s{sI?8${B I$$$IB {B8B R?s s RZI$stR Zt$%R$s$BR i8$$8BR sj j{B $tT
RsIB JZ IR }BPZtI$9s t sjZtB I jBR 8sR -}ZRBR t js }Rt BAs B t BBR shtR s
I${YB j$AB k s jsR Pt{$sR JZ t ?j R {$st
@

}$8 {s}?ZjB stsj$9s8BR js $8}BR$A$j$IsI I $tR{BR {BjBRsjR k B$jsR {B8B $t Bt
s }s$ I jsR jkR I R{sjs yt{?AjR YB8AR 8tZstR k Zt$%RBR RZA8${BR{?B}${BR
{Btt$IBR t Zts Bs I sZs {B8}jst Zt R$tZBRB $$ts$B }B 8ZtIBR $8}BR$AjR et j
{s}?ZjB RZtIB B8stIB Z8AB Ys{$s j B{?stB I js tB{Y %$%$8BR Zts %IsIs BI$Rs
t j R}s{$B _?hIsR R$tsR s%$sB$sR jj%s?st tZRs ts% s 8ZtIBR I s}jsRst
s%IsI k s j$%$stsR eRjjsR I js Z =ts -tRs sj?s I RZ}Y?BR IRI
7Z}8st sj <B8A yt%$R$Aj IRhjst s jB jsB Ij { {s}?ZjB 7Bt BA`B I st?sj$R$R RZR
w}RZtBRD RZ}}BIR k RB}tItR s$jZ$BR JZ }s{t PstJZs jBR }B}$BR j?8$R
I js P?R${s 7?s j 8B8tB I Ys{ Asjst{ Ij ZRB wk sAZRBD I js 8{?st${s tbBt$sts t
js {$t{$s h{{$?Bt et j {s}?ZjB {ZsB jsR Pt?B8tBR j?{${BR tBR IR}s?st Ij RZKtB I js
$t8Bsj$IsI tsIBR }B z?{B 3st,tR$t k BBR RsA$BR jB{BR {Bt sR}$s{$BtR I$%$tsR et
j JZ$tB {s}?ZjB s{B8}sKts8BR s 8s$BR %$s`BR t RZ {Z9sIs sj {tB I js q$s
ZtIBR I%sRsIBR }B YBjB{sZRBR tZ{jsR k $sR stsIsR }B B{?stBR $tht$BR R?st
BBR I jBR }ssI$R?s{BR IR$tBR I R {B$IB }B js w5}BR$Aj2D Y$RB$s PZZs Ij }jsts
q$s VAstIBtstIB jsR {BtPBsAjR B$jjsR I js P?R${s {j?sR${s t j R-B k Z?j$8B {s}?ZjB
tBR RZ8$8BR t j }B{jBRB 8s Ij $8}B t 8$R$?Bt I R{s I ts?ZPsBR Ij $8}B
RBstIB {BtBR?R8BR k }ssIB`sR 8}BsjR e8ZjstIB s jBR 8s$BR $}ZjstR I js
ts% et}$R Y8BR $ttsIB {B8B ks BBR Y${$Bt stR "%$s`s sjj?s s IBtI tsI$ Ys
BRsIB jjs" s Zt 8ZtIB t j JZ js {ZjZs {$t?h{s wk js P?R${s t }s${ZjsD PB8 }s
Ij $t{ZR$BtsAj Ass` {ZjZsj I BIB {$ZIsIstB =t {BtB{$8$tB JZ {BtR$Zk ZtB I
jBR 8?sR PsAZjBRBR jsIBR I js YZ8st$IsI `ZtB s jsR BAsR I *sj? ]%stR B B9s
Z{YBR $t?}$IBR %$s`BR tBR Yst s{B8}sKtsIB t Rs BI$Rs t R %$s` sjZ{$tst sj
8ZtIB I js P?R${s s s%?R I js {$t{$s h{{$?BtU R Zt }js{ ssI{ j {Bt$tZB R?8ZjB
Ij $tPs$sAj * $JZj s{j?B {BtB{$IB I$B k %IsIs sj8s 8s I BIs s{$%$IsI
s${ZjsIs sjIIB I js {$t{$s h{{$?Bt t js =t$%R$s _Bj$r{t${s I ]ssjZtks Vj *
et${ zIsZ {sI?s${B I P?R${s ?B${s I js =t$%R$s I s{jBts }B RZ j{Zs
{?${s Ij {s}?ZjB II${sIB s js P?R${s I jBR %$s`R t j $8}B 7ZR RZt{$sR Yst t$JZ{$IB
tBsAj8t j {Btt$IB I I${YB {s}?ZjB V jBR *R V8sIZ BtBB k is[Zj iBI?Z9
Ij *}ss8tB I 3?R${s ytt$?s WZ{js I js =_] }B YsA %$RsIB I$%RsR }sR
Ij -B s8sIBR I }s{$t{$s V FBR} s$s 7s is8Bt s? k BtR sKt? I eI${$BtR
=_] }B YsA 8stt$IB Zts P {$s t R -B k YsA }B}B{$BtsIB BIB j RB}B
8s$sj t{Rs$B V FBst 7Bj }B RZ skZIs $tR$8sAj t js }}ss{$?Bt Ij -B k t js
$tR{$?Bt I $8rstR V z${t i$AsR }B YsA RsA$IB }jsR8s {Bt RZR $jZRs{$BtR tZRsR
s 8tZIB %ssR }B}ZRsR s}BstIB PR{Zs k AZt YZ8B ?$B RZkB R j YsA {sIB
R }RBts` Zt 7Z}8st %t$IB s 8tBR {ZksR }$}{$sR k s 8tZIB IR%tZsR {Bt
}ssjjsR sj IRsBjjB Ij -B O t Iht$$%s tZRB 8?sR R$t{B ssI{$8$tB s jBR
R{$BR k Z$Bt$RsR I {$t{$s h{{$?Bt R$t {Zks $8s$ts{$?Bt R -B tZt{s YZA$R R$IB
}BR$Aj

NBR sZBR

z$jstB%s $ js pj?Z B{ZA I dM



*${{$BtR I {BB j{?Bt${BU 9uvYl!9CvCqY}|!R

bCI%!bCRqY}|!R