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CELOSA
Nomenclatura:
y[n] =
bm (k ) x[n k ]
k =0
b (k ) 0 k m
h[n] = m
; bm (0 ) = 1
0
resto
b1(0) = 1
k1 = b1(1)
b2 (1) = k1 (1 + k2 )
b2 (2) = k 2
b2 (1)
k1 =
1 + b2 (2 )
k = b (2 )
2
2
bM (k ) x[n k ]
k =1
k m : coeficientes de reflexin
; m = 1,2,..., M
; m = 1,2,..., M
f m [n] = bm (k ) x[n k ]
k =0
g m [n] = bm (m k ) x[n k ]
k =0
bm (0) = 1
; m = 1,2,..., M
; m = 1,2,..., M
Transformada z
F0 ( z ) = G0 ( z ) = X ( z )
1
Fm ( z ) = Fm1( z ) + k m z Gm1( z ) ; m = 1,2,..., M
Y ( z ) = FM ( z )
Fm ( z ) 1
G ( z ) = k
m m
m
f m [n] = bm (k ) x[n k ]
k =0
[
]
g
n
=
bm (m k ) x[n k ]
m
k =0
bm (0 ) = 1
km Fm1( z )
1 z 1 Gm1( z )
m
(
)
(
)
F
z
X
z
=
m
bm (k ) z k = X (z ) Pm (z )
k =0
m
(
)
(
)
G
z
z
X
z
=
bm (k ) z k = z m Pm z 1 X (z )
m
k =0
( )
bm (0) = 1
Fm ( z ) = X ( z ) Pm ( z )
Gm ( z ) = z m Pm z 1 X ( z )
( )
P0 ( z ) = 1
Pm ( z ) = Pm1( z ) + k m z m Pm1 z 1
( )
Aplicando recursividad:
Y ( z ) = PM ( z ) X ( z )
PM ( z ) bM (k ) ; 0 k M
m = 0,1,2,..., M
Ejemplo: Los coeficientes de reflexin de un filtro FIR en celosa de tres etapas son:
1
1
1
k1 = ; k 2 = ; k3 =
4
2
3
Obtener los coeficientes del filtro FIR para estructura en forma directa
P0 ( z ) = 1
1
P1( z ) = P0 ( z ) + k1z 1P0 z 1 = 1 + z 1
4
3 1 1 2
2
1
(
)
(
)
P
z
P
z
k
z
P
z
z + z
1
=
+
=
+
2
1
2
1
8
2
P ( z ) = P ( z ) + k z 3 P z 1 = 1 + 13 z 1 + 5 z 2 + 1 z 3
2
3
2
3
24
8
3
( )
( )
( )
5
1
13
Y ( z ) = P3 ( z ) X ( z ) = 1 + z 1 + z 2 + z 3 X ( z )
8
3
24
b3 (0 ) = 1; b3 (1) =
13
5
1
; b3 (2 ) = ; b3 (3) =
24
8
3
m coeficientes ki
i = 1,2,..., m
m(m + 1)
coeficientes bi (k ) ;
2
k = 0,1,..., i
( )
Pm ( z ) = Pm 1( z ) + km z m Pm 1 z 1
m
m 1
m 1
k
k
m
k
m
bm (k ) z = bm 1(k ) z + km z bm 1(k ) z
k
Pm ( z ) = bm (k ) z
k =0
k =0
k =0
k =0
m
m 1
k =0
k =0
bm (k ) z k =
bm 1(k ) z k + k m bm 1(m k ) z k
k =1
bm (0 ) = 1
Comparando:
bm (m ) = km
1 k m 1
bm (k ) = bm 1(k ) + k m bm 1(m k ) = bm 1(k ) + bm (m ) bm 1(m k ) ;
m = 1,2,..., M
k =0
; bM (0) = 1
M
Y ( z ) = X ( z ) H ( z ) = X ( z ) bM (k ) z k
k =0
y[n] =
DATOS:
bM (k ) x[n k ]
Y ( z ) = X ( z ) PM ( z )
H ( z ) = PM ( z )
k M = bM (M )
PM ( z )
P
k M 1 = bM 1(M 1)
M 1( z )
....................................
P1( z )
k1 = b1(1)
F ( z ) = F ( z ) + k z 1 G
m
m 1
m
m 1 ( z )
Gm ( z ) = km Fm 1( z ) + z 1 Gm1 ( z )
F ( z ) k m Gm ( z )
Fm1( z ) = m
2
1 km
Pm1( z ) =
( )
Pm ( z ) k m z m Pm z 1
2
1 km
m = M , M 1,...,1
km 1
P3 ( z ) = H ( z ) = 1 +
13 1 5 2 1 3
z + z + z
24
8
3
13 1 5 2 1 3
z + z + z
24
8
3
k3 = b3 (3) =
1
3
( )
Pm1( z ) =
( )
Pm ( z ) k m z m Pm z 1
P ( z ) k3 z 3 P3 z 1
3
1
P2 ( z ) = 3
= 1 + z 1 + z 2
8
2
1 k32
2
1 km
P1( z ) =
( ) = 1 + 1 z 1
P2 ( z ) k 2 z 2 P2 z 1
1 k 22
b (k ) bm (m ) bm (m k )
bm 1(k ) = m
2
(m )
1 bm
m = M ,...,2
1 k m 1
k 2 = b2 (2 ) =
k1 = b1(1) =
1
2
1
4
H (z ) =
1+
a N (k ) z k
PN ( z )
y[n] = x[n]
a N (k ) y[n k ]
k =1
k =1
f N [n] = x[n]
f
m 1[n] = f m [n] k m g m 1[n 1]
m = N , N 1,...,1
m = N , N 1,...,1
FIR de orden 2
f 2 [n] = x[n]
f [n] = f [n] k g [n 1]
2
2 1
1
g 2 [n] = k2 f1[n] + g1[n 1]
f 0 [n] = f1[n] k1 g 0 [n 1]
g1[n] = k1 f 0 [n] + g 0 [n 1]
Generalizando:
Inversa
k =1
[
]
g
n
=
a N (N k ) y(n k )
N
k =0
Y (z )
=
X (z )
F0 ( z )
1
=
Fm ( z ) Pm ( z )
( )
G (z ) G (z )
H I ( z ) = m = m = z m Pm z 1 Funcin del sistema inversa ( FIR )
Y (z )
G0 ( z )
Pm ( z ) =
am (k ) z k
k =0
am (0 ) = 1
- Las estructuras en celosa tanto FIR como IIR se caracterizan por los mismo coeficientes de reflexin,
ki, diferencindose nicamente en su interconexin.
