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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author.

Copyright 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve

Anlisis de Sistemas de
Proteccin empleando
DIgSILENT PowerFactory

Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, PhD


Jairo H. Quiros Tortos. Ph.D. Researcher
Manchester, UK, Enero, 2011
Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

1/23

Mostrar los aspectos teoricos del analisis de sistemas de


proteccion empleando la herramienta DigSILENT
PowerFactory
Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, PhD,
Jairo H. Quiros Tortos. Ph.D. Researcher
fglogatt@fglongatt.org.ve, jquiros@eie.ucr.ac.cr
Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

2/23

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Copyright 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve

Anlisis de Sistemas de Proteccin


empleando
DIgSILENT PowerFactory

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author.
Copyright 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve

1. Introduccin a los Sistemas de


Proteccin

3/23

Prevenir lesiones a las personas.


Minimizar el dao en los componentes del
sistema.
Limitar
la
duracin
y
interrupciones del servicio.

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

minimizar

las

4/23

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Objetivos de los Sistemas de Proteccin

Confiabilidad
Propiedad de garantizar un funcionamiento correcto de la
proteccin. Incluye operar cuando se requiere
(dependebilidad) y no operar incorrectamente (seguridad).
Selectividad
Eliminar la falla o anomala mediante la desconexin del
menor nmero de elementos.
Velocidad de Operacin
Desconexin de la falla en el menor tiempo posible.
Simplicidad
Mnimo de dispositivo de proteccin y circuitera asociados
para lograr los objetivos de proteccin.
Sensibilidad
Deteccin de fallas o condiciones anormales que
provoquen variaciones pequeas en el sistema.
Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

5/23

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Aspectos de Sistemas de Proteccin

Las anormalidades en sistemas de


potencia son miles, pero pueden ser
agrupadas en:
Cortocircuitos
Sobrecargas
Contactos a tierra
Interrupcin de conductores
Dficit de potencia activa
Poleslip (Perdida de estabilidad)
Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

6/23

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Anormalidades en SP

Criterio de Deteccin de falla:


Sobrecorriente (cortocircuito, sobrecarga)
Corriente diferencial (cortocircuito).
Sobre voltaje/Bajo voltaje (cortocircuito, estabilidad de voltaje)
Direccin de potencia (cortocircuito, contacto a tierra)
Desbalance (interrupcin de conductor, desbalance de
carga).
Impedancia (cortocircuito, perdida de estabilidad).
Frecuencia (dficit de potencia activa)
Temperatura (sobrecarga)
Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

7/23

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Criterio de deteccion de falla

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

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2. Transformadores de Corriente (TC) y


Transformador de Potencial (TP)

8/23

Clasificacin de los TC
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Clases de prediccin por IEC:


ejemplo: 15VA Clase 10 P 20
15VA : Burden in VA
10

: Clase de precisin

: Aplicacin: P para Proteccin

20 : Accuracy Limit Factor (factor limite de precisin)


(hasta 10% de error a 20 veces la corriente nominal o
burden)

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

9/23

Definicin segn ANSI/IEEE:


Ejemplo: T100 o C 100
T indica que el desempeno del TC ha sido probado:
Fabricantes pueden proveer pruebas y datos medidos.
C indica que el desempeno ha sido calculado.
Numero que define el maximo voltaje en el secundario a
el cual el error es menor a 10%, para corrientes entre 1Number defines the maximum secondary voltage at
which the error is less than 10%, for currents between 120 veces la corriente secundaria.

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

10/23

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Copyright 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve

Clasificacin de los transformadores

Los transformadores de corriente (TC) se pueden


saturar si:
Voltaje AC secundario es mas alto que el voltaje del codo
(kneepoint).
Corriente primaria contiene componentes DC.

La corriente secundaria de un TC saturado es


distorcionada y mas pequena de la corriente no
saturada.
TC especiales con caracteristicas dinamicas mejorasas
son clasificados segun la norma IEC como TPX,TPY o
TPZ

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

11/23

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Saturacin del Transformador de Corriente

1200.0

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DIgSILENT

CT Saturacion
800.00
400.00
0.000

-400.00
-800.00
-1200.0
-0.1000

0.000

0.100

..

