1

PROCESOS AVANZADOS DE OXIDACIN PARA LA ELIMINACIN

DE CONTAMINANTES
Xavier Domnech, i!"on #$ %ar&im ' Mar(a I$ Li((er
1$ INTROD)CCIN
La crecien(e &eman&a &e !a "ocie&a& *ara !a &e"con(aminaci+n &e a,-a" con(amina&a" &e
&iver"o" or.,ene", ma(eria!i/a&a en re,-!acione" ca&a ve/ m0" e"(ric(a", ha im*-!"a&o, en !a
1!(ima &2ca&a, a! &e"arro!!o &e n-eva" (ecno!o,.a" &e *-ri3icaci+n$
En !a *r0c(ica, !a a*!icaci+n &e !o" m2(o&o" &e (ra(amien(o &e4e (ener en c-en(a
3-n&amen(a!men(e !a na(-ra!e/a ' !a" *ro*ie&a&e" 3i"ico5-.mica" &e !a" a,-a" o e3!-en(e" a
(ra(ar 617$ La" a,-a" con(amina&a" *or !a ac(ivi&a& h-mana *-e&en, en ,enera!, "er *roce"a&a"
e3icien(emen(e *or *!an(a" &e (ra(amien(o 4io!+,ico, *or a&"orci+n con car4+n ac(iva&o -
o(ro" a&"or4en(e", o *or (ra(amien(o" 5-.mico" convenciona!e" 8o9i&aci+n (2rmica, c!oraci+n,
o/oni/aci+n, *erman,ana(o &e *o(a"io, e(c$:$ Sin em4ar,o, en a!,-no" ca"o" e"(o"
*roce&imien(o" re"-!(an ina&ec-a&o" *ara a!can/ar e! ,ra&o &e *-re/a re5-eri&o *or !e' o *or
e! -"o -!(erior &e! e3!-en(e (ra(a&o$ En e"(o" ca"o" ' ca&a ve/ m0" crecien(emen(e, "e e"(0
rec-rrien&o en !o" *a."e" in&-"(ria!i/a&o" a! -"o &e !a" !!ama&a" Tecno!o,.a" o Proce"o"
Avan/a&o" &e O9i&aci+n 8TAO", PAO":, m-' *oco a*!ica&o" ', *eor a1n, meno" &i3-n&i&o"
en !o" *a."e" &e econom.a" emer,en(e" como !o" &e Am2rica La(ina$ La ma'or.a &e !a" TAO"
*-e&e a*!icar"e a !a reme&iaci+n ' &e"(o9i3icaci+n &e a,-a" e"*ecia!e", ,enera!men(e en
*e5-e;a o me&iana e"ca!a$ Lo" m2(o&o" *-e&en -"ar"e "o!o" o com4ina&o" en(re e!!o" o con
m2(o&o" convenciona!e", *-&ien&o "er a*!ica&o" (am4i2n a con(aminan(e" &e aire ' "-e!o"$
Permi(en inc!-"o !a &e"in3ecci+n *or inac(ivaci+n &e 4ac(eria" ' vir-"$
La" TAO" 6<=>7 "e 4a"an en *roce"o" 3i"ico5-.mico" ca*ace" &e *ro&-cir cam4io"
*ro3-n&o" en !a e"(r-c(-ra 5-.mica &e !o" con(aminan(e"$ E! conce*(o 3-e inicia!men(e
e"(a4!eci&o *or ?!a/e ' co!a4ora&ore" 6@, A=B7, 5-iene" &e3inieron !o" PAO" como *roce"o"
5-e invo!-cran !a ,eneraci+n ' -"o &e e"*ecie" (ran"i(oria" *o&ero"a", *rinci*a!men(e e!
ra&ica! hi&ro9i!o 8CO
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:$ E"(e ra&ica! *-e&e "er ,enera&o *or me&io" 3o(o5-.mico" 8inc!-i&a !a
!-/ "o!ar: o *or o(ra" 3orma" &e ener,.a, ' *o"ee a!(a e3ec(ivi&a& *ara !a o9i&aci+n &e ma(eria
or,0nica$ A!,-na" TAO", como !a 3o(oca(0!i"i" he(ero,2nea, !a ra&i+!i"i" ' o(ra" (2cnica"
avan/a&a", rec-rren a&em0" a re&-c(ore" 5-.mico" 5-e *ermi(en rea!i/ar (ran"3ormacione" en
con(aminan(e" (+9ico" *oco "-"ce*(i4!e" a !a o9i&aci+n, como ione" me(0!ico" o com*-e"(o"
ha!o,ena&o"$
E! c-a&ro 5-e "i,-e &a -n !i"(a&o &e !a" TAO", c!a"i3ica&a" en *roce"o" no
3o(o5-.mico" ' *roce"o" 3o(o5-.mico"$
E Domnech, %ar&im ' Li((er
C-a&ro IF La" Tecno!o,.a" avan/a&a" &e o9i&aci+n$
Proce"o" no 3o(o5-.mico" Proce"o" 3o(o5-.mico"
D O/oni/aci+n en me&io a!ca!ino 8O@GOC
=
: D O9i&aci+n en a,-a "-4G' "-*ercr.(ica
D O/oni/aci+n con *er+9i&o &e hi&r+,eno D Proce"o" 3o(o5-.mico"
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D #o(+!i"i" &e! a,-a en e! -!(ravio!e(a &e vac.o
D Proce"o" #en(on 8#e
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D O9i&aci+n e!ec(ro5-.mica
D Ra&i+!i"i" I ' (ra(amien(o con hace" &e
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D P!a"ma no (2rmico
D De"car,a e!ec(rohi&r0-!ica = )!(ra"oni&o
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D #o(o=#en(on ' re!aciona&a"
D #o(oca(0!i"i" he(ero,2nea
E9i"(en o(ra" (ecno!o,.a" 5-e *-e&en inc!-ir"e (am4i2n en(re !a" TAO", como e!
(ra(amien(o con 4arrera" *ermea4!e" reac(iva" &e #e me(0!ico 8#e cerova!en(e: 6J=1K7 ' !a
o9i&aci+n con L
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a5-e!!a" (ecno!o,.a" 5-e invo!-cran *rinci*a!men(e a! ra&ica! CO
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E! "i,-ien(e c-a&ro re"-me !a" ven(aMa" &e e"(a" n-eva" (ecno!o,.a" "o4re !o" m2(o&o"
convenciona!e"$
C-a&ro IIF Ven(aMa" &e !a" Tecno!o,.a" avan/a&a" &e o9i&aci+n$
D No "+!o cam4ian &e 3a"e a! con(aminan(e 8como oc-rre en e! arra"(re con aire o en e! (ra(amien(o con
car4+n ac(iva&o:, "ino 5-e !o (ran"3orman 5-.micamen(e$
D ?enera!men(e "e con"i,-e !a minera!i/aci+n com*!e(a 8&e"(r-cci+n: &e! con(aminan(e$ En cam4io, !a"
(ecno!o,.a" convenciona!e", 5-e no em*!ean e"*ecie" m-' 3-er(emen(e o9i&an(e", no a!can/an a o9i&ar
com*!e(amen(e !a ma(eria or,0nica$
D )"-a!men(e no ,eneran 4arro" 5-e a ve/ re5-ieren &e -n *roce"o &e (ra(amien(o 'Go &i"*o"ici+n$
D Son m-' 1(i!e" *ara con(aminan(e" re3rac(ario" 5-e re"i"(en o(ro" m2(o&o" &e (ra(amien(o,
*rinci*a!men(e e! 4io!+,ico$
D Sirven *ara (ra(ar con(aminan(e" a m-' 4aMa concen(raci+n 8*or eMem*!o, **4:$
D No "e 3orman "-4*ro&-c(o" &e reacci+n, o "e 3orman en 4aMa concen(raci+n$
D Son i&ea!e" *ara &i"min-ir !a concen(raci+n &e com*-e"(o" 3orma&o" *or *re(ra(amien(o" a!(erna(ivo",
como !a &e"in3ecci+n$
D ?enera!men(e, meMoran !a" *ro*ie&a&e" or,ano!2*(ica" &e! a,-a (ra(a&a$
D En m-cho" ca"o", con"-men m-cha meno" ener,.a 5-e o(ro" m2(o&o" 8*or eMem*!o, !a incineraci+n:$
D Permi(en (ran"3ormar con(aminan(e" re3rac(ario" en *ro&-c(o" (ra(a4!e" !-e,o *or m2(o&o" m0"
econ+mico" como e! (ra(amien(o 4io!+,ico$
D E!iminan e3ec(o" "o4re !a "a!-& &e &e"in3ec(an(e" ' o9i&an(e" re"i&-a!e" como e! c!oro$
La" TAO" "on e"*ecia!men(e 1(i!e" como *re(ra(amien(o an(e" &e -n (ra(amien(o
4io!+,ico *ara con(aminan(e" re"i"(en(e" a !a 4io&e,ra&aci+n o como *roce"o &e
*o"(ra(amien(o *ara e3ec(-ar -n *-!i&o &e !a" a,-a" an(e" &e !a &e"car,a a !o" c-er*o"
rece*(ore" 61<7$
NC-0! e" !a e9*!icaci+n &e !a e3iciencia &e e"(a" (2cnica"O Lo" *roce"o" invo!-cra&o"
*o"een -na ma'or 3ac(i4i!i&a& (ermo&in0mica ' -na ve!oci&a& &e o9i&aci+n m-'
incremen(a&a *or !a *ar(ici*aci+n &e ra&ica!e", *rinci*a!men(e e! ra&ica! hi&ro9i!o, CO
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e"*ecie *o"ee *ro*ie&a&e" a&ec-a&a" *ara a(acar vir(-a!men(e a (o&o" !o" com*-e"(o"
or,0nico" ' reaccionar 1K
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3!1or, e! CO
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e" e! o9i&an(e m0" en2r,ico$ En !a Ta4!a II "e *-e&e o4"ervar !a ,ran &i3erencia
Proce"o" avan/a&o" &e o9i&aci+n *ara !a e!iminaci+n &e con(aminan(e" P
en !a" con"(an(e" &e ve!oci&a& &e reacci+n &e &i"(in(o" com*-e"(o" con e! ra&ica! hi&ro9i!o '
con e! o/ono$ De (o&o" mo&o", &e4emo" &e"(acar 5-e, *ara "er e3icien(e", !a" TAO" &e4en
,enerar a!(a" concen(racione" &e ra&ica!e" hi&ro9i!o en e"(a&o e"(acionario$
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: &e! ra&ica! hi&ro9i!o en com*araci+n con e! o/ono *ara
a!,-no" com*-e"(o" or,0nico" 6P7$
La" TAO" (ienen ac(-a!men(e -n ,ra&o &e &e"arro!!o ' comercia!i/aci+n varia&o, en
con"(an(e cam4io a me&i&a 5-e "e avan/a cien(.3ica ' (ecno!+,icamen(e en e! (ema$ La"
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<$ TECNOLO?VAS AVANZADAS DE OXIDACIN NO #OTOW)VMICAS
E"(a" TAO" ori,inan e"*ecie" reac(iva" *o(en(e", *rinci*a!men(e e! ra&ica! hi&ro9i!o, a
(rav2" &e !a (ran"3ormaci+n &e e"*ecie" 5-.mica" o me&ian(e !a -(i!i/aci+n &e &i"(in(a" 3orma" &e
ener,.a, con e9ce*ci+n &e !a irra&iaci+n !-mino"a$
<$1$ O/oni/aci+n en me&io a!ca!ino
E! o/ono *-e&e reaccionar en 3orma &irec(a con -n "-"(ra(o or,0nico a (rav2" &e -na
reacci+n !en(a ' "e!ec(iva, ec-aci+n 81:, o &e -na reacci+n ra&ica!aria 3avoreci&a en me&io
a!ca!ino 8r0*i&a ' no "e!ec(iva:, ec-aci+n 8<: 6@, B, 1@=1E7F
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Lo" *o(encia!e" &a&o" en e"(e ca*.(-!o e"(0n re3eri&o" a! e!ec(ro&o norma! &e hi&r+,eno$
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La" con"(an(e" &e ve!oci&a& con com*-e"(o" or,0nico" &i3ieren m-cho *ara am4o" (i*o"
&e *roce"o", (a! como "e ha mo"(ra&o en !a Ta4!a II$ La *rimera reacci+n e" &e im*or(ancia en
me&io" 0ci&o" ' *ara "o!-(o" 5-e reaccionan m-' r0*i&o con e! o/onoY eMem*!o" &e e!!o "on
!o" com*-e"(o" or,0nico" no "a(-ra&o", con ,r-*o" cromo3+rico" o con ,r-*o" amino"$ La
"e,-n&a reacci+n *-e&e iniciar"e &e &i"(in(o" mo&o", con e"*ecie" (a!e" como CO
