21 THE TANGENT LINE AND THE DERIVATIVE 24.1 Definition 2.1.2 Definition 2.1.3 Definition WO THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION Suppose the function f is contiuous at 2. The tanjent line tothe graph of fat che po PG f(z) 8 (@ the line throxgh P having slope m(e,), even by snde,) =tin £0 82)= Sle) X21) =fin Ss it hin nite (i) the line r=, if tin Sete) FE) 5, aay Os I neither () nor (i) of Definition 2.1.1 holds, thn thee i:no tangent line io the grap of f the pote Fey (2) Tr we want to fnd the slope of the tangert line to the cuve at more than one point, fist find ihe limit and then make the indiated placements for =y- Howerer, we Interested in finding the tangent line at oaly ote point ard ifthe ccordinates of the point tangency ace known, seer to fis! make Whe ndicated replacement ad the Bad the it fHey+ Oa) ~ Key) foo or -asand ling MEDEA MED 0 or 6 The rormel line to & graph at given point i the Hine perpendicalar to the tangent lise att point Formla (I) forthe slope ofthe tangeat lin is special cae of the formula for the derivative ‘function. Following is one of the most important defaitions in the ealeuls The derivative ofthe function fis that funtion, denoted by f/ such that its valve ab mum 2 in the domaia of given bythe equivalent formulas 1 = tim LEASE= HE) = yy HeV= LE) 2) = tim LE +82) HE) ym a and (a! 1'2)=im FERED tm AES ) ona iC thin fmt exis, where = 3 + Ae. (f! i road “f plies” and (eis ead “f prime of 22) We also use the symbols 42 (e) and D,fiz) to represent (2) If y= f(2), then the sym Daan fds ae vont Wid to prent w H Aye dened by Ay = fie+ Ae) —fle) shen Dv =i, 22 1 ay isa pastiealar somber in the dornair of f, then to End J'(z,) wo may use either oft equivalent formeios, Geremicl He)aim, LE) ey “To we formulas (8) and (4), note that Gea)? a 2 + BeAr (Sa)? and (2-4 As) a2? +See + Bef Ae} + (2) ‘To we formulas (3") and (7), note that ere yan ‘The slope of the tangent line to the graph of 9= fe) at the point (2p, fle)) * preibely derivative of F evaluated a! zy. Thus foemlas (8), (3, (4, and |7) ane interchangable “The equation of a (tangent) line with lope m and passing through (2,8) is y= lz) +8 A nortnal me bas slope —1/f'(2) in He= Hon) a or fa) me) (eae bony 2) aster sey!21 THE TANGENT LINB AND THE DERIVATIVE 81 Beonsins 8.1 Te Deercies 1-6 fod an equation ofthe ingot ina pie, Seth he pap aad gent of he ange hyste Go) winjess-o sn(2)= in, 224) tin, 222) pte Aw equation of the tangent i 2 ya2+4(-15) tim SE) ‘An equation ofthe tangent li 3 yatet +43; (-2,0) Me) 1-9 _ mt gS eee areca e+ (-2)) +414) +4 =A, The Cangent line iy m(—2) = Ji Exercise 4 y= 2-62 +9:(3,0) erine 3 = 68-49, Use formula (4) with ny = 2 9462+ (Az)? 18-62-49 a in SO A2)=J0) py (+8)? a, ae ao (a? = gin GOP = sm axe =0, An equson of te tangent Bne oy = (2-2) +0 9 =0 B y= 48 (1) Pe, & Let f(2)= ae (2-0) mma) = Bal = li@t+sen=3 ‘Am equation ofthe (sient lina ix y = 3(2— 1) +44 6 y=t-z4(2,-7) £2)- $0) _ ala Enatioe§2 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION Ta Beers 710, (2) ind the lope ofthe tangent at (zy. f(2))-(B) Find where the tangent is horizontal. Sketch, 7 fay 8d Te fley+ 82) —fley) ee > (0) m(ay)= fin em, Betta =e + Ba) +8 Ga = 1848) in, ese Mae BAS einen 2 (0) fey) = O when ry =2 and $2) =~ {0 Ue gba harm otzontal tangent os (2). a fe)=1-02-2 > (a) Appling formula (2) we have * ayant aioe he) toy ett, pg Tabet ent de~ (ae 74a? pat a nae —22,Ae~(Ae} =i, pa EE “Tin (-6~25,~z) 4 ores (&) may) = O when 2, = -8 and Y(-3) (C218)! Other pins on the graph me 8 f= 2-62 +92 6 so the graph has horizontal tangent at 1). (8,12), (8,18), (-1032) and (1,0). 7 (Pao ve-2)—Ueh igre) PP aap = ‘ “ 5 = Jin GH +08) = fim (a + eye bey?) —8le 2) +8] J a Bey? 124 +9 =e, —42, +3)= 364, 11-8) (me) =e when 3, =1, {0} =2and 3, 3.16 GReGaSa he boizbnud tages at (Land (2) ban? 12 iy Le). py OF =8)=08-20)9 set) 62; = 62y(%,—1) (alee trbn st JO) == Saige etna at a es banc ngn nt a te Pow me im [2a 4x2 +22) —H2 +29) ty cies 11-1 fd UL y= Verh 8,2) pb m= linLORLE) - yy VF 1=3 = hig BAS? tiny = = SS = nya aes a eat “The tangent ne hie equation y = Ye—1)+2= 42+ a(e-3)42= e414 ‘The normal line hat tlope —4 and equation2. THE TANGENT LINE AND TIE DERIVATIVE 83 VirR (53) To find the slope ofthe tangent line fo the curve at (-B,3}, ws formala (7) wit 4(2)= VATE and 3, =—>. = seated i> I it fiz ‘ m(-8) = Jin 8) Via 4 Sin =a any Pes Use the pelatslope form with = Eto Sind an equation of the tangent line to the curve atthe point (3,8) =-He-(C0)+3 Use the pcint-slope form with m = 6 to fird an equation of the aormal lin to the curve al the point (5,3). pict adatene = in (ES-ES tm [o- (26440) ‘The normal line has dpe Jy and eauation y= fle +2) 44 = fe +B. '— 42; (0,0) > Let f(z)=2'—4z, 42)-100),. yp, (20)'A82 194 82)-10) yy (Oe =A82 28, The tangent line has equation y = —10(2 +2)+4 = —102 +10 (0) = lim, ‘The tangent line has equation (2,1) 44 HEI $0) «yg 3t 9, mO= yaaa = MEH e Sete ‘The tangent line has equation ia, dim, [(a2)?-4)= ~4 ij 4e-+ y= 0. The normal line bas equation y andy =0. ‘The normal line has slope | and equation y= 1(2~2)+ Fett) Toad the slope ofthe tagent line tothe curve at (4), ase formal (2) with f(2) m(e,) tim L)=H) 5 Be yen eg GAM Hal 2) vet? m= By aI aoa ES aye Yo eee OME =n oe ae oe pita with =He- 444) Usps mhS4 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 1 Beles 17-20, (a) Tabulae [/(2-} Ae) ~ /(]/Se when Ae = 010 to 0.01 otap —0.01 and -0.10 to -0.01 step 0.01 and guess the limit. () fo 201 step 001 ard 1.90 to 1.99 1d FQ) wing forma (4). () Tabula [f(2) ~ f@2)\e ~2) when £ = 2.10 ‘step 0.01 and uss the lit. (4) Find (2) wing forma (7) > The symmetric cifferesce quotien: of 2.8 is included for comparsen. It exact for quadratic fanctions 17, f(z) =e! Te ae {0+42)- 02) ee s0)= 102) (N24 Bz) — f(2—Ax)|/2dz Ae 2s 1-42) 102) _ J)- 12) ‘a = (2+ As)— f(2—Ary|/2dz (0) fn BO ant 12Ae 48s? Tae 1 fee a ea 1242) —7(2)_ fl6)~ J12) ee f(2+82)—J@- 2s) dha 10402) -90)_ H0)= 412) (2+ A) (3.87.2) Bet 4 404 Ant) — 7004 An) —(2.22 Tables for (3) aed (c) The limit appears tobe 5. 0. 0.99 08 0.07 0.06 0.05 O04 203 0.02 0.01 21 299 208 207 208 205 201 203 2.02 201 5a 5:27 824 521 518 SAH S12 5.09 5.06 5.00 5 8 & 5 6 5 & 8 <0 09 08-07 -06 -05 04 ~03 -02 —01 Lo Lat 192 1.93 1.94 195 97 198 199 410 473 476 479 482 485 488 Lol 404 497 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 8 219) (9.98-7.3) @ in 2) inst) (ale +2)—7) = amyo—aa0% Tables fora) aud (c). The lle appears to be 12 O10 0.09 R08 0.07 0.06 0.05 “O04 0.03 0.02 0.01 210 209 208 207 208 205 204 203 202 2.01 1241 1255 1249 1245 19.8 1A 12.24 12.18 12.1 12.06 120100 1.006 12.0086 2.0016 12.0004 Ye00si 12.0019 120025 12.009 12.0001 M -99 08 —0T —06 —05 04 -03 02 —01 190 131 182 193 194 19 196 197 1.98 LO 1141 MAT 11.93 1.98 11.08 1170 1.76 1182 1188 1194 048s) 0—A2) ra0i00 aoe, 206 sean 120m ar "2006 ond ad haan no aeasit—# : © ea © ine P43. Ars 3-2ar? 4 A2?—2? 2. 2) fn BS Hans aa a Ines eez yen ia? = ia. (12462-4424) = 12 18. )@)=VO > Table foc a) and (©). The init eppests tbe —f 2 ox» a0 gos cot oae ous or 008 Sor 00! tae OOS 28) Sit SMe is aot 205 20h Sat Fibed= f=) yn ete-ana-ant-atn 0-208-620-2502 posds rato 230012 — 2008 2500, — 21001 ae an nn on a0 as i ike ok ys ae on Pao ih ih 9b as us ise ase tt ae aa eee ~.2485 --2486 -.2488 ~.2489 -,2491 —.2492 ~ 2494-2495 —2497 ~ 2498 £2402) ~s(0~ 4s) aaa We we Thenem 1102, SOF) ed iy HOE = Oo = agents peht=1O1s= i > We use Theeeem 1.10.5. tim C2807 Az) 0060 cow as ano = Taso Ae ° > In(a), lt 2—fr = Ae to get the same solution as (0). - = im SBQe+AS) —sin fe Ae asf came AF = jm « > In (a), le i = Ar toget the same solution as (b). sae so CU) As) con fe fUO= Se ope ESS 26. (2) = 086 ‘THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION mt. Je)=woni, > Were Thesrem 1.103. (a) (0) = mse B20 poll — aL) = nS = Ines flO = 1-0-=0 a ae St madeleage roa) —— » Wee Theorem 1.102. ke a one et finger ais © 1h (a), Wt e— fe = Ar to got the same solution as (b)- in OUT +A) iy cane im tim, ren, B= (nA SM teens fim In (a), et 2 }e-= A to get the same solution as (b)- Vsin(ja +A) esez—eche — eselin +Az)—ese feos Az —1 rhe anegt se sn MS = nee = Im see Seas BS tn Beco 51-36, od J) hy apg fra (3) Bepeyet Sm fm LeFRA TE. ay lg z je)=u0 > e)= fm, 2H IE 3. fle) =T243 Fe) 3. fle) =! Be » se) 3. fla)=445r—2e? > JG) timid -22) — 45224) ROSIN Fw a cL se ve tan (G24 Be 4 Az) — 22 As) (Se 20 oe «ine 940—9 tn Bets 3740, the dea a a H fi8-2) = fn, BHAA), gy Posto teaen tela? Caso aatae— Selah aap eae inte ae 1 [2rbade) + SirFBr) ([2r-48) 4 2ADHGr —2) ~@r-+31(Gr—2) 4 3421 ‘Brlste Ae) 212) tm 24Gr=2)—Br(Or 4.3} _ 1347 = Se apes ay -ae 9 — AAT SD he =13 = (STH ae‘2.1 THE TANGENT LINE AND THE DERIVATIVE 87 oy a plait s “yg gree (82? [1 deeds J; to 2 al Dataset em al ee ashat| otgia|- iogeas sn 41-44, fad 4 > Let fle) = 3245 (o-+8)-60+8)] =v + es fey 2. 16 fs __i/s fom Ot elm oF - 1 + GaP TE, alg Tea = Bt Sah Tay @ TP (eV) eH (AR GNA) + OY Noe ile yi dined 9 0, Een. ee 1-75 » lt fe)= she Be jn f=1 LL) = tin 2-1) cr 2 vse a aa PTS TERT ae AOD Ho-sty © Let fe)= hy E Here) S00) _ 5, MFA Qe —8)[%(24 Az)—5] Fee in OS sn a IS] — [Me + Ae) athe =4 jim Fe Sie Bs olae | EOIN Ba HRS 4m papas: (eee 4B Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve y = 2s? +3 that is parallel to the line 82—y +3.= 0. > 82-9490, cey =Oe-+3, has slope. Let (2) = 242+ 3. We wi to find an 2 for which m=) = Sz, +A2)~ Fey [2 +Az)*4 3) - (22;'+3) pels fe a = ge, nee | fim, (oy #202) = ‘Therefore, we have 4z, = 8 2; +2 Soan equation ofthe tangent line at (2,11) y= 8(2—2) +11 ~ 82-5, 46. Find on equation of the tangent ine to the curve y= 32? —4 that is parallel tothe line Sr-ty = 4 Fyn Bett haste 5 tt fle) nett Wee Bd ang fon rhch mn) = im FE) HE) = ny O2*—4)- Bey mF88 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 4% End an egptog ofthe normal ie to he hve y= 2— fe? thai pall oe Ine == Theme sy 0; oryare ha slope Lao live perpendicular ot bas slope—1 Les fiz) 52 et We wih to find an 2, for which (ey) =—1 fey tha)-fle)_ 4, Po Hat aeyl- OF) e =a =< We have —Jay= yds en perenay 448, Pind wn equation f each normal line the curve y = 28 —2z that a pavalel o the line 22+ 18y '> We fist fad the slope ofthe tangent lie tothe given carve, Let f(z) =z" —3e. mayen SAG Hen eel tan, +2) —-Ne—n) (+e, +573) iei2=3 ‘rence the slope of the normal lve is ——}—. eps We find the slope ofthe given line by vnitng the given equation in slopeintereept form, 2241899 Bysate+% ye-petd ‘Because fi te slope of the given nd the normal linet parallel to the given Hin, we have 1 cdl eum teas atah =e? We tave fon the Zeoniiaae ofeach plat onthe given carve where she normal ie i parallel othe gh Meee muouients 02 i te equation ofthe cur, we abla y =2*~3(2) = 2, Thus, 2) ithe po ‘Shee te oral line itesecs the given eure, Berane the slope of the normal Ine iy ¥e may wte Setar aloe fos a he uation. y-2=He-2) 24-00 Similarly, if 2 = (-2)* 3-2): 42a Hata, sty tio 5) that is tangent to the he parabola y = 424 {22 Snce tangent ine ot (2,46) bas sep Bey whi Ihe eu he alt) nd (1) aoe SF we ma ve SE ante? bata tte? tay 44a ead Site the last eaten as no elution thee canbe none through (18) tangent tothe curve S50, Prove tha het sw line through th point (1,2) tha is angen tothe the prntola y= 4—2%- ‘> At any point (,7,)on the curve we have yy =4~2;" Sic a tangentine at (=y4—5,") bas lope ~2r hile the tine through the points (25542, and (2,2) thas slope “71, we mst have Piha ty tint aatay banat dest= ile? ihc the nt uatin has no seution ther canbe no ine through (1,2) tangent f the curve (x —a)g(z), find #"(a). al) (a= 0)910) — fy g(2) = aa), since gis continuous ata. 49. Prove that ther i no line through the point '> At any print (7,3h) of the curve we have yy 1 Ig oningan ata 20d J) ee ie in ae S52 A pi cosinuois a a ad /@) = @?— oP ind He) y= Pie) A=) (5 ge) =) atin a he > s(@)= bm,2.1 THE TANGENT LINE AND THE DERIVATIVE 89 ean $8 a 4, we th ra (= in PEALE, [ale + Ac} + b(e +4291 —( Sz}= az" +b. a a ne ey = fin aeesanyrhaaorsh ()= gm, BEA SEDO) Se) = 4. f'(2)= lin Fe) hi IJ") ets, rove that (@) = im, tim £452) —fla~ ae) = fn, [OP AD=O, Led= Hom 80)] ig LOAD MO, hy Hed=fle= 88) * eso | z z “aro zor Aro Bar +4 lim, lim, Leary BO+Y'O =!"ehas deine’. Lat f be s function whow domain ie Rand (F) (a+b) ~ f(e)-4(0) for all and L. Pusthermors, suppose that (i) /(0) =1 and (ii) /"(O) exists, Prove that f"(e) exist forall x and that fe Bets ny veal wander 1(e)= fin Et SI= IO) Has Az) fla) Ha-As)~Fl0) yg) 43 Hat (Az) ~ 40) ae See OY ie (ano (a) tim Lala) — Ht ae aye #254 (2) fim LAI=*Y 402) tim KOLO yay (0) Pot the parabela y = 2? and is tangent line y, at (21) and explain what happens as you room in rea in ind(e42)=1. y= 14-2) =2-1 “Dh tangent line and the curve ecome inctinguisheble, «chareteristic ofthe tangent line. [52 Plot the perabola y ~ /F and ite target line at (11) and explain wht happen a# you 00m Bsn un Stn eg nie ii= fort (22 DIFPRRENTIADILITY AND CONTINUITY Differeniable A function is ssid to be diferentiahle al zy if f(z) exists. 2.2.1 Theorem If = fonction ix differentiable at 3, then f'is continous a2 “The theorem implies that if f(r) exists, then there must be no break in the graph of fat the point where #=2,. The converse of Theorem 2.21 is not tue. That is, a fonction ‘hat ie continuous st mj may not te diGerentiable at 2, Por example, the abealutevalue function defined by f(z)=!21 18 not diffeentible at 20 although f is continuoys there. Note that the graph of=\has « sornsr at (0,0). If function fs differentiable at a point, then the graph of the function must be smooth at that point, Furthermore, if a fonction is Aifteentinble i a print, then the tnrgnt line to Une graph of the fonction at that point fot be vertical. ‘That is ifthe tangeat line to the geaph of f a: 2; vertical, then fis not Siffeentieble at x. ‘A fanetion f defined on an open interval containing 2, is dileentiable if and only if ‘both one-sided derivatives exist and ate equal. Ouesided delvatives ace defined as follows. 22.2 Definition If the function f ie defined at xy, then the derivative from the right of J at, denoted by Sule) is defined by retin SEMI ay90 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION ifthe limit exists 22.3 Definition Ifthe function J is defined at x, then the derivative from the left of J at =. denoted by Pfa\hdetna by Pte) atin FBIM) y Go yaty Mm Hed if the limit exits ae = A Fiscontios fom height and i") exis then te, f'@) = Flay. (2) ests then Bim, oP) HC ta contingons fot the et an tim, “) In Berens 1-2, do the falling: a) Skech the graph ofthe function J. () Deermine i jf eantinnous a 3 (6) ind fey cod fate) tng Cs) Dewey aaron : dita t BAS regent >) lim fe) = fim, (2-6) a “in, fp To Fiero On ST ie LOM. esac) 05 fim FOES 25 tim LAM) i ee zHE (@ Sine FLA) # 1-8), 4 dno ext 0 fo denial at A a tof ESE pasate. 2 © Jig. f= ly =22) =; im, f(0)= lim (82-1) ‘| Tere H/C) e t= 72) Td emi (9 S20)= im! 150)= tie £G1= $0) (@) Since $112) 4/42), 1"@) dows no exist 50 snot differentiable a 2 3 fia) =le—31 19) =0. © 0) Jim 1G) = tm [— (2-3) =05 tim, Je) = im, (2—9 (@). Thus: 7 is contimuots nt 3 Teter, Lin 1) (0 £10) = im LILO) F() = tim, LI={O) (Since $118) £419). 1") doesnot exit 0 Fe not diferentiable a 8 4 fla)=14le425 2)=-2 fen Paz) Mece 14 (232) 23-2 “tess (a) A sketen ofthe graph i shown atthe right. (b) Because / then f is continuous at ~2 (6) By Dentin 223,an a a war erg wenn A (0) sg enone of UO t= ono ort spuw o = (z)f amerea (a) saya ogy ye amon «oe ou 70 noT0Hs ¥ (8) eae Be wen re gunman 4 fo 10 = (040 = (0d = (od 28) tS =F Aint = (0) ee we eran Ose ov mongrgo Fg f0/ = 052 “al sop i" 0= Ge) Nat =(2ys “en 10= etn @) 3 208 hg igen “lO p rw xgrnenayy oo a fc ap ye sop (OS Holts # OS 6 weet get ey 09 Se ah . set ae ae oe caer oe tay fe < gizey =e we onan foo (Os =0= 2 Sor ves =O 5 a 52 =orer oars (po = 2 ye ato» 99 Mon a sw apeyenegtp You 9 J St. "HER U OP os mn VEY fsa (PY pee Het ted=2 ey ers Gar ay ee Eos nonmayed £q poe oe Get ges pee eater 2p al sop9 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION Ry Definition 2.22, 15 (2)= tim LELO) — gy VED 25(2)= 9 LE FO) — hm tim, too oer alin (@) Because £52) =+00, {"(2) does not exist, and J is not diferentinble at 2 In the figure, note th pea {VITg Ht jayac-nten ‘ > (0) fim fle) = Hin YI=E=0; tim, ((2)= tim, =a) =0 ‘ ‘Therefore Jn f(z) = 0-= (1)."Thusf i continuous at 0. a a (0.0) in 2 ff li aie 5) = im, =f) cy, O=s=0 a amas unui bauacucy Seaman 10. 100= {2a | ay=t . Bn F(0)= Hin (1 =26)=4 4 5 M2) = 1= F1. Ths fs continues at 1 OAC tie LOAM jig Pate tn ce ~ Ns ea) a at =. nets tim SOLED. py, CBE + (@) Since P(-1) = (1) = 2, 1) = 25 0 fi diflerentable at —1 wea QRot EESt pyanat—ass. (i) im J(e) = Jin et =9)= 5, a, fe) = im, (Ge -)= 8 a Tees ag J) = 9% 2) Tho fn oon a 2 ‘ (© .1@)= iw m 22H I=8 _ yy MO-2Ke- sag Ge=1)-5_ y_, 80=D_y a ig (@) Smee $102) = 2) =8 f'2) =8: mo fis ferentnbe at 2 we se)={feniy Esa | a? Ga) A cate af te grav i shown a che o (b) Because J(3) =6(8)~18=0, and : ip JQ)