0.200

0.000

0.100

..

0.200

0.000

0.100

..

0.200

Stromwandler: Mag.-Fluss L1 in V

1200.0

800.00
400.00
0.000
-400.00

-800.00
-1200.0
-0.1000
Stromwandler: Mag.-Fluss L2 in V

1200.0
800.00

400.00
0.000
-400.00
-800.00

-1200.0
-0.1000
Stromwandler: Mag.-Fluss L3 in V

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

12/23

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author.
Copyright 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve

3. Proteccion contra Sobrecorrientes

13/23

10

I>

Tiempo total de limpieza de


falla (Tcf):

[s]

Tfc = Trelay + Tbrk


1

Trelay: tiempo de disparo del rele

I>>

Tfct=Trelay+Tbrk

Tbrk : Tiempo de disparo del interruptor

0.1

0.01

1000

I>/I>>

Tiempo de disparo del rele


(Trelay):
Trelay = Ts + Tset
Ts: tiempo de arranque
Tfct=Trelay+Tbrk

Tset: tiempo ajustado

10000

Ajuste de corriente
I > und I >> Ajuste de corriente de

[pri.A]

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

100000

arranque
14/23

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DIgS ILE NT

Caracterstica de tiempo definido

10

Imin
Ipset

Tiempo total de limpieza de


falla (Tcf):

[s]

Tfc = Trelay + Tbrk


Trelay: tiempo de disparo del rele

Tbrk : Tiempo de disparo del interruptor

Tiempo de disparo del rele


(Trelay):

Tpset

Trelay = Ts + Tset

0.1

Ts: tiempo de arranque


Tset: tiempo ajustado

Tfct=Trelay+Tbrk

Ajuste de corriente
0.01

Ipset: rango de corriente ajustada


1000

AMZ

10000

[pri.A]

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

100000

Imin: Corriente de arranque


15/23

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DIgSILENT

Caracterstica de tiempo inverso

Normalmente Inverso:

Muy Inverso:

0.14
t = Tpset
( I / I pset ) 0.02 1

13.5
t = Tpset
( I / I pset ) 1
80

Extremadamente Inverso:

t = Tpset

Inverso Largo:

120
t = Tpset
( I / I pset ) 1

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

( I / I pset ) 2 1

16/23

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Caractersticas - IEC

Normalmente inversa
Inverso corto
Largamente inversa
Moderadamente inversa
Muy inversa
Extremadamente inversa
Inversa definidad
Corriente cuadrada

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author.
Copyright 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve

Caractersticas - ANSI / IEEE

8.9341

t = Tpset
+
0.17966

( I / I ) 2,0938 1
pset

0.2663

+
0
.
03393
t = Tpset

( I / I )1.2969 1
pset

5.64143
t = Tpset
+ 2.18592

(I / I ) 1
pset

0.0103
+ 0.0228
t = Tpset
0
.
02

(I / I ) 1
pset

3.922

t = Tpset
+
0
.
0982

(I / I )2 1
pset

5.64
t = Tpset
+ 0.0243

(I / I )2 1
pset

0.4797

t = Tpset
+
0
.
21359

( I / I )1.5625 1
pset

50.7 Tpset + 10.14


t=
( I / I pset ) 2

17/23

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009


B-C

t
t=1.2 s
t= 0.8 s
t= 0.4 s

Infeed
C-D

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A-B

Coordinacion por Tiempo

18/23

lmax(0.8*LAB)

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009


B-C

lmax(0.8*LBC)

Infeed
C-D

lmax(0.8*LCD)

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A-B

Coordinacin Tiempo/Corriente

19/23

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Fusibles

Mximo tiempo de
liberacin de falla
Max. Melt Curve

Mnimo tiempo de
liberacin de falla

Min. Melt Curve

Average Melt Curve


Fuse 1

Fuse 2

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

20/23

Ir
1000

tr

Tiempo largo de
retardo por
proteccion de
sobrecarga

Tiempo largo con retardo


por proteccin de
sobrecarga

[s]