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o "-"(ancia" h1mica"$ Por !o (an(o, en *rinci*io, !a o/oni/aci+n e" "en"i4!emen(e
m0" e3icien(e en me&io" a!ca!ino"$ La #i,-ra 1 m-e"(ra -n e"5-ema &e !a" *rinci*a!e" e"*ecie"
&e !a &e"com*o"ici+n &e o/ono en a,-a *-ra inicia&a *or ione" hi&r+9i&o 6B7$
#i,-ra 1$ E"5-ema &e !a" *rinci*a!e" e"*ecie" &e !a &e"com*o"ici+n &e o/ono en a,-a *-ra inicia&a *or ione"
hi&r+9i&o 6B7$
E"(e camino in&irec(o e" meno" "e!ec(ivo, 'a 5-e !a" e"*ecie" 3orma&a" (ienen ,ran
ca*aci&a& o9i&an(e$ E9i"(en "in em4ar,o com*-e"(o" re3rac(ario", como !o" 0ci&o" ac2(ico '
o90!ico, *ro&-c(o" &e o9i&aci+n in(erme&ia en o/oni/aci+n ' o(ro" *roce"o" &e hi&ro9i!aci+n,
5-e re"i"(en !a minera!i/aci+n$ La ma(eria or,0nica reaccionar0, *or !o (an(o, *or -na
com4inaci+n &e am4a" reaccione", &e*en&ien&o &e !a com*o"ici+n &e! a,-a (ra(a&a, &e! *C '
&e !a &o"i" &e o/ono$ De4e (ener"e c-i&a&o &e no e!evar e9ce"ivamen(e e! *C, &e4i&o a !a
acci+n a(ra*a&ora &e CO
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E! o/ono e" -n *o&ero"o o9i&an(e ' e3icien(e 4ac(erici&a, a*!ica&o e9i(o"amen(e &e"&e
hace m-cho (iem*o como &e"in3ec(an(e &e a,-a" *o(a4!e"$ S- -"o ha *ermi(i&o -n no(a4!e
meMoramien(o &e! ,-"(o, co!or, carac(er."(ica" &e 3i!(raci+n ' 4io&e,ra&a4i!i&a& &e !a" mi"ma"$
Se ha em*!ea&o con 29i(o en !a &eco!oraci+n &e cao!.n ' &e *-!*a &e ce!-!o"a ', en ,enera!,
Proce"o" avan/a&o" &e o9i&aci+n *ara !a e!iminaci+n &e con(aminan(e" A
como (ra(amien(o &e e3!-en(e" ac-o"o" e9(rema&amen(e con(amina&o"$ E! o/ono "e
(ran"3orma "+!o en O
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convenciona!e" 5-e -"an C!
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o 0ci&o cr+mico$ Como !o" com*-e"(o" or,0nico" (ra(a&o" con
e"(e reac(ivo *ro&-cen a!&eh.&o", ce(ona" o 0ci&o" car4o9.!ico", !a o/oni/aci+n e" -n 4-en
*re(ra(amien(o *ara *roce"o" 4io!+,ico", ' ver"0(i! *ara (2cnica" com4ina&a"$ No *ro&-ce
(riha!ome(ano" 8TCM: - o(ro" com*-e"(o" c!ora&o", -no &e !o" *rinci*a!e" *ro4!ema" &e o(ro"
(ra(amien(o" como !a c!oraci+n o e! +9i&o &e c!oro$ E! o/ono *-e&e *ro&-cir"e 30ci!men(e in
"i(- *or &e"car,a e!2c(rica en corrien(e &e aire, ' no &eMa o!ore" ni ,-"(o" re"i&-a!e"$ En
con(ra*o"ici+n con !o" 4ene3icio" an(eriore" ' &e"&e e! *-n(o &e vi"(a o*eraciona! ' &e
in,enier.a, e! -"o &e o/ono no e" (rivia! como e! -"o &e -n o9i&an(e (o(a!men(e mi"ci4!e con e!
a,-a, como e! *er+9i&o &e hi&r+,eno, *-e"(o 5-e invo!-cra *roce"o" &e (ran"3erencia &e !a
mo!2c-!a ,a"eo"a a !a 3a"e ac-o"a, e9i"(ien&o en(once" !imi(acione" &e (ran"3erencia &e ma"a
61P7$ Por e!!o, e! *roce"o re5-iere e3icien(e a,i(aci+n, hacien&o nece"ario e! -"o &e &i3-"ore",
me/c!a&ore" en !.nea, ven(-ri" ' (orre" &e con(ac(o$ E"(e a"*ec(o a,re,a a!(o" co"(o" &e
inver"i+n a "- -(i!i/aci+n$ Para !a &e"(r-cci+n com*!e(a &e -n com*-e"(o "e nece"i(a, a&em0",
-na re!aci+n mo!ar 4a"(an(e a!(a &e O
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a con(aminan(e 8ma'or 5-e PF1:, con e! con"i,-ien(e
a-men(o &e co"(o"$ Como hemo" &icho, en a!,-no" ca"o" e! m2(o&o no con&-ce a
minera!i/aci+n com*!e(a$ No *ermi(e (ra4aMar a (em*era(-ra" m-' a!(a", 'a 5-e e! 4-r4-Meo &e!
,a" *-e&e vo!a(i!i/ar com*-e"(o" inicia!e" o in(erme&io"$ E! (ra(amien(o no (iene *ro*ie&a&e"
&e &e"in3ecci+n re"i&-a!e"$ Como !a" a,-a" (ra(a&a" no &e4en con(ener o/ono re"i&-a!, &e4en
in(ro&-cir"e &e",a"a&ore" 3ina!e" en e! circ-i(o, a-men(an&o m0" a1n e! co"(o &e! *roce"o$
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La o/oni/aci+n (ran"3orma !o" con(aminan(e" en com*-e"(o" m0" "im*!e", m0"
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E! -"o &e &o" o m0" o9i&an(e" com4ina&o" *ermi(e a*rovechar !o" *o"i4!e" e3ec(o"
"in2r,ico" en(re e!!o", !o 5-e *ro&-ce -na &e"(r-cci+n a&iciona! &e !a car,a or,0nica$ Sin
em4ar,o, como e9i"(e -na ,ran &o"i" &e em*iri"mo en e! -"o &e me/c!a" o9i&an(e", e" &i3.ci!
*rever e! ren&imien(o, 5-e &e4e &e(erminar"e en en"a'o" &e !a4ora(orio$ En(re !a" *o"i4!e"
me/c!a" &e a,en(e" o9i&an(e", !a com4inaci+n *er+9i&o &e hi&r+,eno ' o/ono e" "in &-&a !a
m0" -"a&a$ E! *roce"o *re(en&e com4inar !a o9i&aci+n &irec(a 8' "e!ec(iva: &e! o/ono con !a
reacci+n r0*i&a ' *oco "e!ec(iva &e !o" ra&ica!e" CO
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con !o" com*-e"(o" or,0nico"$
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4aMa" concen(racione" 8**4:, a *C en(re A ' BY !a re!aci+n mo!ar +*(ima O
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*roce"o "e ace!era a *C a!ca!ino, como "e &e&-ce &e !o" *re=e5-i!i4rio" 8P: ' 8J: 6B7$
E! (ra(amien(o ha re"-!(a&o e3ec(ivo *ara &e"com*oner com*-e"(o" or,anoc!ora&o"
como (ric!oroe(i!eno, (e(rac!oroe(i!eno, e(c$ Por !o (an(o, e" e9ce!en(e *ara e! *o"(ra(amien(o &e a,-a"
"ome(i&a" a (ra(amien(o" &e &e"in3ecci+n con c!oro o &i+9i&o &e c!oro$ )no &e !o" *rinci*a!e"
cam*o" &e a*!icaci+n e" !a &e,ra&aci+n &e *!a,-ici&a" *re"en(e" en a,-a" 61A7$ Tam4i2n "e ha
-"a&o en !a &eco!oraci+n &e com*-e"(o" &e a,-a" re"i&-a!e" &e !a in&-"(ria *a*e!era ' o(ro"
*roce"o" in&-"(ria!e"$
Se!!am' ' co!a4ora&ore" 61B7 (ra(aron con e"(a me/c!a a,-a" "-4(err0nea" con(amina&a" con
*erc!oroe(i!eno 8PCE:, (ric!oroe(i!eno 8TCE:, (ran"=1,<=&ic!oroe(i!eno 8DCE: '
(e(rac!or-ro &e car4ono 8CTC:$ La meMor re!aci+n mo!ar C
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remoci+n 85-e re"*on&.a a -na cin2(ica &e 1er$ or&en: "i,-i+ e! or&en PCE ] TCE ] DCE$
Larimi ' o(ro" 81JJA: 61J7 !o,raron re&-cir nive!e" inicia!e" &e ha"(a EEA ^,GL &e TCE ' 1>@ ^,GL
&e PCE en -na *!an(a &e (ra(amien(o &e a,-a en Lo" Rn,e!e" 8EE)):, a!can/an&o nive!e"
in3eriore" a! !.mi(e im*-e"(o *or !a !e,i"!aci+n !oca! 8P ^,GL:$
Orma& ' o(ro" 6<K7 -"aron !a me/c!a C
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o(ro" com*-e"(o" or,anoc!ora&o"$ La o9i&aci+n "e rea!i/+ -"an&o !a re!aci+n mo!ar C
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remoci+n &e vario" com*-e"(o" *re"en(e" en !a m-e"(ra ori,ina!Y "in em4ar,o, no *-&o
e!iminar"e (o(a!men(e !a car,a or,0nica ori,ina!, ' "e &e(ec(+ !a 3ormaci+n &e n-mero"o"
"-4*ro&-c(o" hi&ro9i!a&o" re"i&-a!e"$
<$@$ Reac(ivo &e #en(on
Lo" conoci&o" en"a'o" &e #en(on &e 3ine" &e! "i,!o XIX &emo"(raron 5-e !a" "o!-cione"
&e *er+9i&o &e hi&r+,eno ' "a!e" 3erro"a" eran ca*ace" &e o9i&ar !o" 0ci&o" (ar(0rico ' m0!ico,
' o(ro" com*-e"(o" or,0nico"6<17$ M0" (ar&e, Ca4er ' ei"" "-,irieron 5-e "e 3orma4a CO
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6@, <<7*or !a reacci+n 81>:$ Dicho" ra&ica!e" *o&.an reaccionar !-e,o *or &o" v.a", !a
o9i&aci+n &e #e8II: 8-na reacci+n im*ro&-c(iva: ' e! a(a5-e a !a ma(eria or,0nicaF
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3erri!o:, "on en rea!i&a& !o" a,en(e" ac(ivo" &e! *roce"o 6<@=<P7 ' 6<B=<J7$ En *re"encia &e
e9ce"o &e *er+9i&o, !a concen(raci+n &e #e
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in&i"crimina&amen(e con !a ma(eria or,0nica, *ero e! "e,-n&o e" meno" reac(ivo$ La
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conoce como reaccione" (i*o #en(onF
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e"(a&o &e o9i&aci+n inicia! &e! #e$ En cam4io, !a e3iciencia ' !a ve!oci&a& inicia! &e
minera!i/aci+n "on ma'ore" c-an&o "e *ar(e &e #e8II:Y como con(ra*ar(i&a, !a" "a!e" &e #e8III:
*ro&-cen -na concen(raci+n e"(acionaria &e #e8II:$ Se &e4e -"ar a5-. (am4i2n -n *C menor
5-e <$B$
E! *roce"o #en(on ha re"-!(a&o e3ec(ivo *ara &e,ra&ar com*-e"(o" a!i30(ico" '
arom0(ico" c!ora&o", PCS", ni(roarom0(ico", co!oran(e" a/o, c!oro4enceno, PCP, 3eno!e",
3eno!e" c!ora&o", oc(ac!oro=*=&io9ina ' 3orma!&eh.&o$ Son m-' *oco" !o" com*-e"(o" 5-e no
*-e&en "er a(aca&o" *or e"(e reac(ivo, en(re e!!o" !a ace(ona, e! 0ci&o ac2(ico, e! 0ci&o o90!ico,
!a" *ara3ina" ' !o" com*-e"(o" or,anoc!ora&o" 6@K7$ E" -n 4-en o9i&an(e &e her4ici&a" ' o(ro"
con(aminan(e" &e "-e!o" (a!e" como he9a&ecano o Die!&rin$ P-e&e &e"com*oner "o!ven(e"
*ara !im*ie/a a "eco ' &eco!orar a,-a" re"i&-a!e" con &i"(in(o" (i*o" &e co!oran(e" ' o(ro"
re"i&-o" in&-"(ria!e", re&-cien&o "- DWO 6@17$ Tam4i2n "e ha a*!ica&o e9i(o"amen(e e!