1 26. (0) 12) oc) set i ee Oh) cepa 120) = 140) ~ fglI=FO (0110)~ BqtSEIO= sy Poh £) by e184 -1_ (F,0)= jim FSET = {h) J i ot dtereninble at 2 oeause f° (-1) 4 (98 1 boease J) dove wet exit 8, The samge of fs 10,450}; f fe ifereiiable at every number acept =9, 0,9 £12) fe) F10) 1) reise 292. DIPFERENTIADILITY AND CONTINUITY 7 © of fie Ry f" xiate except at ~2, 0,25 f(-2) =05 4 f 1: 1,0) range of f is (~20,t00); fis differentiable at every number except 0 and 4 f(—2) £2)~ 40) set tin L2)— 1G) hott 145 aan 24 nmi re) = [22 HOSES Noord ese = Bn tim = 12) = ia! Jin 44 20)= 36 yy A= 16 = si a(t42)= ats JL in West lim 16 = 16. Since (2) = v2), ris diferentable at 2 Pa Vife <1 and 1-2 1a $1. im fe) = i (2? =1) =8= fim 9G) = Jn, my. f-tpocontinnnn 74-1 2 ‘tm Wee “= {2.57 HUSES® (oy rnd uo ss comtinoue a (0) Shah (68 f ditt a 7 FW) =P; ig Ko) = =e = ee a a 2 Be icienen tiiisjs— Onno e-nesiyers ae a ie: f is continuous at b if b sliver -2; since b> 0, only isadmissibe. = ~* P ve F.0)— in LDL hy ated = fy CED a és = 70) Saar a Ba *)=0/0= tig, B® clin, Tim, $2 =f once (3) dos ot exist nd fis no dione at . ifr 0 (b) im P(e) =O and “lin, f=) =O. (c) Sketch 2 qi Lia)=10) — ae = See e al H40)= jim, wt tin, Eg = 0 { sm [af [mS nF) = tin, [.0)]= tim [im EI] in, =0 ‘ : es} Find a and & such that fis differentiable at 1. Sketch q ity we need 4 ay SIFY 2 g2}=20) 1575 im eye dig lor+8)=204 li, 10) in, 24-1) =7 Sh ws i ison at To a0 +827 Ps LED yy BAD AT gg EDGED, ale —2)98 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION tig, C2MAT Sg, 6 {willbe differentiable st 21/2) = /4(2)in0 a= 8. Since 20-48 tn Fxereses 37-40, treat the vasiabe representing # nonnegative integer oa iit was a nonnegative eal aumber, BTA tap is fer up to 250 shudents. For up to 190 stodents the ost i 815 per student and decreases by 30.09 per fudest foreach sadent aver 150. (9) Expres the Income as function fof the number of students (b) Prove that is eentinvous on its domaia.(e) Ef eiflerentiale at 150? 1» (2) Let f(o) dollars be the ross incom Ifzstudeats make the ip. iee2c150 _ [152 0<2< 150 18h <¥ £250 Yaa.se— 6s? ABO wae (me oce<% (600 f020 gone 18: ita << 60 (&) s(20) = 60420) = 12000; mp2) 124005 fine) = im, (02 — 1594 ‘Therefore, ti fle) = 12000 = /(20). Thae continous at Oe n 600 29) a= f fa fle)— 100). ii £400) 7 Hei=f00) ns (ae 00) 00 F400) = Since #20) #7',(20), J/(0) does not exis 40.4 cub's annual dines io 8100 per member, les $0.50 foreach member over O€0 and plus $0.80 for each ‘merce lus tian G00. (a) Find a mathematical moda expressing the club's revenue J(e) a8 function of the ‘umber «of member (b) Prove that J i contimons on ie domain,(c) I f differentiable at 600722 DIFFERENTIABILITY AND CONTINUITY 99 (6) f(z) = e110 — {(2—60)] =2(400~Jx)= dade}? 0< + ¢ 200 (8) and (€)Beconse fina polynomial itis continmous and diferentiabe om (0,0. Let fle) =I21 Tind (2), 220 HF 20, then since 121= Vet we havelz? = 220 = Jin, f+ 28) Asiviel_ ,, (et Ael-iaide+Az/+i2) Cl =o Ae ly Bafa tele = (e#z—2? 4 _tede (Asi tthe _ 99 lal Bale +Az]sia) arto ale SeTtie0 avto[r+Ar[eizi” Sel” = Given f(2)= fe} find Joy) i i ot a integer Prove hat £2) doesnot eit, isan integer Ife, Sau iteer, wlat can yousy sbout f” (2) and $4 (2,2 fs no an integer, then thee ison Integr Wh that N ) F(a) = 27 and Gle) = 2" s'(@)E s(0). Thereore, by Definition 1.8.1, is continuous at then (f+ 9 all real numbers then (F + G)(e) = O for 2 0.100 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 2.3) THE NUMERICAL DERIVATIVE ‘Symmetric Tiflronce Quotient of f at «ix (/(a+Az)—fla~Az)/(2d2). As Az—0, this approaches £"@), NDER(J(2}2) = Brerenes 23 In Raereoe 1 1. See Byercise 21.17 seomgare th GMally muuch faster than the ordinary difference quotient used in the definiiog, sd Nonetimes approaches « limit when (6) door not exist. The value of Ax is called the {erance, With aay tolerance, the result 6 exact for lnear and quadraste fonetons. We shall ned a fied folerasee of 0.001. Thus f(e+ 0.01) ~ (20.001) a TH [Note that some graphics ealeulaters can plot the tangent line to a graph at any point ad give the valur of RDER in a single operation. Hf your graphics calculator can use ‘tes of eifrentiation to get (a decimal expresion for) the exact value DER (DER? The exond derivative) of the derivative, You should use that capability (exept in Euertes 27-40), The FRAC capability may’ be usol to get the answer as. fraction: we aymmetie diferente quotient with standaed one forthe given Exerese of 1 Mj See Exercise 2.119 A. See Exorese 2.1.20 2 See Bxercses 2.1.18 1 Brercias 8 plot the geaph ofthe numerical derivative a= t2 support the wniue found inthe piven Exerc B. (a) Bxeeise 2.1.38, 6. (a) Exercise 21.38 7. (a) Exercise 21.39 8. (a) Exercise 2.1.40 (Exercise 21.35, (0) Beers 21.80 (6) Exerine 21.41 (6) Baereise 2 (c) Bxemine 21.87 (Bern 21.38 (6) Beri 2143 () Beorine 214 I [ft | Li. a a. ta Exacies 9-20, (2) ue NDER to find the slope r of te tangent Tine to ft (ey) her ite the squat of the angen line Tc) plot te tangent line ad the gph of 9. fle)=(-1he =? iQ) aie m= PQ) =2 Ue y= He 2)+ ATs ya dle-pt)—1aae to 8 10. fz) =2 422-24 2 ML. f(e)=#8-22—! (e-1) late 18 12, fle) = (2-2 45, = pois 4 D vy = fa) = 2A) 45 =. Using NDER we find m = /"(1) =A. ‘Therese the oqation ofthe tangent line fe Ae t)+ 8 yade=7 VPA a, (3) = 8.10 ie =. Tee 1.66.2 5.8. a ba M8) = 4. maf") = 08. Te y= TE) tA TOG by TIO) =O m= fi) 0A. TE y = Oale—1)+0 = 42-04 (15400001536 (using NDER) “Therefore the equation ofthe targent fine it y= 0.64(2-42)—0.2, y = 0.642 +L 22.0.THE NUMERICAL DERIVATIVE 101 (1) LBBB, y= LB81G(2 1) + 0.8415 = 138182 ~ 0.5103, = (2) 8.9018. y = —5.3018(2—2)— 1.6016 = /S018e $8,938) (2) -Q91T. Ty “08312 2) —0.4092 = ~088072 + 1.9591 f(s) =ten(sina): =, = tan(gin a) 0.421 m= #9) = ~1.00987279 (using DER!) = —1.009972957 (using NDER) “Therefore the equation ofthe tangent lines approximately y=~1.0100(2—3)=0.181, y= —101002 +3720 and 2. Prove that i fis « linear or quadzetic feelin then NDER(/(e),2) 8 xacly JG). Let f(e) = 42+ be + (e may be 0) NDER( Je).2)= AE 92) SE 8) _ let e)+ Wer a) te) [ale aay? +He— Ae) +e] 9 the et + tance + wae? te HBAs) —[ar?— tere aa? +82— 132) eather i By b= Fle) Beers 29-26, (a) plot f and NDER(/(2).2). For what values of ofr is (9) NDEI > 0 and (e) NDER< oF ‘what values of = does f(=) appear to be (2) inereasixg and (e) decreasing.) Compave your anavers in pants snd (@) and in pars (c) and (. (9 The answers are identical: a function increases if its derivative f" i positive ard deceases if is negative Heaay2 » (b)and (4) => 0; @)and (e) 2 <0 fea ue "The gue atthe right tow f ack anh. a (band (2): NDRR 0 and (2) neoning it <0 (6) and (): NDER <0 aod fo) decreasing itz > 0 J f()= vi-e » (b) and (a) <0; ©) and (@) 2 >0 + 7 se)= > (b)and (@) 2>2:(@) and (@) 2 <2 4 Let f(z) = 21!, Compute NDER(f\2),0) and explain why it exists even though {7(0) does not exist DER ~ (001479 001)*/9y.002~ (.14-1)/.002 ~ 100. NDER always existe since we don't divide by 0 Exercises 38 and 29, (a) show that /'(0) dees not exist: compute NDER(/(e,0)(b) by formal (4) and) by {) Explain why NDER exists. (e) Plt the graph of NDER({(=),#). () Compace ie behavit at 9 the rena of (0). Be. us (6) 0) = Beg fad Feyays oor! — (01) a (b) and (6) NDER(2!70) = = 25119, (4) NDER always exists ance we dow’ divide by 0 (6) The figure st the ight shows NDER. dock and flight. lin. oh Se)= 29 1100) = Jig 2 ge = tig t= ~c $.0) Bernie J 8 an even fonction, NDER(S (2) 0) = als Bh incominliy in Eanes ten nb iin es cry102. THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 2.4 TABOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION OF ALGERAIC FUNCTIONS AND HIGHER ORDER-DERIVATIVES ‘The eifrentinton formalas that ace preved inthis seen tay be wed to dlfereatate any rational fiction aud should br menorae. Algebra fondo ate dscused in Seton 2.0 241 Theorem Hee constant, Gicncant Rare bye=o ‘he derivative ofa constant i aero 2.3 Tene Ua comand ff) exis et Dife- Ha}} =e-D, fle) The devine ofa constant tie tncon the kom in We davai of de fenton he dea ont 244 Tieres, If Df) and Dag) 85 ‘Sun Dye) 2) =Dafle) + Date) ‘The derivative ofthe sam of fanetions isthe autn of tis derivatives if these derivatives exist ‘This rule holds for any nurnber of terms. 246 Theorem If D,f/(=) and Dys) " Dy{Pe)-afe)] = Se) -Dga(2) + af2)-D_fl2) = DS (2) ole) + £(2)-Dyale) "The derivative of the praduet of two fonctions is Uh firs fanetion times the derivative ofthe second Sinetion. plas the second finetion tims the derivative of the fst fumetion, f these ‘evivatives vist. Warning: In the frst form, the produet and quotient rales have their temas interchanged; in the second form the prosnet and quotient rls are in the same order Gonaral Product (Peorsion 53.) I fs) os) Me) are dillorentian Rade [j(2)a(z)h(a2)l = f(2) se) Mz) + fle)-2)- Te the fi brn, item the ot fc nthe oon fieon, es Tie rule hold for any number of tors 241 Theorem If s(z) #0 ard D, f(z) and D,o() ex, then ‘Guotient ale + fle) ale): h(a) rw differentiate the nevond (2) Fle}-Dasl2) Tote) ‘The derivative of the qutien: of two function isthe denominator limes the derivative of ‘umerator minus the numerator times the derivative of danominato, all divided by the ‘ofthe denominator, if Ue derivatives ex 24.2 Thewcun Ir is « pnitve integer oF + a negative integer and 940, then Power mle - e D, (es!) = era ‘A power in the derominstor is moved vo the mumerstor, changing tbe sign of its exponent. formula for the derivative of the power function vas proved only for the case in which ‘exponent r is an integer. In Section 2.0 ve show that the formula beds whea + is any ra fhumber, and in Section 8.5 we show that i is valld when ris aay seal number. When convenient, we replace a given product by an equivalent sum before diferent ing, because the fers fr Use desivative of a sum is ensiee te apply shan the formala for disivative of a product, a6 iustrted jn Exercine 20. Also, if posible, we replace a gi (quotient hy an equivalent sum before difleeatinting, as ilustraced in Bxercise 82. igher Order ‘The fit derivative of te function ft denoted by J; the stoud derivative of f i the fw! Derivatives derivative of {an is denoted by {¥; the third derivative of fis the fist derivative of "sae Is denoted by 7; and 0 forth, provided theve destsatives exis. In Is an integer greater thas I, the nh devivative of fis notes by 7°"), and f°) i the fine derivative of "7 Fe pig) OE (0), £8 = prey 4 = 12), and s000 (e) Ba 10), £3 = Pe) 4 = 12) ead Furthermore if y = f(2). then‘24 THBOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION OF ALGEARAIC FUNCTIONS AND DERIVATIVES OF HIGHER ORDER 108, Teibnis Rule (Bxercse 58) If all derivatives exis, folowing the pattern ofthe binomial theocem, Ua) = S94 289 + 19 Sal" = Sot fa +a" + fo", ote rinse Bd Exercises 1-24, diferetiate the fnction by applying the thearems of this section. f(a) =D,7z 5) = 0,72) ~D,(3) =7 =) = Dy{8 8) =0,(6)~Dxde) = 3 (2) =,{)—2e—2) = 0,0) + D,(-22) + D, whet] Dade?) +, (4e)+D,(0) = 402s!) 4404s") c0=ae+4 #2) = Dafa —$22-4 52-2) = Dete!) + D827) +0,(62) + D-2)= 327-6245 f(a) = D3" 518 1) = D,(be4) ~D,(622) +D,(0) = Its? te Fe) =Daffe? 21) = Dj") +D,(-28) = 27408 H455°—Te FE 1525-8) 4 5829-1) — 1621) = Taf et 4 et 7 Pie) = DiGet He) = DGe) +D (40) = =D,G2")-D,(2)+D,@) =" (e)=D,{o? +42. +4) =D,{z*) +D,(3z| +D,(2) een {e. ie) =, (tet a1,) = Dae) + Dye Ao Ppa t PO) =A 94 2. Ae )= y+ 8) =D) +D,6=4 B=) =0J 54) = Dyer) = Be 5) = Pyle 52) = YD, st) = Blast — 29) = 0214 5)ite—1) fexpees (3) aa sm and ne the le ia) 82a 4 Me 5, aa) =a? 62-420 TE SOLUTION: We uae the product rls. 2? +5)D,(42 1) + (32 1)D,22" +) = (224 +99) + (Ae — 1K) Ms? 42 £20 D,l(2=*~1)(S0° 4 6a)] = 22*—1)D, (52 +62) + (62° +62)D,(22*—1) = 22" 1)a9e" +0) + (92 + 62)(8e") = we" +1224 1529-6 4 402" +488" Fes) = Dyll4e? 4 9)7]= D,|(42?-4 le? 42)] = Dee? 42) - (40? 4 9) (ee? 22), (4=? 48) = 24a 43) = 609 4B 2420 + 162 ae jus" + 024 — 152% —5104 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 2. Gy) = Dy l(t —359)7] = Dy? 4A) By] =F — 307)DYIT— BP) +(7—3PYD,T B09) —3P)(- B02) + (1 -3y)(-994) = —1897 394) 2. FU) = (264 NP +30) We use the product rule, PG) (Bae (ee +20 + (24-4 30D (0 “a1 1) = (Ba trg NL -E)+ BF + 207-2) Beta 40+ 88—6t 43-4604 90 — 4? ~61 = 10 = 127 — 12? 8143 ALTeneat® 90107708, F F() = 2043 — 4040431 In Pxercines 25-16, compute the derivative, In Exercies 25-0, check by ploting your answer nd NDER. 3. Dita? de# 202 +1) =(e! Be $2)D,029 +1) +(229 + D2? 2242) 22-32 4.2) 62) +(229 4 1)(ae—3) = Got — 18s? 412s + det Get 4 22-3 Ox — De? 4 122? + 22-3 D.fee)- (e+ 9) —200,(e48) _we>8)—20 6. (25) ; aes G+) ray = Wye ad, 2 ea a vee) =e i $1) Oot Dita 1) bya +4) y= we fase ay +4N2)— v4) __5 i Gur? wea 2 (tte 4 1)D,(02 422 41) [29 422 4 1)D (Be : Ba 2) _ 2 —1)%(2+1)- 22+ Ne D 1e-F (+1) = (-8-2nfe-2) tee) soa e-3F a {) = 4102-202 _ 5-102 + athe aP) Grae “aaa? Ga 2. ofc pent) > We divide and we the formula forthe derivative of « sum. ptoresiet). di aet ise 4e Hde*— 1524-4) ae 38, £8). +Oar) var wire __ so? id Oa 4a) +8)" e+e re fat) ALP ses) toe? 40%)— (ads __ tate TAS a= ere} rae ae a. o2efplce—] =H), -—1)+ 62-002) 2 Ges +e fe 2S= CE tet eR DP yat a Get sWe-+s) (oe o “het s96 41542709 _ fe? 460e-+6 _ Ber + 1e +1) 2 Ke = $4835 $1942T2—9 ty GreP (Foy co ee)2. THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION OF ALGEBWAIC FUNCTIONS AND IIGHER-ORDER DERIVATIVES 105, aa +) nftatog ote +1 Fas Fas fi P+ Se)D alot AP 4 2-2) (oF oot 242 2)D (2 432) . (erie) at seo yaa 30 oy Gp tp 2G 8) _ 5 4 1 get oa 42 6 rar Fete 37 and 38 Gall the drives off Ge) = 62! 4 get 308 et be 8, He) = Pj asides ae 12, fy = Moe. Pj sti se Apa re oe ser Fon ae be 1 a Tehp)= 02) 2 +80, $4.2) = 168023 — 1202, fx) = 50802" Pe) = 10080, fz) = if nd 8 Pa) at 1 Pa (5 via tf ~ 3) DDD AD, 202? + 360-120 + 10 ig) ea 10g ee) faz" — 09 +30, 129, Fe) = 10080, (DAF) = BO} = Dee) = 108 5)) = D_D,D,(5e4+}e°*) = D,D,(002? ~22"7) = D,( 60" + Me) = 120 1125" Bxerenes 4] and 42, fd ©, Check by plating your answer and roureulstr’s seotdeivative tat 7 babe yf ate 229 yf 24 Het 8 yatta yf abet ate? Exercises 4) 46, Find an equation of the tangent fine or noual Hine, t the points Check by plotting the line the curve. y= 24, (24), tangent line» Let f{e)=24—4. Teen M2) = 82%, 20 "C2 tangent line has slope 12; 0 an equation of the tangent line is y = 12(e—2) +4, y= 122-20. y= 8/(22+ 4) (2,1), tangent lin > sma he soe ofthe gn ine the vale ofthe erative, neat eae Fintan Cifioa reef tevin sions] cote he a i = 10 normal Fine tat s¢2) = 20 e)= we gldgp GB). onal line» Let sta) = Hy Then fe) = (7M) wee ee a -) sip op tony y=t2?—Be, (1,4), normal line © Let f(z) = 42? 82, Then f'( Uojudppwlgeye ye yar T. Pind an equation of the line tangent to y ~ 327 — tw and pacallel to the line 2x —y 43 ~ 0. 4z. Thea f'(z)=@2—4. The given line has the equation y= 2243 and bas slope 2. ‘non ak Bose (8) ~ ye dal henge ne pe rongh (he) and bas ope Bsa eqain n= Hei) le y=2e 2. Find an equation of ech of te tangent Ins to ec by ploting te cre andthe Bee Be, Sede Tiere! om nd et (et elt at wba ‘is tangent to the curve, The slope of L, is given by m(z,) =v'(x,). @ @ =4)—Sor ae % 8; 40 J'(1) =8. The normal fine al 324044 that is parallel to 2r—y +3-=0.106 TH DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION Brcaust the slopeinterceptfeem of the equation of the given line js y= 2248, the slope of this Hine i 2 Because Ly bs parallel tothe given line, the slope of Ly isalso 2. Therefore, m(z,) =2, and by Bay (2) we have wataty th spa 000 gn? ‘then by Ba. 2) y=, Thus 1, contains 0), §) and bas slepe 2 An equation of 1 is yotes$ then y = 4(2) — (2)* +22) + = 4. Therefore an equation of the second of the requized Ines is ota Xe, pot 49, Find aa equation ofeach somal Ine toy =2"~ de that is parallel to the line 2+ 8) ~8= 0. D Le fla) a te. Tien fe) =3a? =A, At the pot (2,f(2)) the cave, the slope of the normal i FESS aL These tn nthe quo y= Je 41 an hes lage Sic th nora is Bente give tine, we must have gS =f det —A= 85 = Now f(2) =0 and J(-2) = 0 the rquinee normal Ine ae at (20) ae (~2,0) ad ea tne haw ope Renee, heir equations are y= —He—2 2 +8y—2=Oand y= —[(e +2}; 2+8¥42=9 50, Find an equation of the line tangent to y = 2*~ 6s and perpendicular tothe tne = 2946 > The given line hos entation y =x +8 sad slope $y a perpendicular has slope ~2. Let (2 Playa de? "6. Av the polit (e,/(2) on the cure, Ue slope of the tang Becave /() = 5. the required fine is y= -2(2—1) ~$ of y= =22— S51. Find on equation ofeach Ine though (33) that & tanget to the parabola y= 25° 1. Dee fle) 2st Then fe) = es Aline through the pointe P(aj2nj!