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Limit Es
Limit Es
f ( x ) y un punto
de
Q,
p.
Recta Tangente
p,
Q(c + x, f (c + x ))
f (c + x ) f (c )
p (c, f (c ))
x
c + x
M sec = f (c + x ) f (c ) = f (c + x ) f (c )
c+
2. Sea
Su grfica es:
5
f (x)
4
3
2
1
-2
-1
f (x) = x2
f (x) = x2
0.7
1.49
1.5
2.69
0.8
1.64
1.2
2.44
0.9
1.81
1.1
1.21
0.99
1.9801
1.01
2.0201
0.999
1.998001
1.001
2.002001
0.999
1.99980001
1.0001
2.00020001
Al analizar las dos tablas, podemos darnos cuenta que cuando X tiende a 1,
que se simboliza x 1, entonces, f(X)
2,
podemos escribir.
lim f ( x ) = 2
x 1
3. Esbozar la grfica de la funcin dada por
f ( x ) = x 2 4 / x 2,
x 2
1.8
3.8
1.9
3.9
cercanos a
f ( x ) tiende a 4
f ( x ) tiende a 4
x
f (x)
1.99
3.99
1.999
3.999
2
?
2.001
4.001
2.01
4.01
2.1
4.1
2.2
4.2
4
3
2
1
0
Es decir,
lim f ( x ) = 4
x2
Lim
xc
f ( x ) = k , entonces, Lim f ( x ) = k
xc
Lm[ f ( x ) + g ( x )] = Lm f ( x ) + Lim g ( x )
Lm[ f ( x ) g ( x )] = Lm f ( x ) Lim g ( x )
f ( x ) Lm f ( x )
Lm
= Lm g ( x ) , g ( x ) 0
(
)
g
x
x c
x c
OBSERVACIONES
1. Para determinar
Lm f ( x ),
()
2. El
lmite
de
una
Lm f ( x ) = Lm f ( x )
x = c,
funcin
es
nico.
Esto
significa
Lm
x 0
F (x ) =
x
x
x
x
Veamos
f (x) =
x
x
1
0
-1
Lm f ( x ) = 1
x 0
y,
Lm f ( x ) = 1
x 0 1
f ( x ) no existe.
f (x)
no son
x c
= Lim f ( x )
x c
b) Si
L
L
0,
n
Lim n f ( x ) = L
x c
0, si
Si
n es par, Lim n f ( x )
no existe
x c
es impar,
n
Lim n f ( x ) = L
x c
7x + x 2
x(7 + x )
= Lm
=
.
Lm
x
x
X 0
x 0
(7 + x) = 7 + 0 = 7
x 0
2.
Lim x
x 1
x 1
=
+ 2x 3
x 1
Lm (x + 3)(x 1)
x 1
= Lm
x 1
1
1+ 3
3.
1
x+3
1
4
( x + 3)( x 2)
x2 + x 6
=
Lim
Lm
x2
x 2 ( x + 2 )( x 2 )
x2 4
=
x+3
Lm x + 2
x2
4.
2+3
2+2
5
4
( x 1)( x 2)
x 2 + 3x + 2
= Lm
Lim 2
x 1 x 4 x + 3
x 1 ( x 1)( x 3)
= Lm
x 1
1 2
1 3
1
2
x2
x3
5.
)(
t 4 a4
t 2 + a2 t 2 a2
= Lm
Lim 2
2
t a t a
t a
t 2 a2
= Lim t 2 + a 2
t a
= a2 + a2
= 2a 2
6.
( x + 2) ( x 1)
x2 + x 2
=
Lm
Lim
x 1
( x 1)2 x 1 ( x 1)( x 1)
=
Lim
x 1
7.
Lim
x2
x+2
(No existe)
x 1
( x + 2 2) x + 2 + 2
x+22
= Lm
( x 2) x + 2 + 2
x2
x2
= Lim
x+24
( x 2) ( x + 2 + 2)
= Lim
( x 2)
( x 2) ( x + 2 + 2)
x2
x2
= Lim
x2
1
x+2 +2
1
1
=
4
2+2
8.