Im

Tiempo corto con


retardo por cortocircuito

10

Tiempo corto con retardo


por cortocircuito con o
sin caracterstica It

tm
It on/off

0.1

0.001

Proteccin instantnea
contra cortocircuito

1000

LV-Breaker

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Copyright 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve

DIgSILENT

Interruptores de Bajo Voltaje

10000

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

Proteccin instantnea
contra cortocircuito
[pri.A]

100000

21/23

100

[s]

Caracterstica
arranque I n =

tcold

10

de
Sn
3 U n

thot

I a Corriente nominal

t startCorriente de arranque
I p Corriente de magnetizacin (Inrush)

tstart
1

In

tinrush Duracin de la corriente de Inrush

Limite trmico
Ip

tcold
t hot

0.1

bajo condiciones fras


bajo condiciones calientes

tinrush
Ia
0

1000

M otor - 1

[pri.A]

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

10000

22/23

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Copyright 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve

DIgSILENT

Caracteristicas de Arranque de Motores

10

Capabilidad trmica
[s]

Ithr

I th < I thr

Tkr

Tkr
Tk

con 0.01s Tk 10s

I thr

Corriente de cortocircuito

Tkr

Periodo nominal(1s)

Tk

Tiempo de liberacin de falla

Corriente
magnetizacin

Ip
0.1

Ip

Corriente
(Inrush)

tinrush

de

de
magnetizacion

tinrush Duracin de la corriente de


Inrush
0.01

100

Cable-1

10000

[pri.A]

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

100000

23/23

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Copyright 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve

DIgSILENT

Curva Limite de Cables

IEC/VDE
=
I th < I thr Fac

ANSI/IEEE
kA
Tk

con 0.01s Tk 10s

f i

k =226 ln 1 +

234.5 + i
f i
k=
148 ln 1 +

228 + i

k
i
f
A
Tk
Fac

para Cu

para Al

constante de aislamiento
Temperatura inicial
Max. Temperatura alcanzable
rea transversal in mm
Tiempo de liberacin de falla
Relacin del efecto piel

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

=
I th < I thr Fac

kA
Tk

=
k

0.0297 log10

=
k

0.0125 log10

k
i
f
A
Tk
Fac

con 0.01s Tk 10s

f + 234
i + 234
f + 228
i + 228

para Cu

para Al

constante de aislamiento
Temperatura inicial
Max. Temperatura alcanzable
rea transversal in mm
Tiempo de liberacin de falla
Relacin del efecto piel

24/23

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Curva limite de cales/ Parmetros de lneas

In

Sobrecarga (for t > 10s )


[s]
2

I < In

1000

1 e

In
I0
tb

100

10

I 0 tb
1 e
Ib

100

Cable-1

1000

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

[pri.A]

tb

para corta operacion

Corriente nominal en A
Corriente de prefalla en A
Tiempo de sobrecarga en s
Mnimo constante de tiempo
del cable

10000

25/23

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Copyright 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve

10000

DIgSILENT

Curva de Sobrecarga de Cables

10000

[s]

Sn = 1MVA (10kV)

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author.
Copyright 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve

DIgSILENT

Curva de Transformadores ANSI/IEEE - Cat. I/II

Curva de limite trmico

1000

Categora I (0.15 - 0.5


MVA)
Categora II (0.501 - 5
MVA)

trmica
100

Curva de limite mecnico


mecnica

10

Categora II (0.501 - 5
MVA)
Ip

12 10 8 7 5 4 uk in %

tinrush

Sn = 0,1 MVA (10kV)

Corriente
magnetizacin
Ip

0.1

10

100
Category I

1000
[pri.A]
Category II

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

10000

de

Corriente de magnetizacin

tinrush Duracin de la corriente de


magnetizacin
26/23

10000

[s]

Curva de limite trmico

Sn = 10 MVA (110kV)