reac(ivo &e #en(on en !a re&-cci+n &e DWO &e a,-a" m-nici*a!e" ' "-4(err0nea" ' en e!
(ra(amien(o &e !i9ivia&o"$ E" 1(i! como *re(ra(amien(o &e com*-e"(o" no 4io&e,ra&a4!e" 6<P7$
La" ven(aMa" &e! m2(o&o "on varia"F e! #e8II: e" a4-n&an(e ' no (+9ico, e! *er+9i&o &e
hi&r+,eno e" 30ci! &e maneMar ' am4ien(a!men(e 4eni,no$ No "e 3orman com*-e"(o" c!ora&o"
como en o(ra" (2cnica" o9i&an(e", ' no e9i"(en !imi(acione" &e (ran"3erencia &e ma"a *or
(ra(ar"e &e -n "i"(ema homo,2neo$ E! &i"e;o &e reac(ore" *ara !a a*!icaci+n (ecno!+,ica e"
4a"(an(e "enci!!o 6@K7$ En con(ra*o"ici+n, re5-iere !a a&ici+n con(in-a ' e"(e5-iom2(rica &e
#e8II: ' C
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CO
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1K Domnech, %ar&im ' Li((er
A *C _ P "e ,enera #e8III: *ar(ic-!a&oY "i 4ien "e ,eneran a". 4arro" 5-e o4!i,an a "-
*o"(erior ,e"(i+n, e" 3rec-en(e a!ca!ini/ar !a" a,-a" a! 3ina! &e! *roce"o con e! a,re,a&o
"im-!(0neo &e -n 3!oc-!an(e *ara e!iminar e! hierro remanen(e$
Te+ricamen(e, !a re!aci+n e"(e5-iom2(rica mo!ar C
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c-an&o "e -"a e! reac(ivo *ara !a &e"(r-cci+n &e com*-e"(o" "o!-4!e"$ Sin em4ar,o, en !a *r0c(ica
e"(a re!aci+n *-e&e "er a vece" &e ha"(a 1KKK, 'a 5-e en m-e"(ra" am4ien(a!e" e! com*-e"(o a
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re!aci+n *er+9i&oG#eGcom*-e"(o *-e&e "er man(eni&a *or a&ici+n in(ermi(en(e &e! o9i&an(e o 3iMa&a
a! inicio &e !a reacci+n$
En e! !a4ora(orio, e! a,re,a&o &e! me(a! "e rea!i/a (ra&iciona!men(e en 3orma &e "a!e"
3erro"a" *-ra", *ero en e"ca!a" ma'ore" e! -"o &e 2"(a" "e v-e!ve *rohi4i(ivamen(e caro, '
norma!men(e "e -"a #e
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com*-e"(o" &e hierro, inc!-'en&o "+!i&o" como !a ,oe(i(a, *or eMem*!o, en !a &e"(r-cci+n &e
(ric!oroe(i!eno 6@<7$ No "e !o,ra en e"(o" ca"o", *or !o ,enera!, !a minera!i/aci+n com*!e(aY "e
3orman in(erme&iario" re"i"(en(e" a! (ra(amien(o, 80ci&o" car4o9.!ico": 5-e reaccionan m-'
!en(amen(e con e! CO
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#i,-ra <, *-e&en 3ormar"e *ro&-c(o" m0" (+9ico" 5-e !o" inicia!e", como 5-inona", c-'a
*re"encia &e4e con(ro!ar"e c-i&a&o"amen(e$
#i,-ra <$ O9i&aci+n &e c!oro4enceno con e! reac(ivo &e #en(on$ Con&icione" inicia!e"F 6#e
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Recien(emen(e, Riva" ' co!a4ora&ore" 6@E7 e"(-&iaron !a o9i&aci+n con e! reac(ivo &e
#en(on &e 0ci&o *=hi&ro9i4en/oico 8*CS:, -n con(aminan(e com1n en e3!-en(e" &e !a
in&-"(ria &e a!imen(o"$ Se e"(a4!eci+ -na re!aci+n mo!ar +*(ima #eGC
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*roce"o, !o 5-e "-,iere !a *ar(ici*aci+n &e o(ro" ra&ica!e", como "e "e;a!+ m0" arri4a$ La 3ormaci+n
&e 3eno!, ca(eco!, hi&ro5-inona ' (rihi&ro9i4enceno "-,ieren -n mecani"mo &e &e,ra&aci+n v.a
&e"car4o9i!aci+n$
Tam4i2n *-e&en &e"(r-ir"e con e! reac(ivo &e #en(on 0ci&o 3+rmico, 3eno!, <,E=
&ic!oro3eno!, E=c!oro3eno! ' ni(ro4enceno 6@P7$ E! (ra(amien(o o9i&a(ivo hace &i"min-ir
Proce"o" avan/a&o" &e o9i&aci+n *ara !a e!iminaci+n &e con(aminan(e" 11
a*recia4!emen(e !a car,a or,0nica ori,ina!, a-men(an&o !a 4io&e,ra&a4i!i&a&$ )"an&o
&i3eren(e" re!acione" mo!are" C
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cin2(ica &e &e"(r-cci+n$
<$E$ O9i&aci+n e!ec(ro5-.mica
La a*!icaci+n &e corrien(e e!2c(rica 8<=<K A: en(re &o" e!ec(ro&o" a&ec-a&o" 6@>7$ en a,-a
*ro&-ce reaccione" 5-.mica" *rimaria", con !a ,eneraci+n &e CO
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La e3iciencia &e! "i"(ema *-e&e meMorar"e *or a,re,a&o &e #e8II:, ' e! *roce"o "e
conoce como e!ec(ro=#en(on$ Si "e -"a -n 0no&o &e "acri3icio &e #e, 5-e *rovee can(i&a&e"
e"(e5-iom2(rica" &e #e *ara !a reacci+n &e #en(on, e! *roce"o "e conoce como
*ero9icoa,-!aci+n$ Por eMem*!o, !a &e,ra&aci+n *or o9i&aci+n an+&ica &e -na "o!-ci+n &e
ani!ina me&ian(e -na corrien(e &e <K A con&-ce a -n 1B ` &e e!iminaci+n &e! car4ono
or,0nico (o(a! 8COT: a! ca4o &e > hora"$ Si e! *roce"o "e !!eva a ca4o em*!ean&o e! m2(o&o
e!ec(ro=#en(on, "e con"i,-e -n >1` &e &i"min-ci+n &e! COT a! ca4o &e < hora", mien(ra" 5-e
*or *ero9icoa,-!aci+n "e e!imina -n J1 ` en "+!o 1 hora en i,-a!e" con&icione"$
<$P$ Ra&i+!i"i" I ' *roce"o" con hace" &e e!ec(rone"
E"(o" *roce"o" "e 4a"an en !a ,eneraci+n &e e!ec(rone" a!(amen(e reac(ivo", ione"
ra&ica!e" ' ra&ica!e" ne-(ro" *or e9*o"ici+n &e !a" a,-a" a (ra(ar a hace" &e *ar(.c-!a" m0"ica"
- on&a" e!ec(roma,n2(ica" &e a!(a ener,.a 6@A7$ Se *-e&e -"ar ra'o" I 8?ammace!!,
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Co: 6@B7,
ra'o" X o ace!era&ore" &e ha/ &e e!ec(rone" como !o" &e (i*o Van=&e=?raa3 o !o" !inea!e"
8LINAC: 6@J7$
C-an&o e! ha/ &e e!ec(rone" *ene(ra en e! a,-a, !o" e!ec(rone" *ier&en ener,.a *or
co!i"ione" no e!0"(ica" con !a" mo!2c-!a" &e C
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ac(1a como o9i&an(e, como en o(ra"
TAO"$
E! m2(o&o e" i&ea! *ara e! (ra(amien(o &e com*-e"(o" or,0nico" vo!0(i!e" 8en in,!2",
VOC": ' "emivo!0(i!e" 8SVOC": en a,-a" "-4(err0nea", re"i&-a!e", *o(a4!e" ' !i9ivia&o"$
A(aca *rinci*a!men(e a com*-e"(o" ha!o,ena&o" como !o" 4i3eni!o" *o!ic!ora&o" 8en in,!2",
PCS":, &i3.ci!men(e o9i&a4!e" ' a(aca4!e" *or CO
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minera!i/a&o" o 4ien &e,ra&a&o" a *ro&-c(o" &e menor *e"o mo!ec-!ar$ E! m2(o&o no ,enera
re"i&-o", 4arro" - o(ro" &e"echo" 5-e nece"i(en (ra(amien(o *o"(erior, ni com*-e"(o" (+9ico"
como !a" &io9ina"$ Como con(ra*ar(i&a, "i !a" &o"i" &e ra&iaci+n "on 4aMa", "e *-e&en 3ormar
a!&eh.&o", 0ci&o" or,0nico" ' SVOC" re"i"(en(e"$ E! *roce"o re5-iere a!(o con"-mo e!2c(rico,
no e" e3ec(ivo econ+micamen(e *ara concen(racione" a!(a" &e con(aminan(e" ', *or !o (an(o, e"
1< Domnech, %ar&im ' Li((er
-n m2(o&o re!a(ivamen(e caro$ Se enc-en(ra en e(a*a &e *!an(a *i!o(o *ero "e *rev2 -na
im*!emen(aci+n comercia! cercana$ La com4inaci+n con o/ono a-men(a "- e3iciencia, &e4i&o a !a
r0*i&a 3ormaci+n &e e"*ecie" reac(iva" a&iciona!e"$ En -n con(e9(o re!aciona&o, e9i"(en a!,-na"
*!an(a" &e irra&iaci+n &e 4arro" c!oaca!e" con ra&iaci+n I 8
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Co:, c-'o o4Me(ivo e"encia! e" !a
&e"in3ecci+n &e !o" mi"mo" *ara *ermi(ir "- -"o a,r.co!a$
<$>$ P!a"ma no (2rmico
E! *!a"ma e" con"i&era&o e! c-ar(o e"(a&o &e !a ma(eria 5-e con(iene ione" ' e!ec(rone"
!i4re" 8,a" e!2c(rico:$ E! *!a"ma *-e&e ,enerar"e, en 3orma no (2rmica, *or -na &e"car,a
e!2c(rica o 4om4ar&eo &e -n ,a" con -n ha/ &e e!ec(rone" &e a!(a ener,.aY !a ener,.a &e !o"
e!ec(rone" en e! *!a"ma e" &e -no" 1K eV, !o 5-e e5-iva!e a (em*era(-ra" e!eva&a"$ E"(o"