~ 1) and (18) has ope CEE) 18 page tbe mg at Pit soy) NaN anys Now f(7)=97 82. Given f(z) —}e2-+28" +5245, show that {'(2) 20 forall values of & fe)= asd = (242) +12 br alls 133. Prove the general product rule for three factors.» Applsng the praduct rate twice, we have AUC): ge BC@)! = C0) aa)! -Me) + UE) 02] MC) (a) a2) + fl2)-g2)) Bla) = LF) 92) HE) a) ae) We) + He) (2): Wa) + 4(2)-9(2) Ma) In Bxercines 54-57, use the general product rule to fine the derivative. BA. [Cer 43)(22-—5) ee +2 = (ae 3) 22 — 5] +2) + (2? 49) Ee—SY(Oe-+2) +(e? +N EHS AY = dele —6)(Se+2) + (22+ 3)2){ Se + 2)4(2? +3)22 —5)8) (12 225" 20a) e (62? 4dr" + e+ 12) +02 ~ 100" 185 — 99) = Bee? 992" + 16e— 89 55. (ae 42 eF— 1 = 82 4)824 Het — YY (Se 2) (Ge +2\er 1) + Be F212 42) PI) + (Be $2)Ge +2127 —D Bde 2)62?~ 1) 4p 42)0K3? 1) + e+ (02 4 2)C2) (Gat 2)802 3-4 Set 1-4 Gah + de) = (Be +2)(120 +e —6) = 202 420084 22-3) Se (ae 44g +390? 91 (Pte Sylar aiat—5) + bet 4x Yes3)(e? 0) +98 ge He 49)62"-5) (2 = 32 -h(e4 3X22 3) 482 427) Det— 9) + Be ra He +28) (a4 24 450) —1h2?—3a"!— 95-2 + bg 9b Ae) (Be + 2 52%) + (608 + BA De + Stes? + et = 00e9— 18582 — 26? + 10a 4 a st Kae ge +1 =Dfet ges Meet HHH) (Qa? +24 Let tet Qe +241) $(2e 42+ )Or +241 Ostet) 4 Gxt +24 2s? +24 1) +2+h = (42 + 122" 42+ 1)(22* +241) +(2e +24 Nat et +a + 1) + et +24 eet Hees = Mae + 2s? +241)?24 TIBOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS AND HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES 107 ‘Prove the Leibniz rue for th second deivatve. (fa) =(9Y = Ula Sol = U0) U9) = at 9) +09 + a= M9 t2T a Tot Now assume the formals i ue for DEAE) = plik + tet = (kD Le) ‘Thus the formula hold trve for n= b+ 1 and hence for any integer = Lim Pe pcre" Pat) a aNd a (terme) = mat Prove that i aud 9 ae difercniable fanctons seh tht (0) = O and 0) =0 then (Cz) cannot be 2, Suppose f(2)a(2)= s. By the product mle: (xg) + f(a)gx) =1. At: f70)-040-¥(0) =041. Sow bow tree thoren on diferentatign enable ws to difereatate ay polyoaiah aah egayt Preheat cle CegePY H eg ath oneal) + (eae eH HS Lamy eg CaP) bt (ty eet PE nee (2 eget the RECTILINEAR MOTION ‘2541 Definition If isa fonction civen by the eauation s = 2) and a article is moving long a stright ine ‘0 that sis she number of units inthe directed distance of the partele from a fixed point on the line att units of time, then the instantaneous relorly ofthe particle a unit of Gime is nitvof velocity, where =rw # 0nd UF it existe. The instantaneous site of change of the velocity ie elled the instantaneous nes 1-8, n partite is moving along a herizonal line acconding ta the given equation, where « meter ie ‘rected distance of the particle from a point O at { seconds, ind the iastantaneous velocity o(0) meters per ‘att seconds, and then Find e{,) forthe partiular value of 4 =i MO DAat 4) = 40% oo) = 4-259 =; 1) a 422-1; Ke) Ht 120842: 0G) =5 24.030 Ska aa ale slong. horizontal line according tothe given equation where s meter is the {point O at L seconds. "The postive direction iste the right. Determine the ‘SS hes the partic is moving tothe right ed when it 3 moving tthe left. Also determine when ‘e Svon. Simulate the motion on jour eraphiescalslatr, In Exercises U5 and 16, plot she motion20g THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION Pugh ates ste 34619 =P 4-3) =H +992) and t= fe2 11a _ panics - Te Sorin tote 1573 b — a hanging dieton fom right et “Jetcit ~~ moving tothe let 6 hanging diction from ot opt FLA ovine to te nent PsP — 12048 = a dea? at —12=40 -9. | 4 O'when = Land 1=2 3 AS movies to the rite d= 3 Ghangng deeetin from ight to kt 5 Sfeteas =~ movieg to te let Eo Tee? 0 hanging deton fom Beto right pet 24 + movieg tothe ght 1, 930 4 JP 204 a5 u(t) = BE = 262+ 81-2 = (64 2)2E—1} WG) = De (42 tate paride is _ roving to tbe Heh hanging deci ‘moving to he et ‘Singing rection om eft to ight roving tthe right com right to let sel e4] The instartaneous velocity is given, by ace 40 = Hota) ae aa heed a Because ot) =0 when t=1 and (= —1y the particle reverses dinection at each of these times. Table te indisten the ge ofeach fotor of v when ts in each interval. The siga of vis negative when » hus onc (odd factor, The partite is moving tothe right when «> O and is moving tothe ef. when v <0. The behav Sr'the motion i illustrated in the figure, Table 12b gives values of # and v for specie replacements of $ ‘Where wo use the orginal equation of motin to caleulate « and Ba. (1) 10 eaeulate 2 ties — a esa a felis fe eta. | | staat25 RECTIUNEAR MOTION 100 1 ads 948-2008 aH? BF 8) oy a ae Ont yaa ase aeey he Suda (020! pale a Bok 0 + +O larga dct fin a et 2 sage 3 and 0 changing direction from ight to left = roving tothe left (P44)— C4 1)29 P2144, oa eee ra} aay +4 (442 w _ perticleis when (= <1 = vB 0 +O ctingdiretion Hom left to right + +E moving to the right 0 +O changing eiertion from sight vo left f>-14V5 = = mong to he Tak pec tcecia ern crete bean eg cia Be erences ics Be cal eine Bat aie See Perea erates Sue kn etae [A chancelics is dropped from a height of 160 8. (4) Wits Its oquatin of motion. (b) Pind the velocity at 1 Sst 1.5 sc. (e) When does it rach the ground? (dl) How fast is ping then? @ ee + 160 (2) (0 “et. vd) = Be, Thetefore, 1 see afer tie dropped ite CCocky ie “20h Jc. w( 1.8) = 48, Thus, 1.9 oar tix dropped its vdocity is ~H8 Ite. (6) It traces le ground when s = 0. Then 1624-100 =0; 2 = 10, €= 10. Thus is reaches the ground in about 32 ae. (@i eiy10) = 22/10. Hence when it reaches the greund is velocity i about ~101.2 face ‘A chaneleeis thrown éown rom height of 180 Ra 48 (4) Write its equation of motion. (2) Fiad the felcity at 1 and 15 mec (c) Whey docs it reach the run? (@) Go) ope tbs oy = 100. = 60 ae 10 1) rots velit i ~BD/e. (15) = ~96, Ths, 1.5 after it js dropped ite velty teaches the gound wher ¢=d, Then ~i6t*—48¢ +160 =0; 0= --3¢~ Feaches Ihe ground in 2 .(@)o@2)= 112 Hence when it reaches the grotnd [Aball thrown up from the ground at 32 fee. (0) Wate its equation of motion. (s) Sula ite motion sour eapiin eestor sl mtinate when and wher its Hehe point wil be (} Calculate the emul {Gh Te Se clon and () its peed at 3 see and 125 see (0 Find spend hen I reaches the ground (hay 82 yn a 18 894) ot) f= ~ 821 +82. The ball reaches phe! point when © = hate, when''=1 ood ().=16 There Haken ce al ee to each ts maxima bright of 16 (4 M8) 8. Hence, 15 or ater iia thrown ie veeity iy 8/5ec (25) =. Ths 1.25 ote after it jee (e) In oth comes ie sped is € ff (1 rates the proud when = 0 162 T= 2. HD) =2E Hence when fe aches the ground ite speed i 32 {lees the same as when twas throm. ‘velo is 112 Meee110 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 21. A roche is fred up from the ground at 660 f/ece (a) Write ite equation of motion. (b) Simulate its motion fn your gzaphies calculator and estimate when and whew ils highest point will be. (e) Calculate the reals. {Pius velit an (c) lia spend t 10 ex and 25 soe (0) Find its speed when it reaches the grousd. > (a) ny = 860, 4, =0. «= —160 8600 (c) ut) = de/dt= ~B21+ 560. ‘The reckel reaches its highest point Mihen? =O; dish io, when €= 178 and (17.5) — 4000, Therefore it takes the rocket 17.5 see to reach ita Taxdmern beight of 4300 ft, (d) (10) =240. Kenee, 10 see alter it is Gred ite velocity is 240 ft/sec NQ5) 2 240. Thao, 25 se aero fed ite vlad ir 240 Te/ae. (e) In eth ses, its speed is 240 fuse G1 aches the ground when 40. Then —16? + 560¢ =0; 0 = —160(¢~35); 1= 35 w(85) = 560. Hence When ft reaches the proud Si spon! i 560 ft/sec, the same az whom it was thrown, 422. Plot the path of the ballin Exercie 20 with 28, Plot the path of the rocket in Bxercse 21 with and y= and ako the velocity. ‘Land y= and abo the velocity a ao at NF |e 24, Simulate the motion ofthe particle of Be. $.0n your graphics calalator. Bxplain why this supports te results. tle Example 3 me have #2302 aad v=4¢= 61-30, For sibility, me simulate the motion of the pariicle om the Be ‘our exleulaof Sn pacemetic mode, w> let 2y(0) = 0— 120 +361 24 and GO=2. In the window [-1,4)x[—35] we let [(Min (Mac) = [0,4] and tatep = 0.05. We now press the ERREE) ey and then pees the’ key and hold itdown until the cursor is at t= 0. Notice the infoumatien at the botion of the sere: ¢ =O, 2=0, 9 =2. We pres the > Key and hold It down. The cursor represents the pprticle mosing along the lice y= 2. Note that the particle is moving to the right until ¢= 2 and == 4, when A stops and chenges dretion. ‘The particle then moves tothe left and disappears off the sereen to the left In yercses 25 and 2%, a particle is moving along a lite arcording the the equation, where + is the position at {CO see, Find the tine when the acederation is 0 and the position and velodty at that time. W sndO-Yeyael vat —atete =) @-4 2 eH PPP ERA ve OP 12, a= BE = 12E—12 =O when C= 1. (=H a1) =F In Exoscines 27 and 98, make a table giving , 1, Inchide the intervals of time whes the particle is moving ta) the lef aud right, and when the velocity or sped i increasing or decreasing. Plot with x= and y= t+ Wy. om BOF 4 St HP — 914 19) = H(t ~ 1 Kt —t), where the roots of |? — 9+ 15 = O are ye AEE =H" Val s2atena yo Yay =or TBE ee yee Ser is) =A fe 8) a= Dye = HI 18 = 62} =o OF > avis atthe origin and ir moving to the right "The velocity by decreasing. The speed is decieasing. ( key and hold it dows, ‘The cursor repeseats the particle seistak along th ine y 22, Observe that the particle i moving to the right until = 2 and 2 = 4, when it ‘Hope and changes direttion. The particle then moves ts the lft atil {= 6 end 2 = —12 when it stops and ‘eluges direction. Then it move tothe sight and disappeats of the sereen tothe Hight. 4a Brercees 31 and 22, the equstion of motion is ¢ = Jal?+ vt +9 where a the aceleration for the body. A Aon Ecppel fom a cif hts the ground in ic. (a) Watt the height ofthe ei (b) With what veleiy fon i bi the ground (c) What veloety is aod to throw it back fos original peiton? Soa the men; a 2-5-5, T =f. The eloce stats atthe origin. =—2-7O4. (0) = A tbe cif is 44 “Tap The sone fits tbe grand at 2 /see and 22 t/a isthe velocity needed to return it 32. Qn Mars, o=—1T=3 (2) The stoue stars atthe aigin 0 49 Because (3) = —4, the lif is 54 0 high, (0) w(t) = Dyp = Dy) = 126 and (3) = —26. ‘The stone Ris the ground ab 6 ftjuce and 36 f/seeis the velecity needed to retuen it 100 — (+292). Find his spoed (2) a "Te equation of motion ie #= ‘33, A eprinter ie x mets fromm she Gaish tse afer the start, where the tat and (b) atthe Fins. "Yor 38), 0) 0) == 8.25, (8) ¢=0 when + 88¢—A00= 0, ¢= f= HB VID) ty) = VBS = 12.96 SA. oft is the distance of the ball ron the starting point at ees w= 4c 100% (0) =F () oy) = 24-4234, Therefore, at ee the instantaneous veloc of th Balls (2/-+20,)/see NG Eades Be sone te; 2082 24; «= Hence takes $e forthe velocity to increase to 48 fee 135, sean is the distance ofthe ball from it initia! postion a = 2014100 ‘Tie billard ball ite the ewsion whens = 39 #0 we have . 1002 + 100: = 39, 10044 -+ 1001 ~39 = ; (10: ~3), 104+ 13) = 05 ¢= for t= ‘We reect the negative value of t, Therefore, the bilfard ball hits the cushion inf see std fj) = 160. Th the clot of the bill ball 16Qer /see when it ite the eushic, 36. Two paticle, A and B, move tothe right slong hetizonsal lite, They start at point O, s meters i ‘Grostel ioaee of the particles Bom 0 et faseonde, aad the eqvationg of motion are 14-4200 io +100; (0 s=48451 — (forparticle A) s=TR43 (for particle B) t=O at the start, for wha: values oft will the velocity of particle A exceed the velocity of pariel 8 The vdocity of Ais given by ey =D,ltl? +54) = 8145 ‘The vdoclyy of Bis gen by v= D(TA 4B) = MEHa We want to find when &, >ep, & equivalenily, when B45 > Mes ai teh ‘Thus, the velocity of A exces the velocity of B when 0 5 ¢-<1.6 TAP DERIVATIVE AS A RATE OF CHANGE 113, VTHE DERIVATIVE AS A RATE OF CHANGE, 2.6.1 Definition IC y = f(z) the instantaneous roe of change of y per unit change in 2at 2, is f(a) er ‘equlvalenty, the derivative of y with rexpeet to 7 aby, M(t ents, The hargital cest ‘and marginal revenue are the derivatives of the cost and revenue functions ‘Rate of Change of y with rspeci to zat 2 is given by /"(z)/f(@;) = (du/42}/y evaluated at ise 2.6 ‘A-squnre of side = cm hes aren A(z) an? Find the average rte of change of A ae = cing From (a) 4 to 46; (b) 410 4.5: (c) Ato Als (€) 4 to 4.05. (c) Find the insiantencows rate of change when = = 4 AG) = 2" (a) 4/02 = (367 —17)/(4.0 4) = 80 (D) A/ae = (1947/44) = 8.9 (c) AN/Ae = (41? —#)/(41 4) = 8.1 (@) (4.05% - 2)/(4.05 — 05) = 8.05 (e) A(z) = 2e, AY A recnngle of width win and length 10-+4 in, has sea AC) i®. Pad the average rate of change of A as changes from (e} 3 to 3.2; (b) 3 to Bi (2)3 to 3.01 (3 20 3.01. («) Find the intantancons rte of change when Ao) = wte-+4), AG (b) AA/Aw = (81-7. 2/2 = 10.2 21 (9) AA/Aw = (22-79 —21)/9 (9) Ba/de = (801-101 ~21)/01 10.01 (4) 01-700 =). = 18.00 = 1800 (9 Ae) = 20.44, (a)=10 The meamre of emission io R= RT, where 'T change ax increases from 200 to 300; (b) the istantancous rate of change when T [n) AR/A7 = (#2004 — 12004) /(200 ~200) = 65,000,090 (5) RICT) = 4k TS, R200) A circular cylinder of height 10 in, and base of rin. has velume V in’. Find the average rte of change of V with respect to rat r changis from (a) 5.00 wo 5.40; (b) 500 te 5.10; (c) 5.00 to S01. () Find the instantaneous rate of change of V with expect to r when 7 3,00 The volume ofa circular esinder is given by (a) Av = arth = Wer? We simplify, the calculation by factoring 107. or at st _10x(54?— 32) =a 0. (8) V0) =2088, V1) = 1007 A creular plate of radius + ins ha area A(r) ia? and circamforonce C(e) ine Find the change of (3) A(r) and (b) C(r). (a) Am rt, Ala Ber (b) © Der, Cm Or (c) Note that APC. tasieoun fatwa A right cieola cylinder whose length is twice its rads» is capped by two hemispheres and has volume V(r) sable units, Find the instantanecus rate of change of V(r) with rqpect tor. res combine to form a,ephore of volume ter* The eyinder has volume 22h = #72(2r) Bart Thus Vr) = rs, We) = War? Let = units be the toial length ofthe solid of Bcercse 6. Vind the instantaneous rate of ebange of V(e) wich Baie = Bre, Vie Boyle's law for the expansion of a gas ts PY = C, where P alts the pressure ad ¥ units i the volume, aad Cis « consint. (a) Show that V decreases at rate proportional to the invene square ef P.(B) Find the instartaneous rote of change of V with respect to P when P=a.and V= 6. (a) Saving for V, we find V = CP~? so that V! = CP~® = -C/P? which proves the asertion, (b) When P = 4 and V'= 8 we find C ~ 4-8 = 2. ‘The instantancous rate of chaage is V' = ~32/42 = {days ofc a sickness start, the temperature ia f(t) 7, where #(@) = 98.6 + 1.240.120, 01 £10. (a) Fiad the rate of change of J. What is the tenperatare and its rate of change after (b) 3 days and (e) 8 days (@) When does the maziiuun temperature eccur and what bk? > (3) (9) =1.2 0.244 (b) {(8) = 101.12, (3) =0.48(c) (8) = 100.52, (8) = -0.72 (A) The temperatureié Increasing as long as {"() > 0, thas is 0.28¢-< 1.2, €<. The mazimum Cenperature fe at 5 days; tls 101.6. ae114 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 10, Find the rate of change of she volume of sphesal tumor with rspet to the adns when the radios is {a) 0.dem and (0) 1 ‘The volume ie V cm® when the rags ir em, where V enh fem (0) VL) = aah) = a8 ee, 11 Fin the eae of change ofthe volume of sere call with reset tothe radius when the rains (0) 1.5 pm an (0)2 > Th volume i V ut when the cade i rym, where V sam fm (b) V"(2) = (2)? = 16 pn. 12. Find the rate of change ofthe siriace of a spiical tumor with respect v0 the mdius when the radius fe (@) 05em and (b) Len. > Thesusace i em? when the radi Io em, where S ~4er* S') = 8 (@) $0) = 89{05) = Ar. The eotace is incesing at the rate of 4 es fem (SU) 2 se. The ance ieneasing at te rate of 8 emer, 13, Find he rato of change ofthe infer of x phreal tor with resect to the radius wes the radios is (6) 15 pm and (8) 2 em The aurucee 8 pm? when the rdive te ar, where $= Aer? Sp) = Bry. (@) S{L8) = Bx(5) ~ Te Tho ster increasing a the ake of Bx yn) {G) S10) = Ue. The surface ie increasing atthe vate of 10 sm? /m. 4d. The height of a cone twice the rains. Find the rate of change of the volume with respec to the rau when the height i (2) 4m and (6) 8m. > When the catia is rim, the neight is = 2rm and the volume is V=r*h =$472Qr) =Jer* mi. {a} Wien ha dye 2.0") Be m/m () When haa, r= 4. VA) = 82x mr /m 15: T dogo le the tomparatae thon ater mitnight:"T = 0.1(400--404-42), 0 ¢<12 (a) The average mie of charge of Twit cept te between 5 am. and 68. Gi[t00 106) + (6)} —04[400— 403) + 5) 01-2044 175) eS 7 fer, Vio) = Aer. 0) W108) = 4008)" for. Vir) = tar, (8) V(L5) = 4x(5) = 9 29 5 am. aad 6 sam. tho asta rate af change ofthe temperature with respct to time Is "40+ 24, T'S) = .l[ 40+ 265) =~. Therefore rm. few denna of 3 depres per het 16. A worker can pant y ames = hours ater starting work at §AM, and y= 964 822—29,0-<2-<4. (a) Fi {he ale al which he pang at 10 AME () Pind the umber of igs he pains between 0 and 11 AM pa) pie Sri6e—Se% AC I0 AM, #2. 