- Los algoritmos de conversin de parmetros entre el sistema en forma directa bm(k) de un sistema FIR
y los parmetros de la estructura en celosa, ki, se aplican tambin a la estructura slo polos.
- El sistema slo polos ser estable si sus polos se encuentran en el interior de la circunferencia de radio
unidad lo cual implica que |km| < 1 para todo m.
bM (k ) z k
B (z )
= M
PN ( z )
1 + a N (k ) z k
H (z ) = k =0
N
k =1
Para N = M
F.Directa II
k =1
y[n] = bM (k ) w[n k ]
k =0
f N [n] = x[n]
f
[n] = f m [n] km g m 1[n 1]
m 1
g [n] = k f
m m 1[n] + g m 1[n 1]
m
N
y[n] = vk g k [n]
k =0
m = N , N 1,...,1
m = N , N 1,...,1
X ( z ) = FN ( z )
F0 ( z )
1
=
H D (z ) =
FN ( z ) PN ( z )
GM ( z )
= z M PM z 1
H I (z ) =
G0 ( z )
G0 ( z ) = F0 ( z )
Y (Z ) = vk Gk ( z )
k =0
( )
H (z ) =
Y (z )
=
X (z )
vk Gk (z )
BM ( z ) k = 0
=
PN ( z )
FN ( z )
BM ( z ) =
G (z )
G (z ) F (z )
vk F k (z ) = vk Gk (z ) F 0 (z ) = k =0
k =0
( )
vk z k Pk z 1
k =0
vk z k Pk (z 1 )
M
k =0
PN ( z )
BM ( z )
PN ( z )
ki
i = 1,2,..., N
vj
j = 0,1,...M
Sea:
m 1
k =0
k =0
vk Ck (z ) = vk Ck (z ) + vm Cm (z ) = Bm 1(z ) + vm Cm (z )
Bm ( z ) =
bm (k ) z
Cm ( z ) =
k =0
m
Entonces:
bm (k ) z
k =0
Identificando para k = m:
cm (k ) z k
k =0
m 1
bm 1(k ) z
k =0
+ vm
cm (m ) = 1
cm (k ) z k
k =0
bm (m ) = vm cm (m )
bm (m ) = vm
Calculo de los polinomios Bm(z) de forma recursiva en sentido inverso, es decir para m=M,M-1,...2:
Bm 1( z ) = Bm ( z ) vm Cm ( z )
bm (m )
vm
k
1
2
M =2
BM ( z ) = bM (k ) z = 1 + 3 z + 4 z
k =0
P ( z ) = N a (k ) z k = 1 + 2 z 1 + 5 z 2 2 z 3 N = 3
N
N
k =0
1 + 3 z 1 + 4 z 2
1 + 2 z 1 + 5 z 2 2 z 3
k m = am (m )
am 1(0 ) = 1
a (k ) am (m ) am (m k )
am 1(k ) = m
2
(m )
1 am
m = N ,...,2
1 k m 1
k3 = a3 (3) = 2
a (0 ) = 1
2
a2 (1) = 4
a (k ) a3 (3) a3 (3 k )
a2 (k ) = 3
1 a32 (3)
a2 (2 ) = 3
k2 = a2 (2 ) = 3
a (0) = 1
1
a2 (1) a2 (2) a2 (1)
=
=2
a
1
(
)
1
2
1 a2 (2 )
k1 = a1(1) = 2
Polinomios Pm(z):
Polinomios Cm(z):
P ( z ) = 1 + 2 z 1 + 5 z 2 2 z 3
3
1
2
P2 ( z ) = 1 4 z 3 z
1
P1( z ) = 1 + 2 z
C ( z ) = 2 + 5 z 1 + 2 z 2 + z 3
3
1
2
C2 ( z ) = 3 4 z + z
Cm ( z ) = z m Pm z 1
1
C1 ( z ) = 2 + z
( )
Polinomios Bm(z):
bM ( M ) = v M
BM ( z )
Bm 1 ( z ) = Bm ( z ) vm C m ( z )
bm (m ) = v m
B ( z ) = 1 + 3z 1 + 4 z 2 v = b (2) = 4
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
= 13 + 19 z 1
b1(1) = v1 = 19
B1( z ) = B2 ( z ) v2 C2 ( z ) = 1 + 3z + 4 z 4 3 4 z + z
1
1
B0 ( z ) = B1( z ) v1 C1( z ) = 13 + 19 z 19 2 + z = 25 b0 (0) = v0 = 25
1 + 3 z 1 + 4 z 2
1 + 2 z 1 + 5 z 2 2 z 3
Forma
Directa
II
a3 (k ) = [1, 2, 5, 2]
b2 (k ) = [1, 3, 4]
; k = 1,2,..., N
; k = 0,1,..., M
Celosa
; i = 1,2,..., N
ki = [2, 3, 2]