Categora III (5.001 - 30


MVA)

thermal
1000

Sn = 50MVA (110kV)

Categora IV ( > 30 MVA)

Curva de limite mecnico

100

mechanical

Categora III (5.001 - 30


MVA)
Categora IV ( > 30 MVA)

10

uk in % 12 10 8 7

100

1000
Category III

12 10 8 7

5 4

[pri.A]
Category IV

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

5 4

Curvas de cambio de fase


ANSI
10000
27/23

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Copyright 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve

DIgSIL ENT

Curva de Transformadores ANSI/IEEE Cat. III/IV

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

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Copyright 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve

4. Proteccin de Distancia

28/23

I
U

Medicin/
filtracin

Arranque/
Deteccin
falla

Zonas de
Auslsedisparo
Auslsezonen
zonen

Elementos
TempoAuslseAuslserizados
zonen
zonen

Disparo

Logica de salida

1/10/2011
Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

29/23

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Rels de Impedancia: Principio de Operacin

Medicin de Impedancia
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Lazo de falla Lnea - Lnea

Z L I L1 Z L I L 2 = U L1 L 2
U L1 L 2
ZL =
I L1 I L 2
ZL

UL1L2

IL 2

ZL

IL 1

ZL
ZE

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

30/23

Medicin de Impedancia
Lazo de falla Lnea - Tierra

Z L I L1 Z E I E = U L1 E
U L1 E
ZL =
ZE
I L1
IE
ZL

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ZL
ZL

UL1E

IL 1

ZL

IE

ZE

K0 es independiente de la posicin de la falla:

ZE
k0 =
ZL
1/10/2011
Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

31/23

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Elemento Direccional/Polarizacion

X
induktiv
inductivo

vorwrts
adelante
Z

atras
rckwrts
capacitivo
kapazitiv

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

32/23

S1

F2

ZG1

Relais

ZG1

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

F1
ZL
ZG2

G1
G2

ZL+ZG2

F1
ZL+ZG2

F2
ZG1
R

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S2

Elemento Direccional/Polarizacion

33/23

DIgSILENT

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Copyright 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve

Coordinacin Impedancia Tiempo

Z1 = (0.8...0.9)*ZAB

Z2 = 0.8*(ZAB + (0.8...0.9)*ZBC)

Z3 = 0.8*(ZAB + 0.8*(ZBC+ (0.8...0.9)*ZCD))

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

34/23

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

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5. Esquemas de teleproteccin

35/23

R1
Lgica
R1

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

Lgica
R2
R2
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Comparacin de Senales

36/23

PUTT con deteccin de falla


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(Permisivo de bajo alcance)

R1:S

R1:Z1
R1
R2
R2:Z1

R2:S
R1 dispara si (R1:Z1 o R1:S y R2:Z1)
R2 dispara si (R2:Z1 o R2:S y R1:Z1)

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

37/23

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PUTT con aceleracin por Z1B


R1:S

R1:Z1

R1:Z1B

R1

R2:Z1B

R2
R2:Z1

R2:S
R1 dispara si (R1:Z1 o R1:Z1B y R2:Z1)
R2 dispara si (R2:Z1 o R2:Z1B y R1:Z1)
1/10/2011
Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

38/23

R1:Z1

R1:Z1B

R1

R2:Z1B

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POTT con Zona Z1B

R2
R2:Z1

R1 dispara si (R1:Z1 o R1:Z1B y R2:Z1B)


R2 dispara si (R2:Z1 o R2:Z1B y R1:Z1B)

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

39/23

R1:R

R1:Z1
R1
R2
R2:Z1

R2:R

R1 dispara si (R1:Z1 y no R2:R)


R2 dispara si (R2:Z1 y no R1:R)

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

40/23

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Comparacin direccional de bloqueo


(Blocking)

B2

I1

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

L1
L2

ZM
I2

B3

ZM =

Z1 I1 + Z 2 ( I1 + I 2 )
I1

Z M = Z1 + Z 2 + Z 2
I2
I1

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DIgSILENT

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Copyright 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve

L3

B1

Entrada

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author.
Copyright 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve

5. Modelando Rels de Proteccin en


DIgSILENT PowerFactory

42/23

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Estructura General
Estructura
Rangos
Diagrama de bloque
Tipo
Rele
Librera
Red

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

T2

Disparo

CT
Ajustes

Voltaje
T1

Elemento
Del
rel

VT

Corriente
G
~

G
~

G1

G2

43/23

No hay limites en termino de complejidad de los


modelos
Caracteristicas Disponibles:
Todos los tipos ANSI / IEEE
Todos los tipos IEC
Ecuaciones Matematicas
Tablas

Interruptores de bajo voltaje


Elementos Direccionales
Fusibles
Curvas limite de Transformador y de Cable
Caracteristicas de arranque de motores

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

44/23

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Modelando Rels de Sobrecorriente

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author.
Copyright 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve

Ejemplo: I-t Time-grading Diagram

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009


45/23

Modelado de Rele de Distancia


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Copyright 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve

No hay limites en la complejidad de los modelos


Soporta reles modenos, digitales, multi-funcionales
Caracteristicas
MHO
Quadrilateral
X constante, R constante
Z constante (circulo)
Varios elementos direccionales estan disponibles
Es posible el uso de operaciones logicas complejas
Es posible la comparacion entre senales.

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

46/23

[pri.Ohm]

100.
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0

R3-Mho-1
Zl A 131.086 pri.Ohm 4.31 deg
Zl B 26.306 pri.Ohm 81.25 deg
Zl C 129.771 pri.Ohm 161.03 deg
Faulttype: BC
Tripping Time: 0.19 s
Zone:2
Ph-Ph 2: 0.19 s
Zone:3
Ph-Ph 3: 0.29 s
Zone:4
Ph-Ph 4: 0.44 s

10.0

-110. -100... -90.0 -80.0 -70.0 -60.0 -50.0 -40.0 -30.0 -20.0 -10.0
-10.0..
-20.0
-30.0
-40.0

10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100. 110. 120. 130. [pri.Ohm]

R1-Dist
Zl A 141.551 pri.Ohm 17.88 deg
Zl B 60.135 pri.Ohm 82.35 deg
Zl C 140.851 pri.Ohm 147.44 deg
Faulttype: BC
Tripping Time: 0.37 s
Zone3
ZPHPH3: 0.37 s

-50.0
-60.0

R1-Dist
R3-Mho-1

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

47/23

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author.
Copyright 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve

DIgSILENT

Ejemplo: Digrama de Impedancia R-X

0.46
[s]
0.37

0.28
R4-Mho-2
Ph-Ph 3
Zone 3

0.18
R8-Dist
ZPHPH1
Zone 1

0.09

0.00
0.0

21.0

42.0

63.1

84.1

[pri.Ohm]

105.

HV-UT2

SS-D3

SS-D2

SS-D1

HV-Infeed

HV-UT2

SS-D3

SS-D2

SS-D1

HV-Infeed

105.
0.00

[pri.Ohm]

84.1

63.1

42.0

21.0

0.0

0.09

0.18

0.28

0.37
[s]
0.46
x-Achse: Reaktanz
Cub_1\R2-D1
Cub_1\R6-Mho-5

Cub_2\Rel-U1
Cub_2\R3-Mho-1
Cub_2\R7-Mho-6

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

Cub_2\Rel-L2-1
Cub_1\R4-Mho-2
Cub_2\R8-Dist

Cub_3\R1-Dist
Cub_2\R5-Mho-4

48/23

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Copyright 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve

DIgSILENT

Ejemplo: Z-t Time-grading Diagram

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form without permission of the author.
Copyright 2009. http:www.fglongatt.org.ve

Preguntas

49/23

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Por favor visite:


http://www.fglongatt.org.ve
Comentarios y sugerencias son bienvenidos:
fglongatt@fglongatt.org.ve
jquiros@eie.ucr.ac.cr

Dr. Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt, fglongatt@ieee.org .Copyright 2009

50/23

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