2) =3+16(2)~3(2}'= 72. He is plating at the mle of Ferme per hour (0) AU IL Ant, 223. yQ)=90@) =e 8-0 9%) —(Oa ez) =H. He pal frames betwen 10 4. and 11 A 11, Vite isthe volume of water nthe pl & minutes after the draining stat, where V = 250(1500 800+ # © ahTue numer of Here per nat nthe apaage vata which the volume af wate inthe pol in handing vag he nino 0800 13) +) 260600800) OF "25H -H) oy Therefore, the average rate at which che water loaves the pool dusing the frst 5_min is 18, snlnutes (b) VG) — 280(-20 + 20, VMs) — 2501 —60-+2(5)]= 17,500. Theefore, § min aftr th farts the water i leaving he pod! at the rate of 17,500 liters per minute 18. Find the rie of change ofthe ares of circular pple when it radios (9) em and (b) Tex. > When the radius is ex the sen Azar? em? A’ =2er. A()=8z and AU(T)= lr, The ara ‘neroaing a the rat of (a) 8 em /em and (b) ee ex fm. (a dla ithe toa con of maitre # watches Cle (SC te mansina ot faction Of) =. 25 (0) {6 Tue mune diaries ge of nae (AL) —C(4a) = [1500-38-41 + (41%) - [1500 +3-40-+ (40) Thercots bees decrease of 29 degrees per hour. (b) TM) itotontancois vate of change of the temponstare at 500-490 424 Toety-et watel fe a26 THE DERIVATIVE AS A RATE OF CHANGE 116 total revenue recived ftom the fale of = desk i R) dla, and R(x) = 2000-22. Pind (3) the “stgial revenue funci‘on; (b) the marginal revenue when == 30, (6) the actual svente fom the sale ofthe ‘Sire fist dak {e) The matginal revere fnetion in given by Re) =200-f2 ) The marginal reverse wien 2= 50 8 gen by (0) = 200-30) ‘Tse marginal revenue is $18) when + = 10. {¢) Toe actual revenue from the sle ofthe tity Set deni given by B(S1)—R(S0) = 200(s1) 491) — [2an(90) -Y0}"] = 979.67 9700 17.67 “De ntunlrevemse ftom the sale ofthe thiniy-ist desk is $179.67. (=) dolar the total reverie Gorn the mal fs aloicon ate: Re) = 6002 — he? (2) Ris the marginal veventefuretion: R=) = 600~ Se? () R20) = 600 ~ 420)? = 600 ~ 00 = 540. Therefore the margin! recone i 8540 when w= 20, ©) The number of dollars in the actual revenue from the sale of the tnenty-tiet television set i 21) —R(2N). R21) —R(20) =|o00¢25) — 025] | 000.20) —/00)+|— 596.95, lz) dollars the total cost of making + paperweights: (2) = 200 +504 22 (0) Cli the marginal ot fant: Ce) = 39-38.) C0) =~, 2H 45.00 vhen <= 1. (€)"The numberof lian in the actus! cost of making the 11th paperweight is 01) = ce) =[200 +9012) [aoe $8.4 20°] — 705 9.75 olla isthe armual gross earnings of the company ¢ year after Iaausry 1, 1994. p(t) = 0.42 4 20+ 10 PU) =O8t+ 2 (2) OF Jansary 1, 19%, = 2 wad p(2) 08) +2 = 36 Hence on January 1, 1996 the {Poss earnings ate grovring al arate of 5.6 milion dliom per yen, (0) The relative ate of growth ofthe ghssearaigs on amcry I, 1906 i p(2)/0(2) (2) = 04(2)? + 22) 4 10 = 156; p'2)/p(2) =3.6/15.6 0.231 = 22.1% {On January 1, 2000, ¢=6 ane p(6) = 8(6) + ‘wowing ata rate of 6.8 milion dlrs per yar. {6) The relative rate of growth of the gross carnings on lanuaty 1, 2000 is p'(@)/0(). (6) = 0.4(6)? +2(6) + 10= 864; 91(2)/12) = n/364 = 0.187 = 187% 2p dolas is the annual gross earnings of a company ¢ seats after April 1, 1903, where p = 50,000-+ 4.0004 eOUe. ind (.) the rateat which tio grec earnings were groving en Apel 1 1995; (1) the tative rate of giowth of the gross earings on April 1, 1095 lo Ue nearest {.1%;(¢) the rale at which the grow ‘erring should be growing on Areil 1,200 the aatcpated mative ante of gpowth of the gene camnge ‘Apel, 2003 tothe nearest 0.1% #1 = 18000 +1200 (a) On April 1, 1995, +=2 and 5/2) ~ 18,600) 1200(2) = 20,00. Hence on April y 1606 the grow earings are rowing ata rate of $2,100 per yar (0) The elative ete of goth af the prom ering on Api 1 10066 912)/(2). (2) = 50,000 18,0002) + 6002)" = 88,405 p(2)/n(2) = 20,460 /88.100 = 0.2008 23.1% (9.0m Apri 1, 2003, = 10 and p/(i0) =18,000+ 1900(10)) ~ 20,00. Hance eo April 1y 2008 the geo | earings ate growing ata rte of $30,000 pes you. {@) Tae salativa rote of growth ofthe grou etningy om Janney 1, 2008 9/:0)/p10). (10) = 5,000-+18,900(19) + 20(10)* = 290,00; 1 10}/9(10) = 30,000/220,000 . 10) the member of people a yopultion «years afte Fansary 1, 1995, where Pl 1 P(@ =801 4200. (a) On January 1, 2004, ¢~9 and P/Q) = $0-9--200 020. Therefore on January the popslatin wit be growing atthe raze of 920 jrople pee jet (@) The relative tate of growth of the population or Jansaey , 2004 ie P(9)/%(9). ¥(e) = s0(" + 2008) = 10,000 = 15 0th; P'0)/P(0) = 920/15,040 = 0.081 5.1% (6) On January 1, 2016, ¢=15 and P'\15) = 80-15-4200 = 1400, Henee on January 1, 2010 the population ‘yl be growing atthe rate of 1400 peope pes yea. (@) The relative rote of growth ofthe popation o» Jansary 3, 2010 is P(6)/P(S). (19° 200(15) + 30,000 = 22000; P“(18)/PC) = 1400/22,000 = 4.06 4.5. The margaal cost is 1034 103% 40%? + 2001+ 10000. 04 4%16 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 25. Lol r be the reciprocal of n. Find the instantaneous rate of change and she rélative rate of change of r with a6 1 ie clea eeee 2 the Oak 4000 «=a 1 Ha) 22, The profit ofa store is 100y dalla when 2 dellare are spent daly on advertising and y = 2600 4-262 — 0.222 > y/@) =36-— (te, (a) 060) = 36 -0.4(60) =2, ‘Therefore the rate of change of y mith respect to zis postive ‘ben 2 = 60, Thusit in profitable to incense the dsly sivertsing budget when « ~ 60. (b) ¥(ato) =36 ~ 1.4(300) = ~84. Because the rate of change of y with respect to = is negative when 2 = 300, hive peonbl ts tanmsme the Aly veining badge en 2 = 300 (e) Tie mst Vain a's bbe Stl a PAST la Seager va Die) en ThueS6—O4~0;0de= 36) Ob ‘28. The supply equation for a shirt is r= 3p? + 2p, where p dollars is the price per shirt when 1000 shirts are tuplied (x) Find the average rat of chtage the supply mhen Une pices incaed for 10 (11 (8) Fi the anginal ria change f tin epely wen the pce #0, > (a) 2(11) = x(10) = [3(11)* + 2(11)]—[3(10)* + 2(10)] = 65. The supply increases by 65,000 shirts when the: Pro Inceaee fo B10 te B11. (0) 2°= Op-+2. (10) = (0) +242. The muginal rae of anges 620 Bide pe dole 2. Find the slaps of the tangent ine atch poe tthe peg y= thease B20? tes of ttet p60 = oe? 429 -4(—1)8 + 3(—1) 6(-1) =, '(§) = 4(B)4+ 3)? — 608) 38. Find the instantaneous rate of change ofthe slope of the tangent line to y= 22! ~ 63? — 241 ab (8,-2). > aloe wits hey = 12s 12 ghQ) = 129) 124 31 Ate min +0) m the rds of a oi eit ()= 16,420 HO S!S? tg Be 2291, manshowa tat 1'(2) = 16. Find the rate at which the the radius is changing at (a) 0.4 min; (b) 2 min; (c) 3.2 min O)ite S21 setser(os) =e) 32 71) BO) Toit eo — teow 92 5. Show thut for any linea function, the average rie of change of (=) as changes fom 2,102, +b it peates fee Ua coagon ese eaaaae OL AN on $e +8) flay) _ mia, + )-4b— (ma +8) mk » Let Sle) 1 tea, ® , re) Which the inetantaneous rate of change at any pont 35. (a) The instactanecus raie of change of the area ofa czcle is D,(xr4) = 2zr, the cicamfornce ofthe circle (6) The instantaneous rate of change of the volume of aphere ix D, (fer?) = 4242, the auslace of the ophets, 429227 where the rate of change when © fae ale 1 b sme b. The average rate of ehangels 27 DERIVATIVES OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS: 24.1 Theorem D, (sin 2) = ees 2 24.2'Theorem D.cor =) 2.78 Theorem D,(tan 2) = sc? 2 2A"Theorem D,(cot 2): 228 Theorem Dyfecz)=secime 27.8 Thewem Di(ee.2) = cee col Panctins of ratinal tulip of + in the fir quadrant requiring a€ mot one radial (Ex n Before Cale taiise 3 sgunange ak fer yee eee ve nae ene k con = cin Je = V5, tan br = AV, cos f= sin for = K/5-41), sin Be = c08 r= V2, tan br ta jr = V3, tan fr = VI+1 (05.28), tan hr = 2+ V5 (028) Beers 2 (cos asin z—cose(sinzy _ (sin asin 2—cos (0s 2) ante + conte 2 Deere) =Dighy = Wane) oases27 DERIVATIVES OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 117 Exercises 5-18, find the derivative of the faxction, £(2)=DSsin 2) = Score Bem eiincoete & He) Dyin) Dien) = oon sin» (2) = Diftan pect 2) = secs cate Pe)=Ddwes—2ese #4) = D2 cont) =2 e084 A( sin) = Noor ttn 1) M02) =42%cos = ‘We apply the product rule, Je) = 42*D, cos 2) +ee8 2D, (42? Bo (z) = Dy{a sin x +c082)= (Isin zz eos 2)—sins = 20003 ¥(y) = Dy[S sin y—y e08 s) = Seos y—[1:cos 9+ y(-sin p)] = 2eo8 y+ ysin y W(2) = Dd ein x cor =) = Alsin a(n 2) + (cor ex sec 2 tan 24 2ese 2¢0t = Aa? sin 2 +82 cose =A sinte tcovte) = 4 conte Mz) = 2 sin 2 +22 008 2 1G) =D,{e4sin 214 DOr os 2)= 2°-Dalsin £)+ sia 2-D,(2%) +22-D, (oa 2) +009(2)-D,(22) Pees e420 sin 2 Resin ep 2 eos 2a ete eee Sz) = D {2400s x —2z sin 2 ~ 2 c08 2) = [2*(—1in 2) + 22 008 z]—(2e cose + 2sin 2) + 2sin 2 = —a%sin N(y) = Dy fy? —yPeon y+ 2y sin y +2 cos y) = 37? — [By con y+ 9m) ]+ Cin y + 2p co y)—2 iy = Sy! +y7sin y F(a) = D3 sec x tan 2) = 3ffsee 2 tan z}ian 2+ 0c x(secx)] = 3 see x(tan2x +sec*e) F(0)= sin (tan S(O = si D(a #)+an (Dyin) =sin tect tan t cost =n taekt sin t Z #(y) = Deas 9 ots) sin y eo y cos yese4y M(x) = Defect oe 2) ~ ct (cae # ot 2) +c acne Brerces 19-0, find the detvative. pjesme) = ENCES) ~Beoest ale thins (208 yYeot y+ eos y(cot y) cae seotte ete) et )= ean a (ais!) We aplythe quien role pfips) = LPibse Osi Det fetes {png lesen sess ges neaten Caen ¢ Loos 2—(eH4)in 2) _ cove ein et tsi 1) et ec + tan tnt _ | gee t=stntt (cos =) cos con = 4) (1-sin yDy(cot v)~ eoty Dylt sin») _ (1 sin (a! y) cot y(—tes 9) ray Card a waPytescp dco yeoy G=sny? fs giteny) = Tse wlcos y)~ (1 tein y)(—cor 9) _ sony sin yom y seo y bein y cory 2 ee ¢ Tain 1=sin 9} (sin y}M18 "THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION = £etst)- xp x(cos 2 +1) ~(sin x~ 1-tin 2) _ costo bcos 2 sine —sin 2 _ 14 e042 —si 2 Corstih Cmte eose pty Dffe sia ae +c08 2] = (1 con ale b cor a) +(@ sin a)(3 —sin =) m. 23. D,l(s? + cos 2)(22—sin)] © Applying the product rsle, we obtain Di((e? cos 2)22~sin =) sin 2), (22 +202) (Geet 2)(-2 coc teat 1) (0 ene t= 1H (ae t+) a wD cot t= exe Loot ¢ Dace cot 1 s0e teat (eeta2? cicteott 1) (2 —sin (2 08) Diets) =~ (-p2aind t42sint cost ~5cos (+ isin ~ (+ 2sin tp ao, p (ang t) _ sety(tn y—1)— (ean y+ Deel any=1) = (aay? In Exercises 31~12, compute NDER([z),a) on yout caluletor. Then compute the exact value of Ja). BL. fe) = cons; fle) = coe 2 ain 2:0 $'(0) =r0n 0-0 sin O=1 RW. fle)=esing onde > NDER gives ~0.9900095. Now we find /"(=) $'(2)=2-Dsin 24sin 2-D,2 = coset sine Nest, we replace 2 with $e. Thus, Gx) = Gw)eou($r) + singe) = Gx{0) +(-1) =-1 3. fle) = 85 f() = RSET wo HG Hse) =M6E: fq) = EE) 3 f(e)= i ss Me) =2e tan 4 rood; co f(r) = 2s tone 4 Peers = 2e(0) 44-1)? = =? Bi fe) =seos2—sin zy a= 0 > NDER gives ~0.9990908 f(a) = #-D,sos 2008 2-D,22—D sis 2 = =2'in 2425 0 2 cont Ts, with #=0, we have F1(0) = —O%(sir 0) + 2(0}c08 0 ~ cos BH. fle) = sin x(c08 2 1) {(e) =0on (ees #1) in ef-s so f"(e) = (-1)(-2) +900) =2 BB. Jle) = (con 2+ Ne sin 1); (2) =~sin o(2 sin 2—1) +(c08 2+ Isn 24+ 2 es 2) 1p) =—Qr—1) +1 = 2—}r ~ 0.4200087, NDER =0.4202041 9. Ie) = scone pasta Sone ate gtiin at acme 20 F's) =3V2— AAR NS: 4M, f(e)=tanetscer: 1=hs DER gives 2.000002. 'i"2) = see 2+ 5002 tan Na=(B) deat AM. f(e) =teote—ese f(s) = Beas + esr ct = 50 'G)OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 19 5. NDER = 0.5900002 W@=abo 1e)= @ 1 05 01 oo) oom 0.5 0.1 —00) —001 3° ams 2574 4850 4004 4095 8188 018 502 Sots 5006 The quotient appears to approach}. (b) jim * (a) Use 4 calelator to tabulate to font decal pac vtone of MEEHAN =P i aie, 03, 02, 001, D401 aad A i 1, ~03, 01, ~0.90. What does the quotient appoat to be approaching as speroache f(b) Find fim "+98 8 by itepeting it aa deivaive, (2) See the tale Phe quotient appears tobe approaching ~0.5 as h approaches 0 hk L 05 on on o.00t eal coe Fr pase heer Rom = 0.2574 0.4550 -0.anT C4996 h ~05, =O =t01 0.001 selene | anise — -0ons asin 0509-15004 (©) By formula (4) of Seeion 21 and Theonein 2.7.2, sig GEE) fr sim, SA eae = D082 safe Sine =} a O.1 001 0.001 0.0001 10-* -0.1 0.01 ~a.001 -.on01 10-5 Belt as sani smh ines iitinnammvioeu rome ¢ tim {6G +4)—tan Jr ia he quotient appertomproach 2) fn MEP “OEE dnl ete na bh ‘0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 10-* -9.1 0.01 =0.001 -.0001 = HORA Mme be Sg pore : ETT AE ome o5764 0.6576 0.6668 0.6087 05775 0.6571 06657 0.6666. 0.6667 “Goat appears to appronch 3.0) jim “SE*E DME dace ae detan ie “dhe . ee a a ecb ier abt “bot —rher water dr ore at ribet abst SESE AE arr — 4880 —a977 —avs9 -.s09s —se04 — 5129 —s023 —.5011 —s002 zor ‘Fhe ates appears toappronch —} (b) i PE cosrmeode og fpess| oe iid SPE wo i ad «is Yoder nfs Be. What doe the quotient em io be approaching as «approaches ir? 700" ¥ asa deivative,12) THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION > (a) See the table, The quotient appears to be approsching 0.5 25 = approaches Lr. oes ek lexeesa = a Soe be ae abe alae ee Quotient seems to approach & (b) ‘he quotient apes to approach 2,0) fn, SUES 51. Let f(e) =sinz, Then fe) ir 3(,0) y= Ot ace Afar oe gmt tangent ine at GrhV/3) is y~}V3=(e~ fr): 32 or Se eee eer Gone eee wis) 22h. Let f be the cotine function, That is f(: (a) Becarse 16) = cov) =0, 1G then y=0 when z= $e and the slope ofthe tangent line is the tangeat line is y-0=-(r—45), -i+he (©) Becarse SiH) sco) = 0, (jx) =-sin( He theo y =0 when = +e zo mae Sl aoe wor =n erase 0.5444 05224 0.5015 05023 0.5005, sss caer? an ar 8 0.4920 0.5796 0.6468 9.6567 0.6647 0.9116 0.7770 a.6eT2 0.6788 ar aot 0.6607 =a poor =) = Ble he in)=1 Hr apd the dope of the angen line fs Thus an eaation ofthe ange lire is Be 70, and the dope of the tangint ies'la (0) = cool — 1; thi an otto ofthe tangent Find an equation ofthe tangent line tothe graph of the cosine function at the pint where (a) 2= Jn: (i Ly the point-slope formula, an equation2.7 DERIVATIVES OP THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 121 Because IGx)= cose) = V5, Sx) =—sine)= 4 ? ‘$e and the slope of the tangent lineis —, Thus, an equation of the tangedt line is soNi=-He-k, y= dere tiv f(z) = tan 2. Then f'(2) *. , and the slope of the tangent line is “(0) = sec% i; ths an equation ofthe tangert wen) (tn) =2; thus an equation of the hs an equation f Is yt = 224 be): de 2y 24 n= Oe fe ft engin yn on = Vi satin ‘Gevaie Vaete)2 ve pt ge te b= ch) =f Dave-fcsios fhe ope of aetna Maes Ge = we tan = V than a tbs angen line at e,—V2) is y = V2(e-3x) - V2 Fos B38 price a mv agent Ht aren ode egal’ whe enh tad gE py aah poem nang tie pearing pee ing ie (OH it wy cn oh pies ys br a A sin (8) (0) = con = 4, 0 He) tence) 10) = msn r= th ox) =—4 sa} 5) = 4 cox) = 4(-8) 23: u(x) =4 eo x = 4(-1 a st iO, Boy Be, Be anal Because v(t) = D(6'cos t) = Grin ¢ and a(t) =Dy(—tstn insantancous velocity and aceleration ef the particle att see is —Bsin £cm/see and ~6 cs ¢can/see, ) The instantaneous velocity and acceleration foreach vale oft is given inthe lable below. . wodty ccreraton 0=-¢0) ° tif? =6in({s)=-60)=-3 — -Sem/ne sb 5 aS em/anet ~bemfee ° —Sem/sec oarieae VI) =3V5 84 cm/sec? ° ~0eus 7 =—0(-1) =6 Oen/see? |= 3.08 ¢ (6) The instantaneous velocity and acceleration ae given by o(®)= A= Sin f and ish W3 =3VE Ge) = 3-5/5: vig) =3- = 8-5 = Be, ox) = 3 con Ge = 9H = -$ ober) =3-] =f alGx) =3 con fe = 3 V5) =3VE Ion) =8 oe = = (1 (i Tenants cians ec Fis-kavied UEDA blge) = Jose P= aly fst =} V5 =i122 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION tlh) = fain Sr sin jr =§- 4/5 = 3/5 (Ge) = feos f¢ = -H-4V8) = eo 0 jobs) = Feo fe = I) V3, alge) = sin B= 3-4 a(n) =haine =} otter * ‘sin D+ 089 Tin 8 +c08 6 TNR BN Roce oY Miaee OE win sina) [Fain +o 6)? sw — “Ay iviw ane pv — 1/2) v8) _ iv =]viw (F's) = Wawa vey 5 (0. A projcie shot trom a gun at a angle of clvetion Bavingcadian mhanure fo and an inital voocty of fife, If R feet is the range of the projectile, then R=(0j2/s)sin a, OSa 9. > (a) Because tp = 480 and 9 =32, ve are ives that Ra) =48% dina Diresting with rapet ta, we have (a) = 7zMeava,, ide) =1200 cone) =0 @) PG) 200 sin Hence, the sate of change of B with rerpet to ie 0 whan (D}IERY(a)>0, wehave 1200cosa>0, cona>t eos a> 0 and 0< a then O-< a < Jr. We couclude that D,kR> 0 when 0-a< x ai: -yrechh siesonl ty iibemeto pp tases in Thudlon WE cy pute Mieke rith hold fr = fooee ee a fine ifn=dt peene)= Je pyrene 1, Tata) ed cet itnaaad prove mle 1) be en When b= 64, ten RAE A ales =A, Hien Wolatarmsas art. fom (re Di(ein 2) = ~sin = D°(ain 2 ‘Thos, by taking