*!a"ma" "on 4-ena" 3-en(e" &e e"*ecie" reac(iva" a!(amen(e re&-c(ora" ' o9i&an(e", como
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e"(a" e"*ecie" *ermi(e !a -(i!i/aci+n &e! m2(o&o en m1!(i*!e" a*!icacione"F remoci+n &e SO
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&e ,a"e" &e e"ca*e, &e"com*o"ici+n &e hi&rocar4-ro" a!i30(ico" ' a!i30(ico" ha!o,ena&o",
(ra(amien(o &e ,a"e" &e "a!i&a in&-"(ria!e" ' &e incinera&ore", (ra(amien(o &e VOC" en "-e!o"
' a,-a" "-4(err0nea" 8*revia (ran"3erencia a !a 3a"e va*or *or 4om4eo:, (ra(amien(o &e "+!i&o"
con(amina&o" con VOC" 8*revia a*!icaci+n &e ca!or ' 3!-i&i/aci+n en -n ,a" iner(e:, e(c$ 6EK7$
La (2cnica no ,enera "-4*ro&-c(o" (+9ico", como &io9ina" o 3-rano", o*era a *re"ione"
' (em*era(-ra" cercana" a !a am4ien(e, no re5-iere com4-"(i4!e 8minimi/a re"i&-o"
"ec-n&ario":, ' *-e&e e!iminar "im-!(0neamen(e or,0nico" *e!i,ro"o" ' emi"ione" &e! (i*o
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e!ec(ri3ica&o em*a5-e(a&o, &e hace" &e e!ec(rone", e(c$ 6EK7$
<$A$ De"car,a e!ec(rohi&r0-!ica = )!(ra"oni&o
E"(a (ecno!o,.a -"a -!(ra"oni&o &e a!(a *o(encia 8&e 1P UC/ ha"(a 1 MC/:, ' "e
a*rovecha !a cavi(aci+n e!ec(rohi&r0-!ica, e" &ecir, e! crecimien(o ' co!a*"a&o c.c!ico &e
4-r4-Ma" &e ,a"$ E! ,a" im*!o(a ' "e a!can/an (em*era(-ra" ' *re"ione" !oca!e" m-' a!(a"
8E$KKK=1K$KKK L ' 1$KKK=1K$KKK 4ario" en e! cen(ro &e !a" 4-r4-Ma" co!a*"a&a": 6@7$ La
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8@K: m-e"(ra !a 3ormaci+n &e *er+9i&o &e hi&r+,eno 5-e, M-n(o con e! CO
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La (2cnica e" econ+micamen(e com*e(i(iva ' "im*!e, ' !a &e,ra&aci+n "e com*!e(a en
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a*!ic+ *ara a4"(raer e! c!oro &e c!oro4enceno ' m=&ic!oro4enceno, *ara &e"com*oner
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co!oran(e" re!aciona&o" 8inc!-'en&o e! a-men(o &e e3iciencia a (rav2" &e reaccione" &e
#en(on: 6E17 ' !o" e3ec(o" "in2r,ico" &e !a "on+!i"i" com4ina&a con !a o/on+!i"i" *ara !a
o9i&aci+n &e a/o4enceno ' naranMa &e me(i!o 6E@7$ E"(e 1!(imo *roce&imien(o 8*roce"o
b"ono/onoc: a-men(a no(a4!emen(e !a ve!oci&a& &e (ran"3ormaci+n$ E! a-men(o &e!
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'a ha "i&o comercia!i/a&o, ' en 1JJP e9i"(.an -no" <KK *roce"o" AO o*era(ivo" en (o&o e!
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a!(o DWO, re"i&-o" no 4io(ra(a4!e", 4arro" c!oaca!e" m-nici*a!e", re"i&-o" &e &e"(i!er.a, &e
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*-e&en &e"(r-ir *o!i3eno!e", *erc!oro3eno!e", com*-e"(o" a!i30(ico" ' *o!ic!oroa!i30(ico",
hi&rocar4-ro" arom0(ico" 8(o!-eno, *ireno ' "-"(i(-i&o" con ,r-*o" no ha!o,ena&o":, ' e!
m2(o&o e" e9ce!en(e *ara !a &e"(r-cci+n &e hi&ra(o" &e car4ono$ En con(ra"(e con !a
1E Domnech, %ar&im ' Li((er
incineraci+n, ha' *oca in(eracci+n con e! am4ien(e ' *-e&e aco*!ar"e 30ci!men(e con -n
(ra(amien(o 4io!+,ico$
En(re !o" inconvenien(e", "e &e4e mencionar 5-e !a minera!i/aci+n e" incom*!e(a *or
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ac2(ico ' *ro*i+nico "on m-' re"i"(en(e" ' re5-ieren ca(a!i/a&ore" *ara "- &e"(r-cci+n, ' !o
mi"mo oc-rre con !o" com*-e"(o" arom0(ico" ha!o,ena&o" 81,<=&iha!o4enceno", PCS",
*erc!oro3eno!e":$ La "o!-4i!i&a& &e! O
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con"(r-cci+n m-' caro"$
E! *roce"o conoci&o como O9i&aci+n en Aire C1me&o Ca(a!i/a&a 8CAO: 6E>7
8#i,-ra @: -"a ca(a!i/a&ore" homo,2neo" ' he(ero,2neo", *ara meMorar !a e3iciencia$ Se han -"a&o
como ca(a!i/a&ore" "a!e" &e C-8II: &i"-e!(a" homo,2neamen(e, C-Gcar4+n ac(iva&o, C- "o*or(a&o
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ca(a!i/a&ore" 6EJ7$
La o9i&aci+n con a,-a "-*ercr.(ica o m2(o&o OXAS 6EA7 -"a a,-a en con&icione" &e
*re"i+n ' (em*era(-ra "-*eriore" 5-e !a" &e! *-n(o cr.(ico
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vi"co"i&a&, &en"i&a& ' con"(an(e &ie!2c(rica "on re!a(ivamen(e 4aMa"$ En con&icione"
"-*ercr.(ica", &i"min-'e e! n1mero &e -nione" *-en(e hi&r+,eno, a-men(a !a "o!-4i!i&a& &e
!o" com*-e"(o" or,0nico" ' ,a"e" ' &i"min-'e !a "o!-4i!i&a& &e !o" e!ec(ro!i(o"$ Por e!!o, e!
OXAS *o"ee carac(er."(ica" 5-e !o !!evan a "er -n e9ce*ciona! "i"(ema &e (ra(amien(o, con
-na e3iciencia &e o9i&aci+n ma'or 5-e JJ,JJ` en (iem*o" &e con(ac(o m-' 4reve" 8P=>K
"e,-n&o":, 5-e no re5-iere nin,1n (ra(amien(o a&iciona! &e !o" *ro&-c(o" ,a"eo"o"$ De4i&o a
!a a!(a "o!-4i!i&a& &e! O
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inor,0nico" *or *reci*i(aci+n$ E! *roce"o *-e&e a-(oa4a"(ecer"e en ener,.a "i "e 5-eman
com*-e"(o" or,0nico" &e concen(racione" "-*eriore" a! P`, ' "e *-e&e rec-*erar e! ca!or &e
com4-"(i+n como ca!or &e *roce"o a a!(a (em*era(-ra o *o(encia$ No ha' 3ormaci+n
1
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&io9ina"$ A! i,-a! 5-e e! AO, nece"i(a ma(eria!e" &e con"(r-cci+n e"*ecia!e" *ara a!(a
(em*era(-ra ' *re"ione", &e a!(o co"(e$
Se *-e&e a*!icar OXAS a! (ra(amien(o &e re"i&-o" or,0nico" convenciona!e" ac-o"o",
4arro", "o!ven(e" c!ora&o" ' ni(ro,ena&o", *!a,-ici&a" ' her4ici&a" c!ora&o", 3o"3ora&o" '
ni(ro,ena&o", PCS", co!oran(e", *!a"(i3ican(e", ma(eria!e" *!0"(ico", "-4*ro&-c(o" &e !a
in&-"(ria 5-.mica ' 3armac2-(ica, *ro&-c(o" mi!i(are" como e9*!o"ivo", *ro*e!en(e" o ,a"e" &e
,-erra, e(c$ E" a!(amen(e *romi"orio *ara re"i&-o" *e!i,ro"o"$ En !a Ar,en(ina, e! *roce"o "e
enc-en(ra &e"arro!!a&o a nive! &e !a4ora(orio$
@$ TECNOLO?VAS #OTOW)VMICAS
La &i"c-"i+n &e !a" (ecno!o,.a" no 3o(o5-.mica" &e4e ha4er &eMa&o en c!aro 5-e !a"
mi"ma" *roveen -na am*!ia 4a(er.a &e m2(o&o", ca&a -no &e !o" c-a!e" (iene -na "erie &e
ca*aci&a&e" ' &e !imi(acione"$ La e9ce!en(e ca*aci&a& &e !o" ra&ica!e" hi&ro9i!o &e o9i&ar
com*-e"(o" or,0nico" "-,iere (am4i2n !a -(i!i&a& &e e9*!orar "- ,eneraci+n 3o(o5-.mica$ E!
C-a&ro III m-e"(ra 5-e e! -"o &e !-/ *ro*orciona cier(a" ven(aMa" en e! (ra(amien(o &e a,-a" '
e3!-en(e", 5-e no "e !imi(an a! a*rovechamien(o &e! CO
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como o9i&an(e$
C-a&ro IIIF Ven(aMa" &e !a" (ecno!o,.a" 3o(o5-.mica"$
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a!,-no$ E"(e *roce"o e" im*or(an(e *ara com*-e"(o" 5-e reaccionan !en(amen(e con CO
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&e com*-e"(o" or,0nico" c!ora&o" (a!e" como (riha!ome(ano" 8TCM:, c!orome(ano", c!oroe(ano",
arom0(ico" ' 3eno!e" me&ian(e e! -"o &e irra&iaci+n &e <PE nm "e ha!!a 4ien &oc-men(a&a en !a !i(era(-ra
6<, P7$
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*reoc-*acione" am4ien(a!e"$
D A-men(a !a ve!oci&a& &e reacci+n en com*araci+n con !a mi"ma (2cnica en a-"encia &e !-/$ E"(o evi(a e!
