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Creditos Informatica

2/1/06

10:03

Pgina 1

Gua de Usuario de Informtica


para Mayores

www.cajaespana.es

Creditos Informatica

2/1/06

10:03

Pgina 2

Las marcas Microsoft, Windows XP, Word 2003, Paint, Internet Explorer,
MSN Messenger y Outlook Express, mencionadas en esta Gua son marcas registradas de Microsoft Corporation.
La Marca Google mencionada en este manual es marca registrada de
Google.
La Marca Yahoo, mencionada en este manual es marca registrada
deYahoo! Iberia, S.L.

Caja Espaa
Edita: Caja Espaa
Depsito Legal: VA-4/2006
Imprime:Mata Digital, S.L.
Valladolid, 2006.

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