aveceasve der Save D" (sit 2) = ~corz Ifa = 4143, Thu, by taking successive derivatives Sn fine iin= itd Dern) = re Detina)= Jas itaate® oe at rate Beeause (2) it (1) for proved forma (1) for Beene (4) 8 (2) when k= t-+1, we have proved hat if (1) holds for b= #38 leo folds for k= ¢+1. Hence (1) hols for covery positive lnsger (2. Tae formula of Ex. 61 oan be expres as D,MEn 2) = sinle-+ ar) for any postive integer nm. Wo wish prove by induction that ifm aay positive iafegr, D,"(cos 2) = eo(2+ de) (1) We prove that formula ( Kida when = J: Dg(eoe =) ——in-# and cor(s-+ 2) ~ sir. Sappos the formala is ue for sce it Fe Using this bypcthess ond the formule for coo(A-+ 8), we have gt G08 2) = DID, cos xP! Ulon +k} ees 2c kr—sinz sin A) t= cn Ny — cove tn tn eae + Joon if — haat Jon Heed +f Wie have proved that if(1) hols for n = kit hold for n= 1. Hence (1) hold for every positive inege h2.8 THE DERIVATIVE OF A COMPOSITE FUNCTION AND THE CHAIN RULE 123, DERIVATIVE OF A COMPOSITE FUNCTION AND THE CHAIN RULE Chain Rule Ifthe fanction g is difbrentible at = and the furction f is differentiable at g(x), then the composite function fo is diferentiable at x, ane (Foav(e)=saa)al) In Leibais notation, ify isa differentiable function of u, and wis a differentiable funetion of then yaa diffentiable function of = nd yy du ona ae ‘The folowing differentiation formas aze special eases of the chaix rule. In exch formula we fevusie thet v te a, function frentable al. ta the formulen involving. the tangent, cotangent, secant, and covecant functions we atsume that the trigoaometsic function is defined at u Dy nv™'D an isany intege Dyin econ u Dy Dyce = Djjan used w Du Dots Digse we ver ta Dw Dae w= ese wot w Det ‘Wien computing devivatives by the chain rule we don't schually write the functions f and Dut we bear them in mind, If a funetion is desribed as “power of ..", ‘sine of. oF produc of «2, then we fret apply the power rule, sine ley or product rue. Tn te Sal fou of an answer, the simpler factors appear fest. Harmonie. Motion: An ebjeet moviag on & line so that the measuce of its acceleration is propartonal to the measure ofits displacement s from a fied point on the line, and the acceleration and Gisplacement are eppestely dnestod. I: is a sutm of Serms of the form A cos(éx+ a) and Bsin(ke +b) of anplitudes|Aland| BL seriod 2x/ | and freouence|bV/2s. I-12, find the derivative ofthe function = 32 +)1D,G241) =3ee+ DFR) =822+ = (10-52), (10— Se) = 4(10 ~ 50)%(-5) ~ -20(10— 26)? ) =D,2? + An—5)* = He? + de ~ 57D, (02 44e—5) = dle? 4da—3)%22-+4) = We + Ile? +e 5)? esti (7) i the ith power of 2-4 48-241, wo noe the power rule fet BOP Be YD, Qe 4 BEE 1) Bee EI) (Gr Her) =AOr(r 2904 48-2 4 )F = py(2tt— 76-4 2-1/8 20418 +4 1)D,24 142-1) 22H = 7+ 2t—1)(6° +2) D8 — 354.1) = 3s —3e? + ADS ~ 327 + 1) = 39 32? +1) BSF 6) m93(2ya*— 35241)" ) = Ila? +4)-9) = ~21e4-+4)9D, 4? 44) = 240 ES cma (2) = cos =” D,{s!) = cos = (22) = 2s cos 2” Fic) =D,(4 cos 32~ 8 sn ds} = sin 32)(3)—B(c08As)(4) = -12{sin 30 +c08 dx) |Gie) =Dafoec'e) = 2x0 2 D,(oee =) Mic) = D.(QoecP2—— enc 2) = (0020 —1)Dg {oe 2s) ~ ec? — Ir Beton 2a) an Snes tab) Seated arate sec see stan x) = sects tan #124 ‘THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 12, f(z) = cos(8e?-+1) Applying the chan rule to the cosine rule, we have P@) = -sn(Se! + 1)Dj(s" + 1) = ~si(Se? + 1)(6) = -62an(3et +1) In Beercies 13-16, compete the derivative 18, Lede tates" 0 (oe iae + es D (las) = 2c (ee 2 an aan? seca(@tan 2 vec) Ponte tate $2 sects tan 2 = 2 vcPctan a(tan?e toes) 4. 2 sin cost" 2D a) 0054 + sn*t-D,(cos4)] = 8 sin®t-Dysin {cost + sin} c08 Dos 4) = 6 n't cos ¢— A sat cost 6. Ffcotte— coc) = 4 ete -cae*) A. tcott) =A cat terete 0" = A cot (esc4(-1) = 4 ot t sc%, Alternatively, ileot®— (ct ce?) = ff - [2 cot} = 4 cot eo Heati—acty) 6. Last 4°22? + 14 > Because the function isthe product of (427+ 7)? and (2z"+ 1) we use the product rule first, then the pow rule, In the final atep we remove the repeated factor, Note that we connot describe the whole function 02 power of something. Hast nee +14] (4n* +7)? D,(22*+1)*+ (22" + 1) Dyfde +1) (4st 67) a(258 4 1)9D (259 +1) + Re 1) 2452 +7), b22 47) 2+ 7)?-4(2e9 + 1)°(G2?) + (20% + 1)8-2(42" + 7X82) Dass? £7)82e° + 1) 4 16e( de + 7)(2e" 41)" 2(4a? + 7)(22) + 14 Sa(t2" + 7) + 2(22"+ 1) e(da + T)(25" + 1P(l6e + 22 +2) 4s Bserciae 17-24, fad the derivative of the fusction and check by plotting your anewer snd NDER. Diglesd) den gestuce= Th tent en DD Ceara F 1) 5 Pai) 9 2ta1 GANG) OF +107) _ 4 2841 ito at Fp) ONG crore (O41 BT BAHT = 24282 + 1K +-9¢— 4) GE+P sia8( SP — 1) = 2ein( 2 — Dias 1 2 sin(¢? ~ L)eos( 84 1)(64) = 6 sin(6e? 2) 20. o(z) =tan?e? > Because the function is the square of tan 2%, we apply the power rule frst. tan z*-D,(tan 2°) = 2tan 2 sects? D(a!) = As tan sects? Dattan?s — 23° = s(ten"s —24/2D,(tan’s ~ 2) = a(tan’s — 2702 tan a(see¥z) 2] tate —29)%(an zsects—2) 2. G(s) = D,[2 sin 2—3 cos 2)? = (2 sn 2-3 cor 2)*D,(2 sin 2-3 cosz) = S(Gsin 2 3 eos 2)"(2 eos 243 sin 2) 2A. P(e) = Dl eomsin35)] =~ sn(sin 22) (in 2 24, 42) = sin%cos 22) > Because f(z) is the square of a sine we use the power rule litt, then she sie rule $' (2) =2sin(cos 22 D,sin(cos 22) =2 sincos 2)os(cos 22)D, cos 2 “ sn( eos 2e\con(con 22\(—sin 22)D,(22) = 2in(cos 2x\cos(eos 22\(~2 sin 22) 2sin2e sit (2.086 22) cos Sa-sin(cin 32) ) A sin(sin 22)ees 82(3)2.8'THE DERIVATIVE OF A COMPOSITE FUNCTION AND THE CHAIN RULE 125 sen 25 ard 26, find on equator of the tangent linea! the point, Check by plotting the eurve and lange = (2-1) a (2.9) 2) = 42" —1)D,22—1) tan 22 at (Le, 4) (2) = 42% (20) = Raven, ohn) = = 8(JH)P = 18. 9 = 10a) 44 ses 27-80, s cm is the distance of a weight from its central position at & seconds, and the positive ‘is upward. (a) Find the veloey and acceleration, (B) Show that the motion is simple harmonic, (e) Pind tude A, period p, and Gequerey J of the motion, (d) Simulate the motion on your calculator. (¢) Plot te 39 (22 — 1) 22) = Hels? 1). y!(2) = 24. y= 242-2) 495 6 sin fet (a) v= b= Ba cos Sat, @ motion is simple harmonic. (e) A paar » (a)"The graph is at the right. e248 = (8 cfr) = frm fxs (| p= bem Dyl—Jo win xt) = yp? cow Jot = —(2n)(0 coo bet) Sapo ) Becnse ~(hr)?ts a constant, then a the measure of the celerton, is | 2 ional to», the measue of the displacement. Furthrmor, because in)? ia negative, thon © and # are oppositely direcied. ‘Thus, the motion is dimple harmonic. (c) The luude i 3. ‘The perked Is 2n/fr = 12 and the Fequeaey Is zp (d) To simulate she saotion, In parametehe tet (1) =2 (0) 119), teen he [TEEEED hay, pros the key unl the euro ina 0) the press the > key to observe the motion. = cot (21~8) (9) v= HE = Brain (20-9), =16e? cos x(2t—}) (B) Bosasse a= ~(on)Pe and is negative the motion is simple harmonic. (¢) A= 4, p =25/2e=1, f= 1/1 Bain x(3E +8) (0) 0 Mf = 2Ar conr(3¢43), 0 AE —TBePain w(-44) (B) Becnone a = (On) ane Ue a am (3+)? is negative, the motion is simple harmonic. (c) A ises 31 and $2, 6 m is the distance of a particle from the origin att seconds. Find (a) the velocity and (b) ration, (c) Show that the motion is simple harmonic. = cos{tt +c) (a) 22 = —ve sin( kt +e) (b) Bz =—teXeoa(tt +e) (@) Because LF = Hs, the measure of coset +e) (a) 9 atte) (b) CR +) (0) eeanse 5 = Hy te f accdleration is always proportional to the meanice of the displacement and the accolration and ment. sre oppositely directed. Therefore, the motien is simple harmonic =A sin 2rki+B cos 2rkt, where A, Band & are constants find the velocity and then the accleation of the particle by dlfientiating wi nk cos 2xkt —2kB sin 2ekt Ar HA cn bt 1c%EB cog Debt = t=" sin rhe +B cos 2rk4) tuting, we have a =—477E%s, Because 47°" Is a constant, then, the measure of the accelerator, is sonal ta 5, the measure of the displacement. Furthermore, becatse ~4z4 is native, thea a and s are ely directed. Tin the motion is smple harmonic. cos Bet In the window [0.4] [44], we lt [Min Mc) pa t/te=} b respect tot This, on 38-26 fn the ditanes of» patil frm the orgs at feconde (8) Pind sand a: () Show that “is simple harmon. (6) Simulate the mstion on your caclato. aS in rt cont a) v= SE = Secon xt ~Se in xt, = f= ~SePin xt Sect p) Becanse a= 14s and —n? is negative, the motion is simple harmonic, ‘The amplitude > YF 4 3 = VI.126 ‘THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 3A. = sin(6t— Jn) + sin(6t-4 3x); v= %F = 6 cos(6e — fr) +6 c00(6t +34) 36 sin(6t— 4x) ~ 36sin(6t + Jn) = ~B6lsin(64~§r) + sin(6t + x)] =—B6s Bective o= ~2, the measure ofthe accleraionalnays proportional to the measur of the dips ref te aceenglon aod displacement are oppositely diteted, Theor, the motion i simple harm amplitude is J. 35. 4 =5—10 sin?21 = 9 — 10-}{2 ~ 608 2(20)] = 5 co 46; v= 48 = -20 sin At; a— 47 = -80 cow Ae Seen ee ree ton ante pono! to eto te deen Beste iantinaund dupacement ave oppositely dicted, Herts the ation simple brroni 8, 4 a8 cos? OC cause #2 4 cos? 6¢—1) we may apply the identity cor 22 =2 cos? 2—1 with 2 replaced by OF to simpli {he given equation: Thus «= {coe 124: We diferente to find v and a. Thus, = (sin 129(12) dt = —48(cos 12812) = ~44(4 cos 120 (&) Because the acceleration i proportional io the displacement, and ¢ and s are oppositdy directed, thotion i simple haeraonic. (c) To simulate the motion, ia parametric mede lei 2y(t) = 2, y($) = 4¢os 124. The wendow [d]xeic5-5) We let [/Min,Max] = [02], ¢step= 08. Press the (ERAGE) ley, press the < ‘unt the cure is at 0, the prest the & key to observe the motion [3% (@) Mb) = 10-10 cos 9 = 10(1— cos 6) = 10-2 sin? 40 = 20 sin? Yo W(8) = 2-20 sin 8 con 39 -} = 10 sin? (b) HG) = tsa fe = 10-5 =5 6 HG) 10-}y/4 = 5y/ (€) Hib 38, K=25 sn a. (a) = 25 08 0 (a) KG) 3-4/5 = BVS 0) RIG) OKI) = tore 5 4-3 its (€or he vat of hang of Pith opt oT hn (7 preety wr00y = iy at = a Meg xmas. a = SY ==} Auinlut +4) w= Asin(ut +) 113 cos x(¢—0.5) at ¢ seconds fine, to the nearest tent, how fast the angle is changing at 31 ss. eden x(t 08), (8.1) = —U2 sin 2.08 = ~0.598 = ~0.00 rade: 42, V = fyelt00 29%, V1 = f(00 — 2) 4 = 2(100-—2)(-1)] = (100 ~29(100— 92). VIG) = #68 vas 1915 24.2, V"(34) = f66(-2) = 8.25 2-83 48, E(6) = 50 sin 120m; Bl) = 50 cos 120zt(1207) = 6000 cos 20x (a) (010) = 600 eos 24x = ODT corr ~ O82A, Tene, the inatantansous rate of change of AE) fespect tot at = O02 is. 58248 volte. (b) E02) ie © 18850. Here, Instantaneous rate of ebange of (2) wih rem Uo ak ¢ 4. A wave produced by a simple sound has the equation P(0)= 0.088 sin 1800r¢ where P(#) dynes per sau Centimeter i the efferece between the atmoyphere pressure andthe air presure af the eardrum al find the lntantnowour mie of change of Pi) with expect to a (2) $e (0) sc () Bae > The instantaneous rate of change of P(e) with respect to Ls P) ie) 0.008 cam 1800et-D,{4800rt) = 0.009 1800s)eonI8U0=t = 5.4z cos 1800zt PQ) = Sete cos{ 8000-2) = 5.dn cos 200s = 5 cos 0 = 54x = 17.0 PG) = Dr oalt8O0 f) = Ge con 125n = Sev cor r= Sess 17.0 PAG) = Scr conl820n) = 15.8 “Thus the Intantanedus tate of change of P(2) with rexpet to i 1,28 THE DERIVATIVE OF A COMPOSITE FUNCTION AND THE CHAIN RULE 127 (8) 17.0 dynes/en? pe second when ¢ (©) ~158 dynes fem? per secend when ¢= (b) ~17.0 dynes/em? per second when ¢ = emand equation for a paricular toy is pie —£000, where + toys are demanded per mosth when 7 Js the price per toy. It is expected that in f moat, where (4 [0,6], the price of the toy will be 9 lar where 2p = #4744 100. What inthe anticipated ste of change of the demand with resect #9 tenn 5 months? Do not express 2 in terms of , but ase the chain ule. fe have 2 = S000 p"2 and p= g(t? 474+ 100) s00(2r+7) fae thechain ke B= 42.32 = —10,000p-*. (at +7)= @ eaSthen p= (5)'+76) +100] =8 ttuting for t and p in Eq, (1), we obtain 4 isin 6 monthe the demand will be decreasing ot 12-420 OS1S2 6 ppoye shat A difentible a 2 rastea)? ift>2 9) Define A’(t); find the rae at which the arca of the spill is changing at (c) 0.4 min, (4) 2 min, (e) 3.2m ) (2) = al 428 = 1 2) = 214+ 6g 1152. Th Ae dione ak 2 1220) = ee OSES" eos = (004) +20) 4140 285 nin ui ‘ne, the acca of en il opillo A(e) = 3619 m/min (e) AU(.2) = 2a{10(3.2) + 4] ~ 9571 m2/min (2) 10 Met) = 89 = et (Woe) = DUNC) = MR20) = Behr) = 5 Given (u)= 12+ 5u+5 and (2) = (2+ 1)/(=~1). Find the derivative of fey in two ways (29) () oy wing fhe chain tule : le oe +5] = Aso. (E47) +90E4 ‘2 e-1=(e4 IN fyett) 5) = PH) +s EH) +3 ap I) Fo) = 204 5 and oe) = DET) = ag Foye) = soled) =[4E41) +5] sia} ~ 2] = cone ~2)(—1) = ~con(}e— 2) = sin 2 the chain rule to prove that (a) the derivative of an even function is wn odd Function, and (8) the ‘ofan edd fonction oan ever function provided tint then derivatives exit Wa) If f is an even function, then f(-2) = fz). Dioratinting on bot sides with pert ton and wang the chan ul on the etd, we hare FemD,n2)= He) fA) = Fey SCN =“) Df wd fomcins (8) IF Fn 9 odd fesion, then J(—2) = fe) Eerentinting on both sider with peck te J we have S(-2)D,\-2)=—f(2 H(-2\(-= ek fz) =F) Therebre isan even function. {coe 2) ise the result of Beacise 50(a) vo prove that if f and y ate diffeentisble, y is an even function and Mz) =(S oe), then (0) =. fg ison even fuaction then by Ez.51(a) eis on odd function 20 o(~ 42 in the domain of g' (h(3) HC2)= S'ol—2))- 0-2) Substituting 2 =0 gives f'(0) ~a'(e) for every /z (1) and (J 9X2) =x. Prove thet if g(x) exists, By (1) fate) te) = ¥@)= 9)228 ‘THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION ssin(h/2) €2 £0 suas fine) eee (a) Prove that J i continuous at 0. (b) Compute (2). (c) Prove tat fis diontinvous at 0. oh Becaseloin 1 1.0: | cin i/5)|<@e-0 as 0. enc by te ager ore Li) axe 9 fis continous of 0. (6) 2) = Be in} + coe {—}) = 22 in con bite # Oand 0) = Hin OL) 8 0. (¢) As 2 the ister of (2) approaches 0 but the second tem colnet between 1 and 90 ig "(2) doe ot ext ‘4, Hf f” and g” exist, find (f 09)". & (fog) =D,DO(Foa) ED. aha PS DAo)s+ HD. ING +0)" 55. See Execte 27. 96, See Buercite 28 BT, Suppor tht f and gate such tha! ()gf() and Jl) stand “ (fea\2)—(Foaka) _ (Sess) containing yale) ~ gle) #0. Then OME) = Cone) _ orks Frog (2) Prove that as 2, g(2}-(2,) and hence thet (F 0 9)'(&,) = f{o(=;))a'(2,) thus simplifying the proof the chan rule uncer sit addons hypothes (1). (0) xplam why tae prot apples az, =O if /(2) = and g(z) = 2°, but not if g(z) = 9gn . Fiabe) ~ floles)) (a) beens 7pt) ens enery€> 0 te 620 sch ana |/C} = Ha whenever 0<|o(2)—a(e)|<é. Because (=) exits, of) is continuous at 2, and so dz)—y() a8 22, Fisce thre #4 &y toch tha [oe)— gin) | <8 wimerer Oot) al) 1 laff where rs any rational number, and2) ies 1-1, find the derivative of the Fancin (2) = D2"? + 52-82) = fda M21 5918 ee D802 68 aI) a ge get 5 9 pal pp DPB (2) = DL Vi+ 427) = D,(1 +422)? =H + 4271/40) = a(t 4 407) is. vi-aF wee fence he de len by acon exon and ue the hain powe ue, Thecem 29:2 Has? Be) =Y2—22 02. be) = 8 M2) = D6 ta)??? = Hs —32)-V-3) = 215-32) (2) = D,| Vie? 1) = Dae? 1)" = Hae? — 17,40? Dy Gp = Dyes = He ata g-astpie fe apply Theorem 29.2. Thus, FG) = Yo ~2247 1! 5 209) =~ 208) aaa = feo 224 a jee De{2cos(e'/2)) = -2 singe!) QV?) = pV Aeinatl) o -sin fifi sc /F tan D(a") = 4 we /F tan /B Fs se y/#tanya/ fe D, leat JB) = Dyleer% Virl/2] — —cue%( fart) Gr U2) = — fi Beye Jaime Iniroduce a factional exponeat and thea use Theorem 29.2. 300) ~ Vain = Vite 9 (2) = VG Kin 2D in HS)” Vie = SS) PSE} Note tat a tara cos ‘a ov Vina (agai) cin shin sfc _ sey 's incorrect because y/So8 FT dors not exis. fry Joma) =D. 0-2)" = Hox (9-2) 4D + 0-2)" Yo+ 0-92) ei HO+ 9-2) M(9— 2-1 Was (vs tan V3) = D,(e¥ tan e744) = 2? tan YP tan 21D fel) Sat eed VY) 5 tan 2H) Bh et Nan 18) amet yet VE viewed figure shows a plot of NDER(Y/ ten /172).130 ‘THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION In Exercises 17-92, find dy/de by implicit diferertiation, Wt, ste y= 16:22 4298 —= aiae—isyon 2 18. 