-"o &e (an5-e" ,ran&e" ' hace m0" com*ac(o" a !o" "i"(ema" &e (ra(amien(o$
D Evi(a cam4io" &e *C &r0"(ico" 8*or eMem*!o, e! O@ nece"i(a *C a!(o", como 'a "e ha vi"(o:$
D A-men(a !a 3!e9i4i!i&a& &e! "i"(ema 'a 5-e *ermi(e e! -"o &e -na varie&a& &e o9i&an(e" ' con&icione" &e
o*era4i!i&a&$
D Re&-ce co"(o" o*era(ivo" &e4i&o a -n menor con"-mo &e *o(encia *ara ,enerar CO
D
$
La e3iciencia &e !a &e"(r-cci+n 3o(o5-.mica &e -n &e(ermina&o com*-e"(o *-e&e
a!(erar"e &r0"(icamen(e en 3-nci+n &e! &i"e;o &e! reac(or 8(i*o &e !0m*ara, ,eome(r.a,
hi&ro&in0mica, e(c$:, !o 5-e inci&e "o4re e! con"-mo &e ener,.a e!2c(rica ' !o" co"(o"$ La"
TAO" me&ia&a" *or !-/ no "on a&ec-a&a" *ara *roce"ar me/c!a" &e "-"(ancia" &e e!eva&a
a4"or(ivi&a&, o con a!(o" (enore" &e "+!i&o" en "-"*en"i+n, *-e" !a e3iciencia c-0n(ica
&i"min-'e *or *2r&i&a &e !-/, *or &i"*er"i+n 'Go a4"orci+n com*e(i(iva$
@$1$ #o(+!i"i" &e! a,-a en e! -!(ravio!e(a &e vac.o 8)VV:
E"(e *roce"o a*rovecha !a irra&iaci+n a !on,i(-&e" &e on&a menore" 5-e !a )V=C, e"
&ecir, m0" 4aMa" 5-e 1JK nm, ' -"a ,enera!men(e !0m*ara" &e e9c.mero" &e Xe 8e [ 1A< nm:$
La e9ci(aci+n 4aMo e"(a" !on,i(-&e" &e on&a con&-ce, en !a ma'or.a &e !o" ca"o", a !a r-*(-ra
homo!.(ica &e -nione" 5-.mica", ' *-e&e *ro&-cir !a &e,ra&aci+n &e ma(eria or,0nica en 3a"e"
con&en"a&a" ' ,a"eo"a" 8*or eMem*!o, hi&rocar4-ro" 3!-ora&o" ' c!ora&o": 6<,E7$ Sin em4ar,o,
1> Domnech, %ar&im ' Li((er
e! -"o m0" im*or(an(e &e !a ra&iaci+n V)V e" !a 3o(+!i"i" &e! a,-a 8ec-aci+n 8<J:: en
*re"encia &e !-/:, 5-e *ro&-ce ra&ica!e" hi&ro9i!o ' 0(omo" &e hi&r+,eno con ren&imien(o"
c-0n(ico" &e*en&ien(e" &e !a !on,i(-& &e on&a &e irra&iaci+n 8*or eMem*!o K,@K ' K,AK a 1BP '
1EA nm re"*ec(ivamen(e: 6PK7F
C<O H hf X CO
D
H C
D
8<J:
Tam4i2n "e *ro&-cen e!ec(rone" ac-o"o", *ero con 4aMo" ren&imien(o" c-0n(ico"F
C
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: ,enera&o" *-e&en
!!evar a ca4o "im-!(0neamen(e re&-ccione" ' o9i&acione"$ La (2cnica "e -(i!i/a *ara !a
&e,ra&aci+n &e con(aminan(e" en a,-a" ' en corrien(e &e aire con a!(o con(eni&o &e h-me&a&,
*ara !a o4(enci+n &e a,-a -!(ra*-ra ' *ara e! (ra(amien(o &e com*-e"(o" &i3.ci!e" &e o9i&ar
8c!ora&o" ' 3!-ora&o" como C!CC
@
:$ E! *roce"o *o"ee a!(a e3iciencia *or !a in(en"i&a& &e !a
i!-minaci+n ' !a a!(a "ecci+n e3ica/ &e a4"orci+n &e! C
<
O a !a" !on,i(-&e" &e on&a -"a&a"$ Por
o(ra *ar(e, no e" nece"ario a,re,ar a,en(e" 5-.mico", ' re"-!(a -n m2(o&o com*e(i(ivo '
"im*!e$ Sin em4ar,o re5-iere e! "-mini"(ro &e o9.,eno, e! -"o &e ma(eria! &e c-ar/o ' !a
*rovi"i+n &e a!(a *o(encia$ La (2cnica no e"(0 a1n comercia!i/a&a, ' "e enc-en(ra en !a e(a*a
&e &e"arro!!o$ ?on/0!e/ ' Sra-n han e"(-&ia&o &iver"a" reaccione" con e"(a (2cnica, (a!e"
como !a 3o(+!i"i" &e ni(ra(o ' ni(ri(o 6PK=P17 ' !a minera!i/aci+n &e !a a(ra/ina, -n *e"(ici&a
m-' re"i"(en(e 6P<7$ Lo" re"-!(a&o" &e e"(e 1!(imo (ra4aMo "e m-e"(ran en !a #i,-ra E$
#i,-ra E$ De,ra&aci+n &e a(ra/ina *or 3o(+!i"i" &e! a,-a 4aMo irra&iaci+n )VV en ar,+n 8h:, aire 8i: ' o9.,eno
8j:Y 6a(ra/ina7o [ 1\ 1K
=E
mo! L
=1
$
Proce"o" avan/a&o" &e o9i&aci+n *ara !a e!iminaci+n &e con(aminan(e" 1A
@$<$ )VGC
<
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E! c!ivaMe &e !a mo!2c-!a &e C
<
O
<
*or 3o(one" con ener,.a "-*erior a !a &e !a -ni+n O=
O
1
F (iene -n ren&imien(o c-0n(ico ca"i -ni(ario 8g
COD
[ K,JB a <PE nm:, ' *ro&-ce ca"i
c-an(i(a(ivamen(e &o" CO
D
*or ca&a mo!2c-!a &e C
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F
C
<
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H hf X < CO
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8EP:
La 3o(+!i"i" &e! C
<
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"e rea!i/a ca"i "iem*re -(i!i/an&o !0m*ara" &e va*or &e merc-rio
&e 4aMa o me&ia *re"i+n$ Cerca &e! PK` &e! con"-mo ener,2(ico "e *ier&e en 3orma &e ca!or o
&e emi"ione" *or &e4aMo &e 1BP nm, 5-e "on a4"or4i&a" *or !a cami"a &e c-ar/o$
?enera!men(e "e -"an !0m*ara" &e <PE nm, *ero como !a a4"orci+n &e! C
<
O
<
e" m09ima a <<K nm,
"er.a m0" convenien(e e! -"o &e !0m*ara" &e XeGC,, m0" cara", *ero 5-e emi(en en e! ran,o
<1K=<EK nm$
A&em0" &e! C
<
O
<
8k [ 1B,> M
=1
cm
=1
a <PE nm:, o(ra" e"*ecie" *-e&en a4"or4er !o"
3o(one"$ Si !o" con(aminan(e" "e 3o(o!i/an &irec(amen(e, meMora !a e3iciencia &e! *roce"o &e
&e"(r-cci+n o9i&a(iva$ Como !a in(en"i&a& &e !a ra&iaci+n )V &ecae e9*onencia!men(e hacia e!
"eno &e !a "o!-ci+n, e" nece"ario e"(a4!ecer con&icione" &e 3!-Mo (-r4-!en(o *ara renovar
con(in-amen(e !a "o!-ci+n en !a" cercan.a" &e !a 3-en(e !-mino"a$ E! *roce"o 3o(o5-.mico e" m0"
e3icien(e en me&io a!ca!ino, 'a 5-e !a 4a"e conM-,a&a &e! *er+9i&o &e hi&r+,eno 8CO
<=
: (iene -na
a4"or(ivi&a& ma'or 8k
<PE
[ <EK M
=1
cm
=1
:$
E! -"o &e )VG*er+9i&o o3rece ,ran&e" ven(aMa"F e! o9i&an(e e" comercia!men(e m-'
acce"i4!e, e" (2rmicamen(e e"(a4!e ' *-e&e a!macenar"e en e! !-,ar 8con !o" reca-&o"
nece"ario":$ Como *o"ee "o!-4i!i&a& in3ini(a en a,-a, no e9i"(en *ro4!ema" &e (ran"3erencia &e
ma"a a"ocia&o" a ,a"e", como en e! ca"o &e! o/ono$ Ta hemo" menciona&o 5-e e" -na 3-en(e
e3ec(iva &e CO
D
, *ro&-cien&o < CO
D
*or ca&a C
<
O
<
$ La inver"i+n &e ca*i(a! e" m.nima ' !a
o*eraci+n e" "im*!e$ En con(ra*o"ici+n, &a&a !a 4aMa "ecci+n e3ica/ &e a4"orci+n &e C
<
O
<
a <PE
nm, "e nece"i(an a!(a" concen(racione" &e! o9i&an(e$ E! m2(o&o no e" e3ec(ivo *ara &e,ra&ar
a!cano" 3!-ora&o" o c!ora&o", 5-e no "on a(aca&o" *or CO
D
, ' (iene 4aMa e3iciencia *ara (ra(ar
a,-a" &e a!(a a4"or4ancia a e ] @KK nm$
En e9ce"o &e *er+9i&o ' con a!(a" concen(racione" &e CO
D
, (ienen !-,ar reaccione"
com*e(i(iva" 5-e *ro&-cen -n e3ec(o inhi4i(orio *ara !a &e,ra&aci+n$ Lo" CO
D
"on
"-"ce*(i4!e" &e recom4inar"e o &e reaccionar &e ac-er&o con e! "i,-ien(e e"5-ema 6P@7F
CO
D
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La" reaccione" 8<@: ' 8<E: con"-men CO
D
' &i"min-'en !a *ro4a4i!i&a& &e o9i&aci+n$
Se &e4e &e(erminar en ca&a ca"o !a can(i&a& +*(ima &e C
<
O
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, *ara evi(ar -n e9ce"o 5-e *o&r.a
re(ar&ar !a &e,ra&aci+n$
E! m2(o&o )VGC
<
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e" -no &e !o" PAO" m0" an(i,-o", ' ha "i&o -"a&o con 29i(o en !a
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or,anoc!ora&o" a!i30(ico", arom0(ico", 3eno!e" 8c!ora&o" ' "-"(i(-i&o": ' *!a,-ici&a" 6<7$ La
1
<1@ U%Gmo!, corre"*on&ien(e a !-/ &e !on,i(-& &e on&a menor

5-e <BK nm$
1B Domnech, %ar&im ' Li((er
#i,-ra P m-e"(ra -n eMem*!o &e !a in&-"(ria (e9(i! *er-ana 6PE7$ E! m2(o&o meMora
"en"i4!emen(e com4in0n&o!o con -!(ra"oni&o 6PP7$
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
C/C09
UV/H2O2
UV/sin H2O2
10 20 30 40 50 60
Tiempo (min)
Disminucin e COT ( m!/")
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Tiempo (min)
#i,-ra P$ Tra(amien(o &e -n co!oran(e a/o *or )VG*er+9i&o 6PE7F 8a:, &e,ra&aci+n &e! co!oran(e con )V ' con
)VA*er+9i&oY 84: &i"min-ci+n &e! COT con )VG*er+9i&o$
@$@$ )VGO
@
La irra&iaci+n &e! o/ono en a,-a *ro&-ce C
<
O
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en 3orma c-an(i(a(iva$ E! *er+9i&o &e
hi&r+,eno a". ,enera&o "e 3o(o!i/a a "- ve/ 8ver ec-aci+n 8EP:: ,eneran&o ra&ica!e" CO
D
, '
reacciona con e! e9ce"o &e o/ono, ,eneran&o (am4i2n ra&ica!e" 8ec-aci+n 8B::F
O
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H hf H C
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,enerar C
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' !-e,o CO
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GC
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&e ac-er&o a! mecani"mo vi"(o en "eccione" *revia", *ero !a ven(aMa e" 5-e e! o/ono *o"ee -na
a4"or*(ivi&a& mo!ar ma'or 5-e e! C
<
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8k
<PE
@@KK M
=1
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=1
:, ' *-e&e -"ar"e, *or
con"i,-ien(e, *ara (ra(ar a,-a" con a!(o 3on&o &e a4"orci+n &e )V$ La e3iciencia e" "-*erior a
!a &e O
@
o )V &irec(a, ' e! reac(or no nece"i(a "er &e c-ar/o *-e" "e *-e&e irra&iar con !-/
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in&-"(ria &e! *a*e!, en !a &e,ra&aci+n &e hi&rocar4-ro" a!i30(ico" c!ora&o" 8"a(-ra&o" e
in"a(-ra&o":$ E" e! meMor m2(o&o *ara e! (ra(amien(o &e PCS"$ Si !a irra&iaci+n "e *ro&-ce a
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@
, 5-e
*ro&-ce -na can(i&a& a&iciona! &e CO
D
' o(ro" o9i&an(e", con e! con"i,-ien(e a-men(o &e !a
e3iciencia
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C
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e"(0n comercia!men(e
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&i"*oni4!e"$ Lo" (re" *roce"o" )VGC
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han mo"(ra&o "er m-'
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@$E$ #o(o=#en(on
Ta "e ha menciona&o 5-e !o" *roce"o" #en(on no con&-cen ,enera!men(e a !a
minera!i/aci+n ' 5-e &e4e -(i!i/ar"e !a irra&iaci+n !-mino"a *ara *romover -na &e,ra&aci+n
m0" im*or(an(e &e! con(aminan(e 8ver "ecci+n <$@: 6<@=<>, P>7$
C-a&ro IVF Ven(aMa" &e #o(o=#en(on$
La reacci+n &e #en(on a-men(a "- e3iciencia *or i!-minaci+n &e4i&o a vario" 3ac(ore"F
La 3o(+!i"i" &e hi&ro9ocom*!eMo" &e #e
@H
e" -na 3-en(e a&iciona! &e CO
D
8ver ec-aci+n 8P1::, a con(in-aci+n
&e! c-a&ro:$E! ren&imien(o c-0n(ico &e e"(a reacci+n e" 4aMo *ero a-men(a a !on,i(-&e" &e on&a menore"
8gCOD [ K$K1A a @>K nm ' K$1E a @1@ nm:$
#e8III:8OC:
<H
H hf X #e8II: H CO
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8P1:
E! #e8II: 3o(o,enera&o &e e"(a manera ,enera CO
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a&iciona!e" a (rav2" &e !a ec-aci+n 81>: ' con(in1a e!