Lim
x 1
( x + 3 2 ) x + 3 + 2
x+3 2
= Lm
( x + 1) x + 3 + 2
x +1
x 1
x +32
x 1 ( x + 1) ( x + 3 + 2 )
= Lim
= Lim
x 1
9.
( x + 1) (
1
2 + 2
1
2 2
( x + 1)
x + 3 + ( 2 ))
2
2
=
2 4
( x + 4)( x 4)
x 2 16
= Lm
Lim
( x 4)
x4
x4
x4
= Lim ( x + 4 )
x4
=4+4
=8
10.
Lim
x 0
1 1
1
1 2 ( x + 2 )
=
Lm
x x + 2 2 x 0 x 2( x + 2 )
1
= Lim
x 0 2( x + 2 )
=
11.
3m 2 8m 16
Lim 2
m 4 2m 9m + 4
1
4
= (3 4 ) (3m + 4 )
2 2 m 2 9m 8 (2m 8) (2m 1)
=
2m 9m 4 =
2
2
2
= (3 4 ) (2m 1)
VOLVIENDO AL LMITE INICIAL
(m 4) (3m + 4) =
3m + 4
Lim
m 4 (m 4 ) (2m 1)
m 4 2m 1
Lim
12 + 4
8 1
8
=
7
12.
(
x3 8
x 2) x 2 + 2 x + 4
= Lim
Lim
( x 2)
x2 x 2
x2
= Lim x 2 + 2 x + 4
x2
=4+4+4
= 12
13.
Lim
x 0
2
2
3 x + 1 1 3 ( x + 1) + 3 ( x + 1)(1) + 3 (1)
x +1 1
= Lim
x
x
x 0
3 ( x + 1)2 + 3 ( x + 1)(1) + 3 (1)2
x 11
= Lim
x 0
= Lim
x 0
= Lim
x 0
14.
1
1+1+ 1
1
3
( (x + 1)
3
( (x + 1)
( (x + 1)
+ 3 x +1 +1
+ 3 x +1 +1
+ 3 x +1 +1
x (x + h)
1
1
x( x + h )
= Lim x + h x = Lim
h
h
h0
h0
x (x + h)
1
1
x( x + h )
= Lim x + h x = Lim
h
h
h0
h0
= Lim
h 0
h
xh( x + h )
1
= Lim
h 0 x ( x + h )
1
x2
15.
Lim
xa
xb a b xb + a b
x b a b
=
Lim
xa (x + a ) (x a ) x b + a b
x2 a2
= Lim
x b (a b )
(x + a ) (x a ) ( x b + a b )
= Lim
xba +b
(x + a ) (x a ) ( x b + a b )
= Lim
xa
(x + a ) (x a ) ( x b + a b )
x a
xa
xa
= Lim
xa
(x + a )
1
2a (2 a b )
1
x b + a b)
=
1
4a a b
LIMITES ESPECIALES
Existen cuatro Lmites Especiales de gran utilidad para el estudio de la
Derivada.
1.
xn + an
Lim
xa x a
0
0
(
xn a
x a ) x n 1 + ax n 2 + ... + a n 1
= Lim
Lim
(x a )
xa x a
xa
= Lim x n 1 + ax n 2 + ... + a n 1
xa
= a n 1 + aa n 2 + ... + a n 1
= x n 1 + a n 1 + ... + a n 11
= na n 1
Ejemplos:
1.
x5 a5
= 5a 4
Lim
xa x a
2.
x5 32
x 5 25
5(2 )4 = 80
= Lim
Lim
x2 x 2
x2 x 2
Lim
x 3
x 3
x112 3112
= Lim
x3
x3
x 3
1(3)112
1
3
=
=
2
2 3
3
=
4.
Lim
x 0
sen x
x
3
6