427-97? = |; e182 = 0; 19, 84 y= Sap 32+ ayy 4 8e Sh ai — fe Wot P= Tey We ditirente wth eapet to on bth ie. pet + Day? = D,(72y) ‘Then Dez? = 92. Because y is a faction of x, we use the chain rule to fad Do?, Dav = Ooige ‘To find D,(Tzy) ne ure the produ rae D,(@) = (2)Dyy +¥- D.C) ro thity Subetiating from (2) aad (8) into (1), ve ave 2, dy ya ee ae apf rel ry Ne reste alo Oy-telfl ary os Be dyate ALTERNATE SOLUTION; We divide on both sides by 22. Thus Gh) ‘Therefore where the cpt none ef the tno sf theqndatie uation ya Te {follows fram Bo, (8) that yoke ‘Thus the graph consists of two lines through the erin. Because yis nol a function of z in any neighbor “ ‘of (00), then dyide deen not exis 9 (0,0). Diffratiating both cidas of Pa. (6) with respeet to x and ash By, (5) we find ay , 2y 4320 = 5 > We diflerentiate with respect to 2, and have D,(22°u) + D,(32y?) = 0 Becaust 22°y is the product of two funetions of 2, namely 2s° and y, and because Szy? is the product of and y!, we use the product rae. Thus,/ATIVE OF THE POWER FUNCTION FOR RATIONAL EXPONENTS AND IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION 131 (28h 1-222) +(0=-2924 7-2) <0 (2 +90y b= -624y— 3? ay _ teva) de 34 Gay? ay, dy, dy_In—tey? zany? tay saehll cas tall Hey 1) atte ee ae cea) = ile sales Bay sale +9) ining with rexpet to 2, we have Ves 9D +9) seeds) 1 reece shah Lomi we 1-rate-t 9) = coe +n dy _1—code+y) ee en teantorrin lita oaiaisl ext on = 0; (-coctay + (y+ 29) = 0 B= E caativy, 27 =, where sone of he roof nt b= Ory ‘ifereatiate on both sides with respect to =. ia(z +y)D,{z +2) =yD,(in 2) sine Day e+ nii+d) vom etsine dd Badia) alee rayien inte +p) tein 21Gt = ycos «inl +9) oy _yeose +sin(s>y) > ain Fee Fy) ses 38-36, Sind the indicated line. check by plottirg the line and the curve tangect line to y= V4 +9 at (45), “Te” Tis ‘The norma line to y = V/1B-F=? at the origin. v “The normal line to 93° — y= 1 at (1,2). yz? ee peg neva ee saat §, Tengoat lines y = fe~4)+5= $e+8 pie 00 = 0 The ages ins onal the nonlin ==.192. THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 38, The tangent line to the conve 1624-94 > Dilfeeniiating implicitly, we obtain se) 4 ft, = Sa? 16 ge (1a 1S oe Mma O88 = 108, a (12) 2 ovation of tangest line y=? = 22-1); 2eey—4=0 32 at the point (1,2). To plot the curve we sole for y. Then gf22—10e y= (02-1024) Se sys (ina-yiy tam Seating 0 evn y= Mey 1) y= 22 Sabing gv s2~22) ‘s2~ 1)(2—1). At the points (4) and ([,0), the tangent line is parallel Lo the 2 aris. The graph is ‘eipoe in the rst quadrant tangent 10 the y acts at (0,1) and the = zie at (1,0), 58. ind equation for the two fines through (1,3) thal are tangent to the curve 4p? —de— B+ > La &; be one of the reqitd lines and Ist (zy, be the point at which i tangent to the curv To fin thee a ye he Ee) and een phy ith wpe 2 Thay ayy ging, Ho detl oee? sae res sifl nein, Ha aBEtt = E42 encom, = Fe Because; cantats (1,3) and (2,24) by definition of slope we have inating my between Eqs. (2) snd (), weobiain r+ 4y?—4,— In, + “The eure contains (2,9) #0 this pr mint stingy Eq (1), That iy Any Ae, By, b8 F | sf 2—4P) he ing line parle to haw ase we gE [p—1); 0 = Se? de +1 eT 0 ty subtracting terms of Fa. (5) fom corresponding teres of Ba. (4, we get meek at! Sebstitating from Bag. (6) into Ba, (4), we have 169, +10=0 Sy? My +8= 0: (26m 4)= Oh y=? and vy oot? 1 ation of fis GREE A hoot en caution o 0 1, and an equation of is {mn Rawrcines 30-42: (a) Find two fanetions defined by the equation: (b) sketch the graph of each and (©) tauation, (a) Piad the derivative ofeach functios and state its domain. (e) Find dy/da by impli diflrentat tind chock with (4). (Find an equation of each tangent line at 24. ast © Gyn eave hile @ fle) = Jy dora @vtae-a nat y= file) =2V2=3, then B=}. Fhe My ffs) =-2VF=8 then B= 2 = Fe = he = fe) “Therefore, the result in. part (e} agrees with the results in part (d). FQ) nt, uid) = be Tengen ie so the graph of Sy: y=2 = (2-9 2 y=1 =O FAG) = 3 THQ) = 1 Tangent in othe waph of fry +2= —e=S sey 223, donnaine 2 2% f,{2) =-2VE=B, domain 2 > 2 2>% fe)=—t ap tonnine 22 1DERIVATIVE OF THE POWER FUNCTION FOR RATIONAL EXPONENTS AND IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION 153, Bxersse 34(0) Brarcise 3) 8, the factions ace given by fj(=)= VETHIG and fy'2)=—VFFH. The Aonnain ofeach function is (~20,20) {B) A sketch ofthe graph of f, rahown in Og. aand sketch ofthe graph of fs shown ini 3. {o) Asher of he eragh fhe siven equation isshown in 6, ot 18)" Tae) = le" +10)!" ye? 160) Li@ = -Ke+0y"Pany HO Te HO=7ae ‘Tee domnin of mach derivative i (ne 40). {e) Dillerentiating the given equstion mplidtly with respect to 2, we have Geen, | Be ve Ee Baye hie) = Vere nd Z=n'e= afoul Pat Bere vd eet cd ty ase een (0) Per y = f,(2) if 4 = 8, then yy = fy(e,) = V-IFFTB = 5; min) = f'n) = FE “Thus an equation ofthe tangent line to the grant of f, at (-3,5) yo5=-He+3; set 5y-16=0 For y= fa[z), xy =—3, then py = Ja(1)=—y/(—3)* + 18 = 5; tay) = fa Sete oqulon of th tages ie to the gran of fat (8-5) a pis=Hetsy be—5y 41820 JPET, fom par (A), Beerise 40(b) Berise 40(¢) 4; y= 2 VPS, f(2)= VFB, domain: 2h Vz"=9, domain: 121>8 (oF = 97-7, domains 11> 8: fy(@) = 202-9) doe ana Bie e-¥ Mya fie) ~ aang iyo Wy = fle) = VEO then Bn = EO)134 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION ‘Therefore, the result pat («) agree with the results in pet (4 (O49) 4 Fy-9) =p Tangent line 0 graph of fy <8, Jy) =f Tongent le to raph of Fe 0 Brerciee l(a) Exercise $1(b) Byerelse (0) a. At y' = 25, 2 © PBI 4 Jaco) JRF ail ch fd = VER domes (a) fa'(e) = -2(25 = 22/172, domain: 12) <8: fy'(@) = (25 ~; 7 domain: [2 1< 5 wetty y= tin VaRs ea ‘Therefore, the soul ip past (6) agree with Ye ois iv part (2) (0 F423, FG) = —y Tangent line to graph of fy = He) +3 fo(4) = 3, f(4) =3 Tangent line to graph of fs asd ve Bein 269 a ayaa tern Fg fy yt pay Ht 14 3-2) -— Fa ee oO 4A. Given 21? 4 71/22, show that 24 =, © We fir solve for y. Thus,2.9 DERIVATIVE OF THE POWER FUNCTION FOR RATIONAL EXPONENTS AND IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION 135 dcg thine 4 42 SFB ABO =F = HUE 43) 980) = Vir TR 10 Ata ate VIER A Vass An chject is miwing alone a lise aeording to the equation of motion ‘which the measure of the velocity is (2) ; (b) 1. yore ee a? 43120 % 243, There ie no such value ot & V5+E. Find the value of f for “The velocity i given by iat =feF% Bb 0 ia never J (2) We tet The, @)Welay=i Thin ‘We eonelude thatthe inslantaneoss ve C(x) dolters isthe tial cost of producing = igre of igi C=) HA (3) 0's te ogi cmt foncbon: C2) =F O18) = Fe = ‘Thus the marginal cost when 16 Titers ave ey 1a 50 cents per lier (8) We wih tofind 2 for which C'(x) = 0.40! 2 = 040; y2= 52 =25 ‘Tharaare 25 liters are prodvced when the miaiginal cost $0.40 per liter, ‘Cfe) dollars is the tral cot of produeing z units ofa comerodity: C(e) = 40+ 32+ 9Y%e (2) C’ is the marginal cost function: C'(z) = 3+3/y/2"; C'(00) = 3.9 ‘Thus the marginal cost when 5D waits are produced is $390 per unit, (©) We wit toind efor which Ce) = 480: 2 = 450 VB = 6: == 18 ‘herfre 18 unite are produced wen te gna cost $4.50 perter 0B) = 00208, 0,10, a) =0(0 20/2090 = 29-2) = 30(300 ~ 22)-*/?{300 — 22 —, i) RG) = when ‘te daily production of « panicles factory ie f(s) wots when. the copia investment ic x Gowran of If the current capitalization is $760,000, ese the derivative to estimate the ‘Change in the dily production if she vapital investment ix increased by 81000 Le (ej and Ar =, hen Af » 2) He) = 200(22 4)? Fle) = 2002) +1)7" = BI Because th cusent capitalization $7600, hen = =760 Th, P80) =p BO 18 Fis ity edn ones by aproimaiy 1 uni if he capil ivi ican by ih oats ses he acplane was ey cer the ate the hort eetance ela aman hn foc Ine ot sght dance eines the plancand the dite. Then fram de Pribagpreat oe Pate enter ejoraney gf afoeeney en =r a1 w We witht find 4 when t=} $f y= ben" WE “heron, the lin of sigh distance betwen thy plats and the statu is changing a the rte of 2.Ten/min Soar arth plane nen diel ove the van.136 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 14, At & hours after 8 AM the frst ship i 24 miles north of P, the second ship is 84(t~2) mils east of P the nance teen tem sale Tagn&— (240) (020 ~2)?. Dileep, nade ~ naasan + ste —yan, = EASE 2) a a ix _ 281) +2941) (a) Avo AM, if + (82)? = 1600, « = 4, fe = EEE = i, ‘Thos st 9AM the distance between the ships ie deceasng at 1.2 Ants 7 [b) AVL AM, t= 3, = 37 + (1) =o, = VDE, f= EEE = FBS ah ~ Vas ‘Thos at TIA th distance between the ships is increasing at 34.9 knots 55, Dla) = 1,688 =P te = ag == El ante) 2 56, Find D,201) when ives, > We we the definition. 21 {e7 HES0 byzi= {Ft HZ C8 ntsi= ois £0. pay Jet tle fet 94 aye! 4-200) = EE = Be) 81. fe) = Dye? Al = fle? 971 = le? P9022) = Sa Teal Alternatively, D2? |=ago(s!—4)0,(@? 4) = 22 gn(e! 4,2 #22 88. Find the derivative af the fineton g2)= 2b > Becatse| is not diffentialeo 0 we cannot ut the product ule 350 theme Q)aawetba /(e)= a= aa Ifz <0 then iz! r(2) = -2* 90 that g/(z) tee 20 then Furthermore, #0) =i 2k sz) =a(0) Meg) 60, fle) = leP = aagn oy fe) —Balogn © = Atel Je) ~ Go gn == Be 60. Given g(2) =| f(e)|. Prove that if f'(z) and g'(z) exist, then|o'(2]|=|J"(2)|, be) = DUCA? = Hse ADU(e)7 =| se) le) ee) and 2)" $2) 2) |=|s" (=), peorided f(x) €0. Sappose fa) = 0.'Thee rm, LDL yy, [N11 ip ‘and Jim [xe] 20 and ez) ro) . Phenfore a a MASA Mee, (8) = 0.1085 fsee, (2.2) Amsin tos tos?) + O.195Th f/see, (1.8) Loa fe/see (2, Prove thet she sum ofthe « and y intercept of any tangent line tthe pagaola 2/2 4 38/2 = Reb Pg yt) =; f= 2 iffeeatiaing implicy gives "7 + ar 9y! = 05! = ag = Ee wt The tnget ab (ein) ie w= vo = —Sirale— tok a+ ore Bit tras! cai ts ayer “The am ofthe eitercept and interes!2.9 DERIVATIVE OF ‘TIE POWBR FUNCTION FOR RATIONAL EXPONENTS AND IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION 137 ff 1. Diteatining inp, JY 4B VO yan a aE ees then "+9 = y= 1-4 =H tees 4 (y= ]VF and y= 3V5. eh NBA ct OS a are @y =-Wiady= vt g-Mhe as =p ‘An equsticn ofthe tangent line iy +3V3 = —VSle +): Se +94 4V5 =. ‘Suppoce that gfe) = YO= GE and ha) = Fle), whore fis dtlerntible at 3, Prove tha (0) = 6 We bave Ke)= (0-23) By the chai rate, RG) = $((9-27) 9D, 0-2" = "9 em Ho) cm tee Him PO) 08 Sion att ay hn 2 25 978) a a8) Atay (a2) a -wlplying the last two equations, we have @y oe at at Because 2y = =e VQy) © fy de 1 A) inequivalent to SHEE 14> 0 with p and q integers, and vt y fa)= 2 Let r=%, and ty Ditewntinting imply gee 18 = pl ‘Therefore f"(z) = rs". ‘The rot given in serie sot comes bea it wat sued tat fi dlienable Compute (fo 9f(0) if f(2) = L472 and g(a) = 2". Explain why the chan rule eannot be applied to parte ss compataton, i Toate) = slo) = (er!) 1p = 2 47 andso (Fo) (a) =2e +% (F090) = 20) +7 However, 7(2) = 42-2) and g() ie oot dened. Hence the chain docs aot apply a 0 RELATED RATES fz ba vatiable tha isa function of ime, which i eprcened by then the rate of change of = with respect to time is given by de/dt. The following sts abould be taken toolve problems involving the rate of change trith eapect to time fr two oF more rated variables Sect letter to represent each variable. 2 Kdentity the constant rates of change that aze given. Tammy the rte of change tht must be utd Find an equation tat expreans the elation beeen the variable. Diferentate ith respec to fon beth sides ofthe uation. Replace the given sates of change with their constant values Replace the ttiabes by thls vaum a Ine pstcuar ine of etecet ‘Salve the reslting equation forthe unkuown rate of chai. Ofer it is hepfl to draw a Sigue to find the equatios in sie 4. Be ceeful to distinguish the earahles, which represent length, area, volume, ete, rom Uhe rates of chinge of thee vasiables, Altzough # variable 713). THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION that reproente length may appear as @ dimension in the figure, the cate of change of this variable does not appear in the figure, ‘To find the equation you may use any formulas from geometry for length, area, and volume, You may use the fact that corresponding sides of similar triangles are propevtional. Following are some ofthe formulas from geometry. 1. The Pythagorean theorera for a ight trang: +6? 2, Cireumfererce ofa circle: C= 2x° 3, Area formulas for plane figures: ‘a. Rectangle: A. , Triangle A= # 2 ltl ag fee A= VE? 4. Perallelograr: A fe Trapeacid: Aad f. Gee: A 4. Sorface arse formulae for ood 1. Right ccular cylinder: (i) Lateral area: $= 2xrh (i) Total area: $= 2erh +227? », Right exeular cone: (i) Lateral area: S = er EP i) Total areas $= xeV/FPER? ar? fe Sphere: S = dr? 5. Volume formulas for solids: ‘a. Rectangular parallelepiped: ', Cizeulareylinder: V = zr?h © Giealar cone: V = 5a 4. Sphere: V = fer fe, Prism: V-= Bh, where I is the area of the base £, Pyramids V = 2Bh, where B isthe area of the base rercse 2.10 In Exercises 1-8, andy ate funcons ofa third variable detdpniy Hest 0; de 1 2 +ay 28; Hea ott uh ady de Becanse 42 = 1 then 8 | re eee | aye meg ylE= 0548 = 29% When 2 =2, = 10. Benue Mt Ie2sin 244 cos y=3 and $Y= 3, ind $F at fr), | We differentiate with respect 10 € on both sides ofthe given equation, Because x and y are functions of ¢ we) rust apply the chain rule. Thus t asin yt vee Qewe @ Welet 4 =3, 2 = fp and y =f and ssve for az eos =a IVD) =H;—-2GVIFE-1GVDC Hao Ban reo sf +2 conan vit = 0 effin f= Seg ng eo Mi 6 24 y? = 25 and SE 4H wien y=4. Beenie the value of zis not given, we solve for VBP He tl = ER210 RELATED RATES 159 B= 5; al gy oo, be Made by andy Vit =o 2 PP a5; ee ty A 9, oy Beane “ F at yun 2 +1) =4 and $2 =~, maa $F when 2 Became the value of y is nat given, we solve for v tan e+ 1) Differentiating with respect to fen both sides, we obtain 4 2 sec? 2 dt $= aan 241)-Peed 2 4 ay = ds We let Y= 4 and x= x and save for 4. and when #= 1, y= Alten +1)? sect 2 dE ds, de =~, Be At tae, let 2 be the bornontal distance fom the cid to the ie, 20, and let § fe the length of the sting. Ths fon te Pythagorean Tete, 5! = 404+ 2% 288 = 2 = #900; «~20. Boome 42 ~3, we nove | = Ha a8 When $= 80 we have 2800 = 1610 +x; =*~ 900 =~. Boones $F —, we haw MS] = $8. = “Therefore, when the length ofthe string released is 50 f, chestring is being paid oat athe rte of? ft/=e. AL min, Je rm be the radius ard V 2 be the volume of the spherical balloon, Weis do 5, theeeede] Beard Becamse p= t= gach THeteloe i, = Fe. 36 = TOR ance whos th balloon i Ir in dinnter, the met i incresing tte cae m/e. ‘At t min, let r f€ be the radius and V ft? be the volume of the spherical snowball. ab: Voter Because WV ng, de 8 2 therefore ttl =. Vag mtn Braue ns, $= 852, Theeived| = y= Bence when the somal i fn dace, che sai ining at th ae of a inl 8 * Acpherieal mowboll with darncler 6 & starts to mclt ot the rate of | Ri/iain, Pind the ce at which the ‘dius is changing when the radius i 21. Ae rin, lt FA be the radian and V fi be the velune of the ephesical snowball Because the snowball i melting atthe rate cf} '/min, we lave 4 = 1 We must frd 4 when r-=2, The volume ofa spree given bythe formate V = fe Difleeainting with respect oon both side, we bave rat a gh = 030 We cone thatthe radius is decreasing atthe rte of 0080 fein wen the radius i 2 Av tin, eV cic mete be the valame of the cote ile tr meters be the rads ofthe Base of the ls aud eth rere tego ie pl Bee r= ¥ =r jh? = es SE fh ate rere 14 and 14 ight hangs 16 above «horton! path and a man 6 al is walking avay a 5 Yee. ow fit i the mm’ thadov lengthening?” ‘Atoll sft be the mans distance fm th igh af the length of hs Shadow. Ten e/a similar triangles, Eph sextet 2555 gah js lengthening at the rate of 1 f/sce. Subst w ng for Mand rj we obtain —b 5. From 2p, de BatM0 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 15, How fs isthe tip of his shadow moving? D At eacg lees fb thediatance of the an fom the Hight and ety te the erat tance ofthe pa the ters shadow rom the bottom ofthe oa heling te ih. From sina rangls, BEE ay. ceuay sp ute, Pa 8 Dice a4 Bees = ge = fy Bem a sy = = BBE Deca GF =5, =f “Thetlore,thetp ofthe man's shadow b osing at the at ff ac 16. A man 6 f tall is walking toward a building atthe rate of 5 f/see. If thse isa light on the ground 50 ft from ‘tr builting, how fst is his siadow on the building groving shorter when he is 30 ft from the building? > ALC eq, let «fe be the distance fom the max to the light and =f the length ‘of his shadow on the building, The figure shows the masz at point M, between pint L (she light), and point B (dhe bace of the building). Because the man, . is walking atthe rte of 8 fi/sc, we are given that di/ét = 5. Because d=/dt inthe rate of change of the length of the shadow, we want to find de/d¢ when the mas is 30 fom the builing, thats, when 2= 50~30 = 20. By sinilar tslangla we have 006 Differentiating on both sides with respect tof, we obtain 4 Replacing = by 20 and $f by 5, we have ‘Therefre, the shadow i roving shorter atthe rate of oe when thr mais 308 Lom bu 11, Ast days, wm inthe sain and Vem? the volume ofthe wbercal tumor. When de ooo. v= ger’ SH | = anvil, = 4x(0.5)(0.001) = 0.001 ‘When the radi f the tures fs 05 om. its volume is increasing at the rst of 001 1,003 em? per day. 18, Ait days, wn isthe radius and V pm? i tke volume o te phesical el, When OUR nO. ated wast ephaaiel adh 001. v= go Mm tte = an015)%001) = 00r When the radius of the cell is 1.5 am, its volume is increasing at the rate of 0.00 ~ 0,028 um? 19. At t days, rem is the radius and $ cm? is the surface area of the spherical tumor, 5, f= = aart, 35 smit| = 0.004n. When r=05,ff= 0.0. San; |_| onde | = si05y0000 = o0ter ‘When the radius of the tumor ie .5-cm, ite eusface