cic!o$
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La" concen(racione" &e #e8II: a em*!ear"e *-e&en "er +r&ene" &e ma,ni(-& menore" 5-e en !a reacci+n &e
#en(on convenciona!$
Si "e -"an ra&iacione" menore" 5-e @>K nm, "e *-e&e a*rovechar !a *ro&-cci+n &e CO
D
*or 3o(+!i"i" &e!
C<O< 8ec-aci+n 8EP::$
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con(in-amen(e ' man(ener con&icione" 0ci&a"$ Lo" -"o" m0" 3rec-en(e" &e e"(a (ecno!o,.a han "i&o
en e! (ra(amien(o &e a,-a" in&-"(ria!e", "-e!o" ' !i9ivia&o"$ Tra(a con 29i(o com*-e"(o"
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*-e&e 3ormar com*!eMo" e"(a4!e" o *are" i+nico" a"ocia&o" 5-e e9hi4en 4an&a" &e
(ran"3erencia &e car,a &e! !i,an&o a! me(a! 8TCLM: en e! e"*ec(ro )V=vi"i4!e, "on
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#e8III:8O<CR:
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ha"(a PBK nm, con va!ore" &e k
ma9
&e! or&en &e 1K
@
=1K
E
, corre"*on&ien(e a -na 4an&a &e
TCLM$ La 3o(+!i"i" &e! (ri"o9a!a(o3erra(o8III: 83errio9a!a(o, #eO9: "e a*rovecha *ara !a
me&ici+n &e in(en"i&a&e" &e !-/, ' con"(i(-'e e! ac(in+me(ro 5-.mico m0" -(i!i/a&o 6PA7$ La
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on&aF
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!a a!(a e3iciencia &e! -"o &e me/c!a" i!-mina&a" &e C
<
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con(aminan(e" or,0nico" 6PJ7$ E! m2(o&o e" 1(i! *ara (ra(ar a,-a" con a!(a a4"or4ancia a e ] @KK
nm 8&e4i&o a !a e!eva&a a4"or4ancia &e! 3errio9a!a(o:, ' *ermi(e -"ar !-/ "o!ar, !o c-a! hace a !a
(2cnica m-' a(rac(iva &e"&e e! *-n(o &e vi"(a econ+mico$ Lo" reac(ivo" "on m-' "o!-4!e" en
a,-a, no e9i"(en !imi(acione" &e (ran"3erencia &e ma"a, e! *roce"o e" &e 4aMo co"(o ' e! o9i&an(e e"
acce"i4!e$ Se -(i!i/a *ara e! (ra(amien(o &e hi&rocar4-ro" arom0(ico" ' c!oroarom0(ico",
e(i!eno" c!ora&o", 2(ere", a!coho!e", ce(ona" ' o(ro" com*-e"(o"$ De (o&o" mo&o", !a
minera!i/aci+n (o(a! no e" 30ci! &e a!can/ar ' !o" con(aminan(e" "e (ran"3orman en o(ro"
com*-e"(o" or,0nico"$ La #i,-ra > com*ara !a &e"(r-cci+n &e <=4-(anona *or (re" TAO" &i3eren(e",
' m-e"(ra !a a!(a e3iciencia &e! 3errio9a!a(o$ La #i,-ra A com*ara !a 3o(o=#en(on "o!ar ' e!
3errio9a!a(o *ara e! (ra(amien(o &e (o!-eno$
Po(encia!men(e, "e *-e&en -"ar o(ro" car4o9i!a(o" &e hierro 6PJ=>K7$ C-an&o e"e
car4o9i!a(o e" e! con(aminan(e 5-e "e &e"ea &e"(r-ir, *or eMem*!o EDTA, e! a,re,a&o &e
o9a!a(o "+!o com*i(e *or e! #e8III:, ' *-e&e oca"ionar -na &i"min-ci+n &e !a e3iciencia$ En e"(o"
ca"o" no e" nece"aria ni convenien(e !a a&ici+n &e o9a!a(o 6>17$
#i,-ra >$ Com*araci+n &e !a &e"(r-cci+n &e (o!-eno en -n a,-a "-4(err0nea con(amina&a *or irra&iaci+n "o!ar en
*re"encia &e 3errio9a!a(oGC<O< ' #e8III:GC<O< 6<P7$
#i,-ra A$ Com*araci+n &e !a &e"(r-cci+n &e (o!-eno en -n a,-a "-4(err0nea con(amina&a *or irra&iaci+n "o!ar en
*re"encia &e 3errio9a!a(oGC<O< ' #e8III:GC<O< 6<P7$
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#i,-ra B$
#i,-ra B$ Po"i4!e" camino" &e re&-cci+n &e *er'o&a(o a 'o&-ro 4a"a&o" en e"(-&io" &e ra&i+!i"i" e irra&iaci+n )V
&e e"*ecie" &e 'o&o 6><7$
Con e"(a (2cnica "e *-e&e &e"(r-ir -na am*!ia varie&a& &e com*-e"(o" en 4aMa"
concen(racione"$ Se -(i!i/a *ara !a &eco!oraci+n &e a,-a" con co!oran(e" ' *ara e! (ra(amien(o
&e o(ra" a,-a" re"i&-a!e"$ Para -na meMor e3ec(ivi&a& &e! reac(ivo, !a" a,-a" &e4en (ener 4aMa
a4"or4ancia$ Por o(ra *ar(e, no e9i"(en en !a !e,i"!aci+n re5-erimien(o" &e &e"car,a &e
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e!ec(ro5-.micamen(e$
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C-a&ro VF Re"-men &e !a" TAO" &i"c-(i&a" ha"(a ahora$
Como "e ver0 en e! Ca*.(-!o @, !o" ca-&a!e" a (ra(ar ' !a" concen(racione" &e !o" con(aminan(e"
&e(erminan a ,ran&e" ra",o" con&icione" en !a" c-a!e" !a" TAO" 83o(o5-.mica" o no: *-e&en re"-!(ar -na
varian(e in(ere"an(e a !o" *roce"o" &e c!oraci+n (ra&iciona! o &e (ra(amien(o 4io!+,ico$ En ,enera!, !a" TAO" "on
m0" a&ec-a&a" *ara (ra(ar ca-&a!e" 8o vo!1mene": *e5-e;o", ' concen(racione" no m-' e!eva&a"$ S- ,ran
-(i!i&a& e"(0 cen(ra&a en e! *roce"amien(o &e a,-a" re"i&-a!e" re"i"(en(e" a !o" (ra(amien(o" convenciona!e"$ En
e"e "en(i&o, !a" TAO" "on (2cnica" com*!emen(aria" con !a" (ra&iciona!e" 8en e"*ecia! con e! (ra(amien(o
4io!+,ico:$
E"(e Ca*.(-!o ha i!-"(ra&o !a ,ran can(i&a& &e varia4!e" ' com4inacione" e9*!ora&a" en 4-"ca &e *roce"o"
&e! (i*o TAO$ E"a varie&a& *-e&e ,enerar con3-"i+n re"*ec(o &e c-0!e" "on !a" *o(encia!i&a&e" &e -"o *r0c(ico, '
re"*ec(o &e c+mo e"co,er !a (2cnica m0" a&ec-a&a *ara -na a*!icaci+n e"*ec.3ica$ S0"icamen(e, !a e!ecci+n &e !a
(2cnica &e4e hacer"e "o4re !a 4a"e &e "- e3ec(ivi&a& ' &e "- co"(o$ La e3ec(ivi&a& &e ca&a -na &e !a" (2cnica"
&i"c-(i&a" &e*en&e &e !a na(-ra!e/a &e !o" con(aminan(e" a &e"(r-ir, ' e! co"(o e"(0 3-er(emen(e &e(ermina&o *or
e! e5-i*amien(o nece"ario, !a ener,.a re5-eri&a, ' !a *o"i4!e nece"i&a& &e (ra(amien(o" *o"(eriore" *ara e!iminar
!a" "-"(ancia" em*!ea&a" en e! *roce"o$ De a!!. e! in(er2" &e minimi/ar e! a,re,a&o &e reac(ivo" 5-.mico" 8*ara
"im*!i3icar e! *o"(=(ra(amien(o:, ' &e rec-rrir a !a ener,.a "o!ar en !o" *roce"o" 3o(o5-.mico" 8*ara 4aMar !o"
co"(o" ener,2(ico":$ Den(ro &e !o" reac(ivo" 5-.mico", !a" ven(aMa" &e -"ar O< o C<O< como o9i&an(e" "on c!ara",
'a 5-e "on 4ara(o", 30ci!e" &e maneMar ' no ,eneran "-"(ancia" 5-e &e4an remover"e *o"(eriormen(e$ E! o/ono
com*ar(e !a 1!(ima ven(aMa, *ero "- mani*-!aci+n no e" "enci!!a$ La" (2cnica" 5-e o*eran en con&icione"
&r0"(ica" 8AO, OXAS: e"(0n 3-er(emen(e *ena!i/a&a" *or !o" co"(o" &e in"(a!aci+n 8inc!-'en&o
man(enimien(o:, *or !o 5-e "- -"o a*-n(a a re"i&-o" m-' e"*ecia!e"$
E"(e !i4ro "e cen(ra en !a 3o(oca(0!i"i" he(ero,2nea, (2cnica 5-e "e in(ro&-ce a con(in-aci+n$ Sin em4ar,o,
5-e&a c!aro 5-e !a &i"*oni4i!i&a& &e -na (2cnica no e" mo(ivo "-3icien(e *ara *o"(-!ar "- -"o in&i"crimina&o$ E"
im*or(an(e en (o&o momen(o conocer !a" o*cione" *ara e!e,ir !a m0" a&ec-a&a$
@$A$ #o(oca(0!i"i" he(ero,2nea
La 3o(oca(0!i"i" he(ero,2nea e" -n *roce"o 5-e "e 4a"a en !a a4"orci+n &irec(a o
in&irec(a &e ener,.a ra&ian(e 8vi"i4!e o )V: *or -n "+!i&o 8e! 3o(oca(a!i/a&or he(ero,2neo, 5-e
norma!men(e e" -n "emicon&-c(or &e 4an&a ancha:$ En !a re,i+n in(er3acia! en(re "+!i&o
e9ci(a&o ' !a "o!-ci+n (ienen !-,ar !a" reaccione" &e &e"(r-cci+n o &e remoci+n &e !o"
con(aminan(e", "in 5-e e! ca(a!i/a&or "-3ra cam4io" 5-.mico"$ La e9ci(aci+n &e!
"emicon&-c(or *-e&e (ener !-,ar &e &o" 3orma"F
D Por e9ci(aci+n &irec(a &e! "emicon&-c(or, &e manera 5-e 2"(e e" e! 5-e a4"or4e !o"
3o(one" -"a&o" en e! *roce"o$
D Por e9ci(aci+n inicia! &e mo!2c-!a" a&"or4i&a" en !a "-*er3icie &e! ca(a!i/a&or, !a" 5-e a
"- ve/ "on ca*ace" &e in'ec(ar car,a" 8e!ec(rone": en e! "emicon&-c(or$
En e"(a "ecci+n "e &i"c-(e "+!o e! *rimer ca"o, 5-e corre"*on&e a! ca"o m0" ,enera! ' &e
ma'or a*!ica4i!i&a& en 3o(oca(0!i"i" he(ero,2nea$ En e! Ca*.(-!o > "e ha4!ar0 &e !a" &e!
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"emicon&-c(or c-an&o 2"(a e" e9ci(a&a con !-/ "-3icien(emen(e ener,2(ica$ En e"(a"
con&icione", "e crean *are" e!ec(r+n=h-eco c-'a vi&a me&ia e"(0 en e! ran,o &e !o"
nano"e,-n&o"Y en e"e !a*"o &e4en mi,rar a !a "-*er3icie ' reaccionar con e"*ecie" a&"or4i&a"
8*roce"o" c ' &: 6>@7$Lo" *are" e!ec(r+n=h-eco 5-e no a!can/an a "e*arar"e ' a reaccionar con
e"*ecie" en !a "-*er3icie "e recom4inan ' !a ener,.a "e &i"i*a$ E"(a recom4inaci+n *-e&e (ener
!-,ar (an(o en !a "-*er3icie como en e! "eno &e !a *ar(.c-!a 8*roce"o" a ' 4, re"*ec(ivamen(e:$
E! *roce"o ne(o e" !a ca(0!i"i" &e !a reacci+n en(re e! o9i&an(e S ' e! re&-c(or A 8*or eMem*!o,
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Proce"o" avan/a&o" &e o9i&aci+n *ara !a e!iminaci+n &e con(aminan(e" <@
#i,-ra J$ Proce"o" 5-e oc-rren en !a in(er3a/ "emicon&-c(or=e!ec(ro!i(o 4aMo i!-minaci+n$
E9i"(en &iver"o" ma(eria!e" con *ro*ie&a&e" i&+nea" *ara ac(-ar como ca(a!i/a&ore" '
!!evar a ca4o reaccione" 3o(o"en"i4i!i/a&a" como, *or eMem*!o, TiO
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e!!o" *ar(ici*an en *roce"o" 5-.mico" en !a na(-ra!e/a$ A&em0", !a ma'or.a &e e"(o"
ma(eria!e" *-e&e e9ci(ar"e con !-/ &e no m-' a!(a ener,.a, a4"or4ien&o *ar(e &e !a ra&iaci+n
&e! e"*ec(ro "o!ar 5-e inci&e "o4re !a "-*er3icie (erre"(re 8e _ @1K nm:, !o c-a! incremen(a e!
in(er2" *ara -n *o"i4!e a*rovechamien(o &e !a !-/ "o!ar$ Lo" 3o(oca(a!i/a&ore" m0"
inve"(i,a&o" ha"(a e! momen(o "on !o" +9i&o" me(0!ico" "emicon&-c(ore" &e 4an&a ancha ',
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*ara (ra4aMar en -n am*!io ran,o &e *C, a! mi"mo (iem*o 5-e e" ca*a/ &e *ro&-cir
(ran"icione" e!ec(r+nica" *or a4"orci+n &e !-/ en e! -!(ravio!e(a cercano 8)V=A:$ E"(e (ema "e
&i"c-(e en &e(a!!e en e! Ca*.(-!o @$
La 3-er/a im*-!"ora &e! *roce"o &e (ran"3erencia e!ec(r+nica en !a in(er3a/ e" !a
&i3erencia &e ener,.a en(re !o" nive!e" &e! "emicon&-c(or ' e! *o(encia! re&o9 &e !a" e"*ecie"
a&"or4i&a"$ En !a #i,-ra 1K "e re*re"en(an !o" *roce"o" (ermo&in0micamen(e *o"i4!e" 5-e
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4an&a" &e con&-cci+n mo&era&amen(e re&-c(ora" 8HK,P a =1,P V: 6>E7$ A". *-e", en *re"encia &e
e"*ecie" re&o9 a&"or4i&a" en !a *ar(.c-!a &e "emicon&-c(or ' 4aMo i!-minaci+n, oc-rren
"im-!(0neamen(e reaccione" &e o9i&aci+n ' &e re&-cci+n en !a "-*er3icie &e!
"emicon&-c(or$ E"(e (ema "e &i"c-(e en &e(a!!e en !o" Ca*.(-!o" @=P$
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#i,-ra 1K$ Proce"o" re&o9 en !a in(er3a/ "emicon&-c(or=e!ec(ro!i(o 4aMo i!-minaci+n$
La e3iciencia &e !a reacci+n 3o(oca(a!.(ica &e*en&e &e &iver"o" 3ac(ore"$ )no &e !o"
a"*ec(o" m0" cr.(ico" e" !a a!(a *ro4a4i!i&a& &e recom4inaci+n e!ec(r+n=h-eco, 5-e com*i(e
con !a "e*araci+n en(re !a" car,a" 3o(o,enera&a"$ Por o(ra *ar(e, como no ha' -na "e*araci+n
3."ica en(re !o" "i(io" &e !a" reaccione" an+&ica" 8o9i&aci+n *or h-eco": ' ca(+&ica" 8re&-cci+n *or
e!ec(rone":, *-e&en (ener im*or(ancia !a" reaccione" inver"a"$ La 4aMa e3iciencia,
e"*ecia!men(e con !-/ vi"i4!e, e" -na &e !a" !imi(acione" m0" "evera" &e !a 3o(oca(0!i"i"
he(ero,2nea$ Para a-men(ar !a e3iciencia &e! *roce"o 3o(oca(a!.(ico, "e in(en(a&o &iver"a"
e"(ra(e,ia", 5-e "e re"-men en e! c-a&ro "i,-ien(e$ To&o" e"(o" conce*(o" "er0n vi"(o" en
ma'or *ro3-n&i&a& en !o" Ca*.(-!o" @=>$
C-a&ro VIIF E"(ra(e,ia" *ara meMorar !a e3iciencia &e! *roce"o 3o(oca(a!.(ico$
D Mo&i3icaci+n &e! "emicon&-c(orF 'a "ea *ara e9(en&er "- re"*-e"(a a ra&iacione" &e ma'or !on,i(-& &e on&a
o 4ien *ara incremen(ar !a e3iciencia en !a "e*araci+n e!ec(r+n=h-eco ' minimi/ar "- recom4inaci+n$ La
"e*araci+n e3ec(iva &e !a" car,a" 3o(o,enera&a" *-e&e con"e,-ir"e, *or eMem*!o, *or me&io &e !a &e*o"ici+n
&e me(a!e" en !a "-*er3icie &e! "emicon&-c(or 6>P=>>7$ La *re"encia &e &e*+"i(o" me(0!ico" "o4re !a
"-*er3icie &e! "emicon&-c(or a!(era !a" *ro*ie&a&e" e!2c(rica" &e 2"(e, *-e"(o 5-e "e crean n-eva" in(er3ace"
&e (i*o me(a!="emicon&-c(or$ O(ro a"*ec(o m-' e"(-&ia&o ha "i&o e! &o*a&o &e! "emicon&-c(or con
im*-re/a" &e me(a!e" &e (ran"ici+n$ E"(e (ema "e &i"c-(e en &e(a!!e en !o" Ca*.(-!o" @ ' A$
D )"o &e -n "i"(ema &e "emicon&-c(ore" aco*!a&o"F !a i!-minaci+n &e -no &e !o" &o" *ro&-ce -na re"*-e"(a
en e! o(ro "emicon&-c(or o en !a in(er3a/ en(re !o" &o" 6>A7$ Con e!!o "e !o,ra a-men(ar !a e3iciencia &e !a
"e*araci+n &e car,a" 3o(o,enera&a" ' e9(en&er !a re"*-e"(a a irra&iacione" meno" ener,2(ica"$
D )"o &e 3o(oca(a!i/a&ore" "o*or(a&o", con a*!icaci+n &e *o(encia!e" e!2c(rico"F &e e"(a 3orma, "e "e*aran !a"
reaccione" an+&ica" ' ca(+&ica", ' "e re&-ce &r0"(icamen(e !a recom4inaci+n e!ec(r+n = h-eco$ E"(e (ema "e
&i"c-(e en e! Ca*.(-!o A$
A *e"ar &e e"(a" !imi(acione", !o" *roce"o" 3o(oca(a!.(ico" 4a"a&o" en e! ma(eria! m0"
com1n, e! &i+9i&o &e (i(anio, han a!can/a&o -n e!eva&o ,ra&o &e ma&-re/ (ecno!+,ica, ' e!
o4Me(o &e e"(e !i4ro e" *reci"amen(e i!-"(rar e! ,ra&o &e &e"arro!!o &e e"(a" a*!icacione"$ Si
Proce"o" avan/a&o" &e o9i&aci+n *ara !a e!iminaci+n &e con(aminan(e" <P
4ien e! ren&imien(o c-0n(ico 8n1mero &e even(o" *ro&-ci&o" *or 3o(+n a4"or4i&o: "-e!e "er
4aMo en (2rmino" &e conver"i+n 5-.mica, !o" ren&imien(o" o4(eni&o", en (2rmino" &e
conver"i+n en 3-nci+n &e! (iem*o, a*rovechan&o !-/ "o!ar o i!-minaci+n con !0m*ara" "on
a&ec-a&amen(e e!eva&o" en m-cho" ca"o" 6>B7$
Lo" h-eco", &e"*-2" &e mi,rar a !a "-*er3icie, reaccionan con "-"(ancia" a&"or4i&a", en
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ra&ica!e" hi&ro9i!o en e! mecani"mo &e reacci+n$ Norma!men(e, en a*!icacione" am4ien(a!e", !o"
*roce"o" 3o(oca(a!.(ico" "e !!evan a ca4o en am4ien(e" aer+4ico", con !o c-a! e! o9.,eno
a&"or4i&o e" !a *rinci*a! e"*ecie ace*(ora &e e!ec(rone"F
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La 3ac(i4i!i&a& &e! *roce"o &e*en&e cr.(icamen(e &e !a e"(a4i!i&a& &e! "emicon&-c(or, '
e!!o !imi(a "everamen(e !a" o*cione" &e e!ecci+n &e !o" ma(eria!e", como "e &i"c-(e en e!