area iz increasing at the rate of 0047 =.012 cm? per day. 40. A tactile oped ia hae. Ifthe as of he alls ncnig atthe rte of 0.0 miremetes Pe dashes 1s ain the ce fice ofthe surae se of he ala at me? > tdays after the call began to grow, let rym be its radius and S pm? be its sucface area [Becaise the cell is growing athe rate of 0.01 umn/day, we are given that er day. doo We mnt find when r= 1, The aren of saphee in gven by the formula San? | Dilleentatng with reset toto bth des, weave = arede ‘tating for r and $%, we obtain 48 = Br(1.5) ye Substitingfor rand $6 we obtain 43 = Bx(1.5)DO1 =0.12e~ 0577 ‘Thus the auace ee is incresing ot teste of 0377 p3/dny en the rc a5 2 Att min, lt V cable meter be the vane of water in the anklet «mete be herd ofthe sure of ibe wale, tad let boners be the depth of the water. rom see rangle, = fer = fh “Th value of wales inthe tank an be expe in tema ofthe volume ofa Zone Ves borth = ith = adh Gh = beh = ae 4-6) 6 pean BY 6,ne are fl Shah ence, when the water is 10m dora, the water leva is lowering at the rate of 585 m/min.2.10 RELATED RATES 141 ‘At t min, let 2 ft be the depth of the water, b ft its width and V 9 its voluine. We are given dV/dt =2. rom similar triangles b= a and s» V =}-126h-= 622. © = 12e4t, Whee 2 =1, 2= 12(0)85 = cn the ite 1 den ng he ak fein me vc viPag fn fh Bene fh =t.nd? 2) = a 3 aed. Th, when V8, the presure ip deci ot the rat of 1006 pn ‘The adiabatic law (no gain or los: of heat) for the expansion of aie is PV! =C, where P is the number of pounds per stuare unit of pressure, V is the number of cubic units of volume, and C is a constart. Ata Specific instant, Ute presute is 40 bin, and is increasing a: the rate of Slb/in* each second. IFC =, what isthe rate of change of volume at this stant? ett conds bet tne since the peste fpgan increasing. Then P and V ave functions of ¢. When P= 40 Be ce Gree has <8 cok ne mist nd Neem coer Unt in, P pounds pet equare fo is the pressure and V cubic fet isthe volume of gas. C is a constant, wwe have - 7s. Spt, y pvitad: visa Spt v Differentiating with eespeet tot, we have pa ak 5-2 and SPs we have sr wy i 1 1 Ha Hey 0-2)" = AE G9 = ay “the same i Jeesiag atthe ae of fy cable site pr seo at his inant Av tse, Jets cm be the rains and lei A cm? be the aren ofthe dstarbed region. A = xr de Because ae (4)16 = 128, Thus, when the radius is cm, the area of the disturbed region is inereming ob the te 18r em? fone AL min lr em be the ean ofthe ohm ts depth, V mits velame. We ae given $Y : ech ctadaiinegei® AV. Lent sna acini = sia ingles, £= 23: =p. V= forth = dettnth = de Vm Last oe ali th od Thus when the depth thei se, Att se after the truck leaves the intersection, lot = ft be the distance traveled by the truck, let y feet e the stance teaveled by the autamobile, and let sft be the distance betmeen the automobile and the truck ‘Then 7. From is increasing atthe rate of /min J? 190 yp Dys = PER VOPW). erase Dz = 40, Dyy =30, and when t= 2, == 80 [20-9 _ 1830+ 60(-a0) 00 Tor 4. Thus, 2 se after the (sek leaves the interseet> 60, we have Dal, = 2 aot ion the automobile and the truck te separating atthe rate of 14 f/sec. ‘A rope is aitached to a boat ot water level, and a woman of the dock i pulling oa the rope at the rate of 50 i/min. If her hands are 16 ft above the water level, how fast is the boat approaching the dock when the mount of rope out is 20°17 Let z fet be the distance between the boat and the dock snd = feet the w mount of rope out { min after the woman tegaa to pullin the boat. In the figure the boat is at point B, the dock enters the water at print D, and the 16 somaa's hands ace at point W. Because the open is pling pte sope at the rte of 50 f/min, then + is derreasiag, and 42 = —p0. Since {Fis the raje of change of the distance beiween the boat azd the dock, we wall to find $e 24, By the Pythagorean theorem we have 2 co)42 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION auf = ade @ ‘Substituting = = 20 in Ba (1), we get ties sey 2 Sutntituting for 2, $2, and x in Ba (2) we find 2(20)(-50) = 20242, 4g = BO ‘The boat is approaching the dock atthe rte of 32./nin when 20 of rope is out 29, C dollars isthe cost of producing + uns int weeks. C= 0.082" — 2 + 102-4485 D,C= (iis? —2e-+10)D 2. Because Dye =2 and atthe present time 2 (24608-2660) +10)2) = 1020 inereasng atthe rate of $1920 per week. rows the cot i 90, x Uhotmnne hone ae dr 6,006, iE p cla isthe prion of 4 bay whe = 46 = 15,0009 792 = FEN 4 = -0.25. Demand is doerensing at the rate of 250 boxes a week Ss units are supsied per month when p dolls isthe price por unit. » = 1000/39 F 20m; dz _ 500(6p +20) dn_y z| 500(120-+ 20) _ 350 = Ab the pesent,p =20 and 4? =}, Thus, = = 25000 — 75, B= apheaap ot Atte ee a fn aS Hence, the mupply ix increning atthe ate of $75 sits per month 132 Suppose that y workers are needed to produce 2 units of certain commodity, and z= 4y® If production of the commodity this year Is 250,000 uslts azd the production is increasing at ihe rate of 18,000 units per yeae, ‘what is the current rate at which the labor force shoulé be increased? > Lett year be the time, and boti x and y aze functions ofl. When 2 = 250,000, we are ae given that p= canine eine a Door to ge stn 9 eho ra sath yal? Differentiating with respect to 1, we get a foWide Subaitaing for «and 4, we obtain $= Kesoo00-"y18,900)= 9 ‘Thus, the labor force should be increased at the rate of 9 workers per year at presen. ‘58 100s shirts axe demanded per week when p dont ie the price ofa aps+ 5p 4010 =o » = MTS _ 9.5, de = 2415 dp. P sides 4 M151 ‘This weak, p30 and Gf =. Theefre, fog — AP 3 ~ —B Because 4 = [1 ten 100 $F = 55. Hence the demand is dering athe ate o 5S shits er wos 4H. The hypovenuse p40 cm; w is sch that dae = yr rad/s. The menses f sides are 40 sn and 40 cn ‘Ac? isthe area. A= JAD sa a) (40 cos a) = 400 sia Za. When @= fy 4. = 00 con 20 $2 = 600 con Jor = 800-}-dyn = "Be, The are is increasing at about 249 emt sec. 35. Atthr, le the ditarce frm the inteneton be = km or the fs track andy km Denvoe, forthe acon tuck. See the fgue. = = VTFPE Dye ii ne po 5 y Sine Dg S heswmcigmmplle pea mae). pa — A/F. Ta, when the two rocks ate ech ‘mim from the Intersectica, they are approaching each other at the rate of ki/ lea/br. Hkand Dy)210 RELATED RATES 143 civ 36 and 37, a horizantal trough is 16 meters log, and its ends ate isecees traps with an alte im, 9 lower ba of 4 rm and and uppet base of 6 m ‘Water is being poured int the tough at the rate of 10:°/min. How fast is the water level rising when the ater 2 deep? I the water lve is decreasing a the rate of 25 cm/min then the water is 3m deep, ab what rate is wate deing drawa from the ough? The figure llstretes one eed ofthe tough. Let ym be the dept of the water = the width ofthe aufae atthe ater, and Va volume, ¢ laut afer water began pearing into the vow Because water is being poured into the trough at the mae of 10 m/min, weaze given that dV/dt = 10. Since dy/at isthe rate at which the depth of the water is chauigag, we wat to find dy/dé when y —2 ‘The watet that isin the (rough in the shape ofa prism with altitude 16 1 and base a trepezod. Because the volume ffs prom le the ares of the base times is aliude, and the arca of @ tapeaad Is given by the formule Hoy 44)-4, we have Ya +2)-9- 16; V= Byte +4) o We express x asa function of y. By similar iriangles inthe figure, Subettuting the value for Into Bq, (1), we obtain a ye veaitss) yey, ae a ta Bnei t, we untitate = Wand y=2. Then r0= e082, $=} Thu the water evel ng the reo m/nin when the wae 2? m dep Ip Eaie 37, ne abate = Band yo8.then Y= @.3460(-1) ==22 Ts wales big ear om the ough a thera ni Lat he bs fhe ae be on the the wll dt tp yy the ground fe oe. We ae 1.5, Because the ladder is Tm long, then y= Va9—2% # Pe 2 Tg At tc since the bottom ofthe ladder started to be moved ioward the embankment, Jet the bottom of the embaskment be © [from the bottom of the ladder and y ft ‘fom the top ofthe ladder, See the igure. From the law of easines we have P+ y? — ry cos 120°= 400; 2 +9? — 2y(—3) = 400; ¥° + (z)y + (2? ~ 400) =0 + P=? = 400) Vigngsae? oye s appa of mie nae nating up aus 04 m/e ( Since 4E — 1, when 2 = de get oe Thereor, the top of the ladder is moving atthe rte of SVIT-EST wn 0.65 8/ene a the given natant If Inider of length 33 that is leaning ageinst a wall basis upper end sliding down the wall atthe ate of jft/ac, woal i the rte of change of the measure of the acute angle made by the ladder with the round when the upper end is 18 39% | y shove the ground? At tc, let the distance fm the bottorn of the wall to the bottom of the ladder be 2ff and to the top of the ladder be y ft. Let @ radians be the measure of the acute angle made by the Indcer with the ground att see a ere Sethe gue sin = Ben = fl Ho gp SE144 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION i decreasing at the rave of & rad/see at the given instant AL. At sec after iakeo, let x tbe the horiontal distance from the airplane to the ‘point 10,000 8 directly above the observer, and let 0 be the ragian measure of the tion | airplane. e figure. 9 = r/3, 28-2 ange of clean ofthe sitplae: Sethe fig: 0= 1/3, = fy and eat il soni gp 1,00 $$, =~10000-4- 35 “The mings ign ips tates deeang, Tat ete othe ane 2 fe 12. Attn th bar akin a angle witha prpndaar othe hre nad + mom it fot 10000 Weare given f= HEE ‘The beara is moving at about 1608.5 m/min. 46. At ac afl lif the ook 230 hgh al he ear dh nae ge dh eprom, Aer 10 ‘ieee vy 50 ya os hag 50 y= 00 to = 100 oe dg .__da/dt______10_____ = 3. The dish revolves at & rade. E> Topica) HOO GOO WOOF TT] 38: THe Mie volves at ral 4A. Water is poured at the rate of §f/min into a tank in the form of a cone, ‘The cone is 20 ft deep and 10 is Giameter at the top If there is leak in the bottom and the Waser rising at the rate of I in.frnin, whes t ‘water is 16 fe deep, how fast isthe water leaking? After f mia, V cube feet isthe volume of the water, h fet is its depth, and r fet the radius of ts susface Because the water level i 1s ‘ate of|ininin when the water & 16 deep, end 1 in is jf, we given thet B= Iywten b= Wetind gV/d at this moment. Applying the formula forthe volue of «cone, we have v=: @ Beaute the aitud ofthe tak 0 0 sod the radu ofthe tank 3 by similar tare in he nr have n/a 8/0 eqivleny, = 9h Stig the vale ofr nto Ba. 0), we obtain V=Jo(ha= hi? Diferenasig with pect fot wehave Weds Hawt Weneitetshai6 and dh/ttm jp Tan Y= fect bye Because water is being poured into the tank a the rete of §83/min andthe rate of ehange cf volume of water in the tank s 4 f/min, we conclude that water is leaking out of the tan at the rate of 83x, approximately 3.81 £0/min, 45, ‘The volume of a balloon is decreasing ai a rate proportional to its surface ara. Show that the radius of balloon shrinks at 2 comsant rate. > F uit isthe radius oft balloon at time f, V eutic units i ite volume and S aqre unite fits surface Weare gven that U = a5 share be nogative constant. We mut show tha is a negalive constant. Now Y= fer? Differentiating on both ses with respect to f we have Substieting fom $= 4r? into the abore, we get Substitsing fom Bq. (2) inte Eq.@), we obtsin KS = Decautedr/dtis «negative const ky me conelude thatthe radius sinks at» constant rate.MISCELLANBOUS PXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 2 145 ‘Paccises 1-14, find the derivative ofthe function. fetta 4223 > fe) = let Me+2 (4 +32") » gs) = Waa? +212') Fedaerat 9 se)=h-8* » We apply the power rte. Thus, Dalle? 26-8) = ted 12 = Ba moe panstp ara _ tae Cony = GW =OP—ue+e-1) > CH= BPO 4y4 441-0 abt asia a 2ue 6 6F= Hoe 398 — tA Foe) = (ot —Any(ta2+ 2245) Wermuliply and use the power rule. fie) =425 +2284 524— 62" —42?— 102 Je) = e+ 10s" + the? 24s? 82-10 ~#4 iq) == Bee +1) _ ost ae =S + fe) a aaa omg p2otet 8) =e") _ au" 16y— 94 _16)—94 Fa8 8 Gre? uray? 110) = (3-26-4084 » 110) = 4288547663) P(e) = (eae? +1)" We factor and use the poner chain tle Fle) =(02? 197! = e412” Fo)= F022 Mn) fleet aya ate, Fe) =o? yeroil? — w PQ =He 2(a? = 1) a2 4) fae? 4) + (2-1) = ale? — NE —-Aa?— 19) ae) = (e427 %5- 277 > ge) = (24-2) 7D, 6-2)" + 6-2 "Det (et 2 (1) 24)-4(-29) + 6-H Ha—) A(t ays Ay ae(et 2) 105-2?) és? 002 = 527 +15 Fee 19¥90)(28— 49/2 2 a? 199% 4/402) = (ete) 5 te — 6025+ 15) = Exercises 15-20, compute the deivaive. Dee t sins 2000s} = cin 2-4 (2+ Neos s—cos 2+ zim 2 = (2+ In 242 cos2 a) Wess the poner ile Fink 2S in t-Diein 3) =2 sin 8:8 083 sn Stn aes Fed fan 4 an t-te I givin) fies = Yan yc 4 = Be £{ec003) » cord t{-sin}-—h) We se he poduet ral inthe fs erm; the shin tle nthe econ lta 2a) nec = + tan De Defoe 2) tee%(2 eee z)-D,(2se 2) Secide sec stan Be tan x ace 7 + see(2 @e-2) 2 see tan 2146 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION In Brercses 21-24, compute the derivative and check by plotsing your answer and NDER in tke samme wixdow, af ge) ME = tele oA) Fe ata mm. ¢2)= fa -Gea Me synasiasete wrtiett fetes & I =te Bis) ay) = tas B= . "ie 20) 4072 21, tan e+ tem (coy +6? +2) = a 2a. an(e+y)tain(z—1)=1 © We eae iplcily wih rpect to on both ede cote + o3(1-+ 2) + code — 11 ~ $8) = 05 festa +9) ~ sone ~ } GE = cosl+ y) ~coele— a dy _cole=y) teosle+y) _ cos cosy GSP aamery) sea Tn Feros 29 and 30, assume that each part of the accompanying graph of, the continuous funtion f tha Sppeas tobe ane sginst fs ine segment, () Dele fplecense Gnd (0) J2(-2) (©) F,(-2) (4) 1240) () PaO). (F422). Ch} Ae what numbers i f not differentiate? tt Mest BOM e hee poi? ene errant Conte ORD 7 aseint tm 0-2) <4 (@) 0)= lig Oot © F40)= tim P= — (9 F212) = jim 2 ®) A= eee 0) fe not ientate nt 2a P4Ge48 fc lige fazez<0 BF toes anu aS +62 45)43 wees eee (e448) =2MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 2 147 OP.O)= fp Saf = lip (e42)=4 (h) fin sot dliferentable at —2 and 2 tte 1 and 32, atch tho pap of catia faction f eel on Bad having th give popes entiable except at ~2 2% f(z) > Dif'z<—2; 32 J is differentiable exept at 1,0, and 1; he Beech MQ=% saup of ip oot pia) FO =i I0=3: 2 332-1 at (2,1). Check by posting the curve and the tangent. Basen tne PO autos ah Eyatnct mga toe aera It Find an equation ofthe normal line io y= 5 (9,2). Check by eloting the curve andthe normal 1a?+3)=2(2e)_ hy =te~ He) EAN 5 98 m= play = lly = 8. Noma ies y =e Dey tet Find equation of th tantent lines to » =2z"-+4?~z having done } Check by plotting the is nd curve 3 y= 6a' F821 Yay 162 3= (Gx 1)(e43ss0F=h2=—b Ave hu=up?+agh- b= ation of tangent line: y= ates By =e) Find an equation ofthe normal line tothe extve 2 y= yEFH at the point (3) Differentiating implicitly with respect to 0n bth sides of the given equation, we get 1-Day = Hot 7204, Replacing = bs 3 andy by Laud solving for D,y, wehave 1-D,v= 3470 +P A-Dy= 14D Dt nce the slope ofthe tangent to tho curve atthe pent (31) ie and the lope ofthe norma ne share =$ Thos an equation forthe normal ine is pois Hea), Sey in equations of the tangent and normal ines oth curve 227+ 24° y= 0 tthe point (2, > 622+ oye icc ae ta pain nyt He-2) S0-44y— ‘At QL) the normal line hee elope “Hea aquation fey 1 ——(2—2) da +5y —14=0. Pauation of tangent line:14} THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 438, Pind equations ofthe tangent ard normal to y =8 sint2> at (fy!) Check by plotting the lines and eure > $48 sin?2x cos 22. Mangent = 1(Gyt) =48 st? cos Jr = 6/5. Tangent line: y= 6Y3(e ~ Gy) +1 ama Gg = ABV Paton of ele: 9 = —fyVHe— fr) +2 ‘39. Prove thet the line tangent to y= —#'-+ 22" + at (1,2) is tangent to the curve at another point and find it, et tating) i At (1,2) the tangent line has slope 2. is eqation is y—2 = (e— 1): we "To delormine the Tatersedions of the line and the original curve we solve the fist and last Squslons siultanensy, Tey 22! 2 = 24 ly 2! —-22?+1=0; (2-1) = 0; (2-2 +1) When = iyi ~. There ac te waye to preeed Method 1: yl) <1. Hence the tangent line at (-1,0) has equation “1, which isthe tangent line a (52) Maiiod 2 Since the roots 1, -1 are repented the ine is tangent a (1,0) and (~1,0 40, Prove that the tangent lines to the carves 4y?—27y—2+ Sy =0 and 2*— dy? +52+y=0 at the origin are pei. > Wachow that he produet ofthe slopes ofthe taagent ines at (0,9) is 1. ‘The is curve is yay yO Diterentiating implicitly with rspet to x, using the product rule on the second term, we have r2yAft— 244 aey 1 +598= 0 ph Lad =0 2 Ue +1) oF equivalently, einem Day ate iis ey eh Est sth, the slope a he ange et he it are he igi. The cond eve ie AaaPaseey=0 Difierentiatng implicitly with respeet to 2, we have pit 54 8— adage * ard y=0, we have (8 = 2072-2) = (920) 9, EY = (9 229% -2) = 918-2997? toa SY ee ae -e rary ott wen 19 Ba fle) ae PHB pert MO abet tet ate t 6 se) matted ‘We wish to fird when f*(z) >, that is when 2? +4243 >0; (7 +3)(r+1) > 0. Guo is 223>0and 241> (2 >—$and 2 > -1. Hence 2>—1 Guedi23c0md 241 ct e<-$and 0 when either z <—3 or x > —I, 4AM iad the rate of change fy with respect to atthe point (9,2) #792 ~ ay S Ditmentating imply wih sespc te sing the product rle.om the second tam, we have jay agp yb? — soy = 0 é , 7 WeltseSindy=2end covet -s-ult=ag = “The rate of change of with repect 0 2 is fp tho TMISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 2 149 1045 ara 46, pactcle is moving along a horizontal lie according to th given equation where s meters ected distance of the pactice fren a point Oat t arconds. ‘The postive diection i to the right the intervals of time when the particle is moving to Ube right ané whea it ls moving to the left. Also shen it reverse it dcetion 624 64-12 = 41-2) = (64 2K0— 1.1) =O when C= Concusion = wis postive and the paride b moving tothe right © = is Fee price chacging deci for right let = 0 8 negstive and the particle is moving to the left Geos zero and the particle i changing drertion from lett sight + + 055 postive and the parle is moving tothe right MGW 2b 8)— (1) _ te 2t— 3) 4613) gen tt and b= Cares, aaa aasap MOT Omen teat and t= gm (v's zero and the particle is changing direction from left te right A (@) Brunton (10) iss = 162+ 00+ Because vp =-20 and 6p = 20 the uation of motion is = —16e— 2084200 (162 — 201-4 200) = ~32— 20, s(1) = ~12—20 = —54. 03) = ~12-3-20 = —116 262 fee the wocty ai se # 16 fice (it as int a dep el). f= 46/88 —). The bag hits the round after about 2.97 se. A Ms byoed it Sbost 1149 fee when ihe tbe ground = 204,42 (9 (t= -82-§v85-1)-20 $8. A balls tow upward from a Icight of 112 with a velocity of foe (a) Wite on equation of aed simulate te motion. (b) Estimate and ()ealelae ow high the tll wil go and when get thers ‘atinats and (©) nla bw Tog tthe he al foreach the ound. (9) Pind the velo at 2 veoh tex) Find the ged t 2 we at ser) Fad the velocity whe il the goin fo (ae stor sneer tia (en -28t7 96 ~O mien t= 9. 2) = 16-98 496-94 112—258 @ when 0=-16(?—6t—7)=—16(1—Tt+l), t=7 see. (= -32-2496=) Bd) —-92-4.4 96 = H38 @) The weed 2 F/oe a bth (9) of) = 92-7 486 = 128MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 2 151 ins 54-56, a particle is moving along a line where at ¢ se, ¢ em isthe directed distauce fort the origin, » in the wlocity and a cm/sec ie the aeeeraton. (4) Pied v and a (0) Show that the motion is cere () Stmulae the motion on your grapes ealeulatcr. = 5— 2 cost 5 ~ (1-4 con 2) = 4— net (a) w= delet =2 cin 2, « = de/lt — 4 con 2 (b) The motion ts “mmple harmonic becane ais proportional to the distance fom a fixed pint (s ~ 4) and appactely directed, 4 con 26-42 sin 26 (a) v= ds/dt = ~Psin 2144 cos 24, a= de/dt = —te08 21 ~ Bin 2 |b) The motion i simple harmonic because a= 49. st +f) sin ttf) ofa = Dielaherfe) + nl at b= Aeon feo +f] Didlon tJ) + cot +40) = —16inat $e) + sin(ats be] ~l6's a cnstant, then a, the mearure ofthe acteratin, is propetionl tos the measire ofthe “Geplacoment. Furthermore, because “16 sepsis, the a snd sam opposecy dicted. Thos the woen a aplebarmonie Feofiton an item in $200 if sot note than 800 are produced each week and decreases $0.20 per iter foreach fiem over 810. (8) Express the piofit aca funesion f of the number x of Hens wld. (o) Prove thet f is ‘entinuous, c) Determine if fle differentiable at 800. () 10<2<80, then fie) son <= £1600 (6) ln Fle) (900 — 28)2 = 3602204, 200) ana fim 2) = _ i (860 —2e)x = 200-800 a0 fis continues a 800 (6) pe Th 16a 00-40 0. Hence j isnot diferentisble at 800, R= CT", Gnd (4) the average rate of change of R ae T increises fom 200 to 300; (b) the fnstantancous mte ‘of change of Rwith respect te'T when ic 200, (o) Si = 20M 20" 6 00 sok () RIC) A square units is the scea ofan isosceles right tingle for which the ength of exch eg ib © uelts. Thus A= $e! A/(2) =. (a) The average rate of cange ofA with opel to = as © change fos 8 Sl 8 013-8 _ 908005 _ 5 a95 “mre "nor a (8) The instantaneous rate of change of A with respect to when x= 8 ic ANS) =. Hey= 2, fd the relative rate of change of y with respect to 2 when (a) ae dufde dy _ap-ays Pie eaive te of change of y with mpc tosis MYME voy, a3 dylds 3 2 Tu, “ee. (2) Ife =8, we bare T°; R200) = 4k 290° = 59,000,000 6 where ei a ‘The relative ale of change of y with respect to zis when = dylde 9 ]tz=cwehae Weg ‘The relative rate of change of y with respect to zis 2/e when Oty calculates are supplied when dollars i the price per calelatr.y = m?-+ (2) The average rate of change of y ith wapect to m whes th ineeans from 1610 17 is (a == VT 2108s Be i ain nasa ty Ua a acl LT, Thuy, the average sate of change of the supply when the price ierestes from SID to S17 is 39125 caleulatees per $1 incease in rie.182. THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION (8) x0) =1-+jov“¥?, The natastantous mt of change oy with respect tom when m it 16 8 wa BIaE. Therefows the inntencou tte of change of W0y when mm ~ 16 in 532125, Hence, te intantmos te of change ofthe apply with eapec tothe prer when the price S16 is ‘212.5 calelatora per €1 increase in prize 62. ‘The remainder theorem of algebra states that if P(e) a polynomial in x, and + is any real nomber, then) {se i» pynomil =) ch tat Pe) = Qfe)e =r) 4 PC), Want i, OLE? Solving the given equation for Q(z), we obtain @(=) = PED Pi ferential at every rel number Thos we maya he Dein 2.18 concie that Bay Q(2) =n PFO) _ pry 8. 1 =ph¢ 0 = An SOO - tp, St O)= a, Ee 64. Ue the defton of devivaive to find) if fe) =e? Be 41 wren fin EFSF. Me aeP— B+ Bo) 43] -GF 4) = gn teas a= S88 tn ar )-9)= 00-8 — Foe fn, LEEAD =I). yy EFERIT- VES = 2m, EEE fam Hy, ERE 3+ vie=3) ‘Bai Viet dae ~ 34 Vie—3) = tim — Se esden Sree ga Sag Are ee 66. Use the definition of a derivative to Sind (5) if f(2) = VSB FL ¥ poyenn YEE (Vie FI— ai JSeFT44) 5, Gz+1)-16 BERS NR eae tts) AE iGsetTw) 7. fla) = JT Teams = (24+ cova)"; Je) = Yo + cos 2 -sin 2} -H2-te08 2}-9/7(—sin 2)* + (2 eos 2) 0/9(-cos 2] “Ho-17 4 +0- a=} Find fe) i 2) = 3 sind A cP. Bocas we wll be taking two dervatives, it pays 19 im i Jie Tea | 8. fle) = ($1 120% £@) = 22 + 1-12 Yet r-VA) ee inet eSB) Aeon, 10, Find 7-3) if 1(2) = (212) Yor > Because ¢ieneqative, thea [21= —2, Therefore fz) = 292) = -2-3°77249; f(a) BI, 3) = 88 asMISCELLANDOUS EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 2153 ‘71 and 72, « cn isthe dstance of » weight fiom it central pzstion at ( seconds, nd the postive i upward. (@) Plad the velodty and acceleration, (b) Show that the motion isimpie harmon. (6) Pind jude 4, pero p, and feequency f of tre motion. (8) Simulete the motion ox your calculator. (e) Plot Sein gt (a) Gyptin bet (0) Because a=~(Gyrite and —(Ser?? is ive, the motion is simple harmonic (c) A =8 p =2n/be = 18, f =U ce) > The graph isat the right, a tz sin x(t— J) 5) Fecanse (40) is constant, then 2, the measure ofthe scceleation, is onal to ¢, the measure of the displacement. Furthermore, because He) ie negative, thea 9 and + ae oppositely ditected. Thus, the motion simple hermonic. (6) The amplitude is 6, The period is 22/4 =} ard the frequency is 2. (4) To simslate motion, in parametric mode let (0) =2, a(t) =6eos=(4t—). In the window [0,4] x[-8.8}, we let i,t Max] = [0,4 tatep =.05. Pres the (TRACE) key, pros the « key untl the cursor fs at 0, the pres the ey to hearve the motion: 1 and T, » fis the directed dicance ofa patie fa the origin at # second # fee isthe Eo hfsee ts Se acelin, (a) Find the v sed a (0) Show thatthe motion Is Sep hareoni ae the mation on Jour aluntr. roe (8 a) sn fa) () = h/t = On Sts fx) +12 cat fe) a= dof = 6 ca( + Jr) ~B6 sn(2¢—Je)(B) Breanne 9 = Oe and ~9 eget, the mation i simple harmonic = 6 sist = 3-6-1 cond) 3 cos Bt (a) v= 8 apa Because u = ~O4e and ~64 is negative, tbe motion i simple harmonic. =192 cos 8¢ ~Msin Bt, 4 coe 2t cos t con 24008 v= ff = -2 sin tin ha = the sceetation i not propertional tothe displacement, the motion iz not simple harmonic particle & moving in staigh line according wo the equation s = VA BM, where A and B are postive ts, Prove thatthe measure of the acceleration ofthe particle Is Inversely proprticnal te 6? fr any je one given that @=(A-+B0)/2 a ‘iferentiate to find first the velocity and then the acceleration, BHA Dee epg = aya suey? =fp=nfeha sae sasne 9] = ie pia+ ney enn asm) GPL dane) ie (A BOB? (44 8?) =A @ stuting from Ba. (1) into Ee. (2), we obtain Sccaise wear given that A and B are coosants, then we have proved thatthe ease ofthe acderation i “every proportional. #forauy G(x) dolar isthe toil cost of manufacturing = chars and C{z) = 2? +40z +800, [a) O'ts the marginal cort fiction: Cle) = 22-440. (b) C(20) = 2(20) + 40 = 80 16) The numberof deine i the actual cost of manufacturing the twenty-first chairs E42) — CC) = [28}* + 402) +800} — (20) + 4020) +800] = 81164 TE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 78 N(x) dolar te revene fom the tl of ays and) = 1h ~ Shs s marginal event tncion | Wie) = 00 42) B'S) (6) the atl retenue fr these afte tert an a Mig) RB) = 008)“ 208) ooo) ye = oes 9. After ¢ werks there are pmy and y predators white » = pyhgt?— hye + 4D and #= 3064 -+ 375. tf ¢=10, 2= 310-104 875 = 805 and SF = M48 = Cog ~1)800 (GERRs— rb 0 = 9078 “Aer 9 wes be prodaorpopulton ie Ineasing at he at of 18 i per wee. 0. The demand eqaton fot pasta andy bar pe +x +207 = SH where 0 canty bts te de cesta wn p tata the pce per fastest pie ofthe candy 340 cent per bor end Sipe are netalng oth tec. one per week, the te of eange ne dean The rate of change of the demand is (1002) = 100088. We sols the given enation for x and diferent ‘with respect to { using the chain rule. = tt 1000 207 {oo — 45) pete , (p41)(-20) (3000-2091) dp 9090 dy a (esi) aH Gaiy a We mulily on each side ty 1000 aud let p= 49 and dp/dt = 0.2. Thus 100 0204.9) = 241. os = 100)-=9A02) = 2004 “The damod i erening by Ln 2 bat th ent ee [BL At thours after 6 7.2%, lel nautical miles be the distance of the frst ship fom tke por, let y nautical mil ‘Be tae tance ofthe oeeend silp fist the por and let = mata! miles be the distance between the ships Hy the law of cosines, Peal ayp—tey cole: dete + 29h y = VBVDe— JEDw at F— Veey)? ‘We ae given Djz=10 ané Dyy= 15. At the instant the second slip has traveled 9 natin miles (262206626) = 240 and y= 20. ence 2210) 204. 2(01)15~ /5(0)20— Y3240)5 _ yy 20}? +(0)7= V(200}00)= When the second ship has raveled 90 nau mies he ships re separting atthe ate o 105 kot £2. From the gure the hypotenuse af aight wali 10 and one Ie is 6 From {he Pythagoras these we find Ue depth of te Gough an, Det bese depth ofthe vote. From dniar tangles we find the width of the waters eface \ [gf] bed: gec0- he Te nen Ue apeldal water suefref Am where ot @-+4)] = Bs <3? andi volune ism whee Sand de/40= 05, e 4 aon 4 1mm = (40+ 20-50.1) = 100 ‘When the water i dept reskin ot at 100 mh 35, The water in the fae forms cone ad the slums of is water increasing al the tate of non tele in be the Zaan of his cone an inthe helt ofthis cone. Then V = er? AY = 8 and with to fad dB shen N=. Now ir mh Hence V= fife = fats Y= ie bP ty? Beh Dee = De dh__64 av wv i a 5 B12 = GD Beets GY =, we obtain l= Eta = gps 80.28 1 Thesurface of the water is rising at th zate of O26in se wen itis 5 in. deep.MISCELLANBOUS EXERCISHS FOR CHAPTER 2155 ‘As the loot car of 3 liz passes under 9 bridge, am aatomebile ease the ‘ridge on s rondway perpendicular to he trick asd 30ft abeve it. The tain tearing atthe rate of 80 fi/eec and the antomebile traveling atthe rate Of 40 face. How fast are the train aud the automobile epatating after 2 sec? “Refer te the figure. The roadway ie in the line AgA, andthe railway track bx fm the line TyT We ate given thet lize AoA, is perpendicular to lie TyT, “The lat car OF the train te point T, when the automobile ie at pain: Ay Afver tase the lst car of the totin is'nt print Ty and the antorobile i at point A;. The other variables are defined ax follows 2 fest is the eitance ofthe automobil from point Ay 2 9 1 fos in the distance of the Ina ear ofthe tain From pint Tat 200 {feet isthe diane from the auto tothe last car ofthe train att s0e [Becouse the train is traveling at 80 f/ec, we are given that y — #01, Becnvte he automobile ie traveling at 40 fifo, we are gives that 2 — 40, Sisce ds/dr represents the vase at wich the automobile ad the train are [mperating, wo ant to fine da/ét whon #9, Hence we must find on equation with variable y, and > Becousesrangle Ay TE; x righ trisagle, we have a Because triangle A,AjTy is ight triangle, we have a ISubsttoting from Ea, (2) into Be (1) and edving for, we obtain 22 + (0) +9? = (40? + (90)2+ (802)? 50001? +-900)1/2 Differentiating with respect tof, we get (0002 + 900)" /*(xe0001) = — S008 ante 000 = Tae Fa de _ 1600 When t ~2 we obtain ~ 1600s a8 a” Ya “After vec the tin and the autombils ar separating st the ate f about $8.2 f/ne AL t sc, let yf be the height of the man's shalow and = f his distance Gom the building. We have by ‘nile Wienges ‘When 2 = 10 and $5 = Be si cssdon o pid atonac a ia econ At days rc the radio of te burn and Aen? inthe are, A= 779 = der = a 1}(-008) =O, When the radius of the burn is 1 cm, its area is decreasiag at about 0.31 cm? /éay. Wo-{gth wice ©) fe fie) Jim, f(z) =@20—24) = 11 so Him f(a) = 11 HG) =n. Became lin, 2) = (85,7 continous 3 (9 10) = ig LO $= ig CXBY tin Cap ty C= B29 ie (4) 8 I =D gy got 28 a eee = tm S242) Bees BecaseJ18) #191) dow wo tt lene Ft ifeeniale at 3.16 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 8, Given He) = {EIS HES 4 (a) Sine the graph f(b) Dtermine t fis continuous at 4. (c) Devin it Ji diterentable at 4 > (a) The graph fs seen in the gure at the rg Dand lim, f(z) JA). Hence fis continuons at 4 () Becusse fin contineous ay (4) ~ Jim f'(e)~ I ‘Therefore, fn fle) =0. ; (1 .0)= Jim ig, 1-4 = : 400 = in, Hef ; Thentfore, (0) =0. ety mo. pey=eene=fHESO paya{Qr EES G- Because lim se) = 710) =0 and PC} Iet 8 ddeetabl very and Je continuo eveywhed a fe)= {ft $0 HST yy y(a)= tin (art +8) a+b, Lim, #(2)= kim, hh fe>t ans ae Because (1) ets Fin continous at Land so Jip 6) = Ji Je) anda £0) m and F5(0)= jim, A= JO) jig, WE Because f'(1) © Substitating tim, ty = tin, St (1). Therefore 20 = Wwe obtain ~}-+=1, spp T= estore ites Find the values of a, b, and ¢ so that f%(1) exists © Ite f 1, wemay differentiate f a follows ite0, (Fog) =SGe— J) +[}2~x|= fe + [Be =e +} = 26 Thus (f.9)(2) = 2 forall 2 Hence (f 09)() = 2 Therefore f 0990) Give an example of to functions f and g for which fie differentiable at 0), ge not dilferentiable nt Oy and fog is differentiable a 0. Let Fand g be defined by 1( Me=e? Hence, 9/0) docs not exist, and thus 9 is mot diferentable at 0. Moreover, because (2) Mfereatiabe forall «yan ie porticular fis difeentiable at 0. However fog is defined by (FoaXe) = s6l2)) = (2/9 = 28 Thus (fo0)()= $19, There, foe deena at land i panels fog difrentable t BiG el enieeee 2 and gfe) = 22) Then 2, then f ie158 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 1 Lat fe) =is1 aed g(a) = 22. Then (Fo9}) = fle) = J 0) 0 aod f(a) 1 Sina tecetinble (0 Pie) =20. Thertore, (0) = 0. Thus gi diferent {segie) = 2% Thercice fog i deretabe at. su rer={n BEER ={ 4 HEY ments sate nda ien 20 1) Fite Oi ti, MED eo 0. jin ED=SUC). tn a) af) jefe) auf) pele aa 3) 0, that if > L. (6) fs then continuoas. ah Hepes) nite)-Hteh en =n = flay) my 12,30 ase) 100. tet F and 9 be two furetions whose domains are Tie set ofall real sumberz. Furthermore, suppose that {i oe) = 2f(2) +15 (+6) = fe} -4() for a a ad i £(2)= Prove that o(e) = (2). 2 pean easel wits) 2) (yon = He) jin 22 = a) in EL at (Hypothesis =a in 02) = pte) (eypones Therefore, s(x) = 9(#) 101. A counterexample. f(e)=I24 gle) =I, and =. Here f and gare both liffientible ot 1; (fegis) le lieo jogie tot atirestnble at fe) =] tay) $pLE) PLCS, 0.9) [FONE <0 _ 1) p09 tw se) =[7= GEO) ISS a tae trajnoT Pay see eel indsction that D, "in z)= sins + Ja). if n= weave Dylon 2) eos s ~sin(a dr). There tbe frm tre for n=. We arume the formula i tre form =, thats Din 2) = sin(o+ fe). Then D_tEFHin 2) = Dg[D, Hai =] = Deluna + bin = eas +r) = ane tHe) 426] = snfe 410+ 1 ‘Therefore, the formula bold for n = E41 if hos for =& Heoee it holds for any postive ntege 104, ry =1/(1-22), prove by mathemati induction that fy _ aul oes 103, We wish to prove by mathem: sho trae form = +) ‘Then fa -ney-2) aa Decaste Ba. (1) becomes Ba. (2) fn = 1, then Ba. (1) beds when n=, Roem (i) holds when n= &. That i suppose that y= Bia th—2ey Diteretiting wht epee 3 obtainMISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 2.159 Feet = Hk 2-1 (2) AP Sabin 0 — 20-4 = o G4 -A= GaN, emiatnsn An 2H ei ) bay is replaced by £+1 in Eq. (1), the rsull is a, (4), Therefore we have shown that whenever Eq. (1) orn abo holds fot nk |