Ca*.(-!o @$
A?RADECIMIENTOS
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SISLIO?RA#VA
617$ ba(er Trea(men( Can&4ooU, De,r2mon(c, >
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E&ici+n$ E&i(oria! Lavoi"ier P-4!i"hin,, Pari" 81JJ1:$
6<7$ O$ Le,rini, E$ O!ivero" ' A$M$ Sra-n, Chem$ Rev$, J@, >A1=>JB 81JJ@:$
6@7$ C$P$ C-an,, Ch$ Don, ' Z$ Tan,, a"(e Mana,emen(, 1@, @>1=@AA 81JJ@:$
6E7$ )SGEPA Can&4ooU o3 A&vance& Pho(ochemica! O9i&a(ion Proce""e", EPAG><PGR=JBGKKE 81JJB:$
6P7$ The AOT Can&4ooU, Ca!,on Car4on O9i&a(ion Techno!o,ie", On(ario 81JJ>:$
6>7$ %$R$ So!(on ' S$R$ Ca(er, bA5-a(ic an& S-r3ace Pho(ochemi"(r'c, E>A=EJK$ ?$R$ Ce!/, R$?$ Ze** ' D$?$
Cro"4' E&i(ore"$ Lemi", Soca Ra(on, #L, EE)) 81JJE:$
6A7$ $C$ ?!a/e, Environ$ Sci$ Techno!$, <1, <<E=<@K 81JBA:$
6B7$ $C$ ?!a/e, %$$ Lan, ' D$C$ Cha*in, O/one Sci$ n Techno!$, J, @@P=@P< 81JBA:$
6J7$ S$ Den,, D$R$ S-rri" ' T$%$ Cam*4e!!, Environ$ Sci$ Techno!$, @@, <>P1=<>P> 81JJJ:$
61K7$ N$ Den,, #$ L-o, #$ -, M$ Xiao ' X$ -, a($ Re"$, @E, <EKB=<E11 8<KKK:$
6117$ V$L$ Sharma, $ Rivera, V$N$ %o"hi, #$%$ Mi!!ero ' D$OoConnor, Environ$ Sci$ Techno!$, @@, <>EP=<>PK
81JJJ:$
61<7$ %$P$ Sco(( ' D$#$ O!!i", Environ$ Pro,re"", 1E, BB=1K@ 81JJP:$
61@7$ %$ Coi,n2 ' C$ Sa&er, a(er Re"$, 1K, @AA=@B> 81JA>:$
61E7$ %$ Coi,n2 ' C$ Sa&er, a(er Re"$, 1A, 1A@=1B@ 81JB@:$
61P7$ P$Roche, C$ Vo!U, #$ Car4onnier ' C$ Pai!!ar&, O/one Sci$ En,in$, 1>, 1@P=1PP 81JJE:$
61>7$ $C$ ?!a/e, #$%$ Se!(r0n, T$ T-hUanen ' %$$ Lan,, a(er Po!!$ Re"$ %$ Cana&a, <A, <@=E< 81JJ<:$
61A7$ #$%$ Se!(r0n, M$ ?on/0!e/, %$ Riva" ' M$ Mar.n, In&$ En,$ Chem$ Re"$, @@, 1<P=1@> 81BBE:$
61B7$ $D$ Se!!am', ?$T$ CicUman, P$A$ M-e!!er ' N$ Ziem4a, Re"$ %$ a(er Con(ro! #e&$, >@, 1<K=1<B
81JJ1:$
61J7$ A$A$ Larimi, %$A$ Re&man, $CF ?!a/e, ?$#$ S(o!ariU, %o-r$ AA, E1=P@ 81JJA:$
6<K7$ P$Orma&, S$ Cor(2", A$ P-i, ' %$L$ Ove!!eiro, a($ Re"$, @1, <@BA=<@J1 81JJA:$
<> Domnech, %ar&im ' Li((er
6<17$ C$%$%$ #en(on, %$ Chem$ Soc$, >P, BJJ=J1K 81BJE:$
6<<7$ Ch$ a!!in,, Acc$ Chem$ Re"$, B, 1<P=1@1 81JAP:$
6<@7$ %$%$ Pi,na(e!!o, Environ$ Sci$ Techno!$, <>, JEE=JP1 81JJ<:$
6<E7$ %$%$ Pi,na(e!!o, D$ Li- ' P$ C-"(on, Environ$ Sci$ Techno!$, @@, 1B@<=1B@J 81JJJ:$
6<P7$ A$ Sa3ar/a&eh=Amiri, %$R$ So!(on ' S$R$ Ca(er, %$ A&v$ O9i&$ Techno!$, 1, 1B=<> 81JJ>:$
6<>7$ A$ Sa3ar/a&eh=Amiri, %$R$ So!(on ' S$R$ Ca(er, a($ Re"$, @1, ABA=AJB 81JJA:$
6<A7$ #$ C-n(er, bChemica! O9i&a(ion, Techno!o,ie" 3or (he Nine(ie"c$ $$ EcUen3e!&, A$R$ Somer" ' %$R$
Ro(h E&i(ore"$ Technomic P-4!ica(ion 81JJA:$
6<B7$ S$C$ So""mann, E$ O!ivero", S$ ?p4, S$ Sie,mar(, E$P$ Dah!en, L$ Pa'aman, %r$, M$ S(ra-4, M$ prner '
A$M$ Sra-n, %$ Ph'"$ Chem$ A, 1K<, PPE<=PPPK 81JJB:$
6<J7$ M$L$ Lremer, Ph'"$ Chem$ Chem$ Ph'"$, 1, @PJP=@>KP 81JJJ:$
6@K7$ R$%$ Si,&a, Chem$ En,in$ Pro,re"", >@=>P 81JJP:$
6@17$ S$C$ Lin ' C$C$ Lo, a($ Re"$, @1, <KPK=<KP> 81JJA:$
6@<7$ A$L$Tee!, C$R$ ar4er,, D$A$ A(Uin"on ' R$%$ a((", a($ Re"$, @P, JAA=JBE 8<KK1:$
6@@7$
D$L$ Se&!aU ' A$$ An&ren, Environ$ Sci$ Techno!$, <P, AAA=AB< 81JJ1:$
6@E7$ #$R$Riva", #$%$ Se!(r0n, %$ #ra&e" ' P$ S-9e&a, a($ Re"$, @P, @BA=@J> 8<KK1:$
6@P7$ E$Chamarro, A$ Marco ' S$ E"*!-,a", a($ Re"$, @P, 1KEA=1KP1 8<KK1:$
6@>7$ E$ Sri!!a", E$ M-r, R$ Sa-!e&a, L$ S0nche/, %$ Pera!, X$ Domnech ' %$ Ca"a&o, A**!$ Ca(a!$ SF Environ$,
1>, @1=E< 81JJB:$
6@A7$ O$ MaUo,on, R$ #!io-n(, ' L$=D$ A"m-", %$ A&v$ O9i&$ Techno!$, @, 11=<1 81JJB:$
6@B7$
M$ Cha'chian, %$ Si!verman ' M$ A$=SheiUh!', Environ$ Sci$ Techno!$, @@, <E>1=<E>E 81JJJ:$
6@J7$ Innova(ive Techno!o,' Eva!-a(ion Re*or(, EPAGPEKGR=J>GPKE, a,o"(o 1JJA$
6EK7$ L$A$ Ro"ocha ' R$A$ Lor/eUma, %$ A&v$ O9i&$ Techno!$, E, <EA=<>E 81JJJ:$
6E17$ %$M$ %o"e*h, C$ De"(ai!!a(", C$M$ C-n, ' M$R$ Co33mann, %$ Ph'"$ Chem$ A, 1KE, @K1=@KA 8<KKK:$
6E<7$ C$ De"(ai!!a(", C$M$ C-n, ' M$R$ Co33mann, Environ$ Sci$ Techno!$, @E, @11=@1A 8<KKK:$
6E@7$ C$ De"(ai!!a(", A$%$ Co!-""i, %$M$ %o"e*h ' M$R$ Co33mann, %$ Ph'"$ Chem$ A, 1KE, BJ@K=BJ@P 8<KKK:$
6EE7$
T$M$ O!"on ' P$#$ Sar4ier, a($ Re"$, <B, 1@B@=1@J1 81JJE:$
6EP7$ %$ Lronho!m ' M$L$ RieUo!a, Environ$ Sci$ Techno!$, @@, <KJP=<KJJ 81JJJ:$
6E>7$ W$ Zhan, ' L$T$ Ch-an,, Environ$ Sci$ Techno!$, @@, @>E1=@>EE 81JJJ:$
6EA7$ C$%$ Mar(ino ' P$E$ Sava,e, Environ$ Sci$ Techno!$, @@, 1J11=1J1P 81JJJ:$
6EB7$ R$M$ Din"&a!e, M$ A!memarU, #$R$ CamUe" ' D$L$ CamUe", Environ$ Sci$ Techno!$, @@, EKJ<=EKJP
81JJJ:$
6EJ7$
D$ Man(/avino", R$ Ce!!en4ran&, A$?$ Livin,"(on ' I$S$ Me(ca!3e, 1
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Con3erencia In(ernaciona! en
Tecno!o,.a" &e O9i&aci+n *ara Tra(amien(o &e A,-a" ' A,-a" Re"i&-a!e", ?o"!ar, A!emania 8ma'o
1JJ>:$
6PK7$ M$C$ ?on0!e/ ' A$M$ Sra-n, Re"$ Chem$ In(erme&$, <1, B@A=BPJ 81JJP:$
6P17$
M$C$ ?on0!e/ ' A$M$ Sra-n, %$ Pho(ochem$ Pho(o4io!$ AF Chem$, JP, >A=A< 81JJ>:$
6P<7$ M$C$ ?on0!e/ ' A$M$ Sra-n, Chemo"*here, <B, <1<1=<1<A 81JJE:$
6P@7$
%$C$Sa9en&a!e ' %$A$ i!"on, Tran"$ #ara&a' Soc$, P@, @EE=@P> 81JPA:$
6PE7$ R$ L+*e/ Ci"nero", A$ ?-(arra E"*ino/a ' M$I$ Li((er, Chemo"*here, envia&o$
6PP7$ P$C$ #-n,, W$ C-an,, S$M$ T"-i ' C$S$ Poon, a($ Sci$ Tech$, EK, 1P@=1>K 81JJJ:$
6P>7$ ?$ R-**er(, R$ Sa-er ' ?$ Cei"!er, %$ Pho(ochem$ Pho(o4io!$ AF Chem$, A@, AP=AB 81JJ@:$
6PA7$
C$?$ Ca(char&, C$A$ ParUer, Proc$ Ro'$ Soc$ 8Lon&on: A, <@P, P1B 81JP>:$
6PB7$ T$ Z-o ' %$ Coi,n2, Environ$ Sci$ Techno!$, <>, 1K1E=1K<< 81JJ<:$
6PJ7$
R$#$PNo,-eira ' $#$ %ar&im,$ %$ A&v$ O9i&$ Techno!$, E, 1=E 81JJJ:$
6>K7$ No,-eira, R$M$ A!4erici, M$A$ Men&e", $#$ %ar&im ' M$N$ E4er!in, In&$ En,$ Chem$ Re"$, @B, 1APE=
1APB 81JJJ:$
6>17$ C$A$ Emi!io, $#$ %ar&im, M$I$ Li((er ' C$D$ Man"i!!a, Chemo"*here, envia&o 8<KKK:$
6><7$
L$L$ eaver", I$ C-a ' M$R$ Co33mann, a(er Environ$ Re"$, >J, 111<=111J 81JJA:$
6>@7$ A$ Mi!!" ' S$ Le C-n(e, %$Pho(ochem$ Pho(o4io!$ A, 1KB, 1=@P 81JJA:$
6>E7$ S$R$ Morri"on, bE!ec(rochemi"(r' a( Semicon&-c(or an& O9i&i/e& Me(a! E!ec(ro&e"c$ E&i(oria! P!en-m
Pre""$ N-eva TorU, EE)) 81JBK:$
6>P7$ X$ Domnech, Rev$ Me(a!$, <@, @E1 81JBA:$
6>>7$ )$ Siemon, D$ Sahnemann, %$%$ Te"(a, D$ Ro&r.,-e/, M$I$ Li((er ' N$ Sr-no, %$ A&v$ O9i&$ Techno!$, P, 1=
J 8<KKK:$
6>A7$ L$ S*anhe!, C$ e!!er ' A$ Cen,!ein, %$ Am$ Chem$ Soc$, 1KJ, >>@< 81JBA:$
6>B7$ M$ Co33mann, S$ Mar(in, $ Choi ' D$ Sahnemann, Chem$Rev$, JP, >J=